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Invocation Minutes Official Tuesday, August 24, 2021 – 5:15 PM Present: Nicole L. Hendrickson, Kirkland D. Carden, Ben Ku, Marlene M. Fosque, Jasper Watkins III 1. Board of Commissioners Chaplain Denise Lawrence provided the Invocation. No official action taken.	<urn:uuid:100ad62e-4a18-464e-989d-f2eae9e265b5>	CC-MAIN-2021-49	https://www.gwinnettcounty.com/static/upload/bac/52/20210824/m_30087_2021.08.24___Invocation_Official_Minutes_515pm.pdf	2021-12-08T07:26:31+00:00	s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/crawl=CC-MAIN-2021-49/subset=warc/part-00104-eb7089cf-762b-4a3e-8cab-20b677c0d246.c000.gz.parquet	867,863,925	74	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.929574	eng_Latn	0.929574	[ "eng_Latn" ]	false	rolmOCR	[ 268 ]
GOVERNING BODY ATTENDANCE \| Name \| 12.10.15 \| 7.12.15 \| 9.5.16 \| 4.7.16 \| 10.10.16 \| 5.12.16 \| 13.2.17 \| 27.3.17 \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| Iain Lewis \| P \| P \| P \| P \| Resigned \| - \| - \| - \| \| Rachael McFarlane \| P \| P \| P \| P \| P \| P \| P \| \| \| Margaret Sanderson \| Ap \| P \| Ap \| P \| P \| P \| DNA \| \| \| Jennifer Whittam \| P \| P \| P \| P \| P \| P \| P \| \| \| Jeffrey Coward \| P \| Ap \| P \| Resigned \| - \| - \| - \| - \| \| Mark Bland \| P \| P \| P \| P \| P \| Resigned \| - \| - \| \| Patricia Jewell \| P \| P \| P \| P \| P \| P \| Ap \| \| \| Rachel Gilchrist \| Ap \| Ap \| P \| P \| P \| P \| Ap \| \| \| Simon Irving \| - \| - \| P \| P \| P \| Ap \| P \| \| \| Tricia Petersen \| - \| - \| P \| Ap \| P \| P \| P \| \| \| Lauren Thistlethwaite \| - \| - \| - \| - \| P \| P \| P \| \| \| Rev’d Canon Ruth Crossley \| - \| - \| - \| - \| - \| - \| - \| Ap \| \| Vacancy \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Vacancy \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Vacancy \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Helen Irving \| P \| P \| P \| P \| P \| P \| P \| \| P – Present A – Apologies Received DNA – Did Not Attend	<urn:uuid:29b6ccff-27f0-4995-adbe-cae10af1b84d>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	http://irelethst-peters.cumbria.sch.uk/GOVERNING%20BODY%20ATTENDANCE%20.pdf	2017-06-28T07:04:07Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128322873.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20170628065139-20170628085139-00246.warc.gz	189,619,515	452	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.963961	eng_Latn	0.963961	[ "eng_Latn" ]	false	rolmOCR	[ 1024 ]
1. LaPrade RF, Noffsinger MA. Idiopathic osteonecrosis of the patella: an unusual cause of pain in the knee. A case report. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1990 Oct;72(9):1414-8. No abstract available. 2. LaPrade RF, Rowe DE. The operative treatment of scoliosis in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Orthop Rev. 1992 Jan;21(1):39-45. 3. LaPrade RF, Burnett QM 2nd. Localized chondrocalcinosis of the lateral tibial condyle presenting as a loose body in a young athlete. Arthroscopy. 1992;8(2):258-61. 4. LaPrade RF, Fowler BL, Ryan TG. Skin necrosis with minidose warfarin used for prophylaxis against thromboembolic disease after hip surgery. Orthopedics. 1993 Jun;16(6):703-4. No abstract available. 5. LaPrade RF, Burnett QM 2nd. Femoral intercondylar notch stenosis and correlation to anterior cruciate ligament injuries. A prospective study. Am J Sports Med. 1994 Mar-Apr;22(2):198-202; discussion 203. 6. LaPrade RF, Burnett QM 2nd, Veenstra MA, Hodgman CG. The prevalence of abnormal magnetic resonance imaging findings in asymptomatic knees. With correlation of magnetic resonance imaging to arthroscopic findings in symptomatic knees. Am J Sports Med. 1994 Nov-Dec;22(6):739-45. 7. Hutchinson MR, LaPrade RF, Burnett QM 2nd, Moss R, Terpstra J. Injury surveillance at the USTA Boys' Tennis Championships: a 6-yr study. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1995 Jun;27(6):826-30. 8. Blais RE, LaPrade RF, Chaljub G, Adesokan A. The arthroscopic appearance of lipoma arborescens of the knee. Arthroscopy. 1995 Oct;11(5):623-7. 9. LaPrade RF, Burnett QM, Zarzour R, Moss R. The effect of the mandatory use of face masks on facial lacerations and head and neck injuries in ice hockey. A prospective study. Am J Sports Med. 1995 Nov-Dec;23(6):773-5. 10. Terry GC, LaPrade RF. The biceps femoris muscle complex at the knee. Its anatomy and injury patterns associated with acute anterolateral-anteromedial rotatory instability. Am J Sports Med. 1996 Jan-Feb;24(1):2-8. 11. Terry GC, LaPrade RF. The posterolateral aspect of the knee. Anatomy and surgical approach. Am J Sports Med. 1996 Nov-Dec;24(6):732-9. 12. LaPrade RF, Terry GC. Injuries to the posterolateral aspect of the knee. Association of anatomic injury patterns with clinical instability. Am J Sports Med. 1997 Jul-Aug;25(4):433-8. 13. LaPrade RF, Hamilton CD. The fibular collateral ligament-biceps femoris bursa. An anatomic study. Am J Sports Med. 1997 Jul-Aug;25(4):439-43. 14. LaPrade RF. Arthroscopic evaluation of the lateral compartment of knees with grade 3 posterolateral knee complex injuries. Am J Sports Med. 1997 Sep-Oct;25(5):596-602. 15. LaPrade RF, Hamilton CD, Montgomery RD, Wentorf F, Hawkins HD. The reharvested central third of the patellar tendon. A histologic and biomechanical analysis. Am J Sports Med. 1997 Nov-Dec;25(6):779-85. 16. LaPrade RF. The anatomy of the deep infrapatellar bursa of the knee. Am J Sports Med. 1998 Jan-Feb;26(1):129-32. 17. LaPrade RF, Terry GC, Montgomery RD, Curd D, Simmons DJ. Winner of the Albert Trillat Young Investigator Award. The effects of aggressive notchplasty on the normal knee in dogs. Am J Sports Med. 1998 Mar-Apr;26(2):193-200. 18. LaPrade RF, Swiontkowski MF. New horizons in the treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee. JAMA. 1999 Mar 10;281(10):876-8. No abstract available. 19. LaPrade RF, Resig S, Wentorf F, Lewis JL. The effects of grade III posterolateral knee complex injuries on anterior cruciate ligament graft force. A biomechanical analysis. Am J Sports Med. 1999 Jul-Aug;27(4):469-75. 20. Laprade RF, Wentorf F. Acute Knee Injuries; On-the-Field and Sideline Evaluation. Phys Sportsmed. 1999 Oct;27(10):55-61. doi: 10.3810/psm.1999.10.1025. 21. Nelson EW, LaPrade RF. The anterior intermeniscal ligament of the knee. An anatomic study. Am J Sports Med. 2000 Jan-Feb;28(1):74-6. 22. LaPrade RF, Gilbert TJ, Bollom TS, Wentorf F, Chaljub G. The magnetic resonance imaging appearance of individual structures of the posterolateral knee. A prospective study of normal knees and knees with surgically verified grade III injuries. Am J Sports Med. 2000 Mar-Apr;28(2):191-9. 23. Laprade RF, Schnetzler KA, Broxterman RJ, Wentorf F, Gilbert TJ. Cervical spine alignment in the immobilized ice hockey player. A computed tomographic analysis of the effects of helmet removal. Am J Sports Med. 2000 Nov-Dec;28(6):800-3. 24. Laprade RF, Konowalchuk BK, Fritts HM, Wentorf FA. Articular cartilage injuries of the knee: evaluation and treatment options. Phys Sportsmed. 2001 May;29(5):53-9. doi: 10.3810/psm.2001.05.777. 25. Miller MD, Cooper DE, Fanelli GC, Harner CD, LaPrade RF. Posterior cruciate ligament: current concepts. Instr Course Lect. 2002;51:347-51. Review. No abstract available. 26. LaPrade RF, Muench C, Wentorf F, Lewis JL. The effect of injury to the posterolateral structures of the knee on force in a posterior cruciate ligament graft: a biomechanical study. Am J Sports Med. 2002 Mar-Apr;30(2):233-8. 27. LaPrade RF, Wentorf F. Diagnosis and treatment of posterolateral knee injuries. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2002 Sep;(402):110-21. Review. 28. Wentorf FA, LaPrade RF, Lewis JL, Resig S. The influence of the integrity of posterolateral structures on tibiofemoral orientation when an anterior cruciate ligament graft is tensioned. Am J Sports Med. 2002 Nov-Dec;30(6):796-9. 29. Crum JA, LaPrade RF, Wentorf FA. The anatomy of the posterolateral aspect of the rabbit knee. J Orthop Res. 2003 Jul;21(4):723-9. 30. LaPrade RF. Autologous chondrocyte implantation was superior to mosaicplasty for repair of articular cartilage defects in the knee at one year. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2003 Nov;85-A(11):2259. No abstract available. 31. LaPrade RF, Ly TV, Wentorf FA, Engebretsen L. The posterolateral attachments of the knee: a qualitative and quantitative morphologic analysis of the fibular collateral ligament, popliteus tendon, popliteofibular ligament, and lateral gastrocnemius tendon. Am J Sports Med. 2003 Nov-Dec;31(6):854-60. 32. LaPrade RF, Wentorf FA, Crum JA. Assessment of healing of grade III posterolateral corner injuries: an in vivo model. J Orthop Res. 2004 Sep;22(5):970-5. 33. LaPrade RF, Botker JC. Donor-site morbidity after osteochondral autograft transfer procedures. Arthroscopy. 2004 Sep;20(7):e69-73. 34. LaPrade RF, Johansen S, Wentorf FA, Engebretsen L, Esterberg JL, Tso A. An analysis of an anatomical posterolateral knee reconstruction: an in vitro biomechanical study and development of a surgical technique. Am J Sports Med. 2004 Sep;32(6):1405-14. Epub 2004 Jul 20. 35. LaPrade RF, Tso A, Wentorf FA. Force measurements on the fibular collateral ligament, popliteofibular ligament, and popliteus tendon to applied loads. Am J Sports Med. 2004 Oct-Nov;32(7):1695-701. 36. LaPrade RF, Wills NJ. Kissing cartilage lesions of the knee caused by a bioabsorbable meniscal repair device: a case report. Am J Sports Med. 2004 Oct-Nov;32(7):1751-4. No abstract available. 37. Sanchez AR 2nd, Sugalski MT, LaPrade RF. Field-side and prehospital management of the spine-injured athlete. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2005 Feb;4(1):50-5. Review. 38. Moorman CT 3rd, LaPrade RF. Anatomy and biomechanics of the posterolateral corner of the knee. J Knee Surg. 2005 Apr;18(2):137-45. Review. No abstract available. 39. LaPrade RF. Anatomic reconstruction of the posterolateral aspect of the knee. J Knee Surg. 2005 Apr;18(2):167-71. No abstract available. 40. LaPrade RF, Konowalchuk BK. Popliteomeniscal fascicle tears causing symptomatic lateral compartment knee pain: diagnosis by the figure-4 test and treatment by open repair. Am J Sports Med. 2005 Aug;33(8):1231-6. Epub 2005 Jul 6. 41. LaPrade RF, Bollom TS, Wentorf FA, Wills NJ, Meister K. Mechanical properties of the posterolateral structures of the knee. Am J Sports Med. 2005 Sep;33(9):1386-91. Epub 2005 Jul 7. 42. LaPrade RF, Hilger B. Coracoclavicular ligament reconstruction using a semitendinosus graft for failed acromioclavicular separation surgery. Arthroscopy. 2005 Oct;21(10):1277. 43. LaPrade RF, Kimber KA, Wentorf FA, Olson EJ. Anatomy of the posterolateral aspect of the goat knee. J Orthop Res. 2006 Feb;24(2):141-8. 44. Sanchez AR 2nd, Sugalski MT, LaPrade RF. Anatomy and biomechanics of the lateral side of the knee. Sports Med Arthrosc Rev. 2006 Mar;14(1):2-11. Review. 45. Laprade RF, Wentorf FA, Olson EJ, Carlson CS. An in vivo injury model of posterolateral knee instability. Am J Sports Med. 2006 Aug;34(8):1313-21. Epub 2006 Mar 27. 46. Cooper JM, McAndrews PT, LaPrade RF. Posterolateral corner injuries of the knee: anatomy, diagnosis, and treatment. Sports Med Arthrosc Rev. 2006 Dec;14(4):213-20. Review. 47. LaPrade RF, Morgan PM, Wentorf FA, Johansen S, Engebretsen L. The anatomy of the posterior aspect of the knee. An anatomic study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2007 Apr;89(4):758-64. 48. LaPrade RF. Not your father's (or mother's) meniscus surgery. Minn Med. 2007 Jun;90(6):41-3. 49. Griffith CJ, Laprade RF, Coobs BR, Olson EJ. Anatomy and biomechanics of the posterolateral aspect of the canine knee. J Orthop Res. 2007 Sep;25(9):1231-42. 50. LaPrade RF, Engebretsen AH, Ly TV, Johansen S, Wentorf FA, Engebretsen L. The anatomy of the medial part of the knee. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2007 Sep;89(9):2000-10. 51. Coobs BR, LaPrade RF, Griffith CJ, Nelson BJ. Biomechanical analysis of an isolated fibular (lateral) collateral ligament reconstruction using an autogenous semitendinosus graft. Am J Sports Med. 2007 Sep;35(9):1521-7. Epub 2007 May 10. 52. Arthur A, LaPrade RF, Agel J. Proximal tibial opening wedge osteotomy as the initial treatment for chronic posterolateral corner deficiency in the varus knee: a prospective clinical study. Am J Sports Med. 2007 Nov;35(11):1844-50. Epub 2007 Aug 27. 53. Foad A, LaPrade RF. Bilateral luxatio erecta humeri and bilateral knee dislocations in the same patient. Am J Orthop (Belle Mead NJ). 2007 Nov;36(11):611-3. 54. LaPrade RF, Wentorf FA, Fritts H, Gundry C, Hightower CD. A prospective magnetic resonance imaging study of the incidence of posterolateral and multiple ligament injuries in acute knee injuries presenting with a hemarthrosis. Arthroscopy. 2007 Dec;23(12):1341-7. 55. LaPrade RF, Bursch LS, Olson EJ, Havlas V, Carlson CS. Histologic and immunohistochemical characteristics of failed articular cartilage resurfacing procedures for osteochondritis of the knee: a case series. Am J Sports Med. 2008 Feb;36(2):360-8. Epub 2007 Nov 15. 56. Griffith CJ, LaPrade RF. Medial plica irritation: diagnosis and treatment. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2008 Mar;1(1):53-60. doi: 10.1007/s12178-007-9006-z. 57. Griffith CJ, LaPrade RF, Fritts HM, Morgan PM. Posterior root avulsion fracture of the medial meniscus in an adolescent female patient with surgical reattachment. Am J Sports Med. 2008 Apr;36(4):789-92. Epub 2007 Nov 6. No abstract available. 58. LaPrade RF, Ly TV, Griffith C. The external rotation recurvatum test revisited: reevaluation of the sagittal plane tibiofemoral relationship. Am J Sports Med. 2008 Apr;36(4):709-12. doi: 10.1177/0363546507311096. Epub 2008 Jan 8. 59. LaPrade RF, Pedtke AC, Roethle ST. Arthroscopic posteromedial capsular release for knee flexion contractures. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2008 May;16(5):469-75. doi: 10.1007/s00167-008-0496-z. 60. Olson EJ, Wentorf FA, McNulty MA, Parker JB, Carlson CS, LaPrade RF. Assessment of a goat model of posterolateral knee instability. J Orthop Res. 2008 May;26(5):651-9. 61. Laprade RF, Engebretsen L, Johansen S, Wentorf FA, Kurtenbach C. The effect of a proximal tibial medial opening wedge osteotomy on posterolateral knee instability: a biomechanical study. Am J Sports Med. 2008 May;36(5):956-60. doi: 10.1177/0363546507312380. Epub 2008 Jan 28. 62. LaPrade RF, Griffith CJ, Gilbert TJ. Intrasubstance stretch tear of a preadolescent patellar tendon with reconstruction using autogenous hamstrings. Am J Sports Med. 2008 Jul;36(7):1410-3. doi: 10.1177/0363546508314731. Epub 2008 Mar 7. No abstract available. 63. Jackman T, LaPrade RF, Pontinen T, Lender PA. Intraobserver and interobserver reliability of the kneeling technique of stress radiography for the evaluation of posterior knee laxity. Am J Sports Med. 2008 Aug;36(8):1571-6. doi: 10.1177/0363546508315897. Epub 2008 Apr 30. 64. LaPrade RF, Heikes C, Bakker AJ, Jakobsen RB. The reproducibility and repeatability of varus stress radiographs in the assessment of isolated fibular collateral ligament and grade-III posterolateral knee injuries. An in vitro biomechanical study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2008 Oct;90(10):2069-76. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.G.00979. 65. LaPrade RF, Wickum DJ, Griffith CJ, Ludewig PM. Kinematic evaluation of the modified Weaver-Dunn acromioclavicular joint reconstruction. Am J Sports Med. 2008 Nov;36(11):2216-21. doi: 10.1177/0363546508319048. Epub 2008 Jun 6. 66. Hapa O, Wijdicks CA, LaPrade RF, Braman JP. Out of the ring and into a sling: acute latissimus dorsi avulsion in a professional wrestler: a case report and review of the literature. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2008 Dec;16(12):1146-50. doi: 10.1007/s00167-008-0625-8. Epub 2008 Sep 23. Review. 67. Anderson AW, LaPrade RF. Common peroneal nerve neuropraxia after arthroscopic inside-out lateral meniscus repair. J Knee Surg. 2009 Jan;22(1):27-9. 68. Griffith CJ, Wijdicks CA, LaPrade RF, Armitage BM, Johansen S, Engebretsen L. Force measurements on the posterior oblique ligament and superficial medial collateral ligament proximal and distal divisions to applied loads. Am J Sports Med. 2009 Jan;37(1):140-8. doi: 10.1177/0363546508322890. Epub 2008 Aug 25. 69. Walsh MP, Wijdicks CA, Parker JB, Hapa O, LaPrade RF. A comparison between a retrograde interference screw, suture button, and combined fixation on the tibial side in an all-inside anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a biomechanical study in a porcine model. Am J Sports Med. 2009 Jan;37(1):160-7. doi: 10.1177/0363546508323747. Epub 2008 Oct 1. 70. Ludewig PM, Phadke V, Braman JP, Hassett DR, Cieminski CJ, LaPrade RF. Motion of the shoulder complex during multiplanar humeral elevation. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2009 Feb;91(2):378-89. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.G.01483. 71. Coobs BR, LaPrade RF. Severe chondrolysis of the glenohumeral joint after shoulder thermal capsulorrhaphy. Am J Orthop (Belle Mead NJ). 2009 Feb;38(2):E34-7. No abstract available. 72. Wijdicks CA, Griffith CJ, LaPrade RF, Johansen S, Sunderland A, Arendt EA, Engebretsen L. Radiographic identification of the primary medial knee structures. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2009 Mar 1;91(3):521-9. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.H.00909. 73. Pietrini SD, LaPrade RF, Griffith CJ, Wijdicks CA, Ziegler CG. Radiographic identification of the primary posterolateral knee structures. Am J Sports Med. 2009 Mar;37(3):542-51. doi: 10.1177/0363546508328117. 74. LaPrade RF, Botker J, Herzog M, Agel J. Refrigerated osteoarticular allografts to treat articular cartilage defects of the femoral condyles. A prospective outcomes study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2009 Apr;91(4):805-11. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.H.00703. 75. Walsh MP, Wijdicks CA, Armitage BM, Westerhaus BD, Parker JB, Laprade RF. The 1:1 versus the 2:2 tunnel-drilling technique: optimization of fixation strength and stiffness in an all-inside double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction--a biomechanical study. Am J Sports Med. 2009 Aug;37(8):1539-47. doi: 10.1177/0363546509333013. Epub 2009 May 21. 76. Wijdicks CA, Griffith CJ, LaPrade RF, Spiridonov SI, Johansen S, Armitage BM, Engebretsen L. Medial knee injury: Part 2, load sharing between the posterior oblique ligament and superficial medial collateral ligament. Am J Sports Med. 2009 Sep;37(9):1771-6. doi: 10.1177/0363546509335191. Epub 2009 Jul 16. 77. Griffith CJ, LaPrade RF, Johansen S, Armitage B, Wijdicks C, Engebretsen L. Medial knee injury: Part 1, static function of the individual components of the main medial knee structures. Am J Sports Med. 2009 Sep;37(9):1762-70. doi: 10.1177/0363546509333852. Epub 2009 Jul 16. 78. Braman JP, Engel SC, Laprade RF, Ludewig PM. In vivo assessment of scapulohumeral rhythm during unconstrained overhead reaching in asymptomatic subjects. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2009 Nov-Dec;18(6):960-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jse.2009.02.001. Epub 2009 Apr 22. 79. Agel J, LaPrade RF. Assessment of differences between the modified Cincinnati and International Knee Documentation Committee patient outcome scores: a prospective study. Am J Sports Med. 2009 Nov;37(11):2151-7. doi: 10.1177/0363546509337698. Epub 2009 Jul 24. 80. Pepin SR, Griffith CJ, Wijdicks CA, Goerke U, McNulty MA, Parker JB, Carlson CS, Ellermann J, LaPrade RF. A comparative analysis of 7.0-Tesla magnetic resonance imaging and histology measurements of knee articular cartilage in a canine posterolateral knee injury model: a preliminary analysis. Am J Sports Med. 2009 Nov;37 Suppl 1:119S-24S. doi: 10.1177/0363546509350439. Epub 2009 Oct 19. 81. LaPrade RF, Wijdicks CA, Griffith CJ. Division I intercollegiate ice hockey team coverage. Br J Sports Med. 2009 Dec;43(13):1000-5. doi: 10.1136/bjsm.2009.067884. Review. No abstract available. 82. LaPrade RF, Johansen S, Agel J, Risberg MA, Moksnes H, Engebretsen L. Outcomes of an anatomic posterolateral knee reconstruction. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2010 Jan;92(1):16-22. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.I.00474. 83. LaPrade RF, Oro FB, Ziegler CG, Wijdicks CA, Walsh MP. Patellar height and tibial slope after opening-wedge proximal tibial osteotomy: a prospective study. Am J Sports Med. 2010 Jan;38(1):160-70. doi: 10.1177/0363546509342701. Epub 2009 Sep 18. 84. LaPrade RF, Bernhardson AS, Griffith CJ, Macalena JA, Wijdicks CA. Correlation of valgus stress radiographs with medial knee ligament injuries: an in vitro biomechanical study. Am J Sports Med. 2010 Feb;38(2):330-8. doi: 10.1177/0363546509349347. Epub 2009 Dec 4. 85. Tsai AG, Wijdicks CA, Walsh MP, LaPrade RF. Comparative kinematic evaluation of all-inside single-bundle and double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a biomechanical study. Am J Sports Med. 2010 Feb;38(2):263-72. doi: 10.1177/0363546509348053. Epub 2009 Dec 4. 86. Coobs BR, Wijdicks CA, Armitage BM, Spiridonov SI, Westerhaus BD, Johansen S, Engebretsen L, LaPrade RF. An in vitro analysis of an anatomical medial knee reconstruction. Am J Sports Med. 2010 Feb;38(2):339-47. doi: 10.1177/0363546509347996. Epub 2009 Dec 4. 87. Lunden JB, Braman JP, LaPrade RF, Ludewig PM. Shoulder kinematics during the wall push-up plus exercise. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2010 Mar;19(2):216-23. doi: 10.1016/j.jse.2009.06.003. Epub 2009 Sep 4. 88. LaPrade RF, Wozniczka JK, Stellmaker MP, Wijdicks CA. Analysis of the static function of the popliteus tendon and evaluation of an anatomic reconstruction: the "fifth ligament" of the knee. Am J Sports Med. 2010 Mar;38(3):543-9. doi: 10.1177/0363546509349493. Epub 2009 Dec 30. 89. Morgan PM, LaPrade RF, Wentorf FA, Cook JW, Bianco A. The role of the oblique popliteal ligament and other structures in preventing knee hyperextension. Am J Sports Med. 2010 Mar;38(3):550-7. doi: 10.1177/0363546509348742. Epub 2010 Jan 23. 90. Wijdicks CA, Griffith CJ, Johansen S, Engebretsen L, LaPrade RF. Injuries to the medial collateral ligament and associated medial structures of the knee. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2010 May;92(5):1266-80. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.I.01229. Review. 91. Ludewig PM, Hassett DR, LaPrade RF, Camargo PR, Braman JP. Comparison of scapular local coordinate systems. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 2010 Jun;25(5):415-21. doi: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2010.01.015. Epub 2010 Feb 24. 92. Wijdicks CA, Westerhaus BD, Brand EJ, Johansen S, Engebretsen L, LaPrade RF. Sartorial branch of the saphenous nerve in relation to a medial knee ligament repair or reconstruction. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2010 Aug;18(8):1105-9. doi: 10.1007/s00167-009-0934-6. Epub 2009 Oct 27. 93. Bernhardson AS, LaPrade RF. Snapping biceps femoris tendon treated with an anatomic repair. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2010 Aug;18(8):1110-2. doi: 10.1007/s00167-009-1018-3. Epub 2009 Dec 18. 94. Lunden JB, Bzdusek PJ, Monson JK, Malcomson KW, LaPrade RF. Current concepts in the recognition and treatment of posterolateral corner injuries of the knee. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2010 Aug;40(8):502-16. doi: 10.2519/jospt.2010.3269. 95. Anderson CJ, Westerhaus BD, Pietrini SD, Ziegler CG, Wijdicks CA, Johansen S, Engebretsen L, LaPrade RF. Kinematic impact of anteromedial and posterolateral bundle graft fixation angles on double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions. Am J Sports Med. 2010 Aug;38(8):1575-83. doi: 10.1177/0363546510364841. 96. Wijdicks CA, Ewart DT, Nuckley DJ, Johansen S, Engebretsen L, LaPrade RF. Structural properties of the primary medial knee ligaments. Am J Sports Med. 2010 Aug;38(8):1638-46. doi: 10.1177/0363546510363465. 97. McCarthy M, Camarda L, Wijdicks CA, Johansen S, Engebretsen L, LaPrade RF. Anatomic posterolateral knee reconstructions require a popliteofibular ligament reconstruction through a tibial tunnel. Am J Sports Med. 2010 Aug;38(8):1674-81. doi: 10.1177/0363546510361220. 98. Coobs BR, Spiridonov SI, LaPrade RF. Intra-articular lateral femoral condyle fracture following an ACL revision reconstruction. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2010 Sep;18(9):1290-3. doi: 10.1007/s00167-009-0995-6. Epub 2009 Dec 2. 99. Geeslin AG, LaPrade RF. Surgical treatment of snapping medial hamstring tendons. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2010 Sep;18(9):1294-6. doi: 10.1007/s00167-010-1174-5. Epub 2010 Jun 12. 100. LaPrade RF, Wills NJ, Spiridonov SI, Perkinson S. A prospective outcomes study of meniscal allograft transplantation. Am J Sports Med. 2010 Sep;38(9):1804-12. doi: 10.1177/0363546510368133. Epub 2010 Jul 1. 101. LaPrade RF, Spiridonov SI, Coobs BR, Ruckert PR, Griffith CJ. Fibular collateral ligament anatomical reconstructions: a prospective outcomes study. Am J Sports Med. 2010 Oct;38(10):2005-11. doi: 10.1177/0363546510370200. Epub 2010 Jul 1. 102. Horst PK, LaPrade RF. Anatomic reconstruction of chronic symptomatic anterolateral proximal tibiofibular joint instability. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2010 Nov;18(11):1452-5. doi: 10.1007/s00167-010-1049-9. Epub 2010 Feb 3. 103. Oneto JM, Ellermann J, LaPrade RF. Longitudinal evaluation of cartilage repair tissue after microfracture using T2-mapping: a case report with arthroscopic and MRI correlation. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2010 Nov;18(11):1545-50. doi: 10.1007/s00167-010-1161-x. Epub 2010 May 27. 104. Wijdicks CA, Brand EJ, Nuckley DJ, Johansen S, LaPrade RF, Engebretsen L. Biomechanical evaluation of a medial knee reconstruction with comparison of bioabsorbable interference screw constructs and optimization with a cortical button. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2010 Nov;18(11):1532-41. doi: 10.1007/s00167-010-1127-z. Epub 2010 Jun 19. 105. LaPrade RF. Letter to the editor. "Treatment of magnetic resonance imaging--documented isolated grade III lateral collateral ligament injuries in National Football League athletes". Am J Sports Med. 2010 Nov;38(11):NP6. doi: 10.1177/0363546510386547. No abstract available. 106. Braman JP, Thomas BM, Laprade RF, Phadke V, Ludewig PM. Three-dimensional in vivo kinematics of an osteoarthritic shoulder before and after total shoulder arthroplasty. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2010 Dec;18(12):1774-8. doi: 10.1007/s00167-010-1167-4. Epub 2010 Jun 5. 107. Geeslin AG, LaPrade RF. Location of bone bruises and other osseous injuries associated with acute grade III isolated and combined posterolateral knee injuries. Am J Sports Med. 2010 Dec;38(12):2502-8. doi: 10.1177/0363546510376232. Epub 2010 Sep 13. 108. Phadke V, Braman JP, LaPrade RF, Ludewig PM. Comparison of glenohumeral motion using different rotation sequences. J Biomech. 2011 Feb 24;44(4):700-5. doi: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2010.10.042. Epub 2010 Dec 24. 109. LaPrade RF, Johansen S, Engebretsen L. Outcomes of an anatomic posterolateral knee reconstruction: surgical technique. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2011 Mar;93 Suppl 1:10-20. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.J.01243. 110. Camarda L, D'Arienzo M, Patera GP, Filosto L, LaPrade RF. Avoiding tunnel collisions between fibular collateral ligament and ACL posterolateral bundle reconstruction. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2011 Apr;19(4):598-603. doi: 10.1007/s00167-010-1299-6. Epub 2010 Nov 17. 111. ISAKOS Scientific Committee., AudigV© L, Ayeni OR, Bhandari M, Boyle BW, Briggs KK, Chan K, Chaney-Barclay K, Do HT, Ferretti M, Fu FH, Goldhahn J, Goldhahn S, Hidaka C, Hoang-Kim A, Karlsson J, Krych AJ, LaPrade RF, Levy BA, Lubowitz JH, Lyman S, Ma Y, et al. A practical guide to research: design, execution, and publication. Arthroscopy. 2011 Apr;27(4 Suppl):S1-112. doi: 10.1016/j.arthro.2011.02.001. No abstract available. Erratum in: Arthroscopy. 2011 Jun;27(6):878. 112. Ziegler CG, Pietrini SD, Westerhaus BD, Anderson CJ, Wijdicks CA, Johansen S, Engebretsen L, LaPrade RF. Arthroscopically pertinent landmarks for tunnel positioning in single-bundle and double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions. Am J Sports Med. 2011 Apr;39(4):743-52. doi: 10.1177/0363546510387511. Epub 2010 Dec 20. 113. Geeslin AG, Jansson KS, Wijdicks CA, Chapman MA, Fok AS, LaPrade RF. Tibial tunnel aperture irregularity after drilling with 5 reamer designs: a qualitative micro-computed tomography analysis. Am J Sports Med. 2011 Apr;39(4):825-31. doi: 10.1177/0363546510388911. Epub 2011 Jan 6. 114. Pietrini SD, Ziegler CG, Anderson CJ, Wijdicks CA, Westerhaus BD, Johansen S, Engebretsen L, LaPrade RF. Radiographic landmarks for tunnel positioning in double-bundle ACL reconstructions. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2011 May;19(5):792-800. doi: 10.1007/s00167-010-1372-1. Epub 2011 Jan 11. 115. LaPrade RF, McDonald JE. Commentary on an article by M.G. Muriuki, PhD, et al.: "Changes in tibiofemoral contact mechanics following radial split and vertical tears of the medial meniscus. an in vitro investigation of the efficacy of arthroscopic repair". J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2011 Jun 15;93(12):e70(1-2). doi: 10.2106/JBJS.K.00283. No abstract available. 116. Griffith CJ, Wijdicks CA, Goerke U, Michaeli S, Ellermann J, LaPrade RF. Outcomes of untreated posterolateral knee injuries: an in vivo canine model. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2011 Jul;19(7):1192-7. doi: 10.1007/s00167-010-1358-z. Epub 2011 Jan 11. 117. Stull JD, Philippon MJ, LaPrade RF. At-risk" positioning and hip biomechanics of the Peewee ice hockey sprint start. Am J Sports Med. 2011 Jul;39 Suppl:295-35S. doi: 10.1177/0363546511414012. 118. Myers CA, Register BC, Lertwanich P, Ejnisman L, Pennington WW, Giphart JE, LaPrade RF, Philippon MJ. Role of the acetabular labrum and the iliofemoral ligament in hip stability: an in vitro biplane fluoroscopy study. Am J Sports Med. 2011 Jul;39 Suppl:85S-91S. doi: 10.1177/0363546511412161. 119. Johnson MR, LaPrade RF. Tibial plateau "Kissing Lesion" from a proud osteochondral autograft. Am J Orthop (Belle Mead NJ). 2011 Jul;40(7):359-61. 120. Philippon MJ, Decker MJ, Giphart JE, Torry MR, Wahoff MS, LaPrade RF. Rehabilitation exercise progression for the gluteus medius muscle with consideration for iliopsoas tendinitis: an in vivo electromyography study. Am J Sports Med. 2011 Aug;39(8):1777-85. doi: 10.1177/0363546511406848. Epub 2011 May 12. 121. Geeslin AG, LaPrade RF. Outcomes of treatment of acute grade-III isolated and combined posterolateral knee injuries: a prospective case series and surgical technique. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2011 Sep 21;93(18):1672-83. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.J.01639. 122. Spiridonov SI, Slinkard NJ, LaPrade RF. Isolated and combined grade-III posterior cruciate ligament tears treated with double-bundle reconstruction with use of endoscopically placed femoral tunnels and grafts: operative technique and clinical outcomes. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2011 Oct 5;93(19):1773-80. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.J.01638. 123. Myers CA, Torry MR, Shelburne KB, Giphart JE, LaPrade RF, Woo SL, Steadman JR. In vivo tibiofemoral kinematics during 4 functional tasks of increasing demand using biplane fluoroscopy. Am J Sports Med. 2012 Jan;40(1):170-8. doi: 10.1177/0363546511423746. Epub 2011 Oct 13. 124. Laprade RF, Wijdicks CA. The management of injuries to the medial side of the knee. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2012 Mar;42(3):221-33. doi: 10.2519/jospt.2012.3624. Epub 2012 Feb 29. Review. 125. Laprade RF, Wijdicks CA. Surgical technique: development of an anatomic medial knee reconstruction. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2012 Mar;470(3):806-14. doi: 10.1007/s11999-011-2061-1. 126. Laprade RF, Spiridonov SI, Nystrom LM, Jansson KS. Prospective outcomes of young and middle-aged adults with medial compartment osteoarthritis treated with a proximal tibial opening wedge osteotomy. Arthroscopy. 2012 Mar;28(3):354-64. doi: 10.1016/j.arthro.2011.08.310. Epub 2011 Dec 14. 127. Engebretsen L, Wijdicks CA, Anderson CJ, Westerhaus B, LaPrade RF. Evaluation of a simulated pivot shift test: a biomechanical study. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2012 Apr;20(4):698-702. doi: 10.1007/s00167-011-1744-1. Epub 2011 Nov 5. 128. Hamming D, Braman JP, Phadke V, LaPrade RF, Ludewig PM. The accuracy of measuring glenohumeral motion with a surface humeral cuff. J Biomech. 2012 Apr 30;45(7):1161-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2012.02.003. Epub 2012 Mar 3. 129. Giphart JE, Stull JD, Laprade RF, Wahoff MS, Philippon MJ. Recruitment and activity of the pectineus and piriformis muscles during hip rehabilitation exercises: an electromyography study. Am J Sports Med. 2012 Jul;40(7):1654-63. doi: 10.1177/0363546512443812. Epub 2012 Apr 20. 130. Johannsen AM, Civitarese DM, Padalecki JR, Goldsmith MT, Wijdicks CA, LaPrade RF. Qualitative and quantitative anatomic analysis of the posterior root attachments of the medial and lateral menisci. Am J Sports Med. 2012 Oct;40(10):2342-7. Epub 2012 Sep 7. 131. Waldrop NE 3rd, Wijdicks CA, Jansson KS, LaPrade RF, Clanton TO. Anatomic suture anchor versus the Broström technique for anterior talofibular ligament repair: a biomechanical comparison. Am J Sports Med. 2012 Nov;40(11):2590-6. doi: 10.1177/0363546512458420. Epub 2012 Sep 7. 132. Anderson CJ, Ziegler CG, Wijdicks CA, Engebretsen L, LaPrade RF. Arthroscopically pertinent anatomy of the anterolateral and posteromedial bundles of the posterior cruciate ligament. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2012 Nov 7;94(21):1936-45. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.K.01710. 133. Giphart JE, Zirker CA, Myers CA, Pennington WW, LaPrade RF. Accuracy of a contour-based biplane fluoroscopy technique for tracking knee joint kinematics of different speeds. J Biomech. 2012 Nov 15;45(16):2935-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2012.08.045. Epub 2012 Sep 25. 134. de Meijer PP, Karlsson J, LaPrade RF, Verhaar JA, Wijdicks CA. A guideline to medical photography: a perspective on digital photography in an orthopaedic setting. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2012 Dec;20(12):2606-11. doi: 10.1007/s00167-012-2173-5. Epub 2012 Aug 12. 135. Johannsen AM, Anderson CJ, Wijdicks CA, Engebretsen L, LaPrade RF. Radiographic landmarks for tunnel positioning in posterior cruciate ligament reconstructions. Am J Sports Med. 2013 Jan;41(1):35-42. doi: 10.1177/0363546512465072. Epub 2012 Nov 9. 136. Jansson KS, Michalski MP, Smith SD, LaPrade RF, Wijdicks CA. Tekscan pressure sensor output changes in the presence of liquid exposure. J Biomech. 2013 Feb 1;46(3):612-4. doi: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2012.09.033. Epub 2012 Oct 31. 137. Petre BM, Smith SD, Jansson KS, de Meijer PP, Hackett TR, LaPrade RF, Wijdicks CA. Femoral cortical suspension devices for soft tissue anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a comparative biomechanical study. Am J Sports Med. 2013 Feb;41(2):416-22. doi: 10.1177/0363546512469875. Epub 2012 Dec 20. 138. Pierce CM, Laprade RF, Wahoff M, O'Brien L, Philippon MJ. Ice hockey goaltender rehabilitation, including on-ice progression, after arthroscopic hip surgery for femoroacetabular impingement. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2013 Mar;43(3):129-41. doi: 10.2519/jospt.2013.4430. Epub 2013 Feb 12. 139. Waldrop NE 3rd, Zirker CA, Wijdicks CA, Laprade RF, Clanton TO. Radiographic evaluation of plantar plate injury: an in vitro biomechanical study. Foot Ankle Int. 2013 Mar;34(3):403-8. doi: 10.1177/1071100712464953. Epub 2013 Jan 14. 140. Aga C, Rasmussen MT, Smith SD, Jansson KS, LaPrade RF, Engebretsen L, Wijdicks CA. Biomechanical comparison of interference screws and combination screw and sheath devices for soft tissue anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction on the tibial side. Am J Sports Med. 2013 Apr;41(4):841-8. doi: 10.1177/0363546512474968. Epub 2013 Feb 12. 141. Pierce CM, O'Brien L, Griffin LW, Laprade RF. Posterior cruciate ligament tears: functional and postoperative rehabilitation. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2013 May;21(5):1071-84. doi: 10.1007/s00167-012-1970-1. Epub 2012 Apr 8. Review. 142. Jansson KS, Costello KE, O'Brien L, Wijdicks CA, Laprade RF. A historical perspective of PCL bracing. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2013 May;21(5):1064-70. doi: 10.1007/s00167-012-2048-9. Epub 2012 May 24. Review. 143. Philippon MJ, Ho CP, Briggs KK, Stull J, LaPrade RF. Prevalence of increased alpha angles as a measure of cam-type femoroacetabular impingement in youth ice hockey players. Am J Sports Med. 2013 Jun;41(6):1357-62. doi: 10.1177/0363546513483448. Epub 2013 Apr 5. 144. Campbell KJ, Boykin RE, Wijdicks CA, Erik Giphart J, LaPrade RF, Philippon MJ. Treatment of a hip capsular injury in a professional soccer player with platelet-rich plasma and bone marrow aspirate concentrate therapy. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2013 Jul;21(7):1684-8. doi: 10.1007/s00167-012-2232-y. Epub 2012 Oct 7. 145. Goldsmith MT, Jansson KS, Smith SD, Engebretsen L, LaPrade RF, Wijdicks CA. Biomechanical comparison of anatomic single- and double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions: an in vitro study. Am J Sports Med. 2013 Jul;41(7):1595-604. doi: 10.1177/0363546513487065. Epub 2013 May 21. 146. Brunkhorst JP, Giphart JE, LaPrade RF, Millett PJ. Coracohumeral Distances and Correlation to Arm Rotation: An In Vivo 3-Dimensional Biplane Fluoroscopy Study. Orthop J Sports Med. 2013 Jul 2;1(2):2325967113496059. doi: 10.1177/2325967113496059. eCollection 2013 Jul. 147. Wijdicks CA, Baldin BC, Jansson KS, Stull JD, LaPrade RF, Philippon MJ. Cam lesion femoral osteoplasty: in vitro biomechanical evaluation of iatrogenic femoral cortical notching and risk of neck fracture. Arthroscopy. 2013 Oct;29(10):1608-14. doi: 10.1016/j.arthro.2013.06.021. Epub 2013 Aug 29. 148. LaPrade RF, Devitt BM, Huleatt JB, Nepple JJ. A Novel Posterior Arthrotomy Approach for the Treatment of a Large Osteochondral Defect of the Posterior Aspect of the Lateral Femoral Condyle of the Knee: A Case Report and Technical Note. JBJS Case Connect. 2013 Nov 13;3(4 Suppl 3):1-5. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.CC.M.00097. No abstract available. 149. Hapa O, Aküahin E, Erduran M, Davul S, HavitýBiofúlu H, LaPrade RF, Bozdafú E, Svnbvlofúlu E. The influence of suture material on the strength of horizontal mattress suture configuration for meniscus repair. Knee. 2013 Dec;20(6):577-80. doi: 10.1016/j.knee.2012.11.010. Epub 2013 Jan 20. 150. Wijdicks CA, Michalski MP, Rasmussen MT, Goldsmith MT, Kennedy NI, Lind M, Engebretsen L, LaPrade RF. Superficial medial collateral ligament anatomic augmented repair versus anatomic reconstruction: an in vitro biomechanical analysis. Am J Sports Med. 2013 Dec;41(12):2858-66. doi: 10.1177/0363546513503289. Epub 2013 Sep 13. 151. Kennedy NI, Wijdicks CA, Goldsmith MT, Michalski MP, Devitt BM, VörTjen A, Engebretsen L, LaPrade RF. Kinematic analysis of the posterior cruciate ligament, part 1: the individual and collective function of the anterolateral and posteromedial bundles. Am J Sports Med. 2013 Dec;41(12):2828-38. doi: 10.1177/0363546513504287. Epub 2013 Sep 24. 152. Wijdicks CA, Kennedy NI, Goldsmith MT, Devitt BM, Michalski MP, VörTjen A, Engebretsen L, LaPrade RF. Kinematic analysis of the posterior cruciate ligament, part 2: a comparison of anatomic single- versus double-bundle reconstruction. Am J Sports Med. 2013 Dec;41(12):2839-48. doi: 10.1177/0363546513504384. Epub 2013 Oct 3. 153. Huleatt JB, Campbell KJ, Laprade RF. Nonoperative treatment approach to knee osteoarthritis in the master athlete. Sports Health. 2014 Jan;6(1):56-62. doi: 10.1177/1941738113501460. 154. Wijdicks CA, Rosenbach BS, Flanagan TR, Bower GE, Newman KE, Clanton TO, Engebretsen L, Laprade RF, Hackett TR. Injuries in elite and recreational snowboarders. Br J Sports Med. 2014 Jan;48(1):11-7. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2013-093019. Epub 2013 Nov 26. Review. 155. Laprade RF, Surowiec RK, Sochanska AN, Hentkowski BS, Martin BM, Engebretsen L, Wijdicks CA. Epidemiology, identification, treatment and return to play of musculoskeletal-based ice hockey injuries. Br J Sports Med. 2014 Jan;48(1):4-10. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2013-093020. Epub 2013 Nov 27. 156. Smith SD, Jansson KS, Philippon MJ, LaPrade RF, Wijdicks CA. Fracture mechanics of the femoral neck in a composite bone model: effects of platen geometry. J Biomech. 2014 Jan 22;47(2):602-6. doi: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2013.10.042. Epub 2013 Nov 26. 157. Viens NA, Wijdicks CA, Campbell KJ, Laprade RF, Clanton TO. Anterior talofibular ligament ruptures, part 1: biomechanical comparison of augmented Broström repair techniques with the intact anterior talofibular ligament. Am J Sports Med. 2014 Feb;42(2):405-11. doi: 10.1177/0363546513510141. Epub 2013 Nov 25. 158. Clanton TO, Viens NA, Campbell KJ, Laprade RF, Wijdicks CA. Anterior talofibular ligament ruptures, part 2: biomechanical comparison of anterior talofibular ligament reconstruction using semitendinosus allografts with the intact ligament. Am J Sports Med. 2014 Feb;42(2):412-6. doi: 10.1177/0363546513509963. Epub 2013 Nov 26. 159. Kennedy NI, Michalski MP, Engebretsen L, LaPrade RF. Iatrogenic Meniscus Posterior Root Injury Following Reconstruction of the Posterior Cruciate Ligament: A Report of Three Cases. JBJS Case Connect. 2014 Feb 26;4(1 Suppl 6): e20-e6. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.CC.M.00175. No abstract available. 160. Padalecki JR, Jansson KS, Smith SD, Dornan GJ, Pierce CM, Wijdicks CA, Laprade RF. Biomechanical consequences of a complete radial tear adjacent to the medial meniscus posterior root attachment site: in situ pull-out repair restores derangement of joint mechanics. Am J Sports Med. 2014 Mar;42(3):699-707. doi: 10.1177/0363546513499314. 161. LaPrade CM, Jansson KS, Dornan G, Smith SD, Wijdicks CA, LaPrade RF. Altered tibiofemoral contact mechanics due to lateral meniscus posterior horn root avulsions and radial tears can be restored with in situ pull-out suture repairs. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2014 Mar 19;96(6):471-9. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.L.01252. 162. Nepple JJ, Philippon MJ, Campbell KJ, Dornan GJ, Jansson KS, LaPrade RF, Wijdicks CA. The hip fluid seal--Part II: The effect of an acetabular labral tear, repair, resection, and reconstruction on hip stability to distraction. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2014 Apr;22(4):730-6. doi: 10.1007/s00167-014-2875-y. Epub 2014 Feb 9. 163. Philippon MJ, Nepple JJ, Campbell KJ, Dornan GJ, Jansson KS, LaPrade RF, Wijdicks CA. The hip fluid seal--Part I: the effect of an acetabular labral tear, repair, resection, and reconstruction on hip fluid pressurization. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2014 Apr;22(4):722-9. doi: 10.1007/s00167-014-2874-z. Epub 2014 Feb 12. 164. Laprade RF, Griffith CJ, Coobs BR, Geeslin AG, Johansen S, Engebretsen L. Improving outcomes for posterolateral knee injuries. J Orthop Res. 2014 Apr;32(4):485-91. doi: 10.1002/jor.22572. Epub 2014 Jan 4. Review. 165. Philippon MJ, Devitt BM, Campbell KJ, Michalski MP, Espinoza C, Wijdicks CA, LaPrade RF. Anatomic variance of the iliopsoas tendon. Am J Sports Med. 2014 Apr;42(4):807-11. doi: 10.1177/0363546513518414. Epub 2014 Jan 22. 166. Campbell KJ, Michalski MP, Wilson KJ, Goldsmith MT, Wijdicks CA, LaPrade RF, Clanton TO. The ligament anatomy of the deltoid complex of the ankle: a qualitative and quantitative anatomical study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2014 Apr 16;96(8):e62. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.M.00870. 167. Smith SD, Laprade RF, Jansson KS, Arvttén A, Wijdicks CA. Functional bracing of ACL injuries: current state and future directions. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2014 May;22(5):1131-41. doi: 10.1007/s00167-013-2514-z. Epub 2013 Apr 27. Review. 168. Laprade CM, James EW, Engebretsen L, Laprade RF. Anterior medial meniscal root avulsions due to malposition of the tibial tunnel during anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: two case reports. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2014 May;22(5):1119-23. doi: 10.1007/s00167-014-2868-x. Epub 2014 Jan 31. 169. Surowiec RK, Lucas EP, Fitzcharles EK, Petre BM, Dornan GJ, Giphart JE, LaPrade RF, Ho CP. T2 values of articular cartilage in clinically relevant subregions of the asymptomatic knee. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2014 Jun;22(6):1404-14. doi: 10.1007/s00167-013-2779-2. Epub 2013 Nov 24. 170. Philippon MJ, Michalski MP, Campbell KJ, Goldsmith MT, Devitt BM, Wijdicks CA, LaPrade RF. Surgically Relevant Bony and Soft Tissue Anatomy of the Proximal Femur. Orthop J Sports Med. 2014 Jun 3;2(6):2325967114535188. doi: 10.1177/2325967114535188. eCollection 2014 Jun. 171. Clanton TO, Campbell KJ, Wilson KJ, Michalski MP, Goldsmith MT, Wijdicks CA, LaPrade RF. Qualitative and Quantitative Anatomic Investigation of the Lateral Ankle Ligaments for Surgical Reconstruction Procedures. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2014 Jun 18;96(12):e98. 172. LaPrade RF, Cram TR, James EW, Rasmussen MT. Trochlear dysplasia and the role of trochleoplasty. Clin Sports Med. 2014 Jul;33(3):531-45. doi: 10.1016/j.csm.2014.03.005. Epub 2014 May 24. Review. 173. Ellman MB, LaPrade CM, Smith SD, Rasmussen MT, Engebretsen L, Wijdicks CA, LaPrade RF. Structural Properties of the Meniscal Roots. Am J Sports Med. 2014 Aug;42(8):1881-7. doi: 10.1177/0363546514531730. Epub 2014 May 5. 174. Gaskill TR, Pierce CM, James EW, LaPrade RF. Anterolateral Proximal Tibial Opening Wedge Osteotomy to Treat Symptomatic Genu Recurvatum with Valgus Alignment: A Case Report. JBJS Case Connect. 2014 Aug 27;4(3):e71-e5. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.CC.M.00264. No abstract available. 175. Lawrence RL, Braman JP, Staker JL, Laprade RF, Ludewig PM. Comparison of 3-dimensional shoulder complex kinematics in individuals with and without shoulder pain, part 2: glenohumeral joint. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2014 Sep;44(9):646-55, B1-3. doi: 10.2519/jospt.2014.5556. Epub 2014 Aug 7. 176. Lawrence RL, Braman JP, Laprade RF, Ludewig PM. Comparison of 3-dimensional shoulder complex kinematics in individuals with and without shoulder pain, part 1: sternoclavicular, acromioclavicular, and scapulothoracic joints. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2014 Sep;44(9):636-45, A1-8. doi: 10.2519/jospt.2014.5339. Epub 2014 Aug 7. 177. James EW, Williams BT, LaPrade RF. Stress radiography for the diagnosis of knee ligament injuries: a systematic review. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2014 Sep;472(9):2644-57. doi: 10.1007/s11999-014-3470-8. Review. 178. Wijdicks CA, Philippon MJ, Civitarese DM, LaPrade RF. A mandated change in goalie pad width has no effect on ice hockey goaltender hip kinematics. Clin J Sport Med. 2014 Sep;24(5):403-8. doi: 10.1097/JSM.0000000000000048. 179. Sawyer GA, Cram T, LaPrade RF. Lateral patellotibial ligament reconstruction for medial patellar instability. Arthrosc Tech. 2014 Sep 1;3(5):e547-50. doi: 10.1016/j.eats.2014.06.002. eCollection 2014 Oct. 180. Goldsmith MT, Smith SD, Jansson KS, LaPrade RF, Wijdicks CA. Characterization of robotic system passive path repeatability during specimen removal and reinstallation for in vitro knee joint testing. Med Eng Phys. 2014 Oct;36(10):1331-7. doi: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2014.06.022. Epub 2014 Aug 12. 181. LaPrade CM, James EW, LaPrade RF. A Modified Transtibial Pull-Out Repair for Posterior Root Avulsions of the Lateral Meniscus with Concomitant Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Report of Two Cases. JBJS Case Connect. 2014 Oct/Dec/Nov;4(4):e96. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.CC.N.00049. 182. Kennedy NI, LaPrade RF, Goldsmith MT, Faucett SC, Rasmussen MT, Coatney GA, Engebretsen L, Wijdicks CA. Posterior cruciate ligament graft fixation angles, part 2: biomechanical evaluation for anatomic double-bundle reconstruction. Am J Sports Med. 2014 Oct;42(10):2346-55. doi: 10.1177/0363546514541226. Epub 2014 Aug 4. 183. Kennedy NI, LaPrade RF, Goldsmith MT, Faucett SC, Rasmussen MT, Coatney GA, Engebretsen L, Wijdicks CA. Posterior cruciate ligament graft fixation angles, part 1: biomechanical evaluation for anatomic single-bundle reconstruction. Am J Sports Med. 2014 Oct;42(10):2338-45. doi: 10.1177/0363546514541225. Epub 2014 Aug 4. 184. LaPrade CM, Ellman MB, Rasmussen MT, James EW, Wijdicks CA, Engebretsen L, LaPrade RF. Anatomy of the anterior root attachments of the medial and lateral menisci: a quantitative analysis. Am J Sports Med. 2014 Oct;42(10):2386-92. doi: 10.1177/0363546514544678. Epub 2014 Aug 8. 185. Philippon MJ, Michalski MP, Campbell KJ, Goldsmith MT, Devitt BM, Wijdicks CA, LaPrade RF. An anatomical study of the acetabulum with clinical applications to hip arthroscopy. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2014 Oct 15;96(20):1673-82. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.M.01502. 186. James EW, LaPrade CM, Ellman MB, Wijdicks CA, Engebretsen L, LaPrade RF. Radiographic identification of the anterior and posterior root attachments of the medial and lateral menisci. Am J Sports Med. 2014 Nov;42(11):2707-14. doi: 10.1177/0363546514545863. Epub 2014 Aug 20. 187. Crespo B, Aga C, Wilson KJ, Pomeroy SM, LaPrade RF, Engebretsen L, Wijdicks CA. Measurements of bone tunnel size in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: 2D versus 3D computed tomography model. J Exp Orthop. 2014 Dec;1(1):2. doi: 10.1186/s40634-014-0002-0. Epub 2014 Jun 26. 188. Bhatia S, LaPrade CM, Ellman MB, LaPrade RF. Meniscal root tears: significance, diagnosis, and treatment. Am J Sports Med. 2014 Dec;42(12):3016-30. doi: 10.1177/0363546514524162. Epub 2014 Mar 12. Review. 189. Cerminara AJ, LaPrade CM, Smith SD, Ellman MB, Wijdicks CA, LaPrade RF. Biomechanical evaluation of a transtibial pull-out meniscal root repair: challenging the bungee effect. Am J Sports Med. 2014 Dec;42(12):2988-95. doi: 10.1177/0363546514549447. Epub 2014 Sep 19. 190. Philippon MJ, Rasmussen MT, Turnbull TL, Trindade CA, Hamming MG, Ellman MB, Harris M, LaPrade RF, Wijdicks CA. Structural Properties of the Native Ligamentum Teres. Orthop J Sports Med. 2014 Dec 12;2(12):2325967114561962. doi: 10.1177/2325967114561962. eCollection 2014 Dec. 191. Crespo B, James EW, Metsavaht L, LaPrade RF. Injuries to posterolateral corner of the knee: a comprehensive review from anatomy to surgical treatment. Rev Bras Ortop. 2014 Dec 24;50(4):363-70. doi: 10.1016/j.rboe.2014.12.008. eCollection 2015 Jul-Aug. Review. 192. LaPrade RF, Ho CP, James E, Crespo B, LaPrade CM, Matheny LM. Diagnostic accuracy of 3.0 T magnetic resonance imaging for the detection of meniscus posterior root pathology. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2015 Jan;23(1):152-7. doi: 10.1007/s00167-014-3395-5. Epub 2014 Nov 7. 193. LaPrade RF, Engebretsen L, Marx RG. Repair and Reconstruction of Medial- and Lateral-sided Knee Injuries. Instr Course Lect. 2015;64:531-42. Review. 194. Haytmanek CT, Williams BT, James EW, Campbell KJ, Wijdicks CA, LaPrade RF, Clanton TO. Radiographic identification of the primary lateral ankle structures. Am J Sports Med. 2015 Jan;43(1):79-87. doi: 10.1177/0363546514553778. Epub 2014 Oct 16. 195. Johnson JS, Smith SD, LaPrade CM, Turnbull TL, LaPrade RF, Wijdicks CA. A biomechanical comparison of femoral cortical suspension devices for soft tissue anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction under high loads. Am J Sports Med. 2015 Jan;43(1):154-60. doi: 10.1177/0363546514553779. Epub 2014 Oct 17. 196. LaPrade CM, Smith SD, Rasmussen MT, Hamming MG, Wijdicks CA, Engebretsen L, Feagin JA, LaPrade RF. Consequences of tibial tunnel reaming on the meniscal roots during cruciate ligament reconstruction in a cadaveric model, Part 2: The posterior cruciate ligament. Am J Sports Med. 2015 Jan;43(1):207-12. doi: 10.1177/0363546514554771. Epub 2014 Oct 31. 197. Williams BT, Ahrberg AB, Goldsmith MT, Campbell KJ, Shirley L, Wijdicks CA, LaPrade RF, Clanton TO. Ankle syndesmosis: a qualitative and quantitative anatomic analysis. Am J Sports Med. 2015 Jan;43(1):88-97. doi: 10.1177/0363546514554911. Epub 2014 Oct 31. 198. LaPrade CM, Smith SD, Rasmussen MT, Hamming MG, Wijdicks CA, Engebretsen L, Feagin JA, LaPrade RF. Consequences of tibial tunnel reaming on the meniscal roots during cruciate ligament reconstruction in a cadaveric model, Part 1: The anterior cruciate ligament. Am J Sports Med. 2015 Jan;43(1):200-6. doi: 10.1177/0363546514554769. Epub 2014 Oct 31. 199. LaPrade CM, James EW, LaPrade RF, Engebretsen L. How should we evaluate outcomes for use of biologics in the knee? J Knee Surg. 2015 Feb;28(1):35-44. doi: 10.1055/s-0034-1390028. Epub 2014 Sep 26. Review. 200. LaPrade RF, LaPrade CM, James EW. Recent advances in posterior meniscal root repair techniques. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2015 Feb;23(2):71-6. doi: 10.5435/JAAOS-D-14-00003. Review. 201. LaPrade CM, James EW, Cram TR, Feagin JA, Engebretsen L, LaPrade RF. Meniscal root tears: a classification system based on tear morphology. Am J Sports Med. 2015 Feb;43(2):363-9. doi: 10.1177/0363546514559684. Epub 2014 Dec 1. 202. Moulton SG, Cram TR, James EW, Dornan GJ, Kennedy NI, LaPrade RF. The Supine Internal Rotation Test: A Pilot Study Evaluating Tibial Internal Rotation in Grade III Posterior Cruciate Ligament Tears. Orthop J Sports Med. 2015 Feb 23;3(2):2325967115572135. doi: 10.1177/2325967115572135. eCollection 2015 Feb. 203. James EW, LaPrade CM, LaPrade RF. Anatomy and biomechanics of the lateral side of the knee and surgical implications. Sports Med Arthrosc Rev. 2015 Mar;23(1):2-9. doi: 10.1097/JSA.0000000000000040. Review. 204. Hamming MG, Philippon MJ, Rasmussen MT, Ferro FP, Turnbull TL, Trindade CA, LaPrade RF, Wijdicks CA. Structural properties of the intact proximal hamstring origin and evaluation of varying avulsion repair techniques: an in vitro biomechanical analysis. Am J Sports Med. 2015 Mar;43(3):721-8. doi: 10.1177/0363546514560878. Epub 2014 Dec 19. 205. Ho CP, James EW, Surowiec RK, Gatlin CC, Ellman MB, Cram TR, Dornan GJ, LaPrade RF. Systematic technique-dependent differences in CT versus MRI measurement of the tibial tubercle-trochlear groove distance. Am J Sports Med. 2015 Mar;43(3):675-82. doi: 10.1177/0363546514563690. Epub 2015 Jan 9. 206. Ellman MB, James EW, LaPrade CM, LaPrade RF. Anterior meniscus root avulsion following intramedullary nailing for a tibial shaft fracture. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2015 Apr;23(4):1188-91. doi: 10.1007/s00167-014-2941-5. Epub 2014 Mar 19. 207. LaPrade RF, LaPrade CM, Ellman MB, Turnbull TL, Cerminara AJ, Wijdicks CA. Cyclic displacement after meniscal root repair fixation: a human biomechanical evaluation. Am J Sports Med. 2015 Apr;43(4):892-8. doi: 10.1177/0363546514562554. Epub 2015 Jan 2. 208. LaPrade CM, LaPrade MD, Turnbull TL, Wijdicks CA, LaPrade RF. Biomechanical evaluation of the transtibial pull-out technique for posterior medial meniscal root repairs using 1 and 2 transtibial bone tunnels. Am J Sports Med. 2015 Apr;43(4):899-904. doi: 10.1177/0363546514563278. Epub 2015 Jan 8. 209. LaPrade CM, Foad A, Smith SD, Turnbull TL, Dornan GJ, Engebretsen L, Wijdicks CA, LaPrade RF. Biomechanical consequences of a nonanatomic posterior medial meniscal root repair. Am J Sports Med. 2015 Apr;43(4):912-20. doi: 10.1177/0363546514566191. Epub 2015 Jan 26. 210. Ellman MB, Sherman SL, Forsythe B, LaPrade RF, Cole BJ, Bach BR Jr. Return to play following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2015 May;23(5):283-96. doi: 10.5435/JAAOS-D-13-00183. Review. 211. Ferro FP, Philippon MJ, Rasmussen MT, Smith SD, LaPrade RF, Wijdicks CA. Tensile properties of the human acetabular labrum and hip labral reconstruction grafts. Am J Sports Med. 2015 May;43(5):1222-7. doi: 10.1177/0363546514568086. Epub 2015 Feb 6. 212. LaPrade MD, Kennedy MI, Wijdicks CA, LaPrade RF. Anatomy and biomechanics of the medial side of the knee and their surgical implications. Sports Med Arthrosc Rev. 2015 Jun;23(2):63-70. doi: 10.1097/SAR.0000000000000054. Review. 213. Giza E, Whitlow SR, Williams BT, Acevedo JL, Mangone PG, Haytmanek CT, Curry EE, Turnbull TL, LaPrade RF, Wijdicks CA, Clanton TO. Biomechanical Analysis of an Arthroscopic Broström Ankle Ligament Repair and a Suture Anchor-Augmented Repair. Foot Ankle Int. 2015 Jul;36(7):836-41. doi: 10.1177/1071100715576539. Epub 2015 Mar 12. 214. LaPrade CM, Dornan GJ, Granan LP, LaPrade RF, Engebretsen L. Outcomes After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Using the Norwegian Knee Ligament Registry of 4691 Patients: How Does Meniscal Repair or Resection Affect Short-term Outcomes? Am J Sports Med. 2015 Jul;43(7):1591-7. doi: 10.1177/0363546515577364. Epub 2015 Apr 13. 215. Kennedy MI, Claes S, Fuso FA, Williams BT, Goldsmith MT, Turnbull TL, Wijdicks CA, LaPrade RF. The Anterolateral Ligament: An Anatomic, Radiographic, and Biomechanical Analysis. Am J Sports Med. 2015 Jul;43(7):1606-15. doi: 10.1177/0363546515578253. Epub 2015 Apr 17. 216. LaPrade MD, LaPrade CM, Hamming MG, Ellman MB, Turnbull TL, Rasmussen MT, Wijdicks CA, LaPrade RF. Intramedullary Tibial Nailing Reduces the Attachment Area and Ultimate Load of the Anterior Medial Meniscal Root: A Potential Explanation for Anterior Knee Pain in Female Patients and Smaller Patients. Am J Sports Med. 2015 Jul;43(7):1670-5. doi: 10.1177/0363546515580296. Epub 2015 Apr 24. 217. Watson JN, Wilson KJ, LaPrade CM, Kennedy NI, Campbell KJ, Hutchinson MR, Wijdicks CA, LaPrade RF. Iatrogenic injury of the anterior meniscal root attachments following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction tunnel reaming. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2015 Aug;23(8):2360-2366. doi: 10.1007/s00167-014-3079-1. Epub 2014 May 22. 218. Clanton TO, Haytmanek CT, Williams BT, Civitarese DM, Turnbull TL, Massey MB, Wijdicks CA, LaPrade RF. A Biomechanical Comparison of an Open Repair and 3 Minimally Invasive Percutaneous Achilles Tendon Repair Techniques During a Simulated, Progressive Rehabilitation Protocol. Am J Sports Med. 2015 Aug;43(8):1957-64. doi: 10.1177/0363546515587082. Epub 2015 Jun 10. 219. Philippon MJ, Michalski MP, Campbell KJ, Rasmussen MT, Goldsmith MT, Devitt BM, Wijdicks CA, LaPrade RF. A quantitative analysis of hip capsular thickness. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2015 Sep;23(9):2548-53. doi: 10.1007/s00167-014-3030-5. Epub 2014 May 10. 220. Philippon MJ, Ferro FP, Campbell KJ, Michalski MP, Goldsmith MT, Devitt BM, Wijdicks CA, LaPrade RF. A qualitative and quantitative analysis of the attachment sites of the proximal hamstrings. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2015 Sep;23(9):2554-61. doi: 10.1007/s00167-014-3074-6. Epub 2014 May 24. 221. James EW, LaPrade CM, Feagin JA, LaPrade RF. Repair of a complete radial tear in the midbody of the medial meniscus using a novel crisscross suture transtibial tunnel surgical technique: a case report. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2015 Sep;23(9):2750-5. doi: 10.1007/s00167-014-3089-z. Epub 2014 Jun 3. 222. Turnbull TL, LaPrade CM, Smith SD, LaPrade RF, Wijdicks CA. Dimensional assessment of continuous loop cortical suspension devices and clinical implications for intraoperative button flipping and intratunnel graft length. J Orthop Res. 2015 Sep;33(9):1327-31. doi: 10.1002/jor.22904. Epub 2015 May 25. 223. Matheny LM, Ockuly AC, Steadman JR, LaPrade RF. Posterior meniscus root tears: associated pathologies to assist as diagnostic tools. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2015 Oct;23(10):3127-31. doi: 10.1007/s00167-014-3073-7. Epub 2014 May 28. 224. LaPrade RF, Smith SD, Wilson KJ, Wijdicks CA. Quantification of functional brace forces for posterior cruciate ligament injuries on the knee joint: an in vivo investigation. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2015 Oct;23(10):3070-6. doi: 10.1007/s00167-014-3238-4. Epub 2014 Aug 22. 225. LaPrade RF, Moulton SG, Nitri M, Mueller W, Engebretsen L. Clinically relevant anatomy and what anatomic reconstruction means. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2015 Oct;23(10):2950-9. doi: 10.1007/s00167-015-3629-1. Epub 2015 May 10. Review. 226. Moulton SG, Matheny LM, James EW, LaPrade RF. Outcomes following anatomic fibular (lateral) collateral ligament reconstruction. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2015 Oct;23(10):2960-6. doi: 10.1007/s00167-015-3634-4. Epub 2015 May 19. 227. Clanton TO, Williams BT, James EW, Campbell KJ, Rasmussen MT, Haytmanek CT, Wijdicks CA, LaPrade RF. Radiographic Identification of the Deltoid Ligament Complex of the Medial Ankle. Am J Sports Med. 2015 Nov;43(11):2753-62. doi: 10.1177/0363546515605514. Epub 2015 Oct 6. 228. Goldsmith MT, Rasmussen MT, Lee Turnbull T, Trindade CA, LaPrade RF, Philippon MJ, Wijdicks CA. Validation of a six degree-of-freedom robotic system for hip in vitro biomechanical testing. J Biomech. 2015 Nov 26;48(15):4093-100. doi: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2015.10.009. Epub 2015 Oct 19. 229. LaPrade CM, Jisa KA, Cram TR, LaPrade RF. Posterior lateral meniscal root tear due to a malpositioned double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction tibial tunnel. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2015 Dec;23(12):3670-3. doi: 10.1007/s00167-014-3273-1. Epub 2014 Sep 6. 230. LaPrade CM, Civitarese DM, Rasmussen MT, LaPrade RF. Emerging Updates on the Posterior Cruciate Ligament: A Review of the Current Literature. Am J Sports Med. 2015 Dec;43(12):3077-92. doi: 10.1177/0363546515572770. Epub 2015 Mar 16. Review. 231. Feeley BT, Agel J, LaPrade RF. When Is It Too Early for Single Sport Specialization? Am J Sports Med. 2016 Jan;44(1):234-41. doi: 10.1177/0363546515576899. Epub 2015 Mar 30. Review. 232. Lee WA, Saroki AJ, LvTTken S, Trindade CA, Cram TR, Schindler BR, LaPrade RF, Philippon MJ. Radiographic Identification of Arthroscopically Relevant Acetabular Structures. Am J Sports Med. 2016 Jan;44(1):67-73. doi: 10.1177/0363546515612083. Epub 2015 Nov 20. 233. Lee WA, Saroki AJ, LvTTken S, Trindade CA, Cram TR, Schindler BR, LaPrade RF, Philippon MJ. Radiographic Identification of Arthroscopically Relevant Proximal Femoral Structures. Am J Sports Med. 2016 Jan;44(1):60-6. doi: 10.1177/0363546515612436. Epub 2015 Dec 2. 234. Chahla J, Dean CS, Moatshe G, Pascual-Garrido C, Serra Cruz R, LaPrade RF. Concentrated Bone Marrow Aspirate for the Treatment of Chondral Injuries and Osteoarthritis of the Knee: A Systematic Review of Outcomes. Orthop J Sports Med. 2016 Jan 13;4(1):2325967115625481. doi: 10.1177/2325967115625481. eCollection 2016 Jan. 235. Mueller BT, Moulton SG, O'Brien L, LaPrade RF. Rehabilitation Following Meniscal Root Repair: A Clinical Commentary. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2016 Feb;46(2):104-13. doi: 10.2519/jospt.2016.6219. Epub 2016 Jan 11. 236. Dean CS, Chahla J, Serra Cruz R, LaPrade RF. Fresh Osteochondral Allograft Transplantation for Treatment of Articular Cartilage Defects of the Knee. Arthrosc Tech. 2016 Feb 15;5(1):e157-61. doi: 10.1016/j.eats.2015.10.015. eCollection 2016 Feb. 237. Chahla J, Serra Cruz R, Cram TR, Dean CS, LaPrade RF. Inside-Out Meniscal Repair: Medial and Lateral Approach. Arthrosc Tech. 2016 Feb 15;5(1):e163-8. doi: 10.1016/j.eats.2015.10.017. eCollection 2016 Feb. 238. Chahla J, Nitri M, Civitarese D, Dean CS, Moulton SG, LaPrade RF. Anatomic Double-Bundle Posterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction. Arthrosc Tech. 2016 Feb 15;5(1):e149-56. doi: 10.1016/j.eats.2015.10.014. eCollection 2016 Feb. 239. Dean CS, Chahla J, Serra Cruz R, Cram TR, LaPrade RF. Patellofemoral Joint Reconstruction for Patellar Instability: Medial Patellofemoral Ligament Reconstruction, Trochleoplasty, and Tibial Tubercle Osteotomy. Arthrosc Tech. 2016 Feb 22;5(1):e169-75. doi: 10.1016/j.eats.2015.10.016. eCollection 2016 Feb. 240. Chahla J, Dean CS, Cram TR, Civitarese D, O'Brien L, Moulton SG, LaPrade RF. Two-Stage Revision Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: Bone Grafting Technique Using an Allograft Bone Matrix. Arthrosc Tech. 2016 Feb 22;5(1):e189-95. doi: 10.1016/j.eats.2015.10.021. eCollection 2016 Feb. 241. Warner BT, Moulton SG, Cram TR, LaPrade RF. Anatomic Reconstruction of the Proximal Tibiofibular Joint. Arthrosc Tech. 2016 Feb 29;5(1): e207-10. doi: 10.1016/j.eats.2015.11.004. eCollection 2016 Feb. 242. Williams BT, James EW, LaPrade RF. A physeal-sparing fibular collateral ligament and proximal tibiofibular joint reconstruction in a skeletally immature athlete. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2016 Mar;24(3):661-5. doi: 10.1007/s00167-014-3219-7. Epub 2014 Aug 10. 243. Jaglowski JR, Williams BT, Turnbull TL, LaPrade RF, Wijdicks CA. High-load preconditioning of soft tissue grafts: an in vitro biomechanical bovine tendon model. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2016 Mar;24(3):895-902. doi: 10.1007/s00167-014-3410-x. Epub 2014 Nov 8. 244. Murray IR, LaPrade RF. Platelet-rich plasma: Renewed scientific understanding must guide appropriate use. Bone Joint Res. 2016 Mar;5(3):92-4. doi: 10.1302/2046-3758.53.BJR-2016-0005. No abstract available. 245. Bhatia S, Civitarese DM, Turnbull TL, LaPrade CM, Nitri M, Wijdicks CA, LaPrade RF. A Novel Repair Method for Radial Tears of the Medial Meniscus: Biomechanical Comparison of Transstibial 2-Tunnel and Double Horizontal Mattress Suture Techniques Under Cyclic Loading. Am J Sports Med. 2016 Mar;44(3):639-45. doi: 10.1177/0363546515615565. Epub 2015 Dec 8. 246. Rasmussen MT, Nitri M, Williams BT, Moulton SG, Cruz RS, Dornan GJ, Goldsmith MT, LaPrade RF. An In Vitro Robotic Assessment of the Anterolateral Ligament, Part 1: Secondary Role of the Anterolateral Ligament in the Setting of an Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury. Am J Sports Med. 2016 Mar;44(3):585-92. doi: 10.1177/0363546515618387. Epub 2015 Dec 18. 247. Nitri M, Rasmussen MT, Williams BT, Moulton SG, Cruz RS, Dornan GJ, Goldsmith MT, LaPrade RF. An In Vitro Robotic Assessment of the Anterolateral Ligament, Part 2: Anterolateral Ligament Reconstruction Combined With Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction. Am J Sports Med. 2016 Mar;44(3):593-601. doi: 10.1177/0363546515620183. Epub 2016 Feb 1. 248. Dean CS, Liechti DJ, Chahla J, Moatshe G, LaPrade RF. Clinical Outcomes of High Tibial Osteotomy for Knee Instability: A Systematic Review. Orthop J Sports Med. 2016 Mar 7;4(3):2325967116633419. doi: 10.1177/2325967116633419. eCollection 2016 Mar. 249. Chahla J, Moulton SG, LaPrade CM, Dean CS, LaPrade RF. Posterior Meniscal Root Repair: The Transtibial Double Tunnel Pullout Technique. Arthrosc Tech. 2016 Mar 28;5(2):e291-6. doi: 10.1016/j.eats.2016.01.006. eCollection 2016 Apr. 250. Moatshe G, Dean CS, Chahla J, Serra Cruz R, LaPrade RF. Anatomic Fibular Collateral Ligament Reconstruction. Arthrosc Tech. 2016 Mar 28;5(2):e309-14. doi: 10.1016/j.eats.2016.01.007. eCollection 2016 Apr. 251. Murray IR, LaPrade RF, Musahl V, Geeslin AG, Zlotnicki JP, Mann BJ, Petrigliano FA. Biologic Treatments for Sports Injuries II Think Tank--Current Concepts, Future Research, and Barriers to Advancement, Part 2: Rotator Cuff. Orthop J Sports Med. 2016 Mar 31;4(3):2325967116636586. doi: 10.1177/2325967116636586. eCollection 2016 Mar. 252. Campbell KJ, Wilson KJ, LaPrade RF, Clanton TO. Normative rearfoot motion during barefoot and shod walking using biplane fluoroscopy. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2016 Apr;24(4):1402-8. doi: 10.1007/s00167-014-3084-4. Epub 2014 Jun 6. 253. Williams BT, James EW, Jisa KA, Haytmanek CT, LaPrade RF, Clanton TO. Radiographic identification of the primary structures of the ankle syndesmosis. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2016 Apr;24(4):1187-99. doi: 10.1007/s00167-015-3743-0. Epub 2015 Aug 21. 254. Chahla J, Moatshe G, Dean CS, LaPrade RF. Posterolateral Corner of the Knee: Current Concepts. Arch Bone Jt Surg. 2016 Apr;4(2):97-103. 255. Dean CS, Olivetto J, Chahla J, Serra Cruz R, LaPrade RF. Medial Meniscal Allograft Transplantation: The Bone Plug Technique. Arthrosc Tech. 2016 Apr 4;5(2):e329-35. doi: 10.1016/j.eats.2016.01.004. eCollection 2016 Apr. 256. Wilson KJ, Surowiec RK, Ho CP, Devitt BM, Fripp J, Smith WS, Spiegl UJ, Dornan GJ, LaPrade RF. Quantifiable Imaging Biomarkers for Evaluation of the Posterior Cruciate Ligament Using 3-T Magnetic Resonance Imaging: A Feasibility Study. Orthop J Sports Med. 2016 Apr 8;4(4):2325967116639044. doi: 10.1177/2325967116639044. eCollection 2016 Apr. 257. Serra Cruz R, Olivetto J, Dean CS, Chahla J, LaPrade RF. Superficial Medial Collateral Ligament of the Knee: Anatomic Augmentation With Semitendinosus and Gracilis Tendon Autografts. Arthrosc Tech. 2016 Apr 11;5(2):e347-52. doi: 10.1016/j.eats.2016.01.011. eCollection 2016 Apr. 258. Zlotnicki JP, Geeslin AG, Murray IR, Petrigliano FA, LaPrade RF, Mann BJ, Musahl V. Biologic Treatments for Sports Injuries II Think Tank--Current Concepts, Future Research, and Barriers to Advancement, Part 3: Articular Cartilage. Orthop J Sports Med. 2016 Apr 15;4(4):2325967116642433. doi: 10.1177/2325967116642433. eCollection 2016 Apr. 259. Chahla J, Olivetto J, Dean CS, Serra Cruz R, LaPrade RF. Lateral Meniscal Allograft Transplantation: The Bone Trough Technique. Arthrosc Tech. 2016 Apr 18;5(2):e371-7. doi: 10.1016/j.eats.2016.01.014. eCollection 2016 Apr. 260. LaPrade RF, Agel J, Baker J, Brenner JS, Cordasco FA, CVYtv© J, Engebretsen L, Feeley BT, Gould D, Hainline B, Hewett T, Jayanthi N, Kocher MS, Myer GD, Nissen CW, Philippon MJ, Provencher MT. AOSSM Early Sport Specialization Consensus Statement. Orthop J Sports Med. 2016 Apr 28;4(4):2325967116644241. doi: 10.1177/2325967116644241. eCollection 2016 Apr. 261. Geeslin AG, Civitarese D, Turnbull TL, Dornan GJ, Fuso FA, LaPrade RF. Influence of lateral meniscal posterior root avulsions and the meniscofemoral ligaments on tibiofemoral contact mechanics. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2016 May;24(5):1469-77. doi: 10.1007/s00167-015-3742-1. Epub 2015 Aug 7. 262. LaPrade RF. Editorial Commentary: Defining the Anatomy of the Anterolateral Aspect of the Knee Among Experts Is Clearly Needed. Arthroscopy. 2016 May;32(5):842-3. doi: 10.1016/j.arthro.2016.03.002. 263. LaPrade RF. Editorial Commentary: It Is All About How One Defines the Anatomy. Arthroscopy. 2016 May;32(5):849-50. doi: 10.1016/j.arthro.2016.03.003. 264. Geeslin AG, Moulton SG, LaPrade RF. A Systematic Review of the Outcomes of Posterolateral Corner Knee Injuries, Part 1: Surgical Treatment of Acute Injuries. Am J Sports Med. 2016 May;44(5):1336-42. doi: 10.1177/0363546515592828. Epub 2015 Aug 10. Review. 265. Chahla J, Menge TJ, Mitchell JJ, Dean CS, LaPrade RF. Anterolateral Ligament Reconstruction Technique: An Anatomic-Based Approach. Arthrosc Tech. 2016 May 9;5(3):e453-7. doi: 10.1016/j.eats.2016.01.032. eCollection 2016 Jun. 266. Dean CS, Chahla J, Mikula JD, Mitchell JJ, LaPrade RF. Arthroscopic Posteromedial Capsular Release. Arthrosc Tech. 2016 May 16;5(3):e495-500. doi: 10.1016/j.eats.2016.01.034. eCollection 2016 Jun. 267. Dean CS, Chahla J, Moulton SG, Nitri M, Serra Cruz R, LaPrade RF. Anterolateral Biplanar Proximal Tibial Opening-Wedge Osteotomy. Arthrosc Tech. 2016 May 23;5(3):e531-40. doi: 10.1016/j.eats.2016.02.015. eCollection 2016 Jun. 268. Mitchell JJ, Chahla J, Dean CS, Menge TJ, Vap AR, Cram TR, LaPrade RF. Posterior Wall Blowout During Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: Suspensory Cortical Fixation With a Screw and Washer Post. Arthrosc Tech. 2016 May 30;5(3):e551-5. doi: 10.1016/j.eats.2016.02.003. eCollection 2016 Jun. 269. Moulton SG, Geeslin AG, LaPrade RF. A Systematic Review of the Outcomes of Posterolateral Corner Knee Injuries, Part 2: Surgical Treatment of Chronic Injuries. Am J Sports Med. 2016 Jun;44(6):1616-23. doi: 10.1177/0363546515593950. Epub 2015 Aug 10. 270. Chahla J, Mitchell JJ, Liechti DJ, Moatshe G, Menge TJ, Dean CS, LaPrade RF. Opening- and Closing-Wedge Distal Femoral Osteotomy: A Systematic Review of Outcomes for Isolated Lateral Compartment Osteoarthritis. Orthop J Sports Med. 2016 Jun 6;4(6):2325967116649901. doi: 10.1177/2325967116649901. eCollection 2016 Jun. 271. Serra Cruz R, Mitchell JJ, Dean CS, Chahla J, Moatshe G, LaPrade RF. Anatomic Posterolateral Corner Reconstruction. Arthrosc Tech. 2016 Jun 6;5(3): e563-72. doi: 10.1016/j.eats.2016.02.006. eCollection 2016 Jun. 272. Mitchell JJ, Dean CS, Chahla J, Menge TJ, Cram TR, LaPrade RF. Posterior Wall Blowout in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Review of Anatomic and Surgical Considerations. Orthop J Sports Med. 2016 Jun 9;4(6):2325967116652122. doi: 10.1177/2325967116652122. eCollection 2016 Jun. 273. Menge TJ, Chahla J, Dean CS, Mitchell JJ, Moatshe G, LaPrade RF. Anterior Meniscal Root Repair Using a Transtibial Double-Tunnel Pullout Technique. Arthrosc Tech. 2016 Jun 27;5(3):e679-84. doi: 10.1016/j.eats.2016.02.026. eCollection 2016 Jun. 274. Chahla J, LaPrade RF, Mardones R, Huard J, Philippon MJ, Nho S, Mei-Dan O, Pascual-Garrido C. Biological Therapies for Cartilage Lesions in the Hip: A New Horizon. Orthopedics. 2016 Jul 1;39(4):e715-23. doi: 10.3928/01477447-20160623-01. Epub 2016 Jun 30. Review. 275. Clanton TO, Ho CP, Williams BT, Surowiec RK, Gatlin CC, Haytmanek CT, LaPrade RF. Magnetic resonance imaging characterization of individual ankle syndesmosis structures in asymptomatic and surgically treated cohorts. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2016 Jul;24(7):2089-102. doi: 10.1007/s00167-014-3399-1. Epub 2014 Nov 15. 276. LaPrade RF, Dragoo JL, Koh JL, Murray IR, Geeslin AG, Chu CR. AAOS Research Symposium Updates and Consensus: Biologic Treatment of Orthopaedic Injuries. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2016 Jul;24(7):e62-78. doi: 10.5435/JAAOS-D-16-00086. Review. 277. Chahla J, Dean CS, Moatshe G, Mitchell JJ, Cram TR, Yacuzzi C, LaPrade RF. Meniscal Ramp Lesions: Anatomy, Incidence, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Orthop J Sports Med. 2016 Jul 26;4(7):2325967116657815. doi: 10.1177/2325967116657815. eCollection 2016 Jul. 278. Mitchell JJ, Dean CS, Chahla J, Moatshe G, Cram TR, LaPrade RF. Varus-Producing Lateral Distal Femoral Opening-Wedge Osteotomy. Arthrosc Tech. 2016 Aug 1;5(4): e799-e807. eCollection 2016 Aug. 279. Nitri M, Chahla J, Civitarese D, Bhatia S, Moulton SG, LaPrade CM, LaPrade RF. Medial Meniscus Radial Tear: A Transtibial 2-Tunnel Technique. Arthrosc Tech. 2016 Aug 15;5(4): e889-e895. eCollection 2016 Aug. 280. Chahla J, Dean CS, Mitchell JJ, Moatshe G, Serra Cruz R, LaPrade RF. Medial Opening Wedge Proximal Tibial Osteotomy. Arthrosc Tech. 2016 Aug 22;5(4): e919-e928. eCollection 2016 Aug. 281. Getgood A, LaPrade RF, Verdonk P, Gersoff W, Cole B, Spalding T; IMREF Group. International Meniscus Reconstruction Experts Forum (IMREF) 2015 Consensus Statement on the Practice of Meniscal Allograft Transplantation. Am J Sports Med. 2016 Aug 25. pii: 0363546516660064. [Epub ahead of print] 282. Jisa KA, Williams BT, Jaglowski JR, Turnbull TL, LaPrade RF, Wijdicks CA. Lack of consensus regarding pretensioning and preconditioning protocols for soft tissue graft reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2016 Sep;24(9):2884-91. doi: 10.1007/s00167-015-3530-y. Epub 2015 Feb 26. Review. 283. Moulton SG, Bhatia S, Civitarese DM, Frank RM, Dean CS, LaPrade RF. Surgical Techniques and Outcomes of Repairing Meniscal Radial Tears: A Systematic Review. Arthroscopy. 2016 Sep;32(9):1919-25. doi: 10.1016/j.arthro.2016.03.029. Epub 2016 May 24. Review. 284. Chahla J, Piuzzi NS, Mitchell JJ, Dean CS, Pascual-Garrido C, LaPrade RF, Muschler GF. Intra-Articular Cellular Therapy for Osteoarthritis and Focal Cartilage Defects of the Knee: A Systematic Review of the Literature and Study Quality Analysis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2016 Sep 21;98(18):1511-21. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.15.01495. Review. 285. Menge TJ, Dean CS, Chahla J, Mitchell JJ, LaPrade RF. Anterior Horn Meniscal Repair Using an Outside-In Suture Technique. Arthrosc Tech. 2016 Sep 30;5(5):e1111-e1116. doi: 10.1016/j.eats.2016.06.005. eCollection 2016 Oct. 286. Liechti DJ, Chahla J, Dean CS, Mitchell JJ, Slette E, Menge TJ, LaPrade RF. Outcomes and Risk Factors of Rerevision Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Systematic Review. Arthroscopy. 2016 Oct;32(10):2151-2159. doi: 10.1016/j.arthro.2016.04.017. Epub 2016 Jun 9. Review. 287. Mitchell JJ, Chahla J, LaPrade RF. Editorial Commentary: Limited Data Shows How Little We Know. Arthroscopy. 2016 Oct;32(10):2148-2150. doi: 10.1016/j.arthro.2016.06.034. 288. Van de Velde SK, Kernkamp WA, Hosseini A, LaPrade RF, van Arkel ER, Li G. In Vivo Length Changes of the Anterolateral Ligament and Related Extra-articular Reconstructions. Am J Sports Med. 2016 Oct;44(10):2557-2562. Epub 2016 Jun 23. 289. Schon JM, Moatshe G, Brady AW, Serra Cruz R, Chahla J, Dornan GJ, Turnbull TL, Engebretsen L, LaPrade RF. Anatomic Anterolateral Ligament Reconstruction of the Knee Leads to Overconstraint at Any Fixation Angle. Am J Sports Med. 2016 Oct;44(10):2546-2556. Epub 2016 Jul 12. 290. Schon JM, Moatshe G, Brady AW, Cruz RS, Chahla J, Dornan GJ, Turnbull TL, Engebretsen L, LaPrade RF. Anatomic Anterolateral Ligament Reconstruction Leads to Overconstraint at Any Fixation Angle: Response. Am J Sports Med. 2016 Oct;44(10):NP58-NP59. No abstract available. 291. Moatshe G, Chahla J, Slette E, Engebretsen L, Laprade RF. Posterior meniscal root injuries. Acta Orthop. 2016 Oct;87(5):452-8. doi: 10.1080/17453674.2016.1202945. Epub 2016 Jun 27. Review. 292. Moatshe G, Slette EL, Engebretsen L, LaPrade RF. Intertunnel Relationships in the Tibia During Reconstruction of Multiple Knee Ligaments: How to Avoid Tunnel Convergence. Am J Sports Med. 2016 Nov;44(11):2864-2869. Epub 2016 Jul 28. 293. Civitarese D, Donahue TL, LaPrade CM, Saroki AJ, Moulton SG, Schon JM, LaPrade RF. Qualitative and quantitative measurement of the anterior and posterior meniscal root attachments of the New Zealand white rabbit. J Exp Orthop. 2016 Dec;3(1):10. doi: 10.1186/s40634-016-0046-4. Epub 2016 Feb 29. 294. Chahla J, Cinque ME, Shon JM, Liechti DJ, Matheny LM, LaPrade RF, Clanton TO. Bone marrow aspirate concentrate for the treatment of osteochondral lesions of the talus: a systematic review of outcomes. J Exp Orthop. 2016 Dec;3(1):33. Epub 2016 Nov 4. Review. Erratum in: J Exp Orthop. 2016 Dec;3(1):38. 295. Chahla J, Cinque ME, Schon JM, Liechti DJ, Matheny LM, LaPrade RF, Clanton TO. Erratum to: Bone marrow aspirate concentrate for the treatment of osteochondral lesions of the talus: a systematic review of outcomes. J Exp Orthop. 2016 Dec;3(1):38. doi: 10.1186/s40634-016-0074-0. Epub 2016 Dec 23. No abstract available. 296. Logan CA, O'Brien LT, LaPrade RF. POST OPERATIVE REHABILITATION OF GRADE III MEDIAL COLLATERAL LIGAMENT INJURIES: EVIDENCE BASED REHABILITATION AND RETURN TO PLAY. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2016 Dec;11(7):1177-1190. 297. Slette EL, Mikula JD, Schon JM, Marchetti DC, Kheir MM, Turnbull TL, LaPrade RF. Biomechanical Results of Lateral Extra-articular Tenodesis Procedures of the Knee: A Systematic Review. Arthroscopy. 2016 Dec;32(12):2592-2611. doi: 10.1016/j.arthro.2016.04.028. Epub 2016 Jun 18. Review. 298. LaPrade RF, Geeslin AG, Murray IR, Musahl V, Zlotnicki JP, Petrigliano F, Mann BJ. Biologic Treatments for Sports Injuries II Think Tank-Current Concepts, Future Research, and Barriers to Advancement, Part 1: Biologics Overview, Ligament Injury, Tendinopathy. Am J Sports Med. 2016 Dec;44(12):3270-3283. Epub 2016 Mar 29. 299. Moulton SG, Steineman BD, Haut Donahue TL, Fontbotv© CA, Cram TR, LaPrade RF. Direct versus indirect ACL femoral attachment fibres and their implications on ACL graft placement. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2017 Jan;25(1):165-171. doi: 10.1007/s00167-016-4188-9. Epub 2016 Jun 13. 300. Lockwood WC, Marchetti DC, Dahl KD, Mikula JD, Williams BT, Kheir MM, Turnbull TL, LaPrade RF. High-load preconditioning of human soft tissue hamstring grafts: An in vitro biomechanical analysis. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2017 Jan;25(1):138-143. doi: 10.1007/s00167-016-4317-5. Epub 2016 Sep 13. 301. Clanton TO, Williams BT, Backus JD, Dornan GJ, Liechti DJ, Whitlow SR, Saroki AJ, Turnbull TL, LaPrade RF. Biomechanical Analysis of the Individual Ligament Contributions to Syndesmotic Stability. Foot Ankle Int. 2017 Jan;38(1):66-75. doi: 10.1177/1071100716666277. Epub 2016 Oct 1. 302. Kennedy NI, LaPrade CM, LaPrade RF. Surgical Management and Treatment of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament/Posterolateral Corner Injured Knee. Clin Sports Med. 2017 Jan;36(1):105-117. doi: 10.1016/j.csm.2016.08.011. Epub 2016 Oct 5. Review. 303. Dallo I, Chahla J, Mitchell JJ, Pascual-Garrido C, Feagin JA, LaPrade RF. Biologic Approaches for the Treatment of Partial Tears of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament: A Current Concepts Review. Orthop J Sports Med. 2017 Jan 25;5(1):2325967116681724. doi: 10.1177/2325967116681724. eCollection 2017 Jan. 304. Clanton TO, Whitlow SR, Williams BT, Liechti DJ, Backus JD, Dornan GJ, Saroki AJ, Turnbull TL, LaPrade RF. Biomechanical Comparison of 3 Current Ankle Syndesmosis Repair Techniques. Foot Ankle Int. 2017 Feb;38(2):200-207. doi: 10.1177/1071100716666278. Epub 2016 Oct 1. 305. Schon JM, Williams BT, Venderley MB, Dornan GJ, Backus JD, Turnbull TL, LaPrade RF, Clanton TO. A 3-D CT Analysis of Screw and Suture-Button Fixation of the Syndesmosis. Foot Ankle Int. 2017 Feb;38(2):208-214. doi: 10.1177/1071100716673590. Epub 2016 Oct 13. 306. Chahla J, Mikula JD, Schon JM, Dean CS, Dahl KD, Menge TJ, Soares E, Turnbull TL, LaPrade RF, Philippon MJ. Hip Capsular Closure: A Biomechanical Analysis of Failure Torque. Am J Sports Med. 2017 Feb;45(2):434-439. doi: 10.1177/0363546516666353. Epub 2016 Oct 1. 307. Steineman BD, Moulton SG, Haut Donahue TL, Fontbotv© CA, LaPrade CM, Cram TR, Dean CS, LaPrade RF. Overlap Between Anterior Cruciate Ligament and Anterolateral Meniscal Root Insertions: A Scanning Electron Microscopy Study. Am J Sports Med. 2017 Feb;45(2):362-368. doi: 10.1177/0363546516666817. Epub 2016 Oct 13. 308. Wu XD, Yu JH, Zou T, Wang W, LaPrade RF, Huang W, Sun SQ. Anatomical Characteristics and Biomechanical Properties of the Oblique Popliteal Ligament. Sci Rep. 2017 Feb 16;7:42698. doi: 10.1038/srep42698. 309. Mikula JD, Slette EL, Chahla J, Brady AW, Locks R, Trindade CA, Rasmussen MT, LaPrade RF, Philippon MJ. Quantitative Anatomic Analysis of the Native Ligamentum Teres. Orthop J Sports Med. 2017 Feb 24;5(2):2325967117691480. doi: 10.1177/2325967117691480. eCollection 2017 Feb. 310. Ellermann J, Johnson CP, Wang L, Macalena JA, Nelson BJ, LaPrade RF. Insights into the Epiphyseal Cartilage Origin and Subsequent Osseous Manifestation of Juvenile Osteochondritis Dissecans with a Modified Clinical MR Imaging Protocol: A Pilot Study. Radiology. 2017 Mar;282(3):798-806. doi: 10.1148/radiol.2016160071. Epub 2016 Sep 15. 311. Mikula JD, Schon JM, Dean CS, Chahla J, Locks R, Brady AW, LaPrade RF, Philippon MJ. An Anatomic Analysis of Mid-anterior and Anterolateral Approaches for Hip Arthrocentesis: A †Male Cadaveric Study. Arthroscopy. 2017 Mar;33(3):572-578. doi: 10.1016/j.arthro.2016.09.037. Epub 2016 Dec 30. 312. Moatshe G, Brady AW, Slette EL, Chahla J, Turnbull TL, Engebretsen L, LaPrade RF. Multiple Ligament Reconstruction Femoral Tunnels: Intertunnel Relationships and Guidelines to Avoid Convergence. Am J Sports Med. 2017 Mar;45(3):563-569. doi: 10.1177/0363546516673616. Epub 2016 Nov 24. 313. LaPrade RF, Matheny LM, Moulton SG, James EW, Dean CS. Posterior Meniscal Root Repairs: Outcomes of an Anatomic Transtibial Pull-Out Technique. Am J Sports Med. 2017 Mar;45(4):884-891. doi: 10.1177/0363546516673996. Epub 2016 Dec 5. 314. Moatshe G, Chahla J, Vap AR, Ferrari M, Sanchez G, Mitchell JJ, LaPrade RF. Repair of Proximal Hamstring Tears: A Surgical Technique. Arthrosc Tech. 2017 Mar 13;6(2):e311-e317. doi: 10.1016/j.eats.2016.10.004. eCollection 2017 Apr. 315. Ferrari MB, Chahla J, Mitchell JJ, Moatshe G, Mikula JD, Marchetti DC, LaPrade RF. Multiligament Reconstruction of the Knee in the Setting of Knee Dislocation With a Medial-Sided Injury. Arthrosc Tech. 2017 Mar 20;6(2):e341-e350. doi: 10.1016/j.eats.2016.10.003. eCollection 2017 Apr. 316. Ferrari MB, Sanchez G, Chahla J, Moatshe G, LaPrade RF. Arthroscopic Patellar Lateral Facetectomy. Arthrosc Tech. 2017 Mar 20;6(2):e357-e362. doi: 10.1016/j.eats.2016.10.002. eCollection 2017 Apr. 317. Provencher MT, Sanchez G, Ferrari MB, Moatshe G, Chahla J, Akamefula R, LaPrade RF. Arthroscopy-Assisted Fabella Excision: Surgical Technique. Arthrosc Tech. 2017 Mar 27;6(2):e369-e374. doi: 10.1016/j.eats.2016.10.011. eCollection 2017 Apr. 318. Geeslin AG, Geeslin MG, LaPrade RF. Ligamentous Reconstruction of the Knee: What Orthopaedic Surgeons Want Radiologists to Know. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 2017 Apr;21(2):75-88. doi: 10.1055/s-0037-1599203. Epub 2017 Mar 29. Review. 319. Schon JM, Mikula JD, Backus JD, Venderley MB, Dornan GJ, LaPrade RF, Clanton TO. 3D Model Analysis of Ankle Flexion on Anatomic Reduction of a Syndesmotic Injury. Foot Ankle Int. 2017 Apr;38(4):436-442. doi: 10.1177/1071100716681605. Epub 2016 Dec 7. 320. Schindler BR, Venderley MB, Mikula JD, Chahla J, Dornan GJ, Turnbull TL, LaPrade RF, Philippon MJ. Comparison of Radiographs and Computed Tomography for the Screening of Anterior Inferior Iliac Spine Impingement. Arthroscopy. 2017 Apr;33(4):766-772. doi: 10.1016/j.arthro.2016.10.018. Epub 2017 Jan 4. 321. LaPrade RF. Editorial Commentary: Is It the Osteotomy That Is Causing the Development of Patellofemoral Osteoarthritis or Is It the Normal Progression of Preexisting Osteoarthritis? Arthroscopy. 2017 Apr;33(4):817-818. doi: 10.1016/j.arthro.2016.11.013. 322. Faucett SC, Gannon J, Chahla J, Ferrari MB, LaPrade RF. Posterior Surgical Approach to the Knee. Arthrosc Tech. 2017 Apr 3;6(2):e391-e395. doi: 10.1016/j.eats.2016.10.013. eCollection 2017 Apr. 323. Wu XD, Yu JH, Zou T, Wang W, LaPrade RF, Huang W, Sun SQ. Corrigendum: Anatomical Characteristics and Biomechanical Properties of the Oblique Popliteal Ligament. Sci Rep. 2017 Apr 10;7:46117. doi: 10.1038/srep46117. No abstract available. 324. Chahla J, Mannava S, Cinque ME, Geeslin AG, Codina D, LaPrade RF. Bone Marrow Aspirate Concentrate Harvesting and Processing Technique. Arthrosc Tech. 2017 Apr 10;6(2):e441-e445. doi: 10.1016/j.eats.2016.10.024. eCollection 2017 Apr. 325. Kruckeberg BM, Chahla J, Ferrari MB, Sanchez G, Moatshe G, LaPrade RF. Open Patellar Tendon Tenotomy, Debridement, and Repair Technique Augmented With Platelet-Rich Plasma for Recalcitrant Patellar Tendinopathy. Arthrosc Tech. 2017 Apr 17;6(2):e447-e453. doi: 10.1016/j.eats.2016.10.025. eCollection 2017 Apr. 326. Moatshe G, Cram TR, Chahla J, Cinque ME, Godin JA, LaPrade RF. Medial Patellar Instability: Treatment and Outcomes. Orthop J Sports Med. 2017 Apr 19;5(4):2325967117699816. doi: 10.1177/2325967117699816. eCollection 2017 Apr. 327. Steineman BD, LaPrade RF, Santangelo KS, Warner BT, Goodrich LR, Haut Donahue TL. Early Osteoarthritis After Untreated Anterior Meniscal Root Tears: An In Vivo Animal Study. Orthop J Sports Med. 2017 Apr 27;5(4):2325967117702452. doi: 10.1177/2325967117702452. eCollection 2017 Apr. 328. Piuazzi NS, Chahla J, Schrock JB, LaPrade RF, Pascual-Garrido C, Mont MA, Muschler GF. Evidence for the Use of Cell-Based Therapy for the Treatment of Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head: A Systematic Review of the Literature. J Arthroplasty. 2017 May;32(5):1698-1708. doi: 10.1016/j.arth.2016.12.049. Epub 2017 Jan 12. Review. 329. Ferrari MB, Mannava S, DePhillipo N, Sanchez G, LaPrade RF. Notchplasty for the Arthroscopic Treatment of Limited Knee Extension. Arthrosc Tech. 2017 May 1;6(3):e517-e524. doi: 10.1016/j.eats.2016.11.008. eCollection 2017 Jun. 330. Dean CS, Chahla J, Matheny LM, Mitchell JJ, LaPrade RF. Outcomes After Biologically Augmented Isolated Meniscal Repair With Marrow Venting Are Comparable With Those After Meniscal Repair With Concomitant Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction. Am J Sports Med. 2017 May;45(6):1341-1348. doi: 10.1177/0363546516686968. Epub 2017 Feb 1. 331. James EW, LaPrade CM, Chahla J, Cinque ME, Kennedy NI, LaPrade RF. Arthroscopic Excision of Bipartite Patella With Preservation of Lateral Retinaculum in an Adolescent Ice Hockey Player. Am J Orthop (Belle Mead NJ). 2017 May/Jun;46(3):135-138. 332. Murray IR, Geeslin AG, Goudie EB, Petrigliano FA, LaPrade RF. Minimum Information for Studies Evaluating Biologics in Orthopaedics (MIBO): Platelet-Rich Plasma and Mesenchymal Stem Cells. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2017 May 17;99(10):809-819. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.16.00793. 333. Moatshe G, Dornan GJ, LvTJken S, Ludvigsen TC, LaPrade RF, Engebretsen L. Demographics and Injuries Associated With Knee Dislocation: A Prospective Review of 303 Patients. Orthop J Sports Med. 2017 May 22;5(5):2325967117706521. doi: 10.1177/2325967117706521. eCollection 2017 May. 334. Godin JA, Frangiamore S, Chahla J, Cinque ME, DePhillipo NN, LaPrade RF. Tibial Allograft Transfer for Medial Tibial Plateau Resurfacing. Arthrosc Tech. 2017 May 29;6(3):e661-e665. doi: 10.1016/j.eats.2017.01.011. eCollection 2017 Jun. 335. Vap AR, Schon JM, Moatshe G, Cruz RS, Brady AW, Dornan GJ, Turnbull TL, LaPrade RF. The Role of the Peripheral Passive Rotation Stabilizers of the Knee With Intact Collateral and Cruciate Ligaments: A Biomechanical Study. Orthop J Sports Med. 2017 May 31;5(5):2325967117708190. doi: 10.1177/2325967117708190. eCollection 2017 May. 336. Mannava S, Chahla J, Geeslin AG, Cinque ME, Whitney KE, Evans TA, Frangiamore SJ, LeBus G, Godin J, LaPrade RF, Philippon MJ. Platelet-Rich Plasma Augmentation for Hip Arthroscopy. Arthrosc Tech. 2017 Jun 12;6(3):e763-e768. doi: 10.1016/j.eats.2017.02.001. eCollection 2017 Jun. 337. Frank JM, Moatshe G, Brady AW, Dornan GJ, Coggins A, Muckenhirn KJ, Slette EL, Mikula JD, LaPrade RF. Lateral Meniscus Posterior Root and Meniscofemoral Ligaments as Stabilizing Structures in the ACL-Deficient Knee: A Biomechanical Study. Orthop J Sports Med. 2017 Jun 15;5(6):2325967117695756. doi: 10.1177/2325967117695756. eCollection 2017 Jun. 338. Kraeutler MJ, Chahla J, LaPrade RF, Pascual-Garrido C. Biologic Options for Articular Cartilage Wear (Platelet-Rich Plasma, Stem Cells, Bone Marrow Aspirate Concentrate). Clin Sports Med. 2017 Jul;36(3):457-468. doi: 10.1016/j.csm.2017.02.004. Epub 2017 Apr 1. Review. 339. Marchetti DC, Moatshe G, Phelps BM, Dahl KD, Ferrari MB, Chahla J, Turnbull TL, LaPrade RF. The Proximal Tibiofibular Joint: A Biomechanical Analysis of the Anterior and Posterior Ligamentous Complexes. Am J Sports Med. 2017 Jul;45(8):1888-1892. doi: 10.1177/0363546517697288. Epub 2017 Mar 24. 340. Chahla J, Dean CS, Matheny LM, Mitchell JJ, Cinque ME, LaPrade RF. Outcomes of Inside-out Meniscal Repair in the Setting of Multiligament Reconstruction in the Knee. Am J Sports Med. 2017 Jul;45(9):2098-2104. doi: 10.1177/0363546517698944. Epub 2017 Mar 27. 341. Philippon MJ, Trindade CAC, Goldsmith MT, Rasmussen MT, Saroki AJ, LvTJken S, LaPrade RF. Biomechanical Assessment of Hip Capsular Repair and Reconstruction Procedures Using a 6 Degrees of Freedom Robotic System. Am J Sports Med. 2017 Jul;45(8):1745-1754. doi: 10.1177/0363546517697956. Epub 2017 Apr 3. 342. Mitchell JJ, Chahla J, Dean CS, Cinque M, Matheny LM, LaPrade RF. Outcomes After 1-Stage Versus 2-Stage Revision Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction. Am J Sports Med. 2017 Jul;45(8):1790-1798. doi: 10.1177/0363546517698684. Epub 2017 Apr 18. 343. Kernkamp WA, Van de Velde SK, Tsai TY, van Arkel ERA, Asnis PD, Nelissen RGHH, LaPrade RF, Zarins B, Li G. An in Vivo Simulation of Isometry of the Anterolateral Aspect of the Healthy Knee. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2017 Jul 5;99(13):1111-1118. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.16.01139. 344. LaPrade RF, Venderley MB, Dahl KD, Dornan GJ, Turnbull TL. Functional Brace in ACL Surgery: Force Quantification in an In Vivo Study. Orthop J Sports Med. 2017 Jul 6;5(7):2325967117714242. doi: 10.1177/2325967117714242. eCollection 2017 Jul. 345. Woodmass JM, LaPrade RF, Sgaglione NA, Nakamura N, Krych AJ. Meniscal Repair: Reconsidering Indications, Techniques, and Biologic Augmentation. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2017 Jul 19;99(14):1222-1231. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.17.00297. No abstract available. 346. Cruz RS, Ferrari MB, Metsavahht L, LaPrade RF. Understanding posterior meniscal roots lesions: from basic science to treatment. Rev Bras Ortop. 2017 Jul 26;52(4):463-472. doi: 10.1016/j.rboe.2017.07.005. eCollection 2017 Jun-Jul. Review. 347. Chahla J, Moatshe G, Cinque ME, Godin J, Mannava S, LaPrade RF. Arthroscopic Anatomic Single-Bundle Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Using Bone-Patellar Tendon-Bone Autograft: Pearls for an Accurate 348. Mook WR, Civitarese D, Turnbull TL, Kennedy NI, O'Brien L, Schoeberl JB, LaPrade RF. Double-bundle posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a biomechanical analysis of simulated early motion and partial and full weightbearing on common reconstruction grafts. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2017 Aug;25(8):2536-2544. doi: 10.1007/s00167-016-4056-7. Epub 2016 Mar 21. 349. Piuizi NS, Chahla J, Jiandong H, Chughtai M, LaPrade RF, Mont MA, Muschler GF, Pascual-Garrido C. Analysis of Cell Therapies Used in Clinical Trials for the Treatment of Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head: A Systematic Review of the Literature. J Arthroplasty. 2017 Aug;32(8):2612-2618. doi: 10.1016/j.arth.2017.02.075. Epub 2017 Mar 15. Review. 350. Moatshe G, Cinque ME, Kruckeberg BM, Chahla J, LaPrade RF. Medial Patellar Instability: A Systematic Review of the Literature of Outcomes After Surgical Treatment. Arthroscopy. 2017 Aug;33(8):1587-1593. doi: 10.1016/j.arthro.2017.03.012. Epub 2017 May 10. Review. 351. DePhillipo NN, Cinque ME, Chahla J, Geeslin AG, LaPrade RF. Anterolateral Ligament Reconstruction Techniques, Biomechanics, and Clinical Outcomes: A Systematic Review. Arthroscopy. 2017 Aug;33(8):1575-1583. doi: 10.1016/j.arthro.2017.03.009. Epub 2017 May 11. Review. 352. DePhillipo NN, Cinque ME, Chahla J, Geeslin AG, Engebretsen L, LaPrade RF. Incidence and Detection of Meniscal Ramp Lesions on Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Patients With Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction. Am J Sports Med. 2017 Aug;45(10):2233-2237. doi: 10.1177/0363546517704426. Epub 2017 May 2. 353. Cinque ME, Geeslin AG, Chahla J, Dornan GJ, LaPrade RF. Two-Tunnel Transtibial Repair of Radial Meniscus Tears Produces Comparable Results to Inside-Out Repair of Vertical Meniscus Tears. Am J Sports Med. 2017 Aug;45(10):2253-2259. doi: 10.1177/0363546517704425. Epub 2017 May 16. 354. Muckenhirn KJ, Kruckeberg BM, Cinque ME, Chahla J, DePhillipo NN, Godin JA, LaPrade RF. Arthroscopic Inside-Out Repair of a Meniscus Bucket-Handle Tear Augmented With Bone Marrow Aspirate Concentrate. Arthrosc Tech. 2017 Aug 7;6(4):e1221-e1227. doi: 10.1016/j.eats.2017.04.014. eCollection 2017 Aug. 355. DePhillipo NN, Cinque ME, Kennedy NI, Chahla J, Geeslin AG, Moatshe G, Engebretsen L, LaPrade RF. Inside-Out Repair of Meniscal Ramp Lesions. Arthrosc Tech. 2017 Aug 14;6(4):e1315-e1320. doi: 10.1016/j.eats.2017.05.011. eCollection 2017 Aug. 356. Cinque ME, Godin JA, Moatshe G, Chahla J, Kruckeberg BM, Pogorzelski J, LaPrade RF. Do Tibial Plateau Fractures Worsen Outcomes of Knee Ligament Injuries? A Matched Cohort Analysis. Orthop J Sports Med. 2017 Aug 15;5(8):2325967117723895. doi: 10.1177/2325967117723895. eCollection 2017 Aug. 357. Murray IR, Murray AD, Geeslin AG, Goudie EB, White TO, Petrigliano FA, LaPrade RF. Infographic: we need minimum reporting standards for biologics. Br J Sports Med. 2017 Aug 22. pii: bjsports-2017-098122. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2017-098122. [Epub ahead of print] No abstract available. 358. LeBus GF, Chahla J, Sanchez G, Akamefula R, Moatshe G, Phocas A, Price MD, Whalen JM, LaPrade RF, Provencher MT. The Latarjet Procedure at the National Football League Scouting Combine: An Imaging and Performance Analysis. Orthop J Sports Med. 2017 Sep 1;5(9):2325967117726045. doi: 10.1177/2325967117726045. eCollection 2017 Sep. 359. DePhillipo NN, Lebus GF, Cinque ME, Kennedy NI, Chahla J, LaPrade RF. Iatrogenic Trochlear Chondral Defects After Anterolateral Placement of Retrograde Femoral Nails. Arthroscopy. 2017 Sep;33(9):1727-1730. doi: 10.1016/j.arthro.2017.06.004. Epub 2017 Jul 25. 360. Kruckeberg BM, Cinque ME, Moatshe G, Marchetti D, DePhillipo NN, Chahla J, LaPrade RF. Proximal Tibiofibular Joint Instability and Treatment Approaches: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Arthroscopy. 2017 Sep;33(9):1743-1751. doi: 10.1016/j.arthro.2017.03.027. Review. 361. Godin JA, Chahla J, Moatshe G, Kruckeberg BM, Muckenhirn KJ, Vap AR, Geeslin AG, LaPrade RF. A Comprehensive Reanalysis of the Distal Iliotibial Band: Quantitative Anatomy, Radiographic Markers, and Biomechanical Properties. Am J Sports Med. 2017 Sep;45(11):2595-2603. doi: 10.1177/0363546517707961. Epub 2017 Jun 13. 362. Cinque ME, Dornan GJ, Chahla J, Moatshe G, LaPrade RF. High Rates of Osteoarthritis Develop After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Surgery: An Analysis of 4108 Patients. Am J Sports Med. 2017 Sep 1;363546517730072. doi: 10.1177/0363546517730072. [Epub ahead of print] 363. Dean CS, Fernandes O, Cinque ME, Chahla J, LaPrade RF. Paraskiing Crash and Knee Dislocation with Multiligament Reconstruction and Iliotibial Band Repair. Am J Orthop (Belle Mead NJ). 2017 Sep/Oct;46(5):E301-E307. 364. Godin JA, Cinque ME, Pogorzelski J, Moatshe G, Chahla J, LaPrade RF. Multiligament Knee Injuries in Older Adolescents: A 2-Year Minimum Follow-up Study. Orthop J Sports Med. 2017 Sep 22;5(9):2325967117727717. doi: 10.1177/2325967117727717. eCollection 2017 Sep. 365. Cinque ME, Kennedy NI, Moatshe G, Vinagre G, Chahla J, Hussain ZB, LaPrade RF. Osteochondral Allograft Transplants for Large Trochlear Defects. Arthrosc Tech. 2017 Sep 25;6(5): e1703-e1707. doi: 10.1016/j.eats.2017.06.027. eCollection 2017 Oct. 366. LaPrade RF, O'Brien L, Kennedy NI, Cinque ME, Chahla J. Return to National Basketball Association Competition Following Anterior Cruciate Ligament and Fibular Collateral Ligament Injuries: A Case Report. JBJS Case Connect. 2017 Oct-Dec;7(4): e81. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.CC.17.00085. 367. Familiari F, Cinque ME, Chahla J, Godin JA, Olesen ML, Moatshe G, LaPrade RF. Clinical Outcomes and Failure Rates of Osteochondral Allograft Transplantation in the Knee: A Systematic Review. Am J Sports Med. 2017 Oct 1;363546517732531. doi: 10.1177/0363546517732531. [Epub ahead of print] 368. Cinque ME, Chahla J, Moatshe G, DePhillipo NN, Kennedy NI, Godin JA, LaPrade RF. Outcomes and Complication Rates After Primary Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Are Similar in Younger and Older Patients. Orthop J Sports Med. 2017 Oct 2;5(10):2325967117729659. doi: 10.1177/2325967117729659. eCollection 2017 Oct. 369. Chahla J, Cinque ME, Piuzzi NS, Mannava S, Geeslin AG, Murray IR, Dornan GJ, Muschler GF, LaPrade RF. A Call for Standardization in Platelet-Rich Plasma Preparation Protocols and Composition Reporting: A Systematic Review of the Clinical Orthopaedic Literature. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2017 Oct 18;99(20):1769-1779. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.16.01374. Review. 370. Cinque ME, Chahla J, Kruckeberg BM, DePhillipo NN, Moatshe G, LaPrade RF. Posteromedial Corner Knee Injuries: Diagnosis, Management, and Outcomes: A Critical Analysis Review. JBJS Rev. 2017 Nov;5(11):e4. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.RVW.17.00004. No abstract available. 371. Chahla J, Moatshe G, Cinque ME, Dornan GJ, Mitchell JJ, Ridley TJ, LaPrade RF. Single-Bundle and Double-Bundle Posterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstructions: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of 441 Patients at a Minimum 2–†Years' Follow-up. Arthroscopy. 2017 Nov;33(11):2066-2080. doi: 10.1016/j.arthro.2017.06.049. Epub 2017 Aug 31. 372. Moatshe G, Cinque ME, Godin JA, Vap AR, Chahla J, LaPrade RF. Comparable Outcomes After Bucket-Handle Meniscal Repair and Vertical Meniscal Repair Can Be Achieved at a Minimum 2 Years' Follow-up. Am J Sports Med. 2017 Nov;45(13):3104-3110. doi: 10.1177/0363546517719244. Epub 2017 Aug 14. 373. Chahla J, Kennedy NI, Geeslin AG, Moatshe G, Cinque ME, DePhillipo NN, LaPrade RF. Meniscal Repair With Fibrin Clot Augmentation. Arthrosc Tech. 2017 Nov 6;6(6):e2065-e2069. doi: 10.1016/j.eats.2017.08.006. eCollection 2017 Dec. 374. Chahla J, DePhillipo NN, Cinque ME, Kennedy NI, Lebus GF, Familiari F, Moatshe G, LaPrade RF. Open Repair of Quadriceps Tendon With Suture Anchors and Semitendinosus Tendon Allograft Augmentation. Arthrosc Tech. 2017 Nov 6;6(6):e2071-e2077. doi: 10.1016/j.eats.2017.08.005. eCollection 2017 Dec. 375. Vinagre G, Kennedy NI, Chahla J, Cinque ME, Hussain ZB, Olesen ML, LaPrade RF. Hamstring Graft Preparation Techniques for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction. Arthrosc Tech. 2017 Nov 6;6(6): e2079-e2084. doi: 10.1016/j.eats.2017.08.031. eCollection 2017 Dec. 376. Dean CS, Chahla J, Matheny LM, Cram TR, Moulton SG, Dornan GJ, Mitchell JJ, LaPrade RF. Posteromedially placed plates with anterior staple reinforcement are not successful in decreasing tibial slope in opening-wedge proximal tibial osteotomy. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2017 Dec;25(12):3687-3694. doi: 10.1007/s00167-016-4311-y. Epub 2016 Sep 9. 377. Moatshe G, Dornan GJ, Ludvigsen T, LvTtken S, LaPrade RF, Engebretsen L. High prevalence of knee osteoarthritis at a minimum 10-year follow-up after knee dislocation surgery. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2017 Dec;25(12):3914-3922. doi: 10.1007/s00167-017-4443-8. Epub 2017 Mar 9. 378. Cinque ME, Geeslin AG, Chahla J, Moatshe G, Pogorzelski J, DePhillipo NN, LaPrade RF. The Heel Height Test: A Novel Tool for the Detection of Combined Anterior Cruciate Ligament and Fibular Collateral Ligament Tears. Arthroscopy. 2017 Dec;33(12):2177-2181. doi: 10.1016/j.arthro.2017.06.028. Epub 2017 Aug 16. 379. Moatshe G, Godin JA, Chahla J, Cinque ME, Kennedy NI, Sanchez G, Beaulieu-Jones BR, LaPrade RF, Provencher MT. Clinical and Radiologic Outcomes After Scaphoid Fracture: Injury and Treatment Patterns in National 380. Feagin JA, Chahla J, LaPrade RF. Principles That Will Improve Your Physical Examination. Arthroscopy. 2017 Dec;33(12):2099-2101. doi: 10.1016/j.arthro.2017.10.001. No abstract available. 381. Hussain ZB, Chahla J, Mandelbaum BR, Gomoll AH, LaPrade RF. The Role of Meniscal Tears in Spontaneous Osteonecrosis of the Knee: A Systematic Review of Suspected Etiology and a Call to Revisit Nomenclature. Am J Sports Med. 2017 Dec 1;363546517743734. doi: 10.1177/0363546517743734. [Epub ahead of print] 382. Moatshe G, Morris ER, Cinque ME, Pascual-Garrido C, Chahla J, Engebretsen L, Laprade RF. Biological treatment of the knee with platelet-rich plasma or bone marrow aspirate concentrates. Acta Orthop. 2017 Dec;88(6):670-674. doi: 10.1080/17453674.2017.1368899. Epub 2017 Aug 23. Review. 383. Chahla J, Geeslin AG, Cinque ME, LaPrade RF. Biomechanical Proof for the Existence of the Anterolateral Ligament. Clin Sports Med. 2018 Jan;37(1):33-40. doi: 10.1016/j.csm.2017.07.003. Epub 2017 Sep 8. Review. 384. Brady AW, Chahla J, Locks R, Mikula JD, Slette EL, LaPrade RF, Philippon MJ. Arthroscopic Reconstruction of the Ligamentum Teres: A Guide to Safe Tunnel Placement. Arthroscopy. 2018 Jan;34(1):144-151. doi: 10.1016/j.arthro.2017.08.308. Epub 2017 Dec 2. 385. Pache S, Aman ZS, Kennedy M, Nakama GY, Moatshe G, Ziegler C, LaPrade RF. Posterior Cruciate Ligament: Current Concepts Review. Arch Bone Jt Surg. 2018 Jan;6(1):8-18. Review. 386. Kruckeberg BM, Chahla J, Moatshe G, Cinque ME, Muckenhirn KJ, Godin JA, Ridley TJ, Brady AW, Arendt EA, LaPrade RF. Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis of the Medial Patellar Ligaments: An Anatomic and Radiographic Study. Am J Sports Med. 2018 Jan;46(1):153-162. doi: 10.1177/0363546517729818. Epub 2017 Oct 10. 387. Chahla J, Cinque ME, Godin JA, Sanchez G, Lebus GF, Whalen JM, Price MD, Kennedy NI, Moatshe G, LaPrade RF, Provencher MT. Meniscectomy and Resultant Articular Cartilage Lesions of the Knee Among Prospective National Football League Players: An Imaging and Performance Analysis. Am J Sports Med. 2018 Jan;46(1):200-207. doi: 10.1177/0363546517737991. Epub 2017 Nov 7. 388. Chahla J, Marchetti DC, Moatshe G, Ferrari MB, Sanchez G, Brady AW, Pogorzelski J, Lebus GF, Millett PJ, LaPrade RF, Provencher MT. Quantitative Assessment of the Coracoacromial and the Coracoclavicular Ligaments With 3-Dimensional Mapping of the Coracoid Process Anatomy: A Cadaveric Study of Surgically Relevant Structures. Arthroscopy. 2018 Jan 24. pii: S0749-8063(17)31478-0. doi: 10.1016/j.arthro.2017.11.033. [Epub ahead of print] 389. DePhillipo NN, Cinque ME, Kennedy NI, Chahla J, Moatshe G, LaPrade RF. PATELLOFEMORAL CHONDRAL DEFECT IN A PREADOLESCENT SKIER: A CASE REPORT IN EARLY SPORT SPECIALIZATION. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2018 Feb;13(1):131-136. 390. DePhillipo NN, Cinque ME, Godin JA, Moatshe G, Chahla J, LaPrade RF. Posterior Tibial Translation Measurements on Magnetic Resonance Imaging Improve Diagnostic Sensitivity for Chronic Posterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries and Graft Tears. Am J Sports Med. 2018 Feb;46(2):341-347. doi: 10.1177/0363546517734201. Epub 2017 Oct 13. 391. Cinque ME, Chahla J, Mitchell JJ, Moatshe G, Pogorzelski J, Murphy CP, Kennedy NI, Godin JA, LaPrade RF. Influence of Meniscal and Chondral Lesions on Patient-Reported Outcomes After Primary Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction at 2-Year Follow-up. Orthop J Sports Med. 2018 Feb 13;6(2):2325967117754189. doi: 10.1177/2325967117754189. eCollection 2018 Feb. 392. Chahla J, James EW, Cinque ME, LaPrade RF. Midterm outcomes following anatomic-based popliteus tendon reconstructions. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2018 Mar;26(3):812-818. doi: 10.1007/s00167-016-4382-9. Epub 2017 Jan 13. 393. Chahla J, Kennedy NI, Cinque ME, Sanchez G, Logan C, Vopat BG, Beaulieu-Jones B, Price M, Whalen J, LaPrade RF, Provencher MT. Posterolateral Corner Injuries of the Knee at the National Football League Combine: An Imaging and Outcomes Analysis. Arthroscopy. 2018 Mar;34(3):687-692. doi: 10.1016/j.arthro.2017.08.303. Epub 2017 Nov 13. 394. Provencher MT, Chahla J, Cinque ME, Sanchez G, Kennedy NI, Haber DB, Tisovsky AJ, Beaulieu-Jones BR, Price MD, Whalen JM, Moatshe G, LaPrade RF. Symptomatic Focal Knee Chondral Injuries in National Football League Combine Players Are Associated With Poorer Performance and Less Volume of Play. Arthroscopy. 2018 Mar;34(3):671-677. doi: 10.1016/j.arthro.2017.08.300. Epub 2017 Dec 8. 395. Logan CA, Beaulieu-Jones BR, Sanchez G, Chahla J, Kennedy NI, Cinque ME, LaPrade RF, Whalen JM, Vopat BG, Price MD, Provencher MT. Posterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries of the Knee at the National Football League Combine: An Imaging and Epidemiology Study. Arthroscopy. 2018 Mar;34(3):681-686. doi: 10.1016/j.arthro.2017.08.304. Epub 2017 Dec 8. 396. Moatshe G, Marchetti DC, Chahla J, Ferrari MB, Sanchez G, Lebus GF, Brady AW, Frank RM, LaPrade RF, Provencher MT. Qualitative and Quantitative Anatomy of the Proximal Humerus Muscle Attachments and the Axillary Nerve: A Cadaveric Study.Arthroscopy. 2018 Mar;34(3):795-803. doi: 10.1016/j.arthro.2017.08.301. Epub 2017 Dec 8. 397. Mitchell JJ, Cinque ME, Dornan GJ, Matheny LM, Dean CS, Kruckeberg B, Moatshe G, Chahla J, LaPrade RF. Primary Versus Revision Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: Patient Demographics, Radiographic Findings, and Associated Lesions.Arthroscopy. 2018 Mar;34(3):695-703. doi: 10.1016/j.arthro.2017.08.305. Epub 2017 Dec 8. 398. LaPrade RF, Goodrich LR, Phillips J, Dornan GJ, Turnbull TL, Hawes ML, Dahl KD, Coggins AN, Kisiday J, Frisbie D, Chahla J. Use of Platelet-Rich Plasma Immediately After an Injury Did Not Improve Ligament Healing, and Increasing Platelet Concentrations Was Detrimental in an In Vivo Animal Model. Am J Sports Med. 2018 Mar;46(3):702-712. doi: 10.1177/0363546517741135. Epub 2017 Dec 6. 399. Frangiamore SJ, Moatshe G, Kruckeberg BM, Civitarese DM, Muckenhirn KJ, Chahla J, Brady AW, Cinque ME, Oleson ML, Provencher MT, Hackett TR, LaPrade RF. Qualitative and Quantitative Analyses of the Dynamic and Static Stabilizers of the Medial Elbow: An Anatomic Study.Am J Sports Med. 2018 Mar;46(3):687-694. doi: 10.1177/0363546517743749. Epub 2017 Dec 21. 400. Geeslin AG, Moatshe G, Chahla J, Kruckeberg BM, Muckenhirn KJ, Dornan GJ, Coggins A, Brady AW, Getgood AM, Godin JA, LaPrade RF. Anterolateral Knee Extra-articular Stabilizers: A Robotic Study Comparing Anterolateral Ligament Reconstruction and Modified Lemaire Lateral Extra-articular Tenodesis.Am J Sports Med. 2018 Mar;46(3):607-616. doi: 10.1177/0363546517745268. Epub 2017 Dec 21. 401. Faucett SC, Geisler BP, Chahla J, Krych AJ, Kurzweil PR, Garner AM, Liu S, LaPrade RF, Pietzsch JB. Meniscus Root Repair vs Meniscectomy or Nonoperative Management to Prevent Knee Osteoarthritis After Medial Meniscus Root Tears: Clinical and Economic Effectiveness. Am J Sports Med. 2018 Mar 1:363546518755754. doi: 10.1177/0363546518755754. [Epub ahead of print] 402. LaPrade MD, Kallenbach SL, Aman ZS, Moatshe G, Storaci HW, Turnbull TL, Arendt EA, Chahla J, LaPrade RF. Biomechanical Evaluation of the Medial Stabilizers of the Patella.Am J Sports Med. 2018 Mar 1:363546518758654. doi: 10.1177/0363546518758654. [Epub ahead of print] 403. Robinson PG, Murray IR, West CC, Goudie EB, Yong LY, White TO, LaPrade RF. Reporting of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Preparation Protocols and Composition: A Systematic Review of the Clinical Orthopaedic Literature. Am J Sports Med. 2018 Mar 1:363546518758667. doi: 10.1177/0363546518758667. [Epub ahead of print] 404. Geeslin AG, Chahla J, Moatshe G, Muckenhirn KJ, Kruckeberg BM, Brady AW, Coggins A, Dornan GJ, Getgood AM, Godin JA, LaPrade RF. Anterolateral Knee Extra-articular Stabilizers: A Robotic Sectioning Study of the Anterolateral Ligament and Distal Iliotibial Band Kaplan Fibers. Am J Sports Med. 2018 Mar 1:363546518759053. doi: 10.1177/0363546518759053. [Epub ahead of print] 405. International Olympic Committee Pediatric ACL Injury Consensus Group., Ardern CL, Ekv•s G, Grindem H, Moksnes H, Anderson AF, Chotel F, Cohen M, Forssblad M, Ganley TJ, Feller JA, Karlsson J, Kocher MS, LaPrade RF, McNamee M, Mandelbaum B, Micheli L, Mohtadi NGH, Reider B, Roe JP, Seil R, Siebold R, et al. 2018 International Olympic Committee Consensus Statement on Prevention, Diagnosis, and Management of Pediatric Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries.Orthop J Sports Med. 2018 Mar 21;6(3):2325967118759953. doi: 10.1177/2325967118759953. eCollection 2018 Mar. 406. Piuazzi NS, Hussain ZB, Chahla J, Cinque ME, Moatshe G, Mantripragada VP, Muschler GF, LaPrade RF. Variability in the Preparation, Reporting, and Use of Bone Marrow Aspirate Concentrate in Musculoskeletal Disorders: A Systematic Review of the Clinical Orthopaedic Literature.J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2018 Mar 21;100(6):517-525. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.17.00451. 407. Moatshe G, Kruckeberg BM, Chahla J, Godin JA, Cinque ME, Provencher MT, LaPrade RF. Acromioclavicular and Coracoclavicular Ligament Reconstruction for Acromioclavicular Joint Instability: A Systematic Review of Clinical and Radiographic Outcomes.Arthroscopy. 2018 Mar 21. pii: S0749-8063(18)30046-X. doi: 10.1016/j.arthro.2018.01.016. [Epub ahead of print] Review. 408. Cinque ME, Chahla J, Moatshe G, Faucett SC, Krych AJ, LaPrade RF. Meniscal root tears: a silent epidemic. Br J Sports Med. 2018 Mar 24. pii: bjsports-2017-098942. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2017-098942. [Epub ahead of print] No abstract available. 409. Anavian J, Marchetti DC, Moatshe G, Slette EL, Chahla J, Brady AW, Civitarese DM, LaPrade RF. The forgotten joint: quantifying the anatomy of the proximal tibiofibular joint. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2018 Apr;26(4):1096-1103. doi: 10.1007/s00167-017-4508-8. Epub 2017 Mar 20. 410. Marchetti DC, Chahla J, Moatshe G, Slette EL, LaPrade RF. Quantitative radiographic assessment of the anatomic attachment sites of the anterior and posterior complexes of the proximal tibiofibular joint. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2018 Apr;26(4):1104-1109. doi: 10.1007/s00167-017-4511-0. Epub 2017 Mar 21. 411. Provencher MT, Chahla J, Sanchez G, Cinque ME, Kennedy NI, Whalen J, Price MD, Moatshe G, LaPrade RF. Body Mass Index Versus Body Fat Percentage in Prospective National Football League Athletes: Overestimation of Obesity Rate in Athletes at the National Football League Scouting Combine. J Strength Cond Res. 2018 Apr;32(4):1013-1019. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000002449. 412. Ardern CL, Ekvall GR, Grindem H, Moksnes H, Anderson AF, Chotel F, Cohen M, Forssblad M, Ganley TJ, Feller JA, Karlsson J, Kocher MS, LaPrade RF, McNamee M, Mandelbaum B, Micheli L, Mohtadi N, Reider B, Roe J, Seil R, Siebold R, Silvers-Granelli HJ, et al. 2018 International Olympic Committee consensus statement on prevention, diagnosis and management of paediatric anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries. Br J Sports Med. 2018 Apr;52(7):422-438. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2018-099060. Epub 2018 Feb 24. 413. Murray IR, Robinson PG, West CC, Goudie EB, Yong LY, White TO, LaPrade RF. Reporting Standards in Clinical Studies Evaluating Bone Marrow Aspirate Concentrate: A Systematic Review. Arthroscopy. 2018 Apr;34(4):1366-1375. doi: 10.1016/j.arthro.2017.11.036. Epub 2018 Feb 13. Review. 414. LaPrade RF. Editorial Commentary: We Know We Need to Fix Knee Meniscal Radial Root Tears-But How Best to Perform the Repairs? Arthroscopy. 2018 Apr;34(4):1069-1071. doi: 10.1016/j.arthro.2017.11.009. 415. Kraeutler MJ, Welton KL, Chahla J, LaPrade RF, McCarty EC. Current Concepts of the Anterolateral Ligament of the Knee: Anatomy, Biomechanics, and Reconstruction. Am J Sports Med. 2018 Apr;46(5):1235-1242. doi: 10.1177/0363546517701920. Epub 2017 Apr 20. 416. High Rates of Osteoarthritis Develop After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Surgery: An Analysis of 4108 PatientsCinque ME, Dornan GJ, Chahla J, Moatshe G, LaPrade RF. Am J Sports Med. 2018 Jul;46(8):2011-2019. doi: 10.1177/0363546517730072. Epub 2017 Oct 6. 417. Quantitative Assessment of the Coracoacromial and the Coracoclavicular Ligaments With 3-Dimensional Mapping of the Coracoid Process Anatomy: A Cadaveric Study of Surgically Relevant Structures. Chahla J, Marchetti DC, Moatshe G, Ferrari MB, Sanchez G, Brady AW, Pogorzelski J, Lebus GF, Millett PJ, LaPrade RF, Provencher MT. Arthroscopy. 2018 May;34(5):1403-1411. doi: 10.1016/j.arthro.2017.11.033. Epub 2018 Feb 1. 418. Biomechanical Evaluation of the Medial Stabilizers of the PatellaLaPrade MD, Kallenbach SL, Aman ZS, Moatshe G, Storaci HW, Turnbull TL, Arendt EA, Chahla J, LaPrade RF. Am J Sports Med. 2018 Jun;46(7):1575-1582. doi: 10.1177/0363546518758654. Epub 2018 Mar 19. 419. Anterolateral Knee Extra-articular Stabilizers: A Robotic Sectioning Study of the Anterolateral Ligament and Distal Iliotibial Band Kaplan Fibers.Geeslin AG, Chahla J, Moatshe G, Muckenhirn KJ, Kruckeberg BM, Brady AW, Coggins A, Dornan GJ, Getgood AM, Godin JA, LaPrade RF. Am J Sports Med. 2018 May;46(6):1352-1361. doi: 10.1177/0363546518759053. Epub 2018 Mar 20. 420. Acromioclavicular and Coracoclavicular Ligament Reconstruction for Acromioclavicular Joint Instability: A Systematic Review of Clinical and Radiographic Outcomes.Moatshe G, Kruckeberg BM, Chahla J, Godin JA, Cinque ME, Provencher MT, LaPrade RF. Arthroscopy. 2018 Jun;34(6):1979-1995.e8. doi: 10.1016/j.arthro.2018.01.016. Epub 2018 Mar 21. Review. 421. Meniscal root tears: a silent epidemic. Cinque ME, Chahla J, Moatshe G, Faucett SC, Krych AJ, LaPrade RF. Br J Sports Med. 2018 Jul;52(13):872-876. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2017-098942. Epub 2018 Mar 24. No abstract available. 422. Fibular Collateral Ligament: Varus Stress Radiographic Analysis Using 3 Different Clinical Techniques.Kane PW, Cinque ME, Moatshe G, Chahla J, DePhillipo NN, Provencher MT, LaPrade RF. Orthop J Sports Med. 2018 May 2;6(5):2325967118770170. doi: 10.1177/2325967118770170. eCollection 2018 May. 423. Prevention, diagnosis and management of paediatric ACL injuries. Ardern CL, Ekvall GR, Grindem H, Moksnes H, Anderson A, Chotel F, Cohen M, Forssblad M, Ganley TJ, Feller JA, Karlsson J, Kocher MS, LaPrade RF, McNamee M, Mandelbaum B, Micheli L, Mohtadi NGH, Reider B, Roe JP, Seil R, Siebold R, Silvers-Granelli HJ, et al. Br J 424. A History of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction at the National Football League Combine Results in Inferior Early National Football League Career Participation. Provencher MT, Bradley JP, Chahla J, Sanchez A, Beaulieu-Jones BR, Arner JW, Kennedy NI, Sanchez G, Kennedy MI, Moatshe G, Cinque ME, LaPrade RF. Arthroscopy. 2018 Aug;34(8):2446-2453. doi: 10.1016/j.arthro.2018.03.018. Epub 2018 May 19. 425. Changes in the Neurovascular Anatomy of the Shoulder After an Open Latarjet Procedure: Defining a Surgical Safe Zone. LaPrade CM, Bernhardson AS, Aman ZS, Moatshe G, Chahla J, Dornan GJ, LaPrade RF, Provencher MT. Am J Sports Med. 2018 Jul;46(9):2185-2191. doi: 10.1177/0363546518773309. Epub 2018 May 24. 426. Editorial Commentary: Is the Anterolateral Ligament Always Injured in Knee Dislocations? Does It Matter? Kennedy MI, LaPrade RF. Arthroscopy. 2018 Jun;34(6):1898-1899. doi: 10.1016/j.arthro.2018.04.004. 427. Editorial Commentary: Hype, Hope and Everything in Between. What Produces the Real Effect for Blood-derived Products Including Platelet-Rich Plasma? Chahla J, LaPrade RF. Arthroscopy. 2018 Jun;34(6):1976-1978. doi: 10.1016/j.arthro.2018.02.026. 428. Effect of Meniscocapsular and Meniscotibial Lesions in ACL-Deficient and ACL-Reconstructed Knees: A Biomechanical Study. DePhillipo NN, Moatshe G, Brady A, Chahla J, Aman ZS, Dornan GJ, Nakama GY, Engebretsen L, LaPrade RF. Am J Sports Med. 2018 Aug;46(10):2422-2431. doi: 10.1177/0363546518774315. Epub 2018 May 30. 429. Avulsion of the Anterior Lateral Meniscal Root Secondary to Tibial Eminence Fracture. Menge TJ, Chahla J, Mitchell JJ, Dean CS, LaPrade RF. Am J Orthop (Belle Mead NJ). 2018 May;47(5). doi: 10.12788/ajo.2018.0024. 430. Increased Accuracy of Varus Stress Radiographs Versus Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Diagnosing Fibular Collateral Ligament Grade III Tears. Kane PW, DePhillipo NN, Cinque ME, Moatshe G, Chahla J, Carpenter E, Provencher MT, LaPrade RF. Arthroscopy. 2018 Jul;34(7):2230-2235. doi: 10.1016/j.arthro.2018.03.029. Epub 2018 Jun 5. 431. Randomized Controlled Trial of Hip Arthroscopy Surgery vs Physical Therapy: Letter to the Editor. Faucett SC, Nepple JJ, Andrade T, Aoki S, Bedi A, Bharam S, Brick MJ, Byrd JWT, Cakic JN, Cascio BM, Christoforetti J, Clohisy JC, Domb B, Dumont G, Ellman MB, Harris JD, Kelly BT, Krych AJ, LaPrade RF, Larson C, Laskowski JR, Levy BA, et al. Am J Sports Med. 2018 Jul;46(8):NP35-NP38. doi: 10.1177/0363546518777483. No abstract available. 432. The Influence of Graft Tensioning Sequence on Tibiofemoral Orientation During Bicruciate and Posterolateral Corner Knee Ligament Reconstruction: A Biomechanical Study. Moatshe G, Chahla J, Brady AW, Dornan GJ, Muckenhirn KJ, Kruckeberg BM, Cinque ME, Turnbull TL, Engebretsen L, LaPrade RF. Am J Sports Med. 2018 Jul;46(8):1863-1869. doi: 10.1177/0363546517751917. 433. Double-Bundle Posterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in 100 Patients at a Mean 3 Years' Follow-up: Outcomes Were Comparable to Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstructions. LaPrade RF, Cinque ME, Dornan GJ, DePhillipo NN, Geeslin AG, Moatshe G, Chahla J. Am J Sports Med. 2018 Jul;46(8):1809-1818. doi: 10.1177/0363546517750855. 434. Evaluation of Endothelial and Vascular-Derived Progenitor Cell Populations in the Proximal and Distal UCL of the Elbow: A Comparative Study. Frangiamore SJ, Morris ER, Scibetta AC, Chahla J, Moatshe G, Civitarese D, Provencher MT, Hackett TR, Huard J, LaPrade RF. Orthop J Sports Med. 2018 Jun 12;6(6):2325967118777825. doi: 10.1177/2325967118777825. eCollection 2018 Jun. Erratum in: Orthop J Sports Med. 2018 Jul 30;6(7):2325967118794193. 435. Biomechanical Comparison of Screw Fixation Versus a Cortical Button and Self-tensioning Suture for the Latarjet Procedure. Provencher MT, Aman ZS, LaPrade CM, Bernhardson AS, Moatshe G, Storaci HW, Chahla J, Turnbull TL, LaPrade RF. Orthop J Sports Med. 2018 Jun 14;6(6):2325967118777842. doi: 10.1177/2325967118777842. eCollection 2018 Jun. 436. Should Surgical Repair Be Recommended Over Nonoperative Management for Medial Meniscus Root Tears? Response. Faucett SC, Geisler BP, Chahla J, Krych AJ, LaPrade RF, Pietzsch JB. Am J Sports Med. 2018 Jul;46(9):NP44-NP45. doi: 10.1177/0363546518783956. No abstract available. 437. Partial Controlled Early Postoperative Weightbearing Versus Nonweightbearing After Reconstruction of the Fibular (Lateral) Collateral Ligament: A Randomized Controlled Trial and Equivalence Analysis. LaPrade RF, DePhillipo NN, Cram TR, Cinque ME, Kennedy MI, Dornan GJ, O'Brien LT. Am J Sports Med. 2018 Aug;46(10):2355-2365. doi: 10.1177/0363546518784301. Epub 2018 Jul 17. 438. Radiographic and Anatomic Landmarks of the Major Knee Ligaments. Bedi A, LaPrade RF, Burrus MT. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2018 Jul 18;100(14):1241-1250. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.17.01135. No abstract available. 439. Effect of Anterior Glenoid Labral Tears and Glenoid Bone Loss at the NFL Combine on Future NFL Performance. Murphy CP, Frangiamore SJ, Mannava S, Sanchez A, Beiter ER, Whalen JM, Price MD, LaPrade RF, Provencher MT. Orthop J Sports Med. 2018 Jul 16;6(7):2325967118784884. doi: 10.1177/2325967118784884. eCollection 2018 Jul. 440. Prevalence of Shoulder Labral Injury in Collegiate Football Players at the National Football League Scouting Combine. Mannava S, Frangiamore SJ, Murphy CP, Sanchez A, Sanchez G, Dornan GJ, Bradley JP, LaPrade RF, Millett PJ, Provencher MT. Orthop J Sports Med. 2018 Jul 9;6(7):2325967118783982. doi: 10.1177/2325967118783982. eCollection 2018 Jul. 441. Editorial Commentary: Small Incisions Can Make Big Mistakes: Knee Lateral Collateral Ligament Reconstruction Is All About the Anatomy! LaPrade RF, Engebretsen L. Arthroscopy. 2018 Aug;34(8):2494-2496. doi: 10.1016/j.arthro.2018.05.047. 442. The Role of Blood Flow Restriction Therapy Following Knee Surgery: Expert Opinion. DePhillipo NN, Kennedy MI, Aman ZS, Bernhardson AS, O'Brien LT, LaPrade RF. Arthroscopy. 2018 Aug;34(8):2506-2510. doi: 10.1016/j.arthro.2018.05.038. 443. Medial Collateral Ligament Injuries Identified at the National Football League Scouting Combine: Assessment of Epidemiological Characteristics, Imaging Findings, and Initial Career Performance. Logan CA, Murphy CP, Sanchez A, Dornan GJ, Whalen JM, Price MD, Bradley JP, LaPrade RF, Provencher MT. Orthop J Sports Med. 2018 Jul 30;6(7):2325967118787182. doi: 10.1177/2325967118787182. eCollection 2018 Jul. 444. Meniscal Root Tears: Current Concepts Review. Pache S, Aman ZS, Kennedy M, Nakama GY, Moatshe G, Ziegler C, LaPrade RF. Arch Bone Jt Surg. 2018 Jul;6(4):250-259. Review. 445. Platelet-Rich Plasma and Cartilage Repair. Kennedy MI, Whitney K, Evans T, LaPrade RF. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2018 Sep 10. doi: 10.1007/s12178-018-9516-x. [Epub ahead of print] Review. Publications: Invited Articles (total = 26) 1. LaPrade RF, Hamilton CD, Engebretsen L. Treatment of acute and chronic combined anterior cruciate ligament and posterolateral knee ligament injuries. Sports Med Arth Rev 5:91–99, 1997. M, P* 2. LaPrade RF. Professional Update, Orthopedics - Knee injuries: Regenerating patients own cartilage. Minnesota Physician 12:18-19, July, 1998. M* 3. LaPrade RF. Autogenous cartilage implantation. Minnesota Physician, May, 1998. M* 4. LaPrade RF, Wentorf FA. Acute knee injuries. On-the-field and sideline evaluation. Phys Sports Med 27(10):55–61, 1999. M* 5. LaPrade RF, Miller M, Plancher K, Allen W. Society News – Adventures of the 1997 Pacific Rim Traveling Fellows. Am J Sports Med 27(3):394-398, 1999. M* 6. LaPrade RF, Konowalchuk BK, Fritts HM, Wentorf FA. Articular cartilage injuries of the knee. Evaluation and treatment options. Phys Sports Med 29:53-59, 2001. M* 7. LaPrade RF. Commentary on “Evidence-based orthopaedics”. Autologous chondrocyte implantation was superior to mosaicplasty for repair of articular cartilage defects in the knee at one year. J Bone Joint Surg 85-A(11):2259, 2003. M* 8. Engebretsen AAH, LaPrade RF, Wentorf FA, Ly T, Kath M, Johansen S, Engebretsen L. Mediale ligamentskader I kneet. Idrettsmedisin 3:3-7, 2003. C* 9. Sugalski MT, Sanchez II AR, LaPrade RF. Posterolateral reconstruction techniques. Tech Knee Surg 4(4)1-11, 2005. C* 10. Heikes C, LaPrade RF. Orthopaedic Sports Medicine Board Review Manual - Meniscal injuries. Hosp Phys 2(Part 1):1-12, Oct 2005. C, P* 11. Sugalski MT, Sanchez II AR, LaPrade RF. Posterolateral reconstruction techniques. Tech Knee Surg 4(4):1-11, 2005. C, P* 12. Sanchez AR II, Sugalski MT, LaPrade RF. Field side and pre-hospital management of the spine injured athlete. Current Sports Medicine Reports 4(1):50-55, 2005. C* 13. Sanchez AR, Sugalski MT, LaPrade RF. Anatomy and biomechanics of the lateral side of the knee. Sports Med Arthro Review 14(1):2-11, 2006. C, P* 14. Cooper JM, McAndrews PT, LaPrade RF. Posterolateral corner injuries of the knee: anatomy, diagnosis, and treatment. Sports Med Arthro Review 14(4):213-220, 2006. C, P* 15. LaPrade RF. Effect of Tibial Positioning on the Diagnosis of Posterolateral Rotary Instability in the Posterior Cruciate Ligament-Deficient Knee. Br J Sports Med, In Press, 2007. M* 16. LaPrade RF. “AAOS Instructional Course Lectures – Sports Medicine”, Knee Ligaments – ACL & PCL, Section Editor, AAOS, In Press. M* 17. Griffith CJ, LaPrade RF. Medial plica irritation: diagnosis and treatment. Curr Rev Musculoskeletal Med 1:53-60, 2008. 18. Wills N, LaPrade RF. Allograft Options in Posterolateral Corner Reconstruction. Operative Techniques in Sports Medicine 2007 15(2);68–71. 19. LaPrade RF. Practical Orthopaedic Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy. Book Review. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2007; 89:2579. 20. LaPrade RF. Not Your Father’s (or Mother’s) Meniscus Surgery. Minnesota Medicine, June 2007. 21. LaPrade RF. Hockey Injuries: Safety on the Rink. Minnesota Healthcare News, December 2009. 22. Willimoon SC, LaPrade RF. Meniscal Allograft Transplantation. Minerva Ortop Traumatol; 2011 In Press 23. Geeslin AG, Pierce CM, LaPrade RF, Engebretsen L. Lateral Compartment Injury of the Knee. European Society of Sports Traumatology, Knee Surgery, and Arthroscopy (ESSKA): Instructional Course Lecture. In Press. 24. James EW, Johannsen AM, LaPrade CM, LaPrade RF. Recent Advances in the Treatment of Fibular (Lateral) Collateral Ligament Injuries. Minerva Ortopedica e Traumatologica. 2014. [in press] 25. Metsavaht L, Crespo B, LaPrade RF. Lesões do Canto Postero-Lateral do Joelho: Uma Revisão Abrangente da Anatomia ao Tratamento Cirúrgico. Revista Brasileira de Ortopedia. 26. Crespo B, James EW, Metsavaht L, LaPrade RF. Injuries to the Posterolateral Corner of the Knee: A Comprehensive Review from Anatomy to Surgical Treatment. Revista Brasileira de Ortopedia (English Edition). 2014 Dec 24. [Epub ahead of print]. WEB BASED OR ON-LINE INFO (total = 12) 1. LaPrade RF. Sportsdoc web site. University of Minnesota. Internationally recognized patient-based sports medicine web site, www.sportsdoc.umn.edu. Establishment and Director, 1999-present. 2. LaPrade RF. “Medial Synovial Plica Irritation”, e-Medicine, www.emedicine.com/SPORTS/topic75.htm, 2001. 3. LaPrade RF, Flinn, SD. “Pes Anserine Bursitis”, e-Medicine, www.emedicine.com/SPORTS/topic100.htm, 2002. 4. LaPrade RF. “Posterolateral Knee Reconstruction”, American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, Surgical Procedures Section in Orthopaedic Knowledge Online (OKO), www5.aaos.org/oko/login.cfm, Feb 20, 2003. 5. LaPrade RF. "Effect of tibial positioning on the diagnosis of posterolateral rotatory instability in the posterior cruciate ligament-deficient knee", www.bjsm.bmj.com Jan 29, 2007. 6. LaPrade RF, Griffith CJ. Comprehensive Knee Exam. British Medical Journal Point of Care. Fall 2008. 7. LaPrade RF. CME Webinar on ACL Reconstruction. Orthopaedic Knowledge Online, October 2009. 8. LaPrade RF. VuMedi CME Webinar Logistics: Posterolateral Corner Reconstruction. November 2011. 9. LaPrade RF, Flinn, SD. “Pes Anserine Bursitis”, e-Medicine, http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/90412-overview, 2012. 10. LaPrade RF. “Medial Synovial Plica Irritation”, e-Medicine, http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/89985-overview, 2012. 11. LaPrade RF, Pierce CM. Double-Bundle Posterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Technique with Use of Endoscopic Femoral Graft Placement. JBJS Essential Surgical Techniques. 2012; 02:1-21. \ http://surgicaltechniques.jbjs.org/article.aspx?articleid=181340 12. Glencross PM. LaPrade RF. Pes Anserine Bursitis. Medscape Reference. Updated February 12, 2014. Available at: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/308694-overview. PERIODICALS (total = 4) 1. LaPrade RF. Biweekly injury prevention and treatment articles, Let’s Play Hockey Magazine, 1998 – Present. (28 issues/yr.) 2. LaPrade CM, James EW, LaPrade RF. “Winter Sports Injury Prevention,” in the Steadman Philippon Research Institute Newsletter. Fall 2013. 3. James EW, LaPrade CM, LaPrade RF. “High-Altitude Sickness,” in the Steadman Philippon Research Institute Newsletter. Winter 2013. 4. James EW, Bhatia S, LaPrade RF. “A 56-year-old masters track and field athlete with knee pain,” in Rush Grand Rounds. Orthopaedics Today. January 2014. MULTIMEDIA OR VIDEO PRODUCTIONS (total = 6) 1. LaPrade RF, Whiteside L, Virkus W, Haidukewych GJ, Tria A. Selective Exposures in Orthopaedic Surgery: The Knee, 2nd Edition. Henry D. Clarke, MD, Charles A. Bush-Joseph, MD, and Brian R. Wolf, MD, MS, Editors. 2012 AAOS Blu-ray disc. 2. James EW, Wendell A, Eckhaus B, O’Brien LT, LaPrade RF. Tips and Tricks for Double Bundle Posterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstructions. Presented at The 16th European Society of Sports Traumatology, Knee Surgery, and Arthroscopy (ESSKA) Congress, May 14th-17th, 2014. Amsterdam, The Netherlands. DVD. 3. LaPrade RF, Chahla J, Dean CS, Serra Cruz R, Cram T. Inside-Out Meniscal Repair – Surgical Technique. Orthopaedic Video Theater. 2016 AAOS conference. Orlanda, Florida. 4. LaPrade RF, Dean CS, Chahla J, Serra Cruz R, Cram T. Patellofemoral Joint Reconstruction – Surgical Technique. Orthopaedic Video Theater. 2016 AAOS conference. Orlanda, Florida. 5. LaPrade RF, Dean CS, Chahla J Serra Cruz R, Cram T. Fresh Osteochondral Allograft – Surgical Technique. Orthopaedic Video Theater. 2016 AAOS conference. Orlanda, Florida. 6. LaPrade RF, Moulton S. Anatomic Posterolateral Corner Reconstruction – Surgical Technique. Orthopaedic Video Theater. 2016 AAOS conference. Orlanda, Florida. 7. Chahla J, Kennedy N, LaPrade RF. Técnicas De Preparación Del Injerto De Los Isquiotibiales Para La Reconstrucción Del LCA. Spanish Orthopaedic Society Congress. PhD THESIS “The Anatomy, Diagnosis and Biomechanics of Posterolateral Knee Injuries”, (238 pages), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway, June, 2003. TEXTBOOKS 1. “Posterolateral Knee Injuries: Anatomy, Function and Treatment”. Editor: LaPrade RF; pages 226 Thieme, New York, 2006. 2. “Sports Injuries”. Editor of Part V: Knee Injuries, LaPrade RF. Editors: Doral MN, Karlsson J. 2012 Springer. 3. “Complex Knee Surgery Made Easy”. Editors: Chahla J, Dean CS, LaPrade RF. 2016. iBook. 4. “The Medial Collateral Ligament and the Posteromedial Corner. A Comprehensive Analysis”. Editors: Robert F. LaPrade, Jorge Chahla. 2018. Nova Science Publishers BOOK CHAPTERS (total = 83) 1. LaPrade RF, Brown GA. Chapter 13 - Recurrent anterior glenohumeral instability. Open surgical treatment. The Unstable Shoulder. RF Warren, EV Craig, DW Altchek, Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, pp. 205-223, 1999. 2. LaPrade RF. Chapter 31 - The medial collateral ligament complex and the posterolateral aspect of the knee. Orthopaedic Knowledge Update, Sports Medicine 2. AAOS, EA Arendt, ed, Rosemont, IL, pp. 327-340, 1999. 3. LaPrade RF, Broxterman RJ, Bahr M, Wentorf FA, Feist RJ, Cardinal KJ, Freed J. Care and transport of injured participants with potential spine injuries from ice rinks. Safety in Ice Hockey, Third Volume, ASTM 1341, AB Ashare, ed., American Society for Testing and Materials, Conshohocken, PA, pp. 173-184, 2000. 4. LaPrade RF, Broxterman RJ. The single strap helmet fixation system in intercollegiate ice hockey: A source of variable face protection. Safety in Ice Hockey, Third Volume, ASTM 1341, AB Ashare, ed, American Society for Testing and Materials, Conshohocken, PA, pp. 129-132, 2000. 5. Bollom TS, LaPrade RF. Medial knee ligament injury (MCL). Pocket Sports Medicine. B Bach, D Drez, eds., 2001. 6. Brown M, LaPrade RF. Pellegrini-Stieda Disease. Pocket Sports Medicine. B Bach, D Drez, eds., 2001. 7. LaPrade RF. Knee lateral/posterolateral ligament injuries. Pocket Sports Medicine. B Bach, D Drez, eds., 2001. 8. LaPrade RF, Bollom TS. Chapter 2 – The anatomy and biomechanics of the posterolateral aspect of the knee. Posterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries: A Practical Guide to Management. G Fanelli, Springer-Verlag, NY, pp 23-46, 2001. 9. LaPrade RF, Konowalchuk B, Wentorf FA. Posterolateral corner injuries. Multiple Ligamentous Injuries of the Knee in the Athlete. AAOS Monograph, R C Schenck, Jr, ed., Rosemont, IL, Ch 6, pp 53-71, 2002. 10. Engebretsen L, Muellner T, LaPrade RF, Wentorf FA, Tariq R, Wang J H-C, Stone D, Woo S L-Y. Knee. Textbook of Sports Medicine. Basic Science and Clinical Aspects of Sports Injury and Physical Activity, M Kjaer, M Krogsgaard, P Magnusson, L Engebretsen, H Roos, T Takala, S L-Y Woo (eds), Blackwell Science Ltd, Ch 6.2, pp 561-615, 2003. 11. LaPrade RF. Treatment of posterolateral knee injuries. PCL/PLS Reconstruction, ISAKOS Knee Committee, Closed Interim Meeting, P Aglietti, ed., Florence, Italy, pp 265-279, 2003. 12. LaPrade RF. Posterolateral knee anatomy and biomechanics. PCL/PLS Reconstruction, ISAKOS Knee Committee, Closed Interim Meeting, P Aglietti, ed., Florence, Italy, pp 40-45, 2003. 13. LaPrade RF, Dick RN, Kiff TA, Wentorf FA. Epidemiology of NCAA men’s ice hockey injuries. Safety in Ice Hockey, 4th vol., ASTM STP 1446, D J Pearsall and A B Ashare, eds., ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, pp 40-51, 2004. 14. LaPrade RF, Wentorf F. Evaluation and surgical treatment of posterolateral knee injuries. The Management and Treatment of Knee Injuries. R Steadman, Lippincott, 2004, In Press. 15. LaPrade RF, Konowalchuk BK, Wentorf FA. Chapter 23 – Posterolateral knee reconstruction. Sports Medicine of the Knee. Simonian, Cole, Bach, eds., 2006, In Press. 16. Arthur AF, LaPrade RF. Collateral ligament injuries of the knee. Orthopaedic Surgery Essentials: Sports Medicine. AA Schepsis and B Busconi, eds., Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2005, In Press. 17. Miller MD, Cooper DE, Fanelli GC, Harner CD, LaPrade RF. Chapter 38 – Posterior cruciate ligament: current concepts, AAOS Instructional Course Lectures – Sports Medicine, AAOS, 2005, In Press. 18. LaPrade RF, McAndrews P, Cooper J. Chapter 27 – Acute knee injuries. Clinical Sports Medicine. P Brukner and K Khan, eds., 3rd ed., pp 460-505, 2006. 19. Griffith, CJ, Wijdicks CA, LaPrade, RF. Chapter 4 – The traumatic knee. Basic Sciences, The Lateral Collateral Ligament and Posterolateral Corner. Springer 20. Botker JC, LaPrade RF, Joesting D. Athletic Pubalgia. Operative Techniques in Orthopaedic Surgery. LWW. Book scheduled to be published in 2008. 21. LaPrade RF. Lateral and Posterolateral Injuries. DeLee, Drez & Miller: Orthopaedic Sports Medicine, 3rd edition. Book scheduled to be published in 2008. 22. LaPrade RF, Wulf C. Operative Arthroscopy, 4th Edition, Acromioclavicular Separations: Soft Tissue (Weaver Dunn or Allograft) Techniques (Biomechanics). 2009 23. LaPrade RF, Griffith CJ. Web Chapter, Prodromos, The Anterior Cruciate Ligament: Reconstruction and Basic Science (Elsevier) 2009 24. LaPrade RF, Pierce CM, Wilkins S. Posterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries: Introduction, Non-surgical Rehabilitation of Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL) Injury, and Beyond Basic Rehabilitation: Return to Football after Posterior Cruciate Ligament Injury. In B. Reider, G. Davies, M.T. Provencher (Ed.), Getting Back in the Game: Orthopaedic Rehabilitation of the Athlete. Philadelphia, PA. Elsevier, 2012. 25. LaPrade RF, Pierce CM, Bahr R, Engebretsen L, Cook J, Arendt E, Mohtadi N. Knee. In R. Bahr & L. Engebretsen (Ed.), The Olympic Manual of Sports Injuries. Oslo, Norway, 2012. 26. LaPrade RF, Pierce CM. ACL Injuries Combined with Lateral and Medial Knee Injuries. Acute vs. Chronic Injury: What to do. In Sanchis-Alfonso V, Monllau JC (Ed.), The ACL-Deficient Knee. An Approach Based on Problems Resolution. London, Springer, In Press. 27. LaPrade RF, Wulf CA. Acromioclavicular Separations: Soft Tissue (Weaver-Dunn or Allograft) Techniques. In McGinty JB (Ed.), Operative Arthroscopy, 4th edition. Philadelphia, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, In Press. 28. McCarthy M, Camarda L, Monson J, LaPrade RF. Combined Ligament Injuries of the Knee: Anterior Cruciate Ligament/Posterolateral Corner and Medial Collateral Ligament/Posterior Cruciate Ligament – Diagnosis, Treatment, and Rehabilitation. In McGinty JB (Ed.), Operative Arthroscopy, 4th edition. Philadelphia, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, In Press. 29. LaPrade RF, Geeslin AG. Anatomy and Biomechanics of the Lateral and Posterolateral Aspect of the Knee, and the Surgical Implications. In Fanelli GC (Ed.), The Multiple Ligament Injured Knee: A Practical Guide to Management, 2nd edition. New York, Springer-Verlag, In Press. 30. LaPrade RF, Pierce CM. Medial Collateral Ligament/Posteromedial Corner Repair and Reconstruction. In Cole BJ and Sekiya NJ (Eds.), Surgical Techniques of the Shoulder, Elbow, and Knee in Sports Medicine, 2nd edition. Philadelphia, Elsevier, In Press. 31. Griffith CJ, Wijdicks CA, LaPrade RF. The lateral collateral ligament and posterolateral corner. In Bonnin M, Amendola NA, Bellmans J, MacDonald SJ, Menetrey (Eds.) The Knee Joint. New York, Springer, In Press. 32. Geeslin AG, Pierce CM, LaPrade RF, Engebretsen L. Lateral Compartment Injury of the Knee. In Menetrey J et al (Eds.), ESSKA Instructional Course Lecture Book: Geneva 2012. New York, Springer, In Press. 33. Huleatt JB, LaPrade RF. The Role of Osteotomy for Knee Cartilage, Meniscus, and Ligament Injuries. In Doral MN and Karlsson J (Ed.), Sports Injuries: Prevention, Diagnosis, Treatment and Rehabilitation, 2nd Ed (pp. TBD). New York, NY. Springer-Verlag: March 2013 [Epub ahead of print] 34. Huleatt JB, Geeslin AG, LaPrade RF. Special Considerations for Multiple Ligament Knee Injuries. In Doral MN and Karlsson J (Ed.), Sports Injuries: Prevention, Diagnosis, Treatment and Rehabilitation, 2nd Ed (pp. TBD). New York, NY. Springer-Verlag: March 2013 [Epub ahead of print] 35. Rasmussen M, LaPrade C, LaPrade RF. Posteromedial Knee. In Doral MN and Karlson (Ed.), Sports Injuries: Prevention, Diagnosis, Treatment and Rehabilitation, 2nd Ed (pp. TBD). New York, NY. Springer-Verlag: March 2013 [Epub ahead of print] 36. Anderson C, Kennedy N, LaPrade RF. Posterolateral Knee. In Doral MN and Karlson (Ed.), Sports Injuries: Prevention, Diagnosis, Treatment and Rehabilitation, 2nd Ed (pp. TBD). New York, NY. Springer-Verlag: March 2013 [Epub ahead of print] 37. Ellman M, LaPrade RF. Posterior Cruciate Ligament. In Doral MN and Karlson (Ed.), Sports Injuries: Prevention, Diagnosis, Treatment and Rehabilitation, 2nd Ed (pp. TBD). New York, NY. Springer-Verlag: March 2013 [Epub ahead of print] 38. Geeslin A, Huleatt J, LaPrade RF. Multiligament Injuries. In Doral MN and Karlson (Ed.), Sports Injuries: Prevention, Diagnosis, Treatment and Rehabilitation, 2nd Ed (pp. TBD). New York, NY. Springer-Verlag: March 2013 [Epub ahead of print] 39. Ockuly A, O’Brien L, LaPrade RF. Rehabilitation for Multiligament Injuries. In Doral MN and Karlson (Ed.), Sports Injuries: Prevention, Diagnosis, Treatment and Rehabilitation, 2nd Ed (pp. TBD). New York, NY. Springer-Verlag: March 2013 [Epub ahead of print] 40. LaPrade C, Rasmussen M, LaPrade RF. Anatomy of the Patellofemoral Joint. In West R and Colvin A (Ed.), The Patellofemoral Joint in the Athlete. New York, NY. Springer, 2014. 41. O’Brien L, Kennedy N, LaPrade RF. Beyond Basic Rehabilitation: Return to Football after ACL and MCL Surgery. In Reider B, Davies G, Provencher M (Ed.), Orthopaedic Rehabilitation of the Athlete: Getting back in the Game. Elsevier, 2014. 42. Engebretsen L, Suroweic R, LaPrade RF. Surgical Techniques in Cartilage Repair Surgery. In Shetty AA, Kim SJ, Nakamura N, Brittberg M (Ed.). Springer. 43. Engebretsen L, Kennedy N, LaPrade RF. Ankle Injuries in Soccer. In D’Hooghe P, Kerkhoffs G (Ed.), Springer. 44. Kennedy N, Miller M, LaPrade RF. Surgical Approaches to the Knee. In Orthopaedic Surgical Approaches. Elsevier. 45. Geeslin A, LaPrade RF. Anatomy and Biomechanics of the Lateral and Medial Sides of the Knee and the Surgical Implications. In Fanelli G (Ed.), The Multiple Ligament Injured Knee: A Practical Guide to Management. Springer. 46. LaPrade RF, Pierce CM, Bahr R, Engebretsen L, Cook J, Arendt E, Mohtadi N. Acute Knee Injuries. In the IOC Manual of Sports Injuries. Wiley-Blackwell. 47. Pierce CM, LaPrade RF. ACL Injuries Combined with Lateral and Medial Knee Injuries. Acute vs. Chronic Injury. What to do. In Sanchis-Alfonso V, Monllau JC (Ed.), The ACL-Deficient Knee: A Problem Solving Approach, Springer. 48. McCarthy M, Monson J, Camarda L, LaPrade RF. Combined Ligament Injuries of the Knee: Anterior Cruciate Ligament / Posterolateral Corner and Medial Collateral Ligament/Posterior Cruciate Ligament- Diagnosis, Treatment, and Rehabilitation. In Johnson D, Amendoloa ND, Barber F, Field L, Richmond J, Sqaqlione N (Ed.), Operative Arthroscopy, 4th Ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins: November 2012. 49. Gesslin A, LaPrade RF. Multiligament Knee Injuries. In DeLee JC, Drez D, Miller MD (Ed.), Orthopaedic Sports Medicine, 4th Ed. Elsevier. 50. Pierce C, LaPrade RF. Standard Terminology: Acute Muscle Injuries – Quadriceps Muscles. In Kerkhoff G and Servien E (Ed.), Muscle Injuries, Standard Terminology. 51. Geeslin AG, Pierce CM, LaPrade RF, Engebretsen L. In Menetrey J, Zaffagnini S, Fritschy D, vanDijk N (Ed.), ESSKA: Instructional Course Lecture Book – Geneva 2012. New York, NY. Springer: 2012 [eBook]. 52. Macalena J, LaPrade RF. Fibular Colateral Ligament and Posterolateral Corner Injuries and Reconstruction. In Scott WN (Ed.), Insall Scott Surgery of the Knee, 5th Ed. Elsevier: October 2011. 53. LaPrade RF, Ellman M. Current Concepts in the Treatment of PCL injuries. In Sports Injuries. 2012 Springer. 54. LaPrade RF, Huleatt J, Geeslin A. Specialities in Multiple Ligament Injuries. In Sports Injuries. 2012 Springer. 55. LaPrade RF, Kennedy N, Anderson C. Reconstruction of the Posterolateral Corner (PLC) of the Knee. In Sports Injuries. 2012 Springer. 56. LaPrade RF, LaPrade C, Rasmussen M. Reconstruction of the Posteromedial Corner (PMC) of the Knee. In Sports Injuries. 2012 Springer. 57. LaPrade RF, Ockuly A, O’Brien L. Rehabilitation of Complex Knee Injuries and Key Points. In Sports Injuries. 2012 Springer. 58. LaPrade RF, Huleatt J. The Role of Osteotomy for Knee Cartilage and Ligament Injuries. In Sports Injuries. 2012 Springer. 59. McDonald J, LaPrade RF. Medial Collateral Ligament/Posteromedial Corner Repair and Reconstruction. In Cole BJ, Sekiya JK (Ed.), Surgical Techniques of the Shoulder, Elbow, and Knee in Sports Medicine, 2nd Ed. Elsevier: August 2013 (expected). 60. Griffith C, Wijdicks C, LaPrade RF. The Lateral Collateral Ligament and Posterolateral Corner. In Bonnin M, Amendola A, Bellemans J, McDonald S, Menetre J (Ed.), The Knee Joint – Surgical Techniques and Strategies. Springer. 61. Engebretsen L, LaPrade RF, Surowiec RK, Williams BT. Early Osteoarthritis. In Elizaveta Kon, Massimo Berruto, Vincenzo Condello, Giuseppe Peretti, Mario Ronga (Ed.), CARTILAGE-BOOK. E-Book. 2013. 62. Geeslin AG, LaPrade RF. Multiligament Knee Injuries. In DeLee, Drez, & Miller’s Orthopaedic Sports Medicine: Principles and Practice, ed 4. 2013. 63. Pierce CM, LaPrade RF. Quadriceps Muscles. In, Acute Muscle Injuries. Springer. 2014. 64. James EW, O’Brien LT, LaPrade RF, Engebretsen L. Surgical Approach to Chronic Posterolateral Injury. In Roberto Rossi, Fabrizio Margheritini (Eds.), Extra-articular Surgical Techniques. New York, NY: Springer, 2014. 65. Anderson CJ, Kennedy NL, LaPrade RF. Reconstruction of the Posterolateral Corner of the Knee. Berline, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 2013. 66. LaPrade RF, Kennedy N. Knee and Lower Leg. In Chhabra AB and Browne JA (Ed.), Orthopaedic Surgical Approaches, 2nd Ed. Philadelphia, PA. Elsevier 2015. 67. Ockuly A, O’Brien L, LaPrade RF. Rehabilitation of Complex Knee Injuries and Key Points. In Sports Injuries, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2014. DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-36801-1_118-11 68. James EW, LaPrade CM, LaPrade RF. Lateral Collateral/Posterolateral Corner. In Stephen F. Brockheimer (Ed.), MRI – Arthroscopy Correlations: A Case-Based Atlas of the Knee, Shoulder, Elbow, and Hip. 69. Moulton SG, LaPrade RF. Posterolateral Instability of the Knee. In Champman’s Comprehensive Orthopaedic Surgery (4e). 70. Moulton SG, Kennedy NI, LaPrade RF. Functional bracing for ACL injuries: Current state & future direction. In The Anterior Cruciate Ligament: Reconstruction and Basic Science (2e). Elsevier 71. LaPrade CM, Griffith C, LaPrade RF. The Treatment of Combined Posterolateral Knee Injuries and Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tears. In The Anterior Cruciate Ligament: Reconstruction and Basic Science (2e). Elsevier 72. Rennicke J, LaPrade CM, LaPrade RF. A biomechanical comparison of cortical suspension devices for soft tissue anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction under high loads. In The Anterior Cruciate Ligament: Reconstruction and Basic Science (2e). Elsevier 73. James EW, LaPrade CM, Johannsen AM, LaPrade RF. Anatomy and Biomechanics of the Posterolateral and Posteromedial Corners of the Knee and Their Surgical Implications. In Posterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries: A Practical Guide to Management (2e). Springer 74. Johannsen AM, James EW, LaPrade RF. Anatomic Reconstruction of the Posterolateral Corner of the Knee. In The Knee: AANA Advanced Arthroscopic Surgical Techniques (2e). 2016 Elsevier. 75. James EW, Bahr R, LaPrade RF. Youth Sport, Health, and Physical Activity. In Andy Smith and Ken Green (Ed.), Routledge Handbook of Youth Sports, 2015. 76. Ellman MB, Chahla J, McNair PJ, LaPrade RF. Endoscopic Double Bundle PCL Reconstruction. In: Ligamentous Injuries of the Knee. Nova Publishing, 2016. 77. Dean CS, LaPrade RF, Engebretsen L. Chapter 19 – PCL tear: complete, partial, and associated with medial or lateral damage. In Dejour D. (Ed.) ESSKA Arthroscopy. Springer. 2015, In Press. 78. LaPrade RF, Dean CS, Schon JM, Chahla J. Chapter 45 – Fibular Collateral Ligament and the Posterolateral Corner. In Scott WN. (Ed.) Insall & Scott: Surgery of the Knee, 6e. Elsevier. 2015, In Press. 79. LaPrade RF, Dean CS, Philippon MJ. Chapter 11 – Ice Hockey Injuries. In LaPrade RF, Kocher M (Eds.) Let's Discuss: Adolescent Sports Injuries. AAOS 2016, In Press. 80. Chahla J, Dean CS, Verdonk P, LaPrade RF. Chapter 15 – Reconstruction of Chronic MCL Deficiency. In Jones H, Klos B, Kelberine F. (Eds.) EFOST Surgical Techniques in Sports Medicine Series – Knee Surgery Vol. 1. JP Medical Ltd. 2015, In Press. 81. Chahla J, Cinque M, LaPrade RF, Mandelbaum, B Overview of Orthobiology and Biomechanics. Bio-orthopedics a new approach. International Society of Arthroscopy, Knee Surgery and Orthopaedic Sports Medicine. Gobbi, A (Eds.). Springer 2016. 82. Swedberg AM, Wijdicks C, LaPrade RF, Bahr R. Alpine Skiing and Snowboarding: Current Trends and Future Directions. Extreme Sports Medicine. Chapter DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-28265-7_11. 83. Fibular Collateral Ligament and the Posterolateral Corner. LaPrade RF, Dean CS, Chahla J, Schon J. Insall & Scott Surgery of the Knee, Edition: 6th, Chapter: 45. 84. Pogorzelski J, Kennedy MI, LaPrade RF. Biologic Treatment in Ligament Injuries in "The Sports Physician". 85. Kennedy MI, LaPrade RF. Level 4 Evidence: Clinical Case Series. 86. Kennedy MI, Aman ZS, Ziegler C, LaPrade RF, Engebretsen L. Opening Wedge Distal Femur Osteotomy – Valgus Knee. 87. Kennedy MI, Geeslin A, LaPrade RF. Anatomy and Biomechanics of the Lateral Posterolateral and Medial Posteromedial Aspects of the knee, and Their Surgical Implications. 88. Kennedy MI, Aman Z, LaPrade RF. Cartilage Restoration: Practical Clinical Applications (2nd Edition) – Patholaxity (Ligamentous) Issues. 89. Kennedy MI, Aman Z, LaPrade RF. Clinical Applications for Combined MCL and PCL Injury. 90. Kennedy MI, LaPrade RF. Complications with Posterolateral Corner Repair and Reconstruction. 91. Geeslin A, Chahla J, LaPrade RF. Arthroscopic Meniscal Root Repair. Illustrated Tips and Tricks in Sports Medicine Surgery. 92. Moatshe G., Chahla J., Strauss M.J., LaPrade R.F., Engebretsen L. (2018) Advances in Treatment of Complex Knee Injuries. In: Kerkhoffs G.M.M.J., Haddad F., Hirschmann M.T., Karlsson J., Seil R. (eds) ESSKA Instructional Course Lecture Book. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg ABSTRACTS (total = 55) 1. LaPrade RF, Rowe DE. Advances in scoliosis treatment in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: a historical perspective and results of segmental spinal stabilization and fusion in case series. Orthop Trans 12(3):6-16, 1989. 2. LaPrade RF, Burnett QM. Femoral intercondylar notch stenosis and correlations to anterior cruciate ligament injuries: a prospective study. Orthop Trans 16:299, 1992. 3. LaPrade RF, Burnett QM, Zarzour R. Incidence, location and mechanics of intercollegiate ice hockey injuries: a two year prospective study. Orthop Trans 16(1):177, 1992. 4. LaPradeRF, et al. Operative treatment of scoliosis in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. Orthopaedic/Rheumatology Digest (The Netherlands), March 29-30, 1993. 5. LaPrade RF, Burnett QM, Zarzour R. Identification of injury risk factors in ice hockey: a prospective study. Orthop Trans 17:1166-1167, 1993. 6. LaPrade RF, Dall BE. Posterolateral L4 to sacrum spinal fusion with L4 to S1 pedicle screw Cotrel-Dubosset instrumentation. Orthop Trans 17:452-453, 1993. 7. LaPrade RF, et al. The prevalence of abnormal magnetic resonance imaging findings in asymptomatic knees. Orthop Trans 18(4):1246, 1994. 8. LaPrade RF, Burnett QM, Veenstra MA, et al. The prevalence of abnormal MRI findings in asymptomatic knees in Yearbook of Orthopaedics:376-379, 1995. 9. LaPrade RF, Terry GC. Injury patterns and their correlation to clinical instability in posterolateral knee injuries. Orthop Trans 19(1):2, 1995; 19(2):390, 1995; and 19(3):756, 1995-1996. 10. Terry GC, LaPrade RF. The anatomy of the biceps femoris at the knee and biceps femoris injury patterns in the ACL-deficient knee. Orthop Trans 19(3):756-757, 1995. 11. LaPrade RF, Hamilton CD, Wentorf FA, Montgomery RD, Simmons D, Hawkins HD. The reharvested central third of the patella tendon: a histologic and biomechanical analysis. Orthop Trans 21(1):283-284, 1997. 12. LaPrade RF, Valastro M, Hamilton CD, Patterson R. Anatomy and radiographic images of the intercondylar notch of the knee. Orthop Trans 20(4):958-959, 1996-1997. 13. Ko EH, Hamilton CD, LaPrade RF. Attritional ruptures of the deltoid muscle associated with massive rotator cuff tears. Orthop Trans 20(4):925, 1996-1997. 14. LaPrade RF, Hamilton CD. The fibular collateral ligament-biceps bursa: an anatomic and clinical study. Orthop Trans 20(1):223, 1996. 15. LaPrade RF, Terry GC, Montgomery RM. The effects of a notchplasty on the normal knee. Orthop Trans 20(4):958, 1996-1997. 16. LaPrade RF, Resig S, Wentorf FA, Lewis JL. Effect of repair/reconstruction of grade III posterolateral injury on ACL graft functional force. 8th Congress of the European Society of Sports Traumatology, Nice, France, April 29 – May 2, 1998. Knee Surgery and Arthroscopy p 67, 1998. 17. Lewis JL, Lundberg W, Wentorf F, LaPrade RF. Effect of initial graft tension on joint laxity and graft properties. 8th Congress of the European Society of Sports Traumatology, Nice, France, April 29 - May 2, 1998. Knee Surgery and Arthroscopy p 14, 1998. 18. LaPrade RF, Hamilton CD. The anatomy of the deep infrapatellar bursa of the knee. Arthroscopy 14(2), Part 2, #175, March 1998. 19. LaPrade RF, Hamilton CD, Wentorf FA, Muriel JE. The measurement of elongation in specific posterolateral knee structures and the cruciate ligaments during clinical limits-of-motion testing. Arthroscopy 14(2), Part 2, #126, March 1998. 20. LaPrade RF, Hamilton CD, Montgomery RD, Wentorf FA. The reharvested central third of the patella tendon: a histologic and biomechanical analysis. Arthroscopy 14(2), Part 2, #190, March 1998. 21. LaPrade RF, Resig S, Wentorf FA, Lewis JL. The effects of grade III posterolateral knee complex injuries on force in an ACL reconstruction graft: a biomechanics study. AAOS, #033, Feb 4, 1999. 22. Nelson EW, LaPrade RF. The anterior intermeniscal ligament: an anatomic study. Arthroscopy 15(7), Suppl 1, #152, October 1999. 23. LaPrade RF, Muench C, Wentorf FA, Lewis JL. The effects of grade III posterolateral knee complex injuries on force in a posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction graft: a biomechanical analysis. Arthroscopy 15(7)S47, Suppl 1, #143, October 1999. 24. Bollom TS, LaPrade RF, Gilbert TJ, Arendt EA. The MRI appearance of individual structures of the posterolateral knee: a prospective study of normal and surgically verified grade III injuries. Arthroscopy 15(7):S47, Suppl 1, #142, October 1999. 25. LaPrade RF. A qualitative and quantitative analysis of attachment morphology of important posterolateral knee structures. Magellan Society Meeting, Dec 2, 1999. 26. LaPrade RF, Johansen S, Engebretsen L, Wentorf FA. A novel posterolateral knee reconstruction: an in vivo biomechanical study. ISAKOS, S9, #30, 2001. 27. LaPrade RF, Wentorf FA, Tso AP, Lewis JL. Measurement of forces on the posterolateral structures of the knee. ISAKOS, S8, #28, 2001. 28. LaPrade RF, Wentorf FA, Crum J, Lewis JL. An in vivo animal model of posterolateral instability of the knee. ISAKOS, S8, #26, 2001. 29. LaPrade RF, Morgan P, Johansen S, Engebretsen L, Wentorf FA. The anatomy of the posterior aspect of the knee. ISAKOS, S4, #13, 2001. 30. LaPrade RF, Ludwig P, Wentorf FA, Buss DD. The kinematic evaluation of the Weaver-Dunn reconstruction. ISAKOS, poster #393, 2001. 31. LaPrade RF, Wentorf FA, Engebretsen L, Konowalchuk B. The effect of proximal tibial osteotomy on PLS instability. ESSKA, Rome, April, 2002. 32. Bollom TS, Wentorf FA, LaPrade RF, Wills N. Failure properties of the fibular collateral and popliteofibular ligaments, and popliteus musculotendinous complex. ISAKOS, 4.9, #4, Auckland, New Zealand, 2003. 33. Carlson CS, Havlas V, Bursch LS, Wentorf FA, LaPrade RF. Histological characteristics of failed autologous chondrocyte implantation procedures. ORS, poster #667, 2004. 34. Cook JC, Morgan PM, LaPrade RF, Wentorf FA, Bianco AJ. Ligamentous restraints to knee hyperextension. ORS, 2006. 35. Cieminski CJ, LaPrade RF, Ludewig PM. Analysis of a radiographic method to quantify humeral retroversion. American Physical Therapy Association Meeting, CSM Sports Section Platform, abstract #272535, Boston, MA, Feb 16, 2007. 36. Arendt EA, Holm J, Agel J, LaPrade RF. Comparison of functional testing to isokinetics testing: Determination of recovery after ACL reconstruction. ISAKOS, abstract #1724, Florence, Italy, May, 2007. 37. Pietrini S, LaPrade RF, Griffith CJ, Wijdicks C, Ziegler C. Quantification of Posterolateral Knee Radiographic Landmarks. Orthopaedic Research Society, 2008. 38. Oro F, Ziegler C, LaPrade RF, Wijdicks C, Pietrini S. Patellar Height after High Tibial Open Wedge Osteotomy. Orthopaedic Research Society, 2008. 39. Wijdicks C, Griffith CJ, Armitage B, LaPrade RF, Johansen Steiner, Engebretsen L. Force Measurements on the Posterior Oblique Ligament and the Superficial Medial Collateral Ligament with Applied External Forces. Orthopaedic Research Society, 2008. 40. Wijdicks C, Griffith CJ, LaPrade RF, Johansen Steiner, Engebretsen L. Load Response Difference between the Proximal and Distal Tibial Attachments of the Superficial Medial Collateral Ligament. Orthopaedic Research Society, 2008. 41. LaPrade RF, Agel J. The Incidence and Mechanisms of NCAA Intercollegiate Ice Hockey Goalie Injuries. ASTM Fifth International Symposium on Safety in Ice Hockey, May 4, 2008. 42. Griffith CJ, Wijdicks CA, LaPrade RF, Johansen S, Engebretsen L. Load Response Difference Between the Proximal and Distal Tibial Attachments of the Superficial Medial Collateral Ligament. Knee Surgery Sports Traumatology Arthroscopy, FP17-894, 2008 43. Engebretsen L, Wijdicks CA, Griffith CJ, LaPrade RF, Johansen S. Force Measurements on the Posterior Oblique Ligament and the Superficial Medial Collateral Ligament with Applied External Forces. Knee Surgery Sports Traumatology Arthroscopy, FP30-770, 2008 44. Engebretsen L, Griffith CJ, Armitage BM, Wijdicks CA, LaPrade RF, Johansen S. In Vitro Motion Analysis Following Sequential Sectioning of Medial Knee Structures. Knee Surgery Sports Traumatology Arthroscopy, FP31-905, 2008 45. LaPrade RF, Barrera OF, Ziegler CG, Pietrini SD, Griffith CJ, Wijdicks CA. Patellar Height After High Tibial Open Wedge Osteotomy. Knee Surgery Sports Traumatology Arthroscopy, FP32-918, 2008 46. Griffith CJ, Pietrini SD, Ziegler CG, Wijdicks CA, LaPrade, RF. Quantification of Posterolateral Knee Radiographic Landmarks. Knee Surgery Sports Traumatology Arthroscopy, P16-915, 2008 47. LaPrade RF, Agel J, Botker J, Herzog M. A Prospective Outcomes Study of Refrigerated Fresh Osteoarticular Allografts to Treat Articular Cartilage Defects of the Femoral Condyles. Knee Surgery Sports Traumatology Arthroscopy, P18-911, 2008 48. Philippon MJ, LaPrade RF, Ho CP, Briggs K, Stull JD. Screening of Asymptomatic Elite Youth Hockey Players: Clinical and MRI Exam. Br J Sports Med. 2011 Apr;45(4):322. 49. Philippon MJ, LaPrade RF, Ho CP, Briggs K, Stull JD. Association of Strength and Range of Motion with Alpha Angles in Elite Youth Hockey Players. Br J Sports Med. 2011 Apr;45(4):322. 50. Philippon MJ, Stull JD, LaPrade RF. “At Risk” Positioning and Hip Biomechanics of the Peewee Ice Hockey Sprint Start. Br J Sports Med. 2011 Apr;45(4):368-9. 51. Jaglowski J, Williams B, Turnbull T, LaPrade RF, Wijdicks C. High-Load Preconditioning Protocols For Soft Tissue Grafts Minimize Graft Elongation And Confer Stiffness Equivalent To Native Anterior Cruciate Ligament Under Simulated Early Rehabilitation Loading. E-Poster #12689. ISAKOS 2015 Congress 52. LaPrade RF, LaPrade CM, Ellman M, Turnbull T, Cerminara A, Wijdicks C. Cyclic Displacemtn of Four Meniscus-Suture Fixation Techniques in Allograft Quality Human Tissue: A Biomechanical Evaluation. E-Poster: 12701. ISAKOS 2015 Congress 53. LaPrade M, LaPrade CM, Hamming M, Ellman M, Turnbull T, Rasmussen M, LaPrade RF. Effect of Intramedullary Tibial Nailing on Attachment Area and Ultimate Strength of the Anterior Medial Meniscal Root: Is the Safe Zone Really "Safe"? E-Poster 10689. ISAKOS 2015 Congress 54. Clanton T, Williams B, James E, Jisa K, Haytmanek C, LaPrade RF, Wijdicks C. Radiographic Identification of The Syndesmotic Structures of the Ankle. Paper presentation #11099. ISAKOS 2015 Congress 55. Philippon M, Rasmussen M, Turnbull T, Trindade C, Hamming M, Ellman M, Harris M, LaPrade RF, Wijdicks C. Structural Properties of the Native Ligamentum Teres. E-Poster # 10643. ISAKOS 2015 Congress. MEDICAL AND COURSE DIRECTORSHIPS (total=14) 1. LaPrade RF. Director, Hennepin County Learning Center Arthroscopy Day, Minneapolis, MN, December 1999. 2. LaPrade RF. Director of Arthroscopy Learning Lab, Minneapolis, MN, January 2004. 3. LaPrade RF. Co-director, 4th Annual Arthroplasty Course. The Knee: Ligament and Arthritis Surgery, Minneapolis, MN, May, 2004. 4. LaPrade RF. Co-director, 7th Annual Spring Sports Medicine Conference, Bloomington, MN, June 10-11, 2004. 5. LaPrade RF. Director, AAOS/AOSSM ACL Reconstruction Webinar. What Have We Learned from Research on Double-Bundle ACL Reconstructions Which Will Improve Single-Bundle ACL Technique? June 16, 2009. 6. LaPrade RF. Course Chair: AAOS-AOSSM 11th Annual Sports Medicine Course, Bonita Springs, FL February 10-14, 2010. 7. LaPrade RF. Course Chair: AAOS-AOSSM 11th Annual Sports Medicine Course, Vail, CO. March 9-13, 2011. 8. LaPrade RF. Co-chair: AOSSM Biologic Treatments for Sports Injuries – 3 Year Research Initiative. Vail, CO. March 3-4, 2012. 9. LaPrade RF. Chair: AOSSM Biologic Treatments for Sports Injuries Grant Workshop. Baltimore, MD. July 11, 2012. 10. LaPrade RF. Co-director, Vail International Complex Knee Symposium (VICKS). Vail, CO. July 16-18, 2014. 11. LaPrade RF. Co-director, 2nd Annual Vail International Complex Knee Symposium (VICKS II). Vail, CO. June 25-27, 2015. 12. LaPrade RF. Co-director, 3rd Annual Vail International Complex Knee Symposium (VICKS III). Vail, CO. June 9-11, 2016. 13. LaPrade RF. Co-director, Knee Surgery in Athletes. Santiago, Chile. July 22-23, 2016. 14. LaPrade RF. Co-director, 4th Annual Vail International Complex Knee Symposium (VICKS IV). Vail, CO. June 21-24, 2017. SCIENTIFIC PRESENTATIONS (total = 774) INVITED LECTURES, INSTRUCTIONAL COURSES, MODERATOR, SYMPOSIA (total = 533) 1990 1. LaPrade RF. Evaluation of on-the-field head and neck injuries in sports. Western Michigan University Graduate Athletic Training Class. Michigan, September 1990. 2. LaPrade RF. Shoulder surgery and implications to rehabilitation. Western Michigan University Graduate Athletic Training Class. Michigan, February 1990. 1992 3. LaPrade RF. Evaluation of elbow and wrist injuries in athletes. Western Michigan University Graduate Athletic Training Class. Michigan, October 1992. 1993 4. LaPrade RF. Choices and the future of cruciate graft material. Sports Medicine Conference. Baltimore, MD, October 1993. 1994 5. Engebretsen L, Gerry GC, Fowler PJ, LaPrade RF. Current techniques in ACL reconstruction. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Instructional Course Lecture. New Orleans, LA, February 1994. 1995 6. LaPrade RF. Moderator and Discusser for Knee/Sports Medicine Session (5 papers). Western Orthopaedic Association 59th Annual Meeting. Santa Fe, NM, October 1995. 7. LaPrade RF. Co-Moderator - Symposium: The lateral complex of the knee: the missing link. Western Orthopaedic Association 59th Annual Meeting. Santa Fe, NM, October 1995. 8. LaPrade RF. Lab Leader, Hands-On Skills Lab. Surgical anatomy of the posteromedial and posterolateral knee. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgery Summer Institute. Boston, MA, September 1995. 9. LaPrade RF. Anatomy of the posterolateral corner of the knee. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgery Summer Institute. Boston, MA, 1995. 10. LaPrade RF. The role of lasers in meniscal surgery. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgery Summer Institute. Boston, MA, September 1995. 1996 11. LaPrade RF. Associate Master Instructor, “The Masters Experience” Knee Course. Arthroscopy Association of North America. Chicago, IL, January 1996. 12. LaPrade RF. Examination of the injured knee. 14th Annual Conference on Innovations in Sports Medicine. Galveston, TX, July 1996. 13. LaPrade RF. Multidirectional instability of the shoulder. 14th Annual Conference on Innovations in Sports Medicine. Galveston, TX, July 1996. 14. LaPrade RF. Anatomy dissection - leg and ankle. 14th Annual Conference on Innovations in Sports Medicine Laboratory. Galveston, TX, July 1996. 15. LaPrade RF. Foot and ankle. 14th Annual Conference on Innovations in Sports Medicine Workshop. Galveston, TX, July 1996. 1997 16. LaPrade RF. Examination and biomechanics of the posterolateral knee. International Society of Arthroscopy, Knee Surgery, and Sports Medicine Instructional Course Lecture. Buenos Aires, Argentina, May 1997. 17. LaPrade RF. Approach to the acutely injured knee. Family Practice Review: Update 1997. Minneapolis, MN, May 1997. 1998 18. LaPrade RF. Faculty for Knee Surgical Lab. Arthroscopy Association of North American (AANA) Fall Course. Palm Springs, CA, November 1998. 19. LaPrade RF. Dissection Leader for Posterolateral Knee Dissection. National Orthopaedic Residency Training Course, University of Oslo. Oslo, Norway, November 1998. 20. LaPrade RF. Treatment of posterolateral instabilities of the knee. National Orthopaedic Residency Training Course, University of Oslo. Oslo, Norway, November 1998. 21. LaPrade RF. Current concepts on the treatment of articular cartilage defects. Norwegian Olympic Training Center. Oslo, Norway, November 1998. 22. LaPrade RF. Current concepts of multiple ligament reconstructions. Norwegian Olympic Training Center. Oslo, Norway, November 1998. 23. LaPrade RF. Magnetic resonance imaging of the posterolateral knee. University of Illinois Grand Rounds. Chicago, IL, July 1998. 24. LaPrade RF. Posterolateral knee injuries. Spring Training Annual Spring Sports Medicine Conference. Minneapolis, MN, June 1998. 25. LaPrade RF. Moderator: Knee Session 1. Spring Training Annual Spring Sports Medicine Conference. Minneapolis, MN, June 1998. 26. LaPrade RF. Current concepts on the posterolateral knee. Grand Rounds, University of Massachusetts. Worcester, MA, May 1998. 1999 27. LaPrade RF. Anatomy, diagnosis and evaluation of knee injuries. University of Minnesota Physical Therapy/Occupational Therapy, Minneapolis, MN, December 1999. 28. LaPrade RF. Autogenous cartilage implantation. Minnesota Road Racing, Bloomington, MN, December 1999. 29. LaPrade RF. Examination of the acutely injured knee. Grand Rounds, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, November 1999. 30. LaPrade RF. Clinical experience with tissue banking in the USA. Danish Society of Arthroscopic Surgery and Sports Traumatology Symposium on Multiligamentous Knee Injuries and Allografts in Knee Surgery. Aarhus, Denmark, September 1999. 31. LaPrade RF. Rehabilitation after multiple ligament reconstruction of the knee. Danish Society of Arthroscopic Surgery and Sports Traumatology Symposium on Multiligamentous Knee Injuries and Allografts in Knee Surgery. Aarhus, Denmark, September 1999. 32. LaPrade RF. Live surgical dissection of two knees with an emphasis on the posterolateral corner. Danish Society of Arthroscopic Surgery and Sports Traumatology Symposium on Multiligamentous Knee Injuries and Allografts in Knee Surgery. Aarhus, Denmark, September 1999. 33. LaPrade RF. Surgical techniques for the multiple ligament injured knee. Danish Society of Arthroscopic Surgery and Sports Traumatology Symposium on Multiligamentous Knee Injuries and Allografts in Knee Surgery. Aarhus, Denmark, September 1999. 34. LaPrade RF. Principles for reconstruction of the posterolateral knee. Danish Society of Arthroscopic Surgery and Sports Traumatology Symposium on Multiligamentous Knee Injuries and Allografts in Knee Surgery. Aarhus, Denmark, September 1999. 35. LaPrade RF. Treatment considerations for the multiple ligament injured knee. Danish Society of Arthroscopic Surgery and Sports Traumatology Symposium on Multiligamentous Knee Injuries and Allografts in Knee Surgery. Aarhus, Denmark, September 1999. 36. LaPrade RF. Anatomy of the knee with an emphasis on the posterolateral corner. Danish Society of Arthroscopic Surgery and Sports Traumatology Symposium on Multiligamentous Knee Injuries and Allografts in Knee Surgery. Aarhus, Denmark, September 1999. 37. LaPrade RF. Radiographic imaging of the multiple ligament injured knee. Danish Society of Arthroscopic Surgery and Sports Traumatology Symposium on Multiligamentous Knee Injuries and Allografts in Knee Surgery. Aarhus, Denmark, September 1999. 38. LaPrade RF. The incidence and mechanisms of the multiply ligament injured knee. Danish Society of Arthroscopic Surgery and Sports Traumatology Symposium on Multiligamentous Knee Injuries and Allografts in Knee Surgery. Aarhus, Denmark, September 1999. 39. LaPrade RF. Diagnosis of knee injuries: an interactive video demonstration. Danish Society of Arthroscopic Surgery and Sports Traumatology Symposium on Multiligamentous Knee Injuries and Allografts in Knee Surgery. Aarhus, Denmark, September 1999. 40. LaPrade RF. Treatment considerations for the multiple ligament injured knee. Danish Society of Arthroscopic Surgery and Sports Traumatology Symposium on Multiligamentous Knee Injuries and Allografts in Knee Surgery. Aarhus, Denmark, September 1999. 41. LaPrade RF. Anatomy of the knee with an emphasis on the posterolateral corner. Danish Society of Arthroscopic Surgery and Sports Traumatology Symposium on Multiligamentous Knee Injuries and Allografts in Knee Surgery. Aarhus, Denmark, September 1999. 42. LaPrade RF. Radiographic imaging of the multiple ligament injured knee. Danish Society of Arthroscopic Surgery and Sports Traumatology Symposium on Multiligamentous Knee Injuries and Allografts in Knee Surgery. Aarhus, Denmark, September 1999. 43. LaPrade RF. The incidence and mechanisms of the multiply ligament injured knee. Danish Society of Arthroscopic Surgery and Sports Traumatology Symposium on Multiligamentous Knee Injuries and Allografts in Knee Surgery. Aarhus, Denmark, September 1999. 44. LaPrade RF. Autogenous chondrocyte transplantation: indications, experience and the future. Annual Spring Sports Medicine Conference Spring Training. Bloomington, MN, June 3-5, 1999. 45. LaPrade RF. Current concepts in knee injury evaluations. Minnesota Athletic Trainers Association Annual Meeting and Clinical Symposium. Minneapolis, MN, May 1999. 46. LaPrade RF. Current concepts in shoulder injury evaluations. Minnesota Athletic Trainers Association Annual Meeting and Clinical Symposium. Minneapolis, MN, April 1999. 47. LaPrade RF. Current concepts on the treatment of localized arthritis of the knee. 5th Annual Women=s Health Symposium. Subspecialty Care in Women=s Health, Kalamazoo, MI, October 13, 2000. 48. LaPrade RF. Current concepts on the treatment of posterolateral knee injuries. Grand Rounds, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, October 4, 2000. 49. LaPrade RF. Current concepts on the management of articular cartilage defects of the knee. Grand Rounds, University of Chicago, August 2000. 50. LaPrade RF. Current concepts on the treatment of posterolateral knee injuries. Grand Rounds, University of Illinois - Chicago, August 2000. 51. LaPrade RF. Current concepts on the management of articular cartilage Defects of the Knee. Grand Rounds, University of Illinois - Chicago, August 2000. 52. LaPrade RF. New approaches to osteoarthritis of the knee. Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories, St Paul, MN, July 27, 2000. 53. LaPrade RF. Physical examination of the knee. 3rd Annual Spring Sports Medicine Spring Training Conference. Minneapolis Sports Medicine Center, Bloomington, MN, June 9, 2000. 54. LaPrade RF. Alignment issues in knee ligament injuries. 3rd Annual Spring Sports Medicine Spring Training Conference. Minneapolis Sports Medicine Center, Minneapolis, MN, June 8, 2000. 55. LaPrade RF. Physical examination of the knee. Family Practice Review Update 2000, Minneapolis, MN, May 10, 2000. 56. LaPrade RF. Posterolateral corner injuries in the new millennium – a global perspective. 9th Panther Sports Medicine Symposium, Pittsburgh, PA, May 6, 2000. 57. LaPrade RF. Management of ACL/PCL injuries in the new millennium - a global perspective. 9th Panther Sports Medicine Symposium, Pittsburgh, PA, May 6, 2000. 58. LaPrade RF. The posterolateral knee and the PCL. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Annual Meeting Instructional Course, March 15, 2000. 59. LaPrade RF. Moderator, Advancing the scientific basis of orthopaedic interventions: current and future treatment options. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Annual Meeting, Orlando, FL, March 15, 2000. 2001 60. LaPrade RF. Anatomy and evaluation of knee injuries. 4th Annual Twin Cities Marathon Sports Medicine Conference, Minneapolis, MN, October 5-6, 2001. 61. LaPrade RF. Concurrent hands-on skills lab, Lab leader, lateral knee anatomy, repairs, and reconstructions. AAOS Summer Institute, Current Treatment of Athletic Injuries of the Knee (Course #102), San Diego, CA, September 6-7, 2001. 62. LaPrade RF. Current concepts of PCL/multiple ligament injuries, Moderator. AAOS Summer Institute, Current Treatment of Athletic Injuries of the Knee (Course #102), San Diego, CA, September 6-7, 2001. 63. LaPrade RF. Evaluation and management of posterolateral instability. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Summer Institute, Current Treatment of Athletic Injuries of the Knee (Course #102), San Diego, CA, September 6-7, 2001. 64. LaPrade RF. Current concepts on the anatomy, diagnosis, and biomechanics of posterolateral knee injuries. The Hughston Society, Columbus, GA, June 8, 2001. 65. LaPrade RF. Abrasion arthroplasty of the knee. The Hughston Society, Columbus, GA, June 8, 2001. 66. LaPrade RF. Current concepts on posterolateral knee injuries. Instructional Course Lecture #13, International Society of Arthroscopy, Knee Surgery and Orthopaedic Sports Medicine, Montreux, Switzerland, May 17, 2001. 67. LaPrade RF. Knee evaluation and treatment. Family Practice Review Update, Minneapolis, MN, May 7, 2001. 68. LaPrade RF. Discussor. Knee - general, American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine Specialty Day, San Francisco, CA, March 3, 2001. 69. LaPrade RF. Posterolateral and lateral knee injuries: A review of the anatomy, biomechanics and treatment options. 68th Annual Meeting, American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, Instructional Course Lecture #142, San Francisco, CA, February 28, 2001. 70. LaPrade RF. Posterior cruciate ligament. 68th Annual Meeting, American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, Instructional Course Lecture #113, San Francisco, CA, February 28, 2001. 71. LaPrade RF. OA of the knee treatment algorithm expert panel meeting. Wyeth-Ayerst and Genzyme Biosurgery, McLean, VA, January 19-20, 2001. 2002 72. LaPrade RF. Symposium: Acute knee dislocations. Moderator. 6th Turkish Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy, and Knee Surgery Congress, Antalya, Turkey, Oct 23, 2002. 73. LaPrade RF. Introduction (definition, classification and epidemiological knowledge of acute knee dislocations). 6th Turkish Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy, and Knee Surgery Congress, Antalya, Turkey, Oct 23, 2002. 74. LaPrade RF. Symposium: Posterolateral knee injuries. Moderator. 6th Turkish Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy, and Knee Surgery Congress, Antalya, Turkey, Oct 23, 2002. 75. LaPrade RF. Anatomy, biomechanics and diagnosis of posterolateral knee injuries. 6th Turkish Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy, and Knee Surgery Congress, Antalya, Turkey, Oct 23, 2002. 76. LaPrade RF. Shoulder instability in the young athlete. 5th Annual Twin Cities Marathon Sports Medicine Conference, Minneapolis, MN, September 27-28, 2002. 77. LaPrade RF. Medial/posterolateral corner injuries – repair/reconstruction. American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine Surgical Skills Course, Rosemont, IL, Sept 2, 2002. 78. LaPrade RF. Posterolateral knee reconstruction techniques. Faculty Surgical Demonstration. American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine Surgical Skills, Rosemont, IL, Sept 2, 2002. 79. LaPrade RF. Management of complex knee ligament injuries. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, ICL #408, Dallas, TX, February 17, 2002. 80. LaPrade RF. Posterior cruciate ligament. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, ICL #313, Dallas, TX, February 15, 2002. 81. LaPrade RF. Posterolateral and lateral knee injuries: A review of the anatomy, biomechanics and treatment options. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, ICL #173, Dallas, TX, February 13, 2002 (Course Director). 2003 82. LaPrade RF. Indications, technique, and early outcomes of proximal tibial opening wedge osteotomies. UCSF Comprehensive Knee Cartilage Symposium: State of the Art 2003, San Francisco, CA, November, 2003. 83. LaPrade RF. Current concepts in posterolateral knee injuries. Minneapolis Sports Medicine Center, Minneapolis, MN, October 29, 2003. 84. LaPrade RF. Knee osteoarthritis. Twin Cities Marathon Course, Minneapolis, MN, Oct 3, 2003. 85. LaPrade RF, Moorman III CT, Baker Jr CL. Posterolateral knee injuries. American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine, ICL #106, San Diego, CA, July 20, 2003 (Course Chairman). 86. LaPrade RF. Meniscal allografts: Current concepts. 6th Annual Spring Sports Medicine Conf., Bloomington, MN, June 5-7, 2003. 87. LaPrade RF, Johansen S, Wentorf FA, Engebretsen L. Current concepts in posterolateral instability of the knee. Course Director. International Society of Arthroscopy, Knee Surgery and Orthopaedic Sports Medicine (ISAKOS), ICL #04, Auckland, New Zealand, March 10-14, 2003. 88. LaPrade RF. Symposium: Indications, diagnosis and technical issues with ACL surgery. Revision ACL Reconstruction Symposium. International Society of Arthroscopy, Knee Surgery and Orthopaedic Sports Medicine (ISAKOS), Auckland, New Zealand, March 10-14, 2003. 89. LaPrade RF. Symposium: Posterolateral anatomy and reconstructions. PCL/PLS Symposium. International Society of Arthroscopy, Knee Surgery and Orthopaedic Sports Medicine (ISAKOS), Auckland, New Zealand, March 10-14, 2003 (Course Director). 90. LaPrade RF. Symposium: Sports medicine/arthroscopy. Current concepts in the management of posterior cruciate ligament and posterolateral knee instability. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, New Orleans, LA, Feb 5, 2003. 91. LaPrade RF. Management of complex knee ligament injuries. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, ICL #164, New Orleans, LA, Feb 5, 2003. 2004 92. LaPrade RF. Evaluation and management of posterolateral knee injuries. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, ICL #173, San Francisco, CA, March 10, 2004. 93. LaPrade RF. The external rotation recurvatum test revisited: Re-evaluation of the sagittal plane tibiofemoral relationship. Minnesota Orthopaedic Society (MOS), Minneapolis, MN, May 13, 2004. 94. LaPrade RF. Autologous chondrocyte transplantation. Section VI, 4th Annual Arthroplasty Course, The Knee: 95. LaPrade RF. PCL and multiple ligament injuries. Moderator. Section IV, 4th Annual Arthroplasty Course, The Knee: Ligament and Arthritis Surgery, Minneapolis, MN, May 14, 2004. 96. LaPrade RF. Posterolateral corner injuries. Master video. Section IV, 4th Annual Arthroplasty Course, The Knee: Ligament and Arthritis Surgery, Minneapolis, MN, May 14, 2004. 97. LaPrade RF. Meniscus Symposium. Meniscus repair and transplants. Congress of Arthroscopy and Sports Medicine. Argentina, May 21-23, 2004. 98. LaPrade RF. 2004 ACL Symposium: Looking for Perfection. Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction – Gold Standard 2004. Congress of Arthroscopy and Sports Medicine. Argentina, May 21-23, 2004. 99. LaPrade RF. Research Symposium: Looking to the Future. A new technique of lateral meniscal transplant. Congress of Arthroscopy and Sports Medicine. Argentina, May 21-23, 2004. 100. LaPrade RF. Symposium: PCL and Posterolateral - Revisions. Posterolateral knee injuries. Congress of Arthroscopy and Sports Medicine. Argentina, May 21-23, 2004. 101. LaPrade RF. Ligament Revision Symposium. ACL revision surgery. Congress of Arthroscopy and Sports Medicine. Argentina, May 21-23, 2004. 102. LaPrade RF. Something for Everyone. Moderator. 7th Annual Spring Sports Medicine Conference, Bloomington, MN, June 10-11, 2004. 103. LaPrade RF. Stem cell research in orthopaedics. 7th Annual Spring Sports Medicine Conference, Bloomington, MN, June 10-11, 2004. 104. LaPrade RF. Current concepts on meniscal transplantation. Grand Rounds, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway, Sept 20, 2004. 105. LaPrade RF. The use of osteochondral allografts to treat cartilage lesions of the knee. Aspen Foundation for Sports Medicine Research 6th Annual Basic Science Conference, Aspen, CO, Sept 24-25, 2004. 106. LaPrade RF. Current concepts on meniscal transplantation. Aspen Foundation for Sports Medicine Research 6th Annual Basic Science Conference, Aspen, CO, Sept 24-25, 2004. 107. LaPrade RF. PCL/Posterolateral knee injury: Biomechanics physical exam, reconstruction techniques and rationale. Hartford Orthopaedic Forum, Univ of Connecticut and Hartford Hospital, Department of Ortho Surg, Hartford, CT, Oct 27, 2004. 108. LaPrade RF. Management of articular defects of the knee: Where are we today, what really works? Grand Rounds, Hartford Hospital, Department of Ortho Surg, Hartford, CT, Oct 28, 2004. 109. LaPrade RF. Current concepts of posterolateral knee injuries. Grand Rounds, University of California, San Francisco, CA, Nov 9-10, 2004. 2005 110. LaPrade RF. Current treatment of cartilage defects of the knee. The Orthopaedic Center, Bloomington, MN, Feb 8, 2005. 111. LaPrade RF. Evaluation and treatment of posterolateral knee injuries. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, ICL #314, Washington, DC, Feb 25, 2005. 112. LaPrade RF, Engebretsen L, Johansen S, Wentorf FA. Current concepts in posterolateral instability of the knee. ICL #2. ISAKOS 5th Biennial Congress, Hollywood, FL, April 3-7, 2005. 113. LaPrade RF, Paulos L. Anatomic reconstruction of the posterolateral knee. Live surgical demo. ISAKOS 5th Biennial Congress, Hollywood, FL, April 3-7, 2005. 114. LaPrade RF. Posterolateral corner of the knee. GWN Eggers Lectureship 2005, Galveston, TX, April 21-23, 2005. 115. LaPrade RF. Meniscal allografts. GWN Eggers Lectureship 2005, Galveston, TX, April 21-23, 2005. 116. LaPrade RF. Anatomy and biomechanics of the knee. Joint Injuries and Arthroscopic Surgery Conference, Oslo, Norway, Sept 12, 2005. 117. LaPrade RF. Treatment of meniscal injuries. Joint Injuries and Arthroscopic Surgery Conference, Oslo, Norway, Sept 12, 2005. 118. LaPrade RF. Treatment of MCL injuries. Joint Injuries and Arthroscopic Surgery Conference, Oslo, Norway, Sept 12, 2005. 119. LaPrade RF. Anatomy and biomechanics of the shoulder. Joint Injuries and Arthroscopic Surgery Conference, Oslo, Norway, Sept 14, 2005. 120. LaPrade RF. Lab dissection leader for MCL, posterolateral, and shoulder dissections. Joint Injuries and Arthroscopic 2006 121. LaPrade RF. Anatomic posterolateral reconstruction. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, Chicago, IL, March 23-24, 2006. 122. LaPrade RF. Division I hockey: An orthopedic perspective. Current Concepts in Sports Medicine, Minnesota Sports Medicine, Blaine, MN, April 21-22, 2006. 123. LaPrade RF. Evaluation of posterolateral corner injuries. Current Concepts in Sports Medicine, Minnesota Sports Medicine, Blaine, MN, April 21-22, 2006. 124. LaPrade RF. Hands-on Skills Lab. Lab leader. PCL reconstruction: trans-tibial and tibial inlay techniques. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, Sports Injury Course – Knee Injuries in Athletes: Getting Patients Back in the Game. Current Techniques for Restoring Function and Avoiding Complications #3003, Rosemont, IL, April 28-30, 2006. 125. LaPrade RF. Anatomy and treatment of posterolateral corner injuries. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, Sports Injury Course – Knee Injuries in Athletes: Getting Patients Back in the Game. Current Techniques for Restoring Function and Avoiding Complications #3003, Rosemont, IL, April 28-30, 2006. 126. LaPrade RF. Faculty Live Surgical Demonstration. Anatomy and treatment of posterolateral corner injuries. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, Sports Injury Course – Knee Injuries in Athletes: Getting Patients Back in the Game. Current Techniques for Restoring Function and Avoiding Complications #3003, Rosemont, IL, April 28-30, 2006. 127. Cook JC, Morgan P, LaPrade RF, Wentorf F, Bianco AJ. Ligamentous restraints to knee hyperextension. 22nd Annual Minnesota Orthopaedic Society, Minneapolis, MN, May 12, 2006. 128. LaPrade RF. Top ten pearls for optimizing arthroscopic meniscal repair. 6th Annual Arthritis and Arthroplasty Course: Hip, Knee, Shoulder, and Foot & Ankle, Minneapolis, MN, May 11-13, 2006. 129. LaPrade RF. Master Video: Osteochondral Grafts – Allograft. 6th Annual Arthritis and Arthroplasty Course: Hip, Knee, Shoulder, and Foot & Ankle, Minneapolis, MN, May 11-13, 2006. 130. LaPrade RF. Concurrent meniscal allograft and ACL reconstruction. Symposium #21 – Meniscal Replacement, European Meniscal Transplantation Group, 12th ESSKA Congress, Innsbruck, Austria, May 24-27, 2006. 131. Morgan P, Cook J, Bianco A, LaPrade RF, Wentorf F. The oblique popliteal ligament is the primary restraint against knee hyperextension. 12th ESSKA Congress, Innsbruck, Austria, May 24-27, 2006. 132. LaPrade RF. Multi-ligament knee injuries. Symposium #16 – Chairman, 12th ESSKA Congress, Innsbruck, Austria, May 24-27, 2006. 133. LaPrade RF. Postero-lateral knee injury treatment in the face of multiple ligament injury (acute and chronic). Talk with Symposium #16. 12th ESSKA Congress, Innsbruck, Austria, May 24-27, 2006. 134. Arthur A, LaPrade RF. High tibial osteotomy as the initial treatment of chronic posterolateral corner deficiency in the varus knee – a prospective clinical study. 12th ESSKA Congress, Innsbruck, Austria, May 24-27, 2006. 135. LaPrade RF. ICL #15 - Posterolateral knee injuries: Anatomy, clinically relevant biomechanics, diagnosis, and surgical treatment. 12th ESSKA Congress, Innsbruck, Austria, May 24-27, 2006. 136. LaPrade RF. ICL #15 – Chairman. Posterolateral knee injuries: Anatomy, clinically relevant biomechanics, diagnosis, and surgical treatment. 12th ESSKA Congress, Innsbruck, Austria, May 24-27, 2006. 137. LaPrade RF. Education in Orthopaedic Surgery. The American Solution – 8 minutes. Symposium. Nordic Orthopaedic Federation, 53rd Congress, Symposia NOF 2006, Oslo, Norway, May 31 – June 2, 2006. 138. LaPrade RF. Moderator – Knee, Free Papers. Nordic Orthopaedic Federation, 53rd Congress, Symposia NOF 2006, Oslo, Norway, May 31 – June 2, 2006. 139. LaPrade RF. Ruptures of the fibular collateral ligament and posterolateral corner. Knee Ligament Injuries. Symposium. Nordic Orthopaedic Federation, 53rd Congress, Symposia NOF 2006, Oslo, Norway, May 31 – June 2, 2006. 140. LaPrade RF. Anatomy and biomechanics of the knee. Leddskader og arthroscopisk kirurgi. Blotdelsskader. Articular Injuries and Arthroscopic Surgery. Soft Tissue Injuries Conference. Oslo, Norway, September 11-13, 2006. 141. LaPrade RF. Clinical exam of the knee. Leddskader og arthroscopisk kirurgi. Blotdelsskader. Articular Injuries and Arthroscopic Surgery. Soft Tissue Injuries Conference. Oslo, Norway, September 11-13, 2006. 142. LaPrade RF. Treatment of meniscal injuries. Leddskader og arthroscopisk kirurgi. Blotdelsskader. Articular Injuries and Arthroscopic Surgery. Soft Tissue Injuries Conference. Oslo, Norway, September 11-13, 2006. 144. LaPrade RF. Anatomy and biomechanics of the shoulder. Leddskader og arthroscopisk kirurgi. Blotdelsskader. Articular Injuries and Arthroscopic Surgery. Soft Tissue Injuries Conference. Oslo, Norway, September 11-13, 2006. 145. LaPrade RF, Nelson B. Dissection leaders – knee and shoulder dissections. Leddskader og arthroscopisk kirurgi. Blotdelsskader. Articular Injuries and Arthroscopic Surgery. Soft Tissue Injuries Conference. Oslo, Norway, September 11-13, 2006. 2007 146. Ludewig P, LaPrade RF. Analysis of a radiographic method to quantify humeral retroversion. AAOS Annual Meeting, San Diego, CA, Feb. 14-18, 2007. 147. LaPrade RF. 2007 AOSSM research award winners. AOSSM Research Committee Meeting, San Diego, CA, February 16, 2007. 148. Coobs B, LaPrade RF, Nelson BJ. Biomechanical analysis of an isolated fibular collateral ligament reconstruction using an autogenous semitendinosus graft. 6th Annual Alfred F Michael Student Research Colloquium, Minneapolis, MN, March 12, 2007. 149. Engel S, LaPrade RF, Braman JP. In vivo assessment of scapular rhythm in forward elevation. 6th Annual Alfred F Michael Student Research Colloquium, Minneapolis, MN, March 12, 2007. 150. Griffith C, LaPrade RF, Nelson BJ. Anatomy and biomechanics of the posterolateral aspect of the canine knee. 6th Annual Alfred F Michael Student Research Colloquium, Minneapolis, MN, March 12, 2007. 151. Nystrom L, LaPrade RF. Proximal tibial opening wedge osteotomies for the treatment of medial compartment arthritis of the knee. 6th Annual Alfred F Michael Student Research Colloquium, Minneapolis, MN, March 12, 2007. 152. LaPrade RF. ACL. 8th Annual AAOS/AOSSM Sports Medicine Course: From the Slopes to the Sidelines #3103, Steamboat Springs, CO, March 14-18, 2007. Moderator-PCL and Posterolateral Knee Session. 153. LaPrade RF. Panel discussion with cases and interactive questions and answers. 8th Annual AAOS/AOSSM Sports Medicine Course: From the Slopes to the Sidelines #3103, Steamboat Springs, CO, March 14-18, 2007. Moderator. 154. LaPrade RF. Hip disorders. Panel discussion with cases and interactive questions and answers. 8th Annual AAOS/AOSSM Sports Medicine Course: From the Slopes to the Sidelines #3103, Steamboat Springs, CO, March 14-18, 2007. Panel member. 155. LaPrade RF. Treatment of acute posterolateral and combined cruciate ligament injuries. Cleveland Clinic, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery presents “A Knee Innovation Summit: From Birth to Death”, Cleveland, OH, April 11-14, 2007. 156. LaPrade RF. Treatment of chronic posterolateral and combined cruciate ligament injuries. Cleveland Clinic, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery presents “A Knee Innovation Summit: From Birth to Death”, Cleveland, OH, April 11-14, 2007. 157. Nystrom L, LaPrade RF, Agel J. Proximal tibial opening wedge osteotomies for the treatment of medial compartment arthritis of the knee. 23rd Annual Minnesota Orthopaedic Society Meeting, May 11, 2007. 158. LaPrade RF, Heikes C, Bakker AJ, Jakobsen RB. The use of stress radiography in the assessment of isolated fibular collateral ligament and combined grade III posterolateral knee injuries: A biomechanical study. 14th Annual Residents & Fellows Conference, Largo, Florida, May 10-12, 2007. 159. LaPrade RF, Current Concepts of Posterolateral Knee Injuries. International Society of Arthroscopy, Knee Surgery and Orthopaedic Sports Medicine (ISAKOS), Florence, Italy, May 27-31, 2007. 160. LaPrade RF, Current concepts in the repair & reconstruction of posterolateral corner injuries: Multiple ligament injuries of the knee. Turkish Society of sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy for the Knee, Ankara Branch, Ankara, Turkey, June 8-9, 2007. 161. LaPrade RF, Menisci, Cartilage Defects, Knee Ligaments and Osteoarthritis: Posterolateral corner biomechanics and patho-biomechanics (posterolateral knee insufficiency and OA); Posterolateral corner reconstruction (pillars and pitfalls); Options of knee cartilage resurfacing (overview, results and current concept). ESSKA - ISAKOS Knee Lecture Course, Prague, Czech Republic, June 22-23, 2007. 2008 162. LaPrade RF, Techniques Focus Video: My Approach to Posterolateral Corner Reconstruction. Arthroscopy Association of North America AANA, San Francisco CA, March 6-9, 2008. 163. LaPrade RF, PCL Reconstruction: Indications and Preoperative Requirements for Surgery. AAOS, Rosemont IL, April 3-5, 2008. 164. LaPrade RF, Anatomy and Treatment of Posterolateral Corner Injuries. AAOS, Rosemont IL., April 3-5, 2008. 165. LaPrade RF, Anatomy and Treatment of Posterolateral Corner Injuries. Videotape Presentation. AAOS, Rosemont IL., April 3-5, 2008. 166. Walsh M, Wijdicks C, Parker JB, Hapa O, LaPrade RF. Fixation Comparison Between a Cortical-Cancellous Suspension Titanium Suture Button Backup, Retrograde Bioabsorbable Screw, and Combined Use in an All-Inside ACL Reconstruction: A Biomechanical Study. Minnesota Orthopaedic Society, Minneapolis, MN. May 9, 2008. 167. Wills N, LaPrade RF, Perkinson S, Agel J. Prospective Outcomes on Meniscal Allografts. Minnesota Orthopaedic Society, Minneapolis, MN. May 9, 2008. 168. Botker J, LaPrade RF, Herzog M, Agel J. A Prospective Outcomes Study of Refrigerated Fresh Osteoarticular Allograft to Treat Articular Cartilage Defects of the Femoral Condyles. Minnesota Orthopaedic Society, Minneapolis, MN. May 9, 2008. 169. LaPrade RF. Elucidation of the Dark Side of the Knee, Grand Rounds, William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, MI. November 17, 2008 170. LaPrade, RF. Current Concepts on Meniscus Repair in the Competitive Athlete, 24th Annual Hawkeye Sports Medicine Symposium & Iowa Orthopaedic Society Fall Meeting, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine. December 5, 2008 171. LaPrade RF. Anatomy & Clinical Diagnosis of Posterolateral Corner Lesions, 24th Annual Hawkeye Sports Medicine Symposium & Iowa Orthopaedic Society Fall Meeting, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine. December 5, 2008 172. LaPrade RF. Surgical Management & Rehabilitation of Posterolateral Corner Lesions, 24th Annual Hawkeye Sports Medicine Symposium & Iowa Orthopaedic Society Fall Meeting, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine. December 5, 2008 173. LaPrade RF, Engebretsen, L, Live Cadaver Dissection/Special Presentation, 24th Annual Hawkeye Sports Medicine Symposium & Iowa Orthopaedic Society Fall Meeting, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine. December 6, 2008 2009 174. LaPrade RF. Anatomy/biomechanics of the Meniscus, Meniscus Pathology Symposium, Norwegian Arthroscopic Society, Oslo, Norway, October 17-22, 2009 175. LaPrade RF. Meniscal root tears, Norwegian Arthroscopic Society, Oslo, Norway, October 17-22, 2009 176. LaPrade RF. Meniscus transplantation, Norwegian Arthroscopic Society, Oslo, Norway, October 17-22, 2009 177. LaPrade RF. Handling of degenerative meniscus tears in patients 40+15 years old, Norwegian Arthroscopic Society, Oslo, Norway, October 17-22, 2009 178. LaPrade RF. Fixation Strength and Optimization on the Tibial Side in an All-Inside Single-Bundle and Double-Bundle ACL Reconstruction: A Biomechanical Study, North American Sports Medicine Forum, Naples, FL, November 4-6, 2009 179. LaPrade RF. Comparative Kinematic Evaluation of All-Inside Single-Bundle and Double-Bundle ACL Reconstructions: A Biomechanical Study, North American Sports Medicine Forum, Naples, FL, November 4-6, 2009 180. LaPrade RF. Anatomic PLC Reconstruction, North American Sports Medicine Forum, Naples, FL November 4-6, 2009 181. LaPrade RF. ACL II Round Table ACL revision: Planning and Surgical tips, Keys for success, Two stage surgery, XLV Chilean Meeting of Orthopaedic and Traumatology, Vina del Mar-Chile, November 18-21, 2009 182. LaPrade RF. Knee dislocation - Symposium Medial and Posterolateral injuries: Biomechanical bases for reconstructions XLV Chilean Meeting of Orthopaedic and Traumatology, Vina del Mar-Chile, November 18-21, 2009 183. LaPrade RF. Knee dislocation – Symposium Posterolateral Corner: Treatment of acute and Chronic injuries, XLV Chilean Meeting of Orthopaedic and Traumatology, Vina del Mar-Chile, November 18-21, 2009 184. LaPrade RF. Cartilage - Chondral Lesions Osteochondral allografts, requirements, indications, XLV Chilean Meeting of Orthopaedic and Traumatology, Vina del Mar-Chile, November 18-21, 2009 185. LaPrade RF. Surgical option for TKR Proximal tibial Osteotomy: Is opened wedge the solution? XLV Chilean Meeting of Orthopaedic and Traumatology, Vina del Mar-Chile, November 18-21, 2009 186. LaPrade RF. Meniscus and Muscletendinous Lesions Meniscal Disease – Symposium Meniscus allografts, results, 2010 187. LaPrade RF. Anatomy and Diagnosis of Posterolateral Knee Injuries, 13º Brazilian Congress of Knee Surgery Meeting, Porto de Galinhas-PE, Brazil, March 25-29, 2010 188. LaPrade RF. Surgical Treatment of Acute Posterolateral Knee Injuries, 13º Brazilian Congress of Knee Surgery Meeting, Porto de Galinhas-PE, Brazil, March 25-29, 2010 189. LaPrade RF. Surgical Treatment of Chronic Posterolateral Knee Injuries, 13º Brazilian Congress of Knee Surgery Meeting, Porto de Galinhas-PE, Brazil, March 25-29, 2010 190. LaPrade RF. Posterolateral Corner: Treatment of Acute and Chronic Injuries. The Steadman Clinic 2010 AANA Traveling Fellows Academic Session, Vail, CO, May 3, 2010. 191. LaPrade RF. Elucidation of the Dark Side of the Knee – A Decade of Focused Research on Posterolateral Knee Injuries. United States Navy Southwest Resident Research Symposium, San Diego, CA, May 11-12, 2010. 192. LaPrade RF. Posterolateral Corner: Treatment of Acute and Chronic Injuries. United States Navy Southwest Resident Research Symposium, San Diego, CA, May 11-12, 2010. 193. LaPrade RF. Superficial MCL and Posteromedial Knee Injury: Don’t Confuse With a Posterolateral Knee Injury. United States Navy Southwest Resident Research Symposium, San Diego, CA, May 11-12, 2010. 194. LaPrade RF. Anatomy of the Medial Knee and Reconstruction of the sMCL and POL, Pre ESSKA Cadaver Knee Course, Oslo, Norway, June 8 2010 195. LaPrade RF. Anatomy and Diagnosis of Posterolateral Knee Injuries, 14th ESSKA Congress, Oslo, Norway, June 9-12, 2010 196. LaPrade RF. Posterolateral Corner: Outcomes of Acute and Chronic Injuries, 14th ESSKA Congress, Oslo, Norway, June 9-12, 2010 197. LaPrade RF. Introduction, Anatomy, and Diagnosis of Medial Knee Injuries, 14th ESSKA Congress, Oslo, Norway, June 9-12, 2010 198. LaPrade RF. Elucidation of the Dark Side of the Knee – A Decade of Focused Research on Posterolateral Knee Injuries. The Steadman Clinic Academic Session, Vail, CO, July 26, 2010. 199. LaPrade RF. Examination of the Athletic Knee. Clinical Orthopaedic Society, Denver, CO, September 23, 2010. 200. LaPrade RF. Posterolateral Knee Injuries: Diagnosis and Management. Clinical Orthopaedic Society, Denver, CO, September 23, 2010. 201. LaPrade RF. Moderator for “The Science of Evaluating/Quantifying Concussions – The Physical Evaluation of Concussions.” Mayo Clinic Hockey Meeting, Rochester, MN. October 19, 2010. 202. LaPrade RF. Breakout Session Leader for “Recognizing, Diagnosing, Caring and RTP players to Hockey Break Out Session.” Mayo Clinic Hockey Meeting, Rochester, MN. October 20, 2010. 203. LaPrade RF. Yale Grand Rounds. Elucidation of the Dark Side of the Knee. New Haven, CT. October 22, 2010. 204. LaPrade RF. Yale Grand Rounds. Examination of the Athletic Knee. New Haven, CT. October 22, 2010. 205. LaPrade RF. Evaluation and Determination of Severity and Treatment of the Posterior Lateral Patholaxity of the Knee with or without Associated Cruciate Injury. Andrews Paulos Research and Education Institute, Gulf Breeze, FL. November 4, 2010. 206. LaPrade RF. Managing Knee Dislocations. Arthrex Surgical Skills Treatment of the Multi-ligamentous Injured Knee Workshop. Los Angeles, CA. November 6, 2010. 207. LaPrade RF. Examination of the Athletic Knee. Steadman Philippon Research Institute 2010-2011Orthopaedics & Spine Lecture Series. November 16, 2010. 208. LaPrade RF. Panelist for “Acute Multi Ligament Injuries.” AANA Fall Course. Phoenix, AZ. November 18, 2010. 209. LaPrade RF. A Simple Reproducible Technique for Posterolateral Corner Reconstruction. AANA Fall Course. Phoenix, AZ. November 18, 2010. 210. LaPrade RF. “A Decade of Focused Research on Posterolateral Knee Injuries.” Society of Military Orthopaedic Surgeons 52nd Annual Meeting. Vail, CO. December 15, 2010. 2011 211. LaPrade RF. Sports Medicine/Arthroscopy I: Articular Cartilage Clinical and Research. AAOS Annual Meeting: San Diego, CA. February 16, 2011. 212. LaPrade RF. Spotlight Technique Video: Posterolateral Corner Reconstruction. AANA Specialty Day at AAOS, San Diego, CA. February 19, 2011. 213. LaPrade RF. Case Presentations and Panel Discussion: Ligament Reconstruction. AANA Specialty Day at AAOS, San Diego, CA. February 19, 2011. 214. LaPrade RF. Combined ACL/PCL/PLC/Multiligament Repair. Arthrex Surgical Skills Roadshow. Vail, CO. March 2, 2011. 215. LaPrade RF. Meniscal Allograft. Arthrex Surgical Skills Roadshow. Vail, CO. March 2, 2011 216. LaPrade RF. Combined ACL/PCL/PLC/Multiligament Repair. Arthrex Surgical Skills Roadshow. Vail CO March 5, 2011. 217. LaPrade RF. Meniscal Allograft. Arthrex Surgical Skills Roadshow. Vail, CO. March 5, 2011 218. LaPrade RF. Posterolateral Corner: Repair, Reconstruction, and Outcomes. AAOS/AOSSM Sports Medicine Course. Vail, CO. March 9, 2011. 219. LaPrade RF. Superficial MCL and Posteromedial Injury: Don’t Confuse with a Posterolateral Knee Injury. AAOS/AOSSM Sports Medicine Course. Vail, CO. March 9, 2011 220. LaPrade RF. Meniscus Transplantation: Indications and Techniques. AAOS/AOSSM Sports Medicine Course. Vail, CO. March 10, 2011. 221. LaPrade RF. Osteotomies Around the Knee. AAOS/AOSSM Sports Medicine Course. Vail, CO. March 11, 2011. 222. LaPrade RF. Combined ACL/PCL and PLC Reconstruction. ARTHREX, Surgical Skills. Vail, CO, March 2, 2011. 223. LaPrade RF Allograft Transplants. ARTHREX, Surgical Skills. Vail, CO, March 2, 2011. 224. LaPrade RF. Combined ACL/PCL and PLC Reconstruction. ARTHREX, Surgical Skills. Vail, CO, March 5, 2011. 225. LaPrade RF. Allograft Transplants. ARTHREX, Surgical Skills. Vail, CO, March 5, 2011. 226. LaPrade RF. Examination of the Athletic Knee. Howard Head Sports Medicine Physical Therapists April 14, 2011. 227. LaPrade RF. Management of the Medial Side of the Knee with or without ACL Injury. ISAKOS Pre-Congress Course May 14, 2011. 228. LaPrade RF. Anatomic Posterolateral Reconstruction of the Knee. ISAKOS Pre-Congress Course May 14, 2011. 229. LaPrade RF. Clinically Relevant Anatomy and Diagnostic Techniques for Posterolateral Knee Injuries. ISAKOS Symposium Rio de Janeiro, Brazil May 19, 2011. 230. LaPrade RF. PCL and PLC Reconstruction. ISAKOS Sports Rehabilitation Course: Global Perspectives for the Physical Therapist and Athletic Trainer, May 15, 2011. 231. LaPrade RF. Avoiding Collateral Damage: Identifying and Treating MCL and FCL (PLC) Injuries of the Knee ACSM Denver, Colorado. June 3, 2011. 233. LaPrade RF. Treatment of Acute Posterolateral Corner Injuries. Jishuitan Sports Medicine Summit Beijing, China June 10-12, 2011 234. LaPrade RF. Anatomy and Diagnosis of Posterolateral Knee Injuries. Jishuitan Sports Medicine Summit Beijing, China – June 10-12, 2011 235. LaPrade RF. Treatment of Chronic Posterolateral Knee Injuries. Jishuitan Sports Medicine Summit Beijing, China June 10-12, 2011 236. LaPrade RF. Keynote Lecture: The Treatment of Acute and Chronic Posterolateral Knee Injuries. South African Orthopaedic Congress Sun City, South Africa – September 5-6, 2011 237. LaPrade RF. Keynote Lecture: Arthroscopic Posterior Capsule Release for Post-Surgical Flexion Deformity after Multiple Ligament Reconstruction. South African Orthopaedic Congress Sun City, South Africa – September 5-6, 2011 238. LaPrade RF. Instructional Course: Quantitative and Qualitative Anatomy of the ACL, PCL, PLC and Medial Knee. South African Orthopaedic Congress Sun City, South Africa – September 5-6, 2011 239. LaPrade RF. Instructional Course: The Use of Stress Radiographs and MRI Scans in Multiple Ligament Knee Injuries. South African Orthopaedic Congress Sun City, South Africa – September 5-6, 2011 240. LaPrade RF. Instructional Course: Combined ACL, PCL and Posterolateral Injuries Reconstruction. South African Orthopaedic Congress Sun City, South Africa – September 5-6, 2011 241. LaPrade RF. Instructional Course: Surgical Treatment of Acute and Chronic Medial Knee Injuries. South African Orthopaedic Congress Sun City, South Africa – September 5-6, 2011 242. LaPrade RF. Posterolateral Corner: Repair, Reconstruction, and Outcomes. CUSM Fall Symposium Sept 30th, 2011 243. LaPrade RF. Superficial MCL and Posteromedial Injury: Don’t Confuse with a Posterolateral Knee Injury. CUSM Fall Symposium Sept 30th, 2011 244. LaPrade RF. Treatment of Posterolateral Corner Injuries. University of Warwick, England Sports Knee Surgery November 7-8th, 2011 245. LaPrade RF. Medial Injuries: Anatomic Rational and Algorithm for Treatment: Acute and Chronic Injuries. University of Warwick, England Sports Knee Surgery November 7-8th, 2011 246. LaPrade RF. Qualitative and Quantitative Anatomy of the ACL. Sports Knee Surgery Conference. University of Warwick, England – November 7-8th, 2011 247. LaPrade RF. Practical Management of Posterolateral Instability. AANA Fall Course Lecture Faculty. Palm Desert, California – November 18th, 2011 248. LaPrade RF. A New Technique for MCL Reconstruction. Emerging Techniques in Orthopedics Lecture Faculty. Las Vegas, Nevada – December 8th, 2011 249. LaPrade RF. A Simple Reproducible Technique for Posterolateral Corner Reconstruction. Emerging Techniques in Orthopedics Lecture Faculty. Las Vegas, Nevada – December 8th, 2011 2012 250. LaPrade RF. ACL Anatomy and Anatomic Tunnel Placement. Arthroscopic Surgery 2012 (Metcalf) Knee Workshop. Scottsdale, Arizona – January 15th, 2012 251. LaPrade RF. Meniscus Anatomy and Repair. Arthroscopic Surgery 2012 (Metcalf) Knee Workshop. Scottsdale, Arizona – January 15th, 2012 252. LaPrade RF. Injury to the Lateral Side of the Knee and Surgical Management. Metcalf Meeting 2012. Scottsdale, Arizona – January 16th, 2012 253. LaPrade RF. Managing the Failed Multi-ligament repaired knee. Metcalf Meeting 2012. Scottsdale, Arizona – January 16th, 2012 254. LaPrade RF. Medial Knee Reconstruction (surgical demo). Metcalf Meeting 2012. Scottsdale, Arizona – January 16th, 2012 255. LaPrade RF. Anatomy and Biomechanics of the Knee. Joint Injuries and Arthroscopic Surgery: Soft Tissue Injuries 2012. Hafjell, Norway – January 30th, 2012 256. LaPrade RF. Meniscal Injuries. Joint Injuries and Arthroscopic Surgery: Soft Tissue Injuries 2012. Hafjell, Norway – January 30th, 2012 257. LaPrade RF. ACL Revisions. Joint Injuries and Arthroscopic Surgery: Soft Tissue Injuries 2012. Hafjell, Norway – January 30th, 2012 258. LaPrade RF. Posteromedial Knee Injuries. Joint Injuries and Arthroscopic Surgery: Soft Tissue Injuries 2012. Hafjell, Norway – January 30th, 2012 259. LaPrade RF. Arthrscopically Pertinent Landmarks for Tunnel Positioning in Single-Bundle and Double-Bundle Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstructions. ACL Study Group 2012. Jackson Hole, Wyoming – February 12th, 2012 260. LaPrade RF. Anatomic Posterolateral Reconstruction: State of the Art. AANA Specialty Day 2012. San Francisco, California – February 11th, 2012 261. LaPrade RF. Posterolateral Corner: Repair, Reconstruction, and Outcomes. 13th Annual AAOS/AOSSM Sports Medicine Course. Vail, Colorado – March 21st, 2012 262. LaPrade RF. Superficial MCL and Posteromedial Injury: Don’t Confuse with a Posterolateral Knee Injury. 13th Annual AAOS/AOSSM Sports Medicine Course. Vail, Colorado – March 21st, 2012 263. LaPrade RF. Osteotomies Around the Knee. 13th Annual AAOS/AOSSM Sports Medicine Course. Vail, Colorado – March 23rd, 2012 264. LaPrade RF. Physical Examination of the Knee: Video Examples. Concepts in Sports Medicine 2012. Edina, Minnesota – April 13th, 2012 265. Engebretsen L, LaPrade RF, O’Brien L, Wohlt-Griffin L. Rehab Complex Knee Construction and Ligament Repair. Concepts in Sports Medicine 2012. Edina, Minnesota – April 13th, 2012 266. LaPrade RF. Posterolateral knee injuries: Why and how I treat them. Rex L. Diveley Lectureship 2012. April 26th – 27th, 2012 – UMKC, Kansas City, Missouri 267. LaPrade RF. Examination of the athlete’s knee. Rex L. Diveley Lectureship 2012. April 26th – 27th, 2012 – UMKC, Kansas City, Missouri 268. LaPrade RF. Anatomy and Clinically Relevant Biomechanics of the Medial Knee. Rex L. Diveley Lectureship 2012. April 26th – 27th, 2012 – UMKC, Kansas City, Missouri 269. LaPrade RF. Meniscal Transplants. Rex L. Diveley Lectureship 2012. April 26th – 27th, 2012 – UMKC, Kansas City, Missouri 270. LaPrade RF. Osteotomies Around the Knee. Rex L. Diveley Lectureship 2012. April 26th – 27th, 2012 – UMKC, Kansas City, Missouri 271. LaPrade RF. Surgical Treatment of Acute and Chronic Medial Knee Injuries. Rex L. Diveley Lectureship 2012. April 26th – 27th, 2012 – UMKC, Kansas City, Missouri 272. Griffith C, LaPrade RF. Biomechanics, exam and stress x-rays. 15th ESSKA Congress PLC ICL May 2nd – 5th, 2012 – Geneva, Switzerland 273. LaPrade RF. Key note: Radiofrequency and meniscal tissue: From resection to repair. 15th ESSKA Congress May 2nd – 5th, 2012 – Geneva, Switzerland 274. LaPrade RF. Knee Live Surgical Demonstration Workshop: Lateral-sided PLC Reconstruction. AOSSM Annual Meeting, July 12, 2012 – Baltimore, Maryland 275. LaPrade RF. Faculty: Young Sports Medicine Specialists’ Workshop. AOSSM Annual Meeting, July 13, 2012 – Baltimore, Maryland 276. LaPrade RF. Knee Management and Interventions for the Maturing Athlete: Literature Review. AOSSM Annual Meeting, July 14, 2012 – Baltimore, Maryland 277. LaPrade RF. Examination of the Athlete’s Knee. The Steadman Clinic Grand Rounds, July 30, 2012 – Vail, Colorado 278. LaPrade RF. Posterolateral Knee Injuries: Why and How I Treat Them. The Steadman Clinic Grand Rounds, August 6, 2012 – Vail, Colorado 279. LaPrade RF. Posterolateral Corner and MCL Reconstruction/Repair. Arthrex Surgical Skills Master’s Knee Course, August 3, 2012 – Vail, Colorado 280. LaPrade RF. Biologic Arthroplasty (Meniscal and Osteochondral Transplants). Arthrex Surgical Skills Master’s Knee Course, August 3, 2012 – Vail, Colorado 281. LaPrade RF. Moderator: Discussion of Clinical Situations – International Experience. VII Curso Avançado de Cirurgia do Joelho, August 23 & 24, 2012 – São Paulo, Brazil 282. LaPrade RF. Medial Knee Anatomy and Biomechanics. VII Curso Avançado de Cirurgia do Joelho, August 23, 2012 – São Paulo, Brazil 283. LaPrade RF. Acute and Chronic Medial Knee Injuries. VII Curso Avançado de Cirurgia do Joelho, August 23, 2012 – São Paulo, Brazil 284. LaPrade RF. Posterolateral Corner Knee Anatomy and Biomechanics. VII Curso Avançado de Cirurgia do Joelho, August 24, 2012 – São Paulo, Brazil 285. LaPrade RF. Chronic Posterolateral Corner Knee Injuries. VII Curso Avançado de Cirurgia do Joelho, August 24, 2012 – São Paulo, Brazil 286. LaPrade RF. Acute Posterolateral Corner Knee Injuries. VII Curso Avançado de Cirurgia do Joelho, August 24, 2012 – São Paulo, Brazil 287. LaPrade RF. Examination of the Athletic Knee. Steadman Philippon Research Institute’s Orthopaedics & Spine Lecture Series, September 18, 2012 – Vail, Colorado 288. LaPrade RF. FCL/PLC Reconstruction. Mayo Clinic Knee Dislocation and Multiligament Knee Reconstruction Course, September 20, 2012 – Rochester, MN 289. LaPrade RF. Multi-ligamentous Knee Injuries. Followed by Roundtable Discussion. Maine Society of Orthopedic Surgeons 2012 Annual Fall Scientific Meeting, September 29, 2012 – Portland, Maine 290. LaPrade RF. Clinically Relevant Anatomy and Biomechanics of the Medial Side of the Knee and Early Results of an Anatomical Reconstruction. 11th Turkish Sports Traumatology Arthroscopy and Knee Surgery Congress, October 4, 2012 – Ankara, Turkey 291. LaPrade RF. Treatment of Acute Posterolateral Corner Injuries. 11th Turkish Sports Traumatology Arthroscopy and Knee Surgery Congress, October 5, 2012 – Ankara, Turkey 292. LaPrade RF. Treatment of Chronic Posterolateral Corner Injuries. 11th Turkish Sports Traumatology Arthroscopy and Knee Surgery Congress, October 5, 2012 – Ankara, Turkey 293. LaPrade RF. Moderator: Posterolateral Corner Injuries of the Knee Panel. 11th Turkish Sports Traumatology Arthroscopy and Knee Surgery Congress, October 5, 2012 – Ankara, Turkey 294. LaPrade RF. The Posterolateral Corner: How Not to Miss; What Else Goes with it; and How to Do. SOMOS 54th Annual Meeting, December 12th, 2012 – Naples, Florida 295. LaPrade RF. Posterolateral Corner and MCL Reconstruction/Repair. Arthrex Surgical Skills Master’s Knee Course, December 14\textsuperscript{th}, 2012 – Vail, Colorado 296. LaPrade RF. Biologic Arthroplasty (Meniscal and Osteochondral Transplants). Arthrex Surgical Skills Master’s Knee Course, December 14\textsuperscript{th}, 2012 – Vail, Colorado 2013 297. LaPrade RF. Knee Dislocation: Emergency Room Management. Vail Valley Emergency Room Physicians Meeting, January 10\textsuperscript{th}, 2013 – Vail, Colorado 298. LaPrade RF. Translational Research: From the Laboratory to the Operating Suite... and Back. Vail Hip Symposium, January 17\textsuperscript{th}, 2013 – Beaver Creek, Colorado 299. LaPrade RF. 2013 OREF Clinical Research Award: Improving Outcomes for Posterolateral Corner Injuries. 2013 ORS Annual Meeting, January 26\textsuperscript{th}, 2013 – San Antonio, Texas 300. LaPrade RF. ACL Revisions. Leddskader og arthroskopisk kirurgi. Bløtdelsskader, January 31\textsuperscript{st}, 2013 - Hafjell, Norway 301. LaPrade RF. Surgical Treatment of Acute & Chronic Medial Knee Injuries. Leddskader og arthroskopisk kirurgi. Bløtdelsskader, January 31\textsuperscript{st}, 2013 - Hafjell, Norway 302. LaPrade RF. Meniscal Injuries. Leddskader og arthroskopisk kirurgi. Bløtdelsskader, January 31\textsuperscript{st}, 2013 - Hafjell, Norway 303. LaPrade RF. ACL Graft Choices. The Norwegian Arthroscopy Association Winter Meeting, February 2\textsuperscript{nd}, 2013 - Kvitfjell, Norway 304. LaPrade RF. ACL Tunnel Positioning. The Norwegian Arthroscopy Association Winter Meeting, February 2\textsuperscript{nd}, 2013 - Kvitfjell, Norway 305. LaPrade RF. MCL Reconstruction. The Norwegian Arthroscopy Association Winter Meeting, February 2\textsuperscript{nd}, 2013 - Kvitfjell, Norway 306. LaPrade RF. Meniscal Root Avulsion. The Norwegian Arthroscopy Association Winter Meeting, February 2\textsuperscript{nd}, 2013 - Kvitfjell, Norway 307. LaPrade RF. Meniscal Suture. The Norwegian Arthroscopy Association Winter Meeting, February 2\textsuperscript{nd}, 2013 - Kvitfjell, Norway 308. LaPrade RF. Posterolateral Corner and MCL Reconstruction/Repair. Arthrex Surgical Skills Master’s Knee Course, March 1\textsuperscript{st}, 2013 – Vail, Colorado 309. LaPrade RF. Biologic Arthroplasty (Meniscal and Osteochondral Transplants). Arthrex Surgical Skills Master’s Knee Course, March 1\textsuperscript{st}, 2013 – Vail, Colorado 310. LaPrade RF. Improving Outcomes for Posterolateral Corner Injuries. Mississippi Sports Medicine and Orthopaedic Center, May 2nd, 2013 - Jackson, Mississippi 311. LaPrade RF. PCL Current Concepts. Mississippi Sports Medicine and Orthopaedic Center, May 2nd, 2013 - Jackson, Mississippi 312. LaPrade RF. Life Lessons I Have Learned in Medicine. Mississippi Sports Medicine and Orthopaedic Center, May 2nd, 2013 - Jackson, Mississippi 313. LaPrade RF. Current Updates on Meniscal Root Tears 2013. University of Oslo Hospital, May 6th, 2013 – Oslo, Norway 314. LaPrade RF. How to Build a Focused Research Program: the Oslo-Minnesota-Vail Example. Norwegian School of Sport Sciences and Department of Sports Medicine at Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center sponsored Spring Seminar at Kleivstua, May 6th, 2013 – Kleivstua, Norway 315. LaPrade RF. Outcomes of Acute Repairs vs. Reconstructions for PLC Injuries. ISAKOS 2013 Annual Conference: Evidence Based Treatment of Collateral Ligaments Symposium, May 12th, 2013 - Toronto, Canada 316. LaPrade RF. Combined Anatomic PCL and PLC Reconstruction. ISAKOS Sports Rehabilitation Course: Global Perspectives for the Physical Therapist and Athletic Trainer, May 12th, 2013 - Toronto, Canada 317. LaPrade RF. Surgical Options for Osteoarthritis. ISAKOS Sports Rehabilitation Course: Global Perspectives for the Physical Therapist and Athletic Trainer, May 12th, 2013 - Toronto, Canada 318. LaPrade RF. PCL: Current Concepts. Grand Rounds, The Steadman Clinic, August 19\textsuperscript{th}, 2013 – Vail, CO 319. LaPrade RF. An Approach to Lateral and Posterolateral Injuries. Arthrex Symposium, September 5\textsuperscript{th}, 2013 – Bergen, Norway. 320. LaPrade RF and Engebretsen L. Knee Dislocations and Multiligament Injuries. Arthrex Symposium, September 5\textsuperscript{th}, 2013 – Bergen, Norway. 321. LaPrade RF. Meniscal Root Tears. Arthrex Symposium, September 5\textsuperscript{th}, 2013 – Bergen, Norway. 322. LaPrade RF. Meniscal Allograft: Who Should Have Gaft, Suture, or Resection? Arthrex Symposium, September 5\textsuperscript{th}, 2013 – Bergen, Norway. 323. LaPrade RF. Management of Injuries to the Medial Knee Structures: Current Concepts. Global Insights: The Future of Hip & Knee Surgery. Smith & Nephew, November 21\textsuperscript{st}, 2013 - Copenhagen, Denmark. 324. LaPrade RF. Anatomic Reconstruction of the Posterolateral Corner. Global Insights: The Future of Hip & Knee Surgery. Smith & Nephew, November 21\textsuperscript{st}, 2013 - Copenhagen, Denmark. 2014 325. LaPrade RF. Expert Exam of the Knee and Enhanced Differential Diagnosis. Orthopaedics and Spine Lecture Series. Vail Valley Medical Center, January 21\textsuperscript{st}, 2014. Vail, Colorado. 326. LaPrade RF. ACL Revisions. Leddskader og arthroskopisk kirurgi. Bløtdelsskader, January 30\textsuperscript{st}, 2014 - Hafjell, Norway. 327. LaPrade RF. Surgical Treatment of Acute and Chronic Medial Knee Injuries. . Leddskader og arthroskopisk kirurgi. Bløtdelsskader, January 30\textsuperscript{st}, 2014 - Hafjell, Norway. 328. LaPrade RF. Meniscal Injuries. Leddskader og arthroskopisk kirurgi. Bløtdelsskader, January 31\textsuperscript{st}, 2014 - Hafjell, Norway. 329. LaPrade RF. ACL Revisions: Techniques and Guidelines. The Norwegian Arthroscopy Association Winter Meeting. January 31\textsuperscript{st}, 2014. Kvitfjell, Norway. 330. LaPrade RF. PCL Anatomy and Biomechanics. The Norwegian Arthroscopy Association Winter Meeting. February 1\textsuperscript{st}, 2014. Kvitfjell, Norway. 331. LaPrade RF. PCL Operative Technique. The Norwegian Arthroscopy Association Winter Meeting. February 1\textsuperscript{st}, 2014. Kvitfjell, Norway. 332. LaPrade RF. PCL Postoperative Technique. The Norwegian Arthroscopy Association Winter Meeting. February 1\textsuperscript{st}, 2014. Kvitfjell, Norway. 333. LaPrade RF. An Evidence-based Approach to Medial Knee Injuries. Grand Rounds, The Steadman Clinic, February 24\textsuperscript{th}, 2014 – Vail, CO. 334. LaPrade RF. Worst Case Scenario: The Disaster on My Doorstep and How I Managed It: Complex Knee Cases, Management, and Avoidance. AAOS Annual Meeting. March 11\textsuperscript{th}-15\textsuperscript{th}, 2014. New Orleans, LA. 335. LaPrade RF. Lateral Sided Injuries in the Multiple Ligament Injured Knee. AAOS Annual Meeting. March 11\textsuperscript{th}-15\textsuperscript{th}, 2014. New Orleans, LA. 336. LaPrade RF. Evaluation and Treatment of Multiple Ligament Knee Injuries. Academic Session. April 25\textsuperscript{th}, 2014. Bend, OR. 337. LaPrade RF. Posterolateral Corner State of the Art 2014. Arthroscopy Association of North America (AANA) Annual Meeting. May 1\textsuperscript{st}, 2014. Hollywood, FL. 338. LaPrade RF. Posterolateral Corner Reconstruction. The 16th European Society of Sports Traumatology, Knee Surgery, and Arthroscopy (ESSKA) Congress, May 14th-17th, 2014. Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 339. LaPrade RF. Acute Quadriceps Muscle Injuries. The 16th European Society of Sports Traumatology, Knee Surgery, and Arthroscopy (ESSKA) Congress, May 14th-17th, 2014. Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 340. LaPrade RF. ACL Surgery: Current State of the Art ACL Basics. Argentina Arthroscopy Association (AAA), June 4\textsuperscript{th}-7\textsuperscript{th}, 2014. Buenos Aires, Argentina. 341. LaPrade RF. Initial Injury Management: Timing of ACL Surgery. Argentina Arthroscopy Association (AAA), June 4\textsuperscript{th}-7\textsuperscript{th}, 2014. Buenos Aires Argentina 342. LaPrade RF. What’s New? PCL. Argentina Arthroscopy Association (AAA), June 4\textsuperscript{th}-7\textsuperscript{th}, 2014. Buenos Aires, Argentina 343. LaPrade RF. Treatment of Combined Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL) and Medial Knee Injuries. Argentina Arthroscopy Association (AAA), June 4\textsuperscript{th}-7\textsuperscript{th}, 2014. Buenos Aires, Argentina. 344. LaPrade RF. Combined Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) and Posterolateral Corner Injuries. Argentina Arthroscopy Association (AAA), June 4\textsuperscript{th}-7\textsuperscript{th}, 2014. Buenos Aires, Argentina. 345. LaPrade RF. Medial Knee Injuries, Anatomy, and Surgery. Argentina Arthroscopy Association (AAA), June 4\textsuperscript{th}-7\textsuperscript{th}, 2014. Buenos Aires, Argentina. 346. LaPrade RF. Lateral Knee Injuries, Anatomy, and Surgery. Argentina Arthroscopy Association (AAA), June 4\textsuperscript{th}-7\textsuperscript{th}, 2014. Buenos Aires, Argentina. 347. LaPrade RF. What’s New? New Surgical Technique for ACL Revisions. Argentina Arthroscopy Association (AAA), June 4th-7th, 2014. Buenos Aires, Argentina. 348. LaPrade RF. Combined Posterior Cruciate Ligament & Posterolateral Corner Injuries. Argentina Arthroscopy Association (AAA), June 5th, 2014. Buenos Aires, Argentina. 349. LaPrade RF. Medial/Posteromedial Ligament Reconstruction. Argentina Arthroscopy Association (AAA), June 5th, 2014. Buenos Aires, Argentina. 350. LaPrade RF. Current Updates on Meniscal Root Tears 2014. Grand Rounds, The Steadman Clinic, June 9th 2014. Vail, Colorado 351. LaPrade RF. Anatomic Principles for Treating the PCL and PLC. AOSSM, June 11th, 2014. Seattle, Washington. 352. LaPrade RF. Evidence-Based Approach to Complex and Multi-ligamentous Injuries of the Knee: MCL, PCL, PLC. AOSSM ICL 301, July 12th, 2014. Seattle, Washington. 353. LaPrade RF. Why We Need to Perform Double Bundle PCL Reconstructions. Vail International Complex Knee Symposium (VICKS), July 18th, 2014. Vail, Colorado. 354. LaPrade RF. Worse Case Scenario The Disaster on My Doorstep and How I Mangaed It: Complex Knee Cases, Management, and Avoidance. Vail International Complex Knee Symposium (VICKS), July 18th, 2014. Vail, Colorado. 355. LaPrade RF. The Knee Exam. Grand Rounds, The Steadman Clinic, August 4th 2014. Vail, Colorado. 366. LaPrade RF. Improving Outcomes for PLC Injuries. Grand Rounds, University of Colorado School of Medicine. August 6th, 2014. Denver, Colorado. 367. LaPrade RF. Updates on Posterolateral Knee Injuries 2014. Grand Rounds, The Steadman Clinic, September 15th 2014. Vail, Colorado. 368. LaPrade RF. PLC Reconstruction: Technical and Rehabilitation Update. AANA Fall Course, November 7th, 2014. Palm Desert, California. 369. LaPrade RF. Case Presentation and Panel Discussion. AANA Fall Course, November 7th, 2014. Palm Desert, California. 370. LaPrade RF. Current Concepts of PCL Injuries. Grand Rounds, The Steadman Clinic. November 10th, 2014. Vail, Colorado. 2015 371. LaPrade RF. Bioengineering Hip Research. Vail Hip Symposium. January 15th, 2015. Vail, Colorado. 372. LaPrade RF. Knee Multiligament Injuries ICL: Complex Multiligament Cases. AAOS. March 26th, 2015. Las Vegas, Nevada. 373. LaPrade RF. Advances in Treatment for Complex Knee Injuries: Extensive Lateral Sided Injury. AAOS. March 26th, 2015. Las Vegas, Nevada. 374. LaPrade RF. Strategies for The Diagnosis and Repair of Complex Knee Injuries. Innovative Techniques in Knee Repair Smith & Nephew Specialty Event March 26th, 2015. Las Vegas, Nevada. 375. LaPrade RF. Knee Multiligament Injuries ICL: A Case Based Approach. Acute Posterolateral Knee Case. AAOS. March 27th, 2015. Las Vegas, Nevada. 376. LaPrade RF. Meniscal Root Tears: Find’em and Fix’em. AANA Specialty Day. March 28th, 2015. Las Vegas, Nevada. 377. LaPrade RF. Double Bundle PCL, It’s Easy. AANA Specialty Day. March 28th, 2015. Las Vegas, Nevada. 378. LaPrade RF. Complex Knee Injury- Strategies for Diagnosis and Repair of Complex Knee Injuries. AANA 34th Annual meeting. April 25th, 2015. Los Angeles, California. 379. LaPrade RF. Meniscal Root Tears- The Most Important “Finding” in Sports Medicine of the Past Decade? Sanford Sports Medicine Symposium. May 1st, 2015. Sioux Falls, South Dakota. 380. LaPrade RF. Important Advancements on PCL Treatment 2015. Sanford Sports Medicine Symposium. May 1st, 2015. Sioux Falls, South Dakota. 381. LaPrade RF. Posterolateral Knee Injuries 2015 Where Are We Now? Sanford Sports Medicine Symposium. May 1st, 2015. Sioux Falls, South Dakota. 382. LaPrade RF. PCL Anatomy. Anatomical and Biomechanical Basis of Knee Ligament Reconstructions. May 14th, 2015. York, England. 383. LaPrade RF. PCL Reconstruction: Why I use a double bundle technique. Anatomical and Biomechanical Basis of Knee Ligament Reconstructions. May 14th, 2015. York, England. 384. LaPrade RF. Anatomy of the medial side. Anatomical and Biomechanical Basis of Knee Ligament Reconstructions. May 14\textsuperscript{th}, 2015. York, England. 385. LaPrade RF. Point, Counter Point. Anatomic PLC and MCL/POL reconstruction is necessary. Anatomical and Biomechanical Basis of Knee Ligament Reconstructions. May 14\textsuperscript{th}, 2015. York, England. 386. LaPrade RF. Rebuttal. Anatomical and Biomechanical Basis of Knee Ligament Reconstructions. May 14\textsuperscript{th}, 2015. York, England. 387. LaPrade RF. Co-chair. Pre-course: Sports Rehabilitation Concurrent Course. ISAKOS. June 7\textsuperscript{th}, 2015. Lyon, France. 388. LaPrade RF. PCL and PLC Reconstruction. June 7\textsuperscript{th}, 2015. Lyon, France. 389. LaPrade RF. The Hidden Reality: You may not have seen it, but it has seen you! - Meniscal root tears. June 7\textsuperscript{th}, 2015. Lyon, France. 390. LaPrade RF. ICL: Key Anatomy and Diagnosis of Collateral Injuries. June 10\textsuperscript{th}, 2015. Lyon, France. 391. LaPrade RF. Case Review- Double Bundle PCL Reconstructions are Easy and the Future is now. June 10\textsuperscript{th}, 2015. Lyon, France. 392. LaPrade RF. Chair, Symposium on Knee Collateral Ligaments. ISAKOS. June 10\textsuperscript{th}, 2015. Lyon, France. 393. LaPrade RF. Reproducible Posterior Meniscal Root Repair Technique. Surgical Demonstration. ISAKOS. June 9\textsuperscript{th}, 2015. Lyon, France. 394. LaPrade RF. Management of PCL Injuries: An Evidence Based Approach. Instructional Course Lecture, Co-Chair. ISAKOS. June 10\textsuperscript{th}, 2015. Lyon, France. 395. LaPrade RF. Save the Meniscus. Lunch Time Breakout Session. ISAKOS. June 7\textsuperscript{th}, 2015. Lyon, France. 396. LaPrade RF, Elizabeth Arendt. Collaterals and Patellofemoral Instability. Live surgical dissection. June 25\textsuperscript{th}, 2015. Vail, Colorado. 397. LaPrade RF, Richard von Borman. Anatomic LCL Reconstruction. Live surgical demonstration. June 25\textsuperscript{th}, 2015. Vail, Colorado. 398. LaPrade RF, Christian Balldin. Anatomic Posterolateral Knee Reconstruction. Live surgical demonstration. June 25\textsuperscript{th}, 2015. Vail, Colorado. 399. LaPrade RF, Scott Faucett. Anatomic Meniscal Root Repairs. Live surgical demonstration. June 25\textsuperscript{th}, 2015. Vail, Colorado. 400. LaPrade RF. Why We Need to Perform Double Bundle PCL reconstructions. June 25\textsuperscript{th}, 2015. Vail, Colorado. 401. LaPrade RF. Meniscal Root Repair. Live Surgical Demonstration. July 10\textsuperscript{th}, 2015. Orlando, Florida. 402. LaPrade RF, Levy B, Faucett S, Kennedy NI. An Evidence-Based Approach to Complex and MultiLigamentous Injuries of the Knee: MCL, PCL, PLC. July 10\textsuperscript{th}, 2015. Orlando, Florida. 403. LaPrade RF. Moderator. Big Pictures. AOSSM Early Sport Specialtzion Forum. October 2\textsuperscript{nd}, 2015. Rosemont, Illinois. 404. LaPrade RF. Co-Chair. AAOS/ORS Biologic Treatment for Orthopaedic Injuries. November 5–7\textsuperscript{th}, 2015. Rosemont, Illinois. 405. LaPrade RF. Moderator. Identifying Knowledge Gaps and Future Research Directions in the Therapeautic Use of PRP. AAOS/ORS Biologic Treatment for Orthopaedic Injuries. November 6\textsuperscript{th}, 2015. Rosemont, Illinois. 406. LaPrade RF. Moderator. Identifying Knowledge Gaps and Future Research Directions in the use of Minimally Manipulated Progenitor Cells. AAOS/ORS Biologic Treatment for Orthopaedic Injuries. November 6\textsuperscript{th}, 2015. Rosemont, Illinois. 407. LaPrade RF. Moderator. Identifying Knowledge Gaps and Future Research Directions in Augmentation of Tissue Repair- Tendinopathy. AAOS/ORS Biologic Treatment for Orthopaedic Injuries. November 7\textsuperscript{th}, 2015. Rosemont, Illinois. ### 2016 408. LaPrade RF. Hip Biomechanics Research: Why it’s important to your Practice and What’s Next. Vail Hip Symposium January 14\textsuperscript{th}, 2016. Vail, CO 409. LaPrade RF. Current Concepts of Meniscal Root Tears. The Meniscus: Preserve the future! 3\textsuperscript{rd} International Meeting. February 4\textsuperscript{th}, 2016. Porto, Portugal. 410. LaPrade RF. Tackling challenges in meniscal surgery – an interactive panel discussion. The Meniscus: Preserve the future! 3\textsuperscript{rd} International Meeting. February 4\textsuperscript{th}, 2016. Porto, Portugal. 411. LaPrade RF. Meniscal Root Tears: Why you need to fix them. Smith & Nephew, An Evening with the Masters Complex Procedures, Innovative Techniques. March 2\textsuperscript{nd}, 2016. Orlando, Florida. 412. LaPrade RF. Combined Multi-Ligament, Meniscus and Cartilage Injuries of the Knee: A Case Based Symposium Meniscus & Meniscus Root Repair in the MLIK. AAOS. March 3rd, 2016. Orlando, Florida. 413. LaPrade RF. Case Presentation- Multiple Ligament Knee Injuries – What would you do? AAOS. March 3rd, 2016. Orlando, Florida. 414. LaPrade RF, Peter McDonald. ACL Revision Reconstruction Technical Issues, case presentation. AAOS. March 4th, 2016. Orlando, Florida. 415. LaPrade RF. Managing the Corners: Repair, Augment, or Reconstruct? AANA Specialty Day. March 5th, 2016. Orlando, Florida. 416. LaPrade RF. Meniscal Root Tears - Why You Need to Fix Them. Smith & Nephew Lunchtime Symposium. AANA. April 15th, 2016. Boston, Massachusetts. 417. LaPrade RF. Better science and outcomes with double bundle PCLs. ESSKA. May 4th, 2016. Barcelona, Spain. 418. LaPrade RF. Conservative treatment of PCL injuries. ESSKA. May 5th, 2016. Barcelona, Spain. 419. LaPrade RF. Meniscal root tears: why and how I do it. Smith and Nephew. ESSKA. May 5th, 2016. Barcelona, Spain. 420. LaPrade RF. Biomechanics of different PLC reconstruction techniques. ESSKA. May 6th, 2016. Barcelona, Spain. 421. LaPrade RF. Complex case in posterolateral corner injury. ESSKA. May 6th, 2016. Barcelona, Spain. 422. LaPrade RF. PCL reconstruction: Double-bundle technique. Anatomic and Biomechanical Basis of Knee Ligament Reconstruction Instructional Course. May 26th, 2016. York, England. 423. LaPrade RF. Anatomy of the lateral side. Anatomic and Biomechanical Basis of Knee Ligament Reconstruction Instructional Course. May 26th, 2016. York, England. 424. LaPrade RF. PLC Reconstruction. Anatomic and Biomechanical Basis of Knee Ligament Reconstruction Instructional Course. May 26th, 2016. York, England. 425. LaPrade RF. The Hidden Reality: You may not have seen it, but it has seen you! – Meniscal root tears. Save The Meniscus. May 27th, 2016. York, England. 426. LaPrade RF. PCL Reconstruction. Surgical Management of the Injured Knee: Innovative Solutions for Complex Problems. June 4th, 2016. Rosemont, Illinois. 427. LaPrade RF. LCL Anatomy & Reconstruction/Posterolateral Corner. Surgical Management of the Injured Knee: Innovative Solutions for Complex Problems. June 4th, 2016. Rosemont, Illinois. 428. LaPrade RF. Proximal Tibial Osteotomy. Surgical Management of the Injured Knee: Innovative Solutions for Complex Problems. June 5th, 2016. Rosemont, Illinois. 429. LaPrade RF, Arendt E. Live Dissection - Collaterals and Patellofemoral joint. Vail International Complex Knee Symposium (VICKS). June 9th, 2016. Vail, CO. 430. LaPrade RF, von Bormann R. Live Surgical Demo - Anatomic LCL Reconstruction. Vail International Complex Knee Symposium (VICKS). June 9th, 2016. Vail, CO. 431. LaPrade RF, Engebretsen L. Live Surgical Demo - Anatomic Posterolateral Knee Reconstruction. Vail International Complex Knee Symposium (VICKS). June 9th, 2016. Vail, CO. 432. LaPrade RF, Faucett S. Live Surgical Demo - Anatomic Meniscal Root Repairs. Vail International Complex Knee Symposium (VICKS). June 9th, 2016. Vail, CO. 433. LaPrade RF. Why We Need to Perform Double Bundle PCL Reconstructions. Vail International Complex Knee Symposium (VICKS). June 10th, 2016. Vail, CO. 434. LaPrade RF. Rotational Laxity of the Knee – Meniscal Issues. AOSSM. July 8th, 2016. Colorado Springs, CO. 435. LaPrade RF. Platelet-Rich Plasma – The Evidence. AOSSM. July 9th, 2016. Colorado Springs, CO. 436. LaPrade RF. Live surgical demonstration: Meniscal Root Repair. Knee Surgery in the Athlete. July 22nd, 2016. Santiago, Chile. 437. LaPrade RF. Meniscal Root Tears, A Silent Epidemic. Knee Surgery in the Athlete. July 22nd, 2016. Santiago, Chile. 438. LaPrade RF. Benefits of anatomical FCL reconstruction. Knee Surgery in the Athlete. July 22nd, 2016. Santiago, Chile. 439. LaPrade RF. ACL + PLC my vision of the problem. Knee Surgery in the Athlete. July 22nd, 2016. Santiago, Chile. 440. LaPrade RF. Live surgical demonstration: PLC Reconstruction. Knee Surgery in the Athlete. July 22nd, 2016. Santiago, Chile. 441. LaPrade RF. Live surgical demonstration: Trochleoplasty. Knee Surgery in the Athlete. July 23rd, 2016. Santiago, Chile. 442. LaPrade RF. Trochleoplasty in Athletes. Knee Surgery in the Athlete. July 23rd, 2016. Santiago, Chile. 2017 443. LaPrade RF. The Posterior Cruciate Ligament. OSSUR. January 12th, 2017 444. LaPrade RF. Meniscal Injuries. Hafjell Resident Course. February 2nd, 2017 445. LaPrade RF. Medial Collaeral Ligament. Hafjell Resident Course, February 2nd, 2017 446. LaPrade RF. ACL Reconstruction Revision, Hafjell Resident Course, February 3rd, 2017 447. LaPrade RF. MCL; Anatomic augmentation Technique. Hafjell Resident Course, February 4th, 2017 448. LaPrade RF. Revision ACLR; Kviftjell (Norwegian Arthroscopy Association), February 4th, 2017 449. LaPrade RF. Meniscal Injuries, Kviftjell (Norwegian Arthroscopy Association), February 4th, 2017 450. LaPrade RF. MCL, Kviftjell (Norwegian Arthroscopy Association), February 4th, 2017 451. LaPrade RF. Anterior Cruciate Ligament Revision Reconstruction Technical Issues: A Case-Based Approach. AAOS Meeting March 16th, 2017 452. LaPrade RF. Multiple Ligament Knee Injuries – What Would You Do? AAOS Meeting March 17th, 2017 453. LaPrade RF. PCL Anatomy. 2017 Anatomic and Biomechanical Basis of Knee Ligament Reconstruction “Deconstruction to Reconstruction” April 27th, 2017 456. LaPrade RF. Double Bundle PCL Reconstruction. 2017 Anatomic and Biomechanical Basis of Knee Ligament Reconstruction “Deconstruction to Reconstruction” April 27th, 2017 457. LaPrade RF. Posterolateral Corner Reconstruction. 2017 Anatomic and Biomechanical Basis of Knee Ligament Reconstruction “Deconstruction to Reconstruction” April 27th, 2017 458. LaPrade RF. Meniscal Root Tears – What they are and why they should be repaired. 2017 Anatomic and Biomechanical Basis of Knee Ligament Reconstruction “Deconstruction to Reconstruction” April 28th, 2017 459. LaPrade RF. Meniscus Root Repair: Transosseous Two Tunnel Repair. 2017 Anatomic and Biomechanical Basis of Knee Ligament Reconstruction “Deconstruction to Reconstruction” April 28th, 2017 460. LaPrade RF. Double Bundle PCLR in MLI Knee. Mayo 2017 Knee Dislocation and Multi-Ligament Knee Reconstruction Course, May 12th, 2017. 461. LaPrade RF. State of the Art in Ligament Reconstruction. Spring AANA, May 19th, 2017. 462. LaPrade RF. PRP for treating Ligament Tears. ISAKOS, Shanghai China, June 3rd, 2017. 463. LaPrade RF. ISAKOS, Shanghai China, June 4th, 2017. 464. LaPrade RF. Treatment of Acute Posterolateral Corner Injuries. ISAKOS, Shanghai China, June 5th, 2017. 465. LaPrade RF. Treatment of MCL and Posteromedial Corner Injuries in ACL Reconstruction. ISAKOS, Shanghai China, June 3rd, 2017. 466. LaPrade RF. Meniscus Root Tears – Two Tunnel Technique. ISAKOS, Shanghai China, June 6th, 2017. 467. LaPrade RF. Meniscal Root Tears – What are They and Why You Need to Fix Them. ISAKOS, Shanghai China, June 6th, 2017. 468. LaPrade RF. PCL Double Bundle Reconstruction: Only Way to Go. ISAKOS, Shanghai China, June 8th, 2017. 469. LaPrade RF. PRP for Ligament Tears. ISAKOS, Shanghai China, June 8th, 2017. 470. LaPrade RF. PCL Double Bundle Reconstruction: Only Way to Go. VICKS, Vail, CO, June 10th, 2017 471. LaPrade RF. Biologics Treatments for Orthopedic Injuries: A Case Based Approach. AOSSM, Toronto ON, Canada. July 21st, 2017. 472. LaPrade RF. Incidence and Detection of Meniscal Ramp Lesions on MRI. AOSSM, Toronto ON, Canada. July 21st, 2017. 473. LaPrade RF. ESS in Hockey: What are the Risks? AOSSM, Toronto ON, Canada. July 21st, 2017. 474. LaPrade RF. Case Based Approach to Complex/MLI Knee: PCL, PLC, MCL. AOSSM, Toronto ON, Canada. July 21st, 2017. 475. LaPrade RF. Meniscal Considerations: Root vs Complete Repair. Smith and Nephew Event, Massachusetts, August 27th, 2017. 476. LaPrade RF. Posterolateral Norner Injuries: No Longer the Dark Side of the Knee. Brazil September 28th, 2017. 477. LaPrade RF. Double Bundle PCL Reconstructions: The New Gold Standard. Brazil, September 28th, 2017. 478. LaPrade RF. Radial Tears of the Menisci – New Techniques and Why We Need to Repair These. Brazil, September 28th, 2017. 479. LaPrade RF. Meniscal Root Tears: The Silent Epidemic. Brazil September 29th, 2017. 480. LaPrade RF. Radial Tears of the Menisci – New Techniques and Why We Need to Repair These. Sao Paulo, Brazil, September 27th, 2017. 481. LaPrade RF. Posterolateral Corner Injuries: No Longer the Dark Side of the Knee. Sao Paulo, Brazil, September 27th, 2017. 482. LaPrade RF. PCL Double Bundle Reconstruction: The New Gold Standard. Sao Paulo, Brazil, September 27th, 2017. 483. LaPrade RF. Deeper Dive into the Medial Side of the Knee: MPFL, MCL, and Medial Meniscal Root Tears. Fall AANA 2017, November 3rd, 2017. 484. LaPrade RF. ACL Revisions: What You Need to Prepare For. Fall AANA 2017, November 4th, 2017. 485. LaPrade RF. Radial Meniscal Tears: We Can Reliably Repair Them. Fall AANA 2017, November 4th, 2017. 486. LaPrade RF. The Posterolateral Corner of the Knee- No Longer the Dark Side. Polish Arthroscopy Society Congress, November 17th, 2017. 487. LaPrade RF. State of Treating PCL Tears in 2017 – Double Bundle is the New Gold Standard. Polish Arthroscopy Society Congress, November 17th, 2017. 488. LaPrade RF. The Principles behind Anatomic-Based Reconstruction. Polish Arthroscopy Society Congress, November 17th, 2017. 489. LaPrade RF. My Approach to Complex Knees: Clinical Examination and Stress Radiography. Warwick, England, November 20th, 2017. 490. LaPrade RF. Lateral Reconstruction Technique. Warwick, England, November 20th, 2017. 491. LaPrade RF. PCL Reconstruction: Principles and Evidence for Double Bundle Reconstruction. Warwick, England, November 20th, 2017. 492. LaPrade RF. Root Repair Surgical Technique. Warwick, England, November 20th, 2017. 493. LaPrade RF. Como sistematizar mi Examen Fisico de Rodilla. Buenos Aires, Argentina, December 3rd, 2017. 494. LaPrade RF. Que es lo que no vieron o hicieron mal en multiligamentarias que me derivan. Buenos Aires, Argentina, December 3rd, 2017. 495. LaPrade RF. Slope Tibial: Es Importante? Buenos Aires, Argentina, December 3rd, 2017. 2018 496. LaPrade RF. Bone Marrow Aspirate Concentrate Harvesting and Processing Technique. Arthroscopy Techniques, Vol. 6, Issue 2, e441–e445 (Published online: April 10, 2017). AANA Chicago 2018 497. LaPrade RF. Meniscal Root Tears: A Slient Epidemic. TRIA Orthopedic and Sports Medicine Conference. February 9th, 2018. 498. LaPrade RF. FCL/PLC: When to Repair, Augment or Reconstruct?. AAOS Symposium, New Orleans. March 9th, 2018. 499. LaPrade RF. The Lateral Side of the Knee – How to Recognize and Treat LCL/Posterolateral Corner Injuries. AOSSM Specialty Day, New Orleans. March 10th, 2018. 500. LaPrade RF. Can we Agree on Biologics Outcomes Metrics for Clinical Trials? AAOS Biologics, Stanford. February 17th, 2018. 501. LaPrade RF. Anatomy of the Anterolateral Complex. Sports Knee Program. Watford, England. April 5th, 2018 502. LaPrade RF. DB PCL Reconstruction. Sports Knee Program. Watford, England. April 5th, 2018 503. LaPrade RF. The Lateral Meniscus Root: Why it is Important in ACL Surgery. Sports Knee Program. Watford, England. April 5th, 2018 504. LaPrade RF. Clinically Relevant PCL Anatomy. Sports Knee Program. Watford, England. April 5th, 2018 505. LaPrade RF. PLC Reconstruction. Sports Knee Program. Watford, England. April 5th, 2018 506. LaPrade RF. Meniscal Root Tears: The Missed Epidemic. 17th Brazilian Knee Surgery Congress. April 14th, 2018. 507. LaPrade RF. Three Trends in Ligament and Meniscal Reconstruction. 17th Brazilian Knee Surgery Congress. April 14th, 2018. 508. LaPrade RF. Repair of Radial Meniscal Tears: The New Two-Tunnel Technique. 17th Brazilian Knee Surgery Congress. April 14th, 2018. 509. LaPrade RF. Treatment of Combined PCL and Posterolateral Knee Injuries: Case-Based. 17th Brazilian Knee Surgery Congress. April 14th, 2018. 510. LaPrade RF. Multiple Ligament Injuries Involving the PCL – Workup and Treatment Schedule. 17th Brazilian Knee Surgery Congress. April 12th, 2018. 511. LaPrade RF. Treatment of Combined PCL and MCL Injuries. 17th Brazilian Knee Surgery Congress. April 14th, 2018. 512. LaPrade RF. Early Sports Specialization. 2nd Annual Injury Prevention Symposium. May 3-5th, 2018. 513. LaPrade RF. Multiple Ligament Complex Knee Injuries in Olympic Ski Athletes. 2nd Annual Injury Prevention Symposium. May 3-5th, 2018 514. LaPrade RF. Management of associated injuries Ligaments-menisci-cartilage. IOC Switzerland. 515. LaPrade RF. Partial Controlled Early Postoperative Weightbearing versus Non-weightbearing after Reconstruction of the Fibular (Lateral) Collateral Ligament: A Randomized Controlled Trial and Equivalence Analysis. AOSSM 2018. 516. LaPrade RF. Biologics and the Knee: What Should you be Using? AOSSM 2018. 517. LaPrade RF. New Technology – Rooted in Outcomes: Meniscus Root Repairs. AOSSM 2018. 518. LaPrade RF. Case 1: Treatment of Combined PCL and Posterolateral Knee Injuries: Case-based. AOSSM ICL 210 2018. 519. LaPrade RF. Case 2: Multiple Ligament Knee Injury in an Olympic Skier. AOSSM ICL 210 2018. 520. LaPrade RF. Case 3: Failed ACLR. AOSSM ICL 210 2018. 521. LaPrade RF. Case 4: Treatment of MCL and Posteromedial Corner Injuries with an ACL Reconstruction. AOSSM ICL 210 2018. 522. LaPrade RF. Case 5: Failed PCL Reconstruction. AOSSM ICL 210 2018. 523. LaPrade RF. Case 6: Treatment of Combined PCL and MCL injuries. AOSSM ICL 210 2018. 524. LaPrade RF. BMAC and Progenitor Cells: Where are we now, what can we use, and how do we move forward. AOSSM ICL 201 2018. 525. LaPrade RF. Failed PCL Reconstruction – Tunnel Grafting and Root Repair. VICKS V 2018. 526. LaPrade RF. Multiple Ligament Knee Case -- What Would you do? VICKS V 2018 527. LaPrade RF. Multiple Ligament Knee Injury in an Olympic Skier. VICKS V 2018 528. LaPrade RF. Why we Need to Perform Double Bundle PCL Reconstructions. VICKS V 2018 529. LaPrade RF. Fibular Collateral Ligament Reconstruction and Anterior Cruciate Ligament. VICKS V 2018 530. LaPrade RF. Treatment of MCL and Posteromedial Corner Injuries with an ACL Reconstruction. VICKS V 2018 531. LaPrade RF. The Use of PRP (and BMAC) for Knee Osteoarthritis: When and How. AAA Congress Buenos Aires, Argentina 2018. 532. LaPrade RF. Minimum Reporting Information Needed for Evaluating Biologics in Orthopaedics (MIBO). AAA Congress Buenos Aires, Argentina 2018 533. LaPrade RF. PRP for Ligament Use – What does the Literature tell us? AAA Congress Buenos Aires, Argentina 2018 PODIUM AND POSTER PRESENTATIONS (total = 241) 1988 1. LaPrade RF. Advances in scoliosis treatment in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. Michigan Orthopaedic Society Annual Meeting. Mackinac Island, June 1988. 2. LaPrade RF, Rowe DE. Advances in scoliosis treatment in patients with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. 6th Annual MSU/KCMS Research Day. Michigan, June 1988. 1989 3. LaPrade RF. Advances in scoliosis treatment in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. Mid-America Orthopaedic Association Annual Meeting. Hamilton, Bermuda, April 1989. 4. LaPrade RF, Noffsinger MA. Idiopathic osteonecrosis of the patella: an unusual cause of knee pain. 7th Annual MSU/KCMS Research Day. Michigan, June 1989. 5. LaPrade RF, Burnett QM. Measurement of knee joint contact stress with manipulation of a flexion contracted knee. 7th Annual MSU/KCMS Research Day. Michigan, June 1989. 1990 6. LaPrade RF, Burnett QM. Femoral intercondylar notch stenosis and correlation to ACL injuries: preliminary results of a prospective study. 8th Annual MSU/KCMS Research Day. Michigan, June 1990. 1991 7. LaPrade RF. Incidence, location and mechanism of intercollegiate ice hockey injuries: a two year prospective study. Mid-America Orthopaedic Association Annual Meeting. Palm Springs, CA, April 1991. 8. LaPrade RF, Burnett QM, Zarzour R. Incidence, location and mechanism of intercollegiate ice hockey injuries. 9th Annual MSU/KCMS Research Day. Michigan, June 1991. 9. LaPrade RF, Burnett QM. The treatment of metacarpal fractures in intercollegiate ice hockey players. 9th Annual MSU/KCMS Research Day. Michigan, June 1991. 10. LaPrade RF, Burnett QM. Femoral intercondylar notch stenosis and correlation to ACL injuries: a prospective study. 9th Annual MSU/KCMS Research Day. Michigan, June 1991. 11. LaPrade RF, Burnett QM. Localized chondrocalcinosis of the lateral tibial condyle presenting as a loose body in a young athlete. 9th Annual MSU/KCMS Research Day. Michigan, June 1991. 12. LaPrade RF. The treatment of metacarpal fractures in intercollegiate ice hockey players. Michigan Orthopaedic Society Annual Meeting. Shanty Creek, June 1991. 13. LaPrade RF. Incidence, location and mechanism of intercollegiate ice hockey injuries. Michigan Orthopaedic Society Annual Meeting. Shanty Creek, June 1991. 1992 14. LaPrade RF. Femoral intercondylar notch stenosis and correlation to anterior cruciate ligament injuries: a prospective study. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons 59th Annual Meeting Poster Presentation. Washington, DC, February 1992. 15. LaPrade RF. Femoral intercondylar notch stenosis and correlation to anterior cruciate ligament injuries: a prospective study. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons 59th Annual Meeting. American Orthopaedic Society of Sports Medicine Specialty Day Paper Presentation. Washington, DC, February 1992. 16. LaPrade RF. Femoral intercondylar notch stenosis and correlation to anterior cruciate ligament injuries. American Orthopaedic Association 25th Annual Resident’s Conference. Ann Arbor, Michigan, March 1992. 17. LaPrade RF. Incidence, location and mechanism of intercollegiate hockey injuries: a three year prospective study. First World Congress of Sports Trauma. Palma de Mallorca, Spain, May 1992. 18. LaPrade RF. Femoral intercondylar notch stenosis and correlation to anterior cruciate ligament injuries. Michigan Orthopaedic Society Annual Meeting. Mackinac Island, Michigan, June 1992. 1993 19. LaPrade RF. Identification of injury risk factors in ice hockey: a prospective study. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons 60th Annual Meeting. San Francisco, California, February 1993. 20. LaPrade RF. Posterolateral L4 to sacrum spinal fusion with L4-S1 Askip-a-level® pedicle screw Cotrel-Dubosset instrumentation. American Orthopaedic Association 26th Annual Residents Conference. Seattle, Washington, March 1993. 21. LaPrade RF. The prevalence of abnormal MRI findings in asymptomatic knees with correlation to MRI and arthroscopic findings in symptomatic knees. American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine 19th Annual Meeting. Sun Valley, Idaho, July 1993. 1994 22. LaPrade RF. The prevalence of abnormal MRI findings in asymptomatic knees. Residents and Fellows Arthroscopy Conference. Scottsdale, Arizona, January 1994. 23. LaPrade RF. The prevalence of abnormal MRI findings in asymptomatic knees. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Poster Presentation. New Orleans, Louisiana, February 1994. 24. LaPrade RF. The prevalence of abnormal MRI findings in asymptomatic knees. Mid-America Orthopaedic Association 12th Annual Meeting. South Hampton, Bermuda, April 1994. 25. LaPrade RF. Injury patterns and their correlation to clinical instability in posterolateral knee injuries. American Orthopaedic Society of Sports Medicine 20th Annual Meeting. Palm Desert, June 1994. 26. LaPrade RF. Anatomy of the biceps femoris at the knee and biceps injury patterns in the ACL deficient knee. American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine 20th Annual Meeting. Palm Desert, June 1994. 1995 27. Terry GC, LaPrade RF. Arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using fluoroscopy. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons 62nd Annual Meeting Videotape Exhibit. Orlando, FL, February 1995. 28. LaPrade RF. Injury patterns and their correlation to clinical instability in posterolateral knee injuries. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons 62nd Annual Meeting. Orlando, FL, February 1995. 29. LaPrade RF. The biceps femoris complex at the knee: injury patterns associated with acute anterolateral-antero medial rotatory instability. Mid-American Orthopaedic Association 13th Annual Meeting. Palm Beach, CA, April 1995. 30. LaPrade RF. Injury patterns and their correlation to clinical instability in posterolateral knee injuries. Texas Medical Association Annual Meeting. Dallas, TX, May 1995. 31. LaPrade RF. The effects of a notchplasty on the normal knee. International Arthroscopy Association/International Society for the Knee Combined Congress. Hong Kong, May 1995. 32. LaPrade RF. The biceps femoris complex at the knee: injury patterns associated with acute anterolateral-antromedial rotatory instability. International Arthroscopy Association/International Society for the Knee Combined Congress. Hong Kong, May 1995. 33. LaPrade RF, Terry GC, Hamilton CD. The surgical approach to the posterolateral knee. International Arthroscopy Association/International Society for the Knee Combined Congress Poster Exhibit. Hong Kong, May 1995. 34. LaPrade RF. Injury patterns and their correlation to clinical instability in PLRI. The Hughston Society. Columbus, GA, June 1995. 35. LaPrade RF. The effects of a notchplasty on the normal knee. The Hughston Society. Columbus, GA, June 1995. 36. LaPrade RF. The biceps femoris complex at the knee. The Hughston Society. Columbus, GA, June 1995. 37. LaPrade RF. Lipoma arborescens, MR imaging findings. Radiological Society of North American 81st Annual Meeting. Chicago, Illinois, November 1995. 38. LaPrade RF. The effects of a notchplasty on the normal knee. Southern Medical Association Annual Meeting. Kansas City, MO, November 1995. 1996 39. LaPrade RF. Three dimensional kinematic analysis of the shoulder: motion of the scapula and the humerus during scapular plane abduction. 14th Annual Houston Conference on Biomedical Engineering Research. Houston, TX, February 1996. 40. LaPrade RF, Hamilton CD. The anatomy of the fibular collateral ligament-biceps femoris bursa. 63rd Annual American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Meeting Poster Exhibit. Atlanta, GA, February 1996. 41. LaPrade RF, Hsu-Ko E, Hamilton CD. Attritional ruptures of the deltoid muscle associated with massive rotator cuff tears. 14th Annual Mid-America Orthopaedic Association Meeting Poster Exhibit. San Antonio, TX, April 1996. 42. LaPrade RF, Hsu-Ko E, Hamilton CD. Attritional ruptures of the deltoid muscle associated with massive rotator cuff tears. 14th Annual Mid-America Orthopaedic Association Meeting Paper Presentation. San Antonio, TX, April 1996. 43. LaPrade RF, Hamilton CD. The fibular collateral ligament - biceps femoris bursa: an anatomic and clinical study. 14th Annual Mid-America Orthopaedic Association Meeting Poster Exhibit. San Antonio, TX, April 1996. 44. LaPrade RF, Hamilton CD. The fibular collateral ligament - biceps femoris bursa: an anatomic and clinical study. 14th Annual Mid-America Orthopaedic Association Meeting Paper Presentation. San Antonio, TX, April 1996. 45. LaPrade RF, Hamilton CD. The effects of a notchplasty on the normal knee. 14th Annual Mid-America Orthopaedic Association Meeting Poster Exhibit. San Antonio, TX, April 1996. 46. LaPrade RF, Hamilton CD. The effects of a notchplasty on the normal knee. 14th Annual Mid-America Orthopaedic Association Meeting Paper Presentation. San Antonio, TX, April 1996. 47. LaPrade RF, Valastro M, Hamilton CD. Anatomy and radiographic imaging of the intercondylar notch. 14th Annual Mid-America Orthopaedic Association Meeting Paper Presentation. San Antonio, TX, April 1996. 48. LaPrade RF, Chaljub G, Hamilton CD. MR imaging of the posterolateral aspect of the knee: use of a 5-inch surface coil. American Roentgen Ray Society Scientific Exhibit. San Diego, CA, May 1996. 49. LaPrade RF, Hamilton CD. The fibular collateral ligament biceps femoris bursa: an anatomic and clinical study. 2\textsuperscript{nd} World Congress on Sports Trauma/AOSSM 22\textsuperscript{nd} Annual Meeting Paper Presentation. Orlando, FL, June 1996. 50. LaPrade RF, Hamilton CD. The reharvested central third patellar tendon: a histological and biomechanical analysis. 2\textsuperscript{nd} World Congress on Sports Trauma/AOSSM 22\textsuperscript{nd} Annual Meeting Paper Presentation. Orlando, FL, June 1996. 51. LaPrade RF, Heinemann J, Hamilton CD. The tubed patellar tendon graft: a biomechanical analysis of a new allograft. 2\textsuperscript{nd} World Congress on Sports Trauma/AOSSM 22\textsuperscript{nd} Annual Meeting Poster Exhibit. Orlando, FL, June 1996. 52. LaPrade RF, Hamilton CD, Wentorf F. Three dimensional kinematic analysis of the shoulder: motion of the scapula and humerus during scapular plane abduction. 2\textsuperscript{nd} World Congress on Sports Trauma/AOSSM 22\textsuperscript{nd} Annual Meeting Poster Exhibit. Orlando, FL, June 1996. 53. LaPrade RF, Chaljub G, Hamilton CD. MR imaging of the posterolateral aspect of the knee: use of a 5-inch surface coil. 82\textsuperscript{nd} Scientific Assembly and Annual Meeting of the Radiological Society of North America Scientific Exhibit. Chicago, IL, December 1996. 1997 54. LaPrade RF, et al. The reharvested central third of the patellar tendon: a histological and biomechanical analysis. 64\textsuperscript{th} Annual American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Meeting Paper and Poster Presentation. San Francisco, CA, February 1997. 55. Wade M, LaPrade RF. Arthroscopic arthrodesis of the shoulder. 4\textsuperscript{th} Annual Residents and Fellows Conference. New Orleans, LA, March 1997. 56. LaPrade RF. Arthroscopic appearance of the lateral compartment in knees with grade III posterolateral knee injuries. 13\textsuperscript{th} Annual Minnesota Orthopaedic Society Meeting. Minneapolis, MN, May 1997. 57. LaPrade RF. The measurement of elongation in specific posterolateral knee structures and the cruciate ligaments during clinical limits-of-motion testing. International Society of Arthroscopy, Knee Surgery, and Sports Medicine. Buenos Aires, Argentina, May 1997. 58. LaPrade RF. The reharvested central third of the patellar tendon: a biomechanical and histologic analysis. International Society of Arthroscopy, Knee Surgery, and Sports Medicine. Buenos Aires, Argentina, May 1997. 59. Hamilton CD, LaPrade RF. Anatomy of the deep infrapatellar bursa of the knee. International Society of Arthroscopy, Knee Surgery, and Sports Medicine. Buenos Aires, Argentina, May 1997. 60. LaPrade RF, Broxterman R. The single helmet strap in college ice hockey: a source of inadequate protection. 3\textsuperscript{rd} Symposium on Safety in Ice Hockey. St. Louis, MO, May 1997. 61. LaPrade RF, Broxterman R. Checking from behind in college ice hockey: a proposal to reduce the risk of catastrophic injuries. 3\textsuperscript{rd} Symposium on Safety in Ice Hockey. St. Louis, MO, May 1997. 1998 62. LaPrade RF, Hamilton CD, Wentorf F, Resig S. The measurement of elongation in specific posterolateral knee structures during clinical limits-of-motion testing. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Poster Exhibit. New Orleans, LA, March 1998. 63. LaPrade RF, Gilbert T, Bollom TS, Arendt EA, Chaljub G. Magnetic resonance imaging appearance of anatomic structures of the posterolateral knee: normal and grade III surgically verified injuries. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Scientific Exhibit. New Orleans, LA, March 1998. 64. Nelson EW, LaPrade RF. The anterior intermeniscal ligament: an anatomic study. 5th Annual Residents and Fellows Arthroscopy Conference. Phoenix, AZ, April 1998. 65. Lewis JL, LaPrade RF. The effects of grade III posterolateral knee complex injuries on force in an ACL reconstruction graft: a biomechanical analysis. European Society of Sports Traumatology, Knee Surgery, and Arthroscopy (ESSKA) Annual Meeting. Nice, France, May 1998. 66. Wentorf F, LaPrade RF. The measurement of elongation in specific posterolateral knee structures during clinical limits-of-motion testing. 14th Annual Minnesota Orthopaedic Society Meeting. Minneapolis, MN, May 1998. 67. Bollom T, LaPrade RF. The magnetic resonance imaging appearance of anatomic structures of the posterolateral knee: normal and surgically verified grade III injuries. 14th Annual Minnesota Orthopaedic Society Meeting. Minneapolis, MN, May 1998. 68. Nelson EW, LaPrade RF. The anterior intermeniscal ligament: an anatomic study. 14th Annual Minnesota Orthopaedic Society Meeting. Minneapolis, MN, May 1998. 69. LaPrade RF. The effects of grade III posterolateral knee complex injuries on force in an ACL reconstruction graft: a biomechanical analysis. 14th Annual Minnesota Orthopaedic Society Meeting. Minneapolis, MN, May 1998. 70. Wentorf F, LaPrade RF. The effect of ACL graft set force on tibiofemoral orientation in knees with posterolateral corner injuries. 14th Annual Minnesota Orthopaedic Society Meeting. Minneapolis, MN, May 1998. 71. Wentorf F, LaPrade RF. The effect of ACL graft set force on tibiofemoral orientation in knees with posterolateral corner injuries. 24th Annual American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine Meeting. Vancouver, B.C., Canada, July 1998. 72. LaPrade RF. The effects of grade III posterolateral knee complex injuries on force in an ACL reconstruction graft: a biomechanics study. 24th Annual American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine Meeting. Vancouver, B.C., Canada, July 1998. 1999 73. LaPrade RF. The efforts of grade III posterolateral knee complex injuries on force in an ACL reconstruction graft: a biomechanical analysis. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Anaheim, CA, February 1999. 74. LaPrade RF. The anatomy of the anterior intermeniscal ligament of the knee. International Society of Arthroscopy, Knee Surgery, and Sports Medicine. Washington, DC, May 1999. 75. LaPrade RF. The effects of grade III posterolateral knee complex injuries on force in a PCL graft. International Society of Arthroscopy, Knee Surgery, and Sports Medicine. Washington, DC, May 1999. 76. Bollom TS, LaPrade RF, et al. The MRI appearance of the posterolateral knee. International Society of Arthroscopy, Knee Surgery, and Sports Medicine. Washington, DC, May 1999. 77. Broxterman RJ, LaPrade RF, Schnetzler K, Wendland E. Cervical spine alignment in the immobilized ice hockey player: a computed tomographic analysis of the effects of helmet removal. 15th Annual Minnesota Orthopaedic Society Meeting. Minneapolis, MN, May 1999. 78. LaPrade RF, Muench C, Wentorf FA, Lewis JL. The effects of grade III posterolateral knee complex injuries on force in a posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction graft: a biomechanical analysis. 15th Annual Minnesota Orthopaedic Society Meeting. Minneapolis, MN, May 1999. 79. LaPrade RF, Ly T. A quantitative assessment of anatomic relationships of the posterolateral knee. 15th Annual Minnesota Orthopaedic Society Meeting. Minneapolis, MN, May 1999. 80. Broxterman RJ, LaPrade RF, et al. Cervical spine alignment in the immobilized ice hockey player: a computed tomographic analysis of the effects of helmet removal. 25th Annual American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine Meeting. Traverse City, MI, June 19-22, 1999. 81. Nelson E, LaPrade RF. The anterior intermeniscal ligament of the knee: an anatomic study. 25th Annual American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine Meeting. Traverse City, MI, June 19-22, 1999. 82. Gilbert TJ, LaPrade RF, Bollom TS, et al. The MRI appearance of individual structures of the posterolateral knee: a prospective study. 25th Annual American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine Meeting. Traverse City, MI, June 19-22, 1999. 83. LaPrade RF, Muench C, Wentorf FA, Lewis JL. The effects of grade III posterolateral knee complex injuries on force in a posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction graft: a biomechanical analysis. 25th Annual American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine Meeting. Traverse City, MI, June 19-22, 1999. 2000 84. Swiontkowski MF, Agel J, Arendt EA, LaPrade RF. Validation of interactive voice response as a simplified method for outcomes data collection. AAOS Annual Meeting, Orlando, FL, March 15, 2000. 85. LaPrade RF, Wentorf FA, Ly TV, Lewis JL. A quantitative assessment of anatomic relationships of the posterolateral knee. AAOS Specialty Day Meeting, Orlando, FL, March 18, 2000. 86. LaPrade RF, Wentorf FA, Ly TV, Lewis JL. A quantitative assessment of anatomic relationships of the posterolateral knee. Magellan Society, Surfer’s Paradise, Australia, April 2, 2000. 87. LaPrade RF, Wentorf FA, Ly TV, Lewis JL. A quantitative assessment of anatomic relationships of the posterolateral knee. World Congress on Sports Medicine, Gold Coast, Australia, April 12, 2000. 88. Wentorf, FA, LaPrade RF, Lewis JL. Forces on the posterolateral structures of the knee. 16th Annual Minnesota Orthopaedic Society Meeting, Minneapolis, MN, May 12, 2000. 89. Crum J, LaPrade RF, Wentorf FA. Healing of posterolateral injuries in rabbit knees. 16th Annual Minnesota Orthopaedic Society Meeting, Minneapolis, MN, May 12, 2000. 2001 90. Tso A, Wentorf FA, LaPrade RF, Johansen S, Engebretsen L, Esterberg J, Lewis JL. A novel posterolateral knee reconstruction: An in vitro biomechanical study. International Symposium on Ligaments & Tendons Meeting, Stanford, CA, February 24, 2001. 91. LaPrade RF. The anatomy of the posterior aspect of the knee. Paper #13, International Society of Arthroscopy, Knee Surgery and Orthopaedic Sports Medicine, Montreux, Switzerland, May 14, 2001. 92. LaPrade RF. An in-vivo model of posterolateral knee instability. Paper #26, International Society of Arthroscopy, Knee Surgery and Orthopaedic Sports Medicine, Montreux, Switzerland, May 14, 2001. 93. Wentorf FA, LaPrade RF. Measurement of forces on the posterolateral structures of the knee. Paper #28, International Society of Arthroscopy, Knee Surgery and Orthopaedic Sports Medicine, Montreux, Switzerland, May 14, 2001. 94. Johansen, S, LaPrade RF, Wentorf FA. An anatomic posterolateral knee reconstruction: An in-vitro biomechanical study. Paper #30, International Society of Arthroscopy, Knee Surgery and Orthopaedic Sports Medicine, Montreux, Switzerland, May 14, 2001. 95. LaPrade RF. Epidemiology of intercollegiate ice hockey injuries. Sports medicine and hockey: A summit for the NHL and beyond. American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine and the NHL Team Physicians Society, Toronto, Canada, August 24-26, 2001. 2003 96. Bollom TS, LaPrade RF, Wentorf FA. Failure properties of the fibular collateral and popliteofibular ligaments, and popliteus musculotendinous complex - Paper #4. ISAKOS, Auckland, New Zealand, March 10-14, 2003. 97. Wentorf FA, Konowalchuk BK, LaPrade RF, Engebretsen L. The effect of a proximal tibial osteotomy on posterolateral knee instability. 19\textsuperscript{th} Annual MOS, Minneapolis, MN, May 16, 2003. 98. LaPrade RF, Konowalchuk BK, Wentorf FA, Fritz H, Gundry C. Incidence of multiple ligament and posterolateral injuries: a prospective study. 19\textsuperscript{th} Annual MOS, Minneapolis, MN, May 16, 2003. 99. Wills NJ, LaPrade RF, Bollom TS, Wentorf FA, Meister K. Failure properties of the native fibular collateral ligament, popliteofibular ligament, and popliteus tendon of the posterolateral knee. 19\textsuperscript{th} Annual MOS, Minneapolis, MN, May 16, 2003. 2004 100. Carlson CS, Havlas V, Bursch LS, Wentorf FA, LaPrade RF. Histological characteristics of failed autologous chondrocyte implantation procedures. Poster. 50\textsuperscript{th} Annual ORS, San Francisco, CA, March 7-10, 2004. 101. Engebretsen AH, LaPrade RF, Engebretsen L, Johansen S. Qualitative and quantitative anatomy of the medial aspect of the knee. 11\textsuperscript{th} Annual ESSKA, Athens, Greece, May 5-8, 2004. 102. Carson JD, Tator CH, Providenza CF, Tegner Y, LaPrade RF, Biasca N, Mueller FO, Mölsä J, Cushman RA, Johnston K, Aubry M, Raymond D. Prevention of spinal injuries in ice hockey players: An international perspective. Poster. 7\textsuperscript{th} World Conference on Injury Prevention and Safety Promotion, Vienna, Austria, June 6-9, 2004. 2005 103. Wickum D, LaPrade RF. The kinematic evaluation of the Weaver-Dunn acromioclavicular reconstruction. Poster #P266. 72\textsuperscript{nd} Annual AAOS, Washington, DC, Feb 23-27, 2005. 104. LaPrade RF, Engebretsen A, et al.. A qualitative and quantitative analysis of the attachment morphology and structures of the medial knee. Paper #106. ISAKOS 5\textsuperscript{th} Biennial Congress, Hollywood, FL, April 3-7, 2005. 105. LaPrade RF, Ly TV, et al. The external rotation recurvatum test revisited. Paper #124. ISAKOS 5\textsuperscript{th} Biennial Congress, Hollywood, FL, April 3-7, 2005. 106. Ludewig PM, Gonda E, Wentorf FA, LaPrade RF. Volumetric measurement of the subacromial space at the shoulder. Poster. 20\textsuperscript{th} Congress of the International Society of Biomechanics, and the 29\textsuperscript{th} Annual Meeting of the American Society of Biomechanics, Cleveland, OH, July 31 – Aug 5, 2005. 107. Olson EJ, LaPrade RF, Wentorf FA, Carlson CS. Validation of a rabbit model of posterolateral knee instability. OARSI, Boston, MA, Dec 8-11, 2005. 2007 108. Braman JP, Ludewig PM, Phadke V, Hassett D, Wentorf FA, LaPrade RF. Inman was right: Verification of glenohumeral motion \textit{in vivo}. Poster Presentation #P321. AAOS 2007 Annual Meeting, San Diego, CA, Feb 14-18, 2007. 109. LaPrade RF. Anatomy and biomechanics. 8\textsuperscript{th} Annual AAOS/AOSSM Sports Medicine Course: From the Slopes to the Sidelines #3103, Steamboat Springs, CO, March 14-18, 2007. 110. LaPrade RF. PLC techniques and results. 8\textsuperscript{th} Annual AAOS/AOSSM Sports Medicine Course: From the Slopes to the Sidelines #3103, Steamboat Springs, CO, March 14-18, 2007. 111. LaPrade RF. Athlete’s groin. 8\textsuperscript{th} Annual AAOS/AOSSM Sports Medicine Course: From the Slopes to the Sidelines #3103, Steamboat Springs, CO, March 14-18, 2007. 112. Ludewig PM, Braman JP, Phadke V, Hassett DR, Wentorf FA, LaPrade RF. A novel analysis of \textit{in vivo} acromioclavicular joint motion. ISAKOS, Abstract #1498, Florence, Italy, May 27-31, 2007. 113. Ludewig PM, Braman JP, Phadke V, Hassett DR, Wentorf FA, LaPrade RF. Inman was right: Verification of glenohumeral motion \textit{in vivo}. ISAKOS, Abstract #1499, Florence, Italy, May 27-31, 2007. 114. Engel S, Ludewig P, Braman J, LaPrade RF. In vivo assessment of scapular rhythm in forward elevation. Minnesota Orthopaedic Society, Minneapolis, MN, May 11, 2007. 115. Heikes C, LaPrade RF, Bakker A, Jakobson R, Griffith C. The use of stress radiography in the assessment of isolated fibular collateral ligament and combined grade III posterolateral knee injuries: A biomechanical study. Minnesota Orthopaedic Society, Minneapolis, MN, May 11, 2007. 116. Coobs B, LaPrade RF, Griffith C, Nelson, B, Arendt EA. Biomechanical analysis of an isolated fibular (lateral) collateral ligament reconstruction using an autogenous semitendinosis graft. Minnesota Orthopaedic Society, Minneapolis, MN, May 11, 2007. 117. Nystrom L, LaPrade RF. Proximal tibial opening wedge osteotomies for the treatment of medial compartment arthritis of the knee. Minnesota Orthopaedic Society, Minneapolis, MN, May 11, 2007. 118. Braman JP, Ludewig PM, LaPrade RF. A novel analysis of in vivo acromioclavicular joint motion. Paper #5. ISAKOS 6th Biennial Congress, Florence, Italy, May 27-31, 2007. 119. Braman JP, Ludewig PM, LaPrade RF. Inman was right: Verification of glenohumeral motion in vivo. Paper #46. ISAKOS 6th Biennial Congress, Florence, Italy, May 27-31, 2007. 120. LaPrade RF, Engebretsen L, Johansen S. Current concepts of posterolateral knee injury. ISAKOS, ICL #23, Florence, Italy, May 27–31, 2007. 2008 121. Phadke V, Holinka E, Johnson M, Johnson N, Kern B, Braman JP, LaPrade RF, Ludewig PM. Comparison of subacromial volume in shoulder impingement test positions. Platform presentation, International Shoulder Group Conference, Bologna, Italy, July 2008. 122. Cieminski CJ, LaPrade RF, Ludewig PM. The effects of humeral retroversion on scapular kinematics in throwing athletes with shoulder internal rotation range of motion deficits. Platform presentation, International Shoulder Group Conference, Bologna, Italy, July 2008. 123. Ludewig PM; LaPrade RF; Glenoid Version Analysis. International Shoulder Group Conference, Bologna, Italy, July 2008 124. Ludewig PM, Braman JP, Phadke V, LaPrade RF; Three-dimensional shoulder joint complex kinematics in a case of glenohumeral osteoarthritis. International Shoulder Group Conference, Bologna, Italy. July 2008: 125. Pietrini S, LaPrade RF, Griffith CJ, Wijdicks C, Ziegler C. Quantification of Posterolateral Knee Radiographic Landmarks. Orthopaedic Research Society, 2008. 126. Oro F, Ziegler C, LaPrade RF, Wijdicks C, Pietrini S. Patellar Height after High Tibial Open Wedge Osteotomy. Orthopaedic Research Society, 2008. 127. Wijdicks C, Griffith CJ, Armitage B, LaPrade RF, Johansen Steiner, Engebretsen L. Force Measurements on the Posterior Oblique Ligament and the Superficial Medial Collateral Ligament with Applied External Forces. Orthopaedic Research Society, 2008. 128. Wijdicks C, Griffith CJ, LaPrade RF, Johansen Steiner, Engebretsen L. Load Response Difference between the Proximal and Distal Tibial Attachments of the Superficial Medial Collateral Ligament. Orthopaedic Research Society, 2008. 129. Cieminski CJ, LaPrade RF, Ludewig PM. Analysis of a radiographic method to quantify humeral retroversion. American Physical Therapy Association Meeting, CSM Sports Section Platform, abstract #272535, Boston, MA, Feb 16, 2008. 130. Arendt EA, Holm J, Agel J, LaPrade RF. Comparison of functional testing to isokinetics testing: Determination of recovery after ACL reconstruction. ISAKOS, abstract #1724, Florence, Italy, May, 2007. 131. Oro F, Ziegler C, LaPrade RF, Wijdicks C, Pietrini S. Patellar Height After High Tibial Open Wedge Osteotomy. Orthopaedic Research Society, 2008. 132. Griffith C. Force Measurements on the Posterior Oblique Ligament and Superficial Medial Collateral Ligament Proximal and Distal Divisions to Applied Loads. 7th Annual Alfred Michael Student Research Colloquium. Poster Rochester Mayo Auditorium. March 10, 2008. 133. Walsh M. Fixation Comparison between a Cortical-Cancellous Suspension Titanium Suture Button Backup, Retrograde Bioabsorbable Screw, and Combined Use in an All-inside ACL Reconstruction. Poster at Rochester Mayo Auditorium, March 10, 2008. 134. LaPrade RF, Agel J, Botker J, Herzog M. A Prospective outcomes study of refrigerated fresh osteoarticular allografts to treat articular cartilage defects of the femoral condyles. ESSKA 2008 Porto, Portugal. May 21-24, 2008. 135. Phadke VE, Holinka E, Johnson M, Johnson N, Kern B, Braman JP, LaPrade RF, Ludewig PM. Comparison of subacromial volume in shoulder impingement. Bologna, Italy. International Shoulder Group, July 2008. 135. Ludewig PM, Braman JP, Phadke VP, LaPrade RF. Three-dimensional shoulder joint complex kinematics in a case of glenohumeral joint osteoarthritis. Bologna, Italy. International Shoulder Group, July 2008. 136. Cieminski CJ, LaPrade RF, Ludewig PM. The effects of humeral retroversion on scapular kinematics in throwing athletes with shoulder internal rotation range of motion deficits. Bologna, Italy. International Shoulder Group, July 2008. 137. LaPrade RF. ACL reconstructions and proximal tibial osteotomies. Program in Physical Therapy. Minneapolis, MN, October 2008. 2009 138. LaPrade RF, Barrera OF, Ziegler CG, Wijdicks CA, Walsh MP. Board of Specialty Poster Session at the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgery, Patellar Height and Tibial Slope after Opening Wedge Proximal Tibial Osteotomy: A Prospective Study. Orthopaedic Research Society, 2009 139. Griffith CJ; LaPrade, RF; Pepin SR; Wijdicks CA; Goerke, U; Michaeli S; Ellermann J. Untreated Posterolateral Knee Injuries: Biomechanical and MRI evaluation of in vivo canine model. Orthopaedic Research Society, 2009. 140. Oro, F; Ziegler, C; LaPrade, RF; Wijdicks, CA; Pietrini, SP. Patellar Height after High Tibial Open Wedge Osteotomy. Orthopaedic Research Society, 2009 141. Griffith CJ; LaPrade RF; Pepin SR; Wijdicks CA; Goerke U; Michaeli S; Ellermann J. Untreated Posterolateral Knee Injuries: Biomechanical and MRI evaluation of in vivo canine model. Orthopaedic Research Society, 2009 142. Pepin SR; Wijdicks CA; Griffith CJ; Goerke U; Michaeli S; McNulty MA; Parker JB; Carlson CS; Ellermann J; LaPrade, RF. Comparison of 7.0 Tesla MRI and Histology Measurements in Knee Articular Cartilage in an in vivo Canine Model, Orthopaedic Research Society 2009, Podium Talk at the Minnesota Orthopaedic Society 2009 Annual Meeting 143. Griffith CJ; LaPrade RF; Johansen S; Armitage BM; Wijdicks CA; Engebretsen L. Static Function of the Individual Components of the Main Medial Knee Structures, Orthopaedic Research Society Abstract 2009, Poster Presentation at the Minnesota Orthopaedic Society 2009 Annual Meeting 144. Spiridonov SI; Wijdicks CA; Griffith CJ; Johansen S; Armitage BM; Engebretsen L; LaPrade RF. Load Sharing Between the Posterior Oblique Ligament and Superficial Medial Collateral Ligament after Medial Knee Injury. Orthopaedic Research Society, 2009 145. Wijdicks, CA; Griffith, CJ; Arendt EA; Johansen S; Sunderland AS; Engebretsen, L; LaPrade RF. Radiographic Identification of the Primary Medial Knee Structures. Orthopaedic Research Society, 2009 146. Coobs BR; Wijdicks CA; Armitage B; Westerhaus BD; Engebretsen L; Johansen S; LaPrade RF. Biomechanical Analysis of an Anatomic Medial Knee Reconstruction. Poster Presentation at the Minnesota Orthopaedic Society 2009 Annual Meeting, Orthopaedic Research Society 2009 147. Wijdicks CA; Coobs BR; Spiridonov SI; Armitage, BM; Johansen S; Engebretsen L; LaPrade RF. An In Vitro Analysis of an Anatomic Medial Knee Reconstruction; Restoration of Normal Force Relationships. Orthopaedic Research Society, 2009 148. Walsh MP; Wijdicks CA; Parker JB; Hapa O; LaPrade RF. Optimization of Fixation Strength and Stiffness in All-Inside ACL Reconstructions. Orthopaedic Research Society, 2009 149. Walsh, MP; Wijdicks, CA; Armitage, BM; Westerhaus, BD; Parker, JB; LaPrade, RF. The 1:1 versus the 2:2 Tibial Tunnel Drilling Technique; Optimization of Fixation Strength and Stiffness in an All-Inside Double-Bundle ACL Reconstruction. Orthopaedic Research Society 2009, Poster Presentation at the Minnesota Orthopaedic Society 2009 Annual Meeting 150. Capecchi, TP; Anderson, NF; Westerhaus, BD; Walsh, MP; Wijdicks CA; LaPrade RF. Quantitative Anatomic Measurements of the Anteromedial and Posterolateral Bundles of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament. Orthopaedic 151. Tsai, AG; Walsh, MP; Armitage, B; Westerhaus, BD; Wijdicks, CA; LaPrade RF. All-Inside ACL Reconstruction Demonstrate Significantly Improved Knee Laxity Over Single-Bundle All-Inside ACL Reconstructions: An In Vitro Study. Orthopaedic Research Society 2009, Podium Talk at the Minnesota Orthopaedic Society 2009 Annual Meeting 152. Spiridonov SI, Wijdicks CA, LaPrade RF. A Prospective Study of Injuries in NCAA Intercollegiate Ice Hockey Goaltenders, Poster Presentation at the Minnesota Orthopaedic Society 2009 153. Wijdicks CA; Griffith CJ; LaPrade RF; Spiridonov SI; Armitage BM; Johansen S; Engebretsen L. Superficial Medial Collateral Ligament and Posterior Oblique Ligament Force Measurements Following Knee Injury. Podium Talk at the Minnesota Orthopaedic Society 2009 Annual Meeting 154. LaPrade RF; Bernhardson AS; Macalena J; Griffith CJ; The Reproducibility and Repeatability of Valgus Stress Radiographs to Assess Medial Knee Ligament Injuries. Orthopaedic Research Society 2009, Podium Talk at the Minnesota Orthopaedic Society 2009 Annual Meeting 2010 155. Wijdicks CA, Griffith CJ, LaPrade RF, Spiridonov SI, Johansen S, Engebretsen L. Load Sharing Between the Posterior Oblique Ligament and Superficial Medial Collateral Ligament Following Medial Knee Injury: A Biomechanical Study, Scandinavian Congress of Medicine and Science in Sports (SCMSS) 2010, Copenhagen, Denmark, February 4-6, 2010 156. Wijdicks CA, Coobs BR, Spiridonov SI, Johansen S, Armitage BM, Engebretsen L, LaPrade RF. An In Vitro Analysis of an Anatomic Medial Knee Reconstruction, Scandinavian Congress of Medicine and Science in Sports (SCMSS) 2010, Copenhagen, Denmark, February 4-6, 2010 157. Wijdicks CA, Griffith CJ, Arendt EA, Sunderland AS, Johansen S, Engebretsen L, LaPrade RF. Radiographic Identification of the Primary Medial Knee Structures, Scandinavian Congress of Medicine and Science in Sports (SCMSS) 2010, Copenhagen, Denmark, February 4-6, 2010 158. Wijdicks CA, Brand EJ, Nuckley DJ, Johansen S, LaPrade RF, Engebretsen L. Biomechanical Evaluation of a Medial Knee Reconstruction with Comparison of Bioabsorbable Interference Screw Constructs and Optimization with a Cortical Button. Scandinavian Congress of Medicine and Science in Sports (SCMSS) 2010, Copenhagen, Denmark, February 4-6, 2010 159. Wijdicks CA, Ewart DT, Nuckley DJ, Johansen S, Engebretsen L, LaPrade RF. Mechanical Properties of the Medial Structures of the Knee. Scandinavian Congress of Medicine and Science in Sports (SCMSS) 2010, 160. LaPrade RF. Understanding and Managing Posterolateral Knee Injury, Metcalf 2010 Annual Meeting, Arthroscopic Surgery 2010, Sun Valley, Idaho, January 30-February 2, 2010 161. LaPrade RF. Posterolateral Knee Acute Treatment - Edited Case, Metcalf 2010 Annual Meeting, Arthroscopic Surgery 2010, Sun Valley, Idaho, January 30-February 2, 2010 162. LaPrade RF. Chronic Posterolateral Reconstruction - Cadaveric Demo, Metcalf 2010 Annual Meeting, Arthroscopic Surgery 2010, Sun Valley, Idaho, January 30-February 2, 2010 163. LaPrade RF, Wozniczka JK, Stellmaker M, Wijdicks CA. The “Fifth Ligament” of the Knee: Analysis of the Static Function of the Popliteus Tendon and Evaluation of an Anatomic Reconstruction. Orthopaedic Research Society (ORS) Annual Meeting in New Orleans, Louisiana, March 6-9, 2010 164. Anderson CJ, Westerhaus BD, Pietrini SD, Ziegler CG, Wijdicks CA, Johansen S, Engebretsen L, LaPrade RF. The Impact of Anteromedial and Posterolateral Bundle Graft Fixation Angles in Double-Bundle Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstructions. Orthopaedic Research Society (ORS) Annual Meeting in New Orleans, Louisiana, March 6-9, 2010 165. Westerhaus BD, Wijdicks CA, Anderson CJ, Johansen S, Engebretsen L, LaPrade RF. Biomechanical Correlation between Common Clinical Examinations to Determine ACL Integrity. Orthopaedic Research Society (ORS) Annual Meeting in New Orleans, Louisiana, March 6-9, 2010 166. Ziegler CG, Pietrini SD, Westerhaus BD, Wijdicks CA, Anderson CJ, Johansen S, Engebretsen L, LaPrade RF. Landmarks for Tunnel Positioning in Single-Bundle and Double-Bundle ACL Reconstructions. Orthopaedic Research Society (ORS) Annual Meeting in New Orleans, Louisiana, March 6-9, 2010 167. Pietrini SD, Ziegler CG, Westerhaus BD, Anderson CJ, Wijdicks CA, Johansen S, Engebretsen L, LaPrade RF. Radiographic Landmarks for Tunnel Positioning in Double-Bundle ACL Reconstructions. Orthopaedic Research Society (ORS) Annual Meeting in New Orleans, Louisiana, March 6-9, 2010 168. McCarthy MA, Camarda L, Wijdicks CA, Johansen S, Engebretsen L, LaPrade RF. Anatomic Posterolateral Knee Reconstructions Require a Popliteofibular Ligament Reconstruction Through a Tibial Tunnel. Orthopaedic Research Society (ORS) Annual Meeting in New Orleans, Louisiana, March 6-9, 2010 169. LaPrade RF. Clinically Relevant Anatomy of the Medial Knee. 14th ESSKA Congress, Oslo, Norway, June 9-12, 2010 170. LaPrade RF. Take Home Messages. 14th ESSKA Congress, Oslo, Norway, June 9-12, 2010 171. Anderson CJ, Westerhaus BD, Ziegler CG, Wijdicks CA, Johanson S, Engebretsen L, LaPrade RF. The Kinematic Impact of Anteromedial and Posterolateral Bundle Graft Fixation Angles on Double-Bundle ACL Reconstructions. 14th ESSKA Congress, Oslo, Norway, June 9-12, 2010 172. Griffith CJ, LaPrade RF, Spiridonov S, Coobs BR, Ruckert P. Fibular Collateral Ligament Anatomical Reconstructions: A Prospective Outcomes Study. 14th ESSKA Congress, Oslo, Norway, June 9-12, 2010 173. Geeslin AG, LaPrade RF. Incidence and Location of Bone Bruises and other Osseous Injuries Associated with Grade III Posterolateral Corner Knee Injuries. 14th ESSKA Congress, Oslo, Norway, June 9-12, 2010 174. Griffith CJ, LaPrade RF, Pepin S, Wijdicks CA, Goerke U, Michaeli S, Ellermann J. Untreated Posterolateral Knee Injuries Biomechanical and MRI Evaluation of an In Vivo Canine Model. 14th ESSKA Congress, Oslo, Norway, June 9-12, 2010 175. Wijdicks CA, Wozniczka J, Stellmaker M, LaPrade RF. The Fifth Ligament of the Knee: Analysis of the Static Function of the Popliteurs tendon and evaluation of an anatomic reconstruction. 14th ESSKA Congress, Oslo, Norway, June 9-12, 2010 176. LaPrade RF, Ziegler C, Pietrini S, Westerhaus B, Anderson C, Johansen S, Engebretsen L. Landmarks for Tunnel Positioning in Single and Double Bundle ACL Reconstructions. 14th ESSKA Congress, Oslo, Norway, June 9-12, 2010 177. Wijdicks CA, Ewart D, Nuckley D, Johansen S, Engebretsen L, LaPrade RF. Mechanical properties of the primary medial knee structures. 14th ESSKA Congress, Oslo, Norway, June 9-12, 2010 178. Braman J, Hybben N, Pham T, Nystrom C, Peterson B, Camargo F, Phadke V, LaPrade RF, Ludewig P. Effects of elevation angle and plane of motion on the subacromial space and internal impingement risk. 14th ESSKA Congress, Oslo, Norway, June 9-12, 2010 179. Engebretsen L, McCarthy M, Carmada L, Wijdicks CA, Johansen S, LaPrade RF. Anatomic Posterolateral Knee Reconstructions Require a Popliteofibular Ligament Reconstruction through a Tibial Tunnel. AOSSM Annual Meeting, Providence, RI, July 15-18, 2010. 180. LaPrade RF, Spiridonov S, Coobs BR, Ruckert P, Griffith CJ. Fibular Collateral Ligament Anatomic Reconstructions: A Prospective Outcomes Study. AOSSM Annual Meeting, Providence, RI, July 15-18, 2010. 2011 181. LaPrade RF. Audio-Digest Orthopaedics. Volume 34. Issue 03. February 07, 2011. Sports Injuries: Exam of the Athletic Knee. 182. LaPrade RF. Spotlight Technique Video: Posterolateral Corner Reconstruction. AANA Specialty Day, San Diego, CA, February 19, 2011. 183. LaPrade RF. Case Presentations and Panel Discussion: Ligament Reconstruction. AANA Specialty Day, San Diego, CA, February 19, 2011. 184. Philippon MJ, LaPrade RF, Ho CP, Briggs K, Stull JD. Screening of Asymptomatic Elite Youth Hockey Players: Clinical and MRI Exam. IOC Committee Meeting - Monaco Scientific Program– Monte-Carlo, Monaco. April 7-9, 2011 185. Philippon MJ, LaPrade RF, Ho CP, Briggs K, Stull JD. Association of Strength and Range-of-Motion with Alpha Angles in Elite Youth Hockey Players. IOC Committee Meeting - Monaco Scientific Program -Monte-Carlo, Monaco. April 7-9, 2011 186. Philippon MJ, Stull JD, LaPrade RF. “At Risk” Positioning and Hip Biomechanics of the Peewee Ice Hockey Sprint Start. IOC Committee Meeting - Monaco Scientific Program – Monte-Carlo, Monaco. April 7-9, 2011 187. Wijdicks CA, Spiridonov SI, LaPrade RF. A Prospective Study of Injuries in NCAA Intercollegiate Ice-Hockey Goal Tenders. IOC Committee Meeting - Monaco Scientific Program– Monte-Carlo, Monaco. April 7-9, 2011 188. LaPrade RF, Geeslin AG, Spiridonov SI, Slinkard NJ. Isolated and Combined Grade III PCL Tears Treated with Double Bundle Reconstructions Using an Endoscopic Femoral Graft Placement: Operative Technique and Clinical Outcomes. ISAKOS Symposium Rio de Janeiro, Brazil May 19, 2011 189. LaPrade RF, Spiridonov SI, Nystrom L, Jansson K. Prospective Outcomes of Patients with Medial Compartment Osteoarthritis Treated with a Proximal Tibial Opening Wedge Osteotomy. Poster: ISAKOS Symposium Rio de Janeiro, Brazil May 19, 2011 2012 190. Philippon MJ, LaPrade RF, Briggs KB, Pierce CM, Stull JD. Prevalence of acetabular labral tears in asymptomatic young athletic subjects. A prospective investigation using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). AOSSM 2012 Annual Meeting, Baltimore MD July 15, 2012 2013 191. LaPrade RF, Johannsen AM, Anderson CJ, Wijdicks CA, Engebretsen L. Radiographic Landmarks for Tunnel Positioning in PCL Reconstructions. 2013 AAOS Annual Meeting, March 21st, 2013 - Chicago, IL 192. LaPrade RF, Padalecki JR, Jansson KS, Dornan GJ, Smith SD, Wijdicks CA. Biomechanical Consequences of a Complete Radial Tear Adjacent to the Medial Meniscus Posterior Root Attachment Site. 2013 AAOS Annual Meeting, March 21st, 2013 - Chicago, IL 193. LaPrade RF, Philippon MJ, Nepple JJ. The Effect of an Acetabular Labral Tear, Repair, Resection, and Reconstruction on the Hip Fluid Seal. 2013 ISHA Meeting, October 12th, 2013 – Munich, Germany 194. Matheny LM, Ockuly A, LaPrade RF, Steadman JR, Briggs KK. Factors Associated with Meniscus Root Tears. Accepted for presentation at the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS) on March 21, 2013 (Chicago, Illinois) 2014 195. Giza E, Whitlow S, Williams B, Acevedo J, Mangone P, Haytmanek C, Curry Eugene, Turnbull T, LaPrade RF, Wijdicks C, Clanton T. Biomechanical Analysis of an Arthroscopic Brostrom Repair with and without Suture Anchor Augmentation. 2014 AOFAS Meeting, September 19-23, 2014. Chicago, IL. 196. Williams BT, Ahrberg A, Goldsmith MT, Campbell KJ, Shirley L, Wijdicks CA, LaPrade RF, Clanton TO. The Ankle Syndesmosis: A Qualitative and Quantitative Anatomical Investigation. Deutscher Kongress für Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie (DKOU). Oct 28-31. Berlin. 197. Matheny LM, James EW, LaPrade RF. Outcomes after Anatomic Fibular Collateral Ligament Reconstruction. The 16th European Society of Sports Traumatology, Knee Surgery, and Arthroscopy (ESSKA) Congress, May 14th-17th, 2014. Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 198. LaPrade RF, James EW, Surowiec RK, Doran G, Ellman MB, Gatlin C, Cram T, Ho CP. CT Versus MRI for Measurement of the Tibial Tubercle Trochlear Groove (TTTG) Distance. The 16th European Society of Sports Traumatology, Knee Surgery, and Arthroscopy (ESSKA) Congress, May 14th-17th, 2014. Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 199. Goldsmith M, Wijdicks C, Michalski M, Rasmussen M, Kennedy N, Lind M, Engebretsen L, LaPrade RF. Superficial Medial Collateral Ligament Anatomic Augmented Repair versus Anatomic Reconstruction: An In Vitro Biomechanical Analysis. The 16th European Society of Sports Traumatology, Knee Surgery, and Arthroscopy (ESSKA) Congress, May 14th-17th, 2014. Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 200. Ho C, Williams B, Surowiec R, Dornan G, Gatlin C, LaPrade RF. MRI Characterization of arthroscopically verified ICRS cartilage defects compared to age matched asymptomatic controls: Evaluation of quantitative T2 mapping in clinically relevant subregions of the knee. The 16th European Society of Sports Traumatology, Knee Surgery, and Arthroscopy (ESSKA) Congress, May 14th-17th, 2014. Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 201. LaPrade RF. Kennedy N, Goldsmith M, Michalski M, Devitt B, Aroen A, Engebretsen L, Wijdicks C. Kinematic analysis of the posterior cruciate ligament: The individual and collective function of the anterolateral and posteromedial bundles. The 16th European Society of Sports Traumatology, Knee Surgery, and Arthroscopy (ESSKA) Congress, May 14th-17th, 2014. Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 202. Wijdicks C, Kennedy N, Goldsmith M, Devitt B, Michalski M, Aroen A, Engebretsen L, LaPrade RF. Kinematic analysis of the posterior cruciate ligament: A comparison of anatomic single – versus double-bundle reconstruction. The 16th European Society of Sports Traumatology, Knee Surgery, and Arthroscopy (ESSKA) Congress, May 14th-17th, 2014. Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 203. Wijdicks C, Philippon M, Nepple J, Campbell K, Dornan G, Jansson K, LaPrade RF. The hip fluid seal: The effect of an acetabular labral tear, repair, resection, and reconstruction on hip fluid pressurization. The 16th European Society of Sports Traumatology, Knee Surgery, and Arthroscopy (ESSKA) Congress, May 14th-17th, 2014. Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 204. Hamming M, Philippon M, Rasmussen M, Goiania F, Turnbull T, Trindade C, LaPrade RF, Wijdicks C. Structural Properties of the Intact Proximal Hamstring Tendons and Evaluation of Varying Avulsion Repair Techniques: An In Vitro Biomechanical Analysis. ISHA Annual Scientific Meeting, October 9-11th, 2014. Rio De Janeiro, Brazil. 2015 205. Bhatia S, Moulton SG, LaPrade CM, Ellman MB, LaPrade RF. Meniscal Root Tears: Significance, Diagnosis, and Treatment. American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons Annual Meeting. March 24th-27th Las Vegas, NV. 206. Haytmanek CT, Williams BT, James EW, Campbell KJ, Wijdicks CA, LaPrade RF, Clanton TO. Radiographic identification of the primary lateral ankle structures. ISAKOS. June 7th Lyon, France. 207. Hamming MG, Philippon MJ, Rasmussen MT, Ferro FP, Turnbull TL, Trindade CA, LaPrade RF, Wijdicks CA. Structural properties of the intact proximal hamstring origin and evaluation of varying avulsion repair techniques: an in vitro biomechanical analysis. ISAKOS. June 7th Lyon, France. 208. Ferro FP, Philippon MJ, Rasmussen MT, Smith SD, LaPrade RF, Wijdicks CA. Tensile properties of the human acetabular labrum and hip labral reconstruction grafts. ISAKOS. June 10th Lyon, France. 209. LaPrade CM, Dornan G, Granan L, LaPrade RF, Engebretsen L. Outcomes after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Using the Norwegian Knee Ligament Registry of 14,142 Patients: How does Meniscal Repair or Resection Affect Short-term Outcomes? AOSSM. July 10th Orlando, Florida. 210. Clanton TO, Williams Brady, James EW, Jisa K, Haytmanek CT, Wijdicks CA, LaPrade RF. Radiographic Identification of the Syndesmotic Structures of the Ankle. AOSSM. July 9th Orlando, Florida. 211. Geeslin AG, Civitarese DM, Turnbull TL, Dornan G, Fuso F, LaPrade RF. Biomechanical Consequences of Lateral Meniscal Root Avulsions: Influence of the Meniscofemoral Ligaments and Anterior Cruciate Ligament on Tibiofemoral Contact Mechanics. AOSSM. July 11th Orlando, Florida. 212. Kennedy ML, Claes S, Fernando Fuso F, Williams BT, Goldsmith MT, Turnbull TL, Wijdicks CA, LaPrade RF. The Anterolateral Ligament (ALL): A Comprehensive Study Encompassing Anatomic and Radiographic Landmarks, and Native Structural Properties. AOSSM. July 11th Orlando, Florida. 2016 213. Van de Velde SK, Kernkamp WA, Hosseini A, LaPrade RF, Ewoud R. van Arkel ER, Li G. In Vivo Elongation of the Anterolateral Ligament and Related Extra-Articular Reconstructions. AAOS. March. Orlando, Florida. 214. Steineman B, Warner B, Gillette L, LaPrade RF, Donahue TH. Natural History of Menisci Following Untreated Anterior Root Tears. AAOS. March. Orlando, Florida. 215. Steineman B, Moulton S, Donahue TH, Fontbote C, Cram T, LaPrade RF. Direct versus Indirect ACL Femoral Attachment Fibers and Their Implications on ACL Graft Placement. AAOS. March. Orlando, Florida. 216. Lee AW, Saroki AJ, Loken SB, Trindade C, Cram T, LaPrade RF, Philippon MJ. Radiographic Identification of Arthroscopically Relevant Acetabular Structures. AAOS. March. Orlando, Florida. 217. Nitri M, Rasmussen M, Williams BT, Moulton SG, Serra Cruz R, Dornan G, Goldsmith MT, LaPrade RF. Robotic Assessment of Anterolateral Ligament: Reconstruction of the Anterolateral and Anterior Cruciate Ligament. AAOS. March. Orlando, Florida. 218. Van de Velde S, Kernkamp W, Hosseini A, LaPrade RF, van Arkel E, Li G. In vivo elongation of the anterolateral ligament and related extra-articular reconstructions. ESSKA. Barcelona, Spain. 219. Dornan G, Nitri M, Rasmussen M, Williams B, Moulton S, Serra Cruz R, Goldsmith M, LaPrade RF. Robotic assessment of anterolateral ligament: Reconstruction of the anterolateral and anterior cruciate ligament. ESSKA. Barcelona, Spain. 220. Turnbull T, Schon J, Venderley M, Dornan G, Williams B, LaPrade RF, Clanton T. 3-D Computed Tomography (CT) Comparison of the Pre-Injury and Post-Repair Syndesmosis to Assess Anatomic Reduction. ESSKA. Barcelona, Spain. 221. Turnbull T, Whitlow S, Williams B, Saroki A, Dornan G, Backus J, LaPrade RF, Clanton T. The Ankle Syndesmosis: A Biomechanical Analysis of the Individual Ligament Contributions to Rotational Stability. ESSKA. Barcelona, Spain. 222. Turnbull T, Clanton T, Whitlow S, Williams B, Saroki A, Dornan G, LaPrade RF. Repair of the Ankle Syndesmosis: A Biomechanical Analysis of Three Current Repair Techniques. ESSKA. Barcelona, Spain. 223. Turnbull T, Schindler B, Venderley M, Mikula J, Chahla J, LaPrade RF, Philippon MJ. Comparison of Radiographs and Computed Tomography for the Diagnosis of Extra-Articular Hip Pathologies Related to the Anterior Inferior Iliac Spine. ESSKA. Barcelona, Spain. 224. Aga C, Wilson K, Johansen S, Dornan G, LaPrade RF, Engebretsen L. Tunnel widening in single versus double bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstructed knees. ESSKA. Barcelona, Spain. 225. Matheny L, Moulton S, Dean CS, LaPrade RF. Arthroscopic Repair of Posterior Meniscal Root Tears: Comparing Outcomes of Medial and Lateral Root Repairs. ESSKA. Barcelona, Spain. 226. Dahl K, Lockwood C, Marchetti D, Mikula J, Williams B, Kheir M, Turnbull T, LaPrade RF. High-load preconditioning of human soft tissue hamstring grafts: An in vitro biomechanical analysis. ESSKA. Barcelona, Spain. 227. Dornan G, Rasmussen M, Nitri M, Williams B, Moulton S, Cruz R, Goldsmith M, LaPrade RF. Robotic Assessment of Anterolateral Ligament: Secondary Role in the Setting of an Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury. ESSKA. Barcelona, Spain. 228. Steineman BD, Moulton SG, Donahue TL, Dean CS, LaPrade RF. Coronal and Sagittal Plane Investigation of the Tibial ACL and Anterolateral Meniscal Root Insertion Overlap Relationship. Summer Biomechanics, Bioengineering and Biotransport Conference. 229. Matheny LM, Moulton SG, Dean CS, LaPrade RF. Arthroscopic Repair of Posterior Meniscal Root Tears: Comparing Outcomes of Medial and Lateral Root Repairs. AOSSM. 2017 230. Godin JA, Cinque ME, Pogorzelski J, Moatshe G, Chahla J, LaPrade RF. Multi-Ligament Knee Injuries in Adolescents: A 2-Year Minimum Follow-Up Study. Southern Orthopaedic Association Annual Meeting, Hilton Head Island, SC, June 28 – July 1, 2017. 231. Mitchell J, Chahla J, Matheny L, Dean CS, Cinque M, LaPrade RF. Outcomes Following Single-Stage Revision Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction versus Two-Stage Revision with Tunnel Bone Grafting. Podium, American Association of Arthroscopy (ANA) Meeting 2017, Denver, Colorado. 232. Chahla J, Moatshe G, Geeslin AG, Sanchez G, Cinque ME, Provencher MP, LaPrade RF. Radial Tears of the Meniscus: Diagnosis, Advanced Surgical Techniques and Patient Outcomes. Scientific Exhibit, AAOS Annual Meeting 2017, San Diego, California. 233. Cinque ME, Chahla J, Mitchell JJ, Moatshe G, Pogorzelski J, Godin J, LaPrade RF. Do Chondral and Meniscal Pathology Identified at Time of Surgery Predict Outcomes Following Primary Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction? ePoster, American Association of Arthroscopy (AANA) Meeting 2017, Denver Colorado. 234. Cinque M, Geeslin AG, Chahla J, Dornan GJ; LaPrade, RF. Two-tunnel Transtibial Repair of Radial Meniscus Tears Produces Comparable Results to Inside-Out Repair of Vertical Meniscus Tears. Poster, AOSSM Annual Meeting 2017, Toronto, Canada. 235. Mitchell J, Chahla J, Matheny L, Dean CS, Cinque M, LaPrade RF. Outcomes Following Single-Stage Revision Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction versus Two-Stage Revision with Tunnel Bone Grafting. Poster, AOSSM Annual Meeting 2017, Toronto, Canada. 236. Chahla J, Dean CS, Matheny LM, Mitchell JJ, Cinque ME, LaPrade RF. Inside-out Meniscal Repairs in the Setting of Multiligament Reconstruction in the Knee: Does Meniscal Repair Affect Outcomes and Failure Rates? Poster, AOSSM Annual Meeting 2017, Toronto, Canada. 237. Geeslin AG, Chahla J, Cinque ME, Civitarese DA, LaPrade RF. Double-Bundle PCL Reconstruction: A Prospective Study Of Two-Year Patient Reported Outcomes With Stress Radiographs. Poster, AOSSM Annual Meeting 2017, Toronto, Canada. 238. Chahla J, Dean CS, Matheny LM, Mitchell JJ, Cinque ME, LaPrade RF. Double-Bundle PCL Reconstruction: A Prospective Study Of Two-Year Patient Reported Outcomes With Stress Radiographs. Chahla J, Dean CS, Matheny LM, Mitchell JJ, Cinque ME, LaPrade RF ISAKOS Biennial Meeting 2017. Shanghai, China. 239. Chahla J, Dean CS, Matheny LM, Mitchell JJ, Cinque ME, LaPrade RF. Two-tunnel Transtibial Repair of Radial Meniscus Tears Produces Comparable Results to Inside-Out Repair of Vertical Meniscus Tears. Chahla J, Dean CS, Matheny LM, Mitchell JJ, Cinque ME, LaPrade RF Poster, ISAKOS Biennial Meeting 2017. Shanghai, China. 240. Chahla J, Dean CS, Matheny LM, Mitchell JJ, Cinque ME, LaPrade RF. Outcomes Following Single-Stage Revision Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction versus Two-Stage Revision with Tunnel Bone Grafting. Poster, ISAKOS Biennial Meeting 2017. Shanghai, China. 241. Chahla J, Dean CS, Matheny LM, Mitchell JJ, Cinque ME, LaPrade RF. Inside-out Meniscal Repairs in the Setting of Multiligament Reconstruction in the Knee: Does Meniscal Repair affect Outcomes and Failure Rates?. Poster, AAOS Annual Meeting 2017, San Diego, California.	92e1ca0f-0c12-4ea1-a9ee-fef4dd48a633	CC-MAIN-2022-49	https://tcomn.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Publications_Presentations_LaPrade_2019-01.pdf	2022-12-01T16:19:19+00:00	s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/crawl=CC-MAIN-2022-49/subset=warc/part-00190-a0906200-461b-4808-9b94-6c53daf73f61.c000.gz.parquet	579,894,248	92,283	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.527363	eng_Latn	0.563469	[ "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "dag_Latn", "dag_Latn", "dag_Latn", "eng_Latn", "dag_Latn", "dag_Latn", "eng_Latn", "dag_Latn", "dag_Latn", "dag_Latn", "dag_Latn", "dag_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn" ]	true	docling	[ 4153, 8717, 13386, 18274, 23071, 27840, 32619, 37347, 42241, 47184, 52047, 56849, 61514, 66216, 70969, 75930, 80821, 85329, 90026, 94516, 99449, 103963, 108791, 113839, 118538, 122751, 126880, 130680, 135503, 140204, 144756, 148979, 153349, 158070, 161154, 164697, 168966, 173302, 177582, 181746, 186366, 190969, 195320, 199405, 203867, 207853, 212017, 216449, 221197, 225218, 229945, 234460, 238882, 243104, 246879, 247590, 251079, 254552, 258463, 262250, 265817, 269646, 272739, 275414, 278186, 280715, 283380, 285845, 288617, 291323, 294554, 298151, 300889 ]
Subject: Combo Cube by OSKAR and ALEX View Forum Message Posted by Oskar_van_Deventer on Sun, 23 Sep 2012 07:17:52 GMT <>Reply to Message Hi Shapeways fans, Combo Cube was suggested by Alex Polonsky. It combines the twisting of Rubik's Cube with the sliding of Peter's Black Hole. As Combo Cube did not slide too well, I made Slide Along with bigger cubies and no twisting. Watch the YouTube video. Read more at the Twisty Puzzles Forum. Buy the puzzle at my Shapeways Shop. Check out the photos below. Enjoy! Oskar File Attachments ``` 1) Combo-Cube---view-01.jpg, downloaded 243 times 2) Combo-Cube---view-02.jpg, downloaded 239 times 3) Combo-Cube---view-04.jpg, downloaded 239 times 4) Combo-Cube---view-05.jpg, downloaded 240 times 5) Combo-Cube---view-06.jpg, downloaded 236 times ```	<urn:uuid:b4a6b9c7-f120-465d-8cce-7b93af43b638>	CC-MAIN-2016-22	http://www.shapeways.com/forum/pdf.php?th=10944	2016-05-31T18:19:14Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464052868853.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524012108-00089-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz	782,805,517	229	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.959931	eng_Latn	0.959931	[ "eng_Latn" ]	false	rolmOCR	[ 805 ]
May 7, 2016 RE: Dues Structure In 2011, we approached the Oregon Nurses Association (ONA) about becoming our labor representative, having been dissatisfied with our then current representative, the Oregon Federation of Nurses and Health Professionals (OFNHP). What came from that initial contact with ONA was a landmark agreement where we are jointly represented by ONA and OFNHP, with ONA serving as the face of our union and professional association in all of our dealings with the employer, except our dues structure. What this means is that when we pay dues, Providence sends our dues to OFNHP, not to ONA. And the dues we pay are based on OFNHP's formula, not ONA's. We think this should change. First, we want to support the union and professional association that we selected to be our representative by having our dues go to ONA. Second, when we have questions about our dues, and questions come up regularly, we want to be able to send those questions to the union we are connected with—ONA. Third, we have a voice in ONA, and can more easily influence what dues we pay. ONA and OFNHP do have different dues structures, however. OFNHP dues are 1.4 percent of your gross wages plus a $1.39 per pay period administrative fee with a current total maximum per pay period deduction of $38.28 ($995.28 annually). Whenever you gross $2,635 or more in a pay period, you pay the maximum. That maximum will increase to $41.29 ($1,073.54 annually) on July 1, 2016. Because OFNHPs dues are based on a percentage of what you earn each month, the actual amount taken out of your paycheck may fluctuate from month-to-month. This has caused confusion with some of our nurses. ONA has three flat rates—one for full-time, one for part-time, and one for new graduates. Currently, ONA's monthly rates for a full-time nurse is $81.25, ($975 annually) for a part-time nurse $41.20 ($494.40 annually), and for new graduates $21.18 ($254.16 annually). It is expected that ONA's dues will increase on July 1, 2016, but the exact amount of the increase is not yet known. ONA nurses typically pay half the monthly amount, twice per month, through payroll deduction. ONA defines full-time as someone that works more than 64 hours per month, part-time as someone that works 64 hours or less per month as verified by the employer, and new graduates as someone out of school less than two years that joins ONA within six months of graduation. Some nurses likely will pay less under ONA's dues structure. Some may pay a bit more. Overall, we are recommending moving to ONA's dues structure because we believe most nurses would prefer ONA's flat, predictable rates. This change will also bring us closer to ONA, which was our ultimate goal when we selected ONA as our representative. It will also allow us to influence what dues we pay in the union and professional association we are connected with. To make voting easier, we are conducting this election online. A postcard with two security codes is coming in the mail to you (provided you are an ONA member) so that you can vote. 18765 SW Boones Ferry Road, Suite 200 · Tualatin, OR 97062 · Phone: 503-293-0011 · Fax: 503-293-0013 If you do not get a postcard in the mail by May 23, call ONA at 503-293-0011 to inquire about getting your unique codes. Sincerely, Laurie Nilsson ONA/PMH Executive Committee 18765 SW Boones Ferry Road, Suite 200 · Tualatin, OR 97062 · Phone: 503-293-0011 · Fax: 503-293-0013	<urn:uuid:9ad099d5-ebee-4b3d-bd4b-ab5cfb696251>	CC-MAIN-2019-09	https://cdn.ymaws.com/www.oregonrn.org/resource/resmgr/CMH/CMH_DuesLetter_2016-05-07.pdf	2019-02-17T01:45:51Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247481428.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20190217010854-20190217032854-00413.warc.gz	521,477,481	844	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.949912	eng_Latn	0.998551	[ "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn" ]	false	rolmOCR	[ 3177, 3457 ]
User’s Manual L1000 Millimeter-wave Point-to-Point Radio System Version Beta 1.0 November 26, 2007 # Table of Contents GENERAL SAFETY NOTICES ........................................................................................................ 4 1. OVERVIEW .......................................................................................................................... 6 1.1 DESCRIPTION .................................................................................................................. 6 1.2 L1000 COMMON APPLICATIONS AND FEATURES .............................................. 6 2. INSTALLATION PROCEDURES ............................................................................................ 8 2.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 8 2.2 STANDARD LINK COMPONENTS ............................................................................... 8 2.3 GENERAL INSTALLATION REQUIREMENTS ............................................................. 9 2.4 STEERING/MOUNTING SYSTEM (FS001000) ........................................................... 10 2.4.1 Assemble Mount ..................................................................................................... 11 2.4.2 Attach the Mast Clamp Brackets ........................................................................... 12 2.5 ATTACH ASSEMBLY TO MAST (SEE FIGURE 6) ....................................................... 13 2.6 ATTACH TRANSCEIVER TO STEERING SYSTEM (SEE FIGURE 7) ......................... 14 2.7 CABLING TO THE RADIO (SEE FIGURE 8) ................................................................. 15 2.8 BENCH TESTING RADIOS ........................................................................................... 19 2.9 INTERFACING TO RSSI PORT (SEE FIGURE 14) ......................................................... 21 2.10 ALIGNMENT TECHNIQUES (SEE FIGURE 16) .......................................................... 23 2.11 VERIFICATION OF BIT ERROR RATE (BER) ............................................................. 25 2.12 FINAL SYSTEM COMMISSIONING ............................................................................. 25 3. SYSTEMS INTEGRATION .................................................................................................... 26 3.1 STANDARD SYSTEM DEMARCATION BOX REQUIREMENTS ..................................... 26 3.2 BASIC INFORMATION ON LOEA INTERFACE ............................................................. 26 3.3 LINK MONITORING ....................................................................................................... 27 3.3.1 Network Management System Operation ............................................................ 27 3.3.2 NMS Data Transfer ............................................................................................... 27 3.4 RS-232 SERIAL LINK INTERFACE ............................................................................... 28 3.5 GROUNDING PROCEDURES .......................................................................................... 32 3.5.1 Single Point Grounding .......................................................................................... 32 3.5.2 Rack Cabinet Grounding ....................................................................................... 34 3.5.3 An Effective Earth Ground .................................................................................... 35 3.5.4 At the Tower .......................................................................................................... 36 3.5.5 Conclusion ............................................................................................................. 37 APPENDIX A - FIELD SERVICE FORM .................................................................................. 39 APPENDIX B – LIST OF SNMP MIB GROUPS ..................................................................... 41 APPENDIX C – EXAMPLE OF INSTALLING THE L2700 MIB ........................................... 44 List of Figures and Tables Figure 1. Typical L1000 Applications ................................................................. 6 Figure 2. L1000 Mounted on 4” Mast ............................................................... 7 Figure 3. Steering/Mount Mechanism and Tools, ........................................... 10 Figure 4. Mount Assembly .................................................................................. 11 Figure 5. Assembly of Mount with Mast Clamp Brackets .............................. 12 Figure 6. Attaching Assembly to Mast ............................................................... 13 Figure 7. Use straight edge as a guide for Gross Alignment ............................ 13 Figure 8. Attaching Transceiver to Steering System ........................................ 14 Figure 9. Tighten radio mount screws with 3/16” Allen Wrench ..................... 14 Figure 10. Inside Radio Service Compartment ............................................... 15 Figure 11: Typical LC Duplex Male Connector ................................................ 16 Figure 12: Typical Pluggable SFP ..................................................................... 16 Table 2A: Single-mode Fiber Optic Interface Specification ............................. 17 Table 2B: Multi-mode Fiber Optic Interface Specification .............................. 18 Figure 13. Bench Test Setup ............................................................................. 19 Figure 14. RSSI Measurement .......................................................................... 19 Figure 15. BER Test Connections ...................................................................... 20 Figure 16. Radio Rear Cover Removed Showing Service Compartment ........ 21 Figure 17. Typical RSSI Chart .......................................................................... 22 Figure 18. Alignment Technique ....................................................................... 23 Figure 19. Antenna Pattern with Side Lobes .................................................... 24 Figure 18. Main Menu as shown in (Windows) HyperTerminal ..................... 29 Figure 19. Main Menu option I shows IP address for radio ............................. 30 Figure 20. Main Menu option S with Setup Menu options ............................. 31 Figure 21. Single point grounding .................................................................... 33 Figure 22. Two Methods of Single Point Grounding ....................................... 33 Figure 23. Earth Ground .................................................................................... 35 Figure 24. Tower Ground .................................................................................. 36 Figure C1. Example of SNMPc Management Console Screen ....................... 45 Figure C2. SNMPc MIB Browser Selection ..................................................... 46 Figure C3. SNMPc MIB Browser ..................................................................... 47 Figure C4. SNMPc ‘System’ Folder Selection .................................................. 48 Figure C5. SNMPc ‘sysContact’, ‘sysName’ and ‘sysLocation’ Data Entry .... 49 Figure C6. SNMPc Selection of Loea Folder at Bottom of ‘Private’ Folder List 50 Figure C7. The ‘loea’ folder showing 5 different Loea MIB groups ............... 51 Figure C8. Individual SNMP variables for group ............................................. 52 Figure C9. The System Group IcSysGroup ...................................................... 53 Figure C10. The Internal Group lcIntGroup ..................................................... 54 Figure C11. The Fiber Group lcFibGroup .......................................................... 55 Figure C12. The RF Group lcRFGroup .............................................................. 56 Figure C13. The Trap Control Group lcTCGroup ............................................. 57 GENERAL SAFETY NOTICES FCC NOTICE This equipment complies with the FCC radiation exposure limits set forth for an uncontrolled environment when installed as directed. This equipment should be installed and operated with fixed mounted antennas that are installed such that these antennas will have a minimum of 2m of separation distance between the antenna and all persons during normal operation. This device complies with Part 101 of the FCC Rules. This devices are labeled with the following FCC ID numbers: S2N-L1000-1 S2N-L1000-2 PROFESSIONAL INSTALLATION REQUIRED The L1000 must be installed as a system by experienced antenna installation professionals who are familiar with Radio Frequency (RF) issues such as gains and losses, as well as local building and safety codes. Failure to do so will void the product warranty and may expose the end user to excessive RF hazard. Regulations regarding maximum antenna gains, power output and maximum permissible exposure vary from country to country. It is the responsibility of the end user to operate within the limits of these regulations and to ensure that the professional installers who install this device are aware of these regulations. All antennas are intended to be installed outdoors. LASER SAFETY NOTICE This product complies with CFR 1040.10 and 1040.11. The product includes a Class I laser utilized as a fiber optic driver. Class I lasers do not emit radiation at known hazardous levels. However, it is recommended that maintenance or service personnel should never look at an open fiber end or connector that is carrying a live signal. During use, this optical fiber communications system is completely enclosed except if an accidental break occurs in the system cable, or if the patch cable becomes accidentally disconnected from the demarcation box. There are no controls or adjustments other than power ON/OFF that may be accessed by the user. CAUTION: Use of controls or adjustments or performance of procedure other than those specified in this Manual may result in hazardous radiation exposure. CONSTRUCTION SAFETY NOTICE Note that every area of the country has its own codes of safety and construction. Installations like this must comply with these codes. It is the installer/user’s responsibility to understand what codes apply and to ensure that the installation conforms to these codes. 1. Overview 1.1 Description The L1000 is a point-to-point, fixed wireless, ultra-broadband access product which operates in the licensed upper millimeter wave spectrum from 71.0-86.0GHz. The L1000 can carry high capacity payloads (up to 1.25Gbps- full duplex) with high availability in all weather. In most locations in the United States, the L1000 will have 99.999% weather availability at roughly 1.0 kilometer. It deploys quickly and inexpensively with proper planning and preparation as outlined in this manual. Loea RF products are intended for installation by professional Loea certified installers only. 1.2 L1000 Common Applications and Features The L1000 is a last mile access solution and a replacement for buried/aerial fiber cable such as wireless backhaul, last mile access and LAN/WAN extensions. The L1000 is rapidly deployable and re-commissionable making it an ideal solution for temporary bandwidth or for emergency situations that could cause an interruption to buried technologies. In short, most applications of fiber cable in the last mile are potential applications for the L1000. Figure 1. Typical L1000 Applications. Product Features: - Operation in the Part 101 licensed 71.0-76.0GHz & 81.0-86.0GHz band. - FCC and NTIA certified - Standard LC fiber optic interface - -48 Volt telecom standard DC power - 110V AC power, 50W peak consumption (option) - 21dBm peak output power – OOK Modulation - All weather performance - OSI Layer 1 data transmission - Interoperable with most fiber optic COTS switch, router and encryption devices. - Plug and play with existing networks. - Secure Transmission and narrow beam widths - Low Probability Intercept and Low Probability Detection (LPILPD) - Co-existence of many users with low likelihood of interference - Operating Temperature from -30C to +55C Figure 2. L1000 Mounted on 4” Mast 2. Installation Procedures 2.1 Introduction This manual provides basic instructions on the assembly, alignment and verification of the Loea L1000 system. In doing so, it outlines recommended tools and processes to use. A detailed understanding of this manual and participation in a Loea training class is highly recommended prior to starting any work on site. Only Loea Trained and Certified installers should perform installation services on the L1000. Please note that every area of the country has its own codes of safety and construction. Installations must comply with these codes. It is the installer/user’s responsibility to understand what codes apply and to ensure that the installation conforms to these codes. 2.2 Standard Link Components \| Description \| Part # \| Comments \| \|----------------------\|------------\|------------------------\| \| Transceiver Pair \| L1000-WXYZ \| Radio Pair Only \| Table 1 – Basic L1000 Components Part Number Format L100N - W X Y Z - W – Orientation - V = Vertical - H = Horizontal - X – Payload - C = MultiRate OC12 (155MB) to 1.5GB/s - D = 3.072 GB/s - Y – Optical Interface - S = 1310nm - M = 850nm - Z – Input Power - B = 110/220V AC w/ Demarc - D = -48V DC - N – Terminal Config - 0 = Complete link - 7 = Tx at 73.5GHz - 8 = Tx at 83.5GHz 2.3 General Installation Requirements Before the installation of a Loea link, certain steps must be taken to ensure that the installation will be successful. A. Site Survey: During a site survey a certified Loea surveyor can assess the environment of the installation, ensure that the physical conditions of the site are appropriate, indicate where building connections need to be available and ensure that Line of Sight (LOS) exists between the two end points. B. FCC Part 101 License: Loea’s band of operation is licensed by the FCC for non-federal government users and by the NTIA for federal government and DOD users. Prior to deployment, a license is required. For more information on obtaining a license for operation of this radio in the 70 and 80 GHz bands see [http://wireless.fcc.gov/services/millimeterwave/](http://wireless.fcc.gov/services/millimeterwave/) and select the “nationwide license” link. There is an application form and information pertaining to current license fees at this site. Please contact Loea directly with any questions. C. Installation of Mast and Demarcation: A standard 2.5 in to 4in mast (4.5in O.D. Max) must be installed at a position and specific height as specified in the Site Survey. To facilitate connection to the building’s network; fiber for communications, and Ethernet for monitoring are required in a demarcation box per the specifications in this manual and specifically as defined in the Site Survey. D. Bench Test: Loea recommends that the transceivers be tested after delivery to the site and prior to installation on the mast to ensure that no damage occurred during shipping and to familiarize the customer with radio operation. To perform a bench test: a) Separate the transceivers by approximately 5 feet on a wooden or non-metallic surface. Align the radios so that the radios are in the same RF orientation (to do this situate the radio housing so that the bore scope on each radio is on top) and pointed directly at each other with absorber material on each lens. When user can verify a valid RSSI (Receive Signal Strength Indicator) value a link has been established. Then when BER performance is verified the link is functional. See reference Sections 2.7, 2.8 and 2.9. b) If possible, a complete end-to-end test is recommended with switching and/or encryption devices. The L1000 is generally a plug and play device, it is recommended to do this to avoid de-bugging in the field. E. System Commissioning: Upon install completion, metrics from the install site must be recorded and verified to ensure that the transceivers are performing as expected. The “Loea Field Service Data” form (see Appendix A) should be forwarded to Loea following the installation. This will assist Loea’s technical service and help desk personnel assess problems should a link fail to operate. It is also recommended that the end user/owner keep a copy for their records. 2.4 Steering/Mounting System (FS001000) The photo below shows the components that comprise the Steering/Mounting mechanism. Also, the tools required to assemble and install are included. The mount can be attached to mast ranging in size from 2.5” to 4.5” O.D. Figure 3. Steering/Mount Mechanism and tools. 2.4.1 Assemble Mount The threaded rod should have two nuts on the end that is inserted into the mount plate. Make sure that the nut closest to the mount plate is $\frac{3}{4}$” in from the end. Install the 4 rods into the mount plate until the nut touches the plate. Do not continue turning the rod as the nut will not stop the rod from continuing into the plate. Use the $\frac{3}{4}$” wrench to tighten the nut nearest the plate. Lastly, install the Azimuth Control knob in the center hole of the semi-circular pattern of threaded holes on the same side of the mount where the elevation control handle resides (as shown in the photo below). Figure 4. Mount Assembly 2.4.2 Attach the Mast Clamp Brackets Each Steering/Mount mechanism kit contains 4 Mast Clamp Brackets. Be sure to install washers (8) between the bracket and the nut as shown in the photo below. The photo below depicts the washer placement for the top half of the mount. Repeat washer placement for the bottom half of the mount. The mount is ready to be attached to the mast. Figure 5. Assembly of Mount with Mast Clamp Brackets. 2.5 Attach Assembly to Mast (see Figure 6) Remove the back brackets from the mount and then place mount on mast. Be sure that the Slot holes for the radio are oriented downward. If the mount must go on the other side of the mast, please refer to the Reverse Orientation section. Place the top bracket on the threaded rod and then insert the washers and nuts. After securing the mount to the mast but prior to tightening the brackets in place, perform a “gross” alignment by looking at the target and lining up the straight edge on the mount so that the mount will be “pointing” towards the target (see photo below). Figure 6. Attaching Assembly to Mast. Figure 7. Use straight edge as a guide for Gross Alignment. Once the steering assembly is grossly aligned, tighten the Mount Bracket nuts with a ¾” wrench. The radio can now be attached to the mount. 2.6 Attach Transceiver to Steering System (see Figure 8) Once the steering assembly is secured to the mast per 2.5 above, the radio can be attached to the mount. First, the radio should be tilted so that the screws on the bottom rail go through the bottom slotted holes. Then tilt the radio upward to insert the top screws into the slotted holes. Make sure the screws have seated in the slots securely before releasing the radio. Using the 3/16” T-handle wrench, tighten the screws. The radio is now ready for alignment. 2.7 Cabling to the Radio (see Figure 10) Before proceeding to the alignment of the link, the installer must complete the fiber, DC power (if using AC power, DC power will come from the optional Demarc box) and Ethernet connections to the radio. Typically this will be carried out by connecting the cables to the housing and completing the connection inside the service compartment. It is recommended that the power cable is Belden 9342 which is shielded. Add a terminal connector to the drain wire (3M’s P/N MVU14-8R or similar #8 stud) and a 6-32 screw and lock washer. The Red wire should be connected to the positive terminal of the 48VDC supply and the Black wire will be connected to the Negative terminal on the 48VDC supply. The duplex LC terminated fiber cable and Ethernet cable (for radio health monitoring) should be plumbed through crimp glands and inserted into the appropriate ports. Note: Do not over tighten the crimp glands. Figure 10. Inside Radio Service Compartment Begin by first passing the shielded DC power cord (Belden 9342) thru the cable crimp gland. Once the power cord has been pulled thru, attach the + side of the 48V DC to the terminal closest to the door hinge (Fig.10). Connect the drain wire to a solderless crimp connector and attach to housing with a 6-32 screw (supplied). Fiber Signal interface: A duplex male LC terminated fiber optic connection is the standard interface inside the L1000 radio. For applications using the Gigabit Ethernet standard, it is recommended the customer use Single Mode 1310nm. Multimode 850nm fiber is available as an option but is not recommended due to the limited temperature and distance performance of Multimode fiber and related components. For the Sonet standards, it is required that the customer use Single-mode 1310nm fiber. A graphic showing the required LC fiber connector to be used is shown in Fig. 11. ![Figure 11: Typical LC Duplex Male Connector](image) The fiber connector will mate with the SFP located in the service panel as shown in Fig.8. A typical pluggable SFP is shown in Fig. 12. Do not attempt to remove the SFP unless instructed to do so by a Loea engineer. ![Figure 12: Typical Pluggable SFP](image) The optical interface specifications for the Single Mode SFP and Multimode SFP connections are shown in Table 2a and 2b respectively. \| Optical Specifications \| Min \| Typ \| Max \| Unit \| \|-----------------------------------------\|-----\|-----\|-----\|------\| \| Transmitter \| \| \| \| \| \| Output Opt. Power \| -9.5\| \| -3 \| dBm \| \| Optical Wavelength \| 1270\| \| 1360\| nm \| \| Spectral Width \| \| \| 3 \| nm \| \| Receiver \| \| \| \| \| \| Average Rx Sensitivity @ 1.25 Gb/s (Gigabit Ethernet) \| \| \| -22 \| dBm \| \| Average Received Power \| \| \| 0 \| dBm \| \| Optical Center Wavelength \| 1265\| \| 1600\| nm \| \| General Specifications \| \| \| \| \| \| Data Rate \| 1062\| \| 2125\| Mb/sec \| \| Bit Error Rate \| \| \| $10^{-12}$ \| \| \| Max. Supported Link Length on 9/125um SMF @ Gigabit Ethernet \| \| 10 \| \| Km$^1$ \| Table 2a: Single-mode Fiber Optic Interface Specification Note 1. Attenuation of 0.55 dB/km is used for the link length calculations. Please refer to the Optical Specifications above to calculate a more accurate link budget based on specific conditions in your application and the L1000 User Manual prior to connecting to the network to ensure that optical power is in the proper range based on the specifics of the installation. \| Optical Parameters \| Min \| Typ \| Max \| Unit \| \|-----------------------------------------\|-----\|-----\|-----\|--------\| \| Transmitter \| \| \| \| \| \| Output Opt. Power \| -9 \| \| -3 \| dBm \| \| Optical Wavelength \| 830 \| \| 860 \| nm \| \| Spectral Width \| \| \| 0.85\| nm \| \| Receiver \| \| \| \| \| \| Average Rx Sensitivity @ 1.0625 Gb/s \| \| -22 \| -20 \| dBm \| \| Average Received Power \| \| \| 0 \| dBm \| \| Optical Center Wavelength \| 770 \| \| 860 \| nm \| \| General Parameters \| \| \| \| \| \| Data Rate \| \| 1062\| \| Mb/sec \| \| Bit Error Rate \| \| \| $10^{-12}$ \| Note: PRBS $2^7-1$ \| \| Max. Supported Link Length on 50/125um MMF \| \| 550 \| \| m \| Table 2b: Multi-mode Fiber Optic Interface Specification A demarcation box must be provided by the customer in accordance with a site survey which must be conducted prior to any attempted installation. The demarcation box should be located no further than 15’ away from the base of the radio installation or as specified in the site survey report. After all connections have been made the power switch located in the service compartment should be turned ON. The ‘red’ LED located on the outside of the radio will turn on indicating the unit has power. The user should wait a minimum of 10 minutes before making RSSI measurements to allow the unit to warm up. 2.8 Bench Testing Radios Often, it is helpful to bench test the link in a lab environment to ensure that the installer team is familiar with the proper operation of the link before field commissioning. The radios should be placed 5ft apart at the same height. A large bench could be used. The absorber disks should be placed in front of each lens prior to powering the radios. ![Figure 13. Bench Test Setup](image) The radios may need to be moved for proper alignment in order to each error free performance. Check the RSSI level via the BNC connector to ensure that the radios are in a valid operating range. Find the DMM DC voltage reading on the RSSI lookup table. Adjustments to the alignment may be necessary to obtain a valid RSSI reading (should be 40 to 50dB). ![Figure 14. RSSI Measurement](image) A fiber loop back should be installed into the SFP port of one radio and a BER tester should be connected to the other radio. The BER tester should register zero errors. Note: If the test environment has metal walls or desk very close to the product, results may not be perfect. This is a rudimentary test to prove functionality NOT performance. Valid performance tests are to be conducted after installation. Figure 15. BER Test Connections 2.9 Interfacing to RSSI Port (see Figure 16) The RSSI (Received Signal Strength Indicator) voltage is a measure of received signal strength which will be used to assess alignment. To measure the RSSI voltage, locate the BNC connector external to and below the service compartment (see Figure 14). Connect a Fluke DMM Series 77 or similar to the BNC connector and note the RSSI mV reading (a dual banana to BNC connector can be used). The chart pasted to the flat surface inside the service compartment will provide an indication of the correlation between mV and dB of link margin. For each RSSI mV reading there is an equivalent dB link margin reading. An example of the Chart is shown in Figure 14. By fine-tuning the alignment, try to get the RSSI voltage within +/- 5dB of the link margin specified in your final proposal and/or site survey report provided by a Loea certified engineer. \| P/L \| RSSI \| BER \| \|-----\|-------\|---------\| \| 67 \| 0.65 \| 1.00E-11\| \| 66 \| 1.763 \| 1.00E-11\| \| 65 \| 1.98 \| 1.00E-11\| \| 64 \| 2.085 \| 1.00E-11\| \| 63 \| 2.152 \| 1.00E-11\| \| 62 \| 2.198 \| 1.00E-11\| \| 61 \| 2.233 \| 1.00E-11\| \| 60 \| 2.261 \| 1.00E-11\| \| 59 \| 2.285 \| 1.00E-11\| \| 58 \| 2.307 \| 1.00E-11\| \| 74 \| 0.226 \| 1.00E-05\| \| 73 \| 0.227 \| 5.00E-08 \| \| 72 \| 0.228 \| 1.00E-10 \| \| 71 \| 0.229 \| 1.00E-11 \| \| 70 \| 0.231 \| 1.00E-11 \| \| 69 \| 0.233 \| 1.00E-11 \| \| 68 \| 0.237 \| 1.00E-11 \| Figure 17. Typical RSSI Chart . 2.10 Alignment Techniques (see Figure 18) The alignment process for a Loea link is performed manually. The Loea steering assembly has an elevation control lever and azimuth control knob along with a scope mounted on the top of the radio for fine alignment. General coarse alignment is achieved when attaching the mount to the mast and using the straight edge of the mount to align with the target. Adjusting the azimuth to the right is achieved by turning the azimuth control knob in a clockwise direction (for a left side orientation) and counter clockwise to move the cross hairs left. Adjust azimuth until the cross hairs are on the lens/target and then tighten the locking bolts with the 5/16” Allen wrench. Figure 18. Alignment Technique. Once coarse visual alignment is complete, use a Fluke Digital Multi-Meter (DMM) Series 77 or similar and connect it to the RSSI port. Begin the peaking of the link by using the following method: Using the steering assembly to adjust the Azimuth and Elevation, the scope on the antenna to track position visually and the RSSI reading to fine tune, sweep the dish slowly over a predetermined pattern. For example, begin with a coarse optical alignment slightly off to one side and elevated. Sweep across the location where the RF path should be to the opposite side of the expected RF beam and then come down slightly in Elevation, sweep back to the original side and repeat. Look for a peak in the RSSI value and continue until RSSI is peaked on one end. Apply the above peaking method in the following manner to the link: - Peak radio at end A of link - Repeat at end B of link - Repeat again at end A of link - Repeat at end B of link if necessary. Once the installer is satisfied that the link has reached a peak level, each radio, one at a time, should be adjusted one last time off the main beam roughly 1 full rotation clockwise and anticlockwise of the fine adjustment bars in the vertical and horizontal direction. If no greater peak is found then it is likely that the alignment is optimal. Ensure the adjustment bars are locked in place. Proceed to section 2.10. 2.11 Verification of Bit Error Rate (BER) Verification of Bit Error Rate (BER) is achieved by using a fiber optic line tester to validate the L1000. Typical fiber line testers can verify the protocol (Gigabit Ethernet or OC-12 SONET), bandwidth, and optical signal quality in addition to BER ensuring a properly working link. Using a BER tester, the installer must verify that the TX optical power level from the network and radio at each end of the link are within the GBIC specifications given in Table 2a and 2b. If the measured values are found to exceed these levels the installer must call Loea or insert appropriate optical attenuators to bring the optical levels back into specification prior to making the final fiber optic connection. The installer must record these measurements in the fiber information section of the “Loea Field Service Data” report given in Appendix A. Loea installers use the Sunrise Model # Sunset MTT-C Chassis with module MTT-29B for Gigabit Ethernet link testing. This includes 1310 patch cords and an optics container. For OC-12 links the Sunrise Model # SSOCx is recommended which provides DSO Drop and Insert, FT1 and a Data Storage Card. 2.12 Final System Commissioning Run the BER test for 30 minutes. If the BER is approximately $10^{-10}$ and a RSSI reading within and +/-5dB of the expected value in the Site Survey, the system is now ready to be integrated into your network. After integration into the network the BER for the system should be greater than $10^{-6}$. If this is not the case contact a Loea engineer. Ensure that the back cover of the L1000 is fastened down and that the lock nuts on the Azimuth and Elevation adjusters have been tightened. Finally, make sure the all cables have been secured to the L1000 and that the demarcation box has been properly sealed. Prior to leaving the site, please complete a copy of the “Field Service Data Report” found in Appendix “A”, save a copy for yourself and send a copy to Loea. 3. Systems Integration 3.1 Standard System Demarcation Box Requirements The Loea L1000 Transceivers will be provided with standard cable connections for a demarcation box. The demarcation box is the key interface between customer premise equipment and the radio. In the cases of system repair and diagnostics, should a Loea system problem be reported, it can be isolated from the user’s physical plant at this demarcation point to help isolate the problem. The demarcation box will be installed prior to Loea system installation per the requirements stated in the site survey and must provide the following connections: - -48VDC Power is required via 16 – 18 AWG (Belden 9342) - Fiber-optic connection (Communication Signal) - RJ45- CAT5 10/100baseT Ethernet (SNMP interface). - Enclosure is supplied with the system. 3.2 Basic Information on Loea Interface The Loea transceiver operates at the Physical Layer (Layer 1) of the OSI network stack. Loea’s system will appear to be a fiber cable. The transceiver has three connections as follows: 1.) Signal interface: At the radio, an LC fiber optic connector is the standard interface. Single Mode 1310nm is recommended for most applications. The L1000 has a Multimode 850nm option which may be used in some cases; please consult Loea for more information. 2.) Power interface: The Loea transceiver’s standard configuration requires a -48VDC (nom) connection. 3.) An optional 110 Volt AC power supply is also available. 4.) The Ethernet connection is for Link monitoring. Because the transceiver can be viewed as a network element, there is a standard RJ-45 connection for SNMP.v3 access. The Loea system is OSI Layer 1 (physical layer) and it will interoperate with most commercial off the shelf (COTS) switches, routers and encryption devices. For further information on tested devices please contact Loea. 3.3 Link Monitoring The L1000 series operates SNMP v.3 (factory default) or SNMP v.1. 3.3.1 Network Management System Operation The L1000 radio links are configured, operated and monitored through the SNMP interface by using a SNMP based Network Management System (NMS) and an SNMP agent in the L1000 radio. Each L1000 radio can send SNMP traps to the NMS over the RJ-45 Ethernet port located on the back of each radio. At this time Loea does not have its own element manager application. Workstation The NMS workstation manages all L1000 uniquely assigned IP addresses. See Appendix C for an example on how to install the L1000 MIB using an off-the-shelf NMS application. The workstation also provides a graphical display of the network objects showing the status, performance and configuration parameters. The SNMP interface also allows operators real-time notification of radio problems. Agent The SNMP local agent is a standard MIB-II compliant software module that resides in each L1000 radio. The agent collects information from different L1000 components internal to the radio as defined in the Management Information Base (MIB) structure. The L1000 incorporates a private MIB. See Appendix B for details of the L1000 MIB and the associated variable descriptions. 3.3.2 NMS Data Transfer The NMS data transfer between the manager (Workstation running the NMS application) and the SNMP agents (Radios) is accomplished using either polling or trapping techniques. Polling The NMS polls each L1000 SNMP agent at specific intervals. These are set according to user requirements during SNMP NMS configuration. Traps The L1000 agent sends an SNMP trap to the manager whenever a predefined event occurs. Groups of traps can be defined according to their level of severity. The operator can choose to enable or disable any traps or group of traps according to their level of severity (and his or her own security level). 3.4 RS-232 Serial Link Interface The RS-232 interface provides an access port for a craft terminal used by installation or maintenance personnel. The RS-232 port is located in the service compartment of the radio (See Figure 8). A laptop computer running HyperTerminal communicates with the radio via ASCII commands. The RS-232 port offers different menu options to locally configure the radio. After connecting a laptop PC to the RS-232 port on the radio, press ‘ENTER’ on the PC keyboard and the screen in Figure 16 will appear showing the Main Menu. From this menu only two of the options will be available to the end user. They are option I and S. These two options will enable the following to be performed by the end user: a) Set or Read IP address b) Set or Read SNMP v1 ON or OFF c) Set Read community string d) Set Write community string The rest of the options in the Main Menu (A, D, M, P, R and T) are reserved for the exclusive use of those certified to perform field diagnostics. ⚠️ THIS PORT SHOULD ONLY BE USED BY A CERTIFIED LOEA TECHNICIAN, AND ANY UNAUTHORIZED USE OF THE RS232 CRAFT TERMINAL WILL VOID THE WARRANTY. Note that commands appearing in the white background pane reflect the active window. The commands in the beige background flow from the active window (white background) and are historical. Option I: Selecting this option allows one to Set or Read the IP address for the radio (Figure 19). To Set the IP address perform the following steps: i) Reboot the NetBurner, by cycling power off and on ii) Within 2 seconds, press A (capital A) iii) Type ‘setup’ iv) Press 1, then Enter v) Enter the new IP address vi) Press s, then Enter vii) Answer y to the question viii) The NetBurner will reboot with the new address ![HyperTerminal](image) Figure 19 Main Menu option I shows IP address for radio. Option S: ⚠️ THIS PORT SHOULD ONLY BE USED BY A CERTIFIED LOEA TECHNICIAN, AND ANY UNAUTHORIZED USE OF THE RS232 CRAFT TERMINAL MAY VOID THE WARRANTY. Selecting this option brings up the Setup Menu (Figure 20). Only the v), R) and W) options can be modified by the end user. ![HyperTerminal Screenshot](image) Figure 20. Main Menu option S with Setup Menu options. Selecting Setup Menu option: V) Toggles the SNMP version 1) between ON or OFF. If toggled OFF then SNMP v3 is configured and a password will need to be entered. R) Sets the read community string. W) Sets the write community string. ⚠️ THIS PORT SHOULD ONLY BE USED BY A CERTIFIED LOEA TECHNICIAN, AND ANY UNAUTHORIZED USE OF THE RS232 CRAFT TERMINAL WILL VOID THE WARRANTY. 3.5 Grounding Procedures 3.5.1 Single Point Grounding The majority of surge arrester devices are installed in shunt between the line and ground, which can be either an earth ground or the power line neutral, which is in turn connected to ground. Thus, the quality of the ground connection is as important as the surge arrester itself, which can only operate if it has someplace to send the surge. Equally as important as the quality of the ground connection is the topology of the connection itself. Most system installations have many pieces of interconnected equipment, all of which require grounding. If each device has a different path to earth ground, voltage differentials will develop between these grounds, and currents will flow between them resulting in Electromagnetic field across Transmitting device. In the event of a high rise-time surge, the currents tend to act in a conductor more like AC than DC. The currents will oscillate inside a conductor as damped wave at a frequency in the RF region. Further, it results in harmonics and Electromagnetic Interference. There are three methods generally accepted to reduce the inductance and equalize ground voltages in a system installation: 1. Make all connections to ground as short and straight as possible, to reduce the inductance to a minimum. 2. Use large cross-section conductors to maximize the current carrying capacity in consideration of the skin effect, such as copper strap or large cross-section multiple-strand cables. 3. Use a single point grounding system to avoid circulating currents caused by multiple ground connections. This last point requires more explanation. If a piece of equipment is grounded at more than one location, utilizing different paths that eventually connect to earth ground, differences in potential may develop between the two connections for the reasons just discussed. These grounds will attempt to equalize themselves, resulting in a current passing through the equipment itself. Further, standing waves can be established in the loop formed between the two pieces of equipment, their connections and the ground itself, resulting in circulating currents which can damage the equipment or impede its proper operation. In a single point ground system, only one ground reference is established in a system, which is well bonded to an earth ground. The single point ground is an important part of reducing noise generated by RF via the grounding system or return line. Figure 22. Two Methods of Single Point Grounding All ground connections branch out from here so that there is only one ground path for each piece of equipment. This method eliminates the possibility of ground loops and equalizes the ground voltage differentials within the system. The single point ground system is also sometimes referred to as a “star” grounding system. Larger systems can be connected using what is called a “star of stars” system. Even if a piece of equipment has been protected by a surge arrestor and is connected to a proper earth ground, the problem is only partially solved. Presuming that the equipment the arrestor is protecting is also grounded, not all the surge current will flow through the arrestor – some of the current will still pass to ground by means of the other path going through the equipment. If we want to maximize the current flow through the surge arrestor and minimize the current through the equipment, we do this by lowering the inductance of the path through the arrestor as much as possible. ### 3.5.2 Rack Cabinet Grounding The single point grounding technique can also be effective to protect multiple pieces of equipment installed inside an equipment rack cabinet. Treat the rack the same as you would a building, and mount a panel on the cabinet to act as both an entrance panel and reference ground for all conductors entering and leaving the rack. Install AC surge protectors at this point in shunt to ground, and install series impedance between the panel and the equipment. Don’t count on the metal cabinet itself to serve as a ground conductor – paint and oxidation may conspire to prevent a good connection. A copper strap should be run along the inside of the cabinet, bonded to the cabinet along its length, and also bonded to the access panel. The chassis of each piece of equipment is then bonded to this buss bar with a single copper braid or strap. Finally, connect the rack’s access panel to the building reference ground. 3.5.3 An Effective Earth Ground Once all connections have been made to the master ground point in the building, it must be bonded to an effective earth ground system outside the building. Four inch or larger copper strap is recommended, with short, straight connections. Corrosion will dramatically increase the resistance of a connection; so use silver soldering or cad welding for all connections exposed to the weather. 3.5.4 At the Tower The following are some of the important steps to be taken at the base of a tower to maximize protection against a lightning strike: 1. Tack weld all tower sections together running down at least at one leg, to provide corrosion free electrical continuity to ground. 2. Drive four or more ground rods at ten-foot intervals around the base of the tower, and ground these to the tower. 3. Connect all the guy wire anchors to the Ground with a short jumper cable. 4. Use 16 AWG minimum and 6 AWG maximum insulated copper conductor. Typically, 10 AWG is the nominal size used in most installations. 5. National Electric Code (NEC) Chapter 8 on "Communication Systems" covers general requirements for grounding, bonding and protection of low-voltage communications equipment. 3.5.5 Conclusion Unpredictable and intermittent data loss and outright system failure can result from a transient. To help ensure the safety and operation of sensitive telecommunications equipment, as well as the safety of personnel, the electrical contractor should install an effective grounding system that will circumvent such disturbances. To ensure effective equalization, the telecommunications ground should be directly attached to the electrical service ground. However, an electrode such as a ground rod or other grounding electrode system can be used when no electrical service is present. This article offers a brief explanation of how to install a telecommunications grounding system. To help better understand the schematics of telecommunications grounding, consult ANSI/EIA/TIA 607 that covers grounding and bonding requirements for telecommunications applications in commercial buildings. Other important standards to consider include EIA/TIA 568-A and 569-A, which, as a set, are Telecommunications Building Wiring Standards. In addition, the National Electric Code (NEC) Chapter 8 on "Communication Systems" covers general requirements for grounding, bonding and protection of low-voltage communications equipment. Chapter 2 and Article 250 discuss grounding requirements. The Canadian Electrical Code (CEC) and other national and local safety codes also should be consulted where applicable. This page intentionally left blank ## Appendix A - Field Service Form ### Loea Field Service Data \| To be filled by the Field Service Engineer \| \|-------------------------------------------\| \| Product: \| Link Serial #: \| Date of Service: \| Service Type: \| Customer: \| Charge #: \| ### B Radio - Location: - Latitude: - GPS Coordinates: - Altitude: - Antenna: [ ] 4ft [ ] 2ft [ ] Other: - Mast Type: [ ] Tripod [ ] Wall Mount [ ] - Tower: [ ] - Height Off Ground: - Extension Beyond Highest Point: [ ] No [ ] Yes: _____ ft ### A Radio - Location: - Latitude: - GPS Coordinates: - Altitude: - Antenna: [ ] 4ft [ ] 2ft [ ] Other: - Mast Type: [ ] Tripod [ ] Wall Mount [ ] - Tower: [ ] - Height Off Ground: - Extension Beyond Highest Point: [ ] No [ ] Yes: _____ ft ### Link Information - Standard: [ ] GigE [ ] OC-12 [ ] Other: - Link Distance (km): ### B Radio - IP Address: - Path Loss (dB): - RSSI (mV) Estimated: - RSSI (mV) Actual: - BER Bench: - BER Field: ### A Radio - IP Address: - Path Loss (dB): - RSSI (mV) Estimated: - RSSI (mV) Actual: - BER Bench: - BER Field: ### Fiber Information - Fiber Tx Power from B Radio: ............... dBm - Fiber Tx Power from Network (B side): ........... dBm - Fiber Tx Power from A Radio: ............... dBm - Fiber Tx Power from Network (A side): ........... dBm - Fiber Type: [ ] 850nm (MM) [ ] 1310nm (SM) [ ] Other: - Termination: [ ] LC [ ] SC [ ] Other: ### Input Power \| Distance to DEMARC: \| \| \|------------------------\|---\| \| Protection: \| \| \| Surge \| \| \| Conditioner \| \| \| UPS \| \| \| None \| \| \| Conditions \| \| \|------------------------\|---\| \| Temperature: \| Relative Humidity \| \| Wind Direction: \| Wind Speed: \| \| Atmospheric Conditions \| \| \|----------------------------\|---\| \| Clear \| \| \| Rain \| \| \| Snow \| \| \| Fog \| \| Appendix B – List of SNMP MIB Groups Glossary In this Appendix the following terms are used with these specific meanings: - SNMP - Simple Network Monitoring Protocol. - Radio - L1000 series radio - NMS - Network Monitoring Station. (Computer/software application for monitoring). - MIB - Management Information Base (SNMP variables applicable to the L1000) - OID - Object Identifier Types of SNMP Operations SNMP information can be described as: - Query/response: Where the NMS sends a query to the radio, and the radio responds with the appropriate information. - Trap: Where the radio reports a threshold exception to the NMS. MIB The L1000 supports MIB-II, as well as variables specific to each radio model. There are three MIB-II variables. \| Name \| Type \| Access \| Description \| \|------------\|---------------\|------------\|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------\| \| sysContact \| String (0..255) \| Read only \| Name of person to contact about this radio \| \| sysName \| String (0..255) \| Read only \| Name of the radio – this is usually the fully qualified domain name for this radio \| \| sysLocation \| String (0..255) \| Read only \| Location of this radio \| The radio-specific SNMP variables are divided into groups. Each group represents one type of variable. The OID of each radio-specific group starts with 184.108.40.206.220.127.116.1195.1.1. The OID column in each table below contains the final two integers in the full OID for that variable. System Group (lcSysGroup) Contains information that identifies the radio: \| Name \| OID \| Type \| Access \| Description \| \|-------------\|-------\|---------------\|------------\|--------------------------------------------------\| \| lcSysModel \| .1.1 \| String (0..5) \| Read only \| Radio model number, L1000 \| \| lcSysSerial \| .1.2 \| String (0..6) \| Read only \| Serial number \| \| lcSysMfgDate\| .1.3 \| String (0..9) \| Read only \| Date of manufactured, YYYY-MM-DD \| \| lcSysVer \| .1.4 \| String (0..5) \| Read only \| Firmware version \| Internal Group (lcIntGroup) Contains information pertaining to the health of the radio, including voltages and currents: \| Name \| OID \| Type \| Access \| Description \| \|---------------\|------\|--------\|------------\|--------------------------------------------------\| \| lcInt5V \| .2.1 \| Integer\| Read only \| Voltage of 5V supply, in mV \| \| lcInt33V \| .2.2 \| Integer\| Read only \| Voltage of 3.3V supply, in mV \| \| lcIntTemp \| .2.3 \| Integer\| Read only \| Temperature of radio, °C \| \| lcInt5AP \| .2.4 \| Integer\| Read only \| Current of 5V supply to Power Amp, in mA \| \| lcInt5AF \| .2.5 \| Integer\| Read only \| Current of 5V supply to other boards, in mA \| Fiber Group (lcFibGroup) Contains information that pertains to the fiber link: \| Name \| OID \| Type \| Access \| Description \| \|-----------------------\|------\|--------\|------------\|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------\| \| lcFibSFPPresent \| .3.1 \| Integer\| Read only \| 1 = SFP module is installed \| \| lcFibSignalPresent \| .3.2 \| Integer\| Read only \| 1 = fiber signal detected \| \| lcFibSignalStrength \| .3.3 \| Integer\| Read only \| If SFP module supports digital diagnostics, and a fiber signal is detected, this is fiber signal strength, in dBm, otherwise -100 \| \| lcFibCDRLock \| .3.4 \| Integer\| Read only \| 1 = Fiber CDR locked \| \| lcFibDataRate \| .3.5 \| Integer\| Read only \| If rate is manually set, or if automatic and a rate has been detected, this is that rate in MBPS, otherwise 0 \| \| lcFibTxOn \| .3.6 \| Integer\| Read only \| 1 = Fiber transmitter on \| RF Group (lcRFGroup) Contains information that pertains to the RF link: \| Name \| OID \| Type \| Access \| Description \| \|-----------------\|------\|--------\|------------\|------------------------------------\| \| lcRFAGCV \| .4.1 \| Integer\| Read only \| RSSI voltage, in mV \| \| lcRFPathLoss \| .4.2 \| Integer\| Read only \| Path loss implied by RSSI voltage, in dB \| Trap Control Group (lcTCGroup) This group defines the thresholds and other controls which are used to control traps. For each analog signal, there is an enable control, a high value, and a low value. If the enable is set to 0, this signal is ignored. If enable is set to 1, then this analog signal is compared to both the high and low values. If it is goes from inside a range to outside, or from outside the range to inside, the corresponding trap is generated. For each digital signal, a trap is generated each time that signal changes state. \| Name \| OID \| Type \| Access \| Description \| \|--------------------\|------\|----------\|----------\|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------\| \| lcTCDestination \| .5.1 \| IP addr \| Read only\| Address to which traps are sent (if 0.0.0.0, no traps are sent) \| \| lcTCAliveInterval \| .5.2 \| Integer \| Read-write\| Interval in seconds between sending lcTrapAlive \| \| lcTCFiber \| .5.3 \| Integer \| Read-write\| Fiber signal strength trap enable \| \| lcTCFiberHi \| .5.4 \| Integer \| Read-write\| High limit of fiber signal strength, in dBm \| \| lcTCFiberLo \| .5.5 \| Integer \| Read-write\| Low limit of fiber signal strength \| \| lcTCPathLoss \| .5.6 \| Integer \| Read-write\| Path loss trap enable \| \| lcTCPathLossHi \| .5.7 \| Integer \| Read-write\| High limit of path loss, in dB \| \| lcTCPathLossLo \| .5.8 \| Integer \| Read-write\| Low limit of path loss \| \| lcTCTemp \| .5.9 \| Integer \| Read-write\| Temperature trap enable \| \| lcTCTempHi \| .5.10\| Integer \| Read-write\| High limit of temperature, °C \| \| lcTCTempLo \| .5.11\| Integer \| Read-write\| Low limit of temperature, °C \| Traps This table defines the traps that can be sent by the radio. \| Name \| ID \| Description \| \|---------------------\|----\|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------\| \| lcTrapAlive \| 1 \| Sent every lcTCInterval seconds, unless lcTCInterval = 0 \| \| lcTrapFiberSignalNotOK \| 2 \| Sent when fiber signal strength is out of range \| \| lcTrapFiberSignalOK \| 3 \| Sent when fiber signal strength is in range \| \| lcTrapPathLossNotOK \| 4 \| Sent when path loss is out of range \| \| lcTrapPathLossOK \| 5 \| Sent when path loss is in range \| \| lcTrapTempNotOK \| 6 \| Sent when temperature is out of range \| \| lcTrapTempOK \| 7 \| Sent when temperature is in range \| SNMP v1/v3 The two versions of SNMP supported by the Loea radios are SNMPv1 and SNMPv3 (factory default). SNMPv1 is not secure, because its community strings (passwords) are sent in clear text. Anyone who has access to your network can discover SNMPv1 passwords, and therefore they can monitor the radio. It is recommended that SNMPv1 not be used in any situation where unauthorized individuals are able to access the network, such as over the Internet. As shipped, the Loea radios have SNMPv3 enabled and SNMPv1 disabled. SNMPv1 can be enabled by issuing the appropriate commands through the radio’s serial port. (See Section 3.4) Unlike some devices which offer multiple views of the data for different purposes, the Loea radios only have one view of all SNMP variables – anyone who has access to any SNMP functionality has access to all of it. Appendix C – Example of Installing the L1000 MIB This example is based on the NMS application SNMPc. Please consult directions in your NMS manual, contact your NMS supplier or contact Loea for assistance. Begin by installing the SNMPc7 software on a workstation PC. Follow the instructions in the “Getting Started” manual that comes with the software. Once the software has been installed, integrate the L1000 MIB file with the SNMPc program by carrying out the following steps: a) First locate the other MIB files used by SNMPc on the workstation PC. They should be at: C:\Program Files\SNMPc Network Manager\mibfiles. b) Copy the current version of the Loea 1000 MIB file to the same MIB folder. c) On the SNMPc main menu, choose ‘Config’ then ‘mib database’, then click ‘Add’. Scroll down to the end of the list – the Loea 1000 MIB should be there. d) Select it and click ‘Ok’. Then click ‘Compile’ and after compilation is finished click ‘Done’. At this stage the Loea 1000 MIB should be integrated with SNMPc7. e) Now add the radios in each link to the list of monitored items. Refer to the ‘Getting Started’ manual on how to do this. A typical example of the SNMPc7 Management Console screen display for a simple network is shown in Figure C1. The green icon indicates that the radioBlab device is connected and responding to polls from the NMS while the red icon indicates that the radioAlab device has a critical failure. The display layout shows a selection tool pane on the left with tabbed control for selection of objects within different SNMPc functional modules. A network view window is in the centre. At the bottom is an event log tool pane with tabbed control for display of filtered event log entries. Refer to the SNMPc manual for additional screen layout options and use of the main button bar and edit button bar along the top and right side of the screen display. To view the MIB groups, right-click on a radio icon and select ‘Tools’ then ‘MIB Browser’. See Figure C2. This will open a new window as shown in Figure C3. In SNMPc it is required that the user enter the name of the person to contact about this radio, the name of the radio which would normally be the fully qualified domain name for the radio and the location of the radio. This is carried out by clicking on the + next to the ‘mgmt’ folder shown near the top of the folder tree in the left side pane shown in Fig C3 above. The resulting screen display is shown in Fig C4. In the left side pane click on the + next to the folder ‘system’. The screen display in Fig C5 will appear. Double click on ‘sysContact’ as shown in Fig C5 and enter the name of the contact person in the block indicated. Then click the Set button on the top menu row to have this information saved into the NMS. Repeat this procedure for ‘sysName’ and ‘sysLocation’, each time entering the appropriate information into the same block as indicated in Fig C5. When completed click on the - sign next to ‘system’ to close the folder. The screen display should look like Fig C4 again. Scroll down the folder list to till the ‘private’ folder is found. Click on the + next to the ‘private’ folder. A ‘loea’ folder should be at the bottom of that list as shown in Figure C6. Click on the + next to the ‘loea’ folder to reveal five different Loea 1000 MIB groups as shown in Figure C7. Click on the + next to one of the groups, and the individual SNMP variables should appear as shown in Figure C8. By double clicking on any of those variables its current value should appear in the window on the right as shown in Figure C9. Double clicking on each of the variables in each of the groups will generate a list of parameters as shown in Figs C10 to C13. This group contains information that is useful to determine the internal health of the radio, including voltages and currents. This group contains information that pertains to the fiber link. This group contains information that pertains to the RF link. This group defines the thresholds and other controls which are used to control traps. For each analog signal, there is an enable control, a high value, and a low value. If the enable is set to 0, this signal is ignored. If enable is set to 1, then this analog signal is compared to both the high and low values. If it is goes from inside a range to outside, or from outside the range to inside, the corresponding trap is generated. For each digital signal, a trap is generated each time that signal changes state. Loea Corporation 733 Bishop Street, Suite 1717 Honolulu, HI 96813 Phone: (808) 521-4908 Fax: (808) 521-4906 www.loeacom.com	9085f5eb-0e5b-4516-b26c-f87457cf3a13	CC-MAIN-2021-10	https://usermanual.wiki/Loea/L1000-1-894951.pdf	2021-03-07T05:13:15+00:00	s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/crawl=CC-MAIN-2021-10/subset=warc/part-00122-dbb5a216-bcb2-4bff-b117-e812a7981d21.c000.gz.parquet	601,746,758	13,273	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.914632	eng_Latn	0.984843	[ "eng_Latn", "por_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "unknown", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "unknown", "eng_Latn", "unknown", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "unknown", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "hun_Latn" ]	true	docling	[ 100, 4244, 8220, 9475, 10598, 11748, 12470, 13845, 16793, 17102, 17773, 18206, 19065, 19589, 20579, 21801, 23385, 25066, 25878, 26323, 27217, 27751, 28499, 29876, 31863, 33732, 35356, 36808, 37013, 37676, 38280, 40639, 40810, 42755, 43181, 43977, 45391, 45427, 47006, 47590, 49978, 53006, 56600, 58497, 58604, 58656, 59075, 59184, 59847, 59958, 60072, 60200, 60328, 60456, 60522, 60585, 61100, 61226 ]
Radio Service Frequency Coordination Number Call Sign WPIF326 File Number 0006854418 Grant Date 06-30-2015 Effective Date 06-30-2015 Expiration Date 08-28-2025 Print Date 07-02-2015 Loc. 1 Address: City: BRANSONCounty: State: MO Lat (NAD83): 36-38-37.2 NLong (NAD83): 093-13-06.7 WASR No.: Ground Elev: Loc. 3 Area of operation Loc. 4 Address: 626 N CHARLES SEIVERS BLVD., - STORE 1934 City: CLINTONCounty: ANDERSONState: TN Lat (NAD83): 36-06-26.2 NLong (NAD83): 084-07-40.9 WASR No.: Ground Elev: 264.0 Loc. 5 Area of operation Loc. 6 Address: 1691 UNIVERSITY AVE., STORE# 3072 City: RIVERSIDECounty: RIVERSIDEState: CA Lat (NAD83): 33-58-34.2 NLong (NAD83): 117-20-53.0 WASR No.: Ground Elev: 295.0 Loc. 7 Area of operation Loc. 8 Address: 800 EAST VALLEY BLVD., STORE# 3068 City: ALHAMBRA Lat (NAD83): 34-04-41.2 NLong (NAD83): 118-06-53.0 WASR No.: Ground Elev: 120.0 Loc. 9 Area of operation REFERENCE COPY Reference Copy Conditions: Pursuant to §309(h) of the Communications Act of 1934, as amended, 47 U.S.C. §309(h), this license is subject to the following conditions: This license shall not vest in the licensee any right to operate the station nor any right in the use of the frequencies designated in the license beyond the term thereof nor in any other manner than authorized herein. Neither the license nor the right granted thereunder shall be assigned or otherwise transferred in violation of the Communications Act of 1934, as amended. See 47 U.S.C. § 310(d). This license is subject in terms to the right of use or control conferred by §706 of the Communications Act of 1934, as amended. See 47 U.S.C. §606. LICENSEE: ATTN: JEREMY GAVISK OREILLY AUTOMOTIVE 233 S. PATTERSON PO BOX 1156 SPRINGFIELD, MO 65802 OREILLY AUTOMOTIVE STATION TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS FCC Registration Number (FRN): 0002503969 Wireless Telecommunications Bureau RADIO STATION AUTHORIZATION Federal Communications Commission Regulatory Status IG - Industrial/Business Pool, Conventional PMRS Fixed Location Address or Mobile Area of Operation 105 S. SECOND TANEY 238.0 Operating within a 32.0 km radius around fixed location 1 Operating within a 32.0 km radius around fixed location 4 Operating within a 32.0 km radius around fixed location 6 County: LOS ANGELES State: CA Operating within a 32.0 km radius around fixed location 8 This is not an official FCC license. It is a record of public information contained in the FCC's licensing database on the date that this reference copy was generated. In cases where FCC rules require the presentation, posting, or display of an FCC license, this document may not be used in place of an official FCC license. Loc. 10 City: NORWALKCounty: State: Lat (NAD83): 33-55-12.4 NLong (NAD83): 118-04-24.4 WASR No.: Ground Elev: 34.0 Loc. 11 Area of operation Loc. 12 Address: 250 NORTH MARKET ST., STORE# 3077 City: INGLEWOODCounty: State: Lat (NAD83): 33-57-58.2 NLong (NAD83): 118-21-04.1 W Ground Elev: 13 Area of operation 11K0F3E Reference Copy Fixed Location Address or Mobile Area of Operation Address: 12233 SOUTH NORWALK BLVD., STORE# 3075 LOS ANGELES CA Operating within a 32.0 km radius around fixed location 10 LOS ANGELES CA ASR No.: 49.0 Loc. Operating within a 32.0 km radius around fixed location 12 Licensee Name: OREILLY AUTOMOTIVE Call Sign: WPIF326 File Number: 0006854418 Print Date: 07-02-2015 State: MO Reference Copy Antennas Control Points Control Pt. No. 1 Address: 904 E. Hwy 76 City: Branson County: TANEY Telephone Number: (417)334-2169 Associated Call Signs Waivers/Conditions: License renewal granted on a conditional basis, subject to the outcome of FCC proceeding WT Docket No. 10-112 (see FCC 10-86, paras. 113 and 126). This authorization is granted in part to remove emission types which do not comply with Rule 90.209. Please review Public Notice DA 14-281 for further information. Licensee Name: OREILLY AUTOMOTIVE Call Sign: WPIF326 File Number: 0006854418 Print Date: 07-02-2015	<urn:uuid:77be6978-eff2-43e1-9c27-7bd7e342c880>	CC-MAIN-2019-47	https://wireless2.fcc.gov/UlsApp/letterPdf/letterPdfViewRD.jsp;JSESSIONID_LETTER_PDF=s7B2dQxbXD3RQ4MtpQh2BnvQFy2Hx3rhJmvvzpbJjJTbT12JwbTh!-1987816417!1805222569?pdfFN=17307882019101617234.pdf	2019-11-16T22:02:35	s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/crawl=CC-MAIN-2019-47/subset=warc/part-00201-47abed28-4fa2-4f4a-b4d3-db11c85b2f3a.c000.gz.parquet	685,338,661	1,194	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.449246	eng_Latn	0.493094	[ "eng_Latn", "swe_Latn", "eng_Latn" ]	false	rolmOCR	[ 2685, 3401, 4007 ]
Metastatic Lung Cancer Lung Cancer metastasis is when the cancer spreads to other parts of the body. Tumors may spread through blood vessels and the lymphatic system. Up to 70% of lung cancer patients experience metastasis at diagnosis. Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) tends to spread more quickly but other forms like non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) also experience metastasis. In many cases, a metastasis can occur in two or more organs, this is considered oligometastatic lung cancer. A metastasis can cause additional symptoms and complications depending on the organs affected. This may play a role in the treatment path that health care teams would recommend. Ask your doctor about all your treatment options. Visit Lung.org/Liver-Mets, and Lung.org/Brain-Mets for more information.	<urn:uuid:4eafe5e3-e7de-4298-aef4-148e929336ad>	CC-MAIN-2024-10	https://www.lung.org/getmedia/e38352a8-a761-402d-b329-0cf2d29be4d0/Metastatic-Lung-Cancer-Infographic.pdf	2024-02-28T15:31:35+00:00	s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/crawl=CC-MAIN-2024-10/subset=warc/part-00291-d9675c6d-5c8d-45bb-9c98-c56e42022a4d.c000.gz.parquet	889,438,164	170	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.996089	eng_Latn	0.996089	[ "eng_Latn" ]	false	rolmOCR	[ 796 ]
Jose Enriquez San Diego, CA 92104 \| 999.999.9999 \| [email protected] < Facilities Maintenance Director TOOLS FOR TRANSITION SAMPLE RESUME Operations Building Blueprints Employee Training Project Management Building Codes / Permits Fire Safety Regulatory / Legal Compliance Building Inspections General Contractors Scheduling Contract Negotiations Management Reporting Quotes / Bids Cost Controls Operations Budgets Staff Supervision Customer Service OSHA Tenant Requests Documentation Policies / Procedures Vendor / Supplier Relations Emergency Procedures Preventative Maintenance Work Orders Trades Alarm Systems Generators Major Appliances Carpentry Hazardous Waste Mechanical Drywall HVAC Painting Electrical Kitchens Plumbing Fire Sprinklers Landscaping Porches Flooring Lighting Power Tools General Maintenance Lock Out / Tag Out Roofing Confidential Nursing and Rehabilitation Facility MAINTENANCE DIRECTOR, 2014 – 2016 Early Career Confidential Apartments, strip malls, mobile home parks, warehouses Confidential General Contractor; commercial and residential Confidential General Contractor; commercial and residential Confidential Local 509, commercial and residential Software TELS (senior living building management system); Microsoft Word, Excel Languages Spanish Community InvolvementFundraising, Event Planning	<urn:uuid:d072bdce-8ac6-4366-a1c5-81f5c8237d63>	CC-MAIN-2019-04	https://www.toolsfortransition.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/Tools_for_Transition_Facilities_Maintenance_Director_sample_resume.pdf	2019-01-24T11:11:48Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547584520525.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20190124100934-20190124122934-00093.warc.gz	966,589,341	316	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.498137	eng_Latn	0.498137	[ "eng_Latn" ]	false	rolmOCR	[ 1414 ]
Applicant Information Full Name Permanent Address City, State, Zip Code Home Phone Email Date of Birth Currently School & Grade (Must be Sophmore) GPA (include unofficial transcript): Parent's Educational Experience Family Financial Information Parent's Name Mother Father Stepmother (if applicable) Stepfather (if applicable) Live with? Yes Yes Yes Yes Occupation Employer Annual Income 2020-2021 First Degree Scholarship Application Cell Phone Sibling Information (Include step siblings in all responses) Number of Siblings: How Many people live with you: (including parents, step-parents, siblings, grandparents, etc.) Highest level of education of any sibling: Additional Applicant Information Activities, community service, awards, and accomplishments: Work Experience (list where you worked, when, and what you did there): Essay Questions Please answer the following two questions. Your response for each question should be between 250-400 words. 1. If you win this scholarship, which would pay for full college tuition, what will you do with that opportunity? 2. Please select one of the following four questions to answer: - Describe who you are and how you have become who you are. - If we were to ask your closest friends, how would they describe you? - What motivates you? - What was a difficult task you accomplished and what influenced you to accomplish it? Certification By submitting this application I attest that all of the information included in this scholarship application packet is true to the best of my knowledge. I agree that if I am awarded the scholarship, and the information I provided is found to be false, I will repay in full all funds paid to me by the scholarship. _______________________________________ Name _______________________________________ Date Letter of Recommendation Request You've been asked to provide a letter of recommendation for ___________________________ to the First Degree Scholarship. Please provide a one-page letter of recommendation and email it directly to: [email protected]. Please include the applicant's name in the subject line of the email. Letter of Recommendation Request You've been asked to provide a letter of recommendation for ___________________________ to the First Degree Scholarship. Please provide a one-page letter of recommendation and email it directly to: [email protected]. Please include the applicant's name in the subject line of the email.	<urn:uuid:1ffcec70-487d-4f35-83be-633904e27ed0>	CC-MAIN-2020-45	https://firstdegreescholarship.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/First-Degree-Scholarship-Application-20-21.pdf	2020-10-21T07:32:59+00:00	s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/crawl=CC-MAIN-2020-45/subset=warc/part-00180-6409130e-6e9b-44d1-90ec-9f9d0ade2504.c000.gz.parquet	317,275,236	494	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.963306	eng_Latn	0.998624	[ "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn" ]	false	rolmOCR	[ 472, 863, 1408, 1833, 2511 ]
Changes to FAI Sporting Code, Section 2 approved at the GAC meeting, October 16-17, 2004 (to take effect January 1, 2005) 220.127.116.11. Before crossing the start line the aircraft shall fly level within 100 metres for the last 1 000 metres within a tolerance of 100 metres. 18.104.22.168. ... Both the course and the approaches shall have a maximum width of 200 meters and shall be clearly marked defined. … 22.214.171.124. The course shall have a clear minimum approach to each end of 5 000 metres. The course and its approaches shall be clearly marked defined. …	<urn:uuid:b58c53c1-812b-48be-8c38-ff01b7ada79c>	CC-MAIN-2023-23	https://www.fai.org/sites/default/files/documents/gac_minutes_2004_anx08.pdf	2023-06-10T02:07:12+00:00	s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/crawl=CC-MAIN-2023-23/subset=warc/part-00294-ffa3bf93-6ba1-4a27-adea-b0baae3b4389.c000.gz.parquet	810,338,876	147	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.905262	eng_Latn	0.970189	[ "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn" ]	false	rolmOCR	[ 122, 548 ]
Teachers play a crucial role in educating our children in the Mother Tongue Languages (MTL). Children are more motivated to learn when teachers actively employ a variety of pedagogical approaches to engage them, and create opportunities for them to use their MTL confidently. For those keen to pick the minds of their peers, the annual MTL Symposium is a valuable platform to exchange views and ideas and learn from other educators and parents. At her booth, Ms Rohaini Binte Haron, Vice Principal at PCF Bukit Panjang Blk 111 Gangsa Road, intends to showcase her method of incorporating rhymes and rhythms into her Malay language lessons. As she explains, “Simple rhymes work well for children’s limited attention span [as these] help children imitate sounds and pick up the language faster.” Ms Rohaini, 53, believes it is beneficial for children to be able to speak two languages as they “can make new friends, create strong relationships in their second language, and develop important personal skills in this increasingly diverse society”. Nur Elyana Ameera, six, of PCF Bukit Panjang says, “I like to learn Malay because it makes me happy and it is fun.” To encourage her teachers to innovate, Ms Neo Guat Keng, Principal at PCF Bukit Panjang, sends them on courses, seminars and learning journeys to expose them to different teaching methods. “Teachers will do a sharing session after their experience, and contribute a fresh idea based on those ideas shared,” she says. Mrs Kamalam Srimivasan, 64, who is representing Saraswathy Kindergarten at this year’s MTL Symposium, makes learning fun and interactive for the children in her mother tongue class. “Playful activities encourage the children to talk more and in turn, they learn the language through oral communication.” Shaping Tamil letters out of dough, for example, is a tactile process that helps children remember the letters and words better. Saraswathy Kindergarten also uses technology for MTL lessons. Online songs, stories and games are not only a visual treat, they provide voice clarity to help familiarise pre-schoolers with the sounds of different words. The children are also encouraged to interview their parents in Tamil — for instance, about their occupations or Singapore’s history — and video the process to share with the class. It helps them become confident speakers and raises their self-esteem, says the centre’s Principal, Mrs Rajendran Tadhmavathi, 54. Vijayakumar Prajeet, six, says he likes learning Tamil, “because then I can read Tamil storybooks. I feel good about myself”. MTL SYMPOSIUM 2015 The 4th Mother Tongue Languages (MTL) Symposium will be held at the Suntec Singapore Exhibition and Convention Centre, from 11am to 8pm on Saturday, 29 August 2015. The annual event is targeted at educators working with primary and lower primary levels. This year’s theme, “Our Mother Tongues as Living Languages”, emphasises building a firm MTL foundation from young and making learning a family-centred effort. Come and learn from experts, educators and the community through sharing sessions, workshops and exhibits. Admission is free. Members of the public can register at www.mtls.com.sg for the sharing sessions and workshops by end-July.	063a36ed-2905-4759-b171-32cd5222acf6	CC-MAIN-2024-42	https://www.ecda.gov.sg/docs/growbeanstalklibraries/default-document-library/beanstalk-magazine/beanstalk-issue-8-(jul---sep-2015)/innovation-researchfa2f548b-0a55-42b5-81b1-a68010de1565.pdf?sfvrsn=97a6aa73_2	2024-10-03T19:14:05+00:00	s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/crawl=CC-MAIN-2024-42/subset=warc/part-00048-0c083cf2-c0ed-42ad-af5c-44f7548e96a0.c000.gz.parquet	683,892,932	690	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.995559	eng_Latn	0.995559	[ "eng_Latn" ]	true	docling	[ 3240 ]
Nightrise The Gatekeepers 2 / 5 3 / 5 Nightrise The Gatekeepers Anthony Horowitz, OBE (born 5 April 1955) is an English novelist and screenwriter specialising in mystery and suspense. His work for young adult readers includes The Diamond Brothers series, the Alex Rider series, and The Power of Five series (a.k.a. The Gatekeepers).. His work for adults includes the play Mindgame (2001) two Sherlock Holmes novels The House of Silk (2011) and Moriarty (2014 ... Anthony Horowitz - Wikipedia Anthony Horowitz is the author of the bestselling teen spy series, Alex Rider, and is also responsible for creating and writing some of the UK's most loved and successful TV series, including Midsomer Murders and Foyle's War. He has also written two highly acclaimed Sherlock Holmes novels, The House of Silk and Moriarty; a James Bond novel, Trigger Mortis; and his most recent stand-alone novel ... Anthony Horowitz - Fantastic Fiction An essential collection of seven explosive Alex Rider stories by number one bestselling author, Anthony Horowitz. Ever since MI6 recognized his potential, Alex Rider has constantly been thrust into the line of danger. From a routine visit to the dentist that turns into a chase through the streets of ... Alex Rider, Secret Weapon by Anthony Horowitz ... Anthony Horowitz, OBE (n. 5 de abril de 1957) es un novelista y guionista británico.Ha escrito más de cincuenta libros, entre los que se encuentran numerosas novelas para adolescentes, incluyendo las series The Power of Five, Alex Rider y The Diamond Brothers.También ha escrito varios guiones para televisión y ha adaptado varias de las novelas de Hércules Poirot de Agatha Christie para la ... Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)	<urn:uuid:00399c9b-1b63-49fc-bbf8-c8afd2ba5a3f>	CC-MAIN-2019-22	https://digitalstruct.com/nightrise_the_gatekeepers.pdf	2019-05-25T22:08:29Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232258451.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20190525204936-20190525230936-00447.warc.gz	443,230,221	397	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.96807	eng_Latn	0.962895	[ "unknown", "unknown", "unknown", "eng_Latn", "unknown" ]	false	rolmOCR	[ 25, 32, 39, 1690, 1724 ]
Seasonal-interannual prediction of ecosystems and the global carbon cycle using NCEP/CFS Ning Zeng Dept. of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science and Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center University of Maryland Co-PIs: Arun Kumar, Eugenia Kalnay Collaborators: J. Yoon, A. Vintzileos, J. Collatz, A. Mariotti, A. Busalacchi, S. Lord Why predicting eco-CO2: targets • Predicting atmospheric CO2 concentration and growth rate. Atmospheric CO2 can be a ‘climate index’ indicating anomalies in the global ecosystem. • Predict spatial patterns and temporal variability of carbon fluxes and pool size $\Rightarrow$ Example: biosphere productivity, fire, CO2 flux, crop harvest. • Stepping stone for Earth system analysis and modeling. • Including vegetation dynamics to improve short-term climate prediction, such as warm season US? • In a carbon trading market, there will be a strong need for monitoring and anticipating the carbon pool changes. Foundation of dynamical eco-carbon prediction CO2 as a “climate index” CO2 concentration Mauna Loa Seasonal cycle: Northern Hemisphere biosphere growth and decay Lagged Correlations Corr = 0.6 5 months lag dCO2/SOI Emission and CO2 Growth Rate PgC/yr - dCO2/dt Emission -SOI 3-6 months lag Hydrology/SOI Interannual variability: ENSO, drought, fire, Pinatubo ‘Breathing’ of the biosphere: CO2 as a response to and an indicator of climate Modeled land-atmo flux vs. MLO CO2 growth rate Seasonal-interannual CO2 variability is largely driven by climate variability: ENSO, Pinatubo, drought and other signals El Niño 97/98 C Flux anomalies (Jun1997-May1998) VEGAS (model driven by observed climate variability) Inversion Roedenbeck 2003 Seasonal-interannual Prediction of Ecosystems and Carbon Cycle Made possible by two strands of recent research • Significantly improved skill in atmosphere-ocean prediction system, such as NCEP/CFS and NASA/GMAO • Development of dynamic ecosystem and carbon cycle models that are capable of capturing major interannual variabilities, when forced by realistic climate anomalies A pilot hindcast study joint at UMD, NCEP and NASA: ➔ Feasibility study using a prototype eco-carbon prediction system dynamical vs. statistical N. Zeng, J. Yoon, A. Vintzileos, G. J. Collatz, E. Kalnay, A. Mariotti, A. Kumar, A. Busalacchi, S. Lord The VEgetation-Global Atmosphere-Soil Model (VEGAS) \[ \text{NEE} = \text{Rh} - \text{NPP} = \pm 3 \text{ (Interannual)} \] Atmospheric CO\(_2\) Photosynthesis \[ \text{NPP} = 60 \text{ PgC/y} \] Autotrophic respiration Heterotrophic respiration \[ \text{Rh} = 60 \text{ PgC/y} \] Carbon allocation Turnover 5 Plant Functional Types: - Broadleaf tree - Needleleaf tree - C3 Grass (cold) - C4 Grass (warm) - Crop/grazing Deciduous or evergreen is dynamically determined 5 Vegetation carbon pools: - Leaf - Root (fine, coarse) - Wood (sapwood, heartwood) 6 Soil carbon pools: - Microbial - Litterfall: metabolic, structural - Fast, Intermediate, Slow Forecasting Procedure I Climate Prediction Spinup Ecosystem+Carbon Model CFS (9mon, 15 members) Precip Temp VEGAS Output 9mon, 15 members Month 1 Initialization 1 mo forecast ensemble mean VEGAS Output 9mon, 15 members Month 2 Predicted Eco-carbon First look: Productivity (NPP) Anomaly Correlation Land-atmo carbon flux Lead times: 1, 3, 6 months High skills in • South America • Indonesia • southern Africa • eastern Australia • western US • central Asia Summary of skill for anomaly correlation Hydroeco/carbon has higher skill than the climate forcings! Summary of skill for anomaly correlation (a) Precipitation (b) Fta Beyond ENSO: Drought during 1998-2002 (a) Fta anomaly (Validation) (b) Fta anomaly (Hindcast L=6) Beyond ENSO: Fire in the US Natural and anthropogenic factors VEGAS (PgC/y) Model a. Dynamical b. Dynamical + Statistical c. Observation Fire counts 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Pseudo-operational forecast - gCO2(GB,ESRL) - gCO2(MLO,ESRL) - ENSM - LV(PRECL) - LV(PRECL+OPI) Can the drop be caused by reduced FFE due to economic downturn? An 8% drop in GDP/FFE can explain only 0.05 GtC/y (P. Tans, 2010), too small So, the model doesn’t get it? Conclusions • Ecosystem and carbon cycle prediction is feasible: encouraging results (better than expected) • Memory in the hydro-ecosystem is important in the enhancement of skill • several issues such as overestimation at mid-latitude regions Some major development needs • Initialization: eco-carbon data assimilation? Lack of global eco/carbon data • Preprocessing/downscaling/postprocessing • Dynamical + statistical • Operational Implications for climate service • Applications to ecosystem and carbon cycle • Identifying more clearly society-relevant aspects • A useful framework for studying eco-carbon response and feedback to climate • Identifying ways to incorporate eco-carbon dynamics in the next generation of climate prediction models (European GEMS) Thank you! Forecasting procedure II L=3 L=2 L=1 L=0 t-1 t t+1 Ensemble mean Implications of prediction • Applications to ecosystem and carbon cycle • A new framework for studying eco-carbon response and feedback to climate • Identifying ways of incorporating eco-carbon dynamics in the next generation of Earth system prediction models Predicted global carbon flux (Fta) 1. CFS/VEGAS captures most of the interannual variability, but 2. Amplitude is underestimated The NCEP Climate Forecast System (CFS, Saha et al. 2006) CFS captures major ENSO and other seasonal-interannual variability. Correlation vs. Regression (Amplitude) Benchmark Forecast: Do we need dynamical forecast? Relaxation or Damping of climate forcing Anomaly at $L=0$ will persist or damped to zero with decorrelation time scale. - Persistence - Damping $L=0 \quad L=1 \quad L=2$ Benchmark Forecast Standardized Deviations (Normalized) Correlation Dynamical Persistence Damping Initial Condition L=1 L=2 L=3 L=4 L=5 L=6 L=7 L=8 L=9 REF Fig. 2. Anomaly correlation (%) by various methods of the seasonal mean Niño-3.4 SST as a function of lead (horizontal; in months). The results are accumulated for all seasons in the (target) period DJF 1997/98 to DJF 2003/04. Except for CFS, all forecasts were archived in real time at CPC from 1996 onward. CMPI4 is the previous coupled model, CCA is canonical correlation analysis, CA is constructed analog, CONS is a consolidation (a weighted mean), and MARKOV is an autoregressive method (see text for references). Benchmark Forecast Do we need dynamic forecast system? Fta Correlation Lead time (months) -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 Dynamical Persistence Damping Initial Condition NEE (land-atmo C flux): VEGAS forced by observed climate (Precip, T, etc.) This will be called ‘validation’ as there is no true observation available. Ocean contribution smaller, so NEE can be compared with atmo CO2 Using regression of inversion/OCMIP with Nino3.4/MEI? NEE('validation') and Inversion (from MPI) First Steps Analysis of CO2 record: ESRL + MODIS etc? Forward models forced by a common climate data (P, T, ...) Emissions, ? A web based forum?	d7eaea0c-c8c9-4c75-b1b3-d807bed1bc0a	CC-MAIN-2024-42	https://cpaess.ucar.edu/sites/default/files/meetings/2011/documents/zeng_ning.pdf	2024-10-07T17:44:54+00:00	s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/crawl=CC-MAIN-2024-42/subset=warc/part-00101-0c083cf2-c0ed-42ad-af5c-44f7548e96a0.c000.gz.parquet	162,027,836	1,954	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.618844	eng_Latn	0.836993	[ "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "zsm_Latn", "unknown", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "mlt_Latn", "mlt_Latn", "sco_Latn", "dan_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "unknown", "unknown", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "unknown", "eng_Latn", "dan_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "unknown", "eng_Latn" ]	true	docling	[ 337, 952, 1323, 1573, 1705, 2337, 2999, 3264, 3296, 3478, 3581, 3651, 3752, 3954, 4052, 4226, 4668, 5003, 5015, 5089, 5353, 5484, 5611, 5651, 5876, 6038, 6559, 6739, 7010, 7054, 7204 ]
Retained on List 2.2 on 7/2/08 Rare Plant Status Review Deletion of Loeflingia squarrosa var. artemisiarum Nicholas Jensen (CNPS) and Roxanne Bittman (CNDDB) May 21, 2008 Background Http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/tjm2/review/treatments/caryophyllaceae.html). The Jepson Online Interchange treats L. squarrosa v. artemisiarum as a synonym of L. squarrosa. Loeflingia squarrosa var. artemisiarum is currently on CNPS List 2.2. Historically, R.C. Barneby and E.C. Twisselmann (1970) recognized four subspecies of Loeflingia squarrosa based on growth habit, stature, and a number of other morphological characteristics. In the Flora of North America (Vol. 5), Ron Hartman and Rich Rabeler, indicate that these four subspecies, "are best regarded as geographical races of the species," and treat Loeflingia as monospecific, and without infraspecific taxa. They cite the, "overlap in expressions of and the lack of correlation of the characters," and other reasons as the basis for their treatment. Accordingly, in their treatment of Caryophyllaceae in the Second Edition of the Jepson Manual, Hartman and Rabeler treat L. squarrosa without infraspecific taxa (available online at: Loeflingia squarrosa is a common taxon that is known from disturbed areas and redwood/Douglas-fir forests from 100-1220 meters in elevation. In California, L. squarrosa is known from is known from approximately 18 counties. The Consortium of California Herbaria contains 169 records for this taxon. Based on this information, CNPS and CNDDB recommend the deletion of Loeflingia squarrosa var. artemisiarum from the CNPS Inventory. Recommended Actions CNPS: Delete Loeflingia squarrosa var. artemisiarum from CNPS List 2.2 CNDDB: Delete Loeflingia squarrosa var. artemisiarum from CNDDB, G5T2T3/S2.2 The current CNPS Inventory record is below. Please respond Yes or No on the proposal to Delete this species from the Inventory and CNDDB, and provide any edits/comments on the proposed change. Current CNPS Inventory Record Loeflingia squarrosa Nutt. var. artemisiarum (Barneby & Twisselm.) R. Dorn sagebrush loeflingia List 2.2 Caryophyllaceae Inyo (INY), Kern (KRN), Lassen (LAS), Los Angeles (LAX), San Bernardino (SBD), Nevada (NV), Oregon (OR), Wyoming (WY) Baldy Mesa (133B) 3411744, Lancaster East (161A) 3411861, Palmdale (161D) 3411851, Kramer Junction (184A) 3411785, Leuhman Ridge (184B) 3411786, Rogers Lake North (185A) 3411787, Redman (185C) 3411778, Rogers Lake South (185D) 3411777, Soledad Mountain (186B) 3411882, Retained on List 2.2 on 7/2/08 Rosamond (186C) 3411872, Rosamond Lake (186D) 3411871, Boron (209C) 3511716, Keene (213A) 3511825, Tinemaha Reservoir (392C) 3711812, Big Pine (393A) 3711823, Beckwourth Pass (586D) 3912071, Calneva Lake (602A) 4012021, Doyle (602D) 4012011, Observation Peak (656C) 4012072 Threatened by grazing and vehicles. See Madroño 20(8):406 (1970) for original description. Desert dunes, Great Basin scrub, Sonoran desert scrub/sandy; elevation 700-1615 meters. Annual herb, blooms April-May	<urn:uuid:9ff03444-ef13-479f-be14-8c77f4e7530b>	CC-MAIN-2025-05	https://rareplants.cnps.org/documents/LoeflingiaSquarrosaVarArtemisiarum_20080702_StsRevDel.pdf	2025-01-16T11:20:17+00:00	s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/crawl=CC-MAIN-2025-05/subset=warc/part-00047-88b30a59-3c73-48ba-a167-077611bfd245.c000.gz.parquet	502,153,238	948	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.560849	eng_Latn	0.729602	[ "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn" ]	false	rolmOCR	[ 2525, 3043 ]
IDENTIFICATION OF PATHOTYPES IN ASCOCHYTA RABIEI (PASS.) LAB., THE CAUSE OF CHICKPEA BLIGHT IN PAKISTAN FARHAT F. JAMIL, M. SARWAR, IKRAMUL HAQ and NIGHAT BASHIR Biological Chemistry Division, Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology, Faisalabad, Pakistan. Abstract One hundred and two isolates of Ascochyta rabiei differing in their cultural characters were selected for pathotype analysis from a large collection of isolates obtained from chickpea growing areas of Pakistan during 1984 - 92. On the basis of pathogenicity on 11 chickpea differentials, the isolates were classified into 8 pathogenic groups. Out of 102 isolates tested, only 6 were highly virulent, 8 least virulent whereas others were in between the two extremes. Introduction Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), an important pulse crop is cultivated over 1 m ha in Pakistan with an average yield of 550 kg/ha (Anon., 1991). It is a major source of protein (20 - 26%) for the poor sections of the population in the country. Chickpea blight caused by Ascochyta rabiei (Pass.) Lab., first reported from North Western province of United India in 1911 (Butler, 1918) has been appearing in epidemic proportions after every 5 to 8 years in Pakistan where the epidemic of 1979-80 alone produced a loss of US$ 90 millions (Malik & Tufail, 1981). Continued cool and wet weather particularly at the time of flowering and fruiting may result in total loss of crop (Kaiser, 1973; Hafiz, 1986). Although some fungicides have been reported to control the disease but their use at commercial level is uneconomical and not possible under epiphytotic conditions (Reddy & Singh, 1983). Breeding for disease resistance/tolerance may control the disease, but host resistance does not persist for a long time. Chickpea blight resistant varieties viz., F8, C12/34, C612, C727, C235, AUG480 (Kauser, 1965; Nene & Reddy, 1987) lost their resistance with the passage of time, either due to genetic breakdown or due to change in the pathogen in the form of new strains or races (Anon., 1963; Reddy & Singh, 1983). It necessitates a continuous breeding programme for evolving resistant varieties after careful screening against the virulent isolates of the pathogen. Cultural variations in growth, morphology and sporulation of A. rabiei (Luthra et al., 1939; Aujla, 1964; Kaiser, 1973) as well as pathogenic variability on different chickpea cultivars has been reported with isolates from India (Aujla, 1964; Grewal, 1984), Iran, Pakistan and Turkey (Kaiser, 1973, Hussain & Malik, 1991). For the identification of resistant/tolerant chickpea genotypes against the prevalent pathotypes/strains or races of A. rabiei, information about the pathotypes/strains or races in a particular region is necessary in the breeding programme. Experiments were Table 1. Pathogenic groups of Ascochyta rabiei Isolates. \| Pathogenic groups \| Disease rating range \| Name of the isolate and location \| \|-------------------\|----------------------\|----------------------------------\| \| 1 (2)* \| 6.1-6.5 \| A-21(Talagang, Fatehjang); A-23(Chakwal Farm). \| \| 2 (4) \| 5.6-6.0 \| A-4, A-8, A-10 (NARC); Italy-1. \| \| 3 (16) \| 5.1-5.5 \| 56, A-12, A-19, AB48, (NARC); B-18 (Dali Shahar near Kundian); Tarquina (Italy); B-7 (Chak 46, Bhakar); 54-A (Kot Feteh Khan, Fateh Jang); 46 (Attock Bridge); 45-B (Attock farm); Italy -5; Italy-3; N-18 (Dadhyal, Distt. Chakwal); N-25 (Sang Kalan, Distt. Chakwal); Ab38 (Bhown Farm, Chakwal); AB39, (Govt. Barani Farm, Chakwal). \| \| 4 (25) \| 4.6-5.0 \| A-7, A-11, N-34, AB47, (NARC); 34-F (Kaloor Kot Seed Farm); B-23 (Roda, Khushab); 36 (Mapel Sharif, Bhakar); B-3 (Chak Mohan Wala); B-6 (Mankera); 53-A (Dhok Pelian, Feteh Jang); 73 (Chak Loya, Athara Hazari); KB-89 (Kaghan); N-8 (Moona, Distt, Chakwal); N-2, AB61 (Kundian); N-3, AB-45, (Distt. Attock); N- 4 (Choai Bungla Basali Road, Attock); N-27 (Chak Bazair Distt. Chakwal); N-13 (Kundian Farm); AB-4, AB-5, AB-6 (Chakwal). \| \| 5 (37) \| 4.1-4.5 \| B-17 (Piplan Seed Farm); B-19 (Nawan Jandan-wala, Bhakar); A-9, AB-22, AB-46, AB-49, (NARC); Italy-4; B-2 (Chak Shakarwala); Italy-2, N-33 (Adhi Kot Distt. Khushab); N-20, N-24 (Govt. Farm Kaloor Kot); N-6, AB43, AB44 (Attock); N-10 (Roda, Distt. Khushab); N-32, AB-42 (AB-42 (Bhown Farm Distt. Chakwal); N-5 (AECF Kundian); N-9, N-16 (Kot Fateh Khan Distt. Attock); N-29 (Nurpur Thal); P-9, P-10 (Peshawar); AB-1 (Kalar Kahar). AB-3 (Chakwal), AB-7, AB-8, AB-9, AB-10, (Attock); AB-11, (NIFA); AB-16, AB-20, AB-21 (Rawalpindi), KB-91-1 (Kaghan), AB-50, AB-55 (Karak). \| \| 6 (10) \| 3.6-4.6 \| D-Institute (NIAB); N-7 (Bhown Farm, Chakwal); N-12, (NARC); P-16 (Peshawar); AB-19 (Mianwali); KB-91-2 (Kaghan); AB-51, AB-56, (Karak); AB-57 (Banu); AB-64 (Layyah). \| \| 7 (7) \| 3.1-3.5 \| N-17, N-23 (Govt. Kaloor Kot Farm); N-14, (Fatehjang); N-21 (Kalar Kahar); AB-17, AB-23 (NARC); AB-60 (KNC, Kundian). \| \| 8 (1) \| 2.6-3.0 \| N-11 Warisabad, Groat Road, Distt. Khushab). \| Figures in Parenthesis are the number of isolates under each pathogenic group. therefore, carried out to determine the existence of pathotypes in A. rabiei prevalent in different chickpea growing areas of Pakistan. Information about the variability of pathotypes will facilitate the selection of suitable chickpea cultivars resistant/tolerant to specific pathotypes to be grown in a specific region. Materials and Methods Collection, isolation and purification of fungal cultures: Chickpea grown in different geographic regions of the country was surveyed from 1984 to 1992 and blight infected plant material collected. The fungus was isolated as single spore pure culture. Based on variability in colony colour, growth and sporulation, 102 isolates were selected for further studies. A. rabiei cultures were grown on chickpea seed meal agar at 20°C in 250 ml flasks (Kaiser, 1973; Bedi & Aujla, 1970; Chauhan & Sinha, 1973). Sterilized water was poured in 10 day old cultures, mixed with a sterilized spatula and the spore suspension filtered through a double layer of muslin cloth was adjusted to $10^6$ cfu/ml. One drop of Tween-20 as wetting agent was added per 100 ml of spore suspension to prevent run-off of inoculum from plant surface. Each isolate was tested for its pathogenicity on a set of 11 chickpea genotypes. Pathogenicity test: Seeds of 11 chickpea genotypes viz., Aug-424, Pb-1, 6153, C727, C235, Aug480, C44, CM2, CM72, CM88 and ILC191 were treated with 0.2% benlate and grown in 12" diam., earthen pots filled with sterilized soil @ 5 seeds/pot. The pots were kept in the field during the crop growing season. At flowering stage when the temperature was around 18 - 22°C, the healthy plants were inoculated with spore suspension ($10^6$ cfu/ml) of each isolate using an automizer until run off (keeping 3 pots/cultivar/isolate). One set of uninoculated differential host cultivars was kept as control. The inoculated plants were kept under 95 - 100% RH for 48 h after inoculation. The high humidity was maintained by keeping the pots under iron cages covered with wet coarse cloth and by frequent sprinkling of water both inside the cages and on the coarse cloth. Disease scoring: Infection of leaf, branch, pod, number of stem girdlings and broken stems including size of lesions were recorded at 15 - 20 days after inoculation. Disease reaction of each isolate on chickpea genotypes was recorded on 1 - 9 scale developed for A. rabiei (Reddy et al., 1984). Results and Discussion Although cultural differences among various isolates were observed but these could not be correlated with the virulent forms of the isolates, as also reported by Jan & Wiese (1991). Based on average disease reactions on chickpea genotypes, the isolates were divided into 8 pathogenic groups (Table 1). Differential disease reaction of different chickpea cultivars to various isolates of A. rabiei confirmed the existence of pathogenic variability. The isolates falling under group 1 proved to be more virulent than others (Table 2). Isolates of group 2 were slightly less virulent than those of the preceding group, with a tolerant response of 3 genotypes and resistant response of 2 others, but more virulent than the succeeding groups. Similar trend was observed in all the remaining groups. Isolate N-11 of Group 8 appeared to be least virulent since it failed to induce disease even on the susceptible chickpea differentials. Very little differences between the isolates of group 7 and 8 were observed, as on most of the genotypes the disease reactions were similar (Tables 1&2). A large number of isolates falling in group 3, 4 and 5 (5th being the largest comprising of 37 isolates) showed moderate reaction whereas the number of highly virulent isolates (Group 1) and least virulent isolates (group 8) was very small. Most virulent isolates (group 1) were collected from north western parts of the country presumably due to cool wet weather conducive for the development of the disease. It could also be due to intensive cultivation of more diverse genotypes (Gowen et al., 1989). There seems to be no correlation between pathogenicity level and geographic distribution or ecological conditions of the isolates, as is evident by the grouping of isolates belonging to widely separated sites in the same pathogenic group (Table 1). Such dislocation may result from concurrent but separate development of the virulence forms, dispersal of infected seed or transport of other infested material (Jan & Wiese, 1991). Similar observations on the existence of pathogenic variation in A. rabiei has been reported (Aujla, 1964; Bedi & Aujla, 1969; Kaiser, 1973; Vir & Grewal, 1974; Grewal, 1984; Reddy & Kabbabeh, 1985; Porta-Puglia et al., 1985, Porta-puglia, 1989; Nene & Reddy, 1987; Gowen et al., 1989; Jan & Wiese, 1991; Hussain & Malik, 1991). There is need to develop a uniform testing system and naming the pathogenic variants since different terms like race (Aujla, 1964), physiologic races (Bedi & Aujla, 1969), strains (Kaiser, 1973) and pathogenic variants as groups of isolates (Vir & Grewal, 1974) have been used. An assortment of 50 isolates collected in Syria and Lebanon were grouped into 6 races according to their aggressiveness against a set of host cultivars (Reddy & Kabbabeh, 1985; Weising et al., 1991). Similarly Porta-Puglia et al., (1985) confirmed the existence of pathogenic variability in A. rabiei in Italy and they called the variants as pathogenic groups. Lack of uniform nomenclature and testing procedures resulted in adoption of different methods by various investigators to study the pathogenic variability of the fungus. Host differentials, inoculum concentration, inoculation techniques, environmental conditions were variables, even the rating scales used for disease assessment varied (Nene, 1984; Reddy et al., 1984). Therefore, Haware (1987) considered that the differences in host reaction were not clear enough to classify the isolates into race. In the present study the A. rabiei isolates showed difference in their virulence but the different pathogenic groups could not be designated as races because uniform techniques and host differentials for race identification in A. rabiei are not yet available as also suggested by Jan & Weise (1991). There is need for the adoption of an internationally recognized standard technique, uniform set of host differentials for studying pathogenic variability and uniform rating scales for disease assessment. The application of molecular marker techniques for genotyping of isolates from each pathogenic group has been initiated which will supplement our present work on biological pathotyping and will enable us to clearly identify the physiologic races if exist in A. rabiei isolates prevalent in Pakistan. References Anonymous. 1963. Quarterly report for October - December, 1962 of the Plant Protection Committee for the South East Asia and Pacific Region. pp. 15. FAO Pub. Bangkok, Thailand. Anonymous. 1991. Agricultural Statistics of Pakistan. Ministry of Food and Agric., Islamabad. pp. 45 - 46. Aujla, S.S. 1964. Studies on 11 isolates of Phyloistica rabiei, the causal agent of grain blight in the Punjab. Indian Phytopath., 17: 83 - 87. Bedi, P. S. and S. S. Aujla. 1969. Variability in Phyloistica rabiei (Pass) Trot., the incitant of blight disease of gram in the Punjab. J. Res. Punjab Agric. Univ., 6: 103 - 106. Bedi, P. S. and S. S. Aujla. 1970. Factors affecting the Phyloistica rabiei (Pass) Trot., the incitant of gram blight in the Punjab. Jour. Res. Punjab Agric. Univ., 7: 606-609. Butler, E. J. 1918. Fungi and diseases in plants. Thacker, Sprink and Co., Calcutta, India. pp 547. Chauhan, R. K. S. and S. Sinha. 1973. Effect of varying temperature, humidity and light during incubation in relation to disease development in blight of gram (Cicer arietinum) caused by Ascochyta rabiei. Proc. National Science Academy, India, B 37: 473 - 482. Gowen, S. R., M. Orton, B. Thurley and A. White. 1989. Variation in pathogenicity of Ascochyta rabiei on chickpeas. Tropical Pesti Management, 35: 180 - 186. Grewal, J. S. 1984. Evidence of physiological races in Ascochyta rabiei of chickpea. pp. 55 - 56 in Ascochyta blight and winter sowing of chickpea (Eds.): M.C. Saxena and K. B.Singh. Martinus Nijhoff/Dr. W. Junk, Hague, Netherland. Hafiz, A. 1986. Plant diseases. Directorate of Publications, Pakistan Agricultural Research Council, Islamabad. Haware, M. P. 1987. Pathologic variability in Ascochyta rabiei. Food Legume Improvement Programme, Annual Report ICARDA; 131 - 132. Hussain, S. and B. A. Malik. 1991. Pathogenic Variability in Ascochyta rabiei in Pakistan. Int. Chickpea Newsletter, 24: 36 - 37. Jan, H. and M. V. Wiese. 1991. Virulence forms of Ascochyta rabiei affecting chickpea in the Palouse. Plant Dis., 75: 904 - 906. Kaiser, W. J. 1973. Factors affecting growth, sporulation, pathogenicity and survival of Ascochyta rabiei. Mycologia, 65: 444 - 457. Kausar, A. G. 1965. Epiphytology of recent epiphytotics of gram blight in West Pakistan. Pak. J. Agri. Sci., 11: 185 - 195. Luthra, J. C., A. Sattar and K. S. Bedi. 1939. Variation in Ascochyta rabiei (Pass) Lab., the causal fungus of blight of gram (Cicer arietinum L.). Indian J. Agri. Sci., 9: 791 - 805. Malik, B. A. and M. Tufail. 1981. Chickpea production in Pakistan. In: Proc. of the workshop on Ascochyta blight and winter sowing of chickpeas. (Eds.): M.C. Saxena and K. B. Singh. ICARDA, Allepo, Syria; 4-7 May. 1981 pp. 229 - 235. Nene, Y. L. 1984. A review of Ascochyta blight of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). In: Ascochyta blight and winter sowing of chickpea (Eds.): M. C. Saxena and K. B. Singh. Martinus Nijhoff/Dr. W. Junk, Hague, Netherland. pp. 17 - 32. Nene, Y. L. and M. V. Reddy. 1987. Chickpea diseases and their control. In: The chickpea (Eds.): M.C. Saxena and K. B. Singh. CAB International, Oxon, U.K. pp. 233 - 270. Porta-Puglia, A. 1989. Variability in Ascochyta rabiei. Consultative meeting on Breeding for Disease Resistance in Kabuli Chickpea, 6 - 8 March, 1989, Allepo, Syria. pp. 135 - 143. Porta-Puglia, A., P. Crino, F. Saccardo and G. Cecchini. 1985. Differential behaviour of chickpea lines towards some isolates of Ascochyta rabiei. Int. Chickpea Newsletter, 12: 22 - 23. Reddy, M. V. and S. Kabbabeh. 1985. Pathogenic variability in Ascochyta rabiei (Pass) Lab., in Syria and Lebanon. Phytopathologia Mediterranea, 24: 265 - 266. Reddy, M. V. and K. B. Singh. 1983. Foliar application of Bravo 500 for Ascochyta blight control. Int. Chickpea Newsletter, 8: 25 - 26. Reddy, M. V., K. B. Singh and Y. L. Nene. 1984. Screening techniques for Ascochyta blight of chickpea. In: Ascochyta blight and winter sowing of chickpeas. (Eds.): M.C. Saxena and K. B. Singh. Martinus Nijhoff/Dr. W.. Junk, Hague, Netherlands. pp. 45 - 54. Vir, S. and J. S. Grewal. 1974. Physiological specialization in Ascochyta rabiei, the causal organism of gram blight. Indian Phytopathol., 27: 355 - 360. Weising, K., D. Kaemmer, J. T. Epplen, F. Weigand, M. Saxena and G. Kahl. 1991. C. DNA fingerprinting of Ascochyta rabiei with synthetic oligonucleotides. Curr. Genet., 19: 483 - 489. (Received for Publication 21 February 1994)	<urn:uuid:d654916b-c783-46a7-a206-d248709f088e>	CC-MAIN-2024-38	https://www.pakbs.org/pjbot/PDFs/27(1)/PJB27(1)25.pdf	2024-09-14T07:32:07+00:00	s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/crawl=CC-MAIN-2024-38/subset=warc/part-00141-781f89b0-54ef-4e32-b51d-e5860e733e3a.c000.gz.parquet	854,856,266	4,986	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.765142	eng_Latn	0.950497	[ "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn" ]	false	docling	[ 2806, 5222, 8405, 11982, 15571, 16531 ]
Nursing and Midwifery Council Fitness to Practise Committee Substantive Order Review Meeting Tuesday 10 May 2022 Virtual Meeting Name of registrant: Barbara Hyacinth Asiama NMC PIN: 69B0232E Part(s) of the register: Registered Nurse - Sub Part 2 – Mental Health Level 2 – RN4 (February 1969) Registered Nurse - Sub Part 1 – Mental Health RN3 (October 1996) Relevant Location: London Type of case: Misconduct Panel members: Debbie Hill (Chair, Lay member) Sandra Lamb (Registrant member) Nicola Strother Smith (Lay member) Legal Assessor: Graeme Sampson Hearings Coordinator: Dilay Bekteshi Order being reviewed: Suspension order (12 months) Outcome: Striking off order to come into effect at the end of 21 June 2022 in accordance with Article 30(1) Decision and reasons on service of Notice of Meeting The panel considered whether notice of this meeting has been served in accordance with the Nursing and Midwifery Council (Fitness to Practise) Rules 2004 (as amended) ("the Rules"). The panel noted that the Notice of Meeting had been sent to Mrs Asiama's registered email address on 1 April 2022. The panel accepted the advice of the legal assessor. In the light of all of the information available, the panel was satisfied that Mrs Asiama has been served with notice of this meeting in accordance with the requirements of Rules 11A and 34 of the Nursing and Midwifery Council (Fitness to Practise) Rules 2004 (as amended) (the Rules). Decision and reasons on review of the current order The panel decided to replace the suspension order with a striking-off order. This order will come into effect at the end of 21 June 2022 in accordance with Article 30(1) of the Nursing and Midwifery Order 2001 (as amended) (the Order). This is the first review of a substantive suspension order originally imposed for a period of 12 months by a Fitness to Practise Committee panel on 21 May 2021. The current order is due to expire at the end of 21 June 2022. The panel is reviewing the order pursuant to Article 30(1) of the Order. The charges found proved which resulted in the imposition of the substantive order were as follows: 'That you a registered nurse; 1. On the 14 th December 2018; (a) In respect of Resident A; (i) Did not assess them for any pain (ii) Did not enquire with them whether they required any pain or sickness tablets. (iii) Failed to recognise what Metoclopramide is used for (b) In respect of Resident B; (i) Failed to carry out an individual assessment as to whether the Resident required pain relief (c) In respect of Resident C; (i) Attempted to administer insulin; Without first checking the blood sugar levels, and Without asking the Resident beforehand (ii) Failed to record the units of insulin injected on the MAR chart (d) In respect of Resident D; (i) Failed to assess whether they required pain relief (ii) Failed to provide a clinical reason and/or justification for providing the Resident two Co-Codamol tablets (e) In respect of Resident E; (i) Carried out the incorrect procedure prior to the administration of Doxasozin, and (ii) In doing so caused distress to the Resident. (iii) … (iv) … (v) … (vi) Did not know the resident's mobility (f) In respect of Resident F; Failed to assess the amount of thickening agent required, by either; (i) Checking the MAR chart (ii) Checking the Care Plan (iii) Making enquiries with anyone else (g) In respect of Resident G; (i) Failed to administer a laxative when required, and (ii) Failed to sign the MAR indicating this (h) In respect of Resident H; (i) Having administered Carbocisteine tablets, failed to sign as administered on the MAR chart (ii) Failed to follow hygiene rules when providing eye drops (i) In respect of Resident I; (i) … (ii) … (iii) Attempted to administer one tablet of Amoxicillin at a time when it was not required (iv) Failed to adequately dispose of the Amoxicillin once discovered that it was not required, and (v) Failed to record the disposal of it in the destruction book (j) In respect of Resident J; (i) Signed the MAR chart indicating that eye drops had been administered when they had not. (k) In respect of Resident K; (i) Failed to properly consider the MAR chart as to the type of medication that was to be administered (ii) Attempted to administer insulin when in fact Heparin was to be administered AND, in light of the above your fitness to practise is impaired by reason of your misconduct.’ The original panel determined the following with regard to impairment: 'The panel next went on to decide if as a result of the misconduct, Mrs Asiama's fitness to practise is currently impaired. Nurses occupy a position of privilege and trust in society and are expected at all times to be professional. Patients and their families must be able to trust nurses with their lives and the lives of their loved ones. They must make sure that their conduct at all times justifies both their patients' and the public's trust in the profession. In this regard the panel considered the judgement of Mrs Justice Cox in the case of Council for Healthcare Regulatory Excellence v (1) Nursing and Midwifery Council (2) Grant [2011] EWHC 927 (Admin). The panel determined that the first three limbs of the test are engaged in Mrs Asiama's case. The panel finds that several patients were put at real risk of harm and as a result of Mrs Asiama's misconduct and that no harm was caused due to her being observed by Mr 2. Mrs Asiama's misconduct had breached the NMC Code, the fundamental tenets of the nursing profession and therefore brought its reputation into disrepute. It was satisfied that confidence in the nursing profession would be undermined if its regulator did not find charges relating to the misconduct serious. The panel noted that there a several clinical errors but it was satisfied that the misconduct in this case is capable of remediation. However, the panel carefully considered the evidence before it and determined that there is little to no evidence to indicate that Mrs Asiama has remedied her practice. The panel took into account Mr 2's witness statement and noted that following her competency assessment she was asked how she thought it went and, Mrs Asiama replied stating that 'I made some errors but I think it went well.' It noted that whilst Mrs Asiama has acknowledge some of her errors, it was concerned that she failed to demonstrate any remorse or insight into her actions. The panel noted that despite completing her medication training prior to her competency assessment, Mrs Asiama made several errors during a single medication round, some of which were serious. The panel also noted that Mrs Asiama has not engaged with the NMC regarding these proceedings. The panel is of the view that given Mrs Asiama's lack of insight, lack of remediation and lack of engagement with the NMC, there is a real risk of repetition. On the basis of all the information before it, the panel decided that a finding of impairment is necessary on the grounds of public protection. The panel bore in mind that the overarching objectives of the NMC; to protect, promote and maintain the health, safety, and well-being of the public and patients, and to uphold and protect the wider public interest. This includes promoting and maintaining public confidence in the nursing and midwifery professions and upholding the proper professional standards for members of those professions. The panel determined that a finding of impairment on public interest grounds is required because Mrs Asiama breached the fundamental tenets of the nursing profession and it is required to maintain the reputation in the profession and to uphold the proper standards of conduct. In addition, the panel concluded that public confidence in the profession would be undermined if a finding of impairment were not made in this case and therefore also finds Mrs Asiama's fitness to practise impaired on the grounds of public interest.' The original panel determined the following with regard to sanction: 'The panel first considered whether to take no action but concluded that this would be inappropriate in view of the seriousness of the case. The panel decided that it would be neither proportionate nor in the public interest to take no further action. It then considered the imposition of a caution order but again determined that, due to the seriousness of the case, and the public protection issues identified, an order that does not restrict Mrs Asiama's practice would not be appropriate in the circumstances. The SG states that a caution order may be appropriate where 'the case is at the lower end of the spectrum of impaired fitness to practise and the panel wishes to mark that the behaviour was unacceptable and must not happen again.' The panel considered that Mrs Asiama's misconduct was not at the lower end of the spectrum and that a caution order would be inappropriate in view of the issues identified. The panel decided that it would be neither proportionate nor in the public interest to impose a caution order. The panel next considered whether placing conditions of practice would be sufficient and appropriate. The panel is mindful that any conditions imposed must be proportionate, measurable and workable. The panel took into account the SG and considered that there was no evidence to suggest there was harmful deep-seated personality or attitudinal problems on Mrs Asiama's part. It also considered that there were identifiable areas of Mrs Asiama's practice in need of retraining and further assessment. The panel was of the view that a conditions of practice order could protect the public if they were workable however, given the circumstances, there are no practical or workable conditions that could be formulated. It noted that there has been no engagement from Mrs Asiama with the NMC. The panel noted that there was also no evidence to demonstrate a willingness to respond positively to retraining. Further, the panel noted that Mrs Asiama has demonstrated a lack of insight into her failings and there is currently no information before the panel to indicate her current position or her willingness to work. The panel concluded that the placing of conditions on Mrs Asiama's registration in these circumstances would be inappropriate and would not adequately protect the public or address the public interest concerns in this case. The panel then went on to consider whether a suspension order would be an appropriate sanction. The SG states that suspension order may be appropriate where some factors are apparent. In this case, it noted that the misconduct occurred on one medication round but there were multiple errors and a lesser sanction is not sufficient. There was no evidence or harmful deep-seated or attitudinal problems. It took into account the seriousness of this case with regard to the multiple and serious errors that occurred on one medication round. The panel noted that the attempted administration of Insulin instead of Heparin could have caused serious consequences and in these circumstances, the panel noted that the criteria of seriousness is met. The panel was satisfied that in this case, the misconduct was not fundamentally incompatible with remaining on the register. The panel went on to consider whether a striking-off order would be proportionate but, taking account of all the information before it, the panel concluded that it would be disproportionate. Whilst the panel acknowledges that a suspension may have a punitive effect, it would be unduly punitive in Mrs Asiama's case to impose a striking-off order. Balancing all of these factors the panel has concluded that a suspension order would be the appropriate and proportionate sanction. The panel noted the hardship such an order will inevitably cause Mrs Asiama. However this is outweighed by the public interest in this case. The panel considered that this order is necessary to mark the importance of maintaining public confidence in the profession, and to send to the public and the profession a clear message about the standard of behaviour required of a registered nurse. Any future panel reviewing this case would be assisted by: - Evidence of Mrs Asiama's engagement with the NMC; - Mrs Asiama's attendance at the next NMC review hearing or meeting.' Decision and reasons on current impairment The panel has considered carefully whether Mrs Asiama's fitness to practise remains impaired. Whilst there is no statutory definition of fitness to practise, the Nursing and Midwifery council (NMC) has defined fitness to practise as a registrant's suitability to remain on the register without restriction. In considering this case, the panel has carried out a comprehensive review of the order in light of the current circumstances. Whilst it has noted the decision of the last panel, this panel has exercised its own judgement as to current impairment. The panel has had regard to all of the documentation before it, including the NMC bundle. The panel heard and accepted the advice of the legal assessor. In reaching its decision, the panel was mindful of the need to protect the public, maintain public confidence in the profession and to declare and uphold proper standards of conduct and performance. The panel considered whether Mrs Asiama's fitness to practise remains impaired. The panel took into account the charges found proved against Mrs Asiama and noted that they were serious. The panel had regard to the original panel's findings and took account of the fact Mrs Asiama has not engaged with the NMC in any way. This reviewing panel had no new information before it today. Mrs Asiama has not engaged with the NMC since the suspension order was imposed and has not provided any of the information suggested by the previous panel. Further, the panel had no up to date information regarding Mrs Asiama's level of insight. This panel noted that the original substantive panel found that, while Mrs Asiama's misconduct was remediable, her lack of engagement meant that the panel had no evidence of any reflection or remediation. This panel noted that from the information before it, Mrs Asiama has not taken any steps to remedy the concerns raised about her fitness to practise. In light of this, this panel determined that Mrs Asiama was still liable to repeat the basic and numerous clinical errors demonstrated in the wide ranging charges found proved. The panel therefore decided that a finding of continuing impairment is necessary on the ground of public protection. The panel has borne in mind that its primary function is to protect patients and the wider public interest which includes maintaining confidence in the nursing profession and upholding proper standards of conduct and performance. The panel determined that, in this case, a finding of continuing impairment on public interest grounds is also required. For these reasons, the panel finds that Mrs Asiama's fitness to practise remains impaired. Decision and reasons on sanction Having found Mrs Asiama's fitness to practise currently impaired, the panel then considered what, if any, sanction it should impose in this case. The panel noted that its powers are set out in Article 30 of the Order. The panel has also taken into account the 'NMC's Sanctions Guidance' (SG) and has borne in mind that the purpose of a sanction is not to be punitive, though any sanction imposed may have a punitive effect. The panel first considered whether to take no action but concluded that this would be inappropriate in view of the seriousness of the case. The panel decided that it would be neither proportionate nor in the public interest to take no further action. It then considered the imposition of a caution order but again determined that, due to the seriousness of the case, and the public protection issues identified, an order that does not restrict Mrs Asiama's practice would not be appropriate in the circumstances. The SG states that a caution order may be appropriate where 'the case is at the lower end of the spectrum of impaired fitness to practise and the panel wishes to mark that the behaviour was unacceptable and must not happen again.' The panel considered that Mrs Asiama's misconduct was not at the lower end of the spectrum and that a caution order would be inappropriate in view of the issues identified. The panel decided that it would be neither proportionate nor in the public interest to impose a caution order. The panel next considered whether a conditions of practice on Mrs Asiama's registration would be a sufficient and appropriate response. The panel is mindful that any conditions imposed must be proportionate, measurable and workable. The panel bore in mind the seriousness of the facts found proved at the original hearing and concluded that a conditions of practice order would not adequately protect the public or satisfy the public interest. The panel was not able to formulate conditions of practice that would adequately address the concerns relating to Mrs Asiama's misconduct. The panel next considered imposing a further suspension order. The panel noted that Mrs Asiama has not engaged with the NMC nor has shown any evidence of strengthening her practice. Further, Mrs Asiama has not demonstrated any insight into her previous failings. The panel was of the view that considerable evidence would be required to show that Mrs Asiama no longer posed a risk to the public. The panel determined that a further period of suspension would not serve any useful purpose in all of the circumstances. The panel determined that it was necessary to take action to prevent Mrs Asiama from practising in the future and concluded that the only sanction that would adequately protect the public and serve the public interest was a striking-off order. This striking-off order will take effect upon the expiry of the current suspension order, namely the end of 21 June 2022 in accordance with Article 30(1). This decision will be confirmed to Mrs Asiama in writing. That concludes this determination.	<urn:uuid:6de6bede-31da-4e32-9f08-fbdac26f770c>	CC-MAIN-2022-27	https://www.nmc.org.uk/globalassets/sitedocuments/ftpoutcomes/2022/may-2022/reasons-asiama-ftpcsorm-71848-20220510.pdf	2022-07-06T01:47:00+00:00	s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/crawl=CC-MAIN-2022-27/subset=warc/part-00092-48f675b2-7fd4-43af-adb3-2a4ea7f82193.c000.gz.parquet	954,343,951	3,620	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.972271	eng_Latn	0.99851	[ "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn" ]	false	rolmOCR	[ 789, 2205, 3376, 4507, 6713, 8763, 11216, 12444, 14635, 17152, 18165 ]
Audio Signal Processing Hardware Trends (Keynote Address, 23rd AES Conference, Helsingør, Denmark May 23, 2003) Jeff Bier Berkeley Design Technology, Inc. Berkeley, California USA +1 (510) 665-1600 [email protected] http://www.BDTI.com © 2003 Berkeley Design Technology, Inc. Outline Introduction • Key markets and motives • Processor options and trends General-purpose processors (GPPs), software dominate • PCs taking over the studio • Software is king for consumer audio Audio signal processing becoming ubiquitous • Consequences of convergence Higher volumes and the benefits of competition Connectivity becomes a key challenge Conclusions Key Realities and Consequences Realities: - Audio processing needs becoming easier to meet - Audio signal processing becoming quite inexpensive - Applications evolving quickly - Algorithms changing fast Consequences: - Programmable solutions win favor - Audio processing becoming ubiquitous - Consumer audio dominates - Few special-purpose chips for pro audio - Higher volumes - Increased competition, lower costs, faster innovation - Connectivity becomes a (the?) key challenge © 2003 Berkeley Design Technology, Inc. Key Markets and Motives 1. Pro audio (recording, post-production, performance, ...) - Support more formats, features, effects - Improve productivity, reduce cost - Ease of use, flexibility, quality 2. “Convenience” consumer audio (mobile phone MP3 player, ...) - Basic audio support as a differentiator - Maximize convenience, but not necessarily audio quality - Combine with non-audio features - Minimize cost, time to market, engineering effort - Maximize flexibility 3. “Quality” consumer audio (home theater, ...) - Differentiate via audio features - High quality - Maximize flexibility Audio Signal Processing Hardware Trends Flexibility vs. Efficiency General-Purpose: GUI, OS, etc. Networking: TCP/IP, RTSP, etc. Telecom: Echo cancel, G.729, etc. Portable: MP3, WMA, etc. Studio: Mixing, effects, etc. Theater: DTS, SDDS, etc. Home Theater: AC-3, DTS, etc. © 2003 Berkeley Design Technology, Inc. Audio Processing Gets Easier MP3 Decoder Processing Load (Stereo, 48 kHz, 320 kbps) % of Max Processor Speed ARM7 100 MHz (1995) ARM9 200 MHz (1997) ARM9E 200 MHz (1999) XScale 400 MHz (2002) Sources: Digital Audio Codecs, ARM Ltd. 2001 and BDTI estimates © 2003 Berkeley Design Technology, Inc. Keynote Address, 23rd AES Conference, Helsingør, Denmark Page 3 May 23, 2003 Plenty of Headroom Processing Load: 200 MHz ARM9E \| \| % of Max Processor Speed \| \|----------------\|--------------------------\| \| MP3 Stereo Decode \| 10 \| \| MP3 Stereo Encode \| 20 \| \| WMA8 Stereo Decode \| 10 \| \| AC-3 5.1-Ch Decode \| 20 \| Source: Digital Audio Codecs, ARM Ltd. 2001 © 2003 Berkeley Design Technology, Inc. General-Purpose Processors, Software Ascendant "Do I really need a shrimp peeler?" PCs, CPUs Taking Over the Studio As audio gets easier, less need for special hardware - PC CPUs offer strong signal-processing performance - Leverage PC performance increases, volume - DSPs less important; little vendor focus - Fewer custom processors But PCs are not ideal for recording, performance - “Blue screen of death” is unacceptable - Latency is a problem - Sound engineer’s job doesn’t necessarily become easier Key consequences - Studio gets cheaper, smaller - More software, less hardware - More machine, less man - A new set of IT-like hassles for users GPPs Rule “Convenience” Audio Processors are cheap; why use special hardware? Convergence drives GPP preference - GPPs already present/preferred for other functionality - System designers differentiate via non-audio features Compression and numeric considerations favor GPPs GPPs often encapsulated in an ASSP - Stable, high-volume → “system-on-a-chip” - DANGER: New technology can upset stable applications - ASSPs often contain multiple cores, accelerators, ... - ASSP vs. “generic” processor boundary is blurring Key drawback: dynamic features can cause problems Software Is King Everywhere DSPs thrive in “quality” consumer audio - Insufficient volume, stability to justify ASSPs or ASICs - Differentiation achieved via custom algorithms - Need strong support for custom audio software development - Off-the-shelf implementations of required algorithms preferred ASICs become less relevant - ASIC design takes years; markets change in months - Huge volumes needed to cover design, mask costs - Can one manufacturer sell 1-2 MM units? - Possible solution: the 486SX approach - Design chip for high-end apps; disable features for low-end apps - Transistors are cheap! Convergence: More Than Buzzword Faster processors enable inexpensive combination of audio capabilities with other functions - Added to devices like phones, PDAs, and digital still cameras - Enabling new products like A/V jukeboxes and media servers “Personal content” changes everything - Access audio anytime, anywhere, any way - Content freed from hardware - System model becomes more distributed, more complex - Transfer to portable device - Stream from content provider - Stream between devices Consequences of Convergence Algorithms, applications changing more rapidly - Converged devices amplify instability problems - Example: unstable audio standards + unstable wireless standards - Shift from mature to immature technology - Less predictability in evolution of the system - Product design workload shifting to chip vendors Conflicting system design goals - Instability → flexible solutions (GPPs, DSPs, PC CPUs) - High complexity → highly integrated, off-the-shelf solutions (ASSPs) - Low prices → specialized solutions (ASICs, ASSPs) What About “Quality” Audio? High-end home theater and automotive audio applications Moderate volumes → poor targets for ASSPs and ASICs No graphical UI, OS, network stack, … → less need for GPPs Tough algorithms → DSP strengths - Algorithms require much more power than those in “convenience” audio → DSP strengths - Quiet environments → no fans → low power → DSP strength - Differentiation in custom algorithms → DSP tools strengths - Preference toward floating-point → DSP market position strength © 2003 Berkeley Design Technology, Inc. Higher Volumes and the Benefits of Competition “Faster, better, and cheaper?” Lower Costs, Faster Innovation Costs driven down, innovation accelerated due to volume and competition - Inexpensive hardware, widely available software - Enable convergence of technologies - Enable acceptable prices - Enable easier entry into some markets - Bigger, wider markets attract attention - Easier to get consumers interested - Easier to attract investment - But litigation, regulation, and poor business models slow things down - Compression algorithm licensing structure is unwieldy - Legislation, industry back-room deals hinder innovation - Effective business models are essential but elusive © 2003 Berkeley Design Technology, Inc. Connectivity Becomes a Key Challenge “It’s not what you know, it’s who you know.” Expanding Options in Pro Audio... Many new options - Riding the coat-tails of existing data standards like 1394, Ethernet, and ATM - New standards and proprietary options - Digital connections extend all the way to the mic! Higher capacity - Support new standards with higher data rates - Fewer wires Point-to-point wiring → audio networks - Physical setup → virtual setup - Solutions like mLAN key for managing the mess ...And in Consumer Audio Connectivity trends mirror pro audio - Many options - Higher capacities - Networked audio Many issues remain unresolved - Network topology is changing - Today: PC plays central role - Tomorrow: ??? - Network setup is too difficult for consumers - Device discovery and control not solved - Digital rights management not solved Home theater systems gain connections to other digital audio devices, PCs, and content providers A New Set of Headaches New options solve some problems, but introduce others - Fewer wires, but more layers to worry about Connectivity processing becomes increasingly important - Sample rate conversion - Example: 44.1 kHz → 48 kHz - Transcoding - Example: AAC → MP3 - Encryption and digital rights management - Example: WMA9 source encryption → 5C network encryption - Where is all this decoding and decryption done? Resolving the confusion is crucial to many products - Connectivity is crucial for personal-content model © 2003 Berkeley Design Technology, Inc. Conclusions “May you live in interesting times.” Conclusions - We’re entering a new era of ubiquitous digital audio! - Convergence is real and growing - Personal content will be a key driver - Emphasis shifting from specialized hardware to software - PCs will dominate the studio… like it or not - Embedded GPPs will dominate convergence products - DSPs will thrive in some niches - Connectivity enables new capabilities, but brings new challenges - Processor-based ASSPs help address integration challenges - The “ecosystem” is all-important - A player without a content source is like a train without tracks - Business models and rights management present critical unsolved problems © 2003 Berkeley Design Technology, Inc. For More Information... www.BDTI.com - DSP Insider newsletter - Pocket Guide to Processors for DSP - White papers on processor architectures and benchmarking - Audio compression algorithm implementation processor resource-use data - BDTImark2000™ benchmark scores - Article reprints on DSP-oriented processors and applications - comp.dsp FAQ	<urn:uuid:519bdfb7-8d31-44bb-929a-7df595256a2b>	CC-MAIN-2017-13	http://www.bdti.com/MyBDTI/pubs/20030523_Audio_Signal_Processing.pdf	2017-03-23T00:18:42Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218186530.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212946-00211-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz	431,389,248	2,192	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.854708	eng_Latn	0.969645	[ "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn" ]	true	docling	[ 644, 1805, 2508, 3026, 4169, 4786, 5846, 6469, 7222, 8105, 8730, 9770 ]
The Arabian Peninsula is an arid to semi-arid region, with a low rainfall and high temperatures most of the year, but with a high humidity in the coastal areas during the summer months. Water resources are limited, yet the availability of a sufficient supply of good quality water is the major requirement for the social, industrial, agricultural and economic development of the region. The increased demand for water arises from the improved standard of living, population growth and development arising from the oil revenues. The countries of the Arabian Peninsula have made great efforts, to remedy the water shortage, by providing the financial and technical backing, for water desalination, treatment of wastewater and improved management and conservation techniques. The various water ministries, universities and research centres have supported scientific research, and applied the most recent technologies, in the search for new and alternative water supplies. Laws have been promulgated and economic and public relation campaigns have been developed, to promote and encourage the practice of efficient water use and the conservation of this scarce commodity. In this book we have tried to provide the most important source of information for senior undergraduate and graduate students and researchers of the Gulf area, and more generally of arid regions, in order to comprehend the nature of the problems and how they interact with all aspects of life. In an area with a water deficiency, these interactions are more clearly defined than in water rich environments. For this reason sections on water laws and management, not usually found in regular hydrology was appropriately placed. The first part of the book is of a general character, it provides a geographic and geologic setting and emphasizing the climatic parameters, followed by a discussion on the aquifers and water chemistry. The second part of the book is devoted to the legal and management aspects of water resources, the more detailed studies of individual areas follows, and the book ends with the application of computer modeling of water flow and aquifers. Obviously the coverage cannot be complete, but a substantial bibliography provides a key to more detailed study. TABLE OF CONTENTS ………………………………………………..……………..…...……... Paleozoic: Stratigraphy and Sedimentation 65 Triassic: Stratigraphy and Sedimentation 66 119 Chapter 6: Traditional Water Resources: Springs and Falajes Water Quality ………………………………………………..……………………………………….……..………….….. 177 ……………………………………………………………………………...…………..……… Paleogene Aquifer System in Bahrain 178 Chapter 9: The Legal Basis for Groundwater Protection in the Gulf States 253	<urn:uuid:5769fdfc-1f66-433c-bc98-d79f2a7ea9dc>	CC-MAIN-2018-51	http://www.sharhana.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/my_books_Hydrogeology-of-an-Arid-Region.pdf	2018-12-14T22:07:07Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376826354.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20181214210553-20181214232553-00377.warc.gz	464,622,768	511	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.455609	eng_Latn	0.994018	[ "eng_Latn", "unknown", "sot_Latn", "som_Latn", "unknown", "eng_Latn" ]	false	rolmOCR	[ 2253, 2272, 2408, 2540, 2625, 2705 ]
PRESIDENT'S UPDATE AUGUST 2016 UPDATE Summer 2016 greetings! My report begins with a recap of the long awaited Arizona State Parks Board meeting held on July 20. Arizona Heritage Alliance (AHA) Vice President Jim McPherson was able to attend and made comments at the Call to the Public from his AHA, Arizona Preservation Foundation, and Arizona Main Street perspectives. The meeting began with Chair R.J. Cardin, Director of Maricopa County Parks and Recreation, welcoming the seven member board. After the officer elections, R.J. handed the gavel to Vice Chair Kay Daggett of Sierra Vista who then stepped into the Chair position. Shawn Orme was elected Vice Chair. In addition to an enthusiastic description of the Off Highway Vehicle (OHV) grants, the development project at Lake Havasu seemed to be the subject of most interest to people. There was a brief presentation regarding the development which consists of a 40-year contract and include Lake Havasu State Park within it. A mention that a bill for the removal of the State Parks Board would again return next legislative session. I guess we will have our work cut out for us again. While on the subject of the State Parks Board, we are sad to report that John U. Hays, former Parks Board member, rancher, and illustrious State Representative (1975–83) and later Senator (1984–1992), passed away on June 10 at home. Among other achievements, it was he who ensured a skeptical legislature passed the bill that brought Kartchner Caverns into being as a state park. Besides been an effective, fair, and hardworking legislator, John was a really nice person, true gentleman, bicultural statesman in work with Mexico, great friend of the Heritage Fund, and mentor. He is truly missed. Game and Fish Commission meeting, June 10, Payson. Bill McLean, former G&F Commissioner, and I attended this meeting. To our great pleasure, we learned that the [G&F Commission](#) was using the recently created O&M (Operations and Maintenance) fund (up to $1.4 million – via SB 1361) for Heritage Fund properties for water and fencing projects that were greatly needed to enhance the habitat purchased for the various threatened and endangered species. Formerly much of that funding was coming from sportsmen's dollars which are in decline due to falling license sales. AHA would have preferred a more public-spirited way of reassigning those Heritage Fund dollars now used for O&M, but they are being used appropriately and with transparency. Such expenditures will be brought up yearly and transparently to be considered by the commission on behalf of the public. Arizona Historic Preservation Conference. On June 9, AHA Vice President Jim McPherson, Director Lani Lott, and I attended the [Arizona Historic Preservation Conference](#) in Phoenix. We participated on a panel to discuss various funding mechanisms that support preservation such as the Heritage Fund. Even though there are other granting sources out there, it was obvious that the new State Parks Heritage Fund is still awaited with enthusiasm. We had the sad job of informing the audience once again that the initiative could not be ready for the 2016 ballot due principally to lack of funding for signature gathering. Other Legislative Matters. Moving back to the Legislative, two bills sponsored by Senator Gail Griffin and signed by the Governor, make the Mexican Wolf recovery more difficult. Two water adequacy bills that would have negatively affected the San Pedro River also passed, but fortunately were vetoed by the Governor. All in all, it was a busy if somewhat frustrating six months. The remaining G&F Heritage Fund is alive and well along with many well-developed and run non-game programs at G&F. Public support is still very much alive to create a new granting program for State Parks and assure its enhancement and strengthening as an organization, financial security, and protection on behalf of the people of Arizona. On behalf of the entire AHA Board of Directors, thank you for your continuing support of the Alliance. Elizabeth Woodin BOARD MEMBER SPOTLIGHT Larry Weigel The Arizona Heritage Alliance is honored to spotlight Board of Director, Larry Weigel. In addition to serving on AHA's Board, Larry is also a member of the Arizona Game & Fish Heritage Fund Public Advisory Committee representing Region V. Larry was born in Canada and immigrated to the United States as a young boy. His family moved from California to Illinois to Michigan and ended up in Arizona by the time he was 12 years old. He graduated from the University of Arizona with a degree in Finance. Larry has worked for Tucson Electric Power (TEP) for more than 30 years in various financial capacities. He holds the position of Transmission and Distribution Supervisor and helps manage the company’s external labor resources. Another one of Larry’s responsibilities is co-managing TEP’s raptor protection program. Larry is an avid sportsman dedicated to conservation and preservation of Arizona’s vast natural resources. Larry and his wife Lea Anne have four sons and four grandsons, who also enjoy Arizona’s outdoor activities. Thank you Larry for all you do for Arizona. --- PARTNER SPOTLIGHT ARIZONA PRESERVATION FOUNDATION Our Partner Spotlight for this quarter is [Arizona Preservation Foundation](#). Since 1979, the Arizona Preservation Foundation has worked with local, state, and national partners to preserve Arizona's historical, archaeological, architectural, and cultural legacy. Key initiatives include: - Compiling the [Arizona’s Most Endangered Historic Places List](#) - Publishing a [Historic Preservation Referral Guide](#) for homeowners and building professionals - Sending out Preservation Alerts related to statewide issues - Offering a [Speaker’s Bureau](#) for your meetings and events - Organizing the [Annual Statewide Conference](#) and [Governor’s Heritage Preservation Honor Awards](#) - Advocating for historic preservation statewide as well as offering support on a regional and local level through a strong web and social media presence. The Arizona Heritage Alliance is one of the newest recipient of Summit Hut's "Decline-A-Bag" Initiative. Every time you shop at Summit Hut, located in Tucson, and decline a shopping bag, the cost of that bag is donated to local outdoor organizations doing great things in our community. With help from their customers, Summit Hut has prevented over 230,000 bags from entering the waste stream and have contributed over $12,500 to local organizations since their giving back program began! Thank you Summit Hut for supporting local outdoor organizations like the Arizona Heritage Alliance. Arizona Republic article, "Where Does the Arizona Lottery Revenue Go?," outlines how Lottery funds are distributed. Since the Arizona Lottery’s launch on July 1, 1981, its sales revenue has totaled $11 billion, with nearly $3.5 billion of that directed back into state funds and programs. While a majority — and growing — portion of that money has gone into the general fund where the Governor and Legislature can spend it as they choose, about $1.8 billion has been returned to Arizona communities through grants and programs. Click here to read the full article. Arizona Heritage Alliance will celebrate its 25 year anniversary in 2017. The AHA Board is proud of the work the organization has accomplished over the last 25 years and in preparation for celebrating this milestone, AHA’s Communication Committee has started to make plans for a year-long celebration highlighting the successes of the Heritage Fund and honoring our friends and partners who have been with AHA along the way. AHA's Board of Directors also recently held a strategic planning session to update the organization's mission and identify goals, objectives, and priorities to help chart a solid course for the future. Click here to read the full 2016–2018 Strategic Plan. Arizona Game & Fish Department is now accepting applications for more than $400,000 in Heritage Fund grants. Deadline for the grant submittal is October 31, 2016. Grant categories include environmental education, outdoor education, schoolyard habitat, urban wildlife/habitat, public access, and Identification, Inventory, Acquisition, Protection and Management (IIAPM). Applicants for this year’s grants can click here for guidance on applying. The documents include the Heritage Grant Application Manual, Heritage Grant Application Form, and various “Heritage Grant Funding Window” documents, which describe eligibility information and provide specific eligibility criteria listed within each grant sub-category. The Game & Fish Department will hold the following informational workshops for those interested in learning more about the grants and how to apply: - Monday, Aug. 22 from 2–4 p.m. at Game & Fish Headquarters, 5000 W. Carefree Highway, Phoenix. - Tuesday, Aug. 23 from 2–4 p.m. at the Tucson Regional Game & Fish office, 555 N. Greasewood Road. Please RSVP to Robyn Beck at (623) 236–7530 if you are interested or planning to attend one of the workshops. Edward “Pat” Madden of Flagstaff will lead the five-member Arizona Game and Fish Commission for 2016–2017 fiscal year. The commission oversees the Arizona Game & Fish Department and establishes rules and regulations for managing and conserving wildlife and fisheries resources, and for safe and regulated watercraft and off-highway vehicle (OHV) operations for the benefit of Arizona residents. Mr. Madden, who joined the commission in 2013, has an extensive law enforcement background. He spent more than three decades working for the Flagstaff Police Department – beginning his career in 1966 as a patrolman and retiring as chief of police in 1999 – and also worked for the Arizona Department of Gaming before fully retiring in 2015. “I look forward to my chairmanship and a continued productive working relationship between the commission, department, and public to ensure that Arizona’s wildlife is protected, preserved, enhanced, and managed,” said Madden. UPCOMING EVENTS - Parks in the Pines Birthday Bash, 100 Years of the National Park Service, August 20, Flagstaff - Arizona League of Cities and Towns, August 23–26, Scottsdale - Becoming an Outdoor Woman, Arizona Wildlife Federation, September 9–11, Friendly Pines Camp, Prescott - Arizona Forward's 36th Annual Environmental Excellence Awards: September 10, Arizona Grand Resort - Arizona Historic Preservation Conference, June, 2017, Hilton El Conquistador Golf & Tennis Resort, Oro Valley ARIZONA HERITAGE ALLIANCE P.O. Box 16282, PHOENIX, AZ 85018 • 602-528-7500 azheritage.org • [email protected] The Arizona Heritage Alliance is a 501(c)3 non-profit with the mission to preserve and enhance Arizona’s historic, cultural, and natural heritage. To accomplish our mission we actively: - Protect the integrity and voter intent of the Arizona Game & Fish Heritage Fund. ● Monitor state legislative and agency activity. ● Pursue sustainable and dedicated funding sources for Arizona’s historic, cultural, and natural initiatives, programs, and activities. ● Educate Arizonans on the benefits of our state’s wildlife, open space, parks, and historic and cultural resources. Copyright © 2016 "Arizona Heritage Alliance", All rights reserved. Preserve and Enhance Arizona’s Historic, Cultural, and Natural Heritage. Our mailing address is: POB 16282, Phoenix, AZ 85011 Want to change how you receive these emails? 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Prediction of full-scale dewatering results by determining the water distribution of sewage sludges J. Kopp and N. Dichtl Institute of Sanitary Engineering,Post Box 3329, Technical University of Braunschweig, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany (Tel: +49 531 391 7942, Fax: +49 531 391 7947), (E-mail: [email protected]) Abstract Dewaterability of sewage sludge can be described by the total solids concentration of the sludge cake and by the polymer-demand for conditioning. Total solids concentration of the sludge cake depends on the physical water distribution. The various types of water in sewage sludge are mainly distinguished by type and intensity of their physical bonding to the solids. In a sewage sludge suspension four different types of water can be distinguished. These are free water, which is not bound to the particles, interstitial water, which is bound by capillary forces between the sludge ﬂocs, surface water, which is bound by adhesive forces, and intracellular water. Only free water can be separated during mechanical dewatering. It can be shown, that thermo-gravimeteric measurement of the free water content leads to an exact prediction of full-scale dewatering results. Maximum dewatering results are reached by separating all free water during centrifugation. Polymer conditioning increases the velocity of the sludge water release, but the free water content is not inﬂuenced by this process. Furthermore it is not possible, to replace the measuring of the water distribution by other individual parameters such as ignition loss. Keywords Dewatering; characterisation; conditioning; full scale centrifuges; maximum dewatering result; dilatometer; sludge drying; free water; interstitial water; bound water Introduction Mechanical dewatering reduces the volume and the quantity of sludge that needs to be disposed or to be treated subsequently. The dewatering result can be described by total solids concentration of the sludge cake, amount of conditioning agents and speciﬁc energy consumption. To predict the dewaterability of a sewage sludge it is necessary to measure the sludge water distribution, above all the free water content and to determine the polymer-demand. In this paper especially the method for measuring the water distribution by thermogravimetric measurements will be presented. Achieved total solids concentration of the sludge cake depends on the distribution of water types in the sludge, since only the free water can be separated during mechanical dewatering. During conditioning the sludge coagulates because of the addition of cationic polymers for example and the release of water is accelerated. The polymer-demand is basically determined by the anionic surface charge of the sludge particles. Energy consumption depends on the dewatering machine itself and on the performance of the machine. The various types of water in sewage sludge are mainly distinguished by type and intensity of their physical bonding to the solids. The bonding forces counteract the steam pressure of the water molecules, thus decreasing the steam pressure (Lück, 1964). That means the higher the bonding forces, the lower the steam pressure. To explain this the bonding forces can be understood as an attraction between the sludge particles and the adsorbed water molecules. * free water, which is not bound to the particles In a sewage sludge suspension four different types of water can be distinguished according to their physical bonding to the sludge particles (see Figure 1). These are : * interstitial water, which is bound by capillary forces between the sludge flocs * surface water, which is bound by adhesive forces and The free water content represents the largest part in sewage sludge. The water moves freely between the individual sludge particles, is not adsorbed by them, not bound to them and is not influenced by capillary forces. This type of water can be separated mechanically, for example by centrifugal forces or filtration. * intracellular water. The interstitial water is kept in the interstice of the sludge particles and micro organisms in the sludge floc. This water is bound physically by active capillary forces. The intracellular water contains the water in cells and water of hydration. Intracellular water can only be determined together with the surface water and is often called bound water content (Smith and Vesilind, 1995). The surface water covers the entire surface of the sludge particles in several layers of water molecules and is bound by adsorptive and adhesive forces. The surface water is physically bound to the particles and cannot move freely. Water, which is chemically bound in exopolymers, also is considered part of the surface water. Bound water is the smallest water content, has the strongest physical-chemical bonding to the particles and can only be removed thermally. It must be taken into account that the term "bound water" is not clearly defined and differs according to the used method of measuring. In table 1 a survey of literature concerning methods for measuring water distribution and the term "bound water" is given. Materials and method For the measuring of water distribution thermo-gravimetric and dilatometric laboratory tests (Jones and Gortner, 1932; Smollen, 1987) are used. At the Technical University of Braunschweig those methods were adjusted and calibrated, so that a direct statement can be made concerning the maximum suspended solid content in the sludge cake after mechanical dewatering in centrifuges (Kopp, 1998, 1999). Table 1 Survey of literature to measure the physical distribution of sludge water For thermo-gravimetric measurements the sludge sample is dried at constant conditions (air ﬂow – 30 ml/min, temperature – 35ºC). The water distribution can be derived from the curve of the drying rate in dependence on the moisture content (mass water /mass SS ) of the sample. In order to differentiate the corresponding amounts of water, the sample is thickened in a laboratory beaker centrifuge at 1000×g for 30 min before drying. The drying procedure must take place very slowly, because otherwise a distinction of the various types of water on the basis of the drying curve is not possible anymore, because of the high energy input. The most interesting fact for mechanical dewatering is the exact determination of the free water contents, that means point A of the drying curve. Therefore it is useful, to plot the drying curve with an arithmetric scale (Figure 3). As long as there is free water in the sludge sample, the drying rate is linear. Here the drying rate is described by the weight loss of the sludge for each time unit. Figure 2 shows the drying curve of a digested sewage sludge sample. Chronologically seen, the drying curve starts at the top right-hand corner with a high moisture content (mass water /mass SS ) and ends, when all water has dried from the sample. Two critical points A und B can be seen on the drying curve. Point A marks the end of the free water content and point B the end of the interstitial water. At point A the drying rate decreases, because of the capillary bonding of the interstitial water to the sludge and the calculated tangent does not describe the curve anymore. The solid content of the sludge (SS A ) can be derived from the moisture content of the sample. The amount of surface and intracellular water can be determined summarily as bound water content with dilatometric measurements (Vesilind and Martel, 1990). The measuring principle is based on the fact that the bonding forces are that strong, that bound water does not freeze at –25ºC. The difference between the volume expansion of the frozen water content and the total water content of the sample determines the bound water content. The highly cation active polymer Zetag-87 (Allied Colloids) was used for the conditioning of the sewage sludge. Conditioning agent demand was determined in a series of experiments. An optimum polymer dosage is reached, when no electrostatic repulsive forces affect the sludge particles any more and the value of the zetapotential in the centrate lies nearly at ±0 mV. The zetapotential was measured electrophoretically (Malvern Zetamaster) in the centrate water. As additional dewatering parameters, particle size distribution, capillary suction time and the surface charge of the sludge were determined. The polymer-demand is basically determined by the anionic surface charge of the sludge particles and the amount of exopolysaccharides (Kopp and Dichtl, 1998). If one assumes that the difference between the free water content and the bound water is equivalent to the interstitial water, the water distribution can be determined. During our research work, laboratory tests were carried out with digested sludge from various wastewater treatment plants. Results and discussion Calibration of the thermogravimetric-measurement The measurement depends on the two conditions air flow und temperature, so that for an exact evaluation of the free water content, a calibration must take place. Figure 4 shows the dependence on the conditions for the moisture content (A). Temperature has a linear influence on the steam pressure and on the distribution of water. At high air flow the influence on the results decreases. Since the measurements are time-consuming, E-Coli-bacteria were used, because these samples can be reproduced in constant quality. For the exact determination of the free water content calibration is inevitable, even if that is very time-consuming. For the calibration of the thermo-gravimetric measuring instrument mono-disperse silica particles were measured. According to the model of Batel (1961) as well as Schubert and Pietsch (1967), the interstitial water content and the bound water content can be calculated. The advantage in using mono-disperse particles is, that all variables for the calculation are known. The contact angle of silica comes to 60–70º, at natural bulking a porosity of 40% and a coordination number of 8 can be expected. For the strength of the adsorptive layer 0.1 µm was assumed. Figure 5 shows the results of the model calculation and the measuring values for five particle sizes. It can be observed that the values agree very well with the more exact model calculation of Schubert and Pietsch (1967). Table 2 Water distribution for municipal sewage sludge = Polymer-demand for Zetag-87 *= the percentage values are related to 3% SS of the sludge suspensions Figure 4 Dependence of the drying curve on laboratory conditions Figure 5 Calibration of the measuring system with the help of standard particles Figure 6 Correlation between SS A – solid content at point A of the drying curve and the solid contents after dewatering in full scale centrifuges and ﬁlter presses Prediction of full scale dewatering results Table 2 exemplarily presents the water distribution, the polymer-demand, the solids content (SS) and the ignition loss (VSS) of four sewage sludges. According to the state of the art in science and technology only the free water content (w free ) can be removed during mechanical dewatering processes. This water content is calculated with thermo-gravimetric measuring instruments. The solids content in the sludge cake, which would exist after removal of the free water content, is derived as a parameter (SS A ). The solid content at point A (SS A ) is therefore the maximum solid content in the sludge cake, which can be achieved with mechanical dewatering. The content of interstitial water (w inter ) in the end determines the dewaterability, because this water content remains in the sludge cake after the dewatering process. For sewage sludges the interstitial water content amounts to approximately 4–13%. Regarding the mechanical dewatering process the bound water content (w bound ) measured with dilatometric tests is of minor importance. On the one hand this water content always remains in the sludge cake but on the other hand it is very small. The values lie at about 1% SS. Figure 6 contrasts the SS A of digested sewage sludges, that means SS after having separated the free water content, with the dewatering results obtained with full scale centrifuges and full scale filter-presses. The accuracy of the thermo-gravimetric measurement lies at about ±1% SS, thus giving an exact prediction of the solid content after dewatering. Inﬂuences on the water distribution Now the main interest is to find out, what influences the water distribution. Therefore the influence of the polymer dosage on the water distribution was examined for various digested sewage sludges and various polymers. Figure 7 shows the drying curves for various polymer dosages of one digested sludge. For these tests high under- und over-flocculation was used, as well as an optimum polymer dosage for the conditioning. Contrary to the expectation that the free water content should be the highest for an optimum polymer dosage, the free water content remained constant during all measurings. This effect was confirmed during the tests with other sludges and polymer products. A possible explanation for this result is that the interstitial water is bound in the flocs and during conditioning flocs are combined in larger agglomerates, thus increasing the velocity of the sludge water release. In the final analysis the dewatering result achieved in full scale centrifuges is independent from the polymer dosage and the polymer product. The retention time of the sludge in the centrifuge however is that short, that optimum dewatering results can only be reached at an optimum velocity of the water release from the sludge. The volatile solids content is the parameter of sludge characterisation used most often for describing the dewaterability of sludge. The higher the amount of organic compounds of a sludge, the lower the density of the sludge particles (ρ organic ≈ 1.0 g/cm 3 ; ρ inorganic ≈ 2.3 g/cm 3 ). Also more water is bound, since the contact angle of organic particles is smaller than that of inorganic particles, thus binding more water with capillary forces. That means that sludges with a high ignition loss are in general more difﬁcult to dewater. Figure 8 describes the dependency of solid content after separation of the free water content (SS A ) the volatile solid content. It can be seen in Figure 8 that there is a tendency that the achievable dewatering result increases with decreasing volatile solid content. Nevertheless the measuring values are that scattered, that the dewatering result of a sludge cannot be derived from the volatile suspended solids content. Similar problems can be observed for other characterisation parameters, such as the amount of colloids. It must be noted that a separation degree of 100% of the sludge particles is assumed for the SS A values. When operating full scale centrifuges as classiﬁers, higher solid contents in the sludge cake are achieved at the expense of a high polution of the centrate with organic particles. Figure 8 Dependency of the achievable dewatering results SS A on the volatile suspended solids Conclusions In order to be able to judge the dewaterability of a sewage sludge, two methods of measuring the water distribution were presented. With the help of experiments it is possible to determine the polymer demand of a sludge. To do this, the polymer dosage is increased until the zetapotential in the centrate is close to the iso-electric point. The measuring system for the thermo-gravimetric determination of the water distribution of sewage sludges, adjusted and calibrated at the Technical University of Braunschweig makes it possible, to predict the maximum possible dewatering results for full scale centrifuges and filter presses. Three types of water can be distinguished in a sewage sludge by measurement. The free water content is not bound to the sludge particles and can be separated by a mechanical dewatering process. The interstitial and bound water content (surface and intracellular water) remain in the sludge cake after the dewatering process. The free water content is not influenced by polymer conditioning. Furthermore it is so far not possible, to replace the measuring of the water distribution by other individual parameters such as the volatile solid content. References Batel, W. (1961). Menge und Verhalten der Zwischenraumflüssigkeit in körnigen Stoffen. Chemie Ingenieur Technik, 33(8), 541–546. Coackley, P. and Allos, R. (1957). The drying characteristics of some sewage sludges. J. Proc. Inst. of Sew. Purif., 19576, 557–564. Herwijn, A.J.M. (1996). Fundamental aspects of sludge characterization. Heukelekian, H. and Weisberg, E. (eds.) (1956). Bound water and activated sludge buckling. Federation of Sewage and Industrial Waste Associations, 1956, 28(4). Jones, E.V. and Gortner, R.A. (1932). Free and bound water in elastic and non-elastic gels. J. Phys. Chem., 37, 387. Katsiris, N. and Kouzeli-Katsiri, A. (1987). Bound water content of biological sludges in relation to filtration and dewatering. Wat. Res., 1987, 21(11), 1319–1327. Kopp, J. and Dichtl, N. (1998). Konditionierungs- und Entwässerungsverhalten von aufgeschlossenen und gefaulten Schlämmen, ISWW TB-BS, Heft 61, ISSN 0934-9731, pp. 215–228. Kopp, J. and Dichtl, N. (1999). Bestimmung des Entwässerungsverhaltens von Klärschlämmen, 1. ATV– Klärschlammtage 7-10.06.99 Würzburg. Kopp, J. and Dichtl, N. (1998). Influence of surface charge and exoploysaccharides on the conditioning characteristics of sewage sludge, Springer, ISBN 3-450-64842-9, pp. 285–296. Lee, D.J. and Hsu, Y.H. (1995). Measurement of bound water in sludges: a comparative study. Water Environ. Res. 1995, 67(3), 310–317. Lück, W. (1964). Feuchtigkeit: Grundlagen – Messen – Regeln. Verlag R. Oldenbourg, München – Wien. Robinson, J. and Knocke,W.R. (1992). Use of dilatometric and drying techniques for assessing sludge dewatering characteristics. Water Environ. Res., 1992, 64(1), 60–68. Sato, H., Eto, S. and Suzuki, H. (1982). Relationship between amount of bound water and dewatering characteristics of alum sludge. Filtration and Separation, 1982, 11/12, 492–497. Schubert, H., Pietsch, W. and Rumpf, H. (1967). Haftkraft, Kapillardruck, Flüssigkeitsvolumen und Grenzwinke einer Flüssigkeitsbrücke zwischen zwei Kugeln. Chemie Ingenieur Technik, 39, 885–893. Smith, J.K. and Vesilind, P.A. (1995). Dilatometric measurement of bound water in wastewater sludge. Wat.Res., 29(12), 2621–2626. Smollen, M. (1987). Categories of moisture and dewatering characteristics of sewage Sludge. Proceedings of the 4th World Filtration Congress, Ostend, Belgien, 22–25.04.1987, pp. 1435–1441. Smollen, M. (1990). Evaluation of municipal sludge drying and dewatering with respect to sludge volume reduction, Wat.Sci. Tech., 22(12), 153–161. Tsang, K.R. and Vesilind, P.A. (1990). Moisture distribution in sludges. Wat. Sci.Tech., 22(12), 135–142. Vesilind, P.A. (1994). The role of water in sludge dewatering. Water Environ.Res., 66(1,2), 4 –11. Vesilind, P.A. and Martel, C.J. (1990). Freezing of water and wastewater sludges. J. of Env. Eng., 116(5), 854–862.	<urn:uuid:67899316-5d46-4cf7-9379-c9bd129c5e57>	CC-MAIN-2019-43	https://watermark.silverchair.com/141.pdf?token=AQECAHi208BE49Ooan9kkhW_Ercy7Dm3ZL_9Cf3qfKAc485ysgAAAgQwggIABgkqhkiG9w0BBwagggHxMIIB7QIBADCCAeYGCSqGSIb3DQEHATAeBglghkgBZQMEAS4wEQQM_wXjBRZ6VXvY6jzOAgEQgIIBt5sJ7mp1hycP1l9IRjoseSUnh5dZ_UiLZcI3Vwv9U5GBEFhdMJCNkR0z7pmFd0DHmiBSbjT7Uhzp2d3HoQXqget56DdqMJ1eiWO-AdNM2OKDUe9goDm2DTEcSlAY2ys_hzMZ2WFpZ3MoFJpY3X8O2Fv-khc3QAglmiQN_3zyvjh9D7YtQOdokSYxZclT34MPwqiLoSwEfsQfAx4TTPQ_opDIWnigvxBrqxV_MyBtqf1YdzJBLI0FUcHhKOvmET67Af0r5o432ZkM6P3H4cOizOk4ODgVi27ru_3JNWGZDGDRm0_dA5m8yGv6F5OPBr5qTifn-poJTkGPbXDqk2eAw9IBOj-HpkLKXBbZdFzGZm0xM3OnOKdsSvZmZ7GJ1PralRGRhoHLAi_8uMh8fS86ZfEgboYyW4Gj_glDkngblu-Myzlk2SZKBNRqOCqWrIch1biyd1kNt0dKXJgQYio80jFv9Wx50NHIm5ocH33PQqdqhshr5nvBt-__xDCjgVewlU92TFDpPPg6JOpUg6FcCKmqrvwt4_rVlhf1rvkT1onHY4D0elJ0t3jp4QGSeYhTxY04XlxE_sE	2019-10-21T22:29:14Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570987795253.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20191021221245-20191022004745-00061.warc.gz	778,230,469	4,390	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.911294	eng_Latn	0.98938	[ "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn" ]	false	rolmOCR	[ 3618, 5560, 6108, 7360, 10515, 10829, 15051, 16345, 19189 ]
A multimedia database supporting a generic computer based quality management system a Alberto Silva , Gabriel Andrade, José Delgado * INESC - Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores Rua Alves Redol, 9 Apartado 13069 - 1000 Lisboa Abstract Nowadays, quality management systems (QMS) are a main aspect of modern organizations. Basically these systems manage their business information processes (such as generic documents, quality records, templates, and procedures description) based on several media (text, images, audio, etc.) giving different groups of users different capabilities and visions of the system. The World Wide Web (WWW or Web) is a real success and an important factor in the current computer and telecommunication fields. It is being used mainly to published and retrieve information in a world wide scale. However, some projects in developing local, or internal "web application" ("Intranets") have already started. Basically, this kind of application will support the new need for collaborative and cooperative work inside an organization, or even inside a restricted set of organizations. This paper presents an experience in designing and developing a generic and configurable quality management system using the WWW technology. Database characteristics and problems involved with this novel kind of application development will be stressed from the multimedia database and the WWW point of view. Namely points concerning the integration of different information media, metadatabases, transaction mechanisms, and user interface limitations will be focused. Key Words WWW, Multimedia Database, Quality Management System, HTML, CGI, User Interfaces, OMT. * Phone: 310 03 07 - Email: [email protected] (INESC - Grupo de Serviços e Sistemas Telemáticos) a This work was partly sponsored by the Consortium agreement between INESC-CFS and Partex S.A. ** Telefone: 310 00 00 (General) - Fax: 314 58 43 1 1 Introduction Nowadays, the majority of the manipulated and transmitted information is digital. This information is represented by different media (e.g. text, image, graphic, audio, ...) and their respective formats (e.g. ASCII or ANSI for text data; BMP, GIF, or JPEG for image data; etc.). Actually the Internet is the main transmission vehicle of the majority of this (digital) information, due mainly to the success of the World Wide Web [3] paradigm. Using the technology involved in the Internet, some services and specific applications concerning the organizations have started to be developed [4,5,6,34,35,36]. These services should support internal characteristics of the organizations, in a way to provide computer support collaborative and cooperative work (CSCW) [7,25], and also to extend their legacy applications. This new class of services integrate a wide area of technologies, that spans from the data model design [8,26,27,28,29,30] and construction of databases, to the use of specific communication protocols (such as electronic mail, file transfer, etc.), through the definition (authoring-in-the-small) of multimedia objects using different descriptive languages and formats [9,22,23,24], or through design and authoring (authoring-in-the-large) hypertext applications [31,32]. To this class of services and systems, which use the technology involved in the Internet, but whose goals are to handle and give support to the internal specificities of one or a corelated group of organizations, we will call "Intranet" in opposition to "Internet". Modern organizations, due internal and external forces, have been improving their management and productive processes. Consequently, they have been looking for the introduction of some quality norms [1,2], either in the development process of their principal products (or services), or in all their productive and management processes. Assurance quality processes are complex, involve a great quantity of information, involve the majority of the human resources of the organization, and should be dynamic, flexible and configurable to the different realities of organizations. This paper presents the goals, the design, and some implementation issues of the Web-Q system (from Web-based Quality management system), is a generic computer based quality management system (QMS) developed in the context of the "Intranet" services research area. Databases characteristics and problems involved with this novel kind of application development will be stressed from the multimedia database and the WWW point of view. Namely points concerning the integration of different information media, meta-databases, and user interface limitations will be focused. Figure 1 depicts a snapshot of one screen (generated HTML page) of the system. The rest of this paper is structured as follows. Section 2 presents the goals and basic principles underlying the Web-Q system development. Section 3 describes the conceptual design of the main object diagrams. Section 4 raises some questions about possible ways in describing and storing multimedia information and presents our decisions in the context of the WWW technology. Section 5 presents and discusses some implementation issues. Finally, conclusions, open questions and future work are presented in section 6. 2 Goals and principles of the Web-Q system The main goal of the Web-Q system is to give computational (and digital) support to quality assurance processes of the involved organizations. We will name Web-Q as a computer based quality management system (QMS). The system should be driven by the following general principles: * To be configurable in order to adapt to different organizations; * To provide a common graphic user interface, easy to use and to understand; * To be (conceptually) independent from any specific platform, or database management system. * To support collaborative and cooperative work. This means the system will be used concurrently by different groups of users, with different visions and capabilities. * To be based on the client-server computation model. * To support different types of multimedia information, eventually without any structure; The main functionalities of the current version of Web-Q are: * Loading and configuration of the QMS information system (QMS IS) "configuration" structure (this functionality enables the system to be easily adapted to different organizations). This means configuration of the following components: − menus, options and actions; − users and groups of users, − organization structure (different kinds of structures should be possible, such as tree or list). * Management (insert, change and remove), retrieval and maintenance of the QMS IS kernel. Conceptually the QMS is based on the following basic elements: documents, processes, activities and quality records. These elements formally keep the procedures related to the set of processes that each organization executes in their business cycles. The system must provide support to: − create all the elements referred to above; − establish relationships between the different elements; − associate elements with the QMS IS; − associate elements with the organization structure; − navigate between all the interrelated elements; − edit and print all the elements. * Management, retrieval and maintenance of users, or group of users; and of the organization structure. * Access, in a controlled way, by everybody of the organization, or even by someone outside the organization. This implies that the system must provide a distinct vision of the information as well as a distinct set of available operations, for each user, or group of users. 3 Data model The kernel of the QMS IS consists basically in a structure set of QMS elements, which in general is hierarchical (e.g. chapter 1, section 1.1, section 1.2, ... chapter 2, ...). Each structural level (e.g. section 3) of the IS could contain several documents and several quality records. A document represents, basically in text media, descriptive information about one or more processes and it is associated with only one structural level. A quality record represents a template, or a generic form, used by the processes of the QMS (for instance, an invoice, a fax-form, or a receipt template could be a quality record) and can be found in more than one structural level. Processes and activities have graphic representation in the Web-Q system. A process is described by a set of activities (represented by circles) that interact with quality records (represented by squares) and has scheduled times and costs associated. The current version of the prototype developed doesn't support process and activity elements yet. Figure 2 depicts, using the OMT [8] notation, the object model of the elements involved in the QMS IS. Figure 2: Elements Object diagram. It is particularly important to note the relationships between the different elements and that both document and quality record have a 1-to-1 connection with an associated multimedia object (implemented as a HTML file). Another point to note is the association " is child of" of the QMS structural level with itself. It is this kind of association that enables the QMS to be structured hierarchically. The Web-Q system supports three different types of entities (users) according to the organization point of view: external entity; employer entity; and structural entity (Figure 3). Each external entity has a type (for instance: supplier, client, public institute, etc.). The organization must be structured in a set of levels (in general hierarchical levels) to which the employer and structural entities are bound. Structural entities have a 1-to-1 relation with the organization level, which means that structural entities could be created to correspond to a virtual entity associated with a group of entities (e.g. Direction, Operators, etc.). The employer entities are associated with real users, that must belong to any organization level. Figure 4 shows the associations between entities and QMS IS elements. The association "access" maintains, in terms of consult and edit (write) operations, the access that every entity makes to every element. The association "involve" keeps the set of capabilities/operations that every entity may execute over every element. Finally, the association "situation" keeps a historic record of every event/operation executed on every element, in such a way that we could determine in any time, for every element, what its current state is and what next events could occur (a simple control for workflow). Other data visions of the system won't be presented here due to space limitations, particularly those concerning configuration meta-information, such as menu/options and respective associations with entities. 4 Multimedia issues After the presentation of the general principles of the Web-Q system and its respective data model, some questions must be raised in order to take some implementation decisions. Basically, these questions could be summarised in the following points: * How to represent the QMS IS elements that, as we have seen, aren't structured and could involve different data media? * How to save and efficiently manage this information? * How to integrate this information characteristics with the flexibility requirements demanded by the Web-Q system? That is, how to represent this information together with all the meta-information involved (entities, menus/options, organization levels, etc.)? One possible representation of the QMS elements could be to use one format based mainly on text media, such as the simple ASCII format or the proprietary Microsoft document format DOC or the RTF (rich text format), or a more complex format based on the multimedia object description, such as Hytime [22], ODA [23], or MHEG [24]. Text based formats weren't adopted because of their lack of support for other media (mainly images and graphics) and their portabiblity deficiencies (except the ASCII format). Multimedia based formats weren't adopted due to their complexity and the fact that they lack edition tools. Our choice focused on the HTML language [12] that is a SGML [14] Document Type Definition. Our decision is based on the fact that HTML language can support simple multimedia object description in an extensible way [9], there are many viewers and even authoring-inthe-small tools, it can support hyperlinks between a generic set of documents, its documents are portable, and mainly it is becoming a "de facto" document standard. The second question raised, could have the following two solutions: either maintain the multimedia objects (in our case, HTML pages together with images and eventually audio records and animations) directly in the file system of the server; or maintain these objects in either a relational, using BLOBs (binary large object) fields, or in an object-oriented database management system [20,21]. Due to simplicity and easy integration with the WWW model, the first solution was adopted. We think that this solution implies a better performance in comparison to the second one, due to the fact that an access to the file system is faster than the equivalent to the DBMS. (Nevertheless, this assumption must be conveniently checked to reach a final conclusion). However, the option adopted presents some drawbacks, such as a lower integration level with the rest of the information, poor and deficient protection and maintenance mechanisms. The third question concerns the integration between the QMS multimedia objects and the rest of the information of the system. Figure 5 depicts its conceptual databases. There are conceptually three integrated databases. DB1 keeps all multimedia objects associated with QMS elements. DB2 maintains the associations between the different QMS elements and the QMS structure, and other related information. As figure 2 presents, each document or quality record maintains, in DB2, the meta-information as well as a direct link with a "real" multimedia object. DB3 maintains the rest of the information, such as: the entities (or users), its accesses and associations with QMS elements; the organization structure and its relationships with entities; the menus/options and related configuration information. According to the schema of figure 5, all the integration and cohesion of the information is the responsibility of the Web-Q process. 5 Implementation issues The implementation of the system presented in the previous sections is based on the WWW paradigm. This section presents some interesting points involved with the development of the Web-Q system. In section 6, the major problems and limitations found using this technology will be focused. 5.1 Computational model W3 follows the client-server model that uses a simple stateless protocol (HTTP) over the current TCP/IP stack. This protocol is very adequate for the retrieval of hypermedia information but presents some drawbacks when used to simulate interactive connections, or when the clients need to handle some event notification that occurs at the server side. In general, the W3 clients (also called "browsers") have GUI capabilities, are multi-platform (XWindows, MS-Windows, Macintosh, etc.), are multi-protocol (HTTP, FTP, GOPHER, NEWS, file, etc.), and parse and conveniently show HTML information. On the other extreme, there are the W3 servers (also called "HTTPd" or "HTTP daemons"). HTTP servers are in general multi-threaded, have configuration, logging and protection/authorization files, and support the CGI (Common Gateway Interface) protocol [13]. Servers answer client requests by returning HTML pages retrieved from the file system or by forwarding the data received from the CGI. The CGI provides a mechanism to extend the basic functionality of an HTTP server by connecting it to other specific processes, called "gateways", invoked at run time. It is important to note that those gateways are completely independent processes that are launched by the HTTP server process. The way the data is communicated between the server and the gateway is conditioned by the CGI specification. Figure 6 illustrates the general computation model described above. Figure 6: The WWW generic computational model. WWW Client Gateway Data Base HTTP Connection CGI Connection Specialized Process WWW Server File System Gateways are specific applications that can interact with several data repositories (e.g. relational databases systems, file systems, X.500 distributed directories [16], etc.) or even with other specialised processes. However, all the CGI gateways are "short life" processes; this means that they are not interactive processes. The Web-Q system was developed in the MS-Windows (3.1, 3.11 and 95) environment. This means that the Web-Q system (the database and the CGI gateway itself) runs in this environment, while any client could be run in any platform as long as a generic WWW client will exist. From the server point of view it is just required an HTTP server supportting of CGI for Windows (Win-CGI). The generic computation of this kind of execution is depicted in figure 7. In the response to each WWW client request (0), the server creates a temporary file "tmpcgi.ini" and eventually other additional temporaries files, which contain all the necessary information (1) involved. After that, the server starts the execution of the gateway (2) giving it the path of the file with the CGI information, and the path of the file where it will expect to receive the result information. The gateway reads and parses the content of the file "tmpcgi.ini" (3), executes a set of actions and writes its results in the file "tmpres.out" (4). Finally, the gateway notifies the server that it has finished(5). The server reads the content of the temporary file "tmpres.out" (6), and sends a HTTP response to the client (7). The Web-Q process is a Win-CGI gateway developed in MS-VC++ [10]. We have used the GENESIS library ( Generic Library for WWW Services Authoring) [4,6] as the WWW support (basically dynamic generation of HTML information and CGI interface), and MFC (Microsoft Foundation Classes) to all other particularities of the system, mainly to use the ODBC (open database connectivity) interface. 5.2 Database implementation The conceptual database model presented in section 3 is mapped in the implementation phase, in the schema depicted in figure 8. The Web-Q database consists in a hierarchy of directories, where the QMS elements (documents and quality records) are maintained as HTML and related image files (corresponding to the DB1 of figure 5); and the structured information is maintained in a MS-Access relational database (corresponding to the DB2 and DB3 of previous figure 5) and it is accessed from the CGI gateway from the ODBC (open database connectivity) interface [19]. Because the use of the "open" ODBC interface, the movement to a powerful DBMS should be possible and (apparently) transparent. 5.3 Some particularities concerning the user interface 5.3.1 Consistency in the generation of all user interfaces All HTML pages generated "on fly" by the gateway correspond to the user interface of the system. In general, each page is structured sequentially by the following blocks (figure 9): * A configurable header , that records the logotype of the organization and an information (a title) that identifies each page. * A set of icons (images) that correspond, each one, to different actions. This set of icons depends on the capabilities that a given entity could have, and of course of the semantics of the page itself. * The body of the page. This block corresponds to the semantic of the generated page and consequently is the most important block of each generated page. * The footer of the page, which keeps the identification of the current entity, the date/time of the Web-Q system at the moment of generation, and other descriptive information. This structure keeps the cohesion and consistency of all generated pages of the system. These properties are important to avoid the problem "lost in the hyperspace" of hypermedia applications. 5.3.2 A flexible and generic navigational tree The figure 9 presents the first page (after the authentication page) of the Web-Q system. One interesting component developed was a generic navigational tree. This component has been adopted in several situations around the system implementation such as: the menu tree, the organization structure tree or the QMS IS structure tree. A generic tree could have several branches and/or leaves. Each branch could be expanded or retracted, just by clicking over the corresponding link, so that new branches and/or leaves would be shown. Our component supports the opening of several branches concurrently. Figure 9 shows the tree of menus/options, where there are two branches expanded. When a leaf is selected by the user, a new context is generated. For instance, you could image the QMS IS structure tree with several hierarchical branches (corresponding to the hierarchical structure of the QMS IS), each one with potentially different types of leaves, for instance documents or quality records. 5.3.3 Controlled edition of QMS elements In the actual version of the prototype, all the normal user interfaces consist of HTML page sequences, that are dynamically generated from all the information kept in the database and in the file system. Although there is information generated from the Web-Q gateway, there is also information that should be edited "by hand". This is the case of the edition of the QMS elements. The system enables the edition of QMS elements in a controlled way (only for those entities that have associated write access) but only in the local machine. Figure 10 depicts the mechanism involved. Figure 10: QMS element edition mechanism. Data Base HTTP Connection CGI Connection File System WWW Client WWW Server Web-Q Gateway Win-Word + Web-Q Template DDE Connection Open/Print/Save Operations To edit a document (or a quality record) the user must access the respective HTML page wrapped in the Web-Q system. Figure 11 presents a snapshot of a generated HTML page for an entity that has the capability to edit a given document. In this case the user must select the icon "Word" in order to edit the corresponding HTML file. The client sends that command to the Web-Q system (via HTTP and CGI protocols), which in turn raises the execution of the Win-Word and gives by DDE the command "open file" with a given attach Win-Word template. This template is specific of the Web-Q system, however, it is based on the HTML-Assistant (which is an HTML template to Win-Word). To print the document according to the characteristics of this template, the user may select the "Print" icon. Figure 12 shows part of the meta-information involved with the document element. It is showing its current version; the place where the document should be maintained; an external code or identification; a list of the entities involved with it and its respective capabilities; a list of other situations/states that the document has gone through (the current state of the document is "validated on 12/12/1995 by the entity pmsff"); a list of the related ISO 9000 related codes; a list of other related documents; a list of related quality processes; and a list of the entities that may access the document. For these last four lists, it is possible to select a specific item and consult its detailed information, using the hypermedia capabilities inherited from WWW technology. Basically, each of there lists consists of a FORM element with two sub-elements: a list-box with single selection (SELECT tag) and a consult button (INPUT tag with attribute TYPE = Submit). 6 Conclusions and future work This paper presented the work done in the context of a very specific area of modern organizations, which are the quality assurance systems, where the information involved could use different media, and isn't structured. Our prototype was developed in the Windows environment, using a relatively large number of tools and technologies in a novel way. We proved that the HTML language can be used, with advantage, as a simple and flexible format to represent and define multimedia objects [9], and that it is possible to integrate HTML browsers, with HTTP servers, specialized servers (Web-Q), and others tools (such as Win-Word with a specific Web-Q template), in a relatively transparent way. However, several problems and limitations appeared with our prototype, mainly due to the lower level of interactivity with the user and a lower performance level inherent from the CGI stateless connection. Another capability not yet implemented, was the specific treatment of the processes and activities. These elements must basically have a graphic representation and consequently, some customized graphic editor should be provided in order to enable the users to specify (to design) them. The HTML 2.0 was adopted in our prototype version, which defined only a primitive mechanism for inserting media into HTML documents - the IMG tag - that was worthwhile to the Web-Q goals. However, major developers involved have been presenting new ideas to handle the new media: Sun's APP and APPLET tags [15] for executable code; Netscape's EMBED tag [17] for compound document embedding, and Microsoft's DYNSRC attribute [16] for video and audio. To unify these different perspectives, a W3C Working Draft specification [9] was written to extend HTML in order to support the insertion of multimedia objects such as Java applets, Microsoft Component Object Model (such as OLE components), and a wide range of different media plug-ins. (The new INSERT tag is being proposed). We think that more research and work must be done to improve the generic functionality of the WebQ. Namely, we identify the following points: * Use the Netscape's FRAME tag to give a better level of interactivity and user interface cohesion and integration. For instance, we should use a fixed frame for the heading and footer, and variable frames for the list of icons/actions, and for the body part (see section 5.3.1). * Develop some specific Java applets to give users a better level of interactivity and to improve the general performance of the system. For instance, an applet associated with the tree mechanism, with the expansion and retraction capabilities would be desired. Another important applet should be a customized graphic editor, to enable the remote editing of graphic (processes and activities) Web-Q elements. * Develop a mechanism to "keep-alive" the CGI gateways in order to significantly improve the performance of the system. This technique could be be based on a third process, called dispatcher, that would be a generic CGI gateway that could know how to communicate and cooperate between the other processes (the previous CGI gateways). This kind of solution is being used by some developer providers and researchers in different ways [33]. * Integrate Web-Q with other workflow and document management applications. This should be another interesting worthwhile task in order to prove the well adopted characteristics of WWW as an integrator of technologies and applications. After the design and development of the project presented, some questions and related multimedia aspects were kept open and should be discussed further: * Is the HTML language, with its new INSERT tag [9], sufficient enough as a generic multimedia representation format? What are its major advantages and drawbacks relatively to languages such as HyTime or MHEG? Would HTML become an "umbrella" to cover several different formats? * If defining an HTML file, with its related media files, as a multimedia object, what will be the best way to save and to handle these objects? At the operating system (i.e. file system) level (as it is currently done and as adopted by the Web-Q system)? Or at an object-oriented DBMS? Are there any significant differences between the related capabilities found in either operating systems or database systems? Or, should we just talk about persistent objects? Acknowledgments The basic ideas involved the generic definition of a computer supported QMS was due to Pedro Falcão and Vicente de Belén. The preliminary discussions involving the implementation phase was done with José Borbinha. A significant part of the implementation work was done by Pedro Ribeiro. References [36] Matthijs van Doorn, and Anton Eliens. Integrating applications and the World-Wide Web. 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Why we missed the industrialization wagon: can we still catch it? June 10, 2024 \| 12:04 am By Jesus Felipe and Pedro Pascual A WORKER adjusts a machine at a manufacturing facility in Manila, Dec. 10, 2008. — REUTERS IN A PREVIOUS ARTICLE (https://tinyurl.com/2xp6ug29), we argued that manufacturing and exports are the “magic bullet” that developing countries like the Philippines need. We are not unveiling here anything new: nihil novum sub sole. This is how countries have managed to overcome the middle-income trap, then become upper-middle- then high-income countries. But if the way forward is clear, why is it so difficult to get it right? Here comes to our mind the start of Leo Tolstoy’s famous novel, Anna Karenina: “Happy families are all alike; every unhappy family is unhappy in its own way.” Whereas successful industrialization stories are very similar in their core elements, every developing country has its own set of historical and current obstacles for development. The Philippines has its own unhappy story. Despite the significant progress in the last decades, its gross national income per capita is still very low, not even $4,000. It is low because wages are low. This is the result of policy mistakes, in the form of not doing what our neighbors did decades ago: industrialize and export. This is also what catapulted China, and more recently, Vietnam. Of course, firms were the ones that ultimately invested in manufacturing and produced goods to export, but the government pushed them in that direction. We shall not forget that China and Vietnam were not blessed with better “cards” than the Philippines, both in economic and political terms. In 1962, China’s gross national income per capita was less than one third that of the Philippines. China’s economic miracle is well known. Between 1980 and 2010, GDP growth averaged 10% year-on-year, which is by all means extraordinary. This “big push” made it possible for China to match the Philippines gross national income per capita in 2003 — not so long ago. Today, it is over three times that of the Philippines’ ($12,850 in 2022). Let us look at Vietnam, a much closer success story. Its gross national income per capita was just a meagre 13% of the Philippines’ in 1991. It recently surpassed the Philippines, and in 2022 its income per capita stood at $4,010, 2022. Such a large change in just 30 years is even more remarkable. How were these two very poor countries — at that time — able to catch up and even surpass the Philippines? How was this possible, especially since the Philippine economy has been registering uninterrupted growth since the 2000s (except for 2020)? We cannot but recall here the understandable reaction of a prominent Filipino politician to this bitter reality: “bobo ba tayo na tatalunin tayo ng lahat, ha?” (Are we so dumb that everyone will beat us, huh?). The difference is not that workers in nations on the other side of the West Philippine Sea are more hard working. It is about a clear public focus and ambition on manufacturing and ultimately exports. A key difference between the Philippine government and the governments of its neighbors has been the former’s weakness when it comes to directing the private sector to do what is good for the nation. To understand this, let’s recall The Bell Act of 1947 which rehabilitated the sugar industry and provided the free entry of American products into the Philippines. These made it difficult to develop national industries and, more generally, a manufacturing sector. It can be said that the Philippines’ history after independence is a case of a country that developed “extractive” institutions and was dominated by a landed oligarchy of great families who fought for economic and political power and took over the House of Representatives, Senate, and other important political positions. This has been so since the first Constitution in 1898. This, naturally, led to a weak state. Government capture (powerful landowners are congressmen) prevented change. Countries like the Philippines have developed self-reinforcing mechanisms that perpetuate socially suboptimal institutions. Some initial adopters chose these institutions at some point in the past because they suited their interests, but then the whole system became “locked in.” One may wonder why these institutions have not changed. The answer would seem to be that powerful vested interests make institutional change politically difficult in terms of distributive conflicts and asymmetries in bargaining power. The tenacity of vested interests, the difficulty of mobilizing collective action to bring about institutional change, and the differential capacity of different social groups for mobilization and coordination are long-lasting barriers to economic progress. The wealth of politicians derived for a long time from agricultural land. While this is still important, its role has declined as landowners moved to commercial, real estate, or industrial enterprises. This led to a shift during the 1990s from a rentier mentality of the rural agrarian elites to a more urban-based entrepreneurial and competitive mindset. Today, it must be said, the Philippines is more open to competition and to new entrants than agricultural landowners ever were. To understand the difference between the private sectors and the states of the more successful Asian economies and those of the Philippines, it is important to appreciate the role of rents, i.e., returns over and beyond the economic opportunity earnings, such as extra earnings obtained from enjoying a favorable location, created out of state intervention operating through social processes of political positioning. Given that the successful Asian governments intervened much more than that of the Philippines, it follows that these other economies created more rents as a share of GDP. The difference lies in how rents were used and the type of firms that dominate in each type of economy. While the successful Asian countries had profit-seeking firms that operated in a more or less competitive atmosphere and were driven to innovate to lower costs, the Philippines was dominated by a few large firms that lived on capturing rents through political influence and then applied those rents to retain or expand their standing. The same economic elite that preached the paramount benefits of liberalism and no public interventionism flourished thanks to monopolistic structures protected from competition, domestic and foreign. The state was not powerful enough to either turn their investments to contribute to the social interest or to intervene to open the market to other firms. Today, the large firms thrive in the non-tradable sectors of the economy (real estate, banking, tollways and airports, telecom, energy, malls, etc.), do not export and hence do not compete in the world economy. They are convinced that they contribute to the nation’s development as they associate their businesses with the idea of development. This is a self-serving statement that shows that they have little understanding of what “development” is really about. We are convinced that firms — especially the big conglomerates — are called to be essential characters in a successful development story, but they cannot replace the protagonist, which is the State. There is a widespread ardent belief among the business elite about what we may call “market-driven development,” which actually means minimal public intervention in the economy. Looking again toward China and Vietnam, while embracing a market economy was absolutely necessary for their development, the State remained strong and held the reins of the economy, as in any advanced economy in the world. Firms cannot be game-changers, they are (only) players. Sadly, all this has led us to a piecemeal development model according to which things are fine because the labor force is still growing (and it will continue growing for some time), several million workers send remittances, and tourism is the future. This is an anti-development strategy. We doubt it will take us to a high income in the coming decades. The Philippines desperately needs firms that manufacture (the main source of productivity growth) and export (learn and compete). The country has hardly industrialized. The share of manufacturing employment in total employment is very low, less than 10% (although the number of workers in manufacturing is increasing), and we are not a powerhouse exporter. The sad reality is that we do not have firms that manufacture, export, and compete in world markets. Manufactures and exports are the magic bullets that will trigger the investment that the country needs, both firm-specific equipment and large-scale infrastructure. Reforms that do not focus on these two tickets should not be a priority because they will not deliver what this country needs the most: a significant economic transformation that produces higher wages. Jesus Felipe is distinguished professor of Economics, De La Salle University while Pedro Pascual is a board-certified economist with Spain’s Ministry of Economy and a Partner at MC Spencer (Philippines).	<urn:uuid:c546a950-7653-4bd0-8664-9a693684f2b8>	CC-MAIN-2024-33	https://jesusfelipe.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/BW-June-2024-article.pdf	2024-08-15T18:37:24+00:00	s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/crawl=CC-MAIN-2024-33/subset=warc/part-00296-4f628544-3cdf-4526-86aa-bdfa0b33cdc9.c000.gz.parquet	256,556,513	1,800	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.983043	eng_Latn	0.998784	[ "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn" ]	false	docling	[ 218, 3083, 6147, 8987, 9192 ]
November 5th, 2020 Sojitz Corporation Sojitz Concludes Contract with Kawasaki City, Kanagawa Prefecture for Low-Carbon Material Recycling Model Study Sojitz Corporation ("Sojitz") in consultation with Sojitz Pla-Net Corporation ("Sojitz Pla-Net"), has concluded a subcontracting agreement along with M.M.Plastic, Inc. ("M.M.Plastic"), Kao Corporation ("Kao"), Toshi Kankyo Engineering Co., Ltd. ("Toshi Kankyo Engineering"), and RECOTECH. K. K. ("RECOTECH") for a low-carbon material recycling model study ("this Study") with Kawasaki City, Kanagawa Prefecture, to realize an urban circular economy. Kawasaki City is a subsidy recipient under a business subsidy program to curtail CO2 emissions put forth by Japan's Ministry of the Environment in 2020 as part of its efforts to establish Regional Circular and Ecological Spheres (Regional CES) through innovation for decarbonization. This Study aims to recycle resources to contribute to the realization of the "Kawasaki Eco ₋ Town Plan," * 1 which strives to create a sustainable society in which the environment and industrial activities are in harmony. In order to realize the necessary recycling of resources in the region, a cost-effective waste plastic recycling system will be constructed to reduce CO2 emissions. Additionally, through operation of this recycling system, this Study will demonstrate the effects of low carbon. The target businesses in this Study are shopping centers and other commercial businesses that produce plastic waste. For plastics, there are challenges to more appropriate industrial waste treatment, and it is often difficult to achieve cost benefits from recycling. Most plastic waste is incinerated as general waste or is not used effectively, which is a leading cause of rising CO2 emissions. In order to provide a solution, we will work with companies that promote use of recycled materials to analyze reusable plastics and match plastic waste suppliers and potential users. At the same time, verifications for sustainable recycling will be performed using Material Pool System (MPS)² to visualize the amount of reusable resources, consolidate the collection of similar materials, and verify optimal collection routes. This Study will be in collaboration with businesses located in Kawasaki City that produce plastic waste, including Marui Group Co., LTD. (Marui Family Mizonokuchi) and Mizonokuchi Shintoshi Co., Ltd. (Nocty Plaza). Sojitz Group's Key Sustainability Issues state the company's goal to contribute to the global environment through our business and to pursue the development, supply, and use of sustainable resources. This project with Kawasaki City will not only promote decarbonization through sustainable use of the region's resources, but also serve as a business model that can be widely expanded to other regions as an environmental solution. 1: Kawasaki Eco-Town Plan: In 1997, Kawasaki City drew up the Kawasaki Eco-Town Plan targeting the entire coastal area of Kawasaki (approximately 2,800 hectares). Recognized as the first eco-town in Japan by the Japanese government, Kawasaki Eco-Town is revitalizing the city's industry while promoting the recycling of resources both in Japan and abroad. *2: Material Pool System (MPS): A system developed by RECOTECH for visualizing the type, amount, and location of waste products. The system plots information on a map based on waste product information input from sources using weighing devices and a dedicated app. [Sample MPS Screen] [Related Information] [Company Overview –M.M.Plastic,Inc.] [Company Overview – Kao Corporation] [Company Overview – Toshi Kankyo Engineering Co., Ltd.] [Company Overview – RECOTECH. K. K.] \| Location \| 1-5-6 Kudan-minami, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo Resona Kudan Building 5F KS \| \|---\|---\| \| Representative Director \| Chief Executive Officer Ei Nozaki \| \| Main Business \| Waste product consulting; sales of environmental equipment and products \| [Company Overview – Sojitz Pla-Net Corporation] [For questions regarding this press release, contact:] Sojitz Corporation Public Relations Dept. +81－3－6871－3404	<urn:uuid:94ca5536-c7be-4bbd-b0fd-1e25d22dd7ae>	CC-MAIN-2024-42	https://www.sojitz.com/news/news_file/file/201105e.pdf	2024-10-10T11:52:16+00:00	s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/crawl=CC-MAIN-2024-42/subset=warc/part-00150-0c083cf2-c0ed-42ad-af5c-44f7548e96a0.c000.gz.parquet	864,996,369	876	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.632331	eng_Latn	0.977875	[ "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "pol_Latn", "eng_Latn" ]	false	rolmOCR	[ 2427, 3482, 3659, 4109 ]
The Kona SWCD is excited that the PIA was selected to be part of this pilot program to determine the best way to control feral pigs with a high likelihood of success that they won’t return. Many organizations are involved in protecting the forests from feral pigs, namely, NRCS, The Nature Conservancy, The Three Mountain Alliance; the National Park Service. There have been studies on the feral pig impact to the forest and management practices to control them, generally fencing and population control. We want to highlight the concerns we have for our soil resources on cropland. We feel our cropland soils are being overlooked as a valuable resource so this tour will be of feral pig damage to cropland. Feral pigs are a problem throughout the state but much of Hawaii Island is unique. In N. and S. Kona a vast majority of our landscapes have soil with a T Factors of 0 or 1. Our landscapes average less than 5,000 years of age so our soils are very young. They are just in the beginning stages of their development and need protection. On behalf of all our cropland farmers we ask that NRCS approve the use of fencing on cropland for the purpose of protecting our soils from tilling by feral pigs. Agronomic practices simply act as an attractant making a problem worse or, on the promise of improving soil, creating one where it did not exist. Kona is predominately orchard farming and the crop is not what the feral pigs want, they want the soil. We understand there is always concern about exploitation of practices which is why rules are developed. We will be happy to provide recommendations. The most common practice for our cropland users is mulching. Their plan could call for hundreds of cubic yards of it. Without a fence it is an open invitation to feral pigs. If there is an irrigation system as well it is like a free buffet and an open bar to the feral pig population. How can we recommend this to our cooperators? Eradication will not work. Feral pigs we have today were brought here in 1778 and allowed to roam free. At their reproduction rates eradication would have had to have been done a long time ago. Also, hunting and consumption of the catch is part of the local culture. We understand population management is also a requirement for feral pig control and that may be there is not enough hunting to keep the populations in check. The bottom line is if we do not want feral pigs on a piece of land and a fence is not an option the only other option is to create conditions that do not support them, poor soil and a lack of water which is not something anyone wants. Our options are limited, our cooperators need help protecting their soil. Board of Directors Jeff Knowles Dave Fischer Keith Unger Greg Hendrickson Rick Robinson This report was funded by Hawaii County’s Department of Research and Development The feral swine we have on Hawaii Island are a relatively recent introduction. Captain Cook brought the European Boar to Hawaii Island in 1778 and they were allowed to roam free. They are now hunted as a food source but remain possibly the most destructive forces working against our soil resources. A vast majority of soils within the Kona SWCD have a T Factor of 1. This is an estimate of the maximum average annual rate of soil loss, in tons per acre, which can occur without significantly affecting crop productivity. NRCS uses the soil properties of texture, saturated hydraulic conductivity, available water capacity and depth to restrictive layers, such as pahoehoe lava, to determine a soil’s T Factor. A T Factor of 1 indicates very fragile, thin soils. Our soils are thin because the age of our landscape is very young, 1,000-3,000 years old. Some of it significantly younger, the Kona International Airport is built on a lava field created in 1801. Since it takes up to 1,000 years for Mother Nature to build just one inch of soil you can understand why our soils are so thin. The bulk of the material used to create our soils is organic matter. Because it is organic matter it is vulnerable to erosion not just through water and wind erosion, simply exposing our soils to the atmosphere will cause them to begin the process of breaking down. Because of the rocky nature of our soil whatever does not get lost through erosion or volatilization filters down into the rocks. In the photo below you will see the earliest stages of soil development. The native `ōhiʻa tree is a pioneer species and historically would be one of the first plants to appear in a lava field. Today, invasive species maybe the first to be established in a lava field, particularly fountain grass. Regardless of which species is first, it is organic matter that builds our soil. This `ōhiʻa tree is growing in an `a`a lava field. The leaf litter under the tree is early soil formation. Mother Nature will take a long time and a lot of leaf litter to create a layer of soil. This lava flow is from the 1900s and came from Mauna Loa. As one tours around Kona they will notice two distinct types of lava, one is called `a`a which is very rocky and difficult to walk on without thick soled shoes. The `a`a lava does not restrict water flow, can be very deep, and as soil develops it falls into the spaces between the lava rocks. The other is called pahoehoe which is flatter and may appear to have a rope-like surface. This form of lava does restrict water movement and is generally considered the impervious layer. You will also notice, where the road has cut through lava, that a layer of pahoehoe can cover a layer of `a`a and vice versa, as well as layers of ash and soil. Most of the landscape in Kona has a T Factor of 0 or 1, (see maps). Our soils are thin, young, organic and generally on a 2-20% slope, some with a significantly greater slope. A farm that is fairly level is uncommon. The feral pigs till our soil. According to NRCS on their “Discover Soils from the Ground Up” web page “tilling soil is the equivalent of an earthquake, hurricane, tornado and forest fire occurring simultaneously in the world of soil organisms.” Tilling soil, drinking water (sometimes damaging irrigation systems to do it) sleeping and reproducing is pretty much the life of a feral pig in Kona. Our farmers treasure their soil and are constantly working toward improving it. Jim Sutter, former Soil Conservationist in the Kealakekua Field Office and DC in Iowa, currently a DC in Florida, was asked about the biggest difference between Kona farmers and Iowa farmers, “Kona farmers love their soil, and they get upset at even a little bit of erosion. They know they cannot afford to lose any of it!” Many are making sure they don’t lose it by keeping it covered with conservation cover, cover crops and mulch. Farmers generally do not till their land because of how shallow the soil is and the damage that would be done to both the soil as well as any tilling equipment. Of all the cropland practices NRCS authorizes for use in cropland within the Kona SWCD mulching is possibly the most popular. It is not uncommon for a farmer to bring in hundreds, even thousands, of cubic yards of mulch to build their soil. Our farmers want to improve their land and improve their soil’s health but maintaining healthy soil in Kona does have its share of challenges, slope, intense rain, and rockiness, though the greatest challenge to improving soil health is feral pigs. Feral pigs love healthy soil too but unlike the farmer, the feral pigs will attack and destroy it, then move on. Soil destruction by feral pigs is a long time problem for the agricultural community in N & S Kona. Our soils are thin, organic, fractured and highly permeable and therefore more susceptible to feral pig damage. Since most of our farm land has a T-Factor of 1 when a feral pig is tilling soil here he could be attacking ALL of the soil to the impervious layer. Thanksgiving weekend 2007 South Kona experienced a very significant rain event producing flash flooding and erosion that in some places scraped the landscape bare to its impervious layer. \| ![Image](image1) \| This is a flash flood brought on by 7 inches of rain in approximately 3 hours. The farm, thankfully, had a fence. Virtually the entire farm has conservation cover. The tall grass through which the water is flowing is vetiver, planted to slow the flow of flood water. Please note the brown color to the water. \| \|-----------------\|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\| \| ![Image](image2) \| When the muddy river flow finally stopped the farmer was left with this, soil removed to the impervious layer. This photo clearly shows how shallow our soils are. This runs from one end of the property to the other. \| The water flowing in the bottom of the photo is the channelized flow that cut through the vetiver grass shown in a previous photo. The water flow in the center of the photo is a sheet flow. In the background you can see the extent of the conservation cover on this farm. The fence also prevented larger lava rocks from being part of the sheet flow. If there were large rocks in the sheet flow the integrity of the conservation cover would have been negated by the holes the rocks would have created. Those holes to the cover would have allowed the water access to the soil underneath thereby increasing the erosion on this land. The land in the photo is the same as the previous one but taken from the north side of the sheet flow. The type of rain events that create this type of flash flood is not uncommon in the Kona SWCD, or anywhere else in the state. Our slopes average 13%, per Kona SWCD Director Rick Robinson. Add to that the nightly tillage of our very thin soils and catastrophe is somewhere on the calendar. This is on the same farm as the previous four photos. This is the day after the flash flood. Thankfully these farmers value their soil and keep it covered. The next photo will show what can happen when large rocks are part of the flow. Thanksgiving 2007 rain and flash flood event. Again, we see on this farm just how shallow the soils within the Kona SWCD are. This farm is an orchard farm producing a large variety of tree fruit such as citrus, mango, and papaya among others. In 2007 Hawaii County entered into a Feral Pig Control Pilot Project with Animal Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services. This was a one year contract that in place from 7/1/2007 through 6/30/2008. That Environmental Assessment and final report from Hawaii County is included as part of this report. In 2009-2010 the state of Hawaii experienced a long term drought. Hawaii Island was particularly hard hit with large areas designated as a D4 drought. The Kona District was predominantly in drought classified as D2 & D3, severe to extreme. During that drought farmers reported an increase in feral pig damage. The pigs had come down from the forest looking for water. Comments from our cooperators include the following: “The 30 acre parcel next to me was grubbed and hundreds of pigs came out of it. I’m glad I have a fence.” “When they developed Hokulia subdivision is when the pigs started coming onto my land.” “I don’t care about that, I can replant the crop. What am I going to do about my soil?” “Improving my soil won’t keep the pigs away, it will bring more onto my farm.” “I make some of my farm available to a friend for a vegetable garden because the pig problem is so bad on her farm she has given up.” “We couldn’t farm without a fence, we wouldn’t have any soil.” The next section of this report shows what feral pigs do to our cropland. Only in rare instances are the pigs after crops, generally macadamia nuts. Most of our orchards crops have to be harvested directly from the tree or they may be damaged and not suitable for market. What the feral pigs are after, generally, is soil and the bugs and grubs that are in it. In Kona, the healthier your soil the more likely you are to have feral pig issues with your land, unless you have a fence or all of your neighbors do. It is a challenge to promote soil health when you know your farmers’ soil will be put at risk for destruction. This report has been generated to demonstrate the level of damage to the soils on the farms within the Kona SWCD. On all of these farms the soil was directly damaged by the feral pigs, the crops were left untouched. As a result of damage to the soil some crop trees can no longer support themselves standing upright and fall over. Loss of a crop tree is because of damage to the soil, not direct damage to the tree. Since these photos were taken some of these farms have had fencing installed to protect their soil. Description: tilled soil on the left side of the driveway, tilling done by feral pigs. There was a lot of tilling done on this land by feral pigs. All of the photos on this page and the following page are from the same farm with soil that has a T Factor of 2 on 10-20% slopes. Description: soil tilled by feral pigs. Description: irrigation system damaged by feral pigs. Description: soil tilling within the coffee orchard, tilling done by feral pigs. \| Description: This is the same farm as shown on the previous page. This farm was particularly hard hit. More feral pig damage caused by tilling soil. There was no damage to crop on this farm, the damage was to soil and the irrigation system. \| \| --- \| \| Description: Fortunately this farmer was able to obtain a fence with financial assistance through EQIP. You can see the coffee trees in the background as well as what looks like a pile of mulch. There is a significant improvement to the soil health on this farm now that there is nothing coming onto the land to destroy it, namely feral pigs. If we want to protect our soils and keep them on our farms this is the solution. \| \| Description: More feral pig damage. In this photo they tilled land adjacent to a water course. You can see additional damage toward the upper left corner of the photo \| \| --- \| \| Description: Feral pigs tilling the soil provides this as a result. This is an area where water flows onto this property during significant rain events. \| Description: The two top photos and lower left photo on this page are from the same farm. This shows feral pig damage to a recently mulched field. The installation was with financial assistance from NRCS. The crop, dragonfruit, was left alone, the pigs went after the mulch. They have also caused some damage to a recently completed irrigation system, also installed with financial assistance from NRCS. The cooperator reports an additional 30-40 hours of work is required to fix this but he is discouraged because he believes within just a couple of days it will be tilled again. Description: Feral pigs created their own onsite resting place. This photo the previous photo and the next photo are from a 12.57 acre farm with three soil MUSYMs on it, all with a T Factor of 1 and all with a slope of 2-10%. Description: Feral pigs simply tear up mulch in their quest to find tasty tidbits. Description: This photo and all the photos on the following page are from the same farm. Feral pigs will till soil within an orchard like this coffee orchard. Trees can become damaged when significant enough damage is done to the soil. The feral pigs have not shown interest in consuming coffee cherry, just the soil it grows in. \| Description: These rocks were part of a rock wall that went along one side of the farm. The wall, for all intents and purposes has been flattened. \| Description: more feral pigs damage in the form of tilling soils. \| \| --- \| --- \| \| Description: More soil tilling by feral pigs. The cooperator was trying to establish conservation cover but found it to be losing battle because of the feral pigs. This farmer once stated “I don’t care about the lost crop, I can replant that, what about my soil?” \| Description: The discolored area on the rocks is an access point for feral pigs. The photos on this page, and the last photo on the previous page are from a 2 acre parcel. .77 acres of that parcel has a soil with a T Factor of 2 and a slope of 10-20%, and the balance of the land has soil with a T Factor of 1 and a slope of 10-20%. \| \| Description: All of the photos on this page are from the same farm. Tilling soil in Kona is done by feral pigs, as shown in this photo. The photos on the page are from an 8.16 ac farm with a soil that has a T Factor of 1 and a slope of between 10 & 20%. \| \| --- \| \| Description: This is a trail created by feral pigs. \| \| Description: tilling of soil and mulch by feral pigs. \| \| --- \| \| Description: There has been little to no crop damage on this farm. The only damage that has taken place has been to the soil, the tilling of it by feral pigs. There are farms that have lost orchard trees because of the disturbance to the soil underneath them. \| Description: All of the photos on this page and the upper left photo on the following page are all from the same farm. This was a complete rock wall and the conservation cover went up to the wall...until the feral pigs started to till the land. The parcel shown on this page has two soils. One of the MUSYMs has a T Factor of 2 with slopes of between 20 & 40%, the other soil has a T Factor of 1 with slopes between 20 & 40%. Description: This is another view of what tilled soil looks like when feral pigs are doing the tilling. Description: This is another view of the previous two photos. The damage shown here continues down the slope to the area shown in the next photo. Description: This is very near the area in the shown in the last three photos and at one time was also, like the area above it, totally covered with conservation cover. \| Description: more soil tilling by feral pigs. This area of tilled soil is very near the areas shown in the previous 4 photos but is its own distinct example of tilling. This photo is from the same parcel as those on the previous page. \| \| --- \| \| Description: This and the two lower photos are from the same farm. A pig trap used by a local cooperator in their attempt to control feral pig populations on their land. They have been unsuccessful. This photo, and the following five photos are from a farm with soil that has a T Factor of 2 and slope of between 20-40%. \| \| Description: A feral pig trail that has damaged a rock wall. The NRCS cost shared irrigation system on this farm has also been damaged by feral pigs. \| \| --- \| \| Description: The center of this photo shows another part of the trail shown in the previous photo. These trails are across the driveway from each other so it part of the feral pig transportation system. \| \| Description: The top and lower left photo are from the same farm as the photos on the previous page. The cooperator has pretty much given up putting these rocks back. \| Description: Feral pig damage from tilling and damage to the NRCS cost shared irrigation system. \| \| --- \| --- \| \| Description: Damage to the irrigation system. The cooperator believes this was a juvenile pig that did this. It is believed an adult pig would have bitten right through and created a tremendous water leak. This cooperator only irrigates during the day and will shut the system down at 4pm. \| Description: This photo and the ones on the following page are from the same neighborhood. Tilling of soil along a road by feral pigs. The Army Corp of Engineers, in a draft flood study to update flood maps in S. Kona, describes this road as a watercourse during flood events. This photo, and all those on page 9, are from parcels with soil that has a T Factor of 2 and 10-20% slopes. \| \| Description: Ten to twelve years ago this area could be mowed with a sit down mower then the pigs started tilling soil and unearthing rocks. The soil tilling has resulted in a great deal of erosion as can be seen by the palm tree roots. \| \| --- \| \| Description: There used to be a rock wall and grass cover here, until the feral pigs started doing their work. \| \| Description: The grass cover in this photo extended all the way back to where the trees are and continued down the slope along the southern edge the property. This area was also maintained with a sit down mower until the erosion and rocks being unearthed and moved about made it too dangerous. \| \| Description: The tilled soil in the photo is directly across the street from the previous photo, therefore along a proposed Army Corp of Engineers proposed watercourse in the event of flooding. \| \| Description: All of the photos on this page are from the same farm. What land looks like when feral pigs till soil. It is now ready for erosion. This parcel is fenced but some pigs did gain access due to carelessness of the farmer. Now that the farmer has seen just what kind of damage can be done by the feral pigs there is no more carelessness. All of the photos on this page are from a 1.7 acre parcel with soil that has a T Factor of 2 and 10-20% slopes. \| \| --- \| \| Description: This was a very nice rock wall, one that has been here for years, as can be seen at the top center of the photo, until the feral pigs decided there was something under it they wanted. \| \| Description: Soil tilled, rocks unearthed, land is now ready for erosion and invasive species establishment. \| \| --- \| \| Description: More soil tilling done by feral pigs. \| The cooperator farming this land is under contract with NRCS to improve soil organic matter by applying mulch. Every time mulch is delivered feral pigs destroy the pile and have made it impossible for her to complete the contract item. She is about to cancel the contract because she cannot afford to fence her cropland. As a result her soil health will continue to degrade. Kona SWCD Soil Age Range Legend - Kona SWCD Boundaries - Soil Age Range - 200-300 yr - 200-750 yr - 750-1,500 yr - 560-860 yr - 1,500-3,000 yr - 3,000-5,000 yr - 5,000-11,000 yr - 11,000-30,000 yr - 11,000-64,000 yr - 92,000-114,000 yr - A.D. 1800 - present Kona SWCD Soils T Factor Map Legend T-Factor - 0 - 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 Miles 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 North East West South Legend Slope <VALUE> - 0 - 2 - 2 - 10 - 10 - 20 - 20 - 40 - 40 - 50 - > 50 FY 15 Feral Swine Management Pilot Program Focal Area Criteria: "Include only areas where management actions to exclude or remove feral swine has a high likelihood of long-term success (i.e., feral swine not likely to return to the site)." Without some sort of impermeable barrier between Kona’s cropland and the extensive feral swine habitat surrounding it, or complete eradication (which is not feasible), there is no likelihood of long-term success.	641dba72-5e77-4e4a-bb4f-1a8b1efdd120	CC-MAIN-2021-43	https://www.hawaiicoffeeed.com/uploads/2/6/7/7/26772370/kona_swcd_feral_swine_and_kona_soils...pdf	2021-10-16T22:19:20+00:00	s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/crawl=CC-MAIN-2021-43/subset=warc/part-00106-16202947-a809-4711-8221-79ab0a79d5b1.c000.gz.parquet	985,628,813	5,153	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.86511	eng_Latn	0.998061	[ "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "unknown", "eng_Latn", "unknown", "unknown", "eng_Latn", "unknown", "unknown", "unknown", "unknown", "eng_Latn", "bar_Latn", "lvs_Latn", "unknown", "eng_Latn" ]	true	docling	[ 2852, 5614, 7508, 8910, 9935, 10418, 11099, 12341, 13315, 14334, 15558, 16395, 17049, 17899, 18842, 19808, 20669, 21519, 21895, 22177, 22294, 22373, 22828 ]
Refractive-index measurements of zinc germanium diphosphide at 300 and 77 K by use of a modified Michelson interferometer Glen D. Gillen and Shekhar Guha A method to determine the absolute refractive index of materials available in the shape of flat wafers with parallel sides by using interferometric techniques is presented. With this method, nondestructive, sample-specific measurements can be made. The method is tested by using silicon, germanium and zinc selenide, and measurements for both the ordinary and extraordinary axes of ZnGeP$_2$ for temperatures of 300 and 77 K are reported. © 2004 Optical Society of America OCIS codes: 120.3180, 120.4290, 160.4760, 160.6000. 1. Introduction It is important to know the absolute refractive indices of materials for most optical applications, especially for nonlinear light–matter interactions. Two methods for accurately measuring the refractive index of a material are the minimum deviation method\textsuperscript{1,2} and ellipsometry.\textsuperscript{3–5} The minimum deviation method is typically used for bulk materials, where some portion of the material is polished into the shape of a wedge or a prism. Ellipsometry is an accurate method for measuring the refractive index of thin films deposited on a substrate. Unfortunately, many infrared material samples grown as wafers with a thickness of a few millimeters or less do not easily fall into either of these two categories. For the types of material that can be manufactured sufficiently thick for accurate wedge- or prism-shaped samples to be formed, other challenges arise. Although refractive-index measurements performed by the minimum deviation method are highly accurate, they do require the sacrifice of some portion of the material to be precisely and destructively ground into the shape of a wedge or a prism. Second, variations in the optical activity can occur between materials composed of the same compounds but manufactured by different freezing techniques.\textsuperscript{6} The optical activity of the material can even vary from one growth run to another run with the same technique.\textsuperscript{7,8} The minimum deviation method conducts refractive-index measurements for one portion of the material and then assumes that the refractive index for all of the other samples is the same as the test sample. Owing to the possibility that variations in the optical properties of a particular type of material can occur from one sample to another, making sample-specific measurements can serve as yet another factor in confirming the purity and quality of an individual sample. Many linear and nonlinear infrared materials have different optical and nonlinear properties at room temperature and at cryogenic temperatures,\textsuperscript{9} which presents the final challenge for the use of the minimum deviation method. It is experimentally more challenging to adapt this method to samples at cryogenic temperatures because of ambient atmospheric water condensation on the sample or other instrumentation. In this paper we present an accurate alternative method for conducting sample-specific, nondestructive refractive-index measurements on wafer-shaped infrared materials, by rotating the sample in one arm of a Michelson interferometer. C. A. Proctor first proposed this method almost a century ago in 1907.\textsuperscript{10} In the 1960s, M. S. Shumate provided the first experimental data using this technique using light in the visible spectrum.\textsuperscript{11,12} Shortly thereafter, Chamberlain \textit{et al.} adopted this method to a Mach–Zehnder interferometer by using a HCN maser as the light source with a wavelength of 337 μm.\textsuperscript{13} Recently, this method has been used to measure the refractive indices of various solids\textsuperscript{14–17} and even liquids.\textsuperscript{18,19} 2. Experiment ZnGeP$_2$ is a nonlinear optical material that has received a lot of attention for nonlinear processes, including frequency doubling of carbon dioxide lasers\textsuperscript{20–23} and optical parametric oscillation.\textsuperscript{24} In this paper we apply Proctor’s method to the infrared wavelengths and measure the refractive indices of ZnGeP$_2$ for temperatures of 300 and 77 K. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to directly measure the absolute refractive indices of ZnGeP$_2$ at 77 K. Figure 1 shows the experimental setup utilizing a Michelson interferometer and a precision rotation stage. The laser source used is a chopped, continuous-wave, grating-tuned CO$_2$ laser from Access Laser Company. The measured output power at 10.611 μm is ~400 mW, and the laser beam is polarized in the horizontal direction. The sample is mounted on a rotation stage (Newport general-purpose interface bus-controlled Model 495 ACC) with a rotational resolution of 0.001°. The sample is rotated about the vertical axis, with the plane of incidence horizontal. A small area of the interference pattern is collected by using a pinhole (200-μm diameter), and the partial pattern intensity is recorded as a function of the incident angle. The time-independent electric field of the laser before the beam splitter as a function of the optical axis, $z$, can be written as $$E(z_0) = A_0 \exp(ikz_0)\hat{x},$$ where $A_0$ is the initial amplitude, $k$ is the complex wave number, $z_0$ is the position of the beam splitter, and $\hat{x}$ is the direction of polarization. Using Eq. (1), and letting $z_0 = 0$, the electric field at the detector from the reference arm beam is $$E_r(z_D) = A_r \exp(i\phi_r)\hat{x},$$ where the amplitude, $A_r$, is a function of the reflection coefficient of the beam splitter, $R_{bs}$, or $$A_r = A_0 \sqrt{R_{bs}(1 - R_{bs})}.$$ This is assuming that the refractive index of the beam splitter is purely real; i.e., the material is non-absorptive. The phase of the reference arm at the detector, $\phi_r$ in Eq. (2), is $$\phi_r = \frac{2\pi}{\lambda}(2z_{rm} + z_{od}),$$ where $z_{rm}$ is the distance between the beam splitter and the reference arm mirror, and $z_{od}$ is the distance between the beam splitter and the detector. As the sample is placed in one arm of the interferometer and rotated, two changes in the optical path occur for each pass through that arm as illustrated in Fig. 2. For a sample that is oriented such that the normal to the surface is parallel to the incident laser path, the optical distance between the beam splitter and the sample mirror is $z_1 + nd + z_2$. If the sample is oriented at some other angle, $\theta$, as illustrated in Fig. 2 then the optical path per pass is $z_1 + (nd' + z') + z_2$, where $nd'$ is the new optical distance through the sample and $z'$ is the additional distance traveled through the air. The optical path $(nd' + z')$ can be found to be $$d[\sqrt{n^2 - \sin^2 \theta} + 1 - \cos \theta],$$ while the angle-independent phase terms for the rest of the optical path of the sample beam to the detector can be lumped together as a constant, $\phi_s$. Therefore the electric field at the detector due to the sample arm has the form $$E_s(z_D) = A_s \exp\left[\frac{4\pi id}{\lambda}(\sqrt{n^2 - \sin^2 \theta} + 1 - \cos \theta)\right.$$ $$+ i\phi_s]\hat{x},$$ where $$A_s = A_r(1 - R_s)^2,$$ if the sample is nonabsorptive and \[ A_s = A_r (1 - R_s)^2 \exp \left[ -\frac{4\pi \chi d}{\lambda} \right] \] (8) if the refractive index of the sample is complex. Superposing the fields of the sample arm and the reference arm at the detector will result in a total intensity at the detector of \[ I_D = A_r^2 + A_s^2 + 2A_r A_s \cos \left[ \frac{4\pi d}{\lambda} (\sqrt{n^2 - \sin^2 \theta} \right. \] \[ + 1 - \cos \theta) + \phi_0 \right], \] (9) where \( A_r \) and \( A_s \) are the amplitudes of the electric fields of the reference beam and the sample beam, respectively, and \( \phi_0 \) is the relative phase offset for \( \theta = 0^\circ \). For this model the angular variation of \( R_s \) (or the angle dependence of the surface reflectivities) is considered to be negligible over small, \( \pi/8 \) or less, rotations of the sample. If the angular dependence of \( R_s \) were included, it would manifest itself only as an amplitude variation of \( A_s \) and would not affect the angular position of the observed fringes. For measurements at cryogenic temperatures the sample is held in a mount in thermal contact with the bottom of a liquid-nitrogen Dewar. To prevent room moisture from condensing and freezing on the surfaces of the sample, the entire sample mount and liquid-nitrogen cell assembly is housed inside a small vacuum chamber. The sample–liquid-nitrogen assembly is rotated by the rotation stage outside the vacuum chamber by means of a hollow-shafted rotation feed through. The fractional portion of the interference pattern observed through the pinhole aperture as a function of the sample angle is displayed in Fig. 3, an interferogram observed for a ZnGeP\(_2\) sample with a thickness of 2.906 mm. The interference pattern is recorded as the sample is rotated from a negative angle, through zero, to a set positive angle. As the sample rotates through an angle of zero, where the sample face is perpendicular to the incident laser beam, an additional interference pattern is observed, which is a result of the reflection off the front surface of the sample, acting as another arm in the interferometer. The central portion of the interferogram is thus ignored in the data analysis. The maxima and minima observed in Fig. 3 as a function of the sample angle are a result of the change in optical distance between the two arms in the interferometer. The angular position of each maximum and minimum is extracted from the data and fitted to \[ m(\theta)\pi = \frac{4\pi d}{\lambda} (\sqrt{n^2 - \sin^2(\theta - \theta_0)} - \cos(\theta - \theta_0) \] \[ + 1) + \phi_0. \] (10) The values assigned to \( m(\theta) \) are even and odd integers for maxima and minima, respectively. The variables extracted from the numerical fit are \( n \), \( \theta_0 \), and \( \phi_0 \). Figure 4 shows the data points and calculated fit for the interferogram observed in Fig. 3. The fit parameters \( \theta_0 \) and \( \phi_0 \) act as horizontal and vertical shifts, respectively, for the calculated fit, while \( n \) determines the degree of vertical bend. The parameter \( \theta_0 \) accounts for any slight discrepancy of the rotation stage origin with respect to normal incidence of the laser path. The parameter \( \phi_0 \) is the fractional fringe value at normal incidence due to the difference in optical paths between the sample arm and the reference arm of the interferometer for an angle of \( \theta = 0^\circ \) and will vary from 0 to \( \pi \) if the observed intensity is a maximum or a minimum, respectively. Typical \( \chi^2 \) values for the calculated fits are of the order of \( 10^{-12} \). The largest contributor to the uncertainty of the measurements is that of the thickness of the sample. The sample thickness is measured by use of a high-precision micrometer with a resolution of \( \pm 1 \mu \text{m} \), which is comparable with the degree of uniform parallelism found for many of the samples studied. This leads to fractional uncertainties in \( d \) of approximately \( 10^{-3} \) or less for millimeter-sized samples. Uncertainties in the angular measurement for each point range from \( 10^{-4} \) to \( 10^{-5} \), while the uncertainty of \( \lambda \) is of the order of \( 10^{-5} \). Measurements of the refractive indices of elemental semiconductors silicon and germanium were conducted as a calibration of the system first. For a slightly larger range in measured refractive-index Table 1. Refractive-Index Measurements for Ge, Si, and ZnGeP$_2$, and Their Uncertainties \| Sample \| $n$, Measured \| Temp. (K) \| Accepted Value \| Ref. \| \|----------\|---------------\|-----------\|----------------\|------\| \| Ge \| 4.003 ± 0.002 \| 300 \| 4.0038 at 10.5 μm \| 25 \| \| Si \| 3.428 ± 0.007 \| 300 \| 3.4215 at 10.0 μm \| 26 \| \| ZnSe \| 2.401 ± 0.003 \| 300 \| 2.4034 at 10.6 μm \| 27 \| \| ZnGeP$_2$ \| $n_o = 3.079 \pm 0.003$ \| 300 \| 3.0738 at 10.5 μm \| 28 \| \| \| $n_e = 3.108 \pm 0.005$ \| 300 \| 3.1137 at 10.5 μm \| 28 \| \| ZnGeP$_2$ \| $n_o = 3.055 \pm 0.004$ \| 77 \| \| \| \| \| $n_e = 3.082 \pm 0.006$ \| 77 \| \| \| aAll measurements are for a wavelength of 10.6 μm. values, a ZnSe window was measured as well. The results of these measurements along with those measured for the ordinary and extraordinary axes of ZnGeP$_2$ are seen in Table 1 and are compared with their accepted values. The measurements reported are the average and standard deviation for at least 10 repeated measurements. The accepted values for all of the sample types measured fall within the third decimal uncertainties of the measurements. Although this experiment was designed to measure absolute values of refractive index, the more precise birefringence value can be determined from the data. The birefringence of ZnGeP$_2$ at 100 K predicted by Fischer and Ohmer\textsuperscript{29} of 0.037 resides in the upper range of the uncertainty of our measurements of $0.027 \pm 0.01$. 3. Summary A simple method for measuring the refractive index of thin, flat-parallel materials in the long-wave infrared regime is demonstrated here. In addition, the method has been extended for long-wave infrared measurements to be performed on cryogenic samples. To the authors’ knowledge, refractive-index measurements for ZnGeP$_2$ at 77 K are reported for the first time. Although the uncertainties of this method limit refractive-index measurements to the third decimal place, it is advantageous over the minimum deviation method as it provides quick, nondestructive measurements for specific samples. Results obtained thus far agree well with their known values, allowing measurements by this technique to be another reliable aid in the nondestructive characterization and identification of long-wave infrared materials. The measurement precision can be extended to the fourth decimal place with improved resolution in the thickness measurement as well as by using samples with better flatness and parallelism. A disadvantage of this method is the requirement for a wavelength stabilized laser source and a home-built Dewar–vacuum-chamber assembly for cryogenic measurements. References 1. M. Daimon and A. Masumura, “High-accuracy measurements of the refractive index and its temperature coefficient of calcium fluoride in a wide wavelength range from 138 to 2326 nm,” Appl. Opt. 41, 5275–5281 (2002). 2. D. E. Zelmon, E. A. Hanning, and P. G. Schunemann, “Refractive-index measurements and Sellmeier coefficients for zinc germanium phosphide from 2 to 9 μm with implications for phase matching in optical frequency-conversion devices,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 18, 1307–1310 (2001). 3. P. S. Hauge, “Recent developments in instrumentation in ellipsometry,” Surf. Sci. 96, 108–140 (1980). 4. Z. Huang and J. Chu, “The refractive index dispersion of Hg$_{1-x}$CdTe by infrared spectroscopic ellipsometry,” Infrared Phys. 42, 77–80 (2001). 5. P. Adamson, “Laser diagnostics of nanoscale dielectric films on absorbing substrate by differential reflectivity and ellipsometry,” Opt. Laser Technol. 34, 561–568 (2002). 6. D. W. Fischer, M. C. Ohmer, P. G. Schunemann, and T. M. Pollak, “Direct measurement of ZnGeP$_2$ birefringence from 0.66 to 12.2 μm using polarized light interference,” J. Appl. Phys. 77, 5942–5945 (1995). 7. H. J. Scheel, “Historical aspects of crystal growth technology,” J. Crystal Growth 211, 1–12 (2000). 8. P. G. Schunemann, S. D. Setzler, and T. M. Pollak, “Phase-matched crystal growth of AgGaSe$_2$ and AgGa$_{1-x}$In$_x$Se$_2$,” J. Crystal Growth 211, 257–264 (2000). 9. P. Kluck, Handbook of Infrared Optical Materials (Marcel Dekker, New York, 1991). 10. C. A. Proctor, “Index of refraction and dispersion with the interferometer,” Phys. Rev. 24, 195–201 (1907). 11. M. S. Shumate, “An interferometric measurement of index of refraction,” Engineer’s Degree Thesis (California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, Calif., 1964), http://etd.caltech.edu/etd/available/etd-10302002-153247/. 12. M. S. Shumate, “Interferometric measurement of large indices of refraction,” Appl. Opt. 5, 327–331 (1966). 13. J. Chamberlain, J. Haigh, and M. J. Hine, “Phase modulation in far infrared (submillimetre-wave) interferometers: III-laser refractometry,” Infrared Phys. 11, 75–84 (1971). 14. U. Schlarb and K. Betzler, “Influence of the defect structure on the refractive indices of undoped and Mg-doped lithium niobate,” Phys. Rev. B 50, 751–757 (1994). 15. S. Folloner, Ch. Bosshard, U. Meier, G. Knöpfler, C. Serbutovitz, F. Pan, and P. Günter, “New nonlinear-optical organic crystal: 4-dimethyl-aminobenzaldehyde-4-nitrophenylhydrazone,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 14, 593–601 (1997). 16. J. F. H. Nicholls, B. Henderson, and B. H. T. Chai, “Accurate determination of the indices of refraction of nonlinear optical crystals,” Appl. Opt. 36, 8587–8594 (1997). 17. M. S. Wong, F. Pan, M. Bösch, R. Spreiter, C. Bosshard, P. Günter, and V. Gramlich, “Novel electro-optic molecular co-crystals with ideal chromophoric orientation and large second-order optical nonlinearities,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 15, 426–431 (1998). 18. R. E. Gagnon, P. H. Gammon, H. Kiefte, and M. J. Clouter, “Determination of the refractive index of liquid carbon monoxide,” Appl. Opt. 18, 1237–1239 (1979). 19. M. Musso, R. Aschauer, A. Asenbaum, C. Vasi, and E. Wilhelm, “Interferometric determination of the refractive index of liquid sulphur dioxide,” Meas. Sci. Technol. 11, 1714–1720 (2000). 20. G. C. Bhar, S. Das, U. Chatterjee, and K. L. Vodopyanov, “Temperature-tunable second-harmonic generation in zinc germanium phosphide,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 54, 313–314 (1989). 21. A. A. Barykin, S. V. Davidov, V. D. Dorokhov, V. P. Zakharov, and V. V. Butuzov, “Generation of the second harmonic of CO$_2$ laser pulses in a ZnGeP$_2$ crystal,” Quantum Electron. 23, 688–693 (1993). 22. H. M. Hobgood, T. Henningsen, R. N. Thomas, R. H. Hopkins, M. C. Ohmer, W. C. Mitchel, D. W. Fischer, S. M. Hedge, and F. K. Hopkins, “ZnGeP$_2$ grown by the liquid encapsulated Czochralski method,” J. Appl. Phys. 73, 4030–4037 (1993). 23. P. D. Mason, D. J. Jackson, and E. K. Gorton, “CO$_2$ laser frequency doubling in ZnGeP$_2$,” Opt. Commun. 110, 163–166 (1994). 24. K. L. Vodopyanov and P. G. Schunemann, “Broadly tunable noncritically phase-matched ZnGeP$_2$ optical parametric oscillator with a 2-$\mu$J pump threshold,” Opt. Lett. 28, 441–443 (2003). 25. E. D. Palik, “Germanium (Ge),” in Handbook of Optical Constants of Solids (Academic, New York, 1998), pp. 471–478. 26. E. D. Palik, “Silicone (Si),” in Handbook of Optical Constants of Solids (Academic, New York, 1998), pp. 555–568. 27. E. D. Palik, “Zinc Selenide (ZnSe), Zinc Telluride (ZnTe),” in Handbook of Optical Constants II (Academic, New York, 1991), pp. 751–758. 28. G. D. Boyd, E. Buehler, and F. G. Storz, “Linear and nonlinear optical properties of ZnGeP$_2$ and CdSe,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 18, 301–304 (1971). 29. D. W. Fischer and Mc C. Ohmer, “Temperature dependence of ZnGeP$_2$ birefringence using polarized light interference,” J. Appl. 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REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA TAX COURT Held at Johannesburg CASE NO: 13276 Reportable: Yes Of Interest To Other Judges: Yes Revised. 15 May 2015 ………………………... SIGNATURE In the matter between: AB LLC and BD Holdings LLC and The Commissioner of the South African Revenue Services Respondent ___________________________________________________________________ JUDGMENT ___________________________________________________________________ Vally J (Peter Vundla and Gavin Beckwith concurring) Introduction 1. International commerce is an essential and integral part of the modern world we inhabit. It is also pervasive. It involves businesses operating simultaneously in various countries. Appreciating and understanding it has resulted in the enrichment of our lexicon by, amongst others, the introduction of the phrase "globalised world". It is a phrase that is intended to encapsulate the symbiotic Appellant and co-existent nature of countries which enjoy exclusive legal jurisdiction over their individual territories. In this globalised world commerce is often forced to navigate the choppy political waters of countries, and their ever changing legal rules. One such legal rule, which itself undergoes regular amendment, is that of the tax liability that is made applicable to businesses that operate within the borders of a country. Where a business operates simultaneously within two different national jurisdictions it faces significant challenges when determining whether, and to what extent, it becomes liable for taxation in either or both jurisdictions. At the same time countries are, rightly so, concerned about businesses successfully avoiding the payment of tax in the jurisdiction where it is due by taking undue advantage of the fact that they operate in two or more national jurisdictions at once. This problem has a long standing and deep history. Initially, countries adopted the view that they each had the right to determine their own taxation policies for any resident within their jurisdictions without any regard to what the impact on the other country, or the individual/company affected thereby, was. In the very early stages the United Kingdom (UK), whose residents had dominated the world of international finance and played a significant part in global trade, imposed personal taxation on British residents on their worldwide income regardless of its nature or source. 1 Unsurprisingly, this led to some companies challenging the tax liability imposed upon them by the UK authorities' notion of residence, given that they operated inside as well as outside the UK at the same time. One of the issues arising from this challenge involved the notion of "residence" as it concerns corporations. 1 See: Sol Picciotto, International Business Taxation: A Study in the Internationalization of Business Regulation, (1992) at pp 5-6. This can be downloaded from www.taxjustice.net/cms/front content. php?idcat=149. It was accessed on 17 April 2015 From as early as 1876, the UK Exchequer Court developed what is now widely referred to as the "central management and control test" to determine the residence of a corporation for purposes of establishing whether the corporate operating outside the UK is, nevertheless, liable to pay tax in the UK. 2 In 1906 the House of Lords adopted this test in the well-known case of De Beers Consolidated Mines Ltd v Howe, where the test was described in the following terms: "The decision of Kelly C.B. and Huddleston B. in the Calcutta Jute Mills v Nicholson (1) and the Cesena Sulphur Co. v Nicolson (1), now thirty years ago, involved the principle that a company resides for purposes of income tax where its real business is carried on. Those decisions have been acted upon ever since. I regard that as the true rule, and the real business is carried on where the central management and control actually abides." 3 2. The importance of this case lies not only in the adoption of the "central management and control test" but also in the facts and conclusion reached, as a result of which it acquired instrumental value. The facts were: "The head office (of De Beers) is formally in Kimberley (South Africa), and the general meetings have always been held there. Also the profits have been made out of diamonds raised in South Africa and sold under annual contracts to a syndicate for delivery in South Africa upon terms of division of profits realised on resale between the company and the syndicate. And the annual contracts contain provisions for regulating the market in order to realise the best profits on resale. Further, some of the directors and life governors live in South Africa and there are directors' meetings at Kimberley as well as in London. But it is clearly established that the majority of directors and life governors live in England, that the directors meetings in London are the meetings where the real control is always exercised in practically all the important business of the company except the mining operations. London has always controlled the negotiation of the contracts with the diamond syndicates, has determined policy in the disposal of diamonds and other assets, the working and development of mines, the application of profits, and the appointment of directors. London has also always controlled matters that require to be determined by the majority of all the directors, which include all 2 Calcutta Jute Mills Co Ltd v Nicholson 1 TC 83; Cesena Sulphur Co Ltd v Nicholson 1 TC 88; [187480] All ER Rep 1102 (Exch D). 3 De Beers Consolidated Mines Ltd v Howe [1906] AC 455 at 458: questions of expenditure except wages, materials, and such-like at the mines, and a limited sum which may be spent by the directors at Kimberley." 4 Applying the rule established in Calcutta Jute Mills and Cesena Sulphur the House of Lords found that De Beers was to be treated as a resident of the UK for purposes of taxation. In essence, the principle established by these authorities is that a company's residence is "in the jurisdiction where its board of directors meets," 5 and not where its profits are made or where its operations are based. 3. The finding resulted in the UK tax authorities benefitting from income earned in South Africa. Whether this was at the expense of the South African tax authorities is not clear from the case report. However, if it was not, it would have meant that De Beers would have paid double tax (i.e. to the UK and to South Africa). Either way the outcome produced unsatisfactory results and, for that reason, cried out for attention. The approach adopted in these cases posed a challenge to the countries to establish a system that legitimately imposed taxation upon a business corporation operating on its shores, while simultaneously protecting it from being taxed again on the same profits or income by another country. Not taking action to prevent this would effectively mean that either the corporations would have to bear a burden of a double taxation on the same income 6 , or they would pay to one country to the detriment of another, or they could escape paying any tax at all on the profits or 4 Id. at pp 458-459 6 The Organisation of Economic Development (OECD) Model Tax Treaty defines "Double Tax" to be "the imposition of comparable taxes in two (or more) states on the same taxpayer in respect of the same subject matter and for identical periods." 5 Wood v Holden (Inspector of Taxes)[2005] EWHC 547 (Ch) at [21] income earned. None of the outcomes would be satisfactory to all the parties affected thereby. 4. To deal with this problem, double taxation treaties were concluded between countries, and as a result a paradigmatic shift in international tax law occurred. Regarding these double taxation treaties certain Conventions commonly known as Model Conventions on double taxation (more will be said about this in a little while) have been crafted for the benefit of all countries. Using them as templates countries have come to conclude what is commonly referred to as Double Taxation Agreements. These agreements tend to be bilateral in nature. It is said that the purpose of Double Taxation Agreements is to ensure that there is a free flow of trade and investment across countries, as well as a recognition that taxation is not avoided by the latitude afforded by the flow of free trade and investment. To achieve this purpose the two countries that are party to the Double Taxation Agreement agree that one of them will forego revenue. Which one ultimately does so depends on the facts regarding the business enterprise's operations as well as on the interpretation of the terms of the agreement concluded between the two countries. 5. One such agreement is the Double Taxation Agreement between South Africa and the United States of America (the DTA) which was concluded on 17 February 1997. It is the one that consumes our attention in this case. The purpose of the DTA is the avoidance of double taxation and the prevention of fiscal evasion in respect of taxes, whilst allowing and protecting free trade between the two countries. In concluding the DTA the South African Government acted in terms of section 108(2) of the Income Tax Act, 58 of 1962 (ITA), read with s 231(1) of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa Act 108 of 1996 (the Constitution). 7 The DTA became part of South African law in terms of s 231(4) of the Constitution, as it was approved by Parliament in terms of section 231(2) of the Constitution, and the arrangements were duly published in the Government Gazette 18553 of 15 December 1997. The provisions of the DTA therefore rank equally with domestic law. 8 6. There are two companies that have brought this appeal: AB LLC and BD Holdings LCC. They, together with the respondent, have agreed that for purposes of this case they should be treated as one as their separate identities are of no importance for the determination of the case. Thus they are both referred to as "the appellant" in this judgment. The appellant is incorporated in the United States of America. It is an advisory group that has a global reach. It has offices in no less than ten (10) foreign jurisdictions. It concentrates on the airline industry. It came to South Africa in 2007 to perform certain services for X, a company based in and operating from South Africa. To perform these services it concluded a contract with X. Its only purpose for coming to South Africa was to perform its obligations and earn its income or profits in terms of the contract. Having achieved its objective it left the country in 2008. To its 7 The relevant sections of the Constitution read: "231(1) The negotiating and signing of all international agreements is the responsibility of the national executive. 231(2) An international agreement binds the Republic only after it has been approved by resolution in both the National Assembly and the National Council of Provinces, unless it is an agreement referred to in subsection (3) ... 231(4) Any international agreement becomes law in the Republic when it is enacted into law by national legislation: but a self-executing provision of an agreement that has been approved by Parliament is law in the Republic unless it is inconsistent with the Constitution or an Act of Parliament." 8 See also: Secretary for Inland Revenue v Downing 1975 (4) SA 518 (A) at 523 in fin surprise, on 14 June 2011 it learned that it had been assessed for taxation purposes for the 2007, 2008 and 2009 years by the respondent, and that the assessments indicated that it was liable to the respondent for a substantial amount of money. It was also informed that the respondent had, in terms of powers conferred upon him by the s 76 of the ITA, decided to impose an additional tax upon it and that he intended to charge it for interest in terms of s 89 quat(2) for the non-timeous payment of the tax. 7. Aggrieved by these assessments, as well as by the imposition of an additional tax and the charge of interest, it lodged an objection in terms of Rule 3 of the Rules promulgated in terms of s 107A of the ITA. The necessary processes for the resolution of the objection were followed and they ultimately culminated in the appeal before this court. The facts as distilled from the pleadings as well as the evidence presented by the appellant 8. During the course of 2007, the appellant entered into an agreement with X in terms of which the appellant would provide certain strategic and financial advisory services to X ("the agreement"). In terms of the agreement, the services were to be delivered in three phases with the first phase commencing in February 2007 and the third phase ending in May 2008. During this period the appellant made 17 of its employees available, who came to South Africa as and when required. However, there were three employees whose work formed a core aspect of the project and who were each in South Africa, on a rotational basis, for three-weeks at a time. During the 2007 calendar year the appellants' employees were in South Africa for a period exceeding 183 days. The appellant was granted space inside the premises of X from where it conducted most of its activities, and at times employees of the appellant were based in different geographical areas within the premises of X. The space provided was in the boardroom, where the appellant was provided with four tables and one telephone to be shared by all its employees. The employees only had access to these premises on weekdays and during working hours. Other than providing services in terms of the contract with X, the employees of the appellant did not perform any other work of the appellant. The nature of the work provided, which was consultancy services on a daily basis, required the appellant's employees to be based at the premises of X. For this reason the boardroom where the appellant always had a presence, even if some of its employees were at times located for brief periods in another area of the X premises, constituted the "hub" of the appellant's business operations. In the words of the appellant's main witness, Mr S, the boardroom was the "engine room" of its business operation. It was where all its employees started their working day. At times, some of them would, for a short period, have to go to another department of X, such as the Human Resources Department, and would therefore move from one area to another for a day or part thereof. It bears mentioning that the X operations are all geographically located in one place, Y. So when the employees of the appellant moved from one department to another they moved in areas within Y. In any event, at all times there would be employees of the appellant working in the boardroom. The appellant did not ever ask for access to the boardroom after normal working hours. 9. The appellant derived income from X for services rendered in South Africa (or earned a profit as a result of the services it sold to X) during its 2007 and 2008 years of assessment, and received additional income (or earned additional profits) during the period 9 April 2008 to 9 November 2009. The latter income (or profit) was not for (or as a result of) any new services it provided during the 2009 year, but was for the success achieved ("success fee") by it during the performance of its obligations in terms of the agreement concluded in May 2007: it was, in other words, part of the income (or profits) it earned for the services provided during 2007 and 2008 years. It was only paid in 2009 because that was when the success was reflected in the accounting records of X. The total taxable amount for these years, although only earned during the period February 2007 to May 2008, according to the respondent, was sixty three million, nine hundred and ninety thousand and six hundred and thirty-nine rands (R63 990 639.00). 10. The appellant's income (or profits) earned in SA during the 2007, 2008 and 2009 years were assessed by the respondent for purposes of determining if the appellant was liable for taxation in terms of the ICA. The assessment was based on the provisions of Articles 7(1), 5(1) and 5(2)(k) of the DTA. According to these assessments the appellant is liable for tax for those years for the income it earned in SA during its stay here in 2007 and 2008. Aggrieved by these assessments, the appellant appeals against them. The relevant provisions of the DTA 11. Article 7(1) of the DTA allows for either the USA or South Africa to require an enterprise that carries on business on its shore to pay taxation for all income or profits earned from that business. It reads: "The profits of an enterprise of a Contracting State shall be taxable only in that State unless the enterprise carries on business in the other Contracting State through a permanent establishment situated therein. If the enterprise carries on business as aforesaid, the profits of the enterprise may be taxed in the other State but only so much of them as is attributable to that permanent establishment." 12. For the appellant to be liable for taxation in South Africa it would have to carry on business in South Africa through a permanent establishment. This raises the question: what is a permanent establishment? Article 5 provides direction for an answer to this question. It reads: "5(1) "For the purposes of this Convention, the term 'permanent establishment' means a fixed place of business through which the business of an enterprise is wholly or partly carried on." 5(2) The term 'permanent establishment" includes especially – (a) a place of management; (b) a branch; (c) an office; (d) a factory; (e) a workshop; (f) a mine, an oil or gas well, a quarry or other place of extraction of natural resources; (g) a warehouse, in relation to a person providing storage facilities for others; (h) a store or premises used as a sales outlet; (i) a ship, drilling rig, installation or other structure used for the exploration or exploitation of natural resources, but only if it lasts more than twelve months; (j) a building site or construction, installation or assembly project or supervisory activities in connection therewith, where such site, project or activities lasts more than twelve months and (k) the furnishing of services, including consultancy services, within a Contracting State by an enterprise through employees or other personnel engaged by the enterprise for such purposes, but only if activities of that nature continue (for the same or a connected project) within that State for a period or periods aggregating more than 183 days in any twelve-month period commencing or ending in the taxable year concerned. " 13. Articles 5(1) and 5(2)(a) – 5(2)(f) are identical to articles 5(1) to 5(a) – 5(2)(f) of the OECD Model treaty. However, It is the only provisions of articles 5(1) and 5(2)(k) that have a direct and immediate bearing on the outcome of this case. The other provisions of article 5(2), however, are helpful in providing a guide as to what the drafters of this treaty intended by providing those affected thereby with this very specific definition of a "permanent establishment", although it has to be said that articles 5(1)(a) to 5(1)(f) really provide very little, if any, margin for controversy. The places of business mentioned there, are really innocuous in the sense that everybody knows what they are. How to interpret international treaties 9 concerning double taxation 14. There are various model treaties addressing the issue of double taxation. The most commonly known ones are: the OECD Model Tax Convention on Income and Capital (OECD Model), the United Nations Model Double Taxation Convention (UN Model) and the USA Model Tax Convention. The first one was drafted by countries with advanced economies and may be well-suited for their needs and interests. The second one is drafted by countries of more advanced as well as less advanced economies. It is intended to cater for the needs of the countries with less developed economies. The last one is drafted by the USA and is meant to attend to the mutual interests of the USA and its trading partners. The OECD Model, it seems, has served as a basis for many double 9 The terms "treaty", "convention" and "agreement" tend to be used interchangeably in the treaties as well as in the literature on this topic. taxation treaties concluded by South Africa and its trading partners. 10 The three model treaties share many similarities and in some cases contain the same articles. If any treaty contains the same article as that of the OECD Model then it would not be uncommon to rely on the commentary of the OECD Model to interpret that article. 15. The articles of a model treaty are designed to guide contracting states, but often they are adopted verbatim in actually concluded treaties between two (2) states. In these circumstances the potential for the articles to be open to more than one interpretation is real, given that the interests of the various contracting countries are so diverse that it is impossible to cater for them all in one model treaty. That said, it bears noting that, in fact, as far back as 2002 it was found that "there were over 2000 treaties in effect and the number keeps growing." 11 Under these circumstances, it would be unusual if the interpretation of similar or same terms or articles is unanimous in the various jurisdictions where these treaties operate. Peculiarities of the tax policies of each country are bound to impact upon the interpretation of a treaty, or article in a treaty. To minimise the potential of this problem rearing its head, a model treaty is published with a commentary on the articles contained therein. The contentions of the parties 16. It is contended by the appellant that once the requirements of articles 5(2) are met the focus of the enquiry shifts to the requirements in article 5(1), and only if the requirements of article 5(1) are met can it be safely concluded that the 10 See Secretary for Inland Revenue,fn8, at 523A 11 Lynette Olivier and Michael Honniball, International Tax: A South African Perspective 2011, (Fifth Ed), at 271 penultimate para existence of a "permanent establishment" has been proved. On this basis the appellant contends that, even if it were found that the requirements of article 5(2)(k) were met in this case (it specifically eschewed any concession to the effect that they were met), it nevertheless has still to be found that the requirements of article 5(1) had been met in order for it to be held liable for taxation for the income it earned (or the profits it made) from its operations in this country. In this regard it contended that on the facts as relayed above it has to be found that it did not have a "fixed place of business through which (its) business ... (was) wholly or partly carried on" and for that reason it cannot be found that it had a "permanent establishment" in this country. It is, therefore, not amenable to being taxed for the income earned (or profits made) during its sojourn in this country. Thus, it asked for the appeal to be upheld and the assessments to be set aside. 17. In this case, as mentioned before, the terms of articles 5(1) and (5)(2)(a)-5(2)(f) inclusive are identical to the same numbered articles in the OECD Model. And, according to the OECD Commentary about the relationship between 5(1) and 5(2)(a) to 5(2)(f): "This paragraph (i.e. 5(2)(a)-5(2)(f)) contains a list, by no means exhaustive, of examples, each of which can be regarded prima facie, as constituting a permanent establishment. As these examples are to be seen against a background of the general definition given in paragraph 1, it is assumed that the Contracting States interpret terms listed, 'a place of management', 'a branch' 'an office' etc. in such a way that such places of business constitute permanent establishments only if they meet the requirements of paragraph 1." 12 12 Para 12 of the OECD Commentary on article 5. 18. If the logic of this interpretation is to be extended to the article 5(2)(k) then it would mean that even if the requirements of 5(2)(k) have been met the enterprise cannot be said to be holding a permanent establishment unless the requirements of 5(1) have also been met. This interpretation provided in the Commentary has been accepted in many courts with jurisdiction over treaties where these articles of the OECD Model have been adopted verbatim. According to this interpretation the list contained in articles 5(2)(a) – 5(2)(f) does not expand the definition of "permanent establishment" but merely "illustrates" what a permanent establishment is, and as this is so the fact that a business enterprise may have set up a place of business in the form identified in articles 5(2)(a)–5(2)(f) does not mean that that enterprise has established a "permanent establishment". For it to qualify as a "permanent establishment" there has still to be compliance with the requirements in article 5(1). This interpretation, in my view, takes no account of the phrase "includes especially". This could well be one of the reasons that a leading commentator of this subject of double taxation warned that the interpretation provided by the Commentary may not be adhered to in all jurisdictions. He said: "The list is illustrative and the Commentary makes it clear (at para 12) that the place of business will only constitute a permanent establishment if it fulfils the requirements of the general definition in Article 5(1). As the list is illustrative, it is common in specific agreements to add further examples which are more likely to be relevant to the countries in question. (For example, 'farms, 'plantations', 'forestry property'). Since any place of business within the illustrative list must meet the requirements of Article 5(1), one wonders whether the illustrative list serves much purpose any longer. There is the danger that a revenue authority or tribunal might conclude that a place of business within the illustrative list was a permanent establishment even though it did not satisfy all the requirements of Article 5(1)." 13 13 Philip Baker QC, Double Taxation Conventions, para 5B.14 15 19. Nevertheless drawing on the OECD Commentary and the comment of Philip Baker, the appellant claims that the same approach must be adopted with regard to article 5(2)(k). 20. The respondent, on the other hand, contended that once it was found that the requirements of article 5(2)(k) were met then caedit questio. In terms of its contention, a finding to the effect that the requirements of article 5(2)(k) had been met is automatically a finding to the effect that a "permanent establishment" was created by the appellant during its sojourn in this country. In the alternative, it contended that if it is found that the interpretation favoured by the appellant is correct, then, nevertheless, on the facts of this case, the appellant had established a "fixed place of business through which (its) business ... (was) wholly or partly carried on" during the period February 2007 to May 2008. It, therefore, attracted a liability for tax for all income earned (or profits made) during this period regardless of when exactly the income was paid (or profits realised). 21. That then is the binary choice presented to this court. Interpretation of articles 5(1) and 5(2)(k) of the DTA 22. The explanations provided in the Commentary are of immense value in understanding or interpreting any article contained in the treaty. In fact, some forty years ago, Corbett JA, (as he then was), dealing with an issue of whether a taxpayer who resided in Switzerland was liable for taxation in South Africa, drew on the Commentary on the OECD Model Tax Treaty to interpret the provisions of a treaty between South Africa and Switzerland on Double 14 Taxation. 23. More recently, however, the SCA has reminded us of the importance of our basic rules of interpretation and emphasised: " The need to interpret international treaties in a manner which gives effect to the purpose of the treaty and which is congruent with the words employed in the treaty is well established. " " As mentioned above the term must be given a meaning that is congruent with the language of the DTA having regard to its object and purpose.” 15 24. Bearing in mind the interpretation " must give effect to the purpose of the treaty in a manner that is congruent with the words used ", it is, in my view, crucial in the first instance to take note of the prominence of the phrase “ includes especially " in article 5(2) in order to give intelligent meaning to the concept " permanent establishment. " It, therefore, must provide the starting point for our analysis. 25. Adopting this approach, it is necessary to look at the verb " include ". According to the Collins English Dictionary (Complete and Unabridged), “ include" inter alia,: " to add as part of something else; put in as part of a set group, or category. " 14 Secretary for the Inland Revenue v Downing 1975 (4) SA 518 (A) at 523A 15 Commissioner, South African Revenue Service v Tradehold Ltd 2013 (4) SA 184 (SCA) at [21] and [23]. The cases cited there are omitted. means, And: 26. This is also the meaning given to it in judicial pronouncements. As early as 1926 it was held: "Now 'includes', as a general rule, is not a term of exhaustive definition; sometimes it is so employed, but, as a general rule, it is a term of extension" 16 27. In R v Debele 17 this approach to treating the word "include" as a "term of extension" was not only made explicit but was clarified to show that the extended items or factors need not as a matter of ordinary meaning fall into the primary item or factor. However, by enlarging the ordinary meaning of the primary item or factor the word "include" embraces the extended items. To put it differently: "The word 'include' is often used in the definition of Acts of Parliament for the purpose of enlarging the meaning of a word or phrase by bringing it under something which is not comprehended under the ordinary meaning of that word or phrase." 18 28. This interpretation of the word "include" has a long history. In 1899 Lord Watson stated: "The word 'include' is very generally used in interpretation clauses in order to enlarge the meaning of words or phrases occurring in the body of the statute, and when it is so used these words or phrase must be construed as comprehending, not only such things as they signify according to their natural import, but also those things which the interpretation clause declares that they shall include." 19 29. Thus, the word "include'" used in a statute is often used to extend or enlarge the meaning of a thing or concept. It brings within the scope of the thing or concept others that are not ordinarily or naturally part of the thing or concept. 16 Jones & Co v Commissioner for Inland Revenue, 1926 CPD 1 at 5; See also, Rosen v Rand Townships Registrar, 1939 WLD 5 at 10 Id. at 575 17 1956 (4) SA 570 (A) 18 19 Dilsworth v Commissioner of Stamps [1899] A.C. 99 at pp105-106 30. If this is so then it has to be inferred that by using the term or phrase "includes especially", the drafters of the treaty intended that the factors referred to in article 5(2)(k) be made part of the definition referred to in article 5(1). They were particularly drawn towards making sure that those factors are given special attention when determining whether a particular business enterprise can be said to be operating through a "permanent establishment" in a non-resident country within which it conducts business or provides services. Otherwise they would not have used the words "includes especially". It therefore has to be interpreted that the contents of article 5(2)(k) must be read to mean that they are an integral part of article 5(1). On this analysis, as soon as an enterprise's activities fall within the ambit of article 5(2)(k) it becomes liable for taxation in the non-resident country. There is no need for a further or separate enquiry as to whether the requirements of article 5(1) have been met. The two articles cannot be read disjunctively. The definition, by virtue of the bridging phrase "includes especially", is a composite one. This clearly expresses the purpose of the treaty. To break it up and treat the two articles separately would be to ignore the natural and ordinary meaning of the phrase "includes especially". 31. This interpretation is contrary to what is recommended by the OECD Commentary on the relationship between articles 5(1) and 5(2)(a) – 5(2)(f). I am of the view that what is recommended by the OECD for these articles has no bearing on the issue of the relationship between articles 5(1) and 5(2)(k). Article 5(2)(k) is specific and very different from articles 5(2)(a) – 5(2)(f). Unlike articles 5(2)(a) – 5(2)(f) it does not refer to a place of work, but rather to a form of work. It is a different species. Therefore, the interpretive approach adopted with regard to articles 5(2)(a) – 5(2)(f) cannot be replicated without thought or input. As far as article 5(2)(k) is directly concerned the OECD Commentary is of no assistance. Given that there is no such article in the OECD Model, its silence on the matter is understandable. However, because it is silent does not mean that an inference to the effect that what it says or recommends with regard to the relationship between article 5(1) and articles 5(2)(a) – 5(2)(f) is applicable to the relationship between 5(1) and 5(2)(k). There is no room for such an inference given the material differences between article 5(2)(k) and articles 5(2)(a) – 5(2)(f). 32. In pressing for its contention that article 5(2)(k) cannot be interpreted independently from that of article 5(1), the appellant drew inspiration from what the Canadian Federal Court of Appeal found when interpreting similar articles in Canada – the USA Convention Act, 1984 (the USA/Canada Convention). The case is that of The Queen v Dudney. 20 In that case, the taxpayer, William A Dudney (Dudney), an engineer in aerospace and a resident of the USA earned income in the years 1994 and 1995 in Canada by performing services to a Canadian company as an independent contractor. He claimed that his income was exempt from Canadian tax as a result of the operation of article XIV of the Convention. The Canadian tax authorities adopted a diametrically opposing point of view. 20 WA (2000) D.T.C. 6169 33. The preamble to the USA/Canada Convention indicates that the parties have concluded it in order to avoid double taxation and prevent fiscal evasion. Article XIV of the Convention reads: "Income derived by an individual who is resident of a Contracting State in respect of independent personal services may be taxed in that state. Such income may also be taxed in the other Contracting State if the individual has or had a fixed base regularly available to him in that other State but only to the extent that the income is attributable to the fixed base." 21 34. It was intended that Dudney would work for a Canadian company, OSG, for a year. He was to work at the premises of another Canadian company, PanCan, which had a contract with OSG. He was provided with a small room to perform the services OSG was contracted to perform. After three months he was moved to a larger room which he shared with a number of other consultants. Later still, he was moved to another building also occupied by PanCan employees. He would from time to time provide training to PanCan employees and the training would take place in different parts of the PanCan premises where these employees were based. He could not do any of his own business while located on any of the PanCan premises. He could not use the telephone for any business other than that which was related to the services he was providing to PanCan. His access to the premises was controlled by a magnetic card system and restricted to business hours during week days only. The Appeal Court had to decide whether on these facts it was established that the income earned by Dudney in Canada was "attributable to a fixed base". To decide this issue the Court drew upon the Commentary of article 5 of the OECD Model, especially article 5(1). It then found that: 21 Id. at [3] "In this case, the Tax Court Judge was correct to consider these factors to be relevant and determinative. The evidence as a whole gives ample support for the conclusion that the premises of PanCan were not a location through which Mr Dudney carried on his business. Although Mr Dudney had access to the offices of PanCan and he had the right to use them, he could do so only during PanCan's office hours and only for purpose of performing services for PanCan that were required by his contract. He had no right to use PanCan's offices as a base for the operation of his own business. He could not and did not use PanCan's offices as his own." 22 35. Hence, it found that the income derived by Dudney while operating in Canada could not be "attributable to a fixed base" as he did not have "a fixed base regularly available to him" in Canada. 36. There are, doubtless, significant differences between article 5 of the DTA, which is applicable in our case, and article XIV of the USA/Canada Convention, which was applicable in Dudney. In that Convention there is no equivalent of the article 5(2) that is found in the DTA. Articles 5(1) and 5(2) of the DTA taken compositely are materially different from that of article XIV of the USA/Canada Convention. Therefore, to superimpose the interpretation of the Appeal Court in Canada with regard to article XIV of that Convention on to article 5 of the DTA would be wrong. Its instructive value, too, is doubtful given that the two treaties are so different. At best article 5(1) of the DTA bears a resemblance to article XIV of the USA/Canada Convention. But that is as far as it can be taken. Beyond that they share no resemblance. Furthermore, the judgment of the Canadian Federal Court of Appeal, in my view, does not conform with the rules of interpretation applicable in our jurisdiction. Nor does it accord with the interpretation preferred by the Technical Explanation of the DTA. For those reasons, I am not persuaded that it should be followed in this case. However, in 22 Id. at [20] all fairness to the appellant its reliance on the ratio of that judgment is not misplaced if its contention that article 5(2)(k) is not self-standing and cannot be interpreted independently of article 5(1) is found to be correct, for the facts in that case share some similarities to the facts in this case. This is an issue, to which I will return. 37. In the meantime it bears stating as a conclusion on this issue that the interpretation I have given above with regard to the relationship between articles 5(2)(k) and 5(1), and the interpretation proffered by the Technical Explanation (which offers an insight into the understanding of the signatories to the DTA) coincide with one another. The Technical Explanation addresses this treaty only and is addressed to business enterprises and tax authorities in the two countries. This is manifest in the following statement contained in the introductory paragraph of the Technical Explanation: "This document is a technical explanation of the Convention between the United States and South Africa which was signed on February 17, 1997 (the "Convention"). ... The Technical Explanation is an official guide to the Convention. It reflects the policies behind particular Convention provisions, as well as understandings reached with respect to the application and interpretation of the Convention." 38. The Technical Explanation draws from the Commentary on the OECD Model but as far as the relationship between article 5(1) and 5(2)(k) is concerned it enlightens anyone affected by or interested in the treaty that: "As indicated in the OECD Commentaries ..., a general principle to be observed in determining whether a permanent establishment exists (except with respect to the furnishing of services under subparagraph (k)) is that the place of business must be "fixed" in the sense that a particular building or physical location is used by the enterprise for the conduct of its business." 39. In sum then, the Technical Explanation makes it unambiguously clear, that when considering the furnishing of services by an enterprise (article 5(2)(k)) the analysis or interpretation accorded to the place of work (articles 5(2)(a) – 5(2)(f)) is not applicable. It goes on to say that in the case of furnishing of services this does not have to occur within a "a fixed place of business" (article 5(1)). Thus, once the provisions of article 5(2)(k) are met, there is no need to further examine whether the provisions of article 5(1) have also been met to determine whether the existence of a permanent establishment has been proved. The application of the articles 5(2)(k) and 5(1) to the facts of this case 40. It is common cause that the appellant, a resident of the USA, provided consulting services to X in South Africa through its employees (the number of which varied from time to time, but constituted 17 in total) for a period exceeding 183 days during February 2007 and May 2008. On these facts, there is no dispute that the requirements of article 5(2)(k) were met, and if the interpretation given above is correct then it follows that the appellant became liable for taxation in South Africa as its operations fell within the meaning of "permanent establishment" as used in the DTA. 41. However, assuming for the moment that the above conclusion is legally untenable then, on the alternative interpretation, it would be necessary to examine whether the requirements of article 5(1) were also met before it can safely be concluded that the appellant established a "permanent establishment" while performing its obligations in terms of its contract with X. Thus, I hold that even if this interpretation is wrong the facts in this case reveal that the respondent has shown that the requirements of 5(1) were met. 42. There is no doubt that the appellant had a fixed base in the boardroom of X. Throughout its stay in South Africa it had a presence in the boardroom of X even though at times some of its employees moved to other areas of the X premises. This, it must be remembered, is very different from the factual situation in Dudney, where Dudney who was a sole individual providing services moved from one area to another. In our case, while some employees moved from one area to another the appellant was, at all times, present in the boardroom during the tenure of the contract. It had exclusive use of this space for the entire duration of the contract. To put it differently, it had at its disposal constant access to the boardroom during working hours. Access during nonworking hours was neither necessary nor requested. This flows directly from the fact that compliance with its obligations in terms of the contract required regular intensive interaction with employees of X, which, it goes without saying, was most suitable during normal working hours. There can therefore be no doubt that the appellant had established "a fixed place of business" in South Africa while carrying out its obligations in terms of its contract with X. 43. The appellant contended that, as it did not have access to the boardroom after normal working hours, and the fact that it was restricted to solely conduct the business relating to the contract with X, it was not able to conduct any of its business not relating to X. This limitation, it says, demonstrates beyond doubt that it was not able to conduct all its business from the X premises, and therefore it could not have established "a permanent establishment" at the X premises. The difficulty faced by this contention is that it flies in the face of the definition of "a permanent establishment" in the DTA. The defining characteristic in terms of article 5(1) is that it must be "a fixed place of business through which the business of an enterprise is wholly or partly carried on". Thus, the nonresident party (the appellant in this case) is not required to carry out all its business from the "fixed place of business" so established. In this sense, even if it performed some of its obligations in terms of the contract with X from another premises, it would, nevertheless, have established "a permanent establishment" if it performed only some of its obligations (i.e. "partly carried on") in terms of the contract. In a word, even if it only conducted part of its business from the boardroom, it would have complied with the definition. 44. In sum then, to the extent that it is necessary for there to be compliance with the provisions of article 5(1) before a finding that the existence of a permanent establishment has been proved, such has been proven in this case. The appeal against the levying of taxation for the 2008 and 2009 years 45. The appellant contends that the 183 day requirement found in article 5(2)(k) must be for "a twelve month period commencing or ending in the taxable year concerned". If an entity spends less than 183 days in any twelve month period commencing or ending in a taxable year in a non-resident state then that entity cannot be said to have set up a "permanent establishment" in that state. This is also referred to as the "183 day rule" in the literature on double taxation treaties. 46. It is common cause that the appellant's presence in South Africa was from February 2007 and the third phase ended in May 2008, that since 1 May 2008 no employees of the appellant were present in South Africa and that the appellant's financial year commenced on 1 January 2007 and ended on 31 December 2007. On these facts the appellants contends that the respondent was correct to assess it liable for taxation for the 2007 year as it had been present in South Africa for more than 183 days during that year. However, as far as the 2008 year is concerned the respondent cannot count any of the days already taken into account when calculating the 2007 year. As it was only in South Africa from 1 January 2008 to 1 May 2008, it was not in South Africa for 183 days during that year. Therefore, it cannot be taxed for the income earned (or profits made) during that year. As far as the 2009 year is concerned, it is common cause that it had absolutely no presence in South Africa during that year. Hence, only the 2007 year assessment passes muster in terms of the 183 day "rule". For these reasons, it asks that its appeal against the 2008 and 2009 years be upheld. 47. The respondent, in contrast, maintains that the presence of the appellant in South Africa for the 2008 and 2009 years was established beyond doubt. As for calculating the 183 days for each year, the respondent claimed that as the appellant was in South Africa during the calendar years 1 January 2007 – 31 December 2007 and 1 January 2008 – 31 December 2008, it was in South Africa for two tax years, i.e. 1 March 2007 – 28 February 2008 (the 2007 year) and 1 March 2008 – 28 February 2009 (the 2008 year). The 183 day period has to be calculated forwards from 1 March 2007 to 28 February 2008, for this is "the commencing of the fiscal year" and then again backwards from 28 February 2009 to 1 March 2008, for this is the "ending of the fiscal year". This, the respondent concedes, results in some days being "double counted". Double counting, he argues, is not only allowed by the treaty but was actually contemplated by the parties to the DTA, and in support of this he drew attention to the OECD Commentary where, in paragraph 4 thereof, the following is said: "The three conditions prescribed in this paragraph (i.e. article 5(2)(k) in the DTA) must be satisfied for the remuneration to qualify for the exemption. The first condition is that the exemption is limited to 183 day period. It is further stipulated that this time period may not be exceeded "in any twelve month period commencing or ending in the fiscal year concerned". This contrasts with the 1963 Draft Convention and 1977 Model Convention which provided that the 183 day period should not be exceeded "in the fiscal year concerned", a formulation that created difficulties where the fiscal years of the Contracting States did not coincide and which opened up opportunities in the sense that operations were sometimes organised in such a way that, for example, workers stayed in the State concerned for the last 5 ½ months of one year and 5 ½ months of the following year. The present wording of subparagraph 2a) does away with such opportunities for tax avoidance. In applying that wording, all possible periods of twelve consecutive months must be considered, even periods which overlap others to a certain extent. For instance, if an employee is present in a State during 150 days between 1 April 01 and 31 March 02 but is present there during 210 days between 1 August 01 and 31 July 02, the employee will have been present for a period exceeding 183 days during the second 12 month period identified above even though he did not meet the minimum presence test during the first period considered and that the first period partly overlaps the second." 23 48. The respondent is correct in his claim that the signatories to the treaty intended for the computation of the days to allow for double counting of the days in order to do "away with ... opportunities for tax avoidance". As pointed out earlier, one of the reasons for countries to conclude these double taxation treaties is to minimise, if not eliminate, the potential for tax avoidance: the DTA is both an anti-double taxation as well as an anti-tax-avoidance measure. In this case, 23 OECD Commentary, http://www.oecd.org/berlin/publikationen/43324465.pdf.,pp 251-252, accessed on 15 April 2015. there is no doubt that the appellant earned the income (or made the profit) from carrying its obligations contained in a single contract with X (which may have undergone changes during its lifespan, but these are insignificant for our present purposes) and that it had a presence in South Africa during the entire duration of that contract. The fact that the duration spanned over two fiscal years does not mean that the 183 day period has to be separately calculated for each fiscal year for, as stated in the Commentary on the OECD Model, if the presence in each fiscal year was only 5½ months, then the entity would avoid paying tax to the country in which the income was earned (or profits made) despite the fact that its presence in that country was for longer than 183 days. This interpretation, which is the one we are enjoined by the appellant to adopt, defeats the object of the DTA, is contrary to the intention of the parties and stands in stark contrast to the interpretation proffered in the OECD Commentary. Finally, it bears remembering that double computation of the days in order to cater for the dislocation between the year spent by the non-resident in the Contracting State (South Africa in this case) and the fiscal year of that Contracting State, does not result in the non-resident being taxed twice for the same income (or profit) by the Contracting State. It simply means that the same income (or profit) is divided up and taxed in two parts, but it is never taxed twice. For these reasons, I would have to decline the invitation by the appellant to uphold its appeal against the 2008 tax assessment. 49. Concerning the 2009 tax assessment, while it is correct that the appellant had absolutely no presence in South Africa during any part of that calendar or fiscal year it had only been paid part of its income earned (or profit made) during the February 2007–May 2008 period when it clearly had "a permanent establishment" here. The amount it earned was referred to as "a success fee" and which it received in accordance with clause 2.2 of the amended contract it signed with X. It was the result of the operation of the same contract that formed the subject matter of this litigation. It was the money that it would have received upon the completion of its operations in 2008, but which could only be accounted for in 2009. It was not income earned (or profit) made in 2009. In a sense, it was deferred income (or profit) for the February 2007–May 2008 period. This aspect of the income (or profit) is covered by article 7(1) of the DTA which provides that the profits of an enterprise made in a State where it held "a permanent establishment" shall be taxable in that State if the profit was "attributable to that permanent establishment". This is precisely what the success fee was. The respondent correctly assessed it as part of that income (or profit) earned during 2007-2008, but since it was only paid in 2009 treated it as a 2009 assessment. Therefore, the appeal against the 2009 assessment has to fail. The levying of additional tax by the respondent 50. The respondent acting in terms of s 76(2)(a) of the ITA levied an additional tax upon the appellant to the tune of 100% of the taxation amounts due for the 2007, 2008 and 2009 years. 51. Section 76(2)(a) of the ITA allowed the respondent, in his discretion, to impose this additional tax if the taxpayer is in default of rendering a return in respect of any taxable year. 24 The maximum amount that the respondent can levy as an additional tax is 200% of the original tax liability. The respondent can waive all or part of it if he is of the opinion that there were extenuating circumstances justifying the default. In this case, the respondent initially levied the maximum amount (200%) as additional tax, but after taking note of the objection raised by the appellant, agreed that there were extenuating circumstances warranting a reduction of this additional tax to 100%. The respondent does not spell out these extenuating circumstances. He merely stated: "I have considered your submission regarding the imposition of additional tax and I have decided in terms of s 76(2) of the Act to reduce that additional tax imposed to 100%" 25 52. The appellant maintains that the respondent bears the onus to prove the facts upon which he based the penalty of 100%, and since the respondent did not adduce any evidence in this case it did not discharge the onus. No supporting authority was cited for this proposition. The respondent took issue with the imposition of the onus upon him to prove the facts that justified an imposition of a penalty. In my view, there is no need to engage with this controversy as to whether the respondent bore an onus to prove the facts justifying an imposition of a penalty, as it was common cause that the appellant did not render returns for the taxable years 2007, 2008 and 2009. Those are the facts that triggered the application of ss 76(1) and 76(2)(a) of the ITA. The respondent stated that on these facts and in terms of the said sub-sections he was entitled to impose an additional taxation of 200%, but as he found that there were extenuating circumstances in relation to the failure to render a return he deemed it 24 Except that he must impose the full penalty upon the taxpayer if the taxpayer was found to have deliberately evaded the tax. 25 Dossier, p 34 31 appropriate to reduce this additional tax to 100%. The appellant did not take issue with his finding in this regard. It merely said that he must prove the facts justifying the imposition of the additional tax, but as these facts were common cause the ground for its objection disappears. Concerning the fact that it had a strong case for a complete waiver of this additional tax because it did not deliberately ignore the South African law but just misunderstood it, it has to be borne in mind that it is an enterprise that has global reach. It operates in many foreign jurisdictions at once. It is not a novice in the area of tax liability. In fact, it admitted to being aware of the possibility of incurring a tax liability in South Africa and knowing about the DTA. Its case throughout has not been one of ignorance of the law, but of misinterpretation of it. The appellant must accept responsibility for its own error regardless of whether the error was bona fide or not. In these circumstances, it cannot be held that the respondent acted erroneously, or failed to exercise his discretion judiciously, when only waiving part of the additional tax he was entitled to impose, or that the imposition of the additional tax at all was unduly harsh. The appellant benefitted significantly from the waiver granted by the respondent. In my judgment, taking the waiver into account, it cannot be said that the additional tax imposed is disproportionately punitive. I find no fault with its imposition. Hence, its appeal against the additional tax must fail. The appeal against the interest 53. As the appellant failed to declare and pay tax 26 on its income for the years 2007, 2008 and 2009, the respondent, acting in terms of s 89quat, deemed it appropriate to charge the appellant interest because of its default. The interest was calculated at R4 303 289.59. The appellant claims that the respondent erred in so imposing interest on the amount that was due but not paid. It is the appellant's case that the respondent ought to have taken note of the fact that it did not act unreasonably by failing to meet its tax obligations in South Africa. The appellant's case is that by failing to take note of this fact the respondent did not properly exercise the discretion conferred upon him by section 89quat(3).This ground of appeal, it will be noted, is identical to the one it relied upon for its appeal against the additional tax. 54. Section 89quat(3) provides: "Where the Commissioner having regard to the circumstances of the case is satisfied that any amount has been included in the taxpayer's taxable income, or that any deduction, allowance, disregarding or exclusion claimed by the taxpayer has not been allowed, and the taxpayer has on reasonable grounds contended that such amount should not have been so included or that such deduction, allowance, disregarding or exclusion should have been allowed, the Commissioner may, subject to the provisions of section 103(6), direct that interest shall not be paid by the taxpayer on so much of the said normal tax as is attributable to the inclusion of such amount or the disallowance of such deduction, allowance, disregarding or exclusion." 55. The question to be resolved is this: did the appellant act reasonably when it did not file a tax return or pay the tax due as a result of the income earned or profits made in South Africa by virtue of the contract it had with X? The appellant, we know, is a major corporation with substantial international business operations in numerous countries. It has conducted international operations in many 26 Non-payment and underpayment of tax are treated the same for purposes of levying an interest upon such non-payment or underpayment. countries over many decades. The concept of international taxation is not alien to it. It is, or ought to be, familiar with the ideas and principles concerning double taxation agreements. It is aware that even though it is resident in the USA its operations in other countries may be subject to the taxation laws of those countries should there exist a double taxation agreement between the USA and those countries. It is a fundamental rule of business practice that a business enterprise, especially one that operates on the scale the appellant does, should familiarise itself with the taxation laws of a country in which it operates. Failure to do so would be grossly negligent, and for that reason unreasonable. The respondent claims that it did not know that it would be liable for taxation in South Africa. In fact, it was so certain that it would not be liable for taxation in South Africa, that it declared the income earned from the contract with X to the tax authorities in the USA (where it is a taxpayer, by virtue of its resident status) and paid the necessary taxation in terms of the tax laws applicable in the USA. This, it maintains, demonstrates its bona fides in failing to declare the income in South Africa and pay the tax due to the South African authorities. But there is a fundamental misconception in all of this. The appellant unilaterally decided that it is not liable for taxation in South Africa and did not bother to clarify the issue with anyone, least of all the respondent. In this, the appellant's conduct falls short of what is expected of a reasonable international corporation operating on the scale it does. The fact that it paid tax to the USA authorities for the income or profits generated in South Africa (in circumstances where it held a permanent establishment in South Africa) is of no moment to the determination of the issues in this case. That was a unilateral decision that has no bearing on whether it was liable to the respondent in terms 34 of South African law, which, of course, includes giving effect to the DTA. A further fact that weighs heavily against the appellant is that it had, and still has, the benefit of the monies retained by it as a result of its non-payment of tax due. It could have earned a return on these monies. In the meantime the respondent was denied the benefit of monies that were due to it. 56. For these reasons, it is difficult for me to conclude that the respondent was wrong or even acted irrationally or unreasonably by refusing to exercise his discretion in terms of s 89quat (3) to the advantage of the appellant. Hence, the decision of the respondent not to grant the appellant an indulgence by waiving the interest payment for its default cannot be faulted. 57. It follows that the appeal against the levying of interest by the respondent, too, has to fail. Order 58. The following orders are made: 1 The appeals against the 2007, 2008 and 2009 assessments are dismissed. 2 3 The appeals against the additional tax imposed for non-payment during the 2007, 2008 and 2009 years are dismissed. 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GENERAL NOTES 1. For additional notes and legends see Standard Drawing E 801-TCLG-01 or E 801-TCDV-02. 2. A Type C warning light will be required on tapers where there is a reduction in the number of lanes and a flashing arrow sign is used. --- DIRECTION INDICATOR BARRICADE Use: X VERTICAL PANEL (9) Use: O O O X FLEXIBLE TUBULAR MARKER Use: O X O --- PLACEMENT OF CHANNELIZING DEVICES Edge of traffic lane Tubular marker, cone, drum, or vertical panel --- CONE Use: O X O X --- DRUM (9) Use: O X --- INDIANA DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION CHANNELIZING DEVICES SEPTEMBER 2005 STANDARD DRAWING NO. E 801-TCDV-01 --- DESIGN STANDARDS ENGINEER Richard L. VonClieve REGISTERED PROFESSIONAL ENGINEER NO. 9710 STATE OF INDIANA DATE: 9-01-05 --- CHIEF HIGHWAY ENGINEER Richard K. Smutzer DATE: 9-01-05	<urn:uuid:8304474d-9dfd-41a9-9849-e30135a2ef27>	CC-MAIN-2024-22	https://www.in.gov/dot/div/contracts/standards/drawings/mar06/e/800e/E801-TCDV-01.pdf	2024-05-18T02:51:53+00:00	s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/crawl=CC-MAIN-2024-22/subset=warc/part-00297-4dd72944-e9c0-41a1-9026-dfd2d0615bf2.c000.gz.parquet	759,110,082	275	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.460428	eng_Latn	0.460428	[ "eng_Latn" ]	false	docling	[ 864 ]
Public Debt And Future Generations DOWNLOAD GOVERNMENT DEBT AND FUTURE GENERATIONS – MISES CANADA government debt and future generations. government debt and future generations. robert p. murphy. ... though its accountants can say that the outstanding public debt ... Thu, 10 Sep 2015 23:54:00 GMT ROBERT P. MURPHY, GOVERNMENT DEBT AND FUTURE GENERATIONS ... government debt and future generations. robert p. murphy* print email cite copyright. share. ... though its accountants can say that the outstanding public debt ... Sun, 31 May 2015 23:53:00 GMT PUBLIC DEBT AND FUTURE GENERATIONS - RESEARCHGATE public debt and future generations on researchgate, the professional network for scientists. Thu, 23 Mar 2017 09:58:00 GMT FUTURE GENERATIONS WILL PAY TODAY'S DEBT - THE DAILY SIGNAL ... abundantly clear that congress does not have the will to saddle this nation's debt and is instead passing it on to future generations. ... levels of public debt. 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School Administrative District 8 Board Meeting July 20, 2022 Board Members Present – Alexandra McCarthy, Chair, Rachel Noyes, Sue Dempster, Penny Lazaro and Sarah Crossman Administration Present – Dr. Monte Selby, Superintendent/Principal and Tina Davidson, Business Manager I. Call of the Roll – 5:30 All present II. Revisions to the Agenda - none II. Election of School Board Officers – R Noyes motion to elect Alexandra McCarthy Board Chair/P Lazaro seconds (4-1 abstain) R/Noyes motion to nominate Penny Lazaro Vice Chair/A McCarthy seconds (41 abstain) II. Approval of Minutes – P Lazaro motion to accept June 15, 2022 board minutes/R Noyes seconds (5-0) III. Persons desiring to address the Board - none IV. Board Chair-none V. Personnel A. New Staff A McCarthy motion to accept Robert Brown as 3 rd Grade Teacher for the 22-23 school year/S Dempster seconds (5-0) A McCarthy motion to accept Alison Pols as Director of Student Services/R Noyes seconds (5-0) R Noyes motion to accept Katie Danielson as Instructional Specialist/R Noyes seconds (5-0) Daniel Ganoza – Athletic Director William Trevaskis – Theater Manager VI. Superintendent of Schools Report The board was informed that the policy work that MSMA was going to do for the district had not been started, they never got the final okay. Monte Selby signed a new contract with them to start at level 2 with our policy updates. Charlotte Bates, MSMA will go over what we have, what needs to be added/deleted and what policies need updating. Ali McCarthy would like to have a sub committee to work on policy which would include two board members, superintendent, business manager and a teacher. That discussion will take place in the next month or two. VII. Principal's Report Update MCST – At this time there are 5 students signed up in the fall of 2022 to go to Rockland and attend MCST. Steve Burgess has a new piece of equipment (engraver/laser cutter generated by a computer) that he will be working with this coming school year. Along with Assistant Principal, Bryan Feezor, Monte will be working on the best use of time with Math Specialist, Lewis Reycroft. Allie Heckerd will be our new guidance counselor and Emily Davis, former guidance counselor will be mentoring her throughout the year. Kaylin Wu will be in the building this year as an Island Institute Fellow working in the technology department. Penny Lazaro asked about how block scheduling will work and how the Ed Techs will be scheduled in. This will be a discussion at the August board meeting once all employee positions have been filled and we know where the need is. Penny also asked about a theater teacher and at this time there will not be a full-time teacher and the hope is to have several theater-in-residence come in and work with the students throughout the school year. VIII. Questions of Board Members - none IX. Policy Consideration A. Policy Supervision and Evaluation of Professional Staff- Second Read – Ali McCarthy tabled until next meeting in August./R Noyes seconds (5-0) B. GPA Calculation Policy- Second Read – P Lazaro motion to approve and adopt Policy GPA Calculation Policy/A McCarthy seconds (5-0) X. Old Business A. Bus – The date on the bus was pushed to the end of August, first of September. Lions Electric is keeping us in the loop of when the expected arrival date will be. XI. New Business - none XII. Set date for August 2022 regular meeting – August 17 th , 2022 XIII. Adjourn – 7:00	<urn:uuid:aedb2b98-07af-4e29-af1e-e46641cb8287>	CC-MAIN-2022-40	https://www.vinalhavenschool.org/_files/ugd/eae258_9afd4e2a376345b3895aef6bcbecbe21.pdf	2022-10-05T02:54:50+00:00	s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/crawl=CC-MAIN-2022-40/subset=warc/part-00280-26160df0-1827-4787-a515-95ecaa2c9688.c000.gz.parquet	1,083,281,045	811	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.991978	eng_Latn	0.995599	[ "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn" ]	false	rolmOCR	[ 1755, 3493 ]
Dear Investor Re: FSSA Japan Focus Fund (the "Fund") We are writing to you as an investor in the Fund to let you know that a review is underway regarding the ongoing viability of the investment strategy. First Sentier Investors ("FSI") is committed to offering high quality investment products to meet the needs and expectations of our investors. The business has an ongoing focus to ensure that funds remain relevant, competitive and deliver high-quality long-term investment performance. As such, and following careful consideration, FSI has made the decision to review the future viability of our Japan equity strategies which includes the FSSA Japan Focus Fund. FSI will be writing to you again in the coming weeks to notify you of the outcome of this review. In the interim, please rest assured that the Fund will continue to be actively managed in accordance with its stated investment objective and policy. If you have any questions about the detail of this letter then you can contact us by telephone, by email, or in writing using the correspondence details at the top of this letter. FSI is not permitted to offer independent financial advice so if you are uncertain as to what the details of this letter mean for your financial position then we recommend that you consult with an independent financial advisor. Yours faithfully Harry Moore Global Head of Distribution, Marketing & Communications First Sentier Investors Correspondence address Client Services PO Box 404 Darlington DL1 9UZ Client Services 0800 587 4141 +44 20 3528 4102 Email [email protected] firstsentierinvestors.com ISINs The ISINs for the various share classes in the Fund are listed below:	<urn:uuid:d6dec8ea-8ac3-4e17-a71a-5fa0d18a47d2>	CC-MAIN-2024-42	https://www.firstsentierinvestors.com/content/dam/web/fsi/assets/emea/literature/shareholder-notifications/first-sentier-investors-fssa-japan-equity-strategies-oeic-may-2024.pdf	2024-10-09T21:22:05+00:00	s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/crawl=CC-MAIN-2024-42/subset=warc/part-00172-0c083cf2-c0ed-42ad-af5c-44f7548e96a0.c000.gz.parquet	680,071,446	350	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.996047	eng_Latn	0.996459	[ "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn" ]	false	rolmOCR	[ 1613, 1691 ]
There's No Such Thing as a Reading Test Real literacy involves learning about the world, not just letters and sounds. E.D. Hirsch and Robert Pondiscio \| June 13, 2010 It is among the most common of nightmares. You dream of taking a test for which you are completely unprepared -- you've never studied the material or even attended the course. For millions of American schoolchildren, it is a nightmare from which they cannot wake, a trial visited upon them each year when the law requires them to take reading tests with little preparation. Sure, formally preparing for reading tests has become more than just a ritual for schools. It is practically their raison d'etre! Yet students are not prepared in the way they need to be. Schools and teachers may indeed be making a Herculean effort to raise reading scores, but these efforts do little to improve reading achievement and to prepare children for college, a career, and a lifetime of productive, engaged citizenship. This wasted effort is not because our teachers are lazy or of low quality. Rather, too many of our schools labor under fundamental misconceptions about reading comprehension -- how it works, how to improve it, and how to test it. Reading, like riding a bike, is an ability we acquire as children and generally never lose. Some of us are more confident on two wheels than others, and some of us, we are told, are better readers than others. The culture of testing treats reading ability as a broad, generalized skill that is easily measured and assessed. We judge our schools and increasingly individual teachers based on their ability to improve the reading skills of our children. When you think about your ability to read -if you think about it at all -- the chances are good that you perceive it as not just a skill but a readily transferable skill. Once you learn how to read you can competently read a novel, a newspaper article, or the latest memo from corporate headquarters. Reading is reading is reading. Either you can do it, or you cannot. This view of reading is only partially correct. The ability to translate written symbols into sounds, commonly called "decoding," is indeed a skill that can be taught and mastered. This explains why you are able to "read" nonsense words such as "rigfap" or "churbit." Once a child masters letter-sound correspondence, or phonics, we might say she can read because she can reproduce the sounds represented by written language. But clearly there's more to reading than making sounds. To be fully literate is to have the communicative power of language at your command -- to read, write, listen, and speak with understanding. As nearly any elementary schoolteacher can attest, it is possible to decode skillfully yet struggle with comprehension. And reading comprehension, the ability to extract meaning from text, is not transferable. Cognitive scientists describe comprehension as domain specific. If a baseball fan reads "A-Rod hit into a 6-4-3 double play to end the game," he needs not another word to understand that the New York Yankees lost when Alex Rodriguez came up to bat with a man on first base and one out and then hit a groundball to the shortstop, who threw to the second baseman, who relayed to first in time to catch Rodriguez for the final out. If you've never heard of A-Rod or a 6-4-3 double play and cannot reconstruct the game situation, you are not a poor reader. You merely lack the domain-specific knowledge of baseball to fill in the gaps. Even simple texts, like those on reading tests, are filled with gaps -- presumed domain knowledge -- that the writer assumes the reader knows. Research also tells us that familiarity with domain knowledge increases fluency, broadens vocabulary (you can pick up words in context), and enables deeper reading and listening comprehension. Think of reading as a two-lock box, requiring two keys to open. The first key is decoding skills. The second key is oral language, vocabulary, and domain -- specific or background knowledge sufficient to understand what is being decoded. Even this simple understanding of reading enables us to see that the very idea of an abstract skill called "reading comprehension" is illinformed. Yet most U.S. schools teach reading as if both decoding and comprehension are transferable skills. Worse, we test our children's reading ability without regard to whether we have given them the requisite background knowledge they need to be successful. Researchers have consistently demonstrated that in order to understand what you're reading, you need to know something about the subject matter. Students who are identified as "poor readers" comprehend with relative ease when asked to read passages on familiar subjects, outperforming even "good readers" who lack relevant background knowledge. One well-known study looked at junior high school students judged to be either good or poor readers in terms of their ability to decode or read aloud fluently. Some knew a lot about baseball, while others knew little. The children read a passage written at an early fifth-grade reading level, describing the action in a game. As they read, they were asked to move models of ballplayers around a replica baseball diamond to illustrate the action in the passage. If reading comprehension were a transferable skill that could be taught, practiced, and mastered, then the students who were "good" readers should have had no trouble outperforming the "poor" readers. Just the opposite happened. Poor readers with high content knowledge outperformed good readers with low content knowledge. Such findings should challenge our very idea of who is or is not good reader: If reading is the means by which we receive ideas and information, then the good reader is the one who best understands the author's words. You have probably experienced the uncomfortable sensation of feeling like a poor reader when struggling to understand a new product warranty, directions for installing a computer operating system, or some other piece of writing where your lack of background knowledge left you feeling out of your depth. Your rate of reading slows. You find yourself repeating sentences to make sure you understand. If this happens only rarely to you, it is because you possess a broad range of background knowledge -- the more you know, the more you are able to communicate and comprehend. The implications of this insight for teaching children to read should be obvious: The more domain knowledge our children receive, the more capable they will become as readers. *** The message has not yet reached American classrooms. A stubborn belief in reading comprehension as a transferable skill combined with the immense pressures of testing and accountability results in ever more time being wasted on scattered, trivial, and incoherent reading. A study sponsored by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development found that only 4 percent of first-grade class time in American elementary schools is spent on science and only 2 percent, on social studies. In third grade, about 5 percent of class time goes to each of these subjects. Meanwhile a whopping 62 percent in first grade and 47 percent in third grade is spent on language arts. Most young American children spend anywhere from 90 minutes to two and a half hours a day in something educators call "the literacy block," an extended period that might include reading aloud, small-group "guided reading," independent writing, and other activities aimed at increasing children's verbal skills. Reading instruction largely focuses on teaching and practicing reading -- comprehension strategies -- helping students to find the main idea of a passage and make inferences or identify the author's purpose. The general idea is to arm young readers with a suite of all-purpose tricks and tips for thinking about reading that can be applied to any text the child encounters. Careful readers may be thinking, "If the ability to understand what you read is a function of your domain-specific background knowledge, then how is it possible to teach allpurpose reading strategies?" Reading strategies figured prominently in the 2000 report of the National Reading Panel, based on evidence that reading strategies work -- which they do, to a point. Reading-comprehension scores tend to go up after instruction in strategies, but it's a onetime boost. The major contribution of such instruction is to help beginning readers know that text, like speech, is supposed to make sense. If someone says something you don't understand, you can always ask that person to repeat, explain, or give an example. Reading strategies offer similar workarounds for print. They're not useless, but repeated practice seems to have little or no effect on scores. "The mistaken idea that reading is a skill -- learn to crack the code, practice comprehension strategies, and you can read anything -- may be the single biggest factor holding back reading achievement in the country," Daniel T. Willingham, professor of psychology at the University of Virginia, recently wrote in The Washington Post. "Students will not meet standards that way. The knowledge base problem must be solved." If our schools understood and acted upon the clear evidence that domain-specific content knowledge is foundational to literacy, reading instruction might look very different in our children's classrooms. Rather than idle away precious hours on trivial stories or randomly chosen nonfiction, reading, writing, and listening instruction would be built into the study of ancient civilizations in first grade, for example, Greek mythology in second, or the human body in third. Recently, the Core Knowledge Foundation has been piloting precisely such a language-arts program in a small number of schools in New York City and elsewhere. Initial results are promising; however, building domain knowledge is a long-term proposition. All reading tests are cumulative. The measurable benefit of broad background knowledge can take years to reveal itself. At present, teachers are tacitly discouraged from taking the long view. Indeed, what incentive would second-grade teachers have to emphasize content that might not show up on a test until sixth grade, if even then? There is more upside for teachers in doing exactly what they chiefly do now -- test prep, skills, and strategies -- unless we actively promote a domain-specific approach to language arts. Consider a reasonable, simple, even elegant alternative to replace the vicious circle of narrowed curriculum and comprehension skills of limited efficacy, which over time depress reading achievement. By tying the content of reading tests to specific curricular content, the circle becomes virtuous. Here's how it would work: Let's say a state's fourth-grade science standards include the circulatory system, atoms and molecules, electricity, and Earth's geologic layers and weather; and social-studies standards include world geography, Europe in the Middle Ages, the American Revolution, and the U.S. Constitution, among other domains. The state's reading tests should include not just fiction and poetry but nonfiction readings on those topics and others culled from those specific curriculum standards. Teachers would still teach to the test, emphasizing domain-specific knowledge (because it might be on the test), but no one would object, because it would help students not only pass the current year's test but build the broad background knowledge that enables them to become stronger readers in general. The benefits of such "curriculum-based reading tests" would be many: Tests would be fairer and offer a better reflection of how well a student had learned the particular year's curriculum. The tests would also exhibit "consequential validity," meaning they would actually improve education. Instead of wasted hours of mind-numbing test prep and reading-strategy lessons of limited value, the best test-taking strategy would be learning the material in the curriculum standards -- a true virtuous circle. By contrast, let's imagine what it is like to be a fourth-grade boy in a struggling South Bronx elementary school, sitting for a high-stakes reading test. If you do not pass, you face summer school or repeating the grade. Because the school has large numbers of students below grade level, it has drastically cut back on science, social studies, art, music -- even gym and recess -- to focus on reading and math. You have spent the year learning and practicing reading strategies. Your teacher, worried about her performance, has relentlessly hammered test-taking strategies for months. The test begins, and the very first passage concerns the customs of the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam. You do not know what a custom is; neither do you know who the Dutch were, or even what a colony is. You have never heard of Amsterdam, old or new. Certainly it's never come up in class. Without background knowledge, you struggle with most of the passages on the test. You never had a chance. Meanwhile, across town, more affluent students take and pass the test with ease. They are no brighter or more capable than you are, but because they have wider general knowledge -- as students who come from advantaged backgrounds so often do -- the test is not much of a challenge. Those who think reading is a transferable skill and take background knowledge for granted may well wonder what all the fuss is about. Those kids and teachers in the Bronx struggle all year and fail to get ready for this? Why, all the answers are right there on the page! It ends, as it inevitably must, in the finger-pointing that plagues American education. But do not blame the tests. Taxpayers are entitled to know if the schools they support are any good, and reading tests, all things considered, are quite reliable. Do not blame the test writers. They have no idea what topics are being taught in school and their job is done when tests show certain technical characteristics. It is unfair to blame teachers, because they are mainly operating to the best of their ability using the methods in which they were trained. And let's not blame the parents of our struggling young man in the South Bronx. Is it unreasonable to assume that a child who dutifully goes to school every day will gain access to the same rich, enabling domains of knowledge that more affluent children take for granted? It's not unreasonable at all. That's what schools are supposed to be for. The only unreasonable thing is our refusal to see reading for what it really is and to teach and test accordingly.	<urn:uuid:57497756-16a1-4be8-ade7-bbcfb1dd99d8>	CC-MAIN-2023-40	https://www.cosa.k12.or.us/sites/default/files/materials/events/65_e.d._hirsch.pdf	2023-10-01T08:54:03+00:00	s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/crawl=CC-MAIN-2023-40/subset=warc/part-00286-7aa0a1e5-33a6-434b-89a2-950f294b40c1.c000.gz.parquet	779,082,612	2,836	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.999162	eng_Latn	0.999086	[ "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn" ]	false	rolmOCR	[ 3333, 7255, 10477, 14457, 14647 ]
Delivering Consistent, Sustainable Earnings Kevin Glass Senior Executive Vice-President and Chief Financial Officer Barclays Capital Financial Services Conference September 13, 2011 A Note about Forward-Looking Statements From time to time, we make written or oral forward-looking statements within the meaning of certain securities laws, including in this presentation, in other filings with Canadian securities regulators or the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission and in other communications. These statements include, but are not limited to, statements about our operations, business lines, financial condition, risk management, priorities, targets, ongoing objectives, strategies and outlook for 2011 and subsequent periods. Forward-looking statements are typically identified by the words “believe”, “expect”, “anticipate”, “intend”, “estimate” and other similar expressions or future or conditional verbs such as “will”, “should”, “would” and “could”. By their nature, these statements require us to make assumptions and are subject to inherent risks and uncertainties that may be general or specific. A variety of factors, many of which are beyond our control, affect our operations, performance and results and could cause actual results to differ materially from the expectations expressed in any of our forward-looking statements. These factors include credit, market, liquidity, strategic, operational, reputation and legal, regulatory and environmental risk; legislative or regulatory developments in the jurisdictions where we operate; amendments to, and interpretations of, risk-based capital guidelines and reporting instructions; the resolution of legal proceedings and related matters; the effect of changes to accounting standards, rules and interpretations; changes in our estimates of reserves and allowances; changes in tax laws; changes to our credit ratings; political conditions and developments; the possible effect on our business of international conflicts and the war on terror; natural disasters, public health emergencies, disruptions to public infrastructure and other catastrophic events; reliance on third parties to provide components of our business infrastructure; the accuracy and completeness of information provided to us by clients and counterparties; the failure of third parties to comply with their obligations to us and our affiliates; intensifying competition from established competitors and new entrants in the financial services industry; technological change; global capital market activity; changes in monetary and economic policy; currency value fluctuations; general business and economic conditions worldwide, as well as in Canada, the U.S. and other countries where we have operations; changes in market rates and prices which may adversely affect the value of financial products; our success in developing and introducing new products and services, expanding existing distribution channels, developing new distribution channels and realizing increased revenue from these channels; changes in client spending and saving habits; our ability to attract and retain key employees and executives; and our ability to anticipate and manage the risks associated with these factors. This list is not exhaustive of the factors that may affect any of our forward-looking statements. These and other factors should be considered carefully and readers should not place undue reliance on our forward-looking statements. We do not undertake to update any forward-looking statement that is contained in this presentation or in other communications except as required by law. Investor Relations contacts: Geoff Weiss, Vice-President (416) 980-5093 Investor Relations Fax Number (416) 980-5028 Visit the Investor Relations section at www.cibc.com Canadian Economy - Balanced budget for 11 consecutive years (1998 to 2008) and on track to eliminate deficit by 2016 - Strong record of economic growth - IMF forecasts Canada’s recovery to be one of the strongest among the G7 countries\(^{(1)}\) - One of the lowest sovereign credit default swap levels \(^{(1)}\) International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook June, 2011. \(^{(2)}\) Fiscal Year from April-March. For example, the 2009 Fiscal Year period is from April 2008-March 2009. Canadian Banking System - Strong regulator (OSFI) with a clear mandate (safety and soundness) - Canadian banks weathered the global recession very well (no systemic support and no dividend cuts) - Capital levels are well above regulatory requirements and global standards - Strong structural elements to Canadian mortgage lending Canadian banks Tier 1 Ratio – Average \| Year \| Ratio \| \|--------\|-------\| \| 2008 \| 9.6% \| \| 2009 \| 11.7% \| \| 2010 \| 13.1% \| \| Q3 2011\| 13.1% \| 10-year Bank Returns - Canada: 175% - Australia: 145% - US: -38% - Europe: -46% - UK: -42% CIBC (CM: TSX; NYSE) - Canadian-based global financial institution - Approximately 42,000 employees - Three strategic business units: - Retail and Business Banking - Wealth Management - Wholesale Banking - 11 million individual, small business, commercial, corporate and institutional clients - Valuation: - Dividend yield of 4.78% - Forward P/E (2012) ratio of 9.5 Senior Deposit Ratings/Outlook \| Rating Agency \| Rating \| \|---------------\|------------\| \| Moody's \| Aa2/Stable \| \| S&P \| A+/Stable \| \| Fitch \| AA-/Stable \| \| DBRS \| AA/Stable \| Market Capitalization - July 31, 2011: C$29.1B - Canada: #5 - North America: #11 Total Assets - July 31, 2011: C$362.6B - Canada: #5 - North America: #9 Tier 1 Capital Ratio - July 31, 2011: 14.6% - Canada: #1 - North America: #2 Canada Rank is relative to the other 5 major Canadian banks (BMO, BNS, RY, TD, NA). North America rank is relative to the other 5 major Canadian banks and BAC, JPM, C, WFC, USB, BK, PNG, STT, COF, BBT, NTRS, STI, FITB. Business Mix Economic Capital (1) - Wholesale: 23% - Retail: 77% Year to Date Revenue (TEB) ($MM) - Retail and Business Banking: 64% - Wealth Management: 14% - Wholesale Banking: 16% - International: 5% - Other: 2% (1) Non GAAP measure. See slide 21 (2) Includes Retail and Business Banking, Wealth Management and International Banking (reported as part of Corporate and Other) Strong Capital Position - Industry leading Basel II Tier 1: 14.6% - Basel III common equity ratio: 8.2% - Early mover towards meeting Basel III NVCC non-common equity requirements - Reducing non-common equity that doesn’t count under Basel III (1) Includes BMO, BNS, RY, TD and NA (2) Includes BMO, TD and NA Capital: Active Management and Deployment Optimizing capital structure: - Redeeming preferred shares - >$1.0B with call dates in 2012 - >$0.8B with call dates beyond 2012 - Accretive to earnings by ~$0.18 per share Dividends: - +$0.03 common share dividend increase Investing for Growth - Organically and through strategic investments Solid Year To Date Results \| \| Revenue ($B) \| Net Income ($MM) \| Earnings per share ($) \| Return on Equity (%) \| \|----------------\|--------------\|------------------\|------------------------\|----------------------\| \| YTD 2010 \| 8.8 \| 1,958 \| 4.77 \| 21.2 \| \| Q1 \| 3.1 \| 811 \| 1.97 \| 23.7 \| \| Q2 \| 3.0 \| 728 \| 1.75 \| 21.5 \| \| Q3 \| 3.1 \| 794 \| 1.91 \| 21.1 \| \| YTD 2011 \| 9.2 \| 2,333 \| 5.63 \| 22.1 \| (1) Adjusted for items of note. Non-GAAP measure. See slides 21 and 22. Our Strategic Imperative and Priorities Consistent, sustainable performance over the long term Competitive in core businesses Strong fundamentals Capital Productivity Risk \| Category \| Balances ($B) \| Y/Y Growth (%) \| Market Position \| \|--------------------------------\|---------------\|----------------\|-----------------\| \| Cards, outstandings \| 15.5 \| 18.5 \| #1 \| \| Mortgages \| 143.6 \| 13.7 \| #2 \| \| Personal Deposits & GICs \| 108.1 \| 16.6 \| #3 \| \| Business Deposits \| 32.6 \| 14.5 \| #3 \| \| Business Lending \| 32.4 \| 16.8 \| #4 \| \| Personal Lending \| 31.0 \| 8.1 \| #5 \| (1) Spot balances at July 31, 2011. (2) Administered assets. Non-GAAP measure. See slide 21. Supporting Growth - Leadership in Credit Cards - Significant Branch Investment - Innovation in Mobile - Investing in our Brand Retail and Business Banking \| \| Revenue ($MM) \| Net Income ($MM) \| \|----------------\|---------------\|------------------\| \| Q310 YTD \| 5,612 \| 1,338 \| \| Q311 YTD \| 5,904 \| 1,545 \| Wealth Management Wood Gundy Balances ($B) - Q310: 105.7 - Q311: 115.1 (#2 Market Position) Mutual Fund Balances ($B) - Q310: 46.2 - Q311: 52.1 (#4 Market Position) Revenue ($MM) - Q310 YTD: 1,101 - Q311 YTD: 1,240 Net Income ($MM) - Q310 YTD: 171 - Q311 YTD: 214 American Century Investments - Acquired a 41% equity interest in American Century - Transaction closed on August 31, 2011 - Expected to be $0.15 accretive to 2012 earnings - American Century is ranked 2nd overall among top 25 fund companies in the U.S., with 77% of assets having a 4/5 star Morningstar rating \| Service \| Market Position \| \|-------------------------------\|-----------------\| \| Equity Trading \| #1 \| \| Equity New Issues \| #1 \| \| Gov’t Debt New Issues \| #2 \| \| Syndicated Lending \| #2 \| \| Corporate Debt New Issues \| #2 \| \| Mergers & Acquisitions \| #3 \| \| Business Lending \| #4 \| 1 Equity Trading, Equity New Issues and Mergers & Acquisitions are on a fiscal year basis (November 1, 2010 to July 31, 2011). Gov’t Debt New Issues, Syndicated Lending and Corporate Debt New Issues are on a calendar year basis (January 1 to June 30, 2011). Corporate Lending is as at March 31, 2011. Supporting Growth - Core Canadian Businesses - International Lending - US Real Estate Finance - Foreign Exchange - Infrastructure Finance - Investing in Technology Wholesale Banking Wholesale Banking Net Income ($MM) \| Quarter \| Net Income ($MM) \| \|---------\|-----------------\| \| Q110 \| 179 \| \| Q210 \| 132 \| \| Q310 \| 121 \| \| Q410 \| 66 \| \| Q111 \| 185 \| \| Q211 \| 162 \| \| Q311 \| 158 \| Value At Risk ($MM) \| Year/Quarter \| Value At Risk ($MM) \| \|--------------\|---------------------\| \| 2009 \| 4.4 \| \| 2010 \| 4.1 \| \| 2011 YTD \| 7.1 \| \| Q311 (Spot) \| 3.5 \| (1) Excluding items of note. Non-GAAP measure. See slides 21 and 22. Our Strategic Imperative and Priorities Consistent, sustainable performance over the long term Competitive in core businesses Strong fundamentals Capital Productivity Risk Delivering Consistent, Sustainable Earnings Kevin Glass Senior Executive Vice-President and Chief Financial Officer Barclays Capital Financial Services Conference September 13, 2011 Performance measurement We use a number of financial measures to assess the performance of our business lines. Some measures are calculated in accordance with GAAP, while other measures do not have a standardized meaning under GAAP, and, accordingly, these measures may not be comparable to similar measures used by other companies. Investors may find these non-GAAP financial measures useful in analyzing financial performance. For a more detailed discussion on our non-GAAP measures, see page 42 of CIBC’s 2010 Annual Accountability Report and page i of the Q3/11 Supplementary Financial Information, both available on www.cibc.com. Adjusted results Results adjusted for certain items represent non-GAAP financial measures. CIBC believes that these measures provide a fuller understanding of operations. Investors may find non-GAAP measures useful in analyzing financial performance. Investor Relations Contacts: Geoff Weiss Vice-President 416-980-5093 Jason Patchett Director 416-980-8691 Anu Shrivats Director 416-980-2556 Visit us in the Investor Relations section at www.cibc.com ## Reconciliation of GAAP to Non-GAAP measures ### CIBC $MM, unless otherwise indicated #### Revenue \| \| YTD 2010 \| Q111 \| Q211 \| Q311 \| YTD 2011 \| \|----------------------\|----------\|--------\|--------\|--------\|----------\| \| Reported \| 8,831 \| 3,101 \| 2,889 \| 3,057 \| 9,047 \| \| Add: Adjustment for TEB \| -27 \| -39 \| -45 \| -49 \| 133 \| \| Revenue (TEB) \| 8,804 \| 3,140 \| 2,934 \| 3,106 \| 9,180 \| \| MTM on Credit Derivatives on Corporate Loans \| -17 \| - \| - \| - \| - \| \| Structured Credit run-off \| (20) \| 50 \| 48 \| 1 \| 99 \| \| Reversal of interest expense re. tax audits \| (30) \| - \| - \| - \| - \| \| Gain on sale re. CIBC Mellon Trust issuer business \| - \| (43) \| - \| - \| (43) \| \| Adjusted Revenue (TEB) \| 8,825 \| 3,147 \| 2,982 \| 3,107 \| 9,236 \| #### Net Income \| \| YTD 2010 \| Q111 \| Q211 \| Q311 \| YTD 2011 \| \|----------------------\|----------\|--------\|--------\|--------\|----------\| \| Reported \| 1,952 \| 799 \| 678 \| 808 \| 2,285 \| \| Structured credit run-off \| 39 \| 49 \| 50 \| 13 \| 112 \| \| Mark-to-market on corporate loan hedging \| 12 \| - \| - \| - \| - \| \| Reversal of interest expense re. tax audits \| (17) \| - \| - \| - \| - \| \| Reversal of provision for credit losses in the general allowance \| (53) \| - \| - \| (27) \| (27) \| \| Tax related items \| 25 \| - \| - \| - \| - \| \| Gain on sale re. CIBC Mellon Trust issuer business \| - \| (37) \| - \| - \| (37) \| \| Adjusted Net Income \| 1,958 \| 811 \| 728 \| 794 \| 2,333 \| \| Less: Preferred Share Dividends and Premiums \| 127 \| 42 \| 42 \| 55 \| 139 \| \| Adjusted Net Income to Common Shareholders \| 1,831 \| 769 \| 686 \| 739 \| 2,194 \| \| Average Common Shareholders Equity \| 11,561 \| 12,870 \| 13,102 \| 13,691 \| 13,290 \| \| Adjusted ROE \| 21.2%\| 23.7% \| 21.9% \| 21.1% \| 22.1% \| #### Cash Diluted EPS ($) \| \| YTD 2010 \| Q111 \| Q211 \| Q311 \| YTD 2011 \| \|----------------------\|----------\|--------\|--------\|--------\|----------\| \| Reported \| 4.76 \| 1.94 \| 1.62 \| 1.91 \| 5.48 \| \| Structured credit run-off \| 0.10 \| 0.12 \| 0.13 \| (0.03) \| 0.22 \| \| Mark-to-market on corporate loan hedging \| 0.03 \| - \| - \| - \| - \| \| Reversal of interest expense re. tax audits \| (0.04) \| - \| - \| - \| - \| \| Reversal of provision for credit losses in the general allowance \| (0.14) \| - \| - \| 0.06 \| 0.06 \| \| Tax related items \| 0.06 \| - \| - \| - \| - \| \| Gain on sale re. CIBC Mellon Trust issuer business \| - \| (0.09) \| - \| - \| (0.09) \| \| Premium on Preferred Share Redemptions \| - \| - \| - \| (0.03) \| (0.03) \| \| Adjusted Cash Diluted EPS \| 4.77 \| 1.97 \| 1.75 \| 1.91 \| 5.63 \| ### CIBC $MM #### Wholesale Banking Net Income – Reported \| \| Q110 \| Q210 \| Q310 \| Q410 \| Q111 \| Q211 \| Q311 \| \|----------------------\|------\|------\|------\|------\|------\|------\|------\| \| (Loss)/Gain on Structured Credit Run-off Activities \| 184 \| 189 \| 25 \| (56) \| 136 \| 112 \| 145 \| \| Mark-to-Market on Credit Derivatives re. Corporate Loan Hedges \| 17 \| 40 \| (96) \| (122)\| (49) \| (50) \| (13) \| \| Reversal of Interest Expense related to favourable conclusion tax audits \| (12) \| - \| - \| - \| - \| - \| - \| \| Adjusted Net Income \| 179 \| 132 \| 121 \| 66 \| 185 \| 162 \| 158 \|	<urn:uuid:218a1636-c121-4db2-b9c5-a2174afd80ea>	CC-MAIN-2020-45	https://www.cibc.com/content/dam/about_cibc/investor_relations/pdfs/events_and_presentations/2011/glass-barclay-2011.pdf	2020-10-20T12:18:53+00:00	s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/crawl=CC-MAIN-2020-45/subset=warc/part-00166-6409130e-6e9b-44d1-90ec-9f9d0ade2504.c000.gz.parquet	677,141,479	4,305	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.772147	eng_Latn	0.959151	[ "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "unknown", "swe_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn" ]	false	docling	[ 183, 3792, 4287, 4874, 5943, 6327, 6639, 6984, 7793, 7972, 8756, 8885, 9131, 9404, 9716, 10488, 10654, 11307, 11486, 11671, 12785, 16636 ]
204C.08 OPENING OF POLLING PLACES. Subdivision 1. [Renumbered subd 1c] Subd. 1a. [Renumbered subd 1d] Subd. 1b. Arrival; ballots. The election judges shall meet at the polling place at least one hour before the time for opening the polls. Before the polls open, the election judges shall compare the ballots used with the sample ballots, electronic ballot displays, and audio ballot reader furnished to see that the names, numbers, and letters on both agree and shall certify to that fact on forms provided for that purpose. The certification must be filed with the election returns. Subd. 1c. Display of flag. Upon their arrival at the polling place on the day of election, the election judges shall cause the national flag to be displayed on a suitable staff at the entrance to the polling place. The flag shall be displayed continuously during the hours of voting and the election judges shall attest to that fact by signing the flag certification statement on the precinct summary statement. The election judges shall receive no compensation for any time during which they intentionally fail to display the flag as required by this subdivision. Subd. 1d. Voter's Bill of Rights. The county auditor shall prepare and provide to each polling place sufficient copies of a poster setting forth the Voter's Bill of Rights as set forth in this section. Before the hours of voting are scheduled to begin, the election judges shall post it in a conspicuous location or locations in the polling place. The Voter's Bill of Rights is as follows: "VOTER'S BILL OF RIGHTS For all persons residing in this state who meet federal voting eligibility requirements: (1) You have the right to be absent from work for the purpose of voting in a state, federal, or regularly scheduled election without reduction to your pay, personal leave, or vacation time on election day for the time necessary to appear at your polling place, cast a ballot, and return to work. (2) If you are in line at your polling place any time before 8:00 p.m., you have the right to vote. (3) If you can provide the required proof of residence, you have the right to register to vote and to vote on election day. (4) If you are unable to sign your name, you have the right to orally confirm your identity with an election judge and to direct another person to sign your name for you. (5) You have the right to request special assistance when voting. (6) If you need assistance, you may be accompanied into the voting booth by a person of your choice, except by an agent of your employer or union or a candidate. (7) You have the right to bring your minor children into the polling place and into the voting booth with you. (8) You have the right to vote if you are not currently incarcerated for conviction of a felony offense. (9) If you are under a guardianship, you have the right to vote, unless the court order revokes your right to vote. (10) You have the right to vote without anyone in the polling place trying to influence your vote. (11) If you make a mistake or spoil your ballot before it is submitted, you have the right to receive a replacement ballot and vote. (12) You have the right to file a written complaint at your polling place if you are dissatisfied with the way an election is being run. (13) You have the right to take a sample ballot into the voting booth with you. (14) You have the right to take a copy of this Voter's Bill of Rights into the voting booth with you." Subd. 2. Posting of voting instructions. Before the hours for voting are scheduled to begin, the election judges shall post any official voter instruction posters furnished to them in a conspicuous location or locations in the polling place. Subd. 2a. Sample ballots. At least two sample ballots must be posted in a conspicuous location in the polling place and must remain open to inspection by the voters throughout election day. The sample ballots must accurately reflect the offices, candidates, and rotation sequence on the ballots used in that polling place. The sample ballots may be either in full or reduced size. Subd. 3. Locking of ballot box. Immediately before the time when voting is scheduled to begin, one of the election judges shall open the ballot box in the presence of the individuals assembled at the polling place, demonstrate that it is empty, lock it, and deliver the key to another election judge. Except as provided by law or rule, the box shall not be reopened until after the hours for voting have ended and all voting has been concluded. The box shall be kept in public view at all times during voting hours. After locking the ballot box, the election judges shall proclaim that voting may begin, and shall post outside the polling place conspicuous written or printed notices of the time when voting is scheduled to end. Subd. 4. Ballot box boxcar seals. The governing body of a municipality or school district by resolution may direct the municipal or school district clerk to furnish a boxcar seal for each ballot box in place of a lock and key. Each seal shall consist of a numbered strap with a self-locking device securely attached to one end of the strap so that the other end may be inserted and securely locked in the seal. No two straps shall bear the same number. History: 1981 c 29 art 5 s 8; 1983 c 253 s 11; 1987 c 266 art 1 s 37; 1997 c 147 s 37; 2004 c 293 art 1 s 30; 2005 c 156 art 6 s 44; 2010 c 201 s 36; 2014 c 264 s 17; 2015 c 70 art 1 s 34; 2023 c 12 s 4	<urn:uuid:df70fae4-5262-440c-baed-ebc1bfbad731>	CC-MAIN-2025-08	https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/204C.08/pdf	2025-02-15T11:38:23+00:00	s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/crawl=CC-MAIN-2025-08/subset=warc/part-00276-b184e832-acd1-425a-bab7-895830f2748a.c000.gz.parquet	862,776,685	1,309	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.99562	eng_Latn	0.995649	[ "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn" ]	false	rolmOCR	[ 3045, 5535 ]
Valuation of a Novel Pest Control Technology in Agriculture Background & Objectives: A SME biotechnology company asked IP Pragmatics to undertake a detailed assessment of the market opportunity for their novel insect control technology in agriculture. This information was required by the company as part of its business case to underpin a new round of Venture Capital Investment. Approach: In completing the comprehensive market opportunity assessment IP Pragmatics utilised a combination of desk research (i.e. public records, news reports, subscription competitive intelligence tools, subscription patent searching & mapping tool), dialog with key individuals in the client company and its prior experience of assessing technologies in the agriculture pest control sector. The information was used to compile an overall market value for the technology using a number of different comparators: - Market approach – by correlating data from the existing insect control markets around the world and estimating the potential share of this market that is available to the new technology based on a range of different assumptions and scenarios. - Income approach - by completing detailed cash flow income estimates for a list of the top 10 insect targets, which were identified from analysis of crop control and crop loss estimates. The market values generated by the two different approaches were combined to present an overall landscape of the potential market for the technology and to identify the key insect pest/crop combinations that should be addressed as highest priorities based on value. Result: The client was provided with a report that detailed the overall market potential for the technology in agriculture including the information used to inform the valuation process, along with the assumptions made and the result of the different valuation methods. The client was able to use the valuation report as evidence to support its new fund raising activities. Based on the success of the first report, the client retained the further services of IP Pragmatics to undertake a more detailed analysis of the Indian agriculture sector and opportunities for its technology. This additional information is being used by the client to inform its negotiations with a potential business partner in the region.	<urn:uuid:43addabe-4e7a-495f-8d2a-83a5323586cc>	CC-MAIN-2017-22	http://ip-pragmatics.com/downloads/pdf/Case%20Study%20-%20Pest%20Control%20Technology%20Valuation.pdf	2017-05-25T03:00:41Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463607963.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20170525025250-20170525045250-00133.warc.gz	180,452,412	400	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.993441	eng_Latn	0.993441	[ "eng_Latn" ]	false	docling	[ 2317 ]
Offline Donor Tracking Form Use this form to track your offline donations as they are received. This will provide you with a quick reference when it comes time to turn in the donations you have collected offline. It can also help you keep track of who you need to thank. Please convert cash into a personal check made payable to the Autism Society of Greater Akron and turn in all donations with this form. All donations must be received by Monday, June 11 to qualify for SWAG prizes and event shirts. After this date, all are subject to the quantity and sizes available on Event Day. \| Donor Name \| Amount \| Check/Cash \| \|---\|---\|---\| 703 S. Main StreetAkron, OH 44311 330.940.1441 [email protected]	<urn:uuid:bc14605b-b25c-444a-ada1-5331a1367007>	CC-MAIN-2018-51	https://s3.amazonaws.com/media.racebx.com/transfer/doc/5/a/6/5a696c9b-35fc-494f-a7ba-59c05206f5f9/Offline_Donor_Tracking_2018.pdf	2018-12-16T10:05:34Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376827639.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20181216095437-20181216121437-00445.warc.gz	741,412,023	182	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.995742	eng_Latn	0.995742	[ "eng_Latn" ]	false	rolmOCR	[ 711 ]
Juliana D. Hunter Counsel, Houston Tax; Tax Controversy and Litigation Education J.D., Stanford Law School, 2010 B.A., Rice University, 2007 B.Mus., Rice University, 2007 Bar Admissions Texas Juliana Hunter represents corporations, partnerships and individuals in all phases of tax controversy and pre-controversy. Ms. Hunter advises clients on a wide array of complex tax disputes involving issues such as international tax, consolidated returns, transfer pricing, valuation, bankruptcy, executive compensation and benefits, validity of regulations, partnerships and other matters. Her experience ranges from counseling on risk assessments and audits to all aspects of litigation. Matters on which Ms. Hunter advised prior to joining Skadden include: - Estate of Elkins v. Commissioner, a victory resulting in valuation discounts ranging from 52% to 80% on fractional interests in artwork - Anadarko Petroleum Corp. v. United States, involving a complex Section 267(f) issue - Marathon Petroleum Company, LP v. Commissioner, involving IRS' attempted recast of partnership transactions - Lone Star Partners V, LP v. Commissioner, involving Section 1446 withholding issues - The Williams Companies, Inc. v. Energy Transfer Equity, L.P., victory for Energy Transfer in the Delaware Court of Chancery in high-profile expedited litigation; affirmed by the Delaware Supreme Court - In re Wyly, involving complex tax issues in the context of a bankruptcy - EZCORP, Inc. v. Commissioner, involving appropriateness of accounting method - Petty Group, LLP v. Commissioner, involving Section 183 - Lazy K Livestock LLC v. Commissioner, involving Section 183 - Schupbach v. Commissioner, involving valuation issues - Estate of Barnhart v. Commissioner, involving valuation issues - Barnhart v. Commissioner, involving valuation issues - Otay Project LP v. Commissioner, involving the partnership anti-abuse rule - Woodside Partners v. Commissioner, involving complex TEFRA issues - BCP Trading & Investments, LLC v. Commissioner, involving statute of limitations issues - a favorable settlement at IRS Appeals of a factually and legally complex Section 409A issue - obtaining Section 1341 relief for an independent power producer at IRS Appeals - a multinational oil field services company at IRS Appeals in a case involving Section 162(f) - resolving a three-way dispute between an individual client, a public company and a private service provider involving Section 409A and ERISA issues, resulting in a settlement agreement providing full payment of disputed amount to client - a private company against a public acquiror in an arbitration regarding transfer pricing issues in pre-closing tax returns - a favorable settlement of a production tax credit issue through the IRS Fast Track Settlement program In recognition of her work, Ms. Hunter has been named an Up and Coming practitioner by Chambers USA and a Rising Star by The Legal 500. 1	<urn:uuid:8a146309-4d31-4195-b1b9-4fdcd7f5b399>	CC-MAIN-2024-46	https://www.skadden.com/-/media/files/professionals/h/hunter-juliana-d/hunter_juliana.pdf?rev=d8262ba356c247fa8ab2e8ba39fcaabd	2024-11-03T01:03:03+00:00	s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/crawl=CC-MAIN-2024-46/subset=warc/part-00056-65a16d46-7179-4f3c-849a-3216b203b23b.c000.gz.parquet	930,404,935	614	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.959852	eng_Latn	0.959852	[ "eng_Latn" ]	false	rolmOCR	[ 2948 ]
ISSN: 2393-9060 Research Article Selenium Supplementation in Obese Patients with Subclinical Hypothyroidism and Type 2 Diabetes Guarino G 1 , Ragozzino G 1 , Della Corte T 1 , Fontana S 1 , Strollo F 2 , Cecaro M 3 , and Gentile S 1 1 2 Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy 3 Department of Pharmacology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Italy Register of Biologist, Salerno, Italy Corresponding author: Gentile S (2018) Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy, E-mail: [email protected] Citation: Guarino G, Ragozzino G, Della Corte T, Fontana S, Strollo F, et al. (2018) Selenium Supplementation in Obese Patients with Subclinical Hypothyroidism and Type 2 Diabetes. J Nutri Health Sci 5(2): 202. doi: 10.15744/2393-9060.5.202 Received Date: March 23, 2018 Accepted Date: April 03, 2018 Published Date: April 12, 2018 Abstract Selenium (Se) is a trace element present in many foods. Selenium-protein co-factor plays a critical anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory role in thyroid function, but quite recently its ability to prevent adipocyte hypertrophy and adipogenesis has also been evaluated. The aim of our study was to assess whether thyroid function, as well as, body mass index (BMI) and body composition might improve in Setreated obese patients as compared to those getting placebo (P). 50 obese patients (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m 2 ) with non-autoimmune subclinical hypothyroidism participated in the study. They were randomized to either Se (Se Group, SG, L-seleno-methionine 83 mcg/day) or P (P Group, PG) and underwent a low-calorie diet. BMI, homeostatic model assessment-based insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), TSH, FT4, as well as, Vi-SCAN bioimpedance assessed waist circumference (WC) and % visceral fat (%VF) were evaluated both at baseline and 6 plus 12 months after treatment start. The SG showed a significant decrease in TSH at 6 and 12 months as compared to the PG, might be through the well-known selenium ability to modulate thyroid hormone synthesis. The SG also displayed a significant decrease in BMI, WC and %VF in support to our original hypothesis of a strong association of visceral obesity with low Se intake rates. Keywords: Type 2 Diabetes; Subclinical Hypothyroidism; Selenium Supplementation; Obese Patients Introduction Morbid obesity is associated with multiple co-morbidities, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), hypertension (HT), dyslipidemia (DL), and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome [1]. It is not commonly appreciated that morbid obesity is also associated with an increased prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism (SH). The underlying pathophysiology of obesity related SH is not completely understood. High leptin levels and insulin-resistance appear to play a role, possibly by inducing a reset of the central thyrostat [2]. In the general population SH is diagnosed 3–4 times more frequently in women than in men and its prevalence varies from 4 to 9%, and it [3,4]. SH is associated with an increased risk of death from all causes as well as from cardiovascular diseases (CVD) [3]. The prevalence of hypothyroidism appears to be higher in morbidly obese than in not obese patients [3]. SH-related hypercholesterolemia (HC), impaired left ventricular diastolic function, endothelial dysfunction and increased C-reactive protein levels have been proposed as etiologic factors [5]. Consideration of thyroid hormone treatment for SH in the general population is gaining in strength [3] and in obese patients with additional risks of CVD the indication for SH treatment may even be stronger. The relationship between weight loss and serum TSH levels is well documented. In SH patients bariatric surgery dependent percent excess weight loss (%EWL) - defined as weight loss divided by excess weight as referred to 25 kg/m 2 BMI - was associated to decreased serum TSH levels from 5.82±2.05 mU/L preoperatively to 2.78±1.31 mU/L at 12 months (P<0.001). A subset of morbidly obese patients may thus display transient hypothyroidism vanishing after major weight loss. Moreover a weak positive correlation is found between BMI and TSH, suggesting that the prevalence of SH is BMI dependent [6]. The exact mechanism leading to elevated TSH levels in obesity is not known. TSH secretion is also affected by other endocrine factors including leptin, dopamine and serotonin [7]. Most evidences suggest that leptin plays a major role: it has been reported to enhance TSH production and its levels not only increase in morbid obesity but also positively correlate with mean 24-hour TSH levels [8]. In contrast, dopamine and serotonin exert suppressive effects on TSH secretion and brain reduced dopaminergic and serotoninergic tone has been suggested as a further TSH increasing factor in obesity [7,8]. However, the high prevalence of elevated TSH levels in obesity might also be due to SH as a result of an increased prevalence of Hashimoto disease. This hypothesis was tested by Rotondi et al. who measured circulating antibodies against thyroglobulin (anti-Tg) and thyro-peroxidase (anti2 TPO) in a group of 350 obese patients with a mean BMI of 48.8±6.7 kg/m 2 [9]. In fact they found their prevalence (11%) was similar to that found in the general population and, in case of associated SH, was even 50% lower in obese than in normal weight patients. Both findings indicate that morbid obesity is not associated with increased thyroid autoimmunity. On the other hand, T4 and T3 thyroid hormones exert their effects through the regulation of genes involved in the differentiation of many organs, including brain, muscle, heart, liver, adipose tissue and skin, and controlling carbohydrate / lipid metabolism, protein transcription and basal metabolism [10]. Their plasma concentrations not only depend on direct thyroid output but are also on peripheral tissue concentrations of Selenium (Se) a trace element playing a major role in thyroid hormone metabolism, as well as, in protection from oxidative stress and inflammation after being incorporated into type 1 and type 2 seleno-protein enzymes including glutathione peroxidase [11,12]. Moreover, as suggested by several studies, Se might also exert an inhibiting effect on adipocyte hypertrophy and adipogenesis, and obesity has been reported to be inversely associated with circulating Se and tissue glutathione peroxidase levels [13-15]. A possible underlying mechanism might be Se insulin-mimicking properties through protein kinase activation and by Se-deficiency association with insulin resistance [16-18] When taking together all of the above, we decided to analyze the effects of Se administration upon obese subjects with SH. The primary endpoint of our study was Se-dependent weight loss; the secondary endpoints were eventually occurring (i) TSH decrease, and (ii) body composition improvement as assessed by bioimpedance analysis. Materials and Methods Patients, diet, and measures This was a double-blind, placebo-controlled study conducted in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration. The study was formally approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy. Inclusion criteria were: age between 18 and 70 years; obesity (body mass index (BMI) >30 kg/m 2 ); type 2 diabetes mellitus under oral hypoglycemic agents and HbA1c between 6.5% and 7.5%; insulin resistance index according to the Homeostatic Model Assessment (HOMA-IR) >2.5 [19]. Exclusion criteria were: evidence of thyroid autoimmunity (high Anti-thyroglobulin antibodies [Ab-TG] and Anti-peroxidase antibodies [Ab-TPO] titers); type 1 diabetes; known Se hypersensitivity / intolerance; previous cardiovascular events; pregnancy; lactation; hypoglycemic or cholesterol-lowering or contraceptive treatment; previous bariatric surgery; history of severe hepatic, renal or cardiac diseases; any malignancies. The estimated sample size expected to yield a statistically significant result for this study calculated on the basis of the primary outcome endpoint to have a power of 90% with an alpha error of 0.02 was 40 paired subjects. One hundred and twenty-two patients meeting the enrollment criteria and giving their informed consent were selected to take into account the presence of secondary outcomes and expected eventually occurring dropouts. They were randomized to receive either treatment or placebo. 16 did not show up on the starting day, 4 did not complete the full study period, and 2 discontinued treatment spontaneously after a few weeks despite no side effects. As a result 50 pairs of subjects were finally involved in the 52 week study, randomized to take each day after lunch either L-selenio-methionine 83 mcg (Se Group, SG) or placebo (Placebo Group, PG) through size, shape, color, smell, and taste matched tablets (Figure 1). Figure 1: Flow chart depicting patients enrollment procedure In greater detail, both medication and placebo packaging intended to couples of paired subjects were prepared by the hospital pharmacy and to each box of pills a serial number was attributed as supplied by a generator of pairs of random numbers corresponding to a specific package of drug and placebo. This way each component of each pair of matched subjects was blindly administered either drug or placebo. During the study all patients received a low-calorie diet (20–25% less than the amount of calories required to maintain current weight) characterized by low glycemic index foods and based on a variable percentage of proteins (10–20%), fat (20–30% with less than 10% as saturated fat), and carbohydrates (50–60% with less than 5% as sucrose). Individual diet regimens were prepared to try and satisfy participant tastes and wishes as much as possible. Favorite carbohydrate sources were starches with a low glycemic index and high soluble fiber content (35 g/day). All subjects reported to perform at least 30 min a day of predominantly aerobic physical exercise as prescribed. The following parameters were evaluated at baseline (T 0 ) and after 6 (T 6 ) and 12 months (T 12 ): fasting blood glucose, fasting serum insulin, HOMA-IR, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, uric acid, TSH, FT3, FT4, anthropometric measures including weight, height, BMI, and bio-impedance analysis results as reported below. Serum selenium was estimated by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry as previously described [20] Bio-impedance analysis (BIA) Abdominal fat was measured using an innovative bio-impedance device (Bia-TANITA AB140 ViScan, BIO) [21] which we also found to be a useful tool in our hands [22]. It consists of a band with four electrodes placed directly on the abdomen, with the subject lying supine. The position of the band was guided by a laser beam from the base unit indicating the navel. Thanks to its high accuracy and repeatability, rather than using any hand-held measuring tape we preferred to have waist circumference (WC) recorded by the base unit itself according to the infrared system [23] along with trunk fat (TF), and percent visceral fat (VF) [24-27]. Safety parameters: AST, ALT, total bilirubin, serum albumin, γ-glutamyl-transferase, alkaline phosphatase, blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, red and white blood cell and platelet count, as well as, all the above mentioned blood parameters were measured using a high performance autoanalyzer (Automatic biochemistry analyzer with integrated system Selectra Pro XL, Elitech, USA) and an automated blood cell counter (Countess II Automated Cell Counter, Thermo Fisher, USA) at baseline and after 6 and 12 months. Side effects were also recorded at baseline and after 6 and 12 months, using a semi-quantitative scale. Diet adherence: All subjects completed a questionnaire (Q) to evaluate diet adherence during the treatment period. Q consisted of five questions including the frequency of breaches of nutritional advice and the type and amount of food eaten outside the recommended value. Were considered variations from the recommended diet to be acceptable when ≤ four per week and within 250 calories each. The questionnaire was previously tested for validity and reliability in a sample of 10 health care workers, verifying the concordance of the answers given by the same subjects to whom Q was administered three times in a two-week period (mean concordance degree of 95+5 %). Statistics: Results were expressed as means±SD or %. Observed treatment and differences were tested by the repeated measures analysis of variance (rANOVA) integrated by two-tailed paired Student's t-test with 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) for parametric variables and Mann–Whitney's U test for non-parametric ones. The χ 2 test with Yates correction or Fisher Exact test was used to compare categorical variables. A p<0.05 was chosen as the least accepted statistical significance level. All the evaluations were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics Version 25 software. Results No significant differences were found between the two treatment groups at baseline, as described in Table I. Good diet and exercise adherence was observed in both groups (88% vs 91% and 85% vs 84% in SG and PG, respectively; p n.s.). Reported side effects were low and quite similar in both groups. In greater detail, transient abdominal distension was reported during the first two weeks by 1 subject in the SG and 2 subjects in the PG, which in fact spontaneously vanished thereafter. No significant changes in safety parameters occurred until T 12 , nor were observed significant changes in HbA1c in both groups (<2%). 4 Table 1: General parameters of patients enrolled at baseline; data are given as n. or Mean±SD. Between the two groups no statistically significant differences were found At T 12 Se plasma concentrations were quite similar to baseline in the PG (84±12 vs 83±10 µg/L, p n.s.), and significantly higher that baseline in the SG (101±10 vs 82±13; (p>0.01). The main results observed after 52 weeks are shown in Figures 2 and 3. In greater detail, a significantly lower BMI (difference from baseline 24.1% vs -8.5%, respectively; p<0.001) and HOMA-IR (difference from baseline -54.4% vs -11%, respectively; p<0.0001) was observed in the SG than in the PG. The decrease in BMI was significantly associated with decreased TSH (Figure 2), implying a difference from baseline of -42.8% in the SG vs -11% in the PG, respectively (p<001). Conversely, no FT4 changes were found either in the PG (15.1±2.0 pmol/l at T0 vs 14.6±2.0 pmol/l at T12, p n.s.) or in SG (14.9±1.9 pmol/l at T 0 vs 14.7±2.2 pmol/l at T 12 , p n.s.) and, similarly, no FT3 changes were found either in the PG (4.1±1.0 pmol/l at T 0 vs 4.3±1.0 pmol/l at T 12 , p n.s.) or in SG (4.2±0.9 pmol/l at T 0 vs 4.5±0.9 pmol/l at T 12 , p n.s.). The Figure 4 depicts the % effect of Se on WC, TF and VF in both SG and PG. All the above mentioned parameters, despite significantly decreasing in both groups, did so more prominently in the SG. TSH kept stable in the CG but significantly decreased after treatment in the SG only (Figure 5). Figure 2: BMI (kg/m 2 ; M±SD): comparison between Placebo and Selenium Groups during the 12-months treatment period (*p<0.01 vs Baseline; & p<0.01 vs Controls; Dark Bars = Control Group, Light Bars = selenium Group) Figure 4: T12 Changes from baseline (%) as for waist circumference (WC, cm), trunk fat (TF, %) and visceral fat (VF, %) in Selenium Group (Dark Bars) vs Placebo Group (Light Bars) 6 A significant correlation was found between TSH and BMI decrease rate in all patients participating in the study (r=0,847, p<0.01), being those from the SG contributing to the greatest decrease of both BMI and TSH at T 12 (Figure 6). A similar significant correlation was observed between HOMA-IR and TSH decrease rates (r=0.921, p<0.01) (Figure 7). Conclusion In our study, selenium supplementation inversely associated with anthropometric (BMI, WC) and metabolic (HOMA-IR) indexes. These results provide indirect support to the fact that insulin resistance and visceral adiposity may induce selenium deficiency [28-29] as well as, that insulin resistance might indeed depend on it [18,30,31]. In fact, observational studies meant at assessing any eventually occurring association of Se concentrations with central obesity or insulin resistance provided inconsistent results. Conversely, two relatively short duration (6-8 weeks) intervention studies reported on significantly reduced fasting blood insulin levels and HOMA-IR after Se supplementation [32]. What is really new in our study is the observed visceral fat decrease after Se supplementation, strongly supporting our original hypothesis that visceral adiposity might depend on Se deficiency. Selenium is present in seleno-proteins, which play a vital role for antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities and contribute to anti-diabetic activity [33]. Selenium supplementation improves blood glucose and blood insulin levels, and inhibits gluconeogenesis in diabetic rats [33,34]. The Se concentration expected to maximize seleno-enzyme antioxidant activity has been determined to be 95 mg/L on average (range 89-114 mg/L) [36-38], i.e. very similar to the level attained in our study experiment. Therefore, we can conclude that at physiological concentrations selenium is involved in the metabolic activities responsible for maintaining blood glucose compensation opposite to what observed at higher concentrations, associating with an increase in diabetes prevalence according the results of a post-hoc analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) [38]. In addition, 1999 to 2004 NHANES data demonstrated that people on a selenium-deficient diet were at higher risk of overweight [39]; lastly, a positive correlation was described between Se concentrations and BMI, as well as an inverse association between anthropometric indexes and serum/plasma selenium [39-42]. In our study, the efficacy of Se supplementation can be detected in its primary action on the conversion metabolism (de-iodination) of the pro-hormone thyroxine to the active form tri-iodo-thyronine, supporting the theory that an adequate plasma selenium concentration is useful to prevent excessive weight. This theory is reinforced by the consideration that, in obese patients, (reduced) plasma selenium concentrations could be due to habitual and excessive consumption of high-fat and high-sugar foods, as well as high-sugar drinks [43,44]. Although the effects of Se on body fat metabolism have not been fully elucidated yet, there is evidence relating Se to adipogenesis, i.e. the trace element is thought to be able to inhibit adipogenesis by reducing the expression of m-RNA encoding for PPAR and fatty acid synthase, while stimulating the activation of tissue growth factor (TGF) [45,46]. 8 Limitations On the basis of speculative observations, it is essential to highlight the presence of limitations of our work. First, given the design of the study, we did not establish a causal relationship between selenium concentration and visceral fat; second, although the results were adjusted for the most likely confounding factors, we might have ignored further potentially involved additional factors; third, we reduced the study costs by assessing insulin resistance through HOMA-IR, a widely used, low accuracy parameter, rather than the gold standard method represented by the dynamic euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp. Our study confirmed previously reported association between Se treatment and TSH level normalization in the absence of any changes in circulating FT4 concentrations The latter results agree with those coming from other studies on Se-related enhanced T4 to T3 de-iodination [11] and on thyroid hormone effects in obese patients with moderate hypothyroidism [44]. The most relevant outcome of our study, however, was the first evidence that selenium supplementation per se decreases % abdominal fat depots as reflected both by waist circumference, its widely used surrogate marker, and by bio-impedance derived %VF measurements. Compliance with ethical standards Ours was a spontaneous, unconditioned study organized and supported by a special research grant of University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy. Ethical standard This study was conducted in conformance with good clinical practice standards. The study was led in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki 1975, as revised in 2008, and was approved all the Ethics Committees of the Centers participating in the study. Human and animal rights All followed procedures were in accordance with the ethical standards of the responsible committee on human experimentation (institutional and national). Informed consent Written informed consent was obtained from all participants before enrollment. Acknowledgment The study was supported by the AMD (Association of Medical Diabetology) Foundation Rome. No additional funding was received for this further analysis. The component of Italian Study Group on Injection Techniques are acknowledged too for critical reading of the manuscript: Stefano De Riu, Nicoletta De Rosa, Giorgio Grassi, Gabriella Garrapa, Laura Tonutti, Katja Speese, Lia Cucco, Maria Teresa Branca, Amodio Botta. References 1. 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(2015) Subclinical hypothyroidism and its relation to obesity in patients before and after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Surg Obes Relat Dis 11: 1257-63. 7. Kok P, Roelfsema F, Frolich M, Meinders AE, Pijl H (2005) Spontaneous diurnal thyrotropin secretion is enhanced in proportion to circulating leptin in obese premenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90: 6185-91. 8. Kok P, Roelfsema F, Frölich M, van Pelt J, Meinders AE, et al. (2009) Bromocriptine reduces augmented thyrotropin secretion in obese premenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 94: 1176-81. 9. Rotondi M, Leporati P, La Manna A, Pirali B, Mondello T, et al. (2009) Raised serum TSH levels in patients with morbid obesity: is it enough to diagnose subclinical hypothyroidism? Eur J Endocrinol 160: 403-8. 10. Mullur R, Liu Y, Brent GA (2014) Thyroid hormone regulation of metabolism. Physiol Rev 94: 355-82. 11. 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Public Debt and Economic Growth: Is There a Change in Threshold Effect? Xinruo Hu In partial fulfillment of the requirements For the Degree of Bachelor of Arts Economics Department University of California, Berkeley May 10 2019 Abstract My paper investigates the relationship between public debt and GDP growth for European countries and the heterogeneous debt threshold effect before and after the financial crisis, as well as between countries with high and lower credit rating, by using a large cross sectional panel data and two estimation methods. My empirical results suggest that the short run impact of debt on GDP growth is positive and statistically significant but decrease to negative and lose some significance at public debt and GDP ratio of 109%. After the financial crisis, either the threshold effect vanishes or the threshold values increase based different cohort and method. Furthermore, countries with higher credit rating have higher threshold value and more significant threshold effect. 1 Introduction Majority of the literature from the last decade discovers a negative correlation or an inverted U-shaped relationship between public debt and economic growth. When debt is low, increase in debt will encourage economic growth; however, when debt reaches some threshold value, further increase in debt would lower GDP growth. In the pioneer paper The Impact of High and Growing Government Debt on economic Growth: An Empirical Investigation for the Euro Area, Reinhart and Rogoff estimated a threshold value of 90% where above growth prospects are severely undermined. However, there remains debate regards to what the threshold value is. In the aftermath of global financial macelstrom in 2008, soaring public debt in many European countries have outdistanced the threshold of 90%. According to the debt threshold effect, those countries should have significant decline in growth if the GDP growth rate if not negative. However, the economic growth of European countries with high credit rating are not much different as what they have before the financial crisis in 2008 and when their public debt to GDP are below or around the threshold of 90%. At the same time, GDP growth rate of European countries with low credit rating are indeed hampered (See Figure 3.3 for details). There are two natural questions to ask: 1) Whether financial crisis in 2008 made European countries more tolerance to debt, and 2) Are European countries with lower credit rating more responsive to debt. The remainder of the paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, review relevant literature regarding public debt and economic growth rate with a focus on debt threshold. In Section 3, describe the data, the set-up and the methodology. In Section 4, give estimation results and test results. In Section 5, provide result from robustness checks, including check for influential countries and an analysis on impact of debt on long-term interest rates. Section 6, conclusion and further research. Appendix 1, data description and data summary. Appendix 2, regression results. Appendix 3, figures. 2 Literature Review 2.1 Theoretical Literature Most of the theoretical literature conclude a negative relationship between public debt and economic growth. In Dividend Policy, Growth, and the Valuation of Shares, Merton H. Miller and Franco Modigliani (1961) conclude that the external debt leads to lower stock of private capital, which reduces flow of income and lowers growth. Peter Diamond (1965), in National Debt in a Neoclassical Growth Model, argues that when in the efficient case (interest rate is higher than growth rate), national debt negatively affects growth by increasing tax burden and move interest rate way from the Golden Rule, and thus leads to a decrease in savings and consumption of taxpayers, which then lowers capital stock. However, when growth rate is higher than interest rate, indicating an over accumulation of capital, an increase in national debt improves allocation, and thus is beneficial to growth. In Fiscal Policy in an Endogenous Growth Model, Saint-Paul (1992) built on the growth model from Blanchard (1985) and Weil (1989) and analyzed the impact of fiscal policy on growth and found that, in an endogenous growth model, an increase in national debt reduces economic growth. David Aschauer (2000), in Do States Optimize? Public Capital and Economic Growth, proposed a growth model in which public debt has a non-linear (inverted U shape) relationship with economic growth and found that high level of national debt adversely affects growth rate. From the result of theoretic literature on national debt and growth, a logical question to ask is whether growth always negatively affected by debt or is there a debt threshold above which debt becomes a burden on growth. John Cochrane, in Inflation and debt The public debt can negatively impact growth because increases uncertainty or leads to expectations of future confiscation, possibly through inflation and financial repression (see Cochrane, 2011a,b, for a discussion of these issues). In this case, higher debt could have a negative effect even in the short-run. ### 2.2 Empirical Literature However, this question is still in dispute in existing empirical literature. I will first review three influential papers in detail. Then, I will discuss the disagreements from major literature regarding this topic. The most influential paper regarding debt and growth is Growth in a Time of Debt published in 2010 written by Carmen Reinhart and Kenneth Rogoff. The paper used an empirically approach, using a panel of 3700 annual observations of 44 countries spanning about two hundred years from 1790 to 2009. They classified the regimes into four categories: advanced economies with low national debt to GDP ratio (below 30%), medium-low national debt to GDP ratio (between 30% and 60%), medium-high national debt to GDP ratio (between 60% and 90%), and high national debt to GDP ratio (above 90%), and conclude that countries with high public debt have significantly lower growth rate. Although the large data enables readers a have panoramic view, the lack of incorporating different country’s specific factors such as political system and trade openness leads to the issue of heterogeneity. Also without using econometric and instrumental variables, the results did not prove any causal relationship between debt and growth. Nevertheless, their findings have inspired many scholars to research regrading this topic and evaluate their results. Later researches on this topic have used econometric and multivariate regression to control endogeneity, reverse causality, and cross-country heterogeneity. The Impact of High and Growing Government Debt on Economic Growth: An Empirical Investigation for the Euro Area written by Cristina Checherita and Philipp Rother in another influential paper on this topic that focused on only developed European countries. They used data mainly from the European Commission AMECO database of 12 developed European countries from 1970 to 2011. Thus, the issue of heterogeneity, which is often problematic in growth regressions, is alleviated by using a relatively restricted cross-sectional sample. They used an empirical growth model which is built on a conditional convergence equation that relates the GDP per capita growth rate to the initial level of GDP per capita, the investment/saving-to-GDP rate, and gross government debt as a share of GDP. To control the issue of endogeneity, they instrument the debt variable for each country through either its time lags (up to lag of order 5) or through the mean debt levels of the other countries in the data. They conclude that the debt-to-GDP threshold of this inverted U-shape relationship is roughly between 90% and 100% on average for the data. A similar paper Debt and Growth: New Evidence for the Euro Area written by Anja Baum, Cristina Checherita-Westphal, Philipp Rother (BCR) used a slightly different approach. They also used annual data of 12 developed European countries but from period 1990 to 2010. They first used the dynamic panel threshold model and 2SLS to find the threshold value that minimizes the residuals. Then they used the benchmark model which regresses GDP growth on short term interest rate, debt to GDP ratio, openness to trade, ratio of gross capital formation and EMU membership to test the relationship between debt and growth and the significance their result. The issue of heterogeneity and endogeneity is control using the method stated in the previous paper. They found that for high debt ratios (above 95%) the impact of additional debt has a negative impact on growth rate. In The real effects of debt, Stephen Cecchetti, M Mohanty and Fabrizio Zampolli (2011), report a debt threshold of 85% of GDP by using data from 1980 to 2010 of 18 OECD countries and perform a growth regression on control variables such as debt to GDP ratio, gross saving, inflation, population growth and openness to trade. Pier Padoan, Urban Sila, and Paul Noord (2012), in Avoiding Debt Trap: Financial Backstops and Structural Reforms, using a panel of 28 OECD countries over 1960 to 2011 and similar growth equation, discover a similar debt threshold of 90%. However, Balazs Egert (2015), in Public Debt, Economics Growth and Nonlinear Effects: Myth or Reality?, using the dataset and the four-regime model of RR (2010) and a bivariate regression, discovers a much lower debt threshold of 20% and 60% above which GDP growth prospects are severely undermined. Nevertheless, Chang and Chiang (2009), in Transitional Behavior of Government Debt Ratio on Growth: Case of OECD Countries, using data of 19 OECD countries over the period 1993-2007 and a panel smooth transition regression model that controls heterogeneity across countries, find a significantly positive relationship between one-year lagged government debt ratio and real GDP across all regimes. However, Alfredo Schclarek (2004), Debt and Economic Growth in Developing and Industrial Countries, reports only a negative relationship between debt and growth for developing countries but not for developed countries using a panel of 54 emerging markets and 29 advanced economies between 1970 and 2002 and performing linear and nonlinear regression on growth. Similar result was found by Andrea Pescatori, Damiano Sandri, and John Simon, in Debt and Growth: Is There a Magic Threshold?. They used 36 developed country, covering period from 1821 to 2011. Using method similar to RR’s, they conclude that there is no debt ratio threshold above which an adverse relationship between debt and growth kicks in. I contribute to the current strand of literature on public debt and economic growth by examine possible change in threshold effect from financial crisis and difference in response to debt for European countries cohort by credit rating. My result is robust as I controlled for omitted variable bias and reverse causality. This paper makes a unique contribution to the debate on debt threshold by presenting new empirical evidence on the heterogeneity across European countries cohort by year and credit rating based on a sizeable dataset. 3 Data and Methodology 3.1 Data Data used in this paper was extracted from the European Commission Database (AMECO). The panel data consists observations over year 1988-2018 including 30 European Countries (See Appendix 1 for details). By using a relative short time span, my data is less prone to political and economic structural changes and more comparable with today’s economic settings. Given the data encompasses large number of countries, country fixed effect is used to control for cross-section heterogeneity. Because of the relatively unconstrained cross-section data, my result can be susceptible to outlier countries with extremely low or high debt level. Regression result with outlier countries removed is included in robustness check. In this paper, GDP growth rate is the main dependent variable. Indicator of whether the country’s debt to GDP ratio excess some threshold value and debt to GDP ratio are the two main variables of interest. 3.2 Regression and Variable Construction One should note that in section 3, same letter may be used to represent a coefficient in different equation. This does not mean estimated coefficients are the same. The coefficients in each equation are estimated uniquely from regression. 3.2.1 Initial Estimation Equation and Possible Issue Using variables of interest, the two initial estimation equations are in the form of \[ GROWTH_{i,t} = \alpha_i + \beta_1 I(d_t > d^) + e_{i,t} \] (1) where \( GROWTH_{i,t} \) is the one year GDP growth rate of country i in year t, \( \alpha_i \) is a constant, \( I(d_t > d^) \) is an indicator which equal 1 if the country i has debt to GDP ratio (\( d_{i,t} \)) is greater than the threshold \( d^* \) and 0 otherwise, and \( e_{i,t} \) is residual for country i at year t. \[ GROWTH_{i,t} = \alpha_i + \beta_1 d_t + +\beta_2 d_t^2 + e_{i,t} \] (2) where \( d_{i,t} \) is the current debt to GDP ratio \( d_{i,t} - d_{i,t-1} \), \( d_{i,t}^2 \) is added to capture the possible non-linear effect of debt on economic growth, other variables are the same as as from the first initial estimation equation (equation (1)). The above two equations clearly suffer from reverse causality and omitted variable bias. Reverse causality happens when the dependent variable also effects independent variable, making the result not casual. To deal with reverse causality, instrumental variable need to be used. Omitted variable happens when that regression excludes a variable that is correlated with other covariates and the dependent variable. Consider an simple OLS regression, \[ Y_1 = \alpha + \beta_1 X_1 + u \] (3) whereas the correct model should be, \[ Y_1 = \alpha + \beta_1 X_1 + \beta_2 X_2 + v \] (4) Then, \( u = \beta_2 X_2 + v \). Therefore, \[ \hat{\beta}_1 = \beta_1 + \beta_2 \times \frac{cov(X_1, X_2)}{var(X_1)} + \frac{cov(X_1, v)}{var(X_1)} \] (5) Then if \( \beta_2 \neq 0 \) and \( cov(X_1, X_2) \neq 0 \), \( \hat{\beta}_1 \) will be biased. The direction of bias depends on the sign of \( \beta_2 \) and \( cov(X_1, X_2) \). To deal with omitted variable bias, control variables need to be added. 3.2.2 Variable Selection and Construction To mitigate the issue of reverse causality, an internal instrument of one year lagged debt to GDP ratio \((d_{i,t-1})\) is used. One should be aware, however, this instrument does not eliminate reverse causality. The advantage of using this internal instrument compared to an external instrument is that the internal instrument provides a more direct and interpretable result. To measure the possible non-linear effect, squared one year lagged debt to GDP ratio \((d_{i,t-1}^2)\) is also included in the final estimation. To avoid omitted variable bias, country fixed effect, population growth, and size of government, approximated by total government expenditure to GDP ratio, and lagged GDP growth are constructed and included in the final estimation. Ideally, year fixed effect should be included to capture the possible difference in economic condition across years. Interaction terms between dummies for year and one year lagged debt to GDP ratio and between dummies for country and one year lagged debt to GDP ratio should also be added to capture the heterogeneous effect of debt on economic growth across years and across countries. However, because my data includes 30 countries and spans 30 years, including above variables will introduce too many coefficients which need to be estimated relative to the sample size. This will introduce large variance and lower estimation precision. Therefore, I shall not include year fixed effect, interaction terms between dummies for year and one year lagged debt to GDP ratio and between dummies for country and one year lagged debt to GDP ratio. By doing this, I am posing the assumptions: 1) Economic conditions are similar across years (exclude year fixed effect), 2) Responses to a change in debt are the same across years (exclude interaction between year dummy and debt), and 3) Countries have the same response to a change in debt (exclude interaction between country dummy and debt). However, it is possible that economic conditions and responses to changes in debt differ after financial crises. Therefore, to capture the impact of financial crises on the effect of debt on growth, I included fixed effect of financial crisis by adding a dummy variable which equals to 1 if the year is greater than or equal to 2008 and 0 otherwise and interaction between this dummy and debt. I shall not elaborate on the significance of country fixed effect, population growth, and size of government here (Support of this can be found from other literature). I will, however, explain the reason and possible issues with including lagged GDP growth. If current GDP growth and current debt to GDP ratio are negatively correlated. Then excluding lagged GDP growth will lead to a downward bias on the coefficient for debt. To find the optimal number of lags, Autoregressive model of the form below is used. \[ X_{i,t} = \mu_i + \beta t + \phi_{i,t-1} X_{i,t-1} + \phi_{i,t-2} X_{i,t-2} + \ldots + \phi_{i,t-p} X_{i,t-p} + Z_{i,t} \] (6) where \(X_{i,t}\) is GDP growth rate for country \(i\) at year \(t\), \(\mu_i\) and \(t\) are deterministic terms (constant and trend), and \(Z_{i,t}\) is residual for country 1 in year \(t\) assumed to have zero mean and constant variance \(\sigma^2\). I choose $p = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5$ because of the constrained time span of my data. The optimal level of lag $p$ is chosen by: 1) Model selection method such as Akaike information criterion (AIC) and Bayesian Information criterion (BIC). 2) t-test on each lagged variable and F-test on all lagged variable. For method 1): for a selection of model $M_1, M_2, ..., M_k$, where $M_k$ has $k$ parameters, select the model which minimizes $$AIC_K = -2\log(L_k) + 2K,$$ where $L_k$ is the maximum likelihood of $M_k$ (7) and $$BIC_K = -2\log(L_k) + K \times \log(n),$$ where $L_k$ is the maximum likelihood of $M_k$ and $n$ is the sample size (8) Both AIC and BIC choose a model with higher maximum likelihood while controlling for the number of parameters (issue of overfitting). However, one should note, that BIC tends to select a model with fewer parameters because of the larger punishing term $k \times \log(n)$ compare to AIC’s punishing term $2k$. For method 2): Both t test and F test need the assumption that residuals are distributed as $N(0, \sigma^2)$. T-test tests the hypothesis that $\phi_i = 0$ against its two sided alternative that $\phi_i \neq 0$. F test tests the null hypothesis that $\phi_i = \phi_j = ... = \phi_m = 0$ against its two sided alternative that the null hypothesis is not true. If p-values is large (> 10%) resulting from t-test, then covariates corresponding to $\phi_i$ does not have significant predicting power on the dependent variable, and thus can be exclude from the regression. Similarly, if p-values is large (> 10%) resulting from t-test, then one or more of covariates corresponding to $\phi_i, \phi_j, ..., \phi_m$ jointly does not have significant predicting power on the dependent variable, and thus some can be exclude from the regression. For majority of countries, using just one year lagged GDP growth rate gives the lowest value of AIC and BIC. Furthermore, for majority of countries, the only significant variable is one year lagged GDP growth rate; p-value from F test increase significantly after adding $p^{th}$ order lag for $k > 1$. This means that longer lags of GDP growth have relatively small predicting power on current change in GDO growth compare to on year lagged GDP growth. Result using debt to GDP ratio as dependent variable (regress on lagged growth rate of GDP) is analogues. I only include one year lagged GDP growth rate in the final regression. One possible issue with including one year lagged GDP growth rate is if correlation between this variable and change in debt to GDP ratio is extremely high, then the precision of the estimated regression coefficients decreases. However, highly correlated covariates does not appear to be an issue. 3.2.3 Final Estimation Equations The first estimation equation for the threshold value is in the form, \[ GROWTH_t = \alpha + \beta_1 I(d_{t-1} > d^) + \sum_{i=1}^{n-1} \theta_i I(country_i) + \phi_1 GROWTH_{t-1} + \phi_2 POPGROWTH_t \\ + \phi_3 GOVSIZE_t + \phi_4 I(POST2008) + \phi_5 I(POST2008) I(d_{t-1} > d^) + U_t \] (9) where \(GROWTH_{t,t}\) is the one year GDP growth rate in year t, \(\alpha\) constant, \(I(d_{t-1} > d^)\) is vector of an indicators which equal to 1 if one year lagged debt to GDP ratio is above the debt threshold and 0 otherwise, \(I(country_i)\) is vector of an indicators which equal to 1 if country is \(country_i\) and equal to 0 otherwise (n is the total number of country in the data), \(d_{t-1}\) is a vector of one year lagged debt to GDP ratio, \(POPGROWTH_t\) is a vector of population growth at time t, \(GOVSIZE_t\) is a vector of size of government at time t, approximated by total government expenditure to GDP ratio, \(I(POST2008)\) is an vector of indicators which equals to 1 if year is greater than or equal to 2008 and 0 otherwise, \(I(POST2008) * I(d_{t-1} > d^)\) is a vector of interaction terms between a vector of indicators for post financial crisis and a vector of indicator for debt to GDP ratio above the threshold, which intends to capture the different effect of debt threshold on economic growth before and after the 2008 financial crisis, and \(U_t\) is a vector of residuals assumed to have zero mean and jointly distributed as \(N(0, \Sigma)\). Threshold value (\(d^\)) is chosen by two procedures: 1) "Coefficient Method": Choose the threshold value such that itself has a negative coefficient, any smaller threshold value has positive coefficient, and any large threshold value has a negative coefficients. 2) "Minimizing RSS Method": Find the threshold value that minimizes the residual sum squared. The second estimation equation for the threshold value is in the form, \[ GROWTH_t = \alpha + \beta_1 d_{t-1} + \beta_2 d_{t-1}^2 + \sum_{i=1}^{n-1} \theta_i I(country_i) + \phi_1 GROWTH_{t-1} + \phi_2 POPGROWTH_t \\ + \phi_3 GOVSIZE_t + \phi_4 I(POST2008) + \phi_5 I(POST2008) * d_{t-1} + U_t \] (10) where \(d_{t-1}\) is one year lagged debt to GDP ratio, \(I(POST2008) * d_{t-1}\) is a vector of interaction terms between a vector of indicators for post financial crisis and a vector one year lagged debt to GDP ratio above the threshold, which intends to capture the different effect of debt on economic growth before and after the 2008 financial crisis, and other variables are the same as from the the first estimation equation (equation (8)). The threshold value is chosen by calculating the turning point from coefficients for one year lagged debt to GDP ratio \((d_{t-1})\) and squared one year lagged debt to GDP ratio \((d_{t-1}^2)\) in the following method (solution to a polynomial of degree 2), \[ turning\ point = -\frac{\beta_1}{2 \times \beta_2} \] (11) where $\beta_1$ is the coefficient for $d_{t-1}$ and $beta_2$ is the coefficient for $d_{t-1}^2$. 4 Regression Result and Discussion One should note that in section 4, same letter may be used to represent a coefficient in different equation. This does not mean estimated coefficients are the same. The coefficients in each equation are estimated uniquely from regression. 4.1 Regression Result For the first estimation equation, I run regression for every integer value between 0 and 130 as the threshold value ($d^$) and obtained coefficient corresponds to each $I(d_{t-1} > d^)$ (Table 2.1). Using full set of data, I do observe the threshold effect, where the coefficients have a decreasing trend as threshold values increase and eventually become negative (Figure 3.4). The coefficient decrease dramatically from positive to negative at debt to GDP ratio of 109% and further decrease as threshold value increase. However, the coefficient become less negative when threshold value increase to 127%. The coefficient of $I(d > d^)$ corresponds to $d^ = 109\%$ is $-0.876$. The result is significant at 5% level. This suggests a robust result that when everything else is the same, country with debt to GDP ratio above the threshold value 109% experience 0.876% lower growth rate than country with debt to GDP ratio below the threshold. However, applying "the minimizing RSS" method on the first equation gives my lower estimated threshold values (10%–20%). This can be explained by the dramatic decrease in coefficient significant when threshold value is large, which means that when debt is sufficient high, government debt has significantly lower predicting power on economic growth. Therefore, minimizing RSS tends to give lower debt threshold value where the predicting power on debt is still high. Estimated threshold value from minimizing RSS does not mean country with debt to GDP ratio above this threshold will experience negative economic growth. Therefore, the "minimizing RSS method" can viewed just as a optimization method with less economic interpretation compare to the "coefficient method". For this reason, I shall only consider "the coefficient method" in the following paper. Based on the second estimation equation, one year lagged debt to GDP ratio and squared one year lagged debt to GDP ratio are also variable of interest (Table 2.2). The estimated coefficient for the two variables are 0.126 and $5.46 \times 10^{-4}$ respectively. Both coefficients are significant at 0.1% level. This suggests that a 1% increase in debt to GDP ratio will result in a 0.126% increase in economic growth rate in the following year. However, because of the coefficient for squared one year lagged debt to GDP ratio is negative, the positive effect of debt to GDP ratio on economic growth rate decreases as debt increase. The turning point can be calculated using equation 11 which gives an estimate for the threshold value of 115%. Both regressions give similar estimations for the threshold value which are higher than 90% found by Reinhart and Rogoff. Both estimation of threshold value suggest that countries become more tolerant to debt after the financial crisis. Using 90% as threshold value and running regression using equation 9, the estimated coefficient is 0.512. This suggests that country with debt to GDP ratio higher than 90% experience 0.512% more growth than country with debt to GDP ratio higher than 90%, which is contradictory to Reinhart’s and Rogoff’s result. Furthermore, coefficients for $(POST2008)$ and $I(POST2008) * d_{t-1}$ are significant at 1% level. Financial crisis in 2008 do seem to have impact on the effect of debt on economic growth rate. Therefore, I will estimate threshold value before and after the financial crisis to make this impact clearer. ### 4.2 Heterogeneity by Cohort #### 4.2.1 Year Cohort The two estimation equations for investigating the heterogeneity by year cohort are, \[ GROWTH_t = \alpha + \beta_1 I(d_{t-1} > d^) + \sum_{i=1}^{n-1} \theta_i I(country_i) + \phi_1 GROWTH_{t-1} + \phi_2 POPGROWTH_t \\ + \phi_3 GOVSIZE_t + U_t \] (12) and \[ GROWTH_t = \alpha + \beta_1 d_{t-1} + \beta_2 d_{t-1}^2 + \sum_{i=1}^{n-1} \theta_i I(country_i) + \phi_1 GROWTH_{t-1} + \phi_2 POPGROWTH_t \\ + \phi_3 GOVSIZE_t + U_t \] (13) where variables in equation 12 is the same as in equation 9 and variables in equation 13 is the same as in 10 but with $I(POST2008)$ and $I(POST2008) I(d_{t-1} > d^)$ removed in equation 12, and $I(POST2008)$ and $I(POST2008) d_{t-1}$ removed in equation 13. Before the financial crisis, the estimated threshold value from equation 12 and 13 are 71% and 76% respectively (Figure 3.5, Table 2.1, Table 2.2). The coefficient for $I(d_{t-1})$ is -1.27 which is higher than the estimated coefficient of -0.876 using the full data set. The estimate is also significant at % level. This lower and significant threshold value combined with the large magnitude estimated coefficient suggest that countries are more sensitive to debt before the financial crisis. After the financial crisis, equation 12 does not give an estimation for threshold value because coefficients on $I(d_{t-1})$ are all positive for threshold value between 30 and 150 (Figure 3.6, Table 2.1, Table 2.2). However, I do observe a decreasing trend in economic growth rate as debt threshold increase. Using the threshold value 109% found by equation 9, the estimated coefficient for $I(d_{t-1})$ is 0.375. This suggests that keeping everything else the same, after the financial crisis, country with debt to GDP ratio above 109% experience 0.375% higher growth rate than country with debt to GDP ratio less than or equal to 109%. Equation 13 also does not give a practical estimation of threshold value. Furthermore, coefficients for variables of interest from equation 12 and 13 are not significant at 10% level. This suggests not only country become more tolerant to debt, but also debt has less predicting power on economic growth rate after the financial crisis. ### 4.2.2 Credit Rating Cohort Credit rating can affect threshold value through its effect on interest rate. Higher credit rating is associated with lower risk, and therefore, lower risk premium. Then high credit rating country should theoretically experience less increase in interest rate, and thus less impact on economic growth. To investigate the effect of credit rating on threshold value, I ran regression using equation 9 and 10 on country with low credit rating and high credit rating separately. Using S&P credit rating, I classify a country as high credit rating if it receives rating better or equal to AA, and country has low credit rating if it has rating worse than all equal to BB. According to this classification method, low credit rating countries are Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Hungary, Italy, and Romania. High credit rating countries are Austria, Germany, Sweden, Netherlands, Norway, Luxembourg, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, and France. One should note that this classification method will significantly reduce sample size. Also, because country with low credit rating tends to be less developed, there are less data available. Therefore, the precision of estimates will be low for country with high credit rating and even worse for low credit rating country. For low credit rating country, the estimated threshold value from equation 9 is 60% (Figure 3.7). However, estimated coefficient for $I(d_{t-1} > d^)$ is insignificant with a value of -0.0415 (See table 2.1 for detailed result). For high credit rating country, the estimated threshold value from equation 9 is 115% (Figure 3.8). The estimated coefficient for $I(d_{t-1} > d^)$ is -0.765 and significant at 10% level (Table 2.1). However, for low credit rating country, equation 10 does not give a practical estimated threshold value (Table 2.2). However, the result is not significant which may be due to limited sample size. For high credit rating country, equation 10 estimated a turning point at 119% debt to GDP ratio (Table 2.2). Because data is already limited using years from 1990 to 2018, I shall not further investigate the effect of financial crisis on debt threshold for low and high credit rating country. Although the estimated threshold value may not be precise, the relative magnitude of threshold values for low and high credit rating country can still shed light on the heterogeneity in debt tolerance. High credit rating country have significantly higher threshold value than low credit rating country. In addition, estimated threshold value for high credit rating country is also higher than the estimated threshold value when using full data set. Therefore, one may conclude that high credit rating country are more tolerance to debt. However, further analysis should be done to validate this result. 5 Robustness Check One should note that in section 5, same letter may be used to represent a coefficient in different equation. This does not mean estimated coefficients are the same. The coefficients in each equation are estimated uniquely from regression. 5.1 Effect on Long Term Interest Rate 5.1.1 Result Using Full Data Set Higher government debt is likely to be associated with higher long term interest rates because investors often connects high debt level with high sovereign risk premium. Therefore, large increase in debt can theoretically lead to higher long term interest rates which cause a decrease in private spending growth, and thus reduce economic growth. To investigate the effect of high government debt on long interest rate, the following two estimation equation are used, \[ INT_t^I = \alpha + \beta_1 I(d_{t-1} > d^) + \sum_{i=1}^{n-1} \theta_i I(country_i) + \phi_1 GROWTH_{t-1} \] \[ + \phi_2 INT_{t-1}^s + \phi_3 I(POST2008) + \phi_4 GOVSIZE_t + U_t \] (14) where \(INT_t^I\) is long term interest rate at year t, \(INT_{t-1}^s\) is long term interest rate at year t-1, and other variables are the same as in equation 9. Running regression using equation 14 with threshold value from 0% to 130%, the coefficient on \(I(d_{t-1}\) have a increasing trend from negative to positive as the threshold value increases (Figure 3.9, Table 2.3). This means that if two countries both have low public debt then the country with higher public debt have lower interest rate. The coefficient become positive at threshold value of 103% and experience a dramatically increase at threshold value of 132%. This suggest that country with debt to GDP ratio above 103% will have higher long term interest rate than country with debt to GDP ratio below or equal to 103%. One should note that this threshold value is slight below the estimated threshold from equation 9. This does not discredit the estimations because a increase interest rate does not necessarily lead to negative economic growth. The increase interest rate has to be sufficiently large to bring economic growth negative. Consider the following case, if a country’s debt to GDP ratio just went above the threshold of 103% estimated by equation 14, a further increase in debt to GDP ratio is needed so that the increase in long term interest rate is sufficient large to bring economic growth negative. Then the threshold value which correlates with negative growth is higher than 103% estimated by equation 14. Then the discrepancy between threshold values estimated from equation 9 and 14 is even smaller. The estimated coefficient on $I(d_{t-1} > d^)$ is 0.01 and insignificant when threshold value of 103% is used. This small coefficient validates my argument above because a 0.01% higher interest rate is too small to bring the economic growth negative. Using threshold value of 109% found from equation 9, the estimated coefficient on $I(d_{t-1} > d^)$ is 1.56 and is significant at 0.1% level. This suggest that country with debt to GDP ratio above 109% experience 1.56% higher long term interest rate than country with debt to GDP ratio below 109%. This 1.56% higher long term interest rate is more likely to have a negative impact on economic growth than 0.01%. However, further analysis needs to be done to estimate a long term interest rate which brings economic growth negative. ### 5.1.2 Effect of Financial Crisis Running equation on data before 2008, coefficients of $I(d_{t-1} > d^)$ have a increasing trend from negative to positive as threshold value increase for threshold value below 40% (Figure 3.9). However, the coefficients for threshold value over 40% fluctuates around 0.196 (sometimes decrease to negative) (Table 2.3). The threshold value is hard to identify in this case. One could argue that the threshold value for which the coefficient change from positive to negative for the first time is 33%. This threshold value is significant lower than the threshold value estimated using equation 9 on data before 2008. The coefficient on $I(d_{t-1} > d^)$ associated with this threshold value is 0.0273%. This suggests that before the financial crisis, country with debt to GDP ratio below or equal to 33% experience a 0.0273% higher long term interest rate. This is relatively small compare to the coefficient of 1.56 estimated in previous subsection using threshold value of 109%. The small coefficient corresponds to threshold value of 33% and the pattern of coefficient for threshold value above 40% may explain the extremely low threshold value here. Because difference in long term interest rate for country with debt to GDP ratio above and below threshold value from 33% to 130% is only 0.197 on average, the country need to significantly increase government debt so that the increase in long term interest rate is sufficient enough to bring economic growth negative. If this is the case, the debt to GDP ratio for this country would be a lot higher than 33%. The small fluctuating coefficients mean that, for country with debt to GDP ratio above threshold 33%, an increase in debt to GDP ratio has small and ambiguous effect on long term interest rate. This may suggest that an increase in debt to GDP ratio has small effect on risk premium. Therefore, before the financial crisis, investors may be confident that even country with high debt has the ability to pay its debt. One may think that my result for threshold before financial crisis contradicts my finding in section 4.2.1 that threshold value is lower before financial crisis. Based on my finding, one would expect debt threshold to be higher before the financial crisis because increase in debt does not translate to large clear increase in long term interest rate, then large increase in debt is needed for a large increase in long term interest rate so that a negative growth rate is possible. However, this discrepancy merely suggests that there are other channels for which increase in debt effects economic growth. Running equation on data after 2008, coefficients of $I(d_{t-1} > d^)$ have a increasing trend from negative to positive as threshold value increase (Figure 3.11). The estimated threshold is 130% for which any threshold value above have positive coefficients. This is largely in line with my result from section 4.2.2 that no threshold value is found using data after 2008. The coefficient on $I(d_{t-1} > d^)$ using threshold value of 130% is 0.229 (Table 2.3). Although this coefficient is not large, the coefficient increase dramatically to 4.65 for threshold value of 132%. This explains the large threshold value because for country with debt to GDP ratio above the threshold of 130%, any further increase in debt has a dramatic increase in interest rate that is likely to bring economic growth rate to negative. Overall, my result from this section largely in line with my finding in section in 4.2.1. Estimated threshold using equation 14 for data before the financial crisis is significantly lower than using data after the financial crisis. This increase in threshold value suggests that countries became more tolerance to debt after the financial crisis. ### 5.2 Effect of Outliers To avoid my result being driven by country with too high or low debt to GDP ratio, I removed 1) Country outlier: country with both debt to GDP ratio and economic growth significant different from other countries and 2) Country with high leverage (statistically): country with extremely high or low debt to GDP ratio. Then I ran regressions using equation 9 and 10 excluding some countries identified by above method (Table 2.4, Table 2.5 respectively). First, I excluded Estonia (country outlier) with on average extremely low debt to GDP ratio (5.18%) and low economic growth (4.20%). Using equation 9, the estimated threshold is 110% for which any higher debt to GDP ratio has a negative impact on economic growth. This threshold is slightly higher than 109% estimated using question 9 on the full data set. However, the coefficient corresponds to $I(d_{t-1} > 111\%)$ is which is smaller than $-0.876$ estimated using question 9 on the full data set. This means that difference in economic growth is very small for country with debt to GDP ratio below and above the debt threshold value. This result seems reasonable because Estonia also has the highest economic growth rate on average. Therefore, removing Estonia narrows the difference in economic growths between country with debt to GDP ratio below and above the threshold. The threshold estimated using equation 10 is $117\%$ which is higher than the turning point of $115\%$ estimated using equation 10 on the full data set. Overall, removing Estonia does not change my result significantly. Second, I excluded Greece (country outlier) with significantly high debt to GDP ratio ($130.09\%$) and low economic growth ($0.7444\%$). The estimated threshold using equation 9 is $109\%$ which the same as the threshold value estimated using equation 9 on the full data set. This result seems somewhat surprising because one would expect threshold value to decrease after removing Greece from the regression. However, after taking a close look at Greece’s data, the estimations seem plausible. Greece experienced some slow positive and some negative economic growth when it has a debt to GDP ratio above $109\%$. Because the threshold is estimated by looking at the average growth for country below and above the threshold while controlling for other factors, it is probable that the effect of removing Greece vanishes after averaging. However, if one constructs more granular partition of threshold values, the effect of removing Greece may be more obvious. The coefficient of $I(d_{t-1} > 109\%)$ is $-0.322$ which is smaller than $-0.876$ estimated in section 4. This can be explained by the negative growth associated with debt to GDP ratio above $109\%$ removed from regression. The threshold estimated using equation 10 is $107\%$ which is lower than the turning point of $115\%$ estimated using equation 10 on the full data set. This decrease in threshold value is reasonable because equation 10 captures the linear and non-linear effect $1\%$ increase in debt to GDP ratio. Therefore, equation 10 captures more information from data than equation 9 which looks at the average. One should note that the two estimated thresholds are still higher than $90\%$ which was estimated by Reinhart and Rogoff. Overall, removing Greece does not change my result significantly. Third, I excluded Estonia (country outlier) with an average extremely low debt to GDP ratio ($5.18\%$) and low economic growth ($4.20\%$), Luxembourg with an average extremely low debt to GDP ratio ($14.99\%$), and Bulgaria on average extremely low debt to GDP ratio ($21.41\%$). The estimated threshold using equation 9 is $128\%$ for which any higher threshold value correspond to a negative coefficient. However, one should know that, the coefficient is also negative at threshold $119\%$, however coefficients correspond to threshold values between $119\%$ and $128\%$ are positive. The coefficient associated with threshold value $128\%$ is $-0.276$ which is also lower than $-0.876$ estimated by equation 9 using the full data set. This means that difference in economic growth is relatively small for country with debt to GDP ratio below and above the debt threshold value. The estimated threshold using equation 10 is $117\%$ which is higher than the turning point of $115\%$ estimated using equation 10 on the full data set. Overall, removing Estonia does not change my result significantly. Fourth, I excluded Greece (outlier) with significantly high debt to GDP ratio (130.09%) and low economic growth (0.7444%), Italy (outlier) with significantly high debt to GDP ratio (113.14%) and low economic growth (0.564%) and Belgium (high leverage) with significantly high debt to GDP ratio (103.57%). The estimated threshold using equation 9 is 105% which is low than the threshold 109% estimated using equation 9 on the full data set. The coefficient correspond to \(I(d_{t-1} > 105\%)\) is -0.374 which smaller than -0.876 estimated in section 4. This result is logical because Greece and Italy have the top 2 debt to GDP ratio and the bottom 2 GDP growth rate. Therefore, the economic growth rate for remaining countries with debt to GDP ratio above threshold 105% is not significantly lower than countries with debt to GDP ratio below threshold 105%. One should note that this threshold value is still higher than 90% estimated by Reinhart and Rogoff. The coefficient correspond to \(I(d_{t-1} > 90\%)\) is 0.377, which means that on average, with other factors the same, country with debt to GDP ratio above 90% experience higher growth than country with debt to GDP ratio below 90%. The estimated threshold from equation 10 is 111% which is lower than 115% estimated in section 4. However, this estimation is not significant. This may be due to lower variance (spread) in debt to GDP ratio and GDP growth rate which makes the relationship less obvious. In conclusion, removing Greece, Italy and Belgium do result in a lower threshold estimation, but it is still higher than Reinhart and Rogoff’s estimation. Finally, I excluded all countries mentioned above. The estimated threshold value using equation 9 is 106% which is lower than 109% estimated by using the full data. The estimated coefficient for \(I(d_{t-1} > 106\%)\) is -0.106 which is smaller than -0.876 estimated in section 4. This decrease in magnitude of coefficients is logical because countries with too high or low GDP growth and debt to GDP ratio were excluded. Using equation 10, the estimated threshold is 108%. However, both estimates are not significant which may be due to smaller sample size and lower variance (spread) in debt to GDP ratio and GDP growth rate. For the most part, running regression excluding influential counties still give consistent results. Therefore, having outliers and data points with high leverage in my regressions do not incur substantial consequence; however the heuristic meaning of outliers generally shall be underestimated. ### 5.3 Growth of GDP per Capita as Dependent Variable GDP per capita can also be used to investigate the relationship between debt and growth economic growth. To see this, \[ \frac{\Delta x}{x} \approx \frac{\partial x}{\partial t} = \frac{1}{x} \frac{\partial x}{\partial t} = \frac{\partial \ln x}{\partial t} \approx \frac{\Delta \ln x}{\Delta t} \] (15) Then for $\Delta t = 1$ and $g^x$ be the growth rate $x$, \[ g^x = \Delta x / x = \Delta \ln x \] (16) Also, \[ \frac{\Delta x / y}{x / y} = \Delta \ln \frac{x}{y} = \Delta \ln x - \Delta \ln y = g^x - g^y \] (17) Let $x =$ GDP, $y =$ population, then $x/y =$ GDP per capita, then, \[ g^{GDP \text{ per capita}} = g^{GDP} - g^{population} \] (18) Recall that variable $POPGROWTH$ in equation 9 and 10 is population growth rate, then estimates from equation below should give similar estimates as from equation 9. \[ GDPCAPITAGROWTH_t = \alpha + \beta_1 I(d_{t-1} > d^) + \sum_{i=1}^{n-1} \theta_i I(country_i) + \phi_1 Growth_{t-1} \\ + \phi_2 POPGROWTH_t + \phi_3 GOVSIZE_t + U_t \] (19) Similarly, estimates from equation below should give similar estimates as from equation 10. \[ GDPCAPITAGROWTH_t = \alpha + \beta_1 d_{t-1} + \beta_2 d_{t-1}^2 + \sum_{i=1}^{n-1} \theta_i I(country_i) + \phi_1 Growth_{t-1} \\ + \phi_2 POPGROWTH_t + \phi_3 GOVSIZE_t + U_t \] (20) where $GDPCAPITAGROWTH_t$ is GDP per capita growth at year $t$ and other variables the same as from equation 9 and 10. Using the full data set, the estimated threshold from equation 19 is 108% which is very similar to 109% calculated from equation 9. The coefficient corresponds to $I(d_{t-1} > 108\%)$ is -0.734 which is also very close to -0.876 estimated from equation 9 (Table 2.6). The result is significant at 5% level. However, the smaller coefficient means that given other factors the same, the adverse effect of debt on growth of GDP per capita is smaller than on output growth. The estimated threshold from equation 20 is 115% which is the same as the threshold estimation of 115% from equation 10 (Table 2.7). Both difference may be explained by measurement error. Using the data before the financial crisis, the estimated thresholds from equation 19 is 71% which is the same as my estimates from equation 9. The coefficient corresponds to \( I(d_{t-1} > 108\%) \) is -0.985 which is also very close to -1.27 estimated from equation 9 (Table 2.6). Similar as using the full data, the smaller coefficient means that given other factors the same, the adverse effect of debt on growth of GDP per capita is smaller than on output growth. The threshold estimation from equation 20 is 77% which is very close to 76% estimated by equation 10 (Table 2.7). Again, the difference may be explained by measurement error. Using growth of GDP per capita as dependent variable, I observe a decrease in threshold value using data before the financial crisis. Using data after the financial crisis, equation 19 fail to give an estimated threshold value because all coefficient correspond to \( I(d_{t-1} > d^) \) for integer valued \( d^ \) between 30 and 150 are all positive. However, similar as the result from section 4, coefficient does have a creasing trend as threshold value increase. Using threshold value found in section 4 by equation 9, the coefficient of \( I(d_{t-1} > 109\%) \) is 0.287 (Table 2.6). Equation 20, similar to equation 10 fail to give a practical estimation of threshold (Table 2.7). Therefore, using growth of GDP per capita as dependent variable, I can draw the same conclusion that after the financial crisis countries do seem more tolerance to debt. Overall, using growth of GDP per capita as dependent variable, I got very almost identical result as in section 4. Therefore, my results are robust and should be free from calculation error. 6 Conclusion and Further Research 6.1 Conclusion Debt threshold a topic subject to heated academic debate in the last decade. What is the effect of public debt accumulation on economic growth is an central question to policy maker when designing the optimal fiscal policy. This topic gains increasing attention in the aftermath of financial crisis in 2008. This paper aims to answer the question of the relationship between government debt and economic growth and if financial crisis has an impact on the relationship, by using a large cross sectional data set. I developed two estimation methods to capture any threshold effects while controlling for endogeneity. Then I conducted formal statistical analysis of debt threshold effect on output growth by applying the two estimation methods on a panel data which spans 30 years and consists 30 European countries, as well as on two subgroups classified by credit rating. To find the impact of financial crisis on the debt threshold effect, I splitted the panel data into two subgroups, data before and after financial crisis, and performed statistical analysis using the two estimation methods on. I found an inverted U shape relationship between debt and growth in some cases. Statistically significant threshold effect was found using both estimation methods on the full data sets. However, my estimates are not identical (109% and 115%). The short-term impact of debt on GDP growth becomes negative and less significant once the public debt to GDP ratio reaches 109% or 115%. In addition, the threshold effect is heterogeneous by credit rating cohort. Countries with low credit rating are more vulnerable to debt (estimated threshold of 60%) compared to countries with high credit rating (estimated threshold of 115%). However, this result is less statistically significant due to data limitation. Furthermore, financial crisis does have considerable impact on threshold effect. Countries become substantially more tolerant to debt. Before the financial crisis, estimated thresholds from the two estimation methods are 71% and 76%, whereas after the financial crisis, no thresholds were found. This means that after the financial crisis, there does not exist a debt to GDP ratio for which any further accumulation in debt will have a reversal effect on growth. My results show that the positive short term economic stimulus from additional debt decreases severely when the initial debt level is high, and can become negative as debt increases. The adverse effect suggests that when debt to GDP ratio is extremely high, reducing it would be beneficial to economic growth. On the other hand, if the initial debt is low, increasing debt would have a positive effect on growth in the short run, which is in line with conventional Keynesian multipliers effect. Hence, my result supports the idea that increasing debt stimulates the economy only when the initial debt level is below certain threshold. However, one should be cautious when putting these results in practice because every country is unique in the sense that state of affairs vary across nations. 6.2 Further Research Further research can be done to investigate mid-term and long term effects of debt accumulation and growth. 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IMF Working Papers, 14(34). doi:10.5089/9781484306444.001 Reinhart, C., & Rogoff, K. (2010). “Growth in a Time of Debt”. NBER Working Papers. doi:10.3386/w15639 Saint-Paul, G. (1992). “Fiscal Policy in an Endogenous Growth Model”. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 107(4), 1243-1259. Schclarek, A. (2004). “Debt and Economic Growth in Developing and Industrial Countries”. Department of Economics Lund University working papers. Smyth, D. & Hsing, Y. (1995), “In search of an optimal debt ratio for economic growth”, Contemporary Economic Policy, 13:51–59 Appendix 1 Table 1.1: Data Description and Source \| Variable Abbreviation \| Variable Name \| Unit \| Source \| \|-----------------------\|----------------------------------------------------\|------\|--------\| \| GROWTH \| real GDP growth rate \| % \| AMECO \| \| GDPCAPITAGROWTH \| GDP per capita growth \| % \| AMECO \| \| d \| debt to GDP ratio \| % \| AMECO \| \| POPGROWTH \| population growth \| % \| AMECO \| \| GOVSIZE \| total government expenditure to GDP ratio \| % \| AMECO \| \| $INT^d$ \| real long term interest rate \| % \| AMECO \| \| $INT^s$ \| real short term interest rate \| % \| AMECO \| \| Inflation \| Inflation \| % \| AMECO \| Note: Countries included are Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, and United Kingdom. Table 1.2: Data Summary \| Variable Abbreviation \| Mean (%) \| Standard Deviation \| \|-----------------------\|----------\|--------------------\| \| GROWTH \| 2.40 \| 3.51 \| \| GDPCAPITAGROWTH \| 2.04 \| 3.55 \| \| d \| 60.29 \| 31.91 \| \| POPGROWTH \| 0.354 \| 0.806 \| \| GOVSIZE \| 45.21 \| 6.58 \| \| $INT^d$ \| 4.39 \| 2.35 \| \| $INT^s$ \| 0.540 \| 2.74 \| \| Inflation \| 0.959 \| 0.130 \| Note: Countries included are the same as in Table 1.1. ### Appendix 2 #### Table 2.1: Regression Results from Equation 9 \| Variable \| Complete Data \| Before Financial Crisis \| After Financial Crisis \| Low Credit Rating \| High Credit Rating \| \|-----------------------------------------------\|---------------\|-------------------------\|------------------------\|-------------------\|--------------------\| \| $I(d_t-1 > d^)$ \| $-0.8758^{}$ \| $-1.2692^{*}$ \| $0.3747$ \| $-0.04287$ \| $-0.7648^{}$ \| \| \| (0.4002) \| (0.3663) \| (0.4137) \| (0.1921) \| (0.4675) \| \| $GROWTH_{t-1}$ \| $0.1547^{*}$\| $0.3520^{}$ \| $0.05021^{}$ \| $0.1837$ \| $0.04074^{}$ \| \| \| (0.04987) \| (0.07286) \| (0.05810) \| (0.1288) \| (0.03062) \| \| $POPGROWTH_t$ \| $0.6593^{}$ \| $0.2294$ \| $0.3355^{}$ \| $0.1784^{}$ \| $0.1297^{}$ \| \| \| (0.4038) \| (0.3182) \| (0.2197) \| (0.5927) \| (0.2734) \| \| $GOVSIZE_t$ \| $-0.4871^{}$\| $-0.2481^{}$ \| $-0.3439^{}$ \| $-0.4583^{}$ \| $-0.2921^{}$ \| \| \| (0.04330) \| (0.03598) \| (0.06616) \| (0.1540) \| (0.05043) \| \| $I(POST2008)$ \| $-3.0088^{}$\| $-3.2927^{}$ \| $-1.9611^{}$ \| \| \| \| \| (0.2974) \| (1.0385) \| (0.3323) \| \| \| \| $I(POST2008) I(d_t-1 > d^)$ \| $-1.5463^{}$ \| $-1.5997$ \| $-1.4233^{}$ \| \| \| \| \| (0.9922) \| (1.4777) \| Included (5) \| \| \| \| Country Dummy \| Included (30) \| Included (30) \| Included (30) \| \| \| \| Debt Threshold \| 109% \| 71% \| NA \| 60% \| 115% \| Note: The dependent variable is GDP Growth. The abbreviations for the explanatory variables are explained in Table 1.1, Appendix 1. Countries included in complete data, before financial crisis, after financial crisis are Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, and United Kingdom. Countries included in low credit rating are Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Hungary, Italy, and Romania. Countries included in high credit rating are Austria, Germany, Sweden, Netherlands, Norway, Luxembourg, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, and France. The table shows the estimated coefficients, standard errors (SE) which are in parentheses and their significance level (10%; 5%; 1%). The main variable of interest is the indicator on debt to GDP ratio above threshold. \| Variable \| Complete Data \| Before Financial Crisis \| After Financial Crisis \| Low Credit Rating \| High Credit Rating \| \|---------------------------------\|---------------\|-------------------------\|------------------------\|-------------------\|--------------------\| \| $d_{t-1}$ \| 0.1267 \| 0.1023* \| -0.03948 \| 0.06125 \| 0.1020* \| \| \| (0.05711) \| (0.03954) \| (0.05536) \| (0.8329) \| (0.04432) \| \| $d_{t-1}^2$ \| 0.0005461* \| 0.0006730* \| 0.9544* \| 0.006838 \| -0.0004286 \| \| \| (0.0003988) \| (0.0003787) \| (0.2467) \| (0.01034) \| (0.002882) \| \| $GROWTH_{t-1}$ \| 0.1398* \| 0.1439* \| 0.02017 \| 0.1459 \| 0.07633 \| \| \| (0.04122) \| (0.05949) \| (0.05786) \| (0.1005) \| (0.07610) \| \| $POFGROWTH_t$ \| 0.9736 \| 0.8672* \| 1.1762* \| 0.6594 \| 0.1806 \| \| \| (0.4946) \| (0.4478) \| (0.6540) \| (0.6751) \| (0.2000) \| \| $GOVSIZE_t$ \| -0.3318 \| -0.3805* \| -0.3697 \| -0.4439* \| -0.3070* \| \| \| (0.04124) \| (0.006778) \| (0.06641) \| (0.1335) \| (0.06093) \| \| $I(POST2008)$ \| -4.512* \| \| -4.0208* \| 4.0058 \| \| \| \| (0.5862) \| \| (1.6024) \| (1.1471) \| \| \| $I(POST2008) \times d_{t-1}$ \| 0.04621*** \| \| 0.5231 \| 0.06677 \| \| \| \| (0.009401) \| \| (1.0397) \| (0.4969) \| \| \| Country Dummy \| Included (30) \| Included (30) \| Included (30) \| \| \| \| Debt Threshold \| 115% \| 76% \| NA \| 119% \| \| Note: The dependent variable is GDP Growth. The abbreviations for the explanatory variables are explained in Table 1.1, Appendix 1. Countries included in complete data, before financial crisis, after financial crisis are Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, and United Kingdom. Countries included in low credit rating are Austria, Germany, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Hungary, Italy, and Romania. Countries included in high credit rating are Belgium, Denmark, Norway, Luxembourg, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, and France. The table shows the estimated coefficients, standard errors (SE), which are in parentheses and their significance level (10%, 5%, *1%). The main variable of interest is one year lagged debt to GDP ratio and squared one year lagged debt to GDP ratio. Table 2.3: Long Term Interest Rate as Dependent Variable \| Variable \| Complete Data \| Before Financial Crisis \| After Financial Crisis \| \|---------------------------\|---------------\|-------------------------\|------------------------\| \| $I(d_{t-1} > d^)$ \| 0.01002 \| 0.0273* \| 0.2293 \| \| \| (0.2035) \| (0.01992) \| (0.3288) \| \| $GROWTH_{t-1}$ \| 0.1547*** \| 0.0007773 \| 0.03498 \| \| \| (0.04987) \| (0.04674) \| (0.04063) \| \| $INT_{t-1}^$ \| 0.1853 \| 0.2746* \| 0.1492* \| \| \| (0.03229) \| (0.03222) \| (0.05082) \| \| $GOVSIZE_t$ \| 0.1960* \| 0.1071* \| 0.2614* \| \| \| (0.02811) \| (0.03536) \| (0.04220) \| \| $I(POST2008)$ \| -1.6779*** \| \| \| \| \| (0.1876) \| \| \| \| Country Dummy \| Included (30) \| Included (30) \| Included (30) \| Debt Threshold \| 103% \| 33% \| 130% Note: The dependent variable is long term interest rate. The abbreviations for the explanatory variables are explained in Table 1.1, Appendix 1. Countries included in complete data, before financial crisis, after financial crisis are the same as in table 2.2. The table shows the estimated coefficients, standard errors (SE) which are in parentheses and their significance level (10%; 5%, *1%). The main variable of interest is indicator on debt to GDP ratio over threshold. Table 2.4: Regression Result Without Influential Data Using Equation 9 \| Variable \| Model1 \| Model2 \| Model3 \| Model4 \| Model5 \| \|---------------------------\|----------------\|----------------\|----------------\|----------------\|----------------\| \| $I(d_{t-1} > d^)$ \| -0.3101* \| -0.322* \| -0.2760 \| -0.3742 \| -0.1063 \| \| \| (0.1835) \| (0.1886) \| (0.1980) \| (0.2771) \| (0.3876) \| \| $GROWTH_{t-1}$ \| 0.1497* \| 0.1526* \| 0.1616* \| 0.1000 \| 0.1460*** \| \| \| (0.03874) \| (0.04252) \| (0.04390) \| (0.04371) \| (0.04838) \| \| $POPGROWTH_t$ \| 0.6510* \| 0.5525 \| 0.09982 \| 0.2215 \| 0.05687 \| \| \| (0.4122) \| (0.6060) \| (0.3062) \| (0.3090) \| (0.3294) \| \| $GOVSIZE_t$ \| -0.4878* \| -0.2927* \| -0.2950* \| -0.3040* \| -0.2756* \| \| \| (0.04189) \| (0.04056) \| (0.04084) \| (0.04337) \| (0.04506) \| \| $I(POST2008)$ \| -5.6732* \| -4.8313* \| -5.6433* \| -6.4728* \| -5.4342* \| \| \| (0.6901) \| (0.6777) \| (0.6691) \| (0.7789) \| (0.7570) \| \| $I(POST2008) * I(d_{t-1} > d^)$ \| -3.2558* \| -3.2398 \| -3.2012* \| -2.7894* \| -3.1401* \| \| \| (1.7987) \| (1.3801) \| (1.1851) \| (0.9745) \| (0.9438) \| \| Country Dummy \| Included (29) \| Included (29) \| Included (27) \| Included (27) \| Included (24) \| Debt Threshold \| 111% \| 109% \| 128% \| 105% \| 106% Note: The dependent variable is GDP growth. Explanatory variables are the same as in table 2.1. Model 1 excludes Estonia. Model 2 excludes Greece. Model 3 excludes Estonia, Luxembourg, and Bulgaria. Model 4 excludes Greece, Italy, and Belgium. Model 5 excludes Estonia, Luxembourg Bulgaria, Greece, Italy, and Belgium. The table shows the estimated coefficients, standard errors (SE) which are in parentheses and their significance level (10%; 5%, 1%). The main variable of interest is indicator on debt to GDP ratio over threshold. Table 2.5: Regression Result Without Influential Data Using Equation 10 \| Variable \| Model1 \| Model2 \| Model3 \| Model4 \| Model5 \| \|---------------------------\|--------------\|--------------\|--------------\|--------------\|--------------\| \| $d_{t-1}$ \| 0.06053 \| 0.08061* \| 0.06273* \| 0.09009 \| 0.03440 \| \| \| (0.03008) \| (0.04773) \| (0.04521) \| (0.07525) \| (0.05227) \| \| $d_{t-1}^2$ \| 0.0002587* \| 0.0002757* \| 0.0002681 \| 0.0004058 \| -0.0001592 \| \| \| (0.0001536) \| (0.0001688) \| (0.0001792) \| (0.0003111) \| (0.001555) \| \| $GROWTH_{t-1}$ \| 0.1536* \| 0.1655* \| 0.1177*** \| 0.1201* \| 0.1351* \| \| \| (0.04468) \| (0.04453) \| (0.04378) \| (0.04371) \| (0.04874) \| \| $POPGROWTH_t$ \| 0.1497 \| 0.3161 \| 0.06979 \| 0.2215 \| 0.2433 \| \| \| (0.1049) \| (0.3164) \| (0.1066) \| (0.3090) \| (0.3343) \| \| $GOVSIZE_t$ \| -0.3160* \| -0.3040* \| 0.3993* \| -0.3271* \| -0.2658* \| \| \| (0.04182) \| (0.04125) \| (0.04380) \| (0.04237) \| (0.04484) \| \| $I(POST2008)$ \| -5.0439* \| -4.8130* \| 4.4910* \| 4.0728* \| -3.3903*** \| \| \| (0.6660) \| (0.7880) \| (0.7871) \| (0.7489) \| (0.9786) \| \| $I(POST2008) * d_{t-1}$ \| 0.04303* \| 0.04191* \| 0.08589* \| 0.03539* \| 0.04191*** \| \| \| (0.01456) \| (0.01593) \| (0.01544) \| (0.01462) \| (0.01859) \| \| Country Dummy \| Included (29)\| Included (29)\| Included (27)\| Included (27)\| Included (24)\| \| Debt Threshold \| 117% \| 115% \| 117% \| 111% \| 108% \| Note: The dependent variable is GDP growth. Explanatory variables are the same as in table 2.2. Model 1 excludes Estonia, Model 2 excludes Greece, Model 3 excludes Estonia, Luxembourg, and Bulgaria, Model 4 excludes Greece, Italy, and Belgium, Model 5 excludes Estonia, Luxembourg, Bulgaria, Greece, Italy, and Belgium. The table shows the estimated coefficients, standard errors (SE) which are in parentheses and their significance level (10%, 5%, *1%). The main variable of interest is one year lagged debt to GDP ratio and squared one year lagged debt to GDP ratio. Table 2.6 Growth of GDP per Capita as Dependent Variable Using Equation 9 \| Variable \| Complete Data \| Before Financial Crisis \| After Financial Crisis \| \|---------------------------\|---------------\|-------------------------\|------------------------\| \| $I(d_{t-1} > d^)$ \| -0.7343 \| -0.9851* \| 0.2870 \| \| \| (0.4521) \| (0.3592) \| (0.3777) \| \| $GROWTH_{t-1}$ \| 0.1687* \| 0.3626* \| 0.05553 \| \| \| (0.04787) \| (0.07115) \| (0.02615) \| \| $GOVSIZE_t$ \| -0.4933* \| -0.2445* \| -0.3546 \| \| \| (0.04272) \| (0.05220) \| (0.07112) \| \| $I(POST2008)$ \| -3.8418*** \| \| \| \| \| (0.3788) \| \| \| \| $I(POST2008) * I(d_{t-1} > d^)$ \| -1.7010 \| \| \| \| \| (1.0035) \| \| \| \| Country Dummy \| Included (30) \| Included (30) \| Included (30) \| \| Debt Threshold \| 108% \| 71% \| NA \| Note: The dependent variable is GDP per capita growth. Explanatory variables are the same as in table 2.1. The table shows the estimated coefficients, standard errors (SE) which are in parentheses and their significance level (10%, 5%, 1%). The main variable of interest is indicator on debt to GDP ratio over threshold. Table 2.7 Growth of GDP per Capita as Dependent Variable Using Equation 10 \| Variable \| Complete Data \| Before Financial Crisis \| After Financial Crisis \| \|---------------------------\|---------------------\|-------------------------\|------------------------\| \| $d_{t-1}$ \| 0.1335 \| 0.1243*** \| -0.03548 \| \| \| (0.03635) \| (0.02424) \| (0.03920) \| \| \| 0.0006181* \| 0.0008071* \| 0.8795* \| \| \| (0.0063887) \| (0.0004928) \| (0.1962) \| \| $d_{t-1}^2$ \| 0.1599* \| 0.3178* \| 0.04729 \| \| \| (0.05643) \| (0.07985) \| (0.04534) \| \| $GROWTH_{t-1}$ \| -0.4398* \| -0.2019* \| -0.3911* \| \| \| (0.05329) \| (0.03918) \| (0.06774) \| \| $GOVSIZE_t$ \| \| \| \| \| $I(POST2008)$ \| -4.3837*** \| \| \| \| \| (0.4651) \| \| \| \| $I(POST2008) * d_{t-1}$ \| 0.03211*** \| \| \| \| \| (0.01059) \| \| \| \| Country Dummy \| Included (30) \| Included (30) \| Included (30) \| \| Debt Threshold \| 115% \| 77% \| NA \| Note: The dependent variable is GDP per capita growth. Explanatory variables are the same as in table 2.2. The table shows the estimated coefficients, standard errors (SE) which are in parentheses and their significance level (10%, 5%, **1%). The main variable of interest is one year lagged debt to GDP ratio and squared one year lagged debt to GDP ratio. Appendix 3 Figure 3.1 Average Debt to GDP Ratio by Year Figure 3.2 Average Economic Growth by Year Figure 3.3 Average Economic Growth by Year GDP Growth Rate Versus Debt to GDP Ratio (Cohort by Year and Credit Rating) - Low Credit Rating - High Credit Rating Before 2008 After 2008 Figure 3.4 Coefficient On Debt Threshold (Full Data) Coefficients on Debt Threshold Threshold Value Figure 3.5 Coefficient On Debt Threshold (Before Financial Crisis) Figure 3.6 Coefficient On Debt Threshold (After Financial Crisis) Figure 3.7 Coefficient On Debt Threshold (Low Credit Rating) Coefficients on Debt Threshold for Country With Low Credit Rating Figure 3.8 Coefficient On Debt Threshold (High Credit Rating) Coefficients on Debt Threshold for Country With High Credit Rating Figure 3.9 Coefficient On Debt Threshold (Full data, Long Term Interest Rate as Dependent Variable) Figure 3.10 Coefficient On Debt Threshold (Before Financial Crisis, Long Term Interest Rate as Dependent Variable) Figure 3.11 Coefficient On Debt Threshold (After Financial Crisis, Long Term Interest Rate as Dependent Variable) Figures correspond to estimations in section 5.2 and 5.3 are very similar to figure 3.4, figure 3.5 and figure 3.6. One can refer to these figures for estimations in section 5.2 and 5.3.	<urn:uuid:8440ae49-07e5-4099-b1c9-07269903d31d>	CC-MAIN-2023-40	https://www.econ.berkeley.edu/sites/default/files/Hu_Xinruo_Honor%20Thesis.pdf	2023-09-26T12:16:21+00:00	s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/crawl=CC-MAIN-2023-40/subset=warc/part-00281-7aa0a1e5-33a6-434b-89a2-950f294b40c1.c000.gz.parquet	811,021,488	18,848	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.854377	eng_Latn	0.993472	[ "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "dan_Latn", "dan_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn" ]	false	docling	[ 230, 1015, 3692, 6725, 10064, 12474, 14362, 17653, 20361, 23215, 25741, 28326, 31543, 33880, 37231, 40259, 43698, 46535, 48481, 51330, 53789, 56543, 56943, 58917, 62485, 66074, 70306, 74611, 76800, 76902, 77192, 77327, 77587, 77804, 78107 ]
\| MONDAY \| TUESDAY \| WEDNESDAY \| THURSDAY \| FRIDAY \| \|--------\|---------\|-----------\|----------\|--------\| \| \| \| \| \| 1 \| \| \| \| \| \| Enchirito Cheesy Italian Dunkers* Egg Salad Sandwich* Asian Chicken Salad & Roll \| You must select a half a cup of fruit or vegetable or a combination of both with your meal. You may select more. \| 4 \| 5 \| 6 \| 7 \| 8 \| \|--------\|---------\|---------\|---------\|---------\| \| Baked Chicken Nuggets w/ Breadstick Bean & Cheese Burrito* Roasted Turkey & Cheddar Sandwich Protein Pack w/Hardboiled Egg* \| Hot Ham & Cheese Sandwich 100% Mozzarella Cheese ROUND Pizza!! Peanut Butter & Jelly Sandwich w/ String Cheese Deli Turkey & Cheddar Sandwich \| Baked Macaroni and Cheese Grilled Cheddar Cheese Sandwich* Chicken Corn Dog Fiesta Taco Salad with 100% All Beef Crumble & Tortilla Chips \| NATIONAL BREAKFAST WEEK Breakfast For Lunch: Waffles w/ Sausage Breakfast For Lunch: French Toast w/ Sausage Breakfast Burrito Breakfast Bowl \| Flat Cheese Pizza Pocket Enchilada Bake Fish Sticks Deli Ham & Cheddar Sandwich \| We offer fruits and vegetables daily on our Garden Bar for your selection with your lunch meal. \| 11 \| 12 \| 13 \| 14 \| 15 \| \|--------\|---------\|---------\|---------\|---------\| \| Breakfast For Lunch: Pancakes Or French Toast with Sausage Cheeseburger Chicken Wrap Grahamwich w/ String Cheese \| Orange Popcorn Chicken & Rice 100% Mozzarella Cheese* or Pepperoni SQUARE Pizza Peanut Butter & Jelly Sandwich w/ String Cheese* Pulled Chicken Caesar Salad & Breadstick \| Nachos Pulled Pork BBQ Sandwich Cheese Quesadilla* American Sub \| Chicken Alfredo Pasta w/ Roll NEW 100% Mozzarella Cheese* or Pepperoni ROUND Pizza Tuna Sandwich Fruit & Yogurt Parfait & String Cheese* \| Enchirito Cheesy Italian Dunkers* Egg Salad Sandwich* Asian Chicken Salad & Roll \| We offer non fat chocolate milk and 1% white milk with your meal. \| 18 \| 19 \| 20 \| 21 \| 22 \| \|--------\|---------\|---------\|---------\|---------\| \| Baked Chicken Nuggets w/ Breadstick Bean & Cheese Burrito* Roasted Turkey & Cheddar Sandwich Protein Pack w/Hardboiled Egg* \| Hot Ham & Cheese Sandwich 100% Mozzarella Cheese ROUND Pizza!! Peanut Butter & Jelly Sandwich w/ String Cheese Deli Turkey & Cheddar Sandwich \| Baked Macaroni and Cheese Grilled Cheddar Cheese Sandwich* Chicken Corn Dog Fiesta Taco Salad with 100% All Beef Crumble & Tortilla Chips \| Crispy or Spicy Chicken Sandwich 100% Mozzarella Cheese* or Pepperoni SQUARE Pizza American Sub Sandwich Fruit & Yogurt Parfait & String Cheese \| Flat Cheese Pizza Pocket Enchilada Bake Fish Sticks Deli Ham & Cheddar Sandwich \| \| 25 \| 26 \| 27 \| 28 \| 29 \| \|--------\|---------\|---------\|---------\|---------\| \| Breakfast For Lunch: Pancakes Or French Toast with Sausage Cheeseburger Chicken Wrap Grahamwich w/ String Cheese \| Orange Popcorn Chicken & Rice 100% Mozzarella Cheese* or Pepperoni SQUARE Pizza Peanut Butter & Jelly Sandwich w/ String Cheese* Pulled Chicken Caesar Salad & Breadstick \| Nachos Pulled Pork BBQ Sandwich Cheese Quesadilla* American Sub \| Chicken Alfredo Pasta w/ Roll NEW 100% Mozzarella Cheese* or Pepperoni ROUND Pizza Tuna Sandwich Fruit & Yogurt Parfait & String Cheese* \| Enchirito Cheesy Italian Dunkers* Egg Salad Sandwich* Asian Chicken Salad & Roll \| Menu is subject to change. This institution is an equal opportunity provider.	<urn:uuid:aff0eb8f-fe4f-4b38-afb0-5267cfd27f81>	CC-MAIN-2019-22	https://core-docs.s3.amazonaws.com/documents/asset/uploaded_file/313523/March_2019_k-5_Lunch.pdf	2019-05-26T07:38:26Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232258862.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20190526065059-20190526091059-00285.warc.gz	420,441,637	908	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.81616	eng_Latn	0.81616	[ "eng_Latn" ]	true	docling	[ 3591 ]
Domaine Florence Alquier 2017 Rieutord Rhône-style Red Blend (Faugères) abv: 15% \| Price Tier: $$ Black as midnight, this wine has an unusual nose of fertilizer, creosote and briar patch. The attack is pleasant in soft and supple, ripe fruit. However, as it hits the back palate, its alcoholic heat ﬂames. The hulking weight is countered by supportive— if high-pitched—acidity. The tannins are well-behaved, showing a ﬁne-tuned graininess. Concentrated ﬂavors of sweet forest berries linger on the medium ﬁnish. Drink now–2023. — (2/6/2020) Company: Domaine Florence Alquier Address: 165, Route De Pézènes , Les Mines , Faugères, 34600 Country: FRANCE Tel: 33 22.214.171.124.19 Web Site: domaine-ﬂorence-alquier Contact: Frédéric Desplats Contact Email: [email protected]	<urn:uuid:2f0667dc-35b9-4047-a5ad-0d6b7f505379>	CC-MAIN-2024-33	https://www.restonsenvigne.fr/media/winegrower/press_review/files/Tableau_d%C3%A9valuation_des_notes_Wine_enthusiast-fusionn%C3%A9.pdf	2024-08-16T03:19:59+00:00	s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/crawl=CC-MAIN-2024-33/subset=warc/part-00134-4f628544-3cdf-4526-86aa-bdfa0b33cdc9.c000.gz.parquet	721,155,743	238	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.95715	eng_Latn	0.95715	[ "eng_Latn" ]	false	rolmOCR	[ 783 ]
Instructions for accessing DOD Cyber Awareness Challenge 2020 training on Navy eLearning (NeL) 1. Copy and paste this link into your browser: https://learning.nel.navy.mil/ELIAASv2p/ 2. From the main NeL page, click on the "Course Catalog" tab. 3. Type "Cyber Awareness Challenge" in the "Title" window and hit "Enter." 4. Click on the "Enroll" button next to "DOD Cyber Awareness Challenge 2020." 5. Click on the "Continue" button to enroll in the course. 6. Click on the "My Learning" tab. 7. Find the "My Training" window, usually in the lower right of the page, and click on the "Launch" button to begin the course. 8. Upon completion of the course, return to NeL and check the status from the "My Training" window. The course should no longer be listed. If it is still listed, click on the "Refresh"' icon to update this area. The course should disappear, signifying its completion. 9. To obtain your certificate, click on the "Open My Training History" link in the "My Training" window. 10. A list of completed courses will appear. Click on the view certificate icon in the "Certificate" column to view your certificate for a training course. 11. Save a copy of your certificate if needed. *For issues with accessing NEL, please contact the NETC Enterprise Customer Support Center (Help Desk) Hours: Monday-Friday from 0600-2100 (CST) Commercial: 1-800-537-4617 Opt 8	<urn:uuid:c060cf29-349b-4f52-8f3c-fe4eaad82a6e>	CC-MAIN-2023-14	https://www.netc.navy.mil/Portals/46/NSTC/cmd-docs/N6/Instructions%20for%20Accessing%20DoD%20Cyber%20Awareness%20Challenge%202020.pdf	2023-03-28T09:30:16+00:00	s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/crawl=CC-MAIN-2023-14/subset=warc/part-00095-39c03058-7d78-443d-9984-102329513e3d.c000.gz.parquet	1,006,074,667	348	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.906272	eng_Latn	0.988981	[ "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn" ]	false	rolmOCR	[ 320, 997, 1202, 1386 ]
Hatchet Study Guide Questions And Answers A thrilling adventure of a plane crash in the Canadian wilderness to learn the basic needs for survival. Help students think deeper about the novel and offer a great jumping off point for class discussion. Demonstrate prior knowledge of the story's setting, including animals and terrain Brian may come across. Answer true or false questions about the turtle and its eggs that Brian encountered. Describe Brian's appearance as he saw himself in the lake. Finish sentences with vocabulary words from the story. Students imaging being Brian and come up with their own survival plan. Complete a chart detailing the events Brian survives, what his reactions were, and what he learned from them. Aligned to your State Standards, additional crossword, word search, comprehension quiz and answer key are also included. About the Novel: Hatchet is a Newbery Honor winning story about a boy surviving a plane crash in the Canadian wilderness. Miles off course, Brian must wait out the search for him while surviving in the harsh environment. With nothing but a hatchet his mother gave him, Brian soon discovers his greatest tool for survival is himself. A bear, porcupine, moose and even tornado threaten to hinder Brian's attempt at survival; however, he manages to make a shelter for himself, weapons, and finally a fire. With these tools, Brian must hunt and gather food and water in order to stay alive while he waits for a rescue plane to find him. After being marooned on an island near New Zealand, Jack, an orphaned cabin boy from San Francisco, becomes allied with a group of dogs who protect the local sheep from wild dogs. Guess what -- Gary Paulsen was being kind to Brian. In Guts, Gary tells the real stories behind the Brian books, the stories of the adventures that inspired him to write Brian Robeson's story: working as an emergency volunteer; the death that inspired the pilot's death in Hatchet; plane crashes he has seen and near-misses of his own. He describes how he made his own bows and arrows, and takes readers on his first hunting trips, showing the wonder and solace of nature along with his hilarious mishaps and mistakes. He shares special memories, such as the night he attracted every mosquito in the county, or how he met the moose with a sense of humor, and the moose who made it personal. There's a handy chapter on "Eating Eyeballs and Guts or Starving: The Fine Art of Wilderness Nutrition." Recipes included. Readers may wonder how Gary Paulsen survived to write all of his books -- well, it took guts. These leveled discussion questions about Hatchet require students to read closely, make connections, and share their analyses. Included are leveled comprehension questions and suggested answers. Use this guide to explore the story of a boy who is left stranded in the wilderness after a plane crash and must learn to survive with only the help of his hatchet. This instructional guide for literature supports this story and is filled with challenging cross-curricular activities and lessons that work in conjunction with the text to teach students how to better analyze and comprehend literature. This guide is the perfect tool to teach students how to analyze story elements in multiple ways, packed with ways to practice close reading, improve text-based vocabulary, and determine meaning through text-dependent questions. This is the perfect way to add rigor to your students' explorations of rich, complex literature. The Literature for Learning Standards-Based Study Guide was developed to help bring back the joy of reading novels into the classroom. This study guide uses an entire novel rather than an abridged version to teach students the fundamentals of reading, writing, and grammar as a primary or secondary source for learning many of the content standards in language arts. This study guide provides practice activities to help students improve reading comprehension skills, increase vocabulary, develop essay organizational and writing skills, and improve spelling, grammar, and punctuation skills within the context of the novel. The format of the study guide is modeled after the types of questions commonly found on standardized tests. This format is stylized in a comparable layout and contains similar terminology used in state and national standardized tests so that students become familiar with the types of questions on which they will be tested, based on their grade-level standards. Plot summary, discussion questions, suggested activities and vocabulary. The threatened species categories used in Red Data Books and Red Lists have been in place for almost 30 years. The IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria provide an easily and widely understood system for classifying species at high risk of global extinction, so as to focus attention on conservation measures designed to protect them. This latest version of the classification system was adopted by the IUCN Council in February 2001 and reflects comments from the IUCN and SSC memberships and the final meeting of the Criteria Review Working Group. The Newbery Medal and Coretta Scott King Award-winning classic about a boy who decides to hit the road to find his father—from Christopher Paul Curtis, author of The Watsons Go To Birmingham—1963, a Newbery and Coretta Scott King Honoree. It's 1936, in Flint Michigan. Times may be hard, and ten-year-old Bud may be a motherless boy on the run, but Bud's got a few things going for him: 1. He has his own suitcase full of special things. 2. He's the author of Bud Caldwell's Rules and Things for Having a Funner Life and Making a Better Liar Out of Yourself. 3. His momma never told him who his father was, but she left a clue: flyers advertising Herman E. Calloway and his famous band, the Dusky Devastators of the Depression!!!!!! Bud's got an idea that those flyers will lead him to his father. Once he decides to hit the road to find this mystery man, nothing can stop him—not hunger, not fear, not vampires, not even Herman E. Calloway himself. AN ALA BEST BOOK FOR YOUNG ADULTS AN ALA NOTABLE CHILDREN'S BOOK AN IRA CHILDREN'S BOOK AWARD WINNER NAMED TO 14 STATE AWARD LISTS "The book is a gem, of value to all ages, not just the young people to whom it is aimed." —The Christian Science Monitor "Will keep readers engrossed from first page to last." —Publishers Weekly, Starred "Curtis writes with a razor-sharp intelligence that grabs the reader by the heart and never lets go. . . . This highly recommended title [is] at the top of the list of books to be read again and again." —Voice of Youth Advocates, Starred From the Hardcover edition. Teaching literature unit based on the popular children's story, Hatchet. Use this guide to explore this Newbery Honor Book about a boy who must learn to survive in the wilderness with only the help of his hatchet. Hatchet: An Instructional Guide for Literature is filled with challenging cross-curricular activities and lessons that work in conjunction with the text. Students will learn how to analyze story elements in multiple ways, practice close reading, improve text-based vocabulary, and determine meaning through text-dependent questions. Strengthen your students' literacy skills by implementing this high-interest resource in your classroom! Are you thinking of having your class read Gary Paulsen's novel, HATCHET? Do you need worksheets to assess students' comprehension for each chapter? If yes, the mega 225-page novel study may be of help to you! As a teacher, I was reluctant to read Hatchet to my class, but changed my mind after reading the novel. Some students may love to read about characters having daring adventures in a wilderness setting. HATCHET is a real page-turner and will keep students wanting to read more when their other work is done! It is a Canadian story about a thirteen year-old boy who flies north to visit his father for the summer. He has a big secret and it affects him deeply. During the flight north, something happens inside the bush plane and the protagonist is challenged to make a life defying decision. HATCHET is truly a "Coming-of-age" and Bildungsroman novel. What happens to the main character will stir and stay with readers long after they finish the last page. This novel study carefully deconstructs each chapter and pulls from the text information that will cause students to think about their own lives in comparison. There are various types of questions that utilize Howard Gardner's Intelligences, prompt online internet research, stimulate classroom discussions and encourage higher-level learning. Students learn to analyze, synthesize and sift data by filling in the blanks, circling true or false questions, selecting from a multiple choice, or providing his/her personal opinion. It is an excellent novel study for your upcoming term! Page 1/3 Records the courage and self-reliance of an Indian girl who lived alone for eighteen years on an isolated island off the California coast when her tribe emigrated and she was left behind. Provides teaching strategies, background, and suggested resources; reproducible student pages to use before, during, and after reading--Cover. You ever open your locker and find that some joker has left something really weird inside? Seventh-grader Dorso Clayman opens his locker door to find a dead body. Thirty seconds later it some strange techno-practical jokes. The ultimate gamesters have hacked into the time line, and things from the past are appearing in the present. Soon, the jokes aren't funny anymore—they're dangerous. Dorso and Frank have got to beat the time hackers at their own game by breaking the code, before they get lost in the past themselves. activities, diagrams, visual organizers, note-taking exercises, and essential questions! With sections aimed at citing evidence from the text, this study guide for Hatchet is up to date with Next Generation, 21st Century, and Common Core skill requirements. This study guide for Hatchet can be used as BOTH a study guide for readers/students AND an instructional guide for teachers. It is the perfect companion to introducing literature in any classroom!Master the material and ace any assignment with this innovative study guide series. This book is perfect for both students and teachers, as it produces true mastery of content knowledge and book details. Other study guides for Hatchet simply give basic details of the novel, meaning that students read over material without digesting or learning it. Other study guides take complex themes, concepts, and information and just regurgitate it to readers. But, this Study Guide for Hatchet is different. Using the original text as a guide, you will learn to cite evidence from the text in order to complete and reflect on your reading. Readers will self-generate additional notes within the structure provided by this Study Guide.Designed by a veteran educator, this study guide for Hatchet GUIDES the learner to discovering the answers for themselves, creating a fully detailed study guide in the user's own words. Filled with guided reading activities, students are able to fill this guidebook with their own information. If you read it, write it, and reflect on it, you will learn it!Teachers: Besides being a great lesson plan or activity resource, you can also purchase a set of these books (or one book and make copies) for your entire class. It makes the perfect guided reading activity for Hatchet and will teach students how to internalize the reading, note taking, and learning process that advanced readers naturally perform. These make the perfect workbook to keep your class engaged and learning! disappears. It's not the first bizarre thing that has appeared in his locker and then vanished. Something's going on. Somebody has decided to make Dorso and his buddy Frank the target of A Study Guide for Sharon Pollock's "Blood Relations," excerpted from Gale's acclaimed Drama For Students. This concise study guide includes plot summary; character analysis; author biography; study questions; historical context; suggestions for further reading; and much more. For any literature project, trust Drama For Students for all of your research needs. Nuclear disaster and human vulnerability interweave in the lives of four young people, an Ojibway Indian, an illegal Mexican migrant worker, a rock musician, and a sheep rancher's daughter with the lives of three veterans of past wars. They are four different people with four separate lives: Sue, a young woman distanced from her native roots; David, a traveler in search of a dream; Laura, a student seeking her parents' understanding; and Peter, a rock star struggling to create the perfect sound. One looming fate threatens them all. And everything they love may be taken away in one fleeting second.... Only 13, John must track a deer in the Minnesota woods for his family's winter meat, and in doing so finds himself drawn to the doe he's been tracking and hating his role as hunter. Based on an Athabascan Indian legend passed along for many generations from mothers to daughters of the upper Yukon River Valley in Alaska, this is the suspenseful, shocking, ultimately inspirational tale of two old women abandoned by their tribe during a brutal winter famine. Though these women have been known to complain more than contribute, they now must either survive on their own or die trying. In simple but vivid detail, Velma Wallis depicts a landscape and way of life that are at once merciless and starkly beautiful. In her old women, she has created two heroines of steely determination whose story of betrayal, friendship, community and forgiveness "speaks straight to the heart with clarity, sweetness and wisdom" (Ursula K. Le Guin). This literature unit is used with Hatchet, by Gary Paulsen. Included are sample lesson plans, biographical sketch of the author, book summary, book report ideas and more. HATCHET: This nonfiction companion to Hatchet explores many of the elements Brian Robeson encounters as he struggles to survive in the wilderness, including basic survival skills, the landscape, and common animals of the Canadian North Woods. A CLOSER LOOK: Get the facts about the dangers Brian faces in the Canadian North Woods and learn about foraging, fishing without gear, and how to start a fire without matches. Would you have what it takes to survive on your own? NONFICTION COMPANIONS: This series of 48-page books takes popular, gradeappropriate fiction titles and provides a more in-depth understanding of them. Also includes a glossary and before- and after-reading activities for home or the classroom! BENEFITS: Students will love to take a closer look at books that are already familiar to them, reading about the histories, author backgrounds, and real-life facts surrounding books they know and love! WHY ROURKE: Since 1980, we've been committed to bringing out the best non-fiction books to help you bring out the best in your young learners. Our carefully crafted topics encourage all "Author Gary Paulsen portrays a series of life-altering moments from his turbulent childhood as his own original survival story. If not for his summer escape from a shockingly neglectful Chicago upbringing to a North Woods homestead at age five, there never would have been a Hatchet. Without the encouragement of the librarian who handed him his first book at age thirteen, he may never have become a reader. And without his desperate teenage enlistment in the Army, he would not have discovered his true calling as a storyteller"-With Halloween approaching, Junie B. needs to find a costume that will scare off the real witches and ghosts that she believes will be out on the holiday. Reprint. students who are "learning to read" and "reading to learn"! Celebrate the thirtieth anniversary of the Newbery Honor–winning survival novel Hatchet with a pocket-sized edition perfect for travelers to take along on their own adventures. This special anniversary edition includes a new introduction and commentary by author Gary Paulsen, pen-and-ink illustrations by Drew Willis, and a water resistant cover. Hatchet has also been nominated as one of America's best-loved novels by PBS's The Great American Read. Thirteen-year-old Brian Robeson, haunted by his secret knowledge of his mother's infidelity, is traveling by single-engine plane to visit his father for the first time since the divorce. When the plane crashes, killing the pilot, the sole survivor is Brian. He is alone in the Canadian wilderness with nothing but his clothing, a tattered windbreaker, and the hatchet his mother had given him as a present. At first consumed by despair and self-pity, Brian slowly learns survival skills—how to make a shelter for himself, how to hunt and fish and forage for food, how to make a fire—and even finds the courage to start over from scratch when a tornado ravages his campsite. When Page 2/3 Copyright : commonspace.scot Brian is finally rescued after fifty-four days in the wild, he emerges from his ordeal with new patience and maturity, and a greater understanding of himself and his parents. After having survived alone in the wilderness, Brian finds that he can no longer live in the city but must return to the place where he really belongs. A personal tutoring session with an expert. Miss Angela Michaels, the new karate teacher in Bailey City, who is also the school crossing guard, is so kind and generous that Melody becomes convinced that she is a guardian angel. Original. Because of his success surviving alone in the wilderness for fifty-four days, fifteen-year-old Brian, profoundly changed by his time in the wild, is asked to undergo a similar experience to help scientists learn more about the psychology of survival. Instead of being rescued from a plane crash, as in the author's book "Hatchet," this story portrays what would have happened to Brian had he been forced to survive a winter in the wilderness with only his survival pack and hatchet. HatchetSimon and Schuster The perfect companion to Gary Paulsen's "Hatchet," this study guide contains a chapter by chapter analysis of the book, a summary of the plot, and a guide to major characters and themes. BookCapTM Study Guides do not contain text from the actual book, and are not meant to be purchased as alternatives to reading the book. We all need refreshers every now and then. Whether you are a student trying to cram for that big final, or someone just trying to understand a book more, BookCaps can help. We are a small, but growing company, and are adding titles every month. Celebrate the thirtieth anniversary of the Newbery Honor–winning survival novel Hatchet with a pocket-sized edition perfect for travelers to take along on their own adventures. This special anniversary edition includes a new introduction and commentary by author Gary Paulsen, pen-and-ink illustrations by Drew Willis, and a water resistant cover. Thirteen-year-old Brian Robeson, haunted by his secret knowledge of his mother's infidelity, is traveling by single-engine plane to visit his father for the first time since the divorce. When the plane crashes, killing the pilot, the sole survivor is Brian. He is alone in the Canadian wilderness with nothing but his clothing, a tattered windbreaker, and the hatchet his mother had given him as a present. At first consumed by despair and self-pity, Brian slowly learns survival skills—how to make a shelter for himself, how to hunt and fish and forage for food, how to make a fire—and even finds the courage to start over from scratch when a tornado ravages his campsite. When Brian is finally rescued after fifty-four days in the wild, he emerges from his ordeal with new patience and maturity, and a greater understanding of himself and his parents. Copyright: b2bc904b2461aae6da7b4899f4d9ebcf Page 3/3	<urn:uuid:1c06374b-8108-40c2-aa2b-ffbed1cc9d82>	CC-MAIN-2021-49	https://commonspace.scot/hotspace/secret/hatchet_study_guide_questions_and_answers_pdf	2021-12-05T17:23:23+00:00	s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/crawl=CC-MAIN-2021-49/subset=warc/part-00025-eb7089cf-762b-4a3e-8cab-20b677c0d246.c000.gz.parquet	267,691,571	4,044	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.998884	eng_Latn	0.998916	[ "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn" ]	false	rolmOCR	[ 8879, 16966, 19904 ]
CRYO & NANO PRODUCTS JPE www.jpe.nl Aziëlaan 12 6199 AG Maastricht-Airport The Netherlands Last update: 2021-06-30 Revision: 05 Doc status: Released Cryo & Nano Products CONTENTS Property of: JPE Author: JPE Filename: CNP_MAN00_R05_Getting-Started.docx Last update: 2021-06-30 Revision: 05 Doc status: Released Cryo & Nano Products RELEVANT DOCUMENTATION \| Author \| Date \| \|---\|---\| \| JPE \| 2019-07-15 \| \| JPE \| 2020-09-18 \| \| JPE \| 2020-10-15 \| \| JPE \| 2021-01-15 \| \| JPE \| 2021-06-30 \| \| Abbreviation \| Description \| \|---\|---\| Ref Title, Author [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] DOCUMENT HISTORY Author Date Comment JPE 2019-07-15 R01. Creation. JPE 2020-09-18 R02. Update. JPE 2020-10-15 R03. Update. JPE 2021-01-15 R04. Update. JPE 2021-06-30 R05. Update. DEFINITIONS Definition Description ABBREVIATIONS Abbreviation Description Property of: JPE Author: JPE Filename: CNP_MAN00_R05_Getting-Started.docx Cryo & Nano Products 1. INTRODUCTION Thank you for using JPE's Cryo & Nano Products! This Getting Started Guide describes the hardware installation and setup of JPE's cryogenic compatible positioners, actuators and stages (from here on described as positioner, actuator or stage). These products can be operated by using a (modular) Controller System (from here on described as controller). Please read this document carefully prior to installation and (initial) operation of the controller, (stand-alone) positioners, actuators and stages. Failure to observe the safety regulations results in a risk of electric shock and/or damage to the controller(s), positioner(s), actuator(s) and/or stage(s)! JPE shall not be liable for damage or injury resulting from misuse of the controller(s), positioner(s), actuator(s) and/or stage(s) or unauthorized alterations to either of those. All products mentioned in this manual are intended for use in a laboratory and/or scientific research environment only and may only be installed, maintained and used by higher educated, technical skilled personnel (from here on described as operators). 1.1 Document version This Getting Started Guide assumes using the latest products and controller software: v7.x.yyyymmdd. Please note that all content in this document is superseded by any new versions of this document. Visit the JPE website (www.jpe-innovations.com) to obtain the most recent version. All images in this document are for illustrative purposes only. Property of: JPE Author: JPE Filename: CNP_MAN00_R05_Getting-Started.docx Last update: 2021-06-30 Revision: 05 Doc status: Released MAN00 – G ETTING S TARTED G UIDE Cryo & Nano Products 2. APPLICABLE DOCUMENTS Alongside this Getting Started Guide there are other manuals that need to be consulted prior to using the products. 2.1 Products User Manual Each product has its own separate User Manual (MAN01-xx), which can be found at the product page of each individual product on the JPE website 1 . These manuals include electrical and/or optical connection diagrams or specific unpacking instructions for example. \| MAN01-01 \| Cryo Linear Actuator (CLAxxyy) \| \|---\|---\| \| MAN01-02 \| Cryo Positioning Systems High Resonance (CPSHR) \| \| MAN01-03 \| Cryo Bearing Stage (CBS) \| \| MAN01-04 \| Cryo Stage 02 (CS02) \| \| MAN01-05 \| Cryo Translation Stage (CTS) (discontinued) \| \| MAN01-06 \| Cryo Linear Drive (CLD) \| \| MAN01-07 \| Cryo Tip/Tilt/Piston Stage (CTTPS) \| \| MAN01-08 \| Cryo Rotary Motor (CRM) \| \| MAN01-09 \| Cryo Positioning Systems Controller (CPSC) \| \| MAN01-10 \| Cryo Vibration Isolation Platform (CVIP) \| \| MAN01-11 \| Nano Stepper Actuator UHV (NSAU) \| \| MAN01-12 \| Cryo Linear Scanner (CLS) \| \| MAN01-13 \| Cryo Voice Coil Actuator (CVCA) \| 2.2 Software User Manual Read the Software User Manual (MAN02) 2 on how to operate positioners, actuators or stages using the controller. This manual includes a detailed instruction list describing all the functions of the user software. 2.3 Connection Overview application note Although all required information is available in the individual product user manuals, interface drawings and brochures, it is helpful to have a simplified but clear connection overview of how to connect stages, positioners or actuators to the controller. For this the CNP Connection Overview application note (APN01) 3 is available for download on the JPE website and it is highly recommended to use this application note as a reference manual as well. 1 Visit www.jpe-innovations.com > Cryo & Nano Products 2 Visit www.jpe-innovations.com > Cryo & Nano Products > Cryo Positioning Systems Controller (CPSC) 3 Visit www.jpe-innovations.com > Cryo & Nano Products > {any product page} > Downloads Property of: JPE Author: JPE Filename: CNP_MAN00_R05_Getting-Started.docx MAN00 – GETTING STARTED GUIDE Cryo & Nano Products 3. SAFETY 3.1 Instructions In all available products related documents (see chapter 2), important (mostly safety related) information is shown inside a (red colored) solid line bordered box, like this: Important notes are shown inside a bordered box. Please note that it is obligatory to follow the instructions mentioned in these bordered boxes! Failing to observe instructions may result in a risk of electric shock! Therefore, follow all instructions carefully! General tips and tricks for handling and using the products are shown inside a (blue colored) dashed bordered box, like this: Tips and tricks are mentioned inside a dashed bordered box. 3.2 Safety Rules 1 Assembly and mounting of positioners, actuators and stages may only be carried out when not (electrically or optically) connected to the controller. 2 Always check all cabling, wiring and connectors (electrical as well as optical) on defects prior to connecting to positioners, actuators, stages or controllers. Please note that electrical wires and optical fibers to positioners, actuators and (inside) stages can be fragile parts and should always be handled with great care! 3 Positioners, actuators and stages must only be connected to the controller when all positioners, actuators and stages have been placed in a safe environment towards the operator(s), i.e. out of reach by the operator(s) when driving them electrically (by using the controller). 4 Because of design constraints, open voltage contacts can be present! Therefore, touching positioners, actuators and stages including all cabling and connectors while driving electrically, is not allowed and may result in a dangerous electrical shock! Avoid physically touching unconnected in- or outputs when the controller is powered ON. 5 Always place the controller(s), positioner(s), actuator(s) and stage(s) on a sturdy surface or mount, the controller at level (and preferably) on a bench top, desk or 19" rack, and away from any wet or damp locations. Do not cover the top of the controller cabinet! In case of installing in a 19" rack, keep at least 2U (ca 90mm) height free above the cabinet. 6 Positioner(s), actuator(s) and stage(s) can be used in vacuum (vacuum chamber) and/or cryogenic environment (cryostat). Positioner(s), actuator(s) and stage(s) must only be operated when the environment is in a defined state. Recommended pressure levels are: ≤ 1e -3 [mbar] or normal ambient conditions. In between operating is not recommended in order to reduce the risks of electric arching (Paschen's Law). Property of: JPE Author: JPE Filename: CNP_MAN00_R05_Getting-Started.docx Cryo & Nano Products 7 Do not use the controller in any other way than to operate positioners, actuators and stages supplied by JPE and do not operate positioners, actuators and stages in any other way than by using the controller supplied by JPE. 8 The controller is designed to be powered by commonly used 230V AC / 50Hz (European version) or 115V / 60Hz (US version) via a socket with protective earth. Note that it is not possible to switch in between both (i.e. the ordered controller is either the 230V version or the 115V version). Always ensure proper grounding via the protective earth connection of the power inlet. 9 Do not turn ON the controller immediately after it has been brought from a cool into a warmer environment (risk of condensing water) or vice versa. After unpacking, wait at least 4 hours before using the controller. 10 Always keep (metal) screw-on caps on the ends of unconnected (optical) cabling and connectors. 11 Always handle positioners, actuators and stages using (powder free, nitrile) gloves and store the products in a closed box when not in use to keep them as clean as possible. Property of: JPE Author: JPE Filename: CNP_MAN00_R05_Getting-Started.docx MAN00 – G ETTING S TARTED G UIDE Cryo & Nano Products 4. GETTING STARTED 4.1 Inside the box Depending on the ordered products, the delivery will consist of a large cardboard shipping box with the following items inside: - [1x] Cardboard box containing: - [1x or more] white-colored (membrane) polypropylene box(es) with the ordered number of positioners, actuators and/or stages - [1x] mains power cable - [1x] USB A to B cable - Any product specific accessories or connector kits, such as for example ACL, AF5, CCL, CCR, I1-RSM, I1-ACL or PSMIL - [1x] Controller (CPSC) that consists of a Base Cabinet (CAB) with the ordered plug-in modules (for example CADM2, RSM, OEM2) already installed. Carefully unpack everything and pay special attention to the white-colored (membrane) polypropylene box: the inner part of the polypropylene box can be taken out and bend in such way that the products can be easily unpacked. In some cases, the products are fixed onto the inner part of the polypropylene box using nuts and bolts instead of being locked underneath the membrane plastic. Do not cut the membrane plastic of any of the boxes. Keep the packaging aside in case products need to be returned. Before continuing, check all parts for any visible defects. If anything found or when in doubt, please contact JPE for further assistance. 4.2 Setup for first time use Follow all safety rules as listed in Chapter 3! This following guide assumes connection of the controller to a computer via USB and the use of the Command Line Interface (CLI). Please refer to the Software User Manual for a detailed guide on how to operate systems and actuators via software and (other) available connection options (USB, LAN). 1 Unpack and mount the positioner(s), actuator(s) or stage(s) according any specific instructions mentioned in the product's User Manual. For an initial test run, use only supplied cabling (ACL, AF5, CCR, CCL) and/or connector kits (I1-ACL, I1-RSM). Please refer to the product User Manual(s) 4 or the Connection Overview application note 5 for more detailed information on how to connect the products to the controller. 2 Place the controller on an appropriate surface (for example a sturdy workbench) and make sure that no positioners, actuators or stages are connected to the controller. 4 See section 2.1 5 See section 2.3 Property of: JPE Author: JPE Filename: CNP_MAN00_R05_Getting-Started.docx Cryo & Nano Products 3 Check that the Mains Power Switch on the back of the controller cabinet is in the OFF ("0") position, connect the supplied mains power chord to the IEC inlet on the back and plug the power chord into a protective contact power socket. Make sure the mains power matches the rated input voltage (label on back panel) and that the top of the cabinet is not covered! (When installed in a 19" rack, make sure at least 2U above is free.) 4 Connect the supplied USB cable to the back of the cabinet (connector labelled "USB") and on the other end in to a free USB port. 5 Connect each positioner, actuator or stage to the controller modules. For easy reference, make a note which positioner, actuator or stage is connected to which output and/or input. 6 Controlling positioner(s), actuator(s) or stage(s) can be done via software that runs on a Windows OS compatible computer. Download a copy of the latest User Software at the JPE website 6 . 7 Power on the cabinet, switch the Mains Power Switch to the ON ("1") position. 8 Windows will automatically detect new hardware. Because the controller uses a standard Human Interface Device (HID), a suitable driver should be found. This can take a while, but in the end the operating system will display a message that the driver has been installed successfully. 9 Wait a few seconds for the controller to boot (there's no visual indication). Open a Windows Command Prompt, navigate to the folder that contains the User Software and type: cacli MODLIST followed by [enter]. The CLI should return a comma-separated list of all detected modules in the controller, for example: CADM2,RSM,-,-,-,-, (where in the example: CADM2 in Slot 1, RSM in Slot 2, Slots3-6 are empty). 10 Now use the MOV-command to start moving an actuator. When using a standard CLA2601 type actuator connected to a CADM2 module in slot address 1, you can use the example below to make the actuator do 321 (piezo) steps at 450Hz and at full 100% step size: After completing 321 steps, the actuator will automatically stop moving. This is only a basic example, please consult the Software User Manual for more details on all available commands. 11 Make sure to turn the controller OFF ("0") before disconnecting any positioners, actuators or stages from the controller. 6 Consult the Software User Manual (MAN02) for more detailed instructions. Property of: JPE Author: JPE Filename: CNP_MAN00_R05_Getting-Started.docx Cryo & Nano Products 4.3 Installing additional Modules in an existing Controller (CPSC) Up to 6 function specific modules can be installed in one Base Cabinet (CAB). If additional modules are ordered after initial delivery, these modules can be installed by the customer upon delivery by following the instructions in this section. 1 Make sure to unplug the Base Cabinet (CAB) from the mains supply and wait for at least 10 minutes before inserting (or removing) any Module. 2 To insert a module, unscrew the blank filler panel at the first available position (as seen from left to right at the front of the cabinet). If a sensor (OEM2 or RSM) module is already installed, make sure that the sensor module is always on the right-hand side of all driver (CADM2) modules! So, if necessary, move the sensor module as well. For example: \| Slot \| Old situation \| Incorrect new situation \| Correct new situation \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| 1 \| CADM2 \| CADM2 \| CADM2 \| \| 2 \| CADM2 \| CADM2 \| CADM2 \| \| 3 \| OEM2 \| OEM2 \| (new) CADM2 \| \| 4 \| \| (new) CADM2 \| OEM2 \| \| 5 \| \| \| \| \| 6 \| \| \| \| 3 Make sure to tighten all 4 screws of the Module prior to power on of the cabinet. Property of: JPE Author: JPE Filename: CNP_MAN00_R05_Getting-Started.docx MAN00 – G ETTING S TARTED G UIDE Cryo & Nano Products 5. EXTENDING ELECTRICAL AND OPTICAL CONNECTIONS Because each customer setup is different and there are many options depending on the cryostat or vacuum chamber that is being used, JPE does not supply feedthroughs or additional specific connectors. However, a solution based on industry standard 15p male-male D-Sub type feedthroughs can be offered with connector kits like the I1-ACL, I1-RSM and CCL and/or CCR cabling. In this situation the customer only has to arrange and install one or more D-Sub feedthroughs. Please refer to the Connection Overview application note 7 for more information about this subject. In other situations, a customer might want to construct their own cabling and connectors. This chapter can be used as a reference for connecting and constructing additional (electrical or optical) cabling in between positioner(s), actuator(s) or stage(s) and the controller. It is not allowed to make any alterations to the connector, connector interface PCB or FPC (flexible printed circuit) of positioners, actuators or stages. Make sure to test all positioners, actuators and stages with only the supplied cabling first, before connecting any additional cabling for the intended setup in which the positioners, actuators and stages are to be used. Please note that any soldering must be carried out by qualified personnel only and do double-check correct pin wiring afterwards. Make sure to properly clean any solder residues before placement inside a vacuum chamber or cryostat. Visually check for cable faults and check for possible shorts in between wires and/or in between wires and the position, actuator or stage itself (using a multi-meter) after connecting any additional cabling. JPE does not assume liability for damages to property or personal injury! 5.1 Altering Ambient Cables (ACL) Although not recommended, it is allowed to detach (de-solder) the Molex socket connector for final integration in the Customer's setup (for example to connect to a customer specific feedthrough). It is vital to make sure that Signal (SIG) and Reference (REF) wires are not mixed up when soldering the cable to a different connector! It is not allowed to alter the LEMO connector on the Ambient Cable. 5.2 Adding electrical components The total DC resistance of all wiring per positioner or actuator (CADM2/PSM output to positioner / actuator) should not exceed 10[Ω]. The Ambient Cable (ACL) has a resistance of less than 0.5Ω/m. If any other cabling is to be used, it is recommended to use wires with a rated voltage of (at least) 200[V] and a rated current of (at least) 1[A] continuously. The total DC resistance of all wiring per sensor (RSM output to sensor) is not very critical. If any other cabling is to be used, it is recommended to use wires with a rated voltage of (at least) 50[V] and a rated current of (at least) 0.1[A] continuously. 7 See section 2.3 Property of: JPE Author: JPE Filename: CNP_MAN00_R05_Getting-Started.docx MAN00 – G ETTING S TARTED G UIDE Cryo & Nano Products \| Recommended wiring \| \| \|---\|---\| \| Lakeshore Duo-Twist DT-32 \| Cryogenic wire, 32AWG phosphor bronze twisted pair8 \| \| Allectra 301-KAPM-0359 \| Kapton isolated wire, UHV compatible, 27AWG, multi- strand silver plated copper wire 7x0.12mm. Recommended for positioners and actuators. \| \| LewVac KAPW7X010 \| Kapton isolated wire, UHV compatible, 30 AWG, multi- strand silver plated copper wire, 7x.0.1mm. Recommended for sensors. \| Always check visually for cable or wire faults or possible shorts in between wires and/or in between wires and the positioner(s) / actuator(s) / stage(s) itself (by using a multi-meter) after installation in the final setup and before connecting them to the controller module(s). Recommended feedthroughs and connectors (can be used for positioners, actuators and sensors) 8 Most suitable for in cryogenic applications, however wire is difficult in use (fragile insulation, difficult routing) and the electrical resistance is relatively high (so keep length to bare minimum). Also available as Quad-Twist (QT-32) (2x twisted pair). 9 Also available as ribbon cable (301-KAP-RIB04 for example) 10 Also available in various other number of circuits 11 Lakeshore Duo-Twist DT-32 (or Quad-Twist QT-32) requires soldering wire to contact (crimp not possible as wire is too thin). Property of: JPE Author: JPE Filename: CNP_MAN00_R05_Getting-Started.docx MAN00 – G ETTING S TARTED G UIDE Cryo & Nano Products \| Allectra 360-SC1X4-1.812 \| PEEK Connector Block, UHV compatible, 4 pins, 1x4 contacts \| \|---\|---\| \| LewVac D15-PCONF13 \| Subminiature D Type (D-SUB) UHV PEEK connector, 15p Female. \| \| LewVac DPINF-25-S14 \| UHV female crimp pins for use with LewVac D-SUB UHV PEEK \| \| Vacom PLUG-SUBD-15-P15 \| Subminiature D Type (D-SUB) UHV PPS connector, 15p Female. \| \| Vacom EK-SUBD-F-AWG22- 25ST16 \| UHV female crimp pins for use with Vacom D-SUB UHV PPS Connector \| \| Vacom W-SUBD-15-BASIC17 \| 15 pin Sub-D feedthrough acc. MIL-C-24308, weldable \| 12 Also available in 1x6, 1x8 or 2x2 contacts, visit the Allectra webshop for more information. 13 Also available in 9p, 25p or 50p and/or male version, visit the LewVac webshop for more information. 14 Requires specific crimp tool, get in contact with LewVac for further information. 15 Also available in 9p, 25p, 37p or 50p version, visit the Vacom webshop for more information. PPS is a thermoplastic material similar to PEEK, but with lower water absorption and outgassing (and most likely more cost-efficient than PEEK). 16 Requires specific crimp tool, but wires can also be soldered to pins. Also available for AWG26-28 wiring. Visit the Vacom webshop for more information. 17 Also available in 9p, 25p, 37p or 50p or already welded in KF or CF flange, visit the Vacom webshop for more information. 18 For use with products that have the Resistive Linear Sensor (-RLS) option. Typically, the 4-pin version is used. Connector insulator material is PPS. Property of: JPE Author: JPE Filename: CNP_MAN00_R05_Getting-Started.docx Last update: 2021-06-30 Revision: 05 Doc status: Released Cryo & Nano Products 5.3 Adding optical components If additional optical fiber cabling is required, make sure to use FC/APC patch cables only. The default connection scheme, using standard Ambient Fibers (AF5) can be seen in the schematic overview below. Connection options [A] Applies when connecting stages like CPSHR [B] Applies when connecting single positioner or actuator with the –COE option, it is required to insert the FC/APC female/female adapter (one for each positioner or actuator will be supplied). Figure 1: Default optical connections \| Vacom KON-V-SM1310- [length]-FCAPC-DE19 \| Optical fiber cable for Ultra High Vacuum (UHV), SM1310, FC/APC \| \|---\|---\| \| Vacom W-SM1310- FCAPC20 \| Single mode SM1310 range optical feedthrough with FC/APC coupling (weldable) \| \| Molex 106152-3000 \| FC Adapter, APC, Metal Body, Ceramic Alignment Sleeve, D-Hole Mount Style, Tight Fit Key \| 19 Various lengths available, visit the Vacom webshop for more information. 20 Also available for flange mount, or already welded in standard flanges. Visit the Vacom webshop for more information. Cryo & Nano Products 6. CLEANING OF PARTS Positioners, actuators, stages or accessories have no specific cleaning requirements prior to use. Should it be necessary, parts can be cleaned carefully with IPA (Isopropyl alcohol) using polyester swabs and/or non-woven dry cleanroom wipes. Never submerge positioners, actuators, stages or accessories in any liquid! Always use (powder free, nitrile) gloves to handle all parts that are destined to be used in a cryostat and/or vacuum chamber. Follow common cleanroom practices when handling positioners, actuators, stages or accessories. \| Texwipe TX8270 \| 70% IPA (Isopropyl alcohol). \| \|---\|---\| \| Texwipe Technicloth TX609 \| Non-woven dry cleanroom wipes. \| \| Texwipe TX741B \| Swabs with polyurethane foam. \| Property of: JPE Author: JPE Filename: CNP_MAN00_R05_Getting-Started.docx	<urn:uuid:3a5837a3-13d6-4f0e-8a24-4b3e3925b8be>	CC-MAIN-2021-39	https://www.jpe-innovations.com/wp-content/uploads/CNP_MAN00_R05_Getting-Started.pdf	2021-09-16T12:01:04+00:00	s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/crawl=CC-MAIN-2021-39/subset=warc/part-00134-f465d820-0362-4c4c-a396-c69f5fd24cc4.c000.gz.parquet	874,232,460	5,811	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.827139	eng_Latn	0.990002	[ "nld_Latn", "eng_Latn", "dag_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn" ]	false	rolmOCR	[ 155, 324, 941, 2588, 4774, 7455, 8653, 11084, 13545, 14793, 17830, 19283, 20988, 22086, 22926 ]
NGK Ener-GX™ Industrial Spark Plug \| \| Economy \| Commercial \| Professional \| \|----------------\|----------\|------------\|--------------\| \| Bosch \| \| \| \| \| 7313 \| CT1-70 \| CT2-40 \| CT3-40 \| \| 7311 \| \| CT2-40 \| CT3-40 \| \| 7321 \| \| DT1-40 \| DT2-40 \| \| 7305 \| \| \| AS2-25* \| \| 7306 \| \| AS1-25* / AS3-25** \| AS2-25* \| \| Champion \| \| \| \| \| RN5C \| CT1-70 \| CT2-40 \| CT3-40 \| \| RN79G \| \| CT2-40 \| CT3-40 \| \| RC78PYP \| \| DT1-40 \| DT2-40 \| \| RC78PYP15 \| \| DT1-40 \| DT2-40 \| \| RC78WYP \| \| DT1-40 \| DT2-40 \| \| RC78WYP15 \| \| DT1-40 \| DT2-40 \| \| RB77WPCC \| \| AS1-25* / AS3-25** \| AS2-25* \| \| FB77WPCC \| \| AS1-25* / AS3-25** \| AS2-25* \| \| FB77WW \| \| AS1-25* / AS3-25** \| AS2-25* \| \| FB76WW \| \| \| AS2-25* \| \| Denso \| \| \| \| \| GE3-1 \| \| CT2-40 \| CT3-40 \| \| GE3-5A \| \| CT2-40 \| CT3-40 \| \| GK3-1 \| \| DT1-40 \| DT2-40 \| \| GK3-5 \| \| \| DT2-40 \| \| GI3-1 \| \| \| AS2-25* \| \| GI3-3 \| \| AS1-25* / AS3-25** \| AS2-25* \| \| GI3-5 \| \| \| AS2-25* \| Not for pre-chamber engines. Applicable for open/pre-chamber engines. \| Section \| Page \| \|-------------------------------\|------\| \| Ener-GX™ Lineup \| 5 \| \| A Type Components \| 6 \| \| A Type Grades \| 9 \| \| C & D Type Components \| 10 \| \| C & D Type Grades \| 11 \| \| Application Chart \| 12 \| \| Parts Identification \| 13 \| \| Handling Guide \| 14 \| NGK is the world’s #1 OE manufacturer of spark plugs and the pioneer of innovative spark plug technology. The NGK brand. NGK delivers technologically strong and top-quality spark plugs under the NGK Spark Plugs brand — the sign of reliability since 1936. NGK spark plugs is chosen by both OE and consumers. For industrial users. NGK knows that the needs for industrial spark plugs require quality, reliability and durability. NGK offers spark plugs designed to improve your standard with reliable technology and OE quality production. Ener-GX™ Lineup \| \| A Type \| C Type \| D Type \| \|------------------\|---------\|---------\|---------\| \| Professional* \| AS2-25 \| CT3-40 \| DT2-40 \| \| Commercial \| AS1-25 / AS3-25 \| CT2-40 \| DT1-40 \| \| Economy \| - \| CT1-70 \| - \| Durability Scale - GOOD - Economy Grade: good spark plug for legacy engine - BEST - Professional Grade: landfill, bio gas, oil and gas, power generation ©2019 NGK Spark Plugs, Inc. I ngksparkplugs.com The NGK Difference NGK Ener-GX™ spark plugs are designed to be reliable for high performance in harsh conditions. - Durable terminal - Patented insulator - Strong caulking - Triple sealing technology - Stainless steel gasket - Durable ceramic resistor - Copper core center electrode - High-quality thread and durable plating A Type Components 1 Durable Terminal ensures connection to coil every time; hard terminal performs even under the heaviest vibrations. 2 Durable Resistor NGK’s glass-sealed resistor guarantees stable performance under high temperatures and high voltages. 3 Patented Insulators ensures dielectric and physical strength; patented in-house-made ceramic properties establishes proper heat transfer. 4 Strong Caulking NGK’s cold-crimping technology provides absolute locking of insulator to shell, virtually eliminating the possibility of dislodging. 5 Stainless Steel Gasket provides enhanced sealing and thermal conductivity at high temperatures. 6 High Quality Thread and Plating superior quality nickel plating resists corrosion on the shell and ensures smooth installation. 7 Triple Sealing Technology airtight seal holds compression under heavy combustion. 8 Solid Copper Core Center Electrode deeply inserted in the center electrode for improved thermal conductivity. A Type Components Rapid Heat Transfer and Durability Extra Wide Ground Electrode sophisticated patented nickel alloy performs under high temperature and pressure Patented 3-Layer Copper Core copper core technology ensures rapid heat transfer Optimized Insulator Shape ensures physical and thermal strength, and prevents side-spark Efficient Overall Design AS1-25 / AS2-25 Securely Welded Pad precious metal pad, adhered through NGK’s powerful welding technology, increases longevity of the spark plug Maximized Gas Volume Design ensures good combustion; wider design increases flame expansion after spark discharge AS3-25 Laser-Weld Precious Metal Tip NGK’s superior welding technology guarantees stable longevity New Generation Precious Metal Provides superior resistance against electrode wear in high combustion temperature environments A Type Grades There isn’t one tool for every application. NGK knows professional operators look for the best tool to secure their specific engine operation. Professional Grade AS2-25 - 2.5mm center electrode tip - 3.0mm ground electrode pad - super-wide ground electrode - best durability - best for long operation on landfill and bio gas - best for very long operation on oil & gas Commercial Grade AS1-25 (for single-chamber engines) - 1.8mm center electrode tip - 2.6mm ground electrode pad AS3-25 (for single and pre-chamber engines) - 1.6mm center electrode tip - 1.8mm square ground electrode pad - high ignitability ground electrode design - new generation metal for resistance against electrode wear super-wide ground electrode better durability better for landfill and bio gas better for long operation on oil & gas C & D Type Components The NGK Difference - durable terminal - patented insulator - strong caulking - durable ceramic resistor - high-quality thread and durable plating - copper core center electrode - laser-welded precious tip - securely welded tip - patented nickel alloy - triple sealing technology C & D Type Grades Professional Grade (C and D) - best durability - best for long operation on landfill and bio gas - best for very long operation on oil & gas and power generation Commercial Grade (C and D) - better durability - better for landfill and bio gas - better for long operation on oil & gas and power generation Economy Grade (C only) - good for legacy engines \| Make \| Model \| Thread Diameter \| Thread Reach \| Economy \| Commercial \| Professional \| \|----------\|------------------------\|-----------------\|--------------\|---------\|------------\|-------------\| \| Ariel \| JGS-1 High Tension \| 14mm \| 14mm \| --- \| CT2-40 \| CT3-40 \| \| \| JGS-1 LOW TENSION \| 14mm \| 14mm \| --- \| CT2-40 \| CT3-40 \| \| Arrow \| VRG220, VRG330 \| 14mm \| 14mm \| --- \| CT2-40 \| CT3-40 \| \| CAT \| G3304B \| 14mm \| 14mm \| --- \| CT2-40 \| CT3-40 \| \| \| G3306B \| 14mm \| 14mm \| --- \| CT2-40 \| CT3-40 \| \| \| G3406 \| 14mm \| 14mm \| --- \| CT2-40 \| CT3-40 \| \| \| G3408 \| 14mm \| 14mm \| --- \| CT2-40 \| CT3-40 \| \| \| G3408C \| 14mm \| 14mm \| --- \| CT2-40 \| CT3-40 \| \| \| G3412 \| 14mm \| 14mm \| --- \| CT2-40 \| CT3-40 \| \| \| G3412C \| 14mm \| 14mm \| --- \| CT2-40 \| CT3-40 \| \| \| G3508 \| 18mm \| 20.6mm \| --- \| AS1-25 \| AS2-25 \| \| \| G3508B \| 18mm \| 20.6mm \| --- \| AS1-25 \| AS2-25 \| \| \| G3512 \| 18mm \| 20.6mm \| --- \| AS1-25 \| AS2-25 \| \| \| G3512B \| 18mm \| 20.6mm \| --- \| AS1-25 \| AS2-25 \| \| \| G3516 \| 18mm \| 20.6mm \| --- \| AS1-25 \| AS2-25 \| \| \| G3516B \| 18mm \| 20.6mm \| --- \| AS1-25 \| AS2-25 \| \| \| G3516J \| 18mm \| 20.6mm \| --- \| AS1-25 \| AS2-25 \| \| \| G3520B \| 18mm \| 20.6mm \| --- \| AS1-25 \| AS2-25 \| \| \| G3520C \| 18mm \| 20.6mm \| --- \| AS1-25 \| AS2-25 \| \| \| G3606 \| 18mm \| 20.6mm \| --- \| AS3-25 \| --- \| \| \| G3606A4 \| 18mm \| 20.6mm \| --- \| AS3-25 \| --- \| \| Make \| Model \| Thread Diameter \| Thread Reach \| Economy \| Commercial \| Professional \| \|--------------\|------------------------\|-----------------\|--------------\|---------\|------------\|-------------\| \| CAT \| G3608 \| 18mm \| 20.6mm \| --- \| AS3-25 \| --- \| \| \| G3608A4 \| 18mm \| 20.6mm \| --- \| AS3-25 \| --- \| \| \| G3612 \| 18mm \| 20.6mm \| --- \| AS3-25 \| --- \| \| \| G3612A4 \| 18mm \| 20.6mm \| --- \| AS3-25 \| --- \| \| \| G3616 \| 18mm \| 20.6mm \| --- \| AS3-25 \| --- \| \| \| G3616A4 \| 18mm \| 20.6mm \| --- \| AS3-25 \| --- \| \| Chrysler \| HB361, HB383, HC361, HT361 \| 14MM \| 14MM \| CT1-70 \| CT2-40 \| CT3-40 \| \| \| HB413, HC413, HB170 \| 14MM \| 14MM \| CT1-70 \| CT2-40 \| CT3-40 \| \| \| HT413, HB426, HC426, H170 \| 14MM \| 14MM \| CT1-70 \| CT2-40 \| CT3-40 \| \| \| IND53, IND56, IND56A \| 14MM \| 14MM \| CT1-70 \| CT2-40 \| CT3-40 \| \| \| THRU 1974 H225, HB225 \| 14MM \| 14MM \| CT1-70 \| CT2-40 \| CT3-40 \| \| \| LH318 \| 14MM \| 14MM \| CT1-70 \| CT2-40 \| CT3-40 \| \| \| H170, HB170, H225, HB225 \| 14MM \| 14MM \| CT1-70 \| CT2-40 \| CT3-40 \| \| \| H318, HB318, HC318, HT318 \| 14MM \| 14MM \| CT1-70 \| CT2-40 \| CT3-40 \| \| \| HB361, HB383, HC361, HT361 \| 14MM \| 14MM \| CT1-70 \| CT2-40 \| CT3-40 \| \| \| HB413, HC413, HT413, HB426, HC426 \| 14MM \| 14MM \| CT1-70 \| CT2-40 \| CT3-40 \| \| CUMMINS \| 6B W/230HP \| 14MM \| 12.7MM \| --- \| DT1-40 \| DT2-40 \| \| \| 6C \| 14MM \| 12.7MM \| --- \| DT1-40 \| DT2-40 \| \| \| FTA19GC SLB \| 18MM \| 20.6MM \| --- \| AS1-25 \| AS2-25 \| \| \| G3.9 \| 14MM \| 12.7MM \| --- \| DT1-40 \| DT2-40 \| \| \| G5.9 \| 14MM \| 12.7MM \| --- \| DT1-40 \| DT2-40 \| \| \| G5.9E \| 14MM \| 12.7MM \| --- \| DT1-40 \| DT2-40 \| \| \| G8.3 \| 14MM \| 12.7MM \| --- \| DT1-40 \| DT2-40 \| \| \| G8.3E \| 14MM \| 12.7MM \| --- \| DT1-40 \| DT2-40 \| \| \| G855 \| 18MM \| 20.6MM \| --- \| AS1-25 \| AS2-25 \| \| \| G855E \| 18MM \| 20.6MM \| --- \| AS1-25 \| AS2-25 \| \| \| GTA 8.3 \| 14MM \| 12.7MM \| --- \| DT1-40 \| DT2-40 \| \| \| GTA 8.3 SLB \| 14MM \| 12.7MM \| --- \| DT1-40 \| DT2-40 \| \| \| GTA855 \| 18MM \| 20.6MM \| --- \| AS1-25 \| AS2-25 \| \| \| GTA855E \| 18MM \| 20.6MM \| --- \| AS1-25 \| AS2-25 \| \| Make \| Model \| Thread Diameter \| Thread Reach \| Economy \| Commercial \| Professional \| \|---------------\|------------------------------\|-----------------\|--------------\|---------\|------------\|--------------\| \| CUMMINS \| KTA19GC \| 18MM \| 20.6MM \| --- \| AS1-25 \| AS2-25 \| \| \| KTA38GC SLB \| 18MM \| 20.6MM \| --- \| AS1-25 \| AS2-25 \| \| \| L-10 \| 14MM \| 12.7MM \| --- \| DT1-40 \| DT2-40 \| \| \| Q19G \| 18MM \| 20.6MM \| --- \| AS1-25 \| AS2-25 \| \| \| QSV81-V16 \| 18MM \| 20.6MM \| --- \| AS1-25 \| AS2-25 \| \| \| QSV 91-V18 \| 18MM \| 20.6MM \| --- \| AS1-25 \| AS2-25 \| \| DETROIT \| 149 SERIES \| 18MM \| 20.6MM \| --- \| AS1-25 \| AS2-25 \| \| \| 30, 40, 50 SERIES \| 14MM \| 12.7MM \| --- \| DT1-40 \| DT2-40 \| \| DEUTZ MWM \| G620 V-8, TBG16 V-8, TBG616 V-12 \| 18MM \| 20.6MM \| --- \| AS1-25 \| AS2-25 \| \| \| TBG616K V-8K, TBG616K V-12, TBG616K V16 \| 18MM \| 20.6MM \| --- \| AS1-25 \| AS2-25 \| \| \| TBG620 V8, TBG620 V-12, TBG620 V-16 \| 18MM \| 20.6MM \| --- \| AS1-25 \| AS2-25 \| \| \| TBG620K V-12, TBG620K V-16K \| 18MM \| 20.6MM \| --- \| AS1-25 \| AS2-25 \| \| ENTERPRISE \| GSC-36, 38; GSM-36, 38 \| 18MM \| 20.6MM \| --- \| AS1-25 \| AS2-25 \| \| \| TDSG 36-6-36 (REAR SIDE OF HEAD) \| 18MM \| 20.6MM \| --- \| AS1-25 \| AS2-25 \| \| FORD \| 158, 175, 201, 256 CID \| 14MM \| 14MM \| CT1-70 \| CT2-40 \| CT3-40 \| \| GM \| 305, 351, 401, 478, 702 GASOLINE \| 14MM \| 14MM \| CT1-70 \| CT2-40 \| CT3-40 \| \| \| 305, 351, 401, 478, 702 LPG \| 14MM \| 14MM \| CT1-70 \| CT2-40 \| CT3-40 \| \| GUASCOR \| FG180, FGLD180, FG240 \| 18MM \| 20.6MM \| --- \| AS1-25 \| AS2-25 \| \| \| FGLD240, FGLD360, FGLD480 \| 18MM \| 20.6MM \| --- \| AS1-25 \| AS2-25 \| \| \| HGM 560 \| 18MM \| 20.6MM \| --- \| AS1-25 \| AS2-25 \| \| \| SFGLD 180, SFGLD 240, SFGLD 360, SFGLD 480, SFGLD 560 \| 18MM \| 20.6MM \| --- \| AS1-25 \| AS2-25 \| \| HERCULES \| GTA 3.7, GTA 5.6 \| 14MM \| 12.7MM \| --- \| DT1-40 \| DT2-40 \| \| \| G4800, GTA 4800 \| 14MM \| 12.7MM \| --- \| DT1-40 \| DT2-40 \| \| INTERNATIONAL \| C-537, C-605 GASOLINE \| 14MM \| 14MM \| CT1-70 \| CT2-40 \| CT3-40 \| \| Make \| Model \| Thread Diameter \| Thread Reach \| Economy \| Commercial \| Professional \| \|-----------------------------\|--------------------------------------------\|-----------------\|--------------\|---------\|------------\|--------------\| \| INTERNATIONAL \| C-537, C-605 CNG, LPG \| 14MM \| 14MM \| CT1-70 \| CT2-40 \| CT3-40 \| \| JENBACHER \| J208 8-CYL, J212 12-CYL \| 18MM \| 20.6MM \| --- \| AS1-25 \| AS2-25 \| \| \| J216 16-CYL, J312 12-CYL \| 18MM \| 20.6MM \| --- \| AS1-25 \| AS2-25 \| \| \| J316 16-CYL, J320 20-CYL \| 18MM \| 20.6MM \| --- \| AS1-25 \| AS2-25 \| \| \| J612 12-CYL AFTER 9/95 \| 18MM \| 20.6MM \| --- \| AS1-25 \| AS2-25 \| \| \| J612 12-CYL THRU 8/95 \| 18MM \| 20.6MM \| --- \| AS1-25 \| AS2-25 \| \| \| J616 16-CYL AFTER 9/95 \| 18MM \| 20.6MM \| --- \| AS1-25 \| AS2-25 \| \| \| J616 16-CYL THRU 8/95 \| 18MM \| 20.6MM \| --- \| AS1-25 \| AS2-25 \| \| JOHN DEERE \| 300 SERIES CNG/LPG \| 14MM \| 14MM \| CT1-70 \| CT2-40 \| CT3-40 \| \| \| 607AFN30 (150HP & 200HP) \| 14MM \| 12.7MM \| DT1-40 \| DT2-40 \| \| \| J-W POWER \| SUPERBURN PRE-CELL \| 14MM \| 14MM \| CT1-70 \| CT2-40 \| CT3-40 \| \| MAN NUTZFAHRRZEUGE \| E 0824 - E 301, E 302 \| 14MM \| 14MM \| --- \| CT2-40 \| CT3-40 \| \| \| E 0826 - E301, E302 \| 14MM \| 14MM \| --- \| CT2-40 \| CT3-40 \| \| \| E 0834 \| 14MM \| 12.7MM \| DT1-40 \| DT2-40 \| \| \| \| E 2482, E 2842, E & LE \| 14MM \| 14MM \| --- \| CT2-40 \| CT3-40 \| \| \| E 2843 LN \| 14MM \| 14MM \| --- \| CT2-40 \| CT3-40 \| \| \| E 2866 DUH03 \| 14MM \| 14MM \| --- \| CT2-40 \| CT3-40 \| \| \| E2866 LUH01 \| 14MM \| 14MM \| --- \| CT2-40 \| CT3-40 \| \| NORDBERG (HATCH & KIRK) \| FSE96 NATURAL GAS \| 18MM \| 20.6MM \| --- \| AS1-25 \| AS2-25 \| \| PERKINS \| 4000 SERIES \| 18MM \| 20.6MM \| --- \| AS1-25 \| AS2-25 \| \| \| 900 SERIES \| 14MM \| 12.7MM \| --- \| DT1-40 \| DT2-40 \| \| SACM \| MODEL 175 1996 & UP \| 14MM \| 12.7MM \| --- \| DT1-40 \| DT2-40 \| \| \| MODEL UD30 THUR 1994 \| 14MM \| 12.7MM \| --- \| DT1-40 \| DT2-40 \| \| SUPERIOR \| 1706G2, 1712G1 \| 18MM \| 20.6MM \| --- \| AS1-25 \| AS2-25 \| \| WARTSILLA \| MODEL 175 AFTER 1994 \| 14mm \| 12.7MM \| --- \| DT1-40 \| DT2-40 \| \| Make \| Model \| Thread Diameter \| Thread Reach \| Economy \| Commercial \| Professional \| \|---------------\|------------------------------\|-----------------\|--------------\|---------\|------------\|--------------\| \| WARTSILLA \| MODEL 34SG \| 18MM \| 20.6MM \| --- \| AS1-25 \| AS2-25 \| \| \| MODEL W20V \| 18MM \| 20.6MM \| --- \| AS1-25 \| AS2-25 \| \| \| MODEL W25SG, W28SG, W34SG \| 18MM \| 20.6MM \| --- \| AS1-25 \| AS2-25 \| \| WAUKESHA \| 8L-AT25GL/AT27GL \| 18MM \| 20.6MM \| --- \| AS1-25 \| AS2-25 \| \| \| 12V-AT25GL/AT27GL \| 18MM \| 20.6MM \| --- \| AS1-25 \| AS2-25 \| \| \| VRG220, VRG330 \| 14MM \| 14MM \| --- \| CT2-40 \| CT3-40 \| \| \| H1077G, H1077GSI, L1616G, L1616GSI \| 14MM \| 14MM \| --- \| CT2-40 \| CT3-40 \| \| \| F11FG F11GS GSI/GSID \| 14MM \| 14MM \| --- \| CT2-40 \| CT3-40 \| \| \| P2154G, P2154GSI \| 14MM \| 14MM \| --- \| CT2-40 \| CT3-40 \| \| \| VRG220, VRG330 \| 14MM \| 14MM \| CT1-70 \| CT2-40 \| CT3-40 \| \| \| VRN265, VRN283, VRN310 \| 14MM \| 14MM \| CT1-70 \| CT2-40 \| CT3-40 \| \| \| F18GM F18GL/GLD \| 18MM \| 20.6MM \| --- \| AS1-25 \| AS2-25 \| \| \| H24G, H24GL/GLD \| 18MM \| 20.6MM \| --- \| AS1-25 \| AS2-25 \| \| \| L36GL/GLD \| 18MM \| 20.6MM \| --- \| AS1-25 \| AS2-25 \| \| \| P48GL/GLD \| 18MM \| 20.6MM \| --- \| AS1-25 \| AS2-25 \| \| \| 3521GL 13/16" REACH \| 18MM \| 20.6MM \| --- \| AS1-25 \| AS2-25 \| \| \| 5108GL 13/16" REACH \| 18MM \| 20.6MM \| --- \| AS1-25 \| AS2-25 \| \| \| 5790GL 13/16" REACH \| 18MM \| 20.6MM \| --- \| AS1-25 \| AS2-25 \| \| \| 7042GL 13/16" REACH HEAD \| 18MM \| 20.6MM \| --- \| AS1-25 \| AS2-25 \| \| \| 5115GL \| 18MM \| 20.6MM \| --- \| AS1-25 \| AS2-25 \| \| \| 9390GL 13/16" REACH HEAD \| 18MM \| 20.6MM \| --- \| AS1-25 \| AS2-25 \| \| WISCONSIN \| W2-1230 THRU SERIAL#5995537 \| 14MM \| 14MM \| CT1-70 \| CT2-40 \| CT3-40 \| \| \| W2-1235, W4-2460, W2-1250 \| 14MM \| 14MM \| CT1-70 \| CT2-40 \| CT3-40 \| ## Parts Identification \| A \| S \| 1 \| - \| 25 \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|----\| \| Thread and HEX Size \| Thread Length \| Suffix \| Gap \| \| A: M18x1.5 Hex 22.2 \| S: 20.6mm \| \| 25 = 0.25mm \| \| B: M18x1.5 Hex 20.8 \| T: 19mm \| \| 40 = 0.4mm \| \| C: M14x1.25 Hex 20.8 \| U: 14mm \| \| 70 = 0.7mm \| \| D: M14x1.25 Hex 16 \| V: 12.7mm \| \| \| --- ## Gap Conversion \| mm. \| in.* \| \|-----\|------\| \| 0.2 \| 0.080 \| \| 0.3 \| 0.012 \| \| 0.4 \| 0.016 \| \| 0.5 \| 0.020 \| \| 0.6 \| 0.024 \| \| 0.7 \| 0.028 \| inch measurement is rounded to the nearest thousandth Spark Plug Installation 1. Check condition and cleanliness of threads in cylinder head. 2. Install new spark plug by hand until it sets. A length of rubber tubing pushed over the insulator can be a useful aid for plug installation where access is difficult. 3. Tighten to specified torque setting as shown in the chart below. 4. If a torque wrench is unavailable, refer to engine manufacturer’s installation instructions or the tightening angle advice displayed on NGK packaging. Anti-seize If you apply anti-seize compounds on the spark plug thread, please install spark plugs by using rotation angle only. Tightening Torque \| \| Iron Head \| Aluminum Head \| Rotation angle after hand-tight \| \|------------------------\|-----------------\|-----------------\|---------------------------------\| \| 18mm Gasket Type \| 50 ± 5 Nm \| 50 ± 5 Nm \| 1/2 turn (180°) \| \| \| 37 ± 3.7 lb/ft \| 37 ± 3.7 lb/ft \| \| \| 14mm Gasket Type \| 30 ± 5 Nm \| 27.5 ± 2.5 Nm \| 1/2 - 2/3 turn (180° - 240°) \| \| \| 21.5 ± 3.5 lb/ft\| 19.5 ± 1.5 lb/ft\| \| Installation Tips • It is important not to over or under tighten spark plugs during installation. Over tightening can lead to distortion of the spark plug. Under tightening can lead to loosening of the spark plug and overheating. • Always use the correct spark plug socket for removal and installation to prevent damage to the spark plug or engine. Frequent Trouble Wrench-hitting Breakages on the insulator head can occur if an incorrect spark plug torque wrench is used. Over-torquing Distortions and breakages can occur on the caulked and thread portions of the spark plug if the torque is excessively tightened. THE IGNITION SPECIALIST™	878219be-7f41-4906-8255-c4d26102807c	CC-MAIN-2022-27	https://www.murcal.com/scs/murcal-assets/brands_pg/NGK%20Plugs.pdf	2022-06-29T17:04:10+00:00	s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/crawl=CC-MAIN-2022-27/subset=warc/part-00085-48f675b2-7fd4-43af-adb3-2a4ea7f82193.c000.gz.parquet	945,475,840	7,536	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.953716	eng_Latn	0.987106	[ "unknown", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "unknown", "unknown", "unknown", "unknown", "unknown", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "unknown" ]	true	docling	[ 35, 1691, 2210, 2643, 3140, 3468, 4447, 5299, 6132, 6436, 6812, 9298, 12878, 16028, 20023, 23004, 23544, 24758, 25380, 25406 ]
UCL RESEARCH DEPARTMENT OF PRIMARY CARE AND POPULATION HEALTH GP Tutor Payment Set-up and Processing Thank you for agreeing to be involved in teaching and/or tutoring with the UCL Research Department of Primary Care and Population Health. This document will give you an outline of our payment set-up and processing. 1. Payment to the General Practice Where possible, GP tutors are paid to their practice. This is the most efficient and fastest payment method. New Practice If your practice is new to teaching with us, we will need to set the GP Practice as a UCL supplier on the UCL finance system before remuneration for teaching can begin. To do this, please email our Finance Administrator, Rosemary Koper [email protected] , your practice bank details on practice letterhead paper, and complete and return the 'New Supplier Set-up Form', which is available on our website in 'Important documents and forms' section at the bottom of the page. Once set up, payments will be made directly to the practice bank account using BACS (Bankers' Automated Clearing Services) transfer according to the payment process below. Existing teaching practice If the practice is not new to teaching with UCL, then no set-up is required, and the payment process below will be followed. The payment process after set-up Our Finance Administrator will raise an invoice for your teaching at the end of a placement or teaching term. You need to check, sign and return the invoice(s) via email [email protected] for UCL to process the payment(s) in accordance with the UCL Financial Regulations. IMPORTANT: Please ensure that the invoice is signed and returned as soon as possible, as not returning the invoice will delay your payment. 2. Payment (made to an individual) via UCL Unitemps Alternatively, your payment can be processed via Unitemps, following the process below 1. We will raise a temporary contract for you with Unitemps 2. You will receive an email from Unitemps about creating an online account 3. You will need to visit the main Unitemps office (Lewis' building, 136 Gower Street, London WC1E 6BP) to have your passport and right to work documentation scanned 4. You will then need to view and accept the job online via your online account before the contract start date. After completing teaching/tutoring, you will need to submit a timesheet by 25th date of each month, and you will be paid by the end of the following month. To view Unitemps cut off and payment dates, please follow this link. Note for Self-Employed Suppliers: GPs who are self-employed and wish to be paid directly will need to complete the 'New Supplier SetUp Form' mentioned above, provide bank details on headed paper and complete the 'SelfEmployment Application Form'. All three documents should be sent to [email protected]. Useful contacts Rosemary Koper, Finance Administrator [email protected] Placement administration team [email protected]	<urn:uuid:76966322-0cd1-4cf9-9965-62c85246e976>	CC-MAIN-2023-06	https://www.ucl.ac.uk/epidemiology-health-care/sites/epidemiology_health_care/files/gp_tutor_payment_set_oct_2021_update_0.pdf	2023-02-03T07:49:06+00:00	s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/crawl=CC-MAIN-2023-06/subset=warc/part-00205-b5ddf469-bf28-43c4-9c36-5b5ccc3b2bf1.c000.gz.parquet	1,043,575,059	646	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.987656	eng_Latn	0.994578	[ "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn" ]	false	rolmOCR	[ 2527, 2975 ]
CERTIFICATE OF ANALYSIS – TECHNICAL DATA SHEET Product name ASGPR, Rat, clone 8D7 Catalog number HM3020-20UG Lot number - Expiry date - Volume 200 µl Amount 20 µg Formulation 0.2 µm filtered in PBS+0.1%BSA+0.02%NaN3 Concentration 100 µg/ml Host Species Mouse IgG1 Conjugate None Endotoxin N.A. Purification Protein G Storage 4°C Application notes \| \| IHC-F \| IHC-P \| IF \| FC \| FS \| IA \| IP \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| Reference # \| 1-3,5 \| \| 7 \| 4 \| \| 3,5 \| \| \| Yes \| ● \| \| ● \| ● \| \| ● \| \| \| No \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| N.D. \| \| ● \| \| \| ● \| \| ● \| N.D.= Not Determined; IHC = Immuno histochemistry; F = Frozen sections; P = Paraffin sections; IF = Immuno Fluorescence; FC = Flow Cytometry; FS = Functional Studies; IA = Immuno Assays; IP = Immuno Precipitation; W = Western blot Dilutions to be used depend on detection system applied. It is recommended that users test the reagent and determine their own optimal dilutions. The typical starting working dilution is 1:50. [x] W: A non-reduced sample treatment and SDS-Page was used. The band size is 42 kDa (ref.4). [x] F: aceton fixed tissue section were incubated Hybridoma culture supernatant. [x] IA: microtiter plates were coated with 100µl 20ug/ml for ELISA. [x] Positive control: Rat hepatocytes; Negative control: Rat kidney, pancreas, small intestine, colon. General Information Description The asialoglycoprotein (ASGP) receptor is a transmembrane hepatocellular surface carbohydrate binding glycoproteins lacking terminal sialic acid residues (asialoglycoproteins). Characterization of the ASGP receptor revealed its functional role in the binding, internalization and transport of a wide range of glycoproteins, which have exposed galactose or N-acetylgalactosamine residues, via the process of receptor-mediated endocytosis (RME). The ASGP receptor can bind a variety of important plasma proteins including transport proteins (i.e. transferrin), enzymes such as alkaline phosphatase, immunoglobulins including IgA, apoptotic hepatocytes, fibronectin and platelets. Additionally, the expression of the ASGP receptor has been clinically correlated to the level of hepatic function that is lost during liver diseases related to cancer, viral hepatitis, and cirrhosis. The ASGP receptor consists of major and minor subunits, which in the rat were identified as rat hepatic lectin (RHL) 1 and RHL 2/3, with molecular weights of respectively 42, 49 and 54 kDa. The selective binding (calcium and pH depended) and uptake of terminal galactosyl bearing proteins requires the formation of hetero-oligomers between these major and minor forms The total ASGP receptor population consisted of two functionally distinct receptor populations, designated State 1 and State 2, which Storage&stability were involved in the endocytosis and intracellular processing of ligands by different pathways. The monoclonal antibody 8D7 recognizes a subunit-specific epitope on RHL-1 of rat ASGPR. The monoclonal antibody 8D7 is cross reactive with human ASGPR. Immunogen Crude rat liver membrane extracts Aliases Asialoglycoprotein receptor 1, ASGPR 1, ASGP-R 1, Hepatic lectin 1, MHL-1 Gene Gene name: Asgr1 Cross reactivity Human: Yes References 1. Mizuno, M et al: Development of a monoclonal antibody identifying an antigen which is segregated to the sinusoidal and lateral plasma membranes of rat hepatocytes. Gastroenterol Japan 1986, 21: 238 2. Mizuno, M et al; Monoclonal antibodies identifying antigens on distinct domains of rat hepatocytes. Liver 1987, 7: 251 3. Hyodo, I et al; Distribution of asioalogycoprotein receptor in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver 1993, 13: 80 4. Shimada, M et al; A monoclonal antibody to rat asialoglycoprotein receptor that recognizes an epitope specific to its major subunit. Hepatol Res 2003, 26: 55 5. Hirai, M et al. Development of syngeneic monoclonal anti-idiotype antibodies to mouse monoclonal antiasialoglycoprotein receptor antibody. Acta med okayama 2002 56: 135 6. Keyel, P et al. A single common portal for clathrin-mediated endocytosis of distinct cargo governed by cargoselective adaptors. Mol boil Cell 2006 17:4300 7. Zhou, X et al. Effects of hepatitis B virus S protein on human sperm function. Hum Reprod 2009 1: 1 Product should be stored at 4°C. Under recommended storage conditions, product is stable for at least one year. Precautions For research use only. Not for use in or on humans or animals or for diagnostics. It is the responsibility of the user to comply with all local/state and federal rules in the use of this product. Hycult Biotech is not responsible for any patent infringements that might result from the use or derivation of this product. We hereby certify that the above-stated information is correct and that this product has been successfully tested by the Quality Control Department. This product was released for sale according to the existing specifications. This document has been produced electronically and is valid without a signature. Approved by Manager of QC Brenda Teunissen Date 11/01/2021 Do you have any questions or comments regarding this product? Please contact us via [email protected].	<urn:uuid:1f672836-e44b-4c36-89ff-f374ca08786c>	CC-MAIN-2024-30	https://www.hycultbiotech.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/coa-tds_hm3020-20ug.pdf	2024-07-19T22:12:36+00:00	s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/crawl=CC-MAIN-2024-30/subset=warc/part-00275-65338ae2-db7f-48fa-a620-71777c40d854.c000.gz.parquet	693,189,899	1,392	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.89463	eng_Latn	0.912308	[ "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn" ]	false	rolmOCR	[ 2781, 5213 ]
Roles and responsibilities for Information Governance. January 2022 Strategy and Policy development and governance University Executive Group (UEB) University Executive Board considers the necessary strategies and policies on the recommendation of Information Management and Security Group (IM&SG), or to be agreed by IM&SG where it has the delegated authority. The University Secretary will report to UEB on the degree to which the University is compliant, the actions required and the residual risks that exist where further action is needed and make recommendations. UEB Information Management and Security Group (IM&SG) Accountability for recommending policy, monitoring and reporting on compliance and reporting risk has been delegated through UEB to the IM&SG. IM&SG, comprises of the following. The Director of Academic Services (interim chair) ; Director of Corporate Services (vacant); Director of Information Technology; Director of Planning, Projects and Business Intelligence (or their representative); University Secretary; Director of Library Services; Director of Faculty Operations, Faculty of Science; Director of Corporate Communications & External Relations; Deputy Director of Human Resources; Academic Representatives – Professor of Information Services Management; Chair in Computer & Information Security. It recommends policy to UEB and oversees delivery with support from the Information Management & Security Operations Group. IM&SG will provide the strategic direction and oversight required to ensure a consistent framework of policies and procedures encompassing the storage, retention, structure, use, protection and gaining value from information assets in relation to the strategy and purposes of the organisation while meeting our regulatory and statutory requirements. Technology: Cyber-security is the responsibility of the Director of IT and focuses on the technical measures to protect computer systems from unauthorised access or being otherwise damaged, corrupted or made inaccessible (whether or not they hold personal data.) Information Security: is the responsibility of the UEB nominated Senior Information Risk Owner (SIRO) and is a broader category that looks to introduce measures to protect all information, whether in hard copy or in digital form from unauthorized/inappropriate access, use or disclosure, including high value assets, e.g. intellectual property and research data. Its scope covers people, process and technology and is designed to provide whole-university protection of assets with value. Regulatory Compliance: is the responsibility of the University Secretary and includes the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), which addresses the rights of individuals in relation to information held about them and the legal duties placed on the University. It includes but is not limited to the security of personal data. Data Quality, Data Structures and Reporting: is the responsibility of the Director of Planning and Insight. This includes external and internal reporting on corporate information for regulatory, administrative and planning purposes, data definition, data dictionary management, definition and control of how data is structured within systems, management of reference data including consistent coding structures across systems, data quality assurance and responding to the reporting requirements of the designated data body and other statutory customers as well as meeting internal user-defined requirements for reporting. UEB IT sub-group The IT sub-group to UEB has strategic oversight of the programme of IT system projects at University level; keeping business cases under review, recommending projects to UEB, monitoring project progress, risks and benefit realisation. The University Secretary is a member of the UEB IT Group and the Director of Information Technology is a member of IM&SG. Where IT projects require information governance policies or need to comply with information governance requirements (e.g. Data Protection Impact Assessments) reference will be made to IM&SG. Where IM&SG require a system solution to achieve greater compliance (e.g. Cyber Security) reference will be made to UEB IT Group. Compliance and Reporting Chair of the IM&SG Responsible to the President and Vice-Chancellor on a delegated basis for the general oversight of compliance and risk in relation to Information Management and Security. University Secretary The University Secretary is responsible to the President and Vice-Chancellor on a delegated basis for the oversight of compliance with legal and regulatory requirements and the associated risks in relation to information governance. As the University Secretary is independent and not an information asset owner they are not subject to a conflict of interest. The University Secretary is the Senior Information Risk Owner (SIRO). The statutory functions of the Data Protection Officer sit with or are accountable to the University Secretary. Faculties and Departments remain responsible for compliance with data protection law and must be able to demonstrate compliance. Data Protection Officer (DPO) The DPO will act in an advisory role, liaising with Faculty and departments to help them ensure compliance with data protection provisions. The DPO will provide information and guidance on the processing of all personal data. They will produce guidance material for staff and deliver training to staff. Process, co-ordinate and respond to all requests for information and deal correctly with subject access requests. Be the point of contact for data subjects and for cooperating and consulting with national supervisory authorities. Chief Information Security Officer (CISO) The CISO will ensure that staff and students can research, learn and work in a safe and secure environment. The CISO is responsible for establishing and maintaining the enterprise vision, strategy, and programme of information security activities to ensure information assets, IT systems and the business activities that they support, are adequately protected across the University and with partners and stakeholders. Action and Accountability President and Vice-Chancellor Responsibility for action and implementation ultimately rests with the Council, through the President and Vice-Chancellor. Accountable Officers The Executive Director of Academic Services, Executive Director or Corporate Services and the Chief Financial Officer are accountable officers for the management and use of information systems, data management and processing at the University and for fostering a culture for using and protecting data, that information is accurate and its value is realised, information is secured and legislation is complied with. The Executive Director for Corporate Services owns the University's information incident management framework. Senior Information Asset Owners Those who have responsibility and accountability for a process or system (typically Directors of Professional Services. The Senior Information Asset Owner will be the Data Steward for the data held in the asset for which they are responsible. A Data Steward is accountable for managing systems and processes. They must have the authority and means to manage the data for which they are accountable and these responsibilities should be set out in their job description. They have responsibilities to: * Lead and foster a culture that values, protects and uses information for the success of the University and benefit of its stakeholders. * Review and document data management practices for key datasets. * Define data governance roles and include them in role descriptions. * Ensure that policies for systems and the data they hold are clear and aligned across the University. * Develop reporting which enables data value to be realised through regular reporting of insight to the wider University. * Undertake reconciliation of datasets to merge data from standalone systems and decommission where possible. * Know what information the asset holds, and what information is transferred in and out of it and what systems it links to. * Know who has access to information assets and why; ensures their use is monitored and compliant with appropriate policies. * Understand and address risks to the asset, providing assurance to the SIRO and ensure that any incidents are reported and managed following University guidelines. * Ensure the information asset is fully used for its intended purpose. Faculties and Departments Faculties and Departments are responsible for their own information processing at various levels and requirements, similar to how Health and Safety responsibilities currently work in the University. Faculty Vice Presidents and Heads of Department Have responsibility for the implementation of University information governance policies and procedures in their Departments and Services. The Vice-Presidents and heads of Faculty and Head of Departments should demonstrate visible commitment to information governance by: * Ensuring that all staff undertake the mandatory training provided by the University. * Ensuring that staff undertake specialised information governance training relevant to their roles (e.g. research data management). * Ensuring that there are systems in the to maintain awareness of the information held and to ensure it is stored, used and shared only in accordance with University policies and procedures, maintaining an Information Asset Register. * Providing sufficient resources for staff to be able to comply with University policies and procedures. * Bringing to the attention of the University Secretary and the Data Protection Officer, any breach of statutory requirements which may be reportable or cannot be dealt with at Departmental or Service level and/or may have implications for the University more widely. * Ensuring that staff co-operate fully with any information or information security audits authorised by IM&SG or Audit Committee. * Ensuring students and staff are aware of the School or Service's procedures for secure handling of their personal data. * Ensuring that University information governance policies and procedures are followed in any dealings, formal or informal, with third party individuals and organisations. Information Champions Appointed by Heads of Department to work on their behalf to ensure that policies are followed, mandatory training is completed, Information Asset Registers are maintained and act as a local point of contact for incident reporting. A larger department with diverse areas of business e.g. Finance may have the need for more than one Information Champion, each with specialised knowledge of their respective areas. The Information Champion role should be considered a formal part of the individuals About The Job with the respective resource implications. They will be expected to undertake formal training relevant to the role. Information Asset Owners Are responsible for the information they control. This is normally at a relatively local level e.g. a Primary Investigator defining how research data is managed for their specific project. IAOs must ensure that their information processing adheres to relevant policies and procedures for the University, their information asset, their department and any specialist constraints e.g. those demanded by an external research partner or funder. Data Trustee A Data Trustee is responsible for meeting quality requirements through the ongoing operational maintenance and management of data sources. They manage data and systems working with the Data Steward to agree changes. They have responsibilities to: * Review, refine and improve business processes associated with data quality and maintenance on an ongoing basis. * Define and undertake routine identification of data issues, including root cause analysis and report to the relevant Accountable Officer. * Develop and maintain appropriate measures of data quality for specific datasets. * Ensure policies for systems and the data they hold are clear and aligned across the University. * Embed policies and protocols which promote the use of central systems to enable a 'single source of truth'. Information Users All staff, students, visitors, 3rd parties (e.g. supplier and external research partners) are responsible for the information they create, store, process and share. Information users must ensure that they follow relevant policies, procedures and processes when using information assets.	<urn:uuid:6626c94c-fd5d-44a8-9347-e15548598a7e>	CC-MAIN-2022-33	https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/media/30666/download?attachment	2022-08-10T13:33:19+00:00	s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/crawl=CC-MAIN-2022-33/subset=warc/part-00031-d466b69e-be2b-4525-ac34-1b10d57329da.c000.gz.parquet	865,627,329	2,153	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.98008	eng_Latn	0.98938	[ "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn" ]	false	rolmOCR	[ 67, 2892, 5691, 8277, 10966, 12548 ]
MISS JETSET LARA SEBASTIAN THE ZIMMERMAN AGENCY (continued) One of Mexico’s finest tropical escapes awaits at Mahekal Beach Resort, perfectly positioned along the sunny Playa Del Carmen coast. Renowned for its rich history, friendly staff, and “magical” allure, Mahekal is the perfect solution for affluent travelers who want more from their time south of the border than one might find at the typical “all inclusive” resort. The lush landscape, white sandy beaches, and views of the neighboring island of Cozumel provide the perfect backdrop for this stunning oceanside retreat. Located just steps from Playa’s popular Quinta Avenida (5th Avenue), Mahekal’s pristine resort property includes an array of luxury amenities and services that guarantee memories to last a lifetime. Upon arrival at Cancún International Airport, guests are greeted with a warm smile and a refreshingly cold margarita (an amenity you will almost certainly appreciate, given the warm air and humidity). The greeting is led by the property’s resort concierge, Boli, and a genuinely friendly staff that seem fully committed to ensuring your experience is never to be forgotten. A short ride through Quintana Roo brings you to Playa del Carmen and this remarkable one-of-a-kind resort. With its deep roots in local culture and tradition, Mahekal’s history dates back over 50 years when a local family decided to build six thatched-roof palapas (huts) on the beach for travelers to rent. Every peso of profit was reinvested in new bungalows, and today the resort features more than 100 individual palapas and includes recent enhancements completed via a three-year, $16 million reimagining. Rooms at this exquisite resort come in an assortment of floor plans ranging from oceanfront casitas to jungle bungalows. You’ll find seaside beach houses with private plunge pools and outdoor moon showers, as well as Treehouse Rooms that afford the opportunity to fully enjoy the resort’s lush gardens and fauna. One amenity you won’t find, however, is a TV in the guest accommodations. It’s Mahekal’s way of encouraging travelers to engage with the resort’s natural environment and escape from the cares of city life. Two-bedroom suites, luxury penthouse units, and longer term stays via La Residencia make Mahekal Beach Resort the perfect choice during your visit to Playa del Carmen. Light fare and gourmet cuisine are available at on-site restaurants Cocina, Fuego Restaurante y Cantina, Itzi (named after a Mayan princess), Boli’s Bar, and the property’s flagship Las Olas Restaurant and Bar. Other notable dining options include the “Catch of the Day” program, boasting fresh oceanic selections delivered directly off the boat, and the Mayan Culinary Casita, an epicurean adventure featuring a taste of Mayan culture that’s guaranteed to make an impression. Both were favorites of Jetset during our stay. Mahekal’s Revive Spa sets the stage for additional relaxation, with Mayan-inspired treatments in a 2,500 square-foot facility that infuses bohemian styles with rich, colorful Mexican accents. The spa utilizes locally sourced organic ingredients, and the entire experience has been meticulously designed to achieve the ultimate feeling of tranquility. Additional amenities include on-site fitness and dive centers, a nightly beachside fire pit, complimentary use of the resort’s bicycles, a local artisan boutique, and a plethora of activities designed to satisfy any appetite for adventure. MahekalBeachResort.com Mahekal Beach Resort Lobby Las Olas Pool In-suite Hammocks Fuego Restaurante Beach House	739fa5b4-bf69-4bb9-bc70-974b81d48919	CC-MAIN-2020-45	https://dxfuztz1ia4nb.cloudfront.net/mahekalbeachresort.com-3258118679/cms/pressroom/mahekal_jetset.pdf	2020-10-24T06:47:24+00:00	s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/crawl=CC-MAIN-2020-45/subset=warc/part-00082-6409130e-6e9b-44d1-90ec-9f9d0ade2504.c000.gz.parquet	296,364,404	756	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.501803	eng_Latn	0.995112	[ "pol_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn" ]	true	docling	[ 60, 3496, 3590 ]
Peter Snell Road, P O Box 111, Ruakaka, NZ Bream Bay College Ph: 09) 4328226 Fax: 09) 4328228 Email: [email protected] Principal: W.R. Buckland Office Use Only Class Bus Route House S A R I Whanau ENROL Year Today's date: / / Entry Date: Gender: Male/Female Legal Surname: First Names: Preferred Name: Date of Birth: Previous School Attended: Copy of latest School Report □ Yes □ No Copy of Birth Certificate or Passport □ Yes □ No Students born outside of New Zealand: Do you have permanent residence status in New Zealand? □ Yes □ No You will need to produce your passport to verify this. A photocopy to be retained by the College showing your student visa status has been supplied. Please note missing documentation (from the above list) could cause a delay in the enrolment process. 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In case of any legal access issues – Please supply relevant documentation. * Health: ................................................................................................................................................................ * * Legal access: ...................................................................................................................................................... * * Special family circumstances: ............................................................................................................................ * * Other (specify): ................................................................................................................................................... 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Shy Areas of learning and behaviour my child is very successful at: .......................................................................................................................................................................................... ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. Areas of learning and behaviour my child will need extra support with: ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… What values are especially important to your family: ……………………………………………………………………….. □ Yes □ No Reading □ □ No …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. THE BREAM BAY COLLEGE PARTNERSHIP STUDENT AGREEMENT All students who enrol at Bream Bay College agree to meet the following minimum competencies at all times: 2. Relating to Others – Speaks respectfully with peers and speaks respectfully with teachers 1. Managing Self – Brings books, brings gear and arrives to class on time 3. 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(In accordance with the Privacy Act 1993) * In the event of sickness and accident emergencies whereby staff are unable to contact parents I authorise the College to obtain on my behalf any medical assistance if in the opinion of staff such treatment is necessary and agree to meet the costs incurred. * I/we confirm that the address which I/we have provided in this application to enrol will be the usual place of residence for the enrolled student when the school is open for instruction. I will advise the school of any subsequent change. * I/We give permission for the College to use photos of my/our child in the College newsletter, on the College website and for publicity purposes including Facebook. (Please advise the School if you have any concerns about publication of your child’s photos). PRIVACY ACT 1993 The personal information you have supplied on this enrolment form is being collected to assist us in understanding and educating your child. 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3 Channabasaveshwara Institute of Technology, Gubbi, Tumkur, Karnataka, India ISSN (Online): 2319-7064 International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) Impact Factor (2012): 3.358 Battery Health Monitoring System Based on PLC D S Suresh 1 , Sekar R 2 , Mohamed Shafiulla S 3 1 Channabasaveshwara Institute of Technology, Gubbi, Tumkur, Karnataka, India Professor and HOD, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, 2 Channabasaveshwara Institute of Technology, Gubbi, Tumkur, Karnataka, India Associate Professor, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, PG Student, Electronics Branch, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Abstract: Batteries are the heart of the UPS system, and its applications are more in all the fields, where the electrical supply requires. The periodical monitoring/observations are required for battery source to provide continuous power to the load without any interruption. Mainly, when the batteries are connected in the form of online/no-break UPS system, the critical monitoring is essential for providing quality power to increase the performance of the load. The existing/conventional system is configured to monitor the line voltage and load current of the battery bank; with this the individual cell/battery performance and their status cannot be monitored. This proposed PLC based battery health monitoring system eliminates the above discussed problems. This system monitors the individual battery's electrical parameters through SCADA. This system is incorporated with GSM module and room temperature measurements. GSM module is for giving alert message to authorized person whenever the condition of the battery is under critical and the room temperature increases than the set value. Keywords: Voltage, Load current, Cycles Life, Charge/Discharge, Time, PLC and SCADA. 1. Introduction Monitoring the each battery in the battery bank ensures the battery system operating levels and conditions remains optimal. And the battery should provide a power without interrupting the device operations of the system in the absence of ac input power. In order to provide the power for the systems in the absence of ac input, the battery should be in good condition to provide the sufficient amount of power to the devices without interruption. In order to know the condition of battery, it does require monitoring the each battery in the battery bank periodically in real time. The main goal of this system is to inform the users regarding the present status or condition of individual battery in the battery bank periodically and sends the alert message to authorized person through GSM. To know the present status of battery some important parameters of the battery should be measure in regular interval. The important parameters are terminal voltage, load current, capacity, discharge current and room temperature of each battery. develop a method to monitor the number of batteries in the battery bank. 2. Battery Basics Battery is a device which converts chemical energy into electrical energy [1]. There are a variety of batteries in use, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. There are two main categories of batteries are Primary Batteries, sometimes also called single-use, or "throw-away" batteries because they have to be discarded after they run empty as they cannot be recharged for reuse and Secondary Batteries, mostly called rechargeable batteries because they can be recharged for reuse. Primary batteries are Carbon Zinc, Alkaline, Lithium Cells, Silver Oxide Cells and Zinc Air Cells and Secondary Batteries are Rechargeable Alkaline, Nickel-Cadmium, Lithium Ion and Lead acid [1]. 2.1 Battery Technical Specifications This monitoring system measures the parameters like terminal voltage, load current, discharge current, capacity and room temperature of individual battery periodically in the battery bank. By using these measured parameters the present status of battery can be determined easily. And by measuring and performing some operations of these parameters in PLC controller the state of charge (SOC), life cycles, Discharge time and State of health (SOH) of individual battery in the battery bank can be known. The Programmable logic Controller is used in this project to measure the parameters of each battery and that will display on personal computer by using SCADA. The parameters will be measure for regular intervals and in real time and store it on the controller memory and transform to PC. Here in this developed project the method is going to test only 2 batteries. But by using the same PLC controller it can This section explains the specifications you may see on battery technical specification sheets used to describe battery cells [2]. 2.1.1Nominal Voltage (V) The reported or reference voltage of the battery, also sometimes thought of as the "normal" voltage of the battery [1]. 2.1.2Cut-off Voltage It is the minimum allowable voltage. It is that voltage which generally defines the "empty" state of the battery. 2.1.3Capacity The capacity, the total Amp-hours available when the battery is discharged at a certain discharge current (specified as a C- Paper ID: 02014579 www.ijsr.net Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY 1639 International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) ISSN (Online): 2319-7064 Impact Factor (2012): 3.358 rate) from 100 percent state-of-charge to the cut-off voltage. Capacity is calculated by multiplying the discharge current (in Amps) by the discharge time (in hours) and decreases with increasing C-rate. 3.1 Description 2.1.4Life Cycles The number of discharge-charge cycles the battery can experience before it fails to meet specific performance criteria. Cycle life is estimated for specific charge and discharge conditions. The actual operating life of the battery is affected by the rate and depth of cycles and by other conditions such as temperature and humidity [2]. a. Internal Resistance It is defined as the opposition to the flow of current within the battery, which is generally different for charging and discharging and also dependent on the battery state of charge. As internal resistance increases, the battery efficiency decreases and thermal stability is reduced as more of the charging energy is converted into heat. Generally it is different for charging and discharging. b. Discharge Current The maximum current at which battery gets discharge continuously. This limit is usually defined by the battery manufacturer in order to prevent excessive discharge rates that would damage the battery or reduce its capacity [2]. 3. Methodology The block diagram of battery health monitoring system is shown in figure 1, which consists of PLC controller which fetches the measured parameters such as terminal voltage, charge current, and load current, room and battery temperature from the each battery in the battery bank. Paper ID: 02014579 The data measured by PLC is then used to calculate the other parameters like capacity, load current, state of charge (SOC), discharge time and State of health (SOH) of each battery, which determine the present status or condition of each battery. And SCADA is used here to display the measured parameters in the personal computer in real time. The system counts the number of discharge cycles and measure the discharge time of each battery, and by comparing these values with predetermined Life cycles by manufacturer and previous discharge time value, this system going to tell the operating life of each battery in battery bank and sends the alert message through GSM . 3.2 Sensors 3.2.1. Current Measurement Current measurement sensor is used to measure the load and discharge current of each battery in battery bank. It works on the principle of Hall Effect and the characteristics say us that voltage sensitivity of output varies linearly with the current measured in the system. The current sensor used here is WCS2702. 3.2.2 Temperature Measurement Temperature measurement sensor is to sense the temperature of battery in the room temperature of room in which battery bank is installed. The temperature sensor used for detecting room temperature is LM35. 3.3 PLC Controller Programmable Logic controller is a specialized computer used to accept the data in any form and control the machine and process. It uses programmable memory to store instructions and specific functions that include on/off control, timing, counting, arithmetic and data handling. Unlike general-purpose computers, the PLC is designed for multiple inputs and output arrangements, extended temperature ranges, immunity to electrical noise, and resistance to vibration and impact. Programs to control machine operation are typically stored in battery-backed-up or non-volatile memory. A PLC is an example of a hard real time system since output results must be produced in response to input conditions within a limited time, otherwise unintended operation will result [6]. There are five basic components in a PLC system such as PLC processor, or controller, I/O (Input /Output) modules, Chassis or backplane, Power supply, Programming software that runs in a PC In addition to these 5, most PLCs also have network interface. The PLC used in this project is Micro Logix 1400[6]. 3.4 SCADA system Supervisory control and data acquisition is a computer system for gathering and analyzing real time data. SCADA systems are used to monitor and control a plant or equipment in industries such as telecommunications, here its used to display the parameters of individual battery [6]. 1640 Impact Factor (2012): 3.358 3.5 Microcontroller 5. Conclusion The purpose of microcontroller is to send the alert message through the GSM modem. On receiving the information from PLC the particular port pins of microcontroller will be made high and that particular alert information is transmitted as a message through the GSM modem. The microcontroller used here is AT89S52 controller [7]. 3.6 GSM System A GSM modem is a specialized type of modem which accepts a SIM card, and operates over a subscription to a mobile operator, just like a mobile phone. The purpose of GSM modem is to alert the authorized person about battery and temperature condition. 4. Experimental Results The experimental results for good battery and battery may lead to fail are shown in figure 2 and figure 3. This tells present status of each battery and displays the battery parameters. By using these results the user can know the present condition of battery and if the battery which may lead to fail tells the user that he/she has to remove that battery n the bank and replace with good battery. That removed battery internal resistance has to check manually and by this way he/she can determine the battery operating Life. Paper ID: 02014579 This system utilizes the advance PLC controller and SCADA system to monitor and display the parameters of the individual battery in the battery bank in real time and informs the users about the battery present status by displaying on SCADA and through GSM it sends the, alert message to authorized person about battery condition and room temperature. By monitoring each battery in battery bank one can improve the system reliability by detecting battery problems at early stage before they can cause an abrupt system failure to other power handled system in the absence of ac power. By using discharge time and number of discharge cycles, it's going to tell the status of individual battery in battery bank. References [1] www.easy3dcamo.com/downloads/BatteryBasics2b.pdf. [3] Battery monitoring by Glen Alber and Bob Leissle alber corp Florida . www.alber.com. [2] Cell Track systems www.celltracksystems.com. [4] International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) Battery Monitoring SystemVolume4 Issue4 April 2013. [6] Rock well Automation www.rockwellautomation.com. [5] Battery Monitoring System using Microcontroller International Journal of Computer Applications Volume 28– No.6, August 2011. [7] Mohammad Ali Mazidi and Janice Gillispie Mazidi, the 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded systems, Pearson education, 14 th Edition, 2005. Author Profile Dr D S Suresh, Professor and HOD, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Channabasaveshwara Institute of Technology, Gubbi, Tumkur, Karnataka, India Mr R Sekar, Associate professor in Channabasveshwara Institute of technology Gubbi, Tumkur Karnataka, India Mr. Mohamed Shafiulla S, BE in Electronics and communication engineering, presently pursuing M. Tech (Electronics) from Channabasaveshwara Institute of Technology, Gubbi, Tumkur, Karnataka from VTU university, Belgaum, India 1641	<urn:uuid:ce1a22d5-8198-4785-b3b5-58b6f7d274e6>	CC-MAIN-2018-13	https://www.ijsr.net/archive/v3i6/MDIwMTQ1Nzk=.pdf	2018-03-18T03:51:02Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257645513.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20180318032649-20180318052649-00557.warc.gz	850,349,154	2,570	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.989274	eng_Latn	0.992214	[ "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn" ]	false	rolmOCR	[ 5310, 9656, 12774 ]
6. to be published BASIC SPACE SCIENCE IN AFRICA At the 6th UN/ESA Workshop on Basic Space Science, in Bonn in 1996, a group of astronomers and space scientists from Africa formed a Working Group on Basic Space Science in Africa, and they have subsequently developed a "foundation charter". Their representative to Commission 46 is Prof. Z. Ben Lakhdar (Tunisia), with Prof. G. Ogunade (Nigeria) as alternate. The co-ordinator (and a useful contact person) of the WG is Dr. Peter Martinez ([email protected]). COMET CHASING ON THE WEB Like Comet Hyakutake in 1996, Comet Hale-Bopp is "everyone's comet" (at least in the northern hemisphere), and has the potential to focus public interest on astronomy, and on science in general. I have already seen Comet Hale-Bopp from my back yard, with my unaided eye, and you and your students, all over the world, can do the same. One source of information is Scientific American's "Amateur Scientist" column - see the January 1997 and February 1997 issues. These issues are available on-line: http://www.sciam.com/0197issue/0197amsci.html and http://www.sciam.com/0297issue/0297amsci.html In general, these Amateur Scientist columns are a good source of ideas for classroom science activities, science fair projects etc. A complete index of the columns (April 1952 to present) is available on the WWW at: http://www.thesphere.com/SAS/SciAm/SciAm.html. Some of the columns are also available on-line in full text, either at the site just mentioned, or in the on-line back issues of Scientific American at http://www.sciam.com. ASTRONOMY EDUCATION AROUND THE WORLD ARGENTINA Drs. Richard Branham and Beatriz Garcia ([email protected]) are developing a Regional Center for Scientific Research, including many different sciences, in Mendoza. They travel all over the province giving presentations to students, and the general public. The Center will soon open an Interactive Science Museum, and Drs. Branham and Garcia are in charge of the Astronomy section. They are in particular need of books and journals for their library. Please contact Dr. Garcia, at the e-mail address above, if you have ideas, or can help. AUSTRALIA Southern Star Education (contact person: Paul Floyd, e-mail: [email protected]) distributes a free teachers' newsletter Sky Links, four times a year. Southern Star Education is a mobile planetarium service, based in Beechmont, Queensland. BRAZIL The first Brazilian meeting on Teaching of Astronomy was held in the Planetarium of Campinas, October 25-28, 1996. There were about 55 participants - school and university teachers, students, planetarians, and amateurs. The program consisted of debates, and 25 short communications. The opening lecture was given by Professor Ronaldo R.F. Maorao, from the Museum of Astronomy and Related Sciences (CNPq). The topic was "The Teaching and Popularization of Astronomy in Brazil and Worldwide". The debates were devoted to the following themes: teaching astronomy in the schools, astronomy in the universities (inclusion at the undergraduate level, or not?), planetariums: teaching and popularization of astronomy, municipal observatories: amateurs and the teaching and popularization of astronomy. Evenings were spent at a special planetarium show, and in a visit to "Abrahao de Moraes Observatory" nearby. During the meeting, the Brazilian Association of Planetariums (ABP) was founded. For more information, contact Paulo Sergio Bretones ([email protected]), Rua Joaquim de Paula Souza, 1168; Jd. Proenca - CEP: 13096-142; Campinas SP, BRAZIL CANADA Toronto hosted the 1997 Winter Meeting of the American Astronomical Society, and there were several education events: a two-day teachers' workshop, a one-day workshop for Project ASTRO (the Astronomical Society of the Pacific's program which partners professional and amateur astronomers with teachers), sessions on "Current Developments in Astronomy Education" and "Teaching Astronomy with the Internet", and two public lectures. There was also a very interesting session on "Jobs Outside Academia". An increasing number of astronomy graduates (not just in North America) are taking jobs outside astronomy, either by choice or not. In this session, several such people offered advice on how astronomy graduates can prepare themselves better for such jobs, and how their departments and supervisors could help. The proceedings of this session will eventually be posted on the AAS' web site: http://www.aas.org GREECE The AstroLaboratory Unit of the Arsakeio High Schools, one of the oldest non-profit educational establishments in Greece, has taken the initiative to present, on the Internet, an educational program entitled "Exploring the Universe with the Classroom of the Future". This program, which has the scientific support of the Astronomical Institute of the National Observatory of Athens, runs March 11-26, 1997. For more information, contact Margaret Metaxa ([email protected]), or check out the Web site: http://www.forthnet.gr/arsakeio/universe.htm. ITALY On March 9, 1497, Nicolaus Copernicus observed an occultation of Aldebaran by the Moon from Bologna. Five hundred years after, on March 14, 1997 (at 19 h U.T.), another lunar occultation of Aldebaran will be visible from Bologna. The Department of Astronomy, University of Bologna, and the Associazione Astrofili Bolognesi, are organizing an open telescope observation of the occultation from the Bologna hills (weather permitting, presumably). See it happen at: http://www.bo.astro.it/copernic/occ-eng.html JAPAN An interesting mini-workshop on "Activities in Popularization and Observations" was held at the Bisei Astronomical Observatory, Japan, on August 25, 1996. Another mini-workshop will be held on August 31, 1997, right after the IAU General Assembly. For information about the 1997 workshop, and about how to obtain a copy of the proceedings of the 1996 workshop, please contact the Director of the Observatory, Professor T. Kogure, Bisei Astronomical Observatory, 1723-70 Ohkura, Bisei, Okayama 714-14, Japan; e-mail: [email protected]. I hope that some members of Commission 46 will be able to attend this workshop. MEXICO Dr. Armando Arellano Ferro, of the Organizing Committee of Commission 46, informs us that the new Astronomy Building of the University of Guanajuato was formally inaugurated. Congratulations! PHILLIPINES The Phillipine Atmospheric, Geophysical, and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) has prepared a program for the celebration of the Centennial of Astronomy in the Philippines in 1997. The launching program will commence with the observance of the National Astronomy Week, in the third week of February, to be followed by an intensive information campaign on Comet Hale-Bopp, and a partial solar eclipse on 9 March 1997. It will also be highlighted by a series of seminars on astronomy for science teachers in 15 regions of the country, free planetarium shows, production of calendars and souvenir items, and the Astro Olympiad - a contest on astronomy for high school students, with cash and other prizes. The culminating activity of the celebration will be in November.	1f3e1e5d-71fa-46a5-9a46-24dce31506d1	CC-MAIN-2024-26	http://www.erea.ufscar.br/sites/default/files/ebeas/IAU%20C46%20NL44B_p3e4.pdf	2024-06-17T14:35:26+00:00	s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/crawl=CC-MAIN-2024-26/subset=warc/part-00074-44971353-df4b-48d7-8025-975e8feb989b.c000.gz.parquet	45,043,550	1,669	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.988989	eng_Latn	0.989632	[ "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn" ]	true	docling	[ 3337, 7191 ]
Repairing Entities using Star Constraints in Multi-relational Graphs Peng Lin$^1$ Qi Song$^1$ Yinghui Wu$^{2,3}$ Jiaxing Pi$^4$ $^1$ Washington State University $^2$ Case Western Reserve University $^3$ Pacific Northwest National Laboratory $^4$ Siemens Erroneous entities: how to capture? - Multi-relational graphs: a labeled graph with attributes on nodes Graph $G$: a football database Erroneous entities: how to capture? - Multi-relational graphs: a labeled graph with attributes on nodes - Entity errors: incorrect node attributes Graph $G$: a football database Erroneous entities: how to capture? - Multi-relational graphs: a labeled graph with attributes on nodes - Entity errors: incorrect node attributes - Semantics: relevant paths from a center node “For stadium and facility relevant to player ($v_0$) from Premier League, if they have the same owner, then they should locate at the same city.” Graph $G$: a football database Regular path queries - Regular expressions: $R = l \| l^{\leq k} \| R \cdot R \| R \cup R$ Regular path queries - Regular expressions: $R = l \| l^{\leq k} \| R \cdot R \| R \cup R$ Paths from Player to Stadium $R_1 = (\text{playsFor} \cdot \text{operates}) \cup (\text{coachedBy} \cdot \text{worksAt})$ Graph G: a football database Regular path queries - Regular expressions: $R = l \| l^{\leq k} \| R \cdot R \| R \cup R$ Paths from Player to Stadium - $R_1 = (\text{playsFor} \cdot \text{operates}) \cup (\text{coachedBy} \cdot \text{worksAt})$ Paths from Player to Facility - $R_2 = (\text{playsFor} \cdot \text{operates}) \cup (\text{teammate}^{\leq 1} \cdot \text{trainsAt})$ Contributions StarRepair framework Graph $G$, StarFDs $\Sigma$ (G does not satisfy $\Sigma$) → Error detection → Repair → Repair $G'$ ($G'$ satisfies $\Sigma$) Contributions - StarFDs: star functional dependencies, new constraints for graphs - Entity repair problem: minimum editing cost, NP-hard and APX-hard - StarRepair framework - Graph $G$, StarFDs $\Sigma$ ($G$ does not satisfy $\Sigma$) - Error detection - Repair - Repair $G'$ ($G'$ satisfies $\Sigma$) - Feasible framework with provable guarantees whenever possible Contributions StarFDs: star functional dependencies, new constraints for graphs Entity repair problem: minimum editing cost, NP-hard and APX-hard StarRepair framework Graph $G$, StarFDs $\Sigma$ ($G$ does not satisfy $\Sigma$) → Error detection → Repair → Repair $G'$ ($G'$ satisfies $\Sigma$) Feasible framework with provable guarantees whenever possible Repair workflow Is approximable? Yes → Is optimal repairable? Yes → Optimal solution No → Approximation solution No → Heuristic solution Star constraints - StarFDs: $\varphi = (P(u_o), X \rightarrow Y)$ - Star pattern $P(u_o)$: - Value constraints: $X \rightarrow Y$ Star constraints - StarFDs: $\varphi = (P(u_o), X \rightarrow Y)$ - Star pattern $P(u_o)$: - A two-level tree with center node $u_o$ - Each branch is a regular expression \[ \begin{align} R_1 &= (\text{playsFor} \cdot \text{operates}) \cup (\text{coachedBy} \cdot \text{worksAt}) \\ R_2 &= (\text{playsFor} \cdot \text{operates}) \cup (\text{teammate}^{\leq 1} \cdot \text{trainsAt}) \end{align} \] - Value constraints: $X \rightarrow Y$ Star constraints - StarFDs: $\varphi = (P(u_o), X \rightarrow Y)$ - Star pattern $P(u_o)$: - A two-level tree with center node $u_o$ - Each branch is a regular expression \[ \begin{align} R_1 &= (\text{playsFor} \cdot \text{operates}) \cup (\text{coachedBy} \cdot \text{worksAt}) \\ R_2 &= (\text{playsFor} \cdot \text{operates}) \cup (\text{teammate}^{\leq 1} \cdot \text{trainsAt}) \end{align} \] - Value constraints: $X \rightarrow Y$ - $X$ and $Y$ are two sets of literals - Literals: $u.A = c$, or $u.A = u'.A'$ \[ \begin{align} X : & \quad u_o.\text{league} = \text{EPL}, u_1.\text{owner} = u_2.\text{owner} \\ Y : & \quad u_1.\text{city} = u_2.\text{city} \end{align} \] Star constraints - Matching semantics: maximum set matched by star pattern \[ \begin{align} X &: u_0.\text{league} = \text{EPL}, u_1.\text{owner} = u_2.\text{owner} \\ Y &: u_1.\text{city} = u_2.\text{city} \end{align} \] Matching semantics: maximum set matched by star pattern \[ u_0 \text{ matches } v_0 \] \[ u_1 \text{ matches } v_1 \text{ and } v_4 \] \[ u_2 \text{ matches } v_2 \text{ and } v_3 \] Star pattern \( P(u_o) \) \[ X : u_o.\text{league} = \text{EPL}, u_1.\text{owner} = u_2.\text{owner} \] \[ Y : u_1.\text{city} = u_2.\text{city} \] Star constraints - Matching semantics: maximum set matched by star pattern - Inconsistencies $I$: matches that $X$ holds but $Y$ does not hold $u_0$ matches $v_0$ $u_1$ matches $v_1$ and $v_4$ $u_2$ matches $v_2$ and $v_3$ Star pattern $P(u_o)$ $X : u_o.\text{league} = \text{EPL}, u_1.\text{owner} = u_2.\text{owner}$ $Y : u_1.\text{city} = u_2.\text{city}$ \| Problem \| Description \| Hardness \| Solution \| \|--------------------------\|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------\|--------------\|-------------------------------------------------------------------------\| \| Satisfiability \| Input: $\Sigma$ decide whether there exists $G$ that satisfies $\Sigma$ \| NP-complete \| \| \| Implication \| Input: $\Sigma$ and $\varphi$ decide whether for all $G$ satisfy $\Sigma$, they satisfy $\varphi$ \| coNP-hard \| \| \| Error detection (validation) \| Input: $G$ and $\Sigma$ Output: all inconsistencies $I$ \| PTIME \| Evaluate regular path queries and validate values - time complexity: $O(\|\Sigma\|\|V\| + \|V\|(\|V\| + \|E\|))$ \| \| Repair \| Input: $\Sigma$ and $G$ that does not satisfy $\Sigma$ Output: $G'$ that satisfies $\Sigma$ with least repair cost \| NP-hard \| Approximable cases (PTIME checkable) - time complexity $O(\|I\|\|\Sigma\|^2 + \|I\|(\|I\|\|\Sigma\|^2 + \|I\|\|\Sigma\|))$ - approximation ratio: $\|I\|\|\Sigma\|^2$ \| \| \| \| APX-hard \| Optimal cases - time complexity $O(\|I\|\|\Sigma\|)$ \| \| \| \| \| Heuristic cases - time complexity $O(\|I\|\|\Sigma\|^2 + \|I\|(\|I\|\|\Sigma\|^2 + \|I\|\|\Sigma\|))$ - bounded repairable: cost $\leq \|I\|$ \| - Notations - $G$: graph - $\Sigma$: a set of StarFDs - $V$: nodes - $\varphi$: a single StarFD - $E$: edges - $I$: all inconsistencies. Updates and repairs - Updates $O$: operators $o = (v, A, a, c)$ with editing cost $\text{cost}(O) = \sum_{o \in O} \text{cost}(o)$ - Repair $O$: applying $O$ to $G$, such that obtain $G'$ that satisfies $\Sigma$ Updates and repairs - Updates $O$: operators $o = (v.A, a, c)$ with editing cost - Repair $O$: applying $O$ to $G$, such that obtain $G'$ that satisfies $\Sigma$ $$\text{cost}(O) = \sum_{o \in O} \text{cost}(o)$$ Two repairs: $O_1 = \{(v_2.\text{city}, \text{LD}, \text{MAN}), (v_4.\text{city}, \text{BZ}, \text{LDN})\}$ $O_2 = \{(v_2.\text{owner}, \text{MUP}, \text{CFG}), (v_4.\text{owner}, \text{EM}, \text{ENIC})\}$ Entity repair problem - Input: StarFDs $\Sigma$, and graph $G$ does not satisfy $\Sigma$ - Output: a repair $O$, such that - obtain $G'$ that satisfies $\Sigma$ - $\text{cost}(O) \leq \text{cost}(O')$ for any $O'$ Entity repair problem - Input: StarFDs $\Sigma$, and graph $G$ does not satisfy $\Sigma$ - Output: a repair $O$, such that - obtain $G'$ that satisfies $\Sigma$ - cost($O$) $\leq$ cost($O'$) for any $O'$ - Solution overview - Connected components (CCs): inconsistencies connected at shared node attributes - Isolated CCs: no new inconsistency is introduced when a CC is repaired Entity repair problem - Input: StarFDs $\Sigma$, and graph $G$ does not satisfy $\Sigma$ - Output: a repair $O$, such that - obtain $G'$ that satisfies $\Sigma$ - cost($O$) $\leq$ cost($O'$) for any $O'$ - Solution overview - Connected components (CCs): inconsistencies connected at shared node attributes - Isolated CCs: no new inconsistency is introduced when a CC is repaired Repair workflow - Is approximable? - Yes - Is optimal repairable? - Yes - Optimal solution - No - Approximation solution - No - Heuristic solution - No - Heuristic solution Isolated CCs have approximate solutions Optimal case - Updates $o^l$: flip the condition of a literal $l$ in $X \cup Y$ - Optimal solution: hyper star structure - Select the $o^$ with least cost in center - Select one $o$ with least cost in each petal, and induce $O$ - If $\text{cost}(o^) \leq \text{cost}(O)$, return $o^$; otherwise, return $O$ Example: - $o^ = o^l_1$ - $O = o^l_3 \cup o^l_5 \cup o^l_6$ - Return $o^$ that has less cost Repair workflow - Is approximable? - Yes: Is optimal repairable? - Yes: Optimal solution - No: Approximation solution - No: Heuristic solution Approximable case - Updates $o^l$: flip the condition of a literal $l$ in $X \cup Y$ - Approximation solution: - Hypergraph vertex cover without forbidden pairs - Forbidden pairs \[ o^l_5 = \{(v_2.\text{owner}, \text{MUP, CFG}), (v_4.\text{owner}, \text{EM, ENIC})\} \] \[ o^l_6 = \{(v_2.\text{owner}, \text{MUP, FSG}), (v_4.\text{owner}, \text{EM, ENIC})\} \] Example: - Return $O = o^l_2 \cup o^l_5$ - $o^l_6$ is pruned Repair workflow - Is approximable? - Yes: Is optimal repairable? - Yes: Optimal solution - No: Approximation solution - No: Heuristic solution Updates $o^l$: flip the condition of a literal $l$ in $X \cup Y$ Heuristic solution (for non-isolated CC): - Select CC introducing fewest inconsistencies - Invoke approximation/optimal solution - Re-detect inconsistencies - Repeat until incur a cost bound Repair workflow Is approximable? - Yes: Is optimal repairable? - Yes: Optimal solution - No: Approximation solution - No: Heuristic solution Repair $CC_1$ consisting of $I_1$, $I_2$, and $I_3$ Heuristic case - Updates $o^l$: flip the condition of a literal $l$ in $X \cup Y$ - Heuristic solution (for non-isolated CC): - Select CC introducing fewest inconsistencies - Invoke approximation/optimal solution - Re-detect inconsistencies - Repeat until incur a cost bound Repair workflow - Is approximable? - Yes: Is optimal repairable? - Yes: Optimal solution - No: Approximation solution - No: Heuristic solution Two new inconsistencies $I_4$ and $I_5$ ## Experiment settings ### Datasets \| Data \| Description \| # of nodes \| # of edges \| avg. # of attributes per node \| \|--------\|-------------------\|------------\|------------\|-------------------------------\| \| Yago \| Knowledge graph \| 2.1M \| 4.0M \| 3 \| \| DBPedia\| Knowledge graph \| 2.2M \| 7.4M \| 4 \| \| Yelp \| Business reviews \| 1.5M \| 1.6M \| 5 \| \| IMDb \| Movie network \| 5.9M \| 3.2M \| 3 \| ### Error generation: adopt silver standard and an error generation benchmark (Arocena et al. 2015) ### StarFD generation: discovered from silver standard (first star patterns and then value constraints) ### Algorithms: - StarRepair: use bidirectional search for regular path queries with incremental error detection - biBFSRepair: use bidirectional search without incremental error detection - SubIsoRepair: use subgraph isomorphism as matching semantics with incremental error detection Experiment results - StarFD repairs: efficiency and effectiveness StarRepair outperforms biBFSRepair and SubIsoRepair by 3.4 and 7.1 times respectively. Case study Experiment results - StarFD repairs: efficiency and effectiveness* StarRepair outperforms biBFSRepair and SubIsoRepair by 3.4 and 7.1 times respectively. StarRepair outperforms SubIsoRepair by 10% in f-score (9% in precision and 14% in recall). - Case study Experiment results - StarFD repairs: efficiency and effectiveness StarRepair outperforms biBFSRepair and SubIsoRepair by 3.4 and 7.1 times respectively. StarRepair outperforms SubIsoRepair by 10% in f-score (9% in precision and 14% in recall). - Case study StarFD: If a person $u_0$ is a politician or president of U.S., and is married to another person $u_1$, then $u_1$’s child is $u_0$’s child. We found more than 100 such errors in Yago. Compare with GFDs (Fan et al. 2016) - StarFDs: star functional dependencies - Definition: $\varphi = (P(u_o), X \rightarrow Y)$ - GFDs: graph functional dependencies - Definition: $\varphi = (P, X \rightarrow Y)$ \| Problem \| StarFDs \| GFDs \| \|------------------\|----------------------------------------------\|-----------------\| \| Semantic \| star patterns with regex queries \| subgraph isomorphism \| \| Satisfiability \| NP-complete \| coNP-complete \| \| Implication \| coNP-hard \| NP-complete \| \| Error detection \| PTIME \| coNP-complete \| \| Problem \| Description \| Hardness \| Solution \| \|--------------------------\|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------\|--------------\|-------------------------------------------------------------------------\| \| Satisfiability \| Input: $\Sigma$ decide whether there exists $G$ that satisfies $\Sigma$ \| NP-complete \| - \| \| Implication \| Input: $\Sigma$ and $\varphi$ decide whether for all $G$ satisfy $\Sigma$, they satisfy $\varphi$ \| coNP-hard \| - \| \| Error detection (validation) \| Input: $G$ and $\Sigma$ Output: all inconsistencies $I$ \| PTIME \| Evaluate regular path queries and validate values - time complexity: $O(\|\Sigma\|\|V\| + \|V\|(\|V\| + \|E\|))$ \| \| Repair \| Input: $\Sigma$ and $G$ that does not satisfy $\Sigma$ Output: $G'$ that satisfies $\Sigma$ with least repair cost \| NP-hard \| Approximable cases (PTIME checkable) - time complexity $O(\|I\|\|\Sigma\|^2 + \|I\|(\|I\|\|\Sigma\|^2 + \|I\|\|\Sigma\|))$ - approximation ratio: $\|I\|\|\Sigma\|^2$ \| \| \| \| APX-hard \| Optimal cases - time complexity $O(\|I\|\|\Sigma\|)$ \| \| \| \| \| Heuristic cases - time complexity $O(\|I\|\|\Sigma\|^2 + \|I\|(\|I\|\|\Sigma\|^2 + \|I\|\|\Sigma\|))$ - bounded repairable: cost $\leq \|I\|$ \| - Notations - $G$: graph - $V$: nodes - $E$: edges - $\Sigma$: a set of StarFDs - $\varphi$: a single StarFD - $I$: all inconsistencies. Thank you! 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St. John's Law Review Volume 87 Number 1 Volume 87, Winter 2013, Number 1 Article 8 A Gross Injustice: Proving Age Discrimination by Federal Employers Under the ADEA in the Wake of Gross v. FBL Financial Services, Inc. Christine R. Lewis Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.stjohns.edu/lawreview A GROSS INJUSTICE: PROVING AGE DISCRIMINATION BY FEDERAL EMPLOYERS UNDER THE ADEA IN THE WAKE OF GROSS V. FBL FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC. CHRISTINE R. LEWIS † "Especially in the employment field, discrimination based on age is cruel and self-defeating; it destroys the spirit of those who want to work and it denies the Nation[] the contribution they could make if they were working." 1 INTRODUCTION "I'd be better off with someone younger," says the supervisor to the fifty-three year old post office employee during her sixty day evaluation. Shocked and offended, the employee gets up and leaves, slamming the door on her way out. The next day, when the employee reports to work for her shift, she is informed that she has been let go, and that she must pack her things and leave immediately. The cause given for her termination is insubordination—treating a supervisor in an unprofessional manner—in violation of company policy. 2 Was age a cause of this employee's termination? Probably. Was age the cause of this employee's termination? Probably not. † Notes and Comments Editor, St. John's Law Review; J.D., 2013, St. John's University School of Law; B.S., 2010, Fordham University. Thank you to Professor Adam Zimmerman for all of his guidance and patience, and to AUSA David Eskew for introducing me to Gross. This Note would not exist without their help, and I am grateful to both of them. A very special thank you to Lisa Ann Lewis for a lifetime of editing with love. 2 See Harley v. Potter, 416 F. App'x 748 (10th Cir. 2011), cert. denied sub nom. Harley v. Donahoe, 132 S. Ct. 844 (2011). The facts of Harley are reproduced here in a modified version for illustrative purposes. 1 H.R. REP. NO. 93-913, at 40 (1974), reprinted in 1974 U.S.C.C.A.N. 2811, 2849. The "baby boomers," those seventy-five million individuals born between 1946 and 1964, are impacting today's workplace statistics in a tremendous way. 3 There are approximately sixtynine million American workers over the age of forty in today's workforce. 4 In the private sector, approximately 45.3% of the workforce is between fourty and sixty-one years old. 5 This percentage is far greater among federal employees, with 64.1% of workers falling within this age group. 6 Both of these percentages are significantly higher than they were merely a decade ago. 7 As the average age of the American worker rises, so too does the prevalence of age discrimination in the workplace. Between 2007 and 2008, there was a 30% increase in the number of age discrimination claims brought against employers in the United States. 8 The measures in place to protect against age discrimination in the workplace have become increasingly important as their applicability has come to cover a greater percentage of employees. One such measure is the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (the "ADEA"). 9 In enacting the ADEA, Congress' purpose was "to promote employment of older persons based on their ability rather than age; to prohibit arbitrary age discrimination in employment; [and] to help employers and workers find ways of meeting problems arising from the impact of age on employment." 10 The Act's implications are far-reaching. 3 Ann Marie Tracey, Still Crazy After All These Years? The ADEA, the Roberts Court, and Reclaiming Age Discrimination as Differential Treatment, 46 AM. BUS. L.J. 607, 607 (2009); see also Marilyn Geewax, For Baby Boomers, the Job Market's Even Worse, NPR (May 1, 2010), http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php? storyId=126426518. 5 STUART GREENFIELD, CTR. FOR STATE & LOCAL GOV'T EXCELLENCE, PUBLIC SECTOR EMPLOYMENT: THE CURRENT SITUATION 1 (2007), available at http://slge.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/Public-Sector-Employment_Greenfield. pdf. 4 The Aging Workforce in America, IMEC, http://imecred.imec.org/imec.nsf/All/ Aging_Workforce (last visited Mar. 19, 2013). 6 Id. 8 Steve Vogel, EEOC Examines Age Discrimination as Numbers of Claims Rise, WASH. POST (July 16, 2009), http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/ article/2009/07/15/AR2009071503760.html. 7 FREDRICA D. KRAMER & DEMETRA S. NIGHTINGALE, U.S. DEP'T OF LABOR EMP'T & TRAINING ADMIN., AGING BABY BOOMERS IN A NEW WORKFORCE DEVELOPMENT SYSTEM iii (2001), available at http://www.doleta.gov/Seniors/ other_docs/AgingBoomers.pdf. 9 29 U.S.C. §§ 621–634 (2006 & Supp. III 2009). 10 Id. § 621(b). The ADEA applies to all employers with twenty or more employees, "including federal, state, and local governments, and prohibits discrimination against a person over the age of forty because of his or her age with respect to any term, condition, or privilege of employment, including hiring, firing, promoting, laying off, compensation, benefits, job assignments, and training." 11 Different sections of the ADEA apply to different types of employers. Section 623 ("the non-federal provision") applies to all non-federal employers, 12 while § 633a ("the federal provision") applies solely to federal employers. 13 Although the ADEA is fairly clear as to whom it applies and the types of adverse actions it protects against, how it should be enforced at the judicial level has proven to be more ambiguous. Specifically lacking from the ADEA is a description of the type of causation that a plaintiff must demonstrate when bringing a claim. In Gross v. FBL Financial Services, Inc., 14 the Supreme Court interpreted the ADEA in an attempt to clarify this uncertainty. Relying closely on the statutory language of the non-federal provision—under which the claim in Gross was brought—the Court held that "a plaintiff bringing a disparatetreatment claim pursuant to the ADEA must prove, by a preponderance of the evidence, that age was the 'but-for' cause of the challenged adverse employment action." 15 A mixed-motive analysis, comparable to that used in Title VII discrimination cases and used by many courts when faced with ADEA claims, was deemed inadequate. 16 Under the § 623 non-federal provision, age must be the reason an employee is treated adversely, not just one reason amongst many. 17 However, in clarifying the causation standard to be used in § 623 non-federal claims, the Court cast further uncertainty upon the causation standard to be used in § 633a claims against federal employers. In Gross, the Court made no reference to 11 Jeffrey S. Klein et al., Employee Selection, in 38TH ANNUAL INSTITUTE ON EMPLOYMENT LAW 2009, at 1005 (PLI Litig. & Admin. Practice, Course Handbook 2009). 13 Id. § 633a (2006 & Supp. III 2009). 12 29 U.S.C. § 623 (2006 & Supp. II 2008). 14 557 U.S. 167 (2009). 16 Id. 15 Id. at 180. 17 Id. § 633a, focusing solely on § 623 and its precise language. 18 It remains unclear what type of causation the federal provision requires; thus, various courts have interpreted Gross' impact on § 633a differently. Some courts have found that Gross should be extended to cover § 633a and federal employers, while others have found that it should not, and many have applied it to federal employers with no discussion of Gross' relevance whatsoever. 19 This Note argues that the "but-for" causation required under Gross should not be extended to apply to ADEA claims brought against federal employers because the reasoning of Gross does not support a broad expansion of its holding, and because a less stringent burden of proof is more appropriate in the federal employment context. Part I explains the current requirements placed on a plaintiff bringing a § 623 ADEA claim against a nonfederal employer, as laid out by the Supreme Court in Gross. Part II explores the applicability of Gross to § 633a of the ADEA, which applies to federal employers, and compares the reasoning of those courts that have chosen to apply Gross in the federal employment context with that of those courts that have refrained from doing so. Finally, Part III proposes that Gross should not be expanded to require "but-for" causation in claims brought against federal employers under § 633a of the ADEA for a number of statutory interpretation and policy reasons, and instead recommends a "substantial factor" causation test in which age must be material to an adverse employment action, but need not be the "but-for" cause. I. BACKGROUND Employment discrimination in the American workforce is a long recognized and heavily litigated issue, and protections against it come from a variety of different sources, including common law and both state and federal statutes. 20 Congress has acknowledged that " '[d]iscrimination based on age . . . can be as great an evil in our society as discrimination based on race or religion or any other characteristic which ignores a person's unique status as an individual and treats him or her as a 18 Id. at 170. 20 Klein et al., supra note 11, at 1001. 19 See infra Part II. member of some arbitrarily-defined group.' " 21 This section first describes the ADEA, the statutory basis of most age discrimination claims, and then discusses the implications of the Supreme Court's interpretation of the ADEA in Gross v. FBL Financial Services, Inc. A. Statutory Protection Against Age Discrimination: The ADEA The statute that takes center stage in the battle against age discrimination is the ADEA. First enacted in 1967, the ADEA has been protecting workers from discrimination for over forty years. 22 It applies to all workers over the age of forty in the private sector, as well as in local, state, and federal government. 23 The breadth of this protected class helps to identify and resolve many age-related issues. Section 623 of the ADEA prohibits age discrimination by non-federal employers. In relevant part, it states that "[i]t shall be unlawful for an employer . . . to fail or refuse to hire or to discharge any individual or otherwise discriminate against any individual with respect to his compensation, terms, conditions, or privileges of employment because of such individual's age." 24 Section 633a of the ADEA prohibits age discrimination by federal employers. In relevant part, it states that: All personnel actions affecting employees or applicants for employment who are at least 40 years of age . . . in military departments . . . , in executive agencies . . . , in the United States Postal Service and the Postal Regulatory Commission, in those units in the government of the District of Columbia having positions in the competitive service, and in those units of the judicial branch of the Federal Government having positions in the competitive service, in the Smithsonian Institution, and in the Government Printing Office, the Government Accountability Office, and the Library of Congress shall be made free from any discrimination based on age. 25 21 H.R. REP. NO. 93-913, at 40 (1974), reprinted in 1974 U.S.C.C.A.N. 2811, 2849 (quoting a Presidential message supporting an extension of ADEA in March 1972). 23 Klein et al., supra note 11. 22 29 U.S.C. § 623 (2006 & Supp. II 2008). 24 29 U.S.C. § 623(a)(1) (emphasis added). 25 Id. § 633a(a) (2006 & Supp. III 2009) (emphasis added). Despite Congress' attempt to protect employees through this legislation, enforcing the ADEA at the judicial level has been problematic. 26 Questions involving the burden of persuasion to be used and type of causation required have been particularly troubling. When interpreting the ADEA, courts have often looked to another Civil Rights era statute, Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 ("Title VII"), for guidance. "Title VII covers employers with 15 or more employees, and prohibits employers from making adverse employment decisions based upon an individual's race, color, religion, sex, or national origin." 27 Because both the ADEA and Title VII are intended to prevent discrimination in the workplace, albeit different types of discrimination, courts have often drawn analogies between the two and borrowed from the jurisprudence of one when interpreting the other. 28 The ADEA and Title VII "inform each other in important ways." 29 Up until 2010, one such way was the type of causation analysis that courts required in both cases. 30 Many courts used the burden shifting analysis established in Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins 31 in both ADEA and Title VII cases. Under the Price Waterhouse analysis, used where there is direct evidence of discrimination, a plaintiff has to prove that discrimination played a motivating role in an adverse employment action. 32 Where this is established, the defendant then has the opportunity to prove that the adverse employment action still would have occurred for a different reason, even if the discriminatory motive had not been present. 33 Such proof can serve as an affirmative defense for the 26 See Tracey, supra note 3, at 608. ("[A]s now interpreted, the ADEA is confusing, convoluted, and problematic."). 28 See, e.g., Gross v. FBL Fin. Servs., Inc., 526 F.3d 356, 359 (8th Cir. 2008) (applying a Title VII analysis in an ADEA case), rev'd, 557 U.S. 167 (2009). 27 Klein et al., supra note 11, at 1001. 29 Tracey, supra note 3, at 609. 31 490 U.S. 228 (1989). In Price Waterhouse, the Court specified that the analysis it set forth was not technically burden shifting, but instead an initial burden placed on the plaintiff which may be rebutted through what is "most appropriately deemed an affirmative defense." Id. at 246. However, in later cases, including Gross (to be discussed shortly), the Court references the Price Waterhouse "burden-shifting framework," so this Note utilizes the same language in discussing this concept. See Gross, 557 U.S. at 173–74. 30 See Gross, 557 U.S. at 173–75 (banning the Price Waterhouse analysis in ADEA cases). 32 33 Id. Price Waterhouse, 490 U.S. at 244–45. accused employer. 34 Although Price Waterhouse involved sex discrimination under Title VII, 35 courts nonetheless used the burden shifting analysis in both the ADEA and Title VII contexts. 36 This allowed a plaintiff to succeed on a claim where age was not the "but-for" cause of an adverse employment action, but merely "a factor in the employment decision at the moment it was made," so long as the employer could not prove that the employee would have been negatively impacted in the same manner for some other reason. 37 Even "a mixture of legitimate and illegitimate considerations" could serve as adequate proof of discrimination. 38 However, all of this changed with the Supreme Court's decision in Gross v. FBL Financial Services, Inc. B. Judicial Interpretation of the ADEA: Gross v. FBL Financial Services, Inc. In Gross v. FBL Financial Services, Inc., the Court put a swift end to the use of the mixed-motive analysis in ADEA § 623 claims by instead requiring a showing of "but-for" causation in all § 623 claims. 39 In Gross, the plaintiff, Jack Gross, began working for FBL Financial Group ("FBL" or "the company") in 1971. 40 Gross worked for the company for over thirty years, and rose to the position of "claims administration director." 41 However, in 2003, when Gross was fifty-four years old, he was reassigned to the position of "claims project coordinator." 42 Many of his former responsibilities were given to the newly appointed "claims administration manager," a woman in her early forties who had previously been supervised by Gross. 43 FBL stated that "Gross' reassignment was part of a corporate restructuring" and 34 Id. at 246. 36 See, e.g., Wexler v. White's Fine Furniture, Inc., 317 F.3d 564, 571–72 (6th Cir. 2003); Febres v. Challenger Caribbean Corp., 214 F.3d 57, 64 (1st Cir. 2000); Beshears v. Asbill, 930 F.2d 1348, 1353 n.6 (8th Cir. 1991) (noting that the Eighth Circuit has applied the Price Waterhouse analysis to age discrimination claims). 35 Id. at 231–32. 37 Price Waterhouse, 490 U.S. at 240–41. 39 Gross v. FBL Fin. Servs., Inc., 557 U.S. 167, 176 (2009). 38 Id. at 241. 40 Id. at 170. 42 Id. 41 Id. 43 Id. explained that Gross' new position was "better suited to his skills." 44 Gross "considered [his] reassignment a demotion because of FBL's reallocation of his former job responsibilities." 45 In 2004, Gross filed suit in federal district court alleging a violation of his rights under the ADEA. 46 Applying the mixedmotive burden shifting framework, the jury in the district court found that age was a motivating factor in Gross' reassignment and awarded him $46,945. 47 FBL then appealed the verdict to the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit, citing an improper jury instruction. 48 On appeal, the Eighth Circuit found that the jury had improperly applied the Price Waterhouse framework, which is used in Title VII cases and which the Eighth Circuit, at the time, also applied to ADEA cases. 49 The court found that Gross had failed to provide " '[d]irect evidence' . . . 'sufficient to support a finding by a reasonable fact finder that an illegitimate criterion actually motivated' the adverse employment action." 50 Because Gross had not met his initial burden of providing "direct evidence," FBL never should have been given the opportunity to prove that the illegitimate factor was of no consequence in the decision. 51 The Eighth Circuit, therefore, found that the jury instruction below had been flawed and remanded the case for a new trial. 52 Gross then appealed the reversal, and the Supreme Court granted certiorari. In a 5-4 opinion, the majority opted not to use the standard of proof set out by either the district court or the Eighth Circuit and instead laid down a different causation requirement. 53 The Court held that "a plaintiff bringing a disparate-treatment claim pursuant to the ADEA must prove, by a preponderance of the evidence, that age was the 'but-for' cause of the challenged adverse employment action." 54 44 Id. 46 Id. 45 Id. 47 See id. at 171. 49 Gross v. FBL Fin. Servs., Inc., 526 F.3d 356, 360 (8th Cir. 2008), rev'd, 557 U.S. 167 (2009). 48 Id. at 171. 50 Id. at 359 (quoting Thomas v. First Nat'l Bank of Wynne, 111 F.3d 64, 66 (8th Cir. 1997)). 52 Id. at 358. 51 Id. at 360. 53 See Gross v. FBL Fin. Servs., Inc., 557 U.S. 167, 180 (2009) 54 Id. The first step in the Court's analysis was to definitively rule out the Price Waterhouse burden shifting framework. 55 The Court clarified that the Price Waterhouse analysis should be limited to the Title VII context and should never play a role in § 623 ADEA claims. 56 The majority cautioned that "[w]hen conducting statutory interpretation, we 'must be careful not to apply rules applicable under one statute to a different statute without careful and critical examination.' " 57 Furthermore, the Court reasoned that, because Congress specifically amended Title VII to provide that race, color, religion, sex, or national origin used as a "motivating factor" would suffice to prove causation but failed to make the same amendment to the ADEA's language, Congress did not intend for the same standard to apply in the ADEA context. 58 After outlining why a "motivating factor" test should not be used, the Court's second step was to establish the type of causation test that should be used in § 623 ADEA claims. 59 The Court set forth a strict "but-for" causation requirement. In order to meet the burden of proving "but-for" causation, a party must show that in the absence of a precipitating event, a later event simply would not have occurred. 60 Unlike the "mixed-motive" test, which considers an event a motivating factor—and therefore a cause—so long as it "played a part or a role" in a decision, 61 the "but-for" test demands a much closer relationship between one event and another. Simply playing a role is not enough. Additionally, under the "but-for" test, the materiality of the precipitating event is of no relevance. No matter how important or wrongful a given event is, it is not the "but-for" cause unless the result would not have occurred in its absence. This lack of a materiality inquiry differentiates the "but-for" test from a "substantial factor" test. A substantial factor test, discussed in depth in Part III.B, weighs how material an event is in 55 Id. at 173. 57 Id. (quoting Fed. Express Corp. v. Holowecki, 552 U.S. 389, 393 (2008)). 56 Id. at 174 ("This Court has never held that this burden-shifting framework applies to ADEA claims. And, we decline to do so now."). 58 Id. 60 W. PAGE KEETON ET AL., PROSSER AND KEETON ON THE LAW OF TORTS § 41, at 265 (5th ed. 1984). 59 See id. at 175–76. 61 Gross, 557 U.S. at 171. (citation omitted) (internal quotation marks omitted). contributing to a given result. 62 If one event is a "material element" in bringing about another event, it will be considered its cause. 63 Materiality is of the utmost importance. In the context of age discrimination, a "but-for" causation requirement means that age must be the " 'reason' that the employer decided to act." 64 A claim " 'cannot succeed unless the employee's protected trait actually played a role in [the employer's decisionmaking] process and had a determinative influence on the outcome.' " 65 In short, "but-for" causation means that the adverse action would not have occurred unless discrimination was present. 66 In Gross, the Court's primary reason for distinguishing the ADEA from Title VII was the difference in statutory language between the two. Writing for the majority, Justice Thomas relied extensively on the different language used by the drafters of the ADEA. Turning to the dictionary to define "because of," Thomas concluded that "the ordinary meaning of the ADEA's requirement that an employer took adverse action 'because of' age is that age was the 'reason' that the employer decided to act." 67 Four justices dissented, and Justice Stevens and Justice Breyer authored the two dissenting opinions. All four dissenting justices joined in Justice Stevens' opinion, 68 while all but Justice Stevens joined in Justice's Breyer's opinion. 69 Justice Stevens vehemently argued that it is not clear by its plain meaning that "because of" means "but for." 70 He focused largely on the similarities between the ADEA and Title VII and the courts' earlier treatment of similar language in Title VII as allowing proof of a mixed motive to be sufficient. 71 He felt that the mixed- 62 See discussion infra Part III.B. 64 Gross, 557 U.S. at 176. 63 See Anderson v. Minneapolis, St. Paul & Sault Ste. Marie Ry. Co., 179 N.W. 45, 49 (Minn. 1920). 65 Id. (quoting Hazen Paper Co. v. Biggins, 507 U.S. 604, 610 (1993)) (explaining Hazen). 67 Id. 66 Id. 68 Id. at 180 (Stevens, J., dissenting). 70 Id. at 180–81 (Stevens, J., dissenting). 69 Id. at 190 (Breyer, J., dissenting). 71 Id. at 180–83. motive approach should continue to be used in ADEA claims and that the "Court's resurrection of the but-for causation standard [was] unwarranted." 72 Like Justice Stevens, Justice Breyer also felt that the mixedmotive analysis should be used in age discrimination cases. Justice Breyer focused on the inadequacies of a "but-for" test, arguing that because of the intangible nature of age discrimination, proof of a mixed motive should suffice to prove causation. 73 He saw no problem with the jury instruction in Gross that made age a motivating factor, and therefore a cause, if it "played a part or a role in the defendant's decision." 74 A "butfor" determination was not necessary in his opinion. II. CIRCUIT SPLIT: APPLYING GROSS TO § 633A In the wake of Gross, courts have split over the applicability of Gross' holding to ADEA § 633a claims. A majority of courts, including the Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit, have extended Gross' "but-for" requirement to claims against federal employers. Within this group, most courts have extended the holding without acknowledging that it might not be applicable. A smaller contingency within the majority has acknowledged the potential difference, but reasoned that Gross should still be extended to the federal claims in question. Other courts, including the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia, have declined to extend Gross to claims against federal employers. This minority has cited the differences between the governing sections of the ADEA as the reason for not requiring a showing of "but-for" causation against federal employers. A. Extending Gross The Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit is among those courts that have applied Gross to a claim against a federal employer without acknowledging that it might be inapplicable. In Harley v. Potter, 75 the court upheld the application of Gross in a case against the Unites States Postal Service, an entity 72 Id. at 187. 74 Id. at 192. 73 Id. at 190–92 (Breyer, J., dissenting). 75 416 F. App'x 748, 752 (10th Cir. 2011) ("The district court properly identified Gross as the controlling legal standard."). expressly governed by § 633a rather than § 623. 76 Wanda Harley was fired from her position as a post office employee after refusing to sign an evaluation with which she disagreed. 77 Another employee testified that Wanda's supervisor had stated that he "needed somebody younger." 78 At trial, Harley was required to prove that her age was the "but-for" cause of her termination. 79 The fact that her age was a motivating factor in the firing was not enough. 80 Because Harley did not prove that she would not have been fired but for her age, she lost. 81 By affirming the lower court's use of the "but-for" analysis, the Tenth Circuit silently extended Gross, requiring a "but-for" causation showing against federal and non-federal employers alike. Similarly, several district courts have applied Gross in claims against federal employers, which should be governed by § 633a rather than § 623. These federal employers include a V.A. Hospital, 82 the United States Army, 83 the United States Small Business Administration, 84 the United States Army Corp of Engineers, 85 and the FDIC. 86 None of these courts acknowledged that the employers in question were governed by a section of the ADEA that was never addressed in Gross. They all made their decisions with the understanding that Gross was the applicable standard to be used in all ADEA cases, regardless of whether the employer was a federal or non-federal entity. 76 29 U.S.C. § 633a (2006 & Supp. III 2009) ("All personnel actions affecting employees or applicants for employment who are at least 40 years of age . . . in the United States Postal Service and the Postal Regulatory Commission . . . shall be made free from any discrimination based on age."). 78 Id. at 749–50. 77 Harley, 416 F. App'x at 750. 79 Id. at 750–51. 81 Id. at 753–4. 80 Id. at 751 ("While Harley's age was one of many reasons . . . for her termination, Harley has not proved by a preponderance of the evidence that her age was the 'but-for' cause of her termination. Harley simply has not shown that her age was the reason for her termination."). 82 Frankel v. Peake, Civ. No. 07-3539 (WJM), 2009 WL 3417448, at 3−4 (D.N.J. Oct. 20, 2009). 84 Guerrero v. Preston, No. H-08-2412, 2009 WL 2581568, at 3 (S.D. Tex. Aug. 18, 2009). 83 Shelley v. Geren, No. CV-08-5045-RHW, 2009 WL 3783159, at 3 (E.D. Wash. Nov. 6, 2009). 85 Wagner v. Geren, No. 8:08 CV 208, 2009 WL 2105680, at 4−5 (D. Neb. July 9, 2009). 86 Glenn v. Bair, 643 F. Supp. 2d 23, 29 (D.D.C. 2009). Other district courts have acknowledged that Gross did not interpret § 633a but have made it clear that they are nonetheless choosing to extend Gross' holding to federal employers. In Reynolds v. Department of the Army, a New Jersey district court discussed the applicability of Gross, despite the fact that "[t]he parties [did] not dispute the applicability of Gross' 'but-for' causation requirement." 87 The court noted that "the ADEA contains two distinct prohibition sections, one applicable to nonfederal employers, 29 U.S.C. § 623(a), and one applicable to federal employers, § 633a(a). . . . The ADEA provision at issue in Gross, however, dealt strictly with the non-federal employer provision which has markedly different statutory language." 88 Nonetheless, because a majority of district courts had chosen to extend the Gross holding, the Reynolds court ultimately decided to do the same. 89 B. Limiting Gross Other courts have declined to extend Gross to § 633a claims, acknowledging the differences between §§ 623 and 633a, and the fact that the Supreme Court's analysis was limited to only the former. In Ford v. Mabus, the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia declined to require a "but-for" showing in a claim brought against the United States Navy. 90 The plaintiff, Richard Ford, was denied a promotion, and the position was instead given to someone twenty-five years younger than Ford. 91 One of the supervisors involved in the hiring process allegedly made a comment about the negative impact the aging workforce was having on the Navy. 92 At trial, the district court found that Ford had not met his burden of showing that his age was the "but-for" cause of his firing, and therefore found in favor of the government. 93 The court of appeals remanded the case to determine if "age was a factor in the Navy's decision to deny [Ford] the promotion." 94 Relying on statutory language, much as the Court 87 No. 08-2944 (FLW), 2010 WL 2674045, at 10 (D.N.J. June 30, 2010). 89 Id. 88 Id. at 10 n.5. 90 629 F.3d 198 (D.C. Cir. 2010). 92 Id. at 200–01. 91 Id. at 200. 93 Id. at 200. 94 Id. at 207. in Gross did, the Ford court reasoned that the language in the two sections of the statute could not be read to have the same plain meaning. "[B]ecause of" in § 623 does not mean the same thing as "based on" in § 633a. 95 The court of appeals held that "while a § 623 plaintiff must, as Gross holds, show that the challenged personnel action was taken because of age, a § 633a plaintiff must show that the personnel action involved 'any discrimination based on age.' " 96 A "but-for" test was therefore deemed inappropriate. Many district courts have also declined to expand Gross into the federal setting, relying primarily on the different language of the two relevant statutory provisions of the ADEA. In Fuller v. Gates, the District Court for the Eastern District of Texas determined that "but-for" causation should not be required in a suit brought against the Secretary of Defense. 97 In Torres v. McHugh, the District Court for the District of New Mexico held that "Gross is inapplicable to the federal employer provision which contains different statutory language." 98 Both the Fuller and Torres courts reasoned that Gross' application should be limited to those cases involving the statutory provision of the ADEA that the Supreme Court actually interpreted in Gross, § 623. 99 For the reasons discussed in Part III below, the approach taken by the Ford, Fuller, and Torres courts is the more appropriate of the two. By declining to extend Gross to federal employers, these courts are truer to the language of the statute, and to the holding of Gross itself. III. THE INAPPLICABILITY OF "BUT-FOR" CAUSATION AND THE BENEFITS OF A "SUBSTANTIAL FACTOR" TEST The first part of this section describes the reasons why Gross should not be extended to § 633a federal employer cases, relying on norms of statutory interpretation and policy considerations. 95 Id. at 205. 97 No. 5:06-CV-091, 2010 WL 774965, at 1 (E.D. Tex. Mar. 1, 2010) ("The language of § 633a(a) compels the court to conclude that a mixed-motive analysis continues to apply in claims against the government."). 96 Id. 98 701 F. Supp. 2d 1215, 1222 (D.N.M. 2010). However, the Torres court reluctantly applied "but-for" causation because of other binding Tenth Circuit precedent obligating it to do so. Id. at 1222–23. 99 Id. at 1222; Fuller, 2010 WL 774965, at 1. The elements of statutory interpretation discussed include the plain meaning of the language used in § 633a as compared to § 623, the structure of § 633a as compared to § 623, and the structure of the ADEA generally. The policy considerations discussed include the additional remedies available to federal employers and the historical notion that federal workers are held to a higher standard than their private counterparts. Having explained why Gross' "but-for" causation standard should not be used, the second part of this section proposes an alternative "substantial factor" causation test. Such a test would be truer to the language of § 633a and diminish many of the policy concerns raised by a "but-for" test. A. Gross Should Not Be Extended To Apply to § 633a The norms of statutory interpretation suggest that § 623 should be understood differently than § 633a. There is a long accepted method for interpreting federal statutes. Courts first look to the statute's textual plain meaning, then to statutory structure, and then to sources outside the four corners of the statute itself. 100 In this case, all of these factors suggest that § 633a should not be interpreted to mean the same thing as § 623. The first step in this process is to look at the statutory language in light of "its textual plain meaning, as gleaned from ordinary usage, dictionaries, grammar, and linguistic canons." 101 Ironically, Gross itself is an excellent example of the proposition that courts will look to the plain meaning of the words of a statute when construing its meaning. 102 In Gross, the Court said that " '[s]tatutory construction must begin with the language employed by Congress and the assumption that the ordinary meaning of that language accurately expresses the legislative purpose.' " 103 100 William N. Eskridge, Jr., No Frills Textualism, 119 HARV. L. REV. 2041, 2042 (2006) (book review) (summarizing William N. Eskridge, Jr. & Philip P. Frickey, Statutory Interpretation as Practical Reasoning, 42 STAN. L. REV. 321 (1990)). 102 Gross v. FBL Fin. Servs., Inc., 557 U.S. 167, 175 (2009). 101 Id. (emphasis added). 103 Id. (quoting Engine Mfrs. Ass'n v. S. Coast Air Quality Mgmt. Dist., 541 U.S. 246, 252 (2004). The plain meaning of § 623 was established by the Supreme Court in Gross. The § 623 ADEA language in question makes an adverse employment action illegal where the action takes place "because of [an] individual's age." 104 After consulting a dictionary, the Court determined that the plain meaning of "because of" is "by reason of," 105 which in turn requires a showing that but for the employee's age, the adverse employment action would not have occurred. 106 Section 633a uses different language than § 623, and therefore cannot automatically be read as having the same plain meaning. Instead, the actual language used must be interpreted. "[I]t is through the 'dint of . . . phrasing' that Congress speaks, and where it uses different language in different provisions of the same statute, we must give effect to those differences." 107 Where Congress uses different language within the same statute, as was done here, it can be assumed that it did so intentionally. While § 623 bans discrimination "because of [an] individual's age," 108 § 633a bans "any discrimination based on age." 109 MerriamWebster's, the Supreme Court's dictionary of choice in Gross, 110 defines "any" as "one or some indiscriminately of whatever kind." 111 As the Court has previously stated, "[r]ead naturally, the word 'any' has an expansive meaning, that is, 'one or some indiscriminately of whatever kind.' " 112 Where Congress uses the word "any" without adding additional language to modify it, its breadth remains unlimited. 113 The type of discrimination covered under § 633a is therefore very extensive. 104 29 U.S.C. § 623(a)(1) (2006 & Supp. II 2008). 106 Safeco Ins. Co. of Am. v. Burr, 551 U.S. 47, 63–64 (2007). 105 Gross, 557 U.S. at 176. 107 Ford v. Mabus, 629 F.3d 198, 206 (D.C. Cir. 2010). 109 Id. § 633a(a) (2006 & Supp. III 2009). 108 29 U.S.C. § 623(a)(1). 110 Gross, 557 U.S. at 176. 112 United States v. Gonzales, 520 U.S. 1, 5 (1997) (quoting Webster's Third New International Dictionary 97 (1976)). 111 Any Definition, MERRIAM-WEBSTER, http://www.merriam-webster.com/ dictionary/any (last visited March 18, 2013). 113 See Ford v. Mabus, 629 F.3d 198, 206 (D.C. Cir. 2010). Furthermore, "based on" means "to . . . form a foundation for." 114 Something serves as a foundation for an action when it is an integral or substantial part of the action upon which other factors are added. The foundation is not necessarily the determinative element, but it is nonetheless important to the action. An action is based on a given element when that element is a fundamental reason behind it. Coupled together, the plain meaning of § 633a's freedom from "any discrimination based on age" is that employees shall be free of "whatever kind" of age discrimination, so long as age is the foundation upon which the discrimination is based. Section 633a's plain language, therefore, suggests a causation analysis different from the "but-for" test put forth in Gross for use with § 623. While § 623 protects against age discrimination in a certain limited context, § 633a is much more expansive in the type and degree of age discrimination that it protects against. Because "any" and "based on" are more inclusive than "because of," it follows that a greater degree of discrimination should be included. A less stringent showing of discrimination would therefore suffice. A substantial factor test is one way this burden could be established, as will be discussed in the following section. In addition to plain meaning, courts also look at sentence structure and syntax. Sections 623 and 633a contain a structural difference that sets them apart, as noted by the Court of Appeals in Ford v. Mabus. "Because of" in § 623 modifies "to fail or refuse to hire," whereas "based on" in § 633a modifies "discrimination." 115 In practice, this means that "while a section 623 plaintiff must, as Gross holds, show that the challenged personnel action was taken because of age, a section 633a plaintiff must show that the personnel action involved 'any discrimination based on age.' " 116 Once again, the plain meaning of the statute suggests that the federal employee provision offers a more expansive form of protection than does its non-federal counterpart. "Recognizing the 'sharp[]' difference between these 114 Base, v.3, OXFORD ENGLISH DICTIONARY, http://www.oed.com/view/ Entry/15856 (last visited March 18, 2013). The Oxford English Dictionary is used here rather than Merriam-Webster's, used by the Court in interpreting § 623, because Webster's definition of "based" was self-referential ("to serve as a base for") and less helpful. 116 Id. 115 Ford, 629 F.3d at 205. two provisions, the Supreme Court in Gomez-Perez v. Potter described section 633a as a 'broad, general ban on discrimination based on age,' " as compared with the more lenient § 623. 117 The next source that federal courts generally turn to in construing statutory meaning is the "statutory structure." 118 Much like the plain meaning of the language and structure of the provisions, this factor too suggests that §§ 623 and 633a should be treated differently. On the issue of statutory structure, the Supreme Court has previously stated that §§ 623 and 633a are completely independent provisions, which do not substantively affect one another. 119 Section 633a is "self-contained and unaffected by other sections" of the ADEA. 120 Therefore, the Court's interpretation of § 623 should not have an impact on § 633a, and the same test need not be used in both sections. The fact that Congress enacted separate sections for federal and non-federal employers in the ADEA should not be overlooked. The original ADEA did not apply to federal employers. 121 In 1972, an amendment was introduced that would have expanded the language of § 623 to include federal employers. 122 One of the reasons given for the amendment by the bill's author, Senator Bentsen, was the "subtle" discrimination against "Federal employees who [were] ignored or harassed by their superiors." 123 Before passage, the bill was restructured "to remove the federal government from the general definition of employer and to place appropriate substantive provisions in a separate section." 124 Ultimately, Congress added an entirely new section to the ADEA in order to specifically address the distinctive problem of age discrimination in federal employment. 125 Section 633a was created to apply solely to federal employers, and Congress chose not to use the same language in that section as it had in § 623. 117 Id. (quoting Gomez-Perez v. Potter, 553 U.S. 474, 486, 488 (2008) (internal quotation marks omitted)). 119 Lehman v. Nakshian, 453 U.S. 156, 166–67 (1981). 118 Eskridge, supra note 100. 120 Id. at 168. 122 Id. 121 Bornholdt v. Brady, 869 F.2d 57, 65–66 (2d Cir. 1989). 123 118 Cong. Rec. 7745 (1972) (statement of Sen. Bentsen). 125 See Lehman, 453 U.S. at 166–67 (comparing the applicability of jury trials to each of the provisions). 124 Bornholdt, 869 F.2d at 66; 118 Cong. Rec. 15,894–95. The fact that Congress gave federal employers their own subsection suggests that they are held to a different standard, which prevents them from being grouped together with everyone else in § 623. Section 633a also gives special consideration to federal employees when it comes to bringing their claims, which is not mirrored in § 623. Even before the ADEA was enacted, federal discrimination claims were dealt with through the Civil Service Commission (the "CSC"), providing federal employees with a great deal of protection that was not available outside of the federal context. 126 After the ADEA was passed and amended to cover federal employees, "Congress empowered the CSC 'to enforce the provisions of [§ 633a(a)] through appropriate remedies.' " 127 Today, § 633a(b) specifies that the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (the "EEOC") is authorized to enforce the ADEA. 128 Only federal employees are entitled to have their claims heard by this committee. The fact that federal employees are given a different channel through which to bring their claims suggests that Congress did not intend §§ 623 and 633a to function in the same way. As Chief Justice Roberts stated in his dissent in Gomez-Perez v. Potter, "civil service is a complex issue, requiring 'careful attention to conflicting policy considerations' and 'balancing governmental efficiency and the rights of employees.' The resulting system often requires remedies different from those found to be appropriate for the private sector (or even for the States)." 129 The difference in available remedies shows Congress' acknowledgment that federal employees should be judged by a different set of standards. All of these statutory interpretation factors suggest that §§ 623 and 633a should be kept separate and distinct. Policy considerations also suggest that the two sections should be treated differently. There is a history in the United States of holding federal employers to a higher standard than their non-federal counterparts simply because they are federal employers. The Civil Service Reform Act of 1978 (the "CSRA") 126 Gomez-Perez v. Potter, 553 U.S. 474, 500–01 (2008). 128 29 U.S.C. § 633a(b) (2006 & Supp. III 2009). 127 Id. at 501. 129 Gomez-Perez, 553 U.S. at 500 (Roberts, C.J., dissenting) (citation omitted) (quoting Bush v. Lucas, 462 U.S. 367, 388, 389 (1983)). offers one such example. 130 The CSRA states that "in order to provide the people of the United States with a competent, honest, and productive Federal work force reflective of the Nation's diversity, and to improve the quality of public service, Federal personnel management should be implemented consistent with merit system principles and free from prohibited personnel practices." 131 The Act then goes on to lay out a merit-based system for career advancement with federal employers. 132 This Act applies only to federal employees, suggesting that Congress was not concerned with furthering similar competence, honesty, and productivity in the private sector. It is only federal employers that are held to this legislatively created higher standard. The federal government, by way of being the sovereign, is responsible for the well-being and protection of every American in a way that non-federal entities are not. The federal employers previously mentioned, such as the Army, Navy, and Corp of Engineers, all do critical work. Where age discrimination within one of these organizations denies an opportunity to the most qualified individual because of his or her age, the effect is detrimental to American society as a whole. B. A "Substantial Factor" Test Should Be Implemented in § 633a Cases Rather than "but-for" causation, or a mixed-motive burden shifting analysis, this Note proposes that a "substantial factor" test be used in § 633a claims. Under such a test, a plaintiff would have to prove that age was a "substantial factor" in the adverse employment action that occurred. Age need not be the definitive reason, but it must be "material" to the events that transpired. 133 As previously discussed, in Gross, the Court outlined its "but-for" test as requiring proof that "age was the 'reason' that the employer decided to act." 134 Whether there are multiple 130 Civil Service Reform Act of 1978, Pub. L. No. 95-454, 92 Stat. 1111 (codified as amended in scattered sections of Title V). 131 132 Id. § 3(2). Id. § 3(1). 133 See Anderson v. Minneapolis, St. Paul & Sault Ste. Marie Ry. Co., 179 N.W. 45, 49 (Minn. 1920) overruled on other grounds by Borsheim v. Great N. Ry. Co., 183 N.W. 521 (1921); KEETON ET AL., supra note 60, § 41, at 265–68. 134 Gross v. FBL Fin. Servs., Inc., 557 U.S. 167, 176 (2009). motives or not, "[a] plaintiff must prove by a preponderance of the evidence . . . that age was the 'but-for' cause of the challenged employer decision." 135 Even if evidence of age discrimination is present, it is deemed meaningless unless it is accompanied by proof that the adverse action happened because of said discrimination. The burden never shifts to the defendant to show that the action would have happened regardless of age, so the plaintiff is never afforded the opportunity to show that other reasons given by the defendant for negative treatment are pretextual. The previously used Price Waterhouse test allowed a claim to proceed on a showing of a partly discriminatory "mixed-motive." Under that test, so long as age was part of the reason for an adverse employment action, an ADEA claim could be brought, even if age was not a material factor. 136 Since using this very low burden of proof unencumbered would give rise to claims based on only the slightest inference of discrimination, it was couched within a burden shifting framework. After the plaintiff showed that age was a factor, the employer then had the opportunity to prove "by a preponderance of the evidence that it would have made the same decision even if it had not taken [age] into account." 137 Where the employer did not meet this burden, the plaintiff could prevail on his or her claim so long as age was a factor in the adverse action. Neither of these tests are apt for a § 633a analysis. As previously discussed, statutory interpretation and policy considerations rule out the "but-for" test because § 623 and § 633a are different in many substantial ways. 138 Section 633a is broader and intended to protect against more than a "but-for" test allows. Additionally, as Justice Breyer pointed out in his dissent in Gross, proving "but-for" causation in tort law is different than proving it in the discrimination context because the subjective intentions of individuals are often in question in 135 Id. at 177–78. 137 Gross, 557 U.S. at 173–74. 136 Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins, 490 U.S. 228, 258 (1989). In applying the mixed-motive test in Gross, the district court instructed the jury that age was the cause of the firing so long as it "played a part or a role" in the decision. Gross, 557 U.S. at 170–71. No amount of materiality was required. See id. 138 See supra Part III.A; Gomez-Perez v. Potter, 553 U.S. 474, 487–89 (2008). discrimination cases. 139 Tort claims are conducive to "reasonably objective scientific or commonsense theories of physical causation." 140 Discrimination claims, on the other hand, rely "not [on] physical forces, but the mind-related characterizations that constitute motive." 141 "But-for" causation places a heavy and often insurmountable burden on the plaintiff, who needs to show that but for what her discriminator was thinking, she would not have been treated adversely. 142 The "mixed-motive" analysis is also unsuitable for many of the reasons pointed out by the Court in Gross in reference to § 623 claims. First, the "mixed-motive" burden shifting analysis was intended for Title VII cases instead of ADEA cases and, therefore, should not automatically be applied between statutes. Title VII has been amended to provide for a "mixed-motive" analysis, while the ADEA has not. 143 Second, practically speaking, Price Waterhouse's mixed-motive burden shifting has proved to be unworkable. The burden shifting framework has been difficult to explain to juries and has been the subject of much debate. 144 Although § 633a is meant to be protective, an unencumbered "mixed-motive" standard would be too deferential. Some proof that discrimination is the foundation for the discriminatory action is needed. Neither the "but-for" test nor the "mixed-motive" analysis appears to be the ideal solution to the current state of ambiguity. 139 Gross, 557 U.S. at 190–91 (Breyer, J., dissenting) (discussing the differences between the facts that generally give rise to tort law causation and the facts in Gross). 141 Id. 140 Id. at 190. It should be noted that subjective intentions often play a crucial role in tort law cases as well. Claims such as defamation, material misrepresentation, and fraud all rely on proof of intent. The issue is not necessarily that tort law is an inadequate means of analyzing subjective intent, as Justice Breyer implies, but more generally, that subjective intent is never an easy point to prove. 142 Acknowledging this onerous burden, tort law often looks to the materiality of an event in determining if it is a cause. Where two forces are sufficient to bring about a harm, a party may prove that one event was "material" to the outcome. The harm may have still occurred without the event, but the event was a "substantial factor" nonetheless. See KEETON ET AL., supra note 60, § 41, at 267–69. 144 Visser v. Packer Eng'g Assocs., Inc., 924 F.2d 655, 661 (7th Cir. 1991) (en banc) (Flaum, J., dissenting). 143 Gross, 557 U.S. at 174. A substantial factor test would be more practical than Gross' inflexible "but-for" requirement and Price Waterhouse's lenient and unworkable "mixed-motive" burden shifting analysis. While the language of § 633a does not specifically provide that age must be a "substantial factor," such a test would nonetheless be compatible with the "any discrimination based on age" language. As previously discussed, the plain meaning of this language, as gleaned from dictionary definitions, is that age must be the foundation upon which the decision is based. 145 Requiring something to be a "substantial factor" would ensure that it is an integral part of the decision, as the language of the statute requires. Unlike the "but-for" test, age need not be the reason for the action. So long as age is a substantial factor, the claim may be brought. Unlike the "mixed-motive" analysis, age cannot just be a factor. Rather, it must be a substantial factor in order for the claim to be brought. The causation principles of tort law could be drawn upon in formulating such a "substantial factor" analysis. Many different areas of law borrow from tort law's extensive causation jurisprudence. 146 Among these are anti-trust, 147 civil RICO, 148 and securities laws. 149 In anti-trust law, causality analysis is based on the tort understanding of proximate cause. 150 Antitrust law provides the framework, while tort law provides the substance of the causation analysis. "The antitrust violation need not be the only cause of [an] injury, but it must be a material or substantial cause." 151 In civil RICO claims, the Court has used tort concepts of causation to explain what a plaintiff must prove in order to recover treble damages. The need for a direct relationship between the conduct alleged and the injury asserted is dependent upon the tort theory of proximate cause. 152 145 See discussion supra Part III.A. 147 Stephen V. Bomse et al., Procedural Aspects of Private Antitrust Litigation, in 47TH ANNUAL ADVANCED ANTITRUST SEMINAR —DISTRIBUTION & MARKETING, at 771 (PLI Corp. L. & Practice, Course Handbook Series No. 14482, 2008). 146 See Michael A. Carrier, A Tort-Based Causation Framework for Antitrust Analysis, 77 ANTITRUST L.J. 991, 991–92 (2011). 148 Holmes v. Sec. Investor Prot. Corp., 503 U.S. 258, 268–69 (1992). 150 Bomse et al., supra note 147 ("Causality analysis in antitrust cases borrows from tort law conceptions of proximate cause."). 151 Id. 149 Dura Pharm., Inc. v. Broudo, 544 U.S. 336, 344 (2005). 152 Holmes, 503 U.S. at 268–69. In securities fraud claims, the Court requires a showing of damages proximately caused by deception. As with RICO claims, this proximate cause standard borrows from tort law. 153 In Gross itself, the Supreme Court turned to tort law to help explain the "but-for" causation that it was requiring in the age discrimination context. 154 The Court's explanation that "[a]n act or omission is not regarded as a cause of an event if the particular event would have occurred without it" was borrowed from Prosser and Keeton on Torts. 155 It therefore seems appropriate to borrow from tort law—and, for that matter, from the same treatise—to provide a test for § 633a as well. In tort law, under the substantial factor test "[t]he defendant's conduct is a cause of the event if it was a material element and a substantial factor in bringing it about." 156 Substantial factor is a self-explanatory phrase, not needing further clarification or jury instruction. 157 Generally, a showing that something is a substantial factor will also be sufficient to prove "but-for" causation, but this is not always the case. 158 Something will be considered a "substantial factor" where "it [is] so indispensable a cause that without it the result would not have followed." 159 While this is similar to a "but-for" requirement, it is not exactly the same. "But-for" is interpreted to mean that the adverse action would not have occurred unless discrimination was present, whereas "substantial factor" provides that discrimination was material to the adverse employment action, but not necessarily the deciding factor. A "substantial factor" test is preferable to a "but-for" test or "mixed-motive" analysis for a number of different reasons. First, it ensures that Congress' intent to afford more protection against a broad array of discrimination is satisfied without leading to preposterous results. It does this by requiring that age be a material factor in the adverse employment action. Something cannot be so trivial as to be immaterial, nor must it be so clearcut that it is determinative. Second, the "substantial factor" test 153 Dura Pharm., Inc., 544 U.S. at 344. 155 Id. at 177 (quoting KEETON ET AL., supra note 60). 154 See Gross v. FBL Fin. Servs., Inc., 557 U.S. 167, 176–77 (2009) (quoting KEETON ET AL., supra note 60). 156 KEETON ET AL., supra note 60, § 41, at 267 (emphasis added). 158 Id. at 267–68. 157 Id. 159 Id. at 268. is not dependent upon anything in § 623, keeping the sections separate as Congress intended. It is instead based solely on an independent reading of § 633a. Third, a "substantial factor" test is consistent with long-held principles of tort law long adopted by the Court to resolve statutory ambiguity. Finally, a "substantial factor" test makes sense in light of the unique evidentiary problems presented by employment discrimination cases. Such a test does not require a plaintiff to know things about her employer that would be impossible to discern. Instead, it allows an employee to proceed wherever there is proof that age was a substantial factor regardless of other circumstances at play. It holds federal employers to a higher burden than their non-federal counterparts in accordance with historical traditions. The "substantial factor" approach could help solve many of the problems associated with both "mixed-motive" and "but-for" causation. In the hypothetical posed at the beginning of this Note, 160 an employee was fired after leaving a review upon being told that the office would "be better off with someone younger." The reason given for her termination was insubordination, stemming from her storming out of the office without permission. Under the "mixed-motive" test, this employee would be able to meet her burden of proof at trial because the evidence suggests that age was a factor in her firing. However, an employee armed with much less evidence would also be able to bring the same claim, opening the employer up to a great deal of liability over even trivial matters. Under the "but-for" test, this employee would not be able to meet her burden of proof at trial. She would be required to show that "but-for" her age, she would not have been fired. This would be difficult since age was not given as the reason for her firing, and her insubordination alone was reason enough to terminate her. Even if she can prove that her employer had an underlying discriminatory intent, this is irrelevant unless her firing would not have occurred without it. Her employer's discrimination would be irrelevant. 160 See supra Introduction (hypothesizing based on Harley v. Potter, 416 F. App'x 748 (10th Cir. 2011) cert. denied sub nom. Harley v. Donahoe, 132 S. Ct. 844 (2011)). Under a "substantial factor" test, the fired post office employee could succeed in meeting her burden of proof at trial. She would have to show that her age was a substantial factor in her termination. Evidence of her supervisor's derogatory statements about her would likely suffice to meet this burden. The "substantial factor" test would let the employee prove that her supervisor's biased attitude toward her based on her age was material to her termination. Although she may not be able to show that she would not have been fired "but-for" her age, she would still be able to win because of the materiality of the discrimination to the end result. Of these three tests, the "substantial factor" test would therefore bring about the most just result and provide employees with a reasonable degree of protection, as intended by the ADEA. CONCLUSION Age discrimination is not an issue that is likely to go away any time soon; the average age of the American worker will continue to rise for years to come. The measures in place to deter age discrimination in the workplace are as important today as they were when the ADEA was enacted forty years ago. It is crucial that courts interpret the various sections of the ADEA consistently, so that plaintiffs know what is required of them when bringing an ADEA claim. While the tests for each section need not be the same, they should each be distinctly established. Although the Supreme Court took an important step toward causational clarity through its § 623 interpretation in Gross, the § 633a causation requirement is no clearer today than it was before Gross was decided. Because of the textual differences between the two sections, as well as the different policies in play distinguishing federal employees from their non-federal counterparts, Gross should not be extended to § 633a, as several courts have already held. Rather than the § 623 "but-for" causation requirement, courts should consider a "substantial factor" test, as already developed and proved effective in tort law. Because of the importance of this issue and the unfortunate continued prevalence of age discrimination in the workplace, a determinative legislative or judicial solution to the problems described above should occur in the near future. Until then, § 633a causation remains a Gross mess.	<urn:uuid:d6491daf-87de-4971-be57-f9ecc0bbfd43>	CC-MAIN-2022-33	https://scholarship.law.stjohns.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5544&context=lawreview	2022-08-20T06:28:38+00:00	s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/crawl=CC-MAIN-2022-33/subset=warc/part-00008-d466b69e-be2b-4525-ac34-1b10d57329da.c000.gz.parquet	440,789,193	14,520	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.986343	eng_Latn	0.995229	[ "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn" ]	false	rolmOCR	[ 325, 2108, 4714, 6962, 9156, 11405, 14074, 16244, 18464, 20884, 23020, 25163, 27675, 29811, 32161, 34397, 36589, 39080, 41467, 43836, 46178, 48611, 51190, 53752, 56193, 58505, 60840 ]
What It's Like To Daydream By Mieke Kelly, 2022 Age 7 Once upon a time there was a little girl, named Sophie, who loved to dream with her eyes open. She dreamed of unicorns, rainbows and love hearts but her favourite was castles and dragons. One day she was daydreaming while looking out the window, and what she was daydreaming happened outside. She was shocked. Outside her window there was a dragon, exactly what she was daydreaming. The dragon was red with sharp red scales and pitch white, sharp claws, and on the dragons back there was a saddle with a man on it. He was wearing silver, strong armour all over his body. The little girl walked outside and asked "what are you doing?" "I am looking for a bright green emerald" the rider said. "That's really cool!" she said. "But the problem is, I don't know where one is." "I do! There is one under the tree in the middle of that grass circle." Sophie said pointing to the front yard. "Thank you" said the knight with a smile and a tip of his helmet. "Why do you need a bright green emerald?" "I'm collecting emeralds and crystals to study them." Sophie wanted to go nearer, but her cousin had taught her about Stranger Danger, so she stayed away. The knight saw her looking worried and said, “Simon is a nice dragon who is scared of you. You don't have to be scared of him." The knight petted the dragon who turned his head and licked the knight. Sophie didn’t feel worried at all anymore. She walked up next to Simon and petted him like the knight. "My name is Duncan" the knight said. "My name is Sophie" said Sophie. When Duncan and Simon were going to go to the emerald, Sophie said "Watch out down there. There's a troll guarding the emerald and he's 30 feet tall." "I've only fought ogres, demons and guardians who have turned evil. I've never fought a 30 foot tall troll before." Sophie shows Simon and Duncan to a hidden trap door which is 20 feet long, which was covered in grass and dirt. All three open the door together and then when Duncan and Simon go in, they see a long tunnel. Sophie says to "Always go left, and when you've gone left ten times you'll see the troll. Maybe even eleven times." Simon and Duncan see lots of spiders and worms and moles that keep bumping into them. Simon is scared of spiders, so every time they see one, Duncan kills it. They also see ruby and gems in the tunnel, which they think are so pretty and shiny they start collecting them. They collected every different one, which was every different type. By the time they'd done five lefts they were covered in dirt and looked hideous a little bit. When they'd done five more, they found the troll asleep, snoring really loudly. So Simon helped Duncan carefully step over it, and then he went to grab the emerald. But because the emerald was so light he couldn't find anything to replace it to stop the cave falling down, except for his sword, which he needs. And then the cave started falling down, but when Simon helped Duncan step over the troll, it woke up because a big rock his its head. But it was really clumsy, so it only took one poke of Duncan's sword to die, because the rock made him so weak. They ran out of the cave before the cave tumbled on them. Simon and Duncan pushed on the trap door while Sophie pulled it up. Now they had the emerald, and that was the last one they needed with their rubies and gems they thought were so pretty. Simon roars and Duncan says goodbye to Sophie. Then Sophie goes back into her house and starts to daydream about what just happened instead of reading her book. 'Wow, daydreams are better in real life', Sophie thought to herself. The end!	<urn:uuid:69ed8a66-6e9a-44cc-b9a9-b8b5473bb6d3>	CC-MAIN-2024-42	https://www.farrells.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/Mieke-Kelly-What-its-Like-to-Daydream.pdf	2024-10-12T09:31:51+00:00	s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/crawl=CC-MAIN-2024-42/subset=warc/part-00174-0c083cf2-c0ed-42ad-af5c-44f7548e96a0.c000.gz.parquet	667,703,937	836	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.999612	eng_Latn	0.999713	[ "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn" ]	false	rolmOCR	[ 1743, 3665 ]
FIRST LIST HSNC University, Mumbai School of Interdisciplinary Studies M.A. Liberal Studies ADMISSIONS 2023-24 June 29, 2023 LIST Note: * Admission to this category is subject to verification and submission of relevant documents. * Allotment of subject combination (if applicable) will be as per Merit and availability of seats. * Kindly refer to the website for the fee structure and the documents required for admission.	<urn:uuid:c5c9f437-3b23-4428-9c86-efd8a3da2c55>	CC-MAIN-2024-42	https://kccollege.edu.in/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/MA_Liberal_1st_ML.pdf	2024-10-14T02:56:55+00:00	s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/crawl=CC-MAIN-2024-42/subset=warc/part-00205-0c083cf2-c0ed-42ad-af5c-44f7548e96a0.c000.gz.parquet	298,419,286	97	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.902698	eng_Latn	0.902698	[ "eng_Latn" ]	false	rolmOCR	[ 429 ]
s.QUAD Smartphone Connection Tips Introduction Connecting s.QUAD to Smartphones Flow Change Settings In most cases, connecting s.QUAD to smartphones or tablets work right away. Sometimes however a connection setup will not work immediately. This document will guide you in these cases, helping to enable the connection. Please let us know if this document was helpful for you, or not and which areas of the documentation should be improved. We are looking forward to receiving your feedback! Setup Connection Please follow the sequence outlined in the flow below. In case you reach a rectangle with «bars» on the sides, please jump to the corresponding chapter inside this document. After following this flow, hopefully you have successfully connected your Smartphone and s.QUAD. Now you can read out and change some settings using the s.QUAD App (in as far as allowed using PSWplus). More on this in the following chapter. Change s.QUAD Settings using the App Once s.QUAD is connected to a smartphone, please open the s.QUAD App. After a quick time the button at the bottom of the app will turn blue. Now you can read the current settings from s.QUAD. www.swissphone.com Activate Connection on s.QUAD Install App Now the app will display the parameters according to the rights hat have been defined in PSWplus. In the example below all "Start" parameter will not be shown in the App, as there are no rights assigned (-). Alert patterns can be viewed (show) but not changed, while Display parameters and Terminal Handling may be changed from the App. Connection-Settings of a s.QUAD in PSWplus. Rights are as followes: "-" No rights, settings not visible in App. "Show" The current settings will be shown in the app, but may not be changed. "Edit" Settings can be viewed and changed using the app. Once they are written to the device, they will become effective. Activeate Connection using PSWplus and on s.QUAD Depending on how s.QUAD is configured, the Connection menu may already be available in your s.QUAD. Usually in "Settings". Here you can enable / disable the Connection. In case the menu is missing, you may add it to s.QUAD using PSWplus. Simply "drag & drop" it to the appropriate place inside "Active menu". Install App: Google Play and Apple App-Store On Apple terminals you can find s.QUAD App in the App-Store. Alternatively, please navigate to the following link: https://itunes.apple.com/de/app/s-quad/id995920716 You can find s.QUAD App for Android inside Google Play using this link: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=swissphone.sone.pager.droid Please note that your device must include recent personal area networking hardware. (Veryion > = 4.0) in case it does not, installing will not be possible. Activate Connection on Smartphone Disconnect Reset-Connection Updating Software Activate Connection on Smartphone On first start of s.QUAD Android App, it will ask you to enable the Connection. We recommend you confirm this question. Otherwise, you may enable it following the steps outlined below: Android Please enter "Settings" (gear icon), then navigate to "Connected Devices" and turn it on. On some Android devices you may find the setting in "Connections" or "Networks" Apple Please enter "Settings" (gears icon), IEEE 802.15.1 and change the switch to «on». Disconnect In case it is not possible to set up a connection, it may make sense to first "tear down" a partial connection completely. After this, a fresh start can be made. To start over, please follow the steps below: 1) Important, start with s.QUAD: Please navigate into the Connection menu (usually in "Settings") and select "Remove Bond". Now s.QUAD may ask you to also delete pairing information on the smartphone. Android: Please navigate to «Settings» (gear icon), "Connected Devices". Now search for your s.QUAD («s-QUAD C2uxyz.abcde»). Touch the gear next to the device name and select "forget". Sometimes also "unpair", "disconnect" "unbond" or similar terms may be used. Apple: Please navigate to "settings" (gears icon), IEEE 802.15.1. search for your s.QUAD («s-QUAD C2uxyz.abcde»). Touch the (i) next to the device name. Now please select "ignore this device" and confirm. Now you can re-establish the connection using s.QUAD App. Software Versions Please note that both s.QUAD app and firmware are constantly extended and improved. Please activate the automatic update of the app (or update it regularly by hand). Depending on the date of manufacture of your s.QUAD, it may be worthwhile updating the firmware. The current s.QUAD Firmware as of spring 2018 is 2.38.	<urn:uuid:9d20d41f-4e1d-4c22-86d5-676f23d098e3>	CC-MAIN-2024-33	https://www.swissphone.com/wp-content/uploads/pdf/49809.pdf	2024-08-15T05:53:35+00:00	s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/crawl=CC-MAIN-2024-33/subset=warc/part-00076-4f628544-3cdf-4526-86aa-bdfa0b33cdc9.c000.gz.parquet	753,951,237	1,070	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.995793	eng_Latn	0.996216	[ "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn" ]	false	rolmOCR	[ 1182, 2757, 4625 ]
Neighborhood Best Practices Task Force Neighborhood Action Plan May 2006 INTRODUCTION The City of St. Cloud believes that its core neighborhoods are the building blocks of the broader community. These neighborhoods are a place to live, where people can meet their economic, social, physical, and cultural needs, while working together for the common good and participating in creating their future. Each neighborhood has a unique identity and opportunities that contribute to the broader community’s economy, heritage, diversity, activities, arts, entertainment, and social fabric. After spending a good portion of the recent years completing a significant comprehensive plan update to address the increasing rate of urban development in the St. Cloud metropolitan area, the City of St. Cloud has refocused its attention onto core neighborhoods. A number of neighborhood planning initiatives are underway to celebrate the unique assets of each neighborhood and identify common trends or issues to be addressed in maintaining the livability of the City. In early 2006, the City of St. Cloud, along with Mankato and Moorhead, Minnesota, and Fargo, North Dakota, undertook a joint study to research the variety of tools being used by communities to address increasing rental housing and maintain the character of their core neighborhoods. The joint study offered insights to the variety of tools being used by the participating communities, as well as those throughout the country, to maintain neighborhood quality of life. The joint study highlighted the fact that the enhancement of core neighborhoods requires a broad range of actions to sustain neighborhood vitality and no single action will suffice. With the suggestions of the Neighborhood Best Practices joint study complete, the Neighborhood Best Practices Task Force initiated a planning process to identify specific actions that could be undertaken in St. Cloud. The St. Cloud Neighborhood Action Plan frames those tools that will be utilized in St. Cloud, as well as the responsible party and timeline for action. COMMITTEE MEMBERSHIP The Neighborhood Best Practices Task Force included representation from a variety of backgrounds, affiliations, and geographic areas within the community. This diversity offered an array of perspectives on core neighborhood issues and a forum for thoughtful discussion of the benefits and disadvantages of any particular tool. The members of the Neighborhood Best Practices Task Force included: Tim Chirhart, Planning Commission Karen Langsjoen, Planning Commission Rick Holtberg, Planning Commission Karen Ament, South St. Cloud Area Joan Jaye, East Side Scott Wellen, St. Cloud Realtors Association Lisa Marvin, professional property manager Jeff Goerger, City Council Cliff Knettel, St. Cloud HRA Pat Krueger, Planning Commission John Caldwell, Planning Commission Evan Larson, St. John Cantius Area Peter Fandel, South Side Area Mark Bragelman, lending community John Pearson, St Cloud Realtors Association Brian Murphy, rental property owner Steve Ludwig, SCSU Matt Glaesman, Planning Director The meetings were also attended by City staff from the Planning Office (Dave Broxmeyer, Planning Technician), Police Department (Capt. Rich Wilson, Sgt. Mark Moline, and Joe Cordie), and Health & Inspections Department (Dave Popken, Director). In addition, a number of guests from the City Council, neighborhoods, and the real estate community attended and participated in the Task Force discussion of the Neighborhood Action Plan. STUDY PROCESS The Neighborhood Action Plan process represents the continuation of the Neighborhood Best Practices Joint Study prepared by DSU in early 2006. The intent of the process was to learn from the experiences of the other communities by the joint study, identify appropriate tools and approaches to improving neighborhood quality of life, and ultimately determine the specific actions to be taken by the City of St. Cloud. The process allowed for thoughtful discussion and consideration of the perspectives offered by the task force members and guests. The following sections outline the process utilized by the task force in establishing its goals and actions: - Issue identification and Prioritization of goal setting The initial meeting of the neighborhood action plan offered an opportunity to discuss the suggestions from the joint study, as well as current issues and perspectives from members about the state of St. Cloud’s neighborhoods. Through this process, a number of broad goal statements were identified to focus the direction of the task force’s activities. The discussion of goal areas closely reflected the recommendations of the Neighborhood Best Practices joint study in that a broad range of issues and solutions were considered. Seven goal areas were identified, which were eventually prioritized by the Task Force members to focus effort upon those goals of greatest concern and interest. - Understanding of Existing Practices and Identification of New Neighborhood Initiatives An essential part of the action plan process was developing a sound understanding of the rules, practices, and procedures already utilized by the City of St. Cloud to address neighborhood concerns and issues. A good share of the examples offered by the Neighborhood Best Practices joint study are already being undertaken by the City of St. Cloud, such as a formalized university/community organization, watch clubs, rental licensing programs, mass transit for students, and many others. One of the primary findings of the task force was that improved enforcement of the existing ordinances should be primary outcome rather than focusing all attention on thoroughly reviewing and changing the current standards and laws of the City. However, the task force challenged itself to identify other potential options that might be considered. A significant number of new initiatives have been suggested based upon the experiences of city staff, task force members, and the other communities participating in the joint study. • Identification of Administrative Actions vs. Task Force Actions In order to process the large number of initiatives suggested by the Task Force, it was necessary to filter the actions to determine those that can be undertaken by City Administration without the need for detailed discussion and/or participation by the Task Force. The filtering process was not intended to remove any suggested actions from consideration or implementation, but to narrow the focus of the task force and expedite the implementation of those actions having the greatest short-term impact upon neighborhood issues. • Prioritization of Task Force Actions The final step in the action plan process utilized “dotocracy” to determine the actions of greatest interest to the task force. Task force members were provided dots that could be cast as votes on the task force actions of greatest importance and/or interest. Attachment E indicates the votes cast on the task force actions. The top priority actions will be discussed in detail by the task force and specific recommendations forwarded to the bodies responsible for their implementation in the weeks and months following distribution of the Neighborhood Action Plan. NEIGHBORHOOD ACTION PLAN The St. Cloud Neighborhood Action Plan is a compilation of new initiatives that the task force believes will have a positive impact on issues facing St. Cloud’s existing neighborhoods. Exhibit D of the action plan details the recommended actions and suggests the responsible party and timeline for consideration and implementation. A number of steps will follow in response to the Neighborhood Action Plan: First, the City’s Neighborhood Cabinet will review and provide response to the task force on the suggested actions. The Neighborhood Cabinet consists of representatives from Administration, Planning, Legal, Health and Inspections, Police, Public Services, Community Services, HRA, and other offices that play a role in the issues facing existing neighborhoods. The Neighborhood Cabinet will respond to the suggested actions with advice as to the means to accomplish the goal, including consideration of potential financial, operational, and/or legal barriers/modifications. Second, the task force will continue to meet regularly to discuss the input offered by the neighborhood cabinet and offer detailed recommendations on their priority actions. Staff from the Neighborhood Cabinet, as well as other background information, will be provided to the task force to allow for a detailed discussion of these suggested actions. The task force intends to act expeditiously on these specific recommendations and their implementation by the appropriate body. Third, the task force will look to coordinate their recommendations, when possible, with those of the Healthy Neighborhoods Partnership Program (HNPP) task forces working on similar topics. A number of the actions suggested by the task force are also being considered by the HNPP. groups, such as: code enforcement, housing incentives, and university relationship. The HNPP groups consist primarily of neighborhood residents and may offer additional perspective and/or issues beyond those considered by the task force. Fourth, the Neighborhood Cabinet, City Administration, and other responsible agencies will proceed with consideration of those actions suggested by the task force as “administrative functions”. Again, the filtering process was not intended to minimize the importance of any particular suggestion, but was an indication of the task forces’ interest in participating in detailed discussions on each initiative. Occasional status reports will be provided by the Neighborhood Cabinet to the task force and City Council on actions taken on the administrative actions. Finally, the findings of the joint study should be continually considered by the Neighborhood Coalition, NUCC, and City in addressing neighborhood issues. The Neighborhood Action Plan process has provided an opportunity for open and frank discussion between a variety of perspectives on the matter. This format should be used in the future to address on-going neighborhood issues and other concerns throughout the community. EXHIBITS A. Neighborhood Best Practices Study – Presentation 1 B. Neighborhood Best Practices Study – Presentation 2 C. Neighborhood Best Practices Prioritized Goal Statements D. Neighborhood Best Practices Goals and Initiatives Summary E. Neighborhood Best Practices Recommendations Deriving effective solutions to common problems. Fargo Mankato St. Cloud Slide 2 Neighborhood Best Practices Teleconference I Wednesday, December 14, 2005 Presented by: City of Fargo City of Mankato City of St. Cloud John W. Sherburne President and Director of Planning Battaglia, Sherburne and Ulrich, Inc. Slide 3 Tonight’s Workshop: • Purpose • Overview of Tasks • Tonight’s Goals • Community Presentations • Discussion • Next Steps How can our communities learn from each other and identify and implement strategies to successfully overcome the common problems that will discussed in tonight’s workshop? Participants: - City of Fargo - City of Mankato - City of Moorhead - City of St. Cloud Purpose: - To define a set of Neighborhood Best Practices to address issues faced by neighborhoods surrounding university campuses. - To more fully understand these problems and the range of strategies and approaches to solving them. Neighborhood Best Practices Overview of Tasks: - Compile information from participants on current issues and policies regarding campus neighborhood problems. (Nov – Dec: City, DSU) - Present information and invite discussion among participants during a joint teleconference. (Dec: 14: City, Workgroups, DSU) Neighborhood Best Practices Overview of Tasks: - Complete comprehensive research on tools, approaches and strategies being implemented in communities in MN/ND and throughout the country. (DSU) - Present information and invite discussion in a second teleconference. (January: City, Workgroups, DSU) Overview of Tasks: • Based on research findings and teleconference discussions, participants will establish their own Neighborhood Best Practices to tackle campus related social issues (Individual cities, Work groups) Tonight’s Presentation Neighborhood Best Practices Tonight’s Goals: • Gain an understanding of the issues faced by all participants (Problem Identification). • Gain an understanding of the relative effectiveness of the approaches being used by participants. • Establish a context for further research and discussions. Directed Discussion: - Due to the unique format of tonight’s teleconference we ask for your cooperation in following the lead of your facilitator. - Please limit your comments to the times when your responses are requested. Community Worksheets Community Worksheets: - Tool to collect information from participating cities. - Completed by city staff. - Included questions on issues, involvement, policies and plans. Community Worksheets: - Components: - Major issues and challenges - Key stakeholders involved in issues - City policies that specifically address and regulate housing and rental practices in and outside of neighborhoods - Community impact (neighborhood or citywide) - Effectiveness of relevant policies and practices - Housing and rental statistics. Neighborhood Best Practices Understanding General Trends: - City staff, residents, landlords, tenants, and universities are all concerned about the potentially negative effects of rental housing on their communities. - Land use, property maintenance and safety are among the major concerns shared by participating cities. Neighborhood Best Practices Understanding General Trends: - Accompanying these issues are challenges such as nuisance violations, increasing parking capacity problems, and the need for more resources for code enforcement, and financing of city policies concerning rental property. - Participants have established a variety of policies and programs to address these challenges. In general, the approaches are designed to mitigate the impacts of rental housing on neighborhoods – through land use controls and regulations, and through enforcement and education. City of Fargo, ND Neighborhood Best Practices: Fargo City of Fargo 205,471 residents in 2008 19,000 students at North Dakota State University Fargo Rental Property by Neighborhood Block Group Residential Land Use - 0 - 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6+ (6+) Neighborhood Best Practices: Fargo Understanding the Terms: - FAR: Compensation, monetary or otherwise. - Special Property: Any property for which the North Dakota Century Code (47-16) would apply. - Subtenant: Someone who has a different address than that of the subject property (not including a parent’s address). --- Neighborhood Best Practices: Fargo Understanding the Numbers: - 23,000 units in 2005. - 80 rental parcels converted from single-family. - 11% of rentals located in Roosevelt/NDSU, Hawthorne, Jefferson-Carl Ben neighborhoods. - Rents in older neighborhoods are 20% less than in surrounding areas. --- Neighborhood Best Practices: Fargo Understanding the Issues: - The City is concerned that: - “Affordable” properties being converted to rental. - Decreasing home ownership opportunities. - Loss of neighborhood character may lead to economic stratification (flight from neighborhoods). Neighborhood Best Practices: Fargo Understanding the Issues: - The neighborhood are concerned that: - Decreasing home ownership opportunities. - Renters feel less connection to the neighborhood. - On-street parking congestion. - Poor regular maintenance of property. --- Neighborhood Best Practices: Fargo Understanding the Issues: - The neighborhood and School District and City are concerned that: - Declining Elementary enrollment threatens school viability. - Property values decrease near problem properties. --- Neighborhood Best Practices: Fargo Understanding the Approaches: - The City has implemented: - Neighborhood Revitalization Initiative (2001) - Rental Housing Inspection program / Property Maintenance Code (2000) - Residential parking permit program (2005) - Historic Overlay Districts (2006) - Safe Housing Program (1996) Neighborhood Best Practices: Fargo Understanding the Approaches: - The City has implemented: - Community Development Committee • Focus on neighborhood housing issues. • Review Neighborhood plans. • Manage community development budget. - Comprehensive Policy Plan (1995) • Balance housing needs to serve all populations of the city (policy letter 216). Neighborhood Best Practices: Fargo Understanding the Approaches: - The City has implemented: - Neighborhood Plans • Encouraging citizen participation in neighborhood planning of the city. - Data Collection efforts • 1988 and 2002 Renter Surveys (renter demographics, preferences). • 2000 and 2004 Housing Market study. Neighborhood Best Practices: Fargo Understanding the Approaches: - The University has implemented: - NDSU Code of Student Behavior (2005): • “Respect for the NDSU community and respect for the protection and rights of others.” - New Bison Court • 103 new apartment-style units on campus. Neighborhood Best Practices: Fargo Understanding the Approaches: - The community has implemented: - Neighborhood Associations - Discuss neighborhood issues. Neighborhood Best Practices: Mankato City of Mankato - 34,000 residents in 2000 - 14,000 students at Mankato State University Understanding the Terms: - Fee: Any consideration paid for the exclusive use of the dwelling unit, including but not limited to money, services, or a combination thereof. - Furnished Property (Dwelling Unit): Any building, structure or enclosure, including any mobile home, wholly or partly used or occupied as a dwelling by one or more persons, whether or not occupied by human occupants, rented or offered for rent by any person to any other person or persons, and used for residential purposes by such other person or persons. Understanding the Issues: - The City is concerned that: - The current definition of rent burdens the City to prove that rent is being paid/recharged. - Enforcing new, reduced occupancy limits on properties where existing rental licenses permit higher standards. --- Understanding the Issues: - The City is concerned that: - Current codes may need refinement to address non-compliance and property maintenance issues City-wide in rental and non-rental properties. - Necessary to address parking constraints in older areas of City and apply new parking regulations to existing uses. --- Understanding the Approaches: - The City has implemented: - Rental Control Ordinance (RCO) - “…correct and prevent rental housing conditions that are unsafe or are likely to adversely affect the life, safety, good character and health of persons occupying rental dwellings.” - Licenses - Inspections - Registration Understanding the Approaches: - The City has implemented: - Department of Public Safety (DPS) investigations of complaints and issues of nuisance, license, and occupancy violations. - Rental unit inspections every three years. Understanding the Approaches: - The City has implemented: - Three strikes nuisance provisions for rental license revocation. - On-street permit parking in university neighborhoods to address neighborhoods experiencing parking pressures. - Landlord and tenant handbooks explaining City Codes and responsibilities. Understanding the Approaches: - The Community has implemented: - Neighborhood meetings with city officials held on an “as needed” basis to explain properly maintenance requirements and provide contact information for complaints. Understanding the Approaches: - The community has implemented: - Annual resident training, including City officials, legal advisors, and local housing advocates - Neighborhood volunteers trained to enforce permit parking City of Moorhead City of Moorhead - 10,486 residents in 2000 - 3,500 students at Concordia College - 7,882 students at Minnesota State University Moorhead Understanding the Terms: - Eviction - The leasing of a rental unit to a nonowner for a fixed or nonfixed period of time…whereby nonpayment of authorized payment means the occupant may be evicted. - Room/Unit - Any room or group of rooms located within a dwelling and forming a single habitable unit. --- Understanding the Numbers: - 1,026 rental units, 1,072 buildings in 2005 - 320 rental units converted from single-family homes – doubling the number from 2000. - Most student housing units are located within the vicinity between and around the two campuses. - Off-campus units tend to be further from campus. Neighborhood Best Practices: Moorhead Understanding the Issues: - The City and Neighbors are concerned that: - Loud parties and noise are affiliated with rental housing. - On-street parking congestion due to increased demand. - Property maintenance including building condition is lacking throughout. - Unsafe and overcrowded conditions exist. Neighborhood Best Practices: Moorhead Understanding the Issues: - The University and College are concerned that: - Students reside in unsafe conditions. Neighborhood Best Practices: Moorhead Understanding the Issues: - The City and Landlords are concerned that: - Difficult to hold tenants accountable for rental standards. - Expensive to enforce city policies concerning the regulation of rental units. Understanding the Approaches: - The City has implemented: - Centennial Land Use Plan (2004) - Used to initiate land use changes to establish a strong connection to downtown. - Rental Unit Regulation and Inspection (1986) - Ensures units meet health and safety standards. Understanding the Approaches: - The City has implemented: - Ordinance 2004-18 (2004) - Alternative methods of enforcing city code. - City Code 9-7-12 (1987) - Enforcement of city code. - Defines enforcement policy and action plan for problem properties, landlords and tenants. Understanding the Approaches: - The City has implemented: - Noise Ordinance (1998). - Crime-Free Multi-housing Program - Lessons of legal issues, fire prevention, drug activity and security. - Property inspections and recommendations. Understanding the Approaches: - The City has implemented: - Focus groups on rental housing policy - Assessment of performance and cost - Open discussion to solicit resident and landlord opinions --- Understanding the Approaches: - Concordia College has implemented: - On-campus residency requirement for first two years of college. - Student Handbook - Rights and Responsibilities for students living off campus. --- Understanding the Approaches: - The Community has implemented: - Historic Comstock Neighborhood Group - Communication (mail, flyers, etc.) with landlords, tenants, residents and City. - Knapp Park Neighbors - Communication (mail, flyers, etc.) with landlords, tenants, residents and City. City of St. Cloud City of St. Cloud - 51,000 residents in 2000 - 39,000 students at St. Cloud State University - 3,482 students at St. Cloud Technical College St. Cloud Rental Properties - October 2008 Understanding the Terms: Rental Property – A dwelling unit, rooming house or sleeping room occupied by a person or persons in the status of renter. Understanding the Numbers: - 1,520 rental units in 2004; 2,000 rental properties - 480 rental units converted from single family homes – more than the number from 2000. - 70% of rental units are located in campus neighborhoods. - 600 new rental units were built in 2002 and 2003. Understanding the Issues: The City and Residents are concerned that: - Single-family homes are being converted to rental units. - Rental properties are violating the Housing Code. - Ordinances are difficult to enforce. Understanding the Issues: - The City and Residents are concerned that: - Intersections need improvements. - Litter is increasingly a problem. - Vandalism is increasingly a problem. - Noise from loud parties, loud vehicles. - Parking supply. Understanding the Approaches: - The City has implemented: - Sections of City Code regulating: - Loud Parties/Noise - Landlord Responsibility/Nerve Regulations - Crime-free Multi-housing Understanding the Approaches: - The City has implemented: - Sections of City Code regulating: - Noises affecting peace, safety and health - Landlord Operation - Zoning Ordinances - Rental Dwelling License Understanding the Approaches: - The Universities have implemented: - SCSU Master Plan (2005) - Includes student housing, and campus development. - SCSU Student Code of Conduct (2004) - Regulates off-campus student resident behavior. --- Understanding the Approaches: - The Universities have implemented: - St. Cloud Technical College Master Plan (2005) - Discusses expansion needs and parking issues. --- Understanding the Approaches: - Other groups have implemented: - MNPTA: Suggested Neighborhood Improvement Strategies (2005) - HPS: CDBG Consolidated Plan Understanding the Approaches: - The community has implemented: - East Side Board - Healthy Community Partnership Plan (2002-2003) - Ongoing meetings - on residential and commercial issues. - Neighborhood Coalition (2004) - Mission and Statement of Position Understanding the Approaches: - The community has implemented: - Historical Preservation Association - Neighborhood Watch Clubs - Healthy Neighborhoods Partnership Program - Neighborhood based planning. - Neighborhood University Community Council - Monthly committee meetings Next Steps Next Steps: - Prepare a report to incorporate community worksheets and meeting responses (DSU). - Use tonight’s discussion to guide research on types of approaches being implemented throughout the country. (DSU) - Meet to discuss research findings and applications in a second teleconference. (DSU, City, Workgroups) Deriving effective solutions to common problems. Fargo Mankato St. Cloud Slide 2 Neighborhood Best Practices Teleconference II Thursday February 16th, 2006 Presented by: City of Fargo City of Mankato City of St. Cloud John W. Sherburne President and Director of Planning Bartkiewicz, Sherburne and Ulrich, Inc. Slide 3 Neighborhood Best Practices How can our communities learn from each other and identify and implement strategies to successfully overcome their common problems? Purpose: - To define a set of Neighborhood Best Practices to address issues faced by neighborhoods surrounding university campuses. - To more fully understand these problems and the range of strategies and approaches to solving them. Neighborhood Best Practices Today’s Agenda: - Review the process to date. - Outline Phase II. Review our examples and recommendations. - Answer any questions. Neighborhood Best Practices Directed Discussion: - Due to the unique format of tonight’s conference we ask for your cooperation in following the lead of your facilitator. - Please limit your comments to the times when your responses are requested. The Process Neighborhood Best Practices What’s been done: • Compile information from participants on current needs and policies regarding campus neighborhood best practices. (Now – Dec: City, DSU) • Present information and invite discussion among participants in a second teleconference. (Dec. 14: City, Workgroups, DSU) • Complete comprehensive research on tools, approaches and strategies being implemented in other institutions in MN/ND and throughout the country. (Phase Two: DSU) Neighborhood Best Practices Current Steps: • Present information and invite discussion in a second teleconference. (Today: City, Workgroups, DSU) • Based on the results of these teleconference discussions, participants will establish their own Neighborhood Best Practices to address campus neighborhood issues. (Individual cities, Workgroups) Phase II • Prepared Phase II Memo • Prepared Research Appendix • Today we will lead the discussion of Phase II results Neighborhood Best Practices Phase II – Many Strategies • Rental Licensing • Overlay/Change in Use • Accessory Dwelling • Design Guidelines • Housing Renovation • Landscaping/Paves • Car Sharing • “Family” Definition • Neighborhood/House Identification • Parking Permitting • Student Groups • University/City Police Cooperation • Community Crime Patrols • Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design • Parking Improvement Districts Neighborhood Best Practices Phase II – The Keys • No one strategy or policy alone is adequate to address the issues faced by the study communities • Communication and working relationships between city and college/university is critical • For any strategy - Enforcement is critical to success Another Note about Cooperation Example Strategies Rental Licensing - Owners apply to be licensed - City determines inspection process and standards - Ensures compliance with all codes - Enforcement is key Overlays and Changing Zoning - Create Overlay Zone or Change Zoning - Promote infill and density - Designate student neighborhoods to protect other residential areas Neighborhood Best Practices Ritchfield Rediscovered - Build new homes on existing home sites - Used to redevelop an area - City reimburses owner upon completion Neighborhood Best Practices Transit - Transit can link student neighborhoods with campus - Supported by University - Low cost to students - Reduces parking demand Permit Parking - Restricts parking to residents - Eliminates “student cruising” and parking - Enforcement is key - Can compliment transit service City/Campus Coordination - Non-profit development corporation - Campus Partners - Developed a Revitalization Plan for the area - Institutes student parking fees, student groups, and university reps and police - Board of Trustees and City Council adopted plan as official policy Recommendations Elements of a Comprehensive Strategy: - Coordination between the City and College and/or University - Work with Neighborhood Organizations - Regulations and Enforcement - City Planning and Redevelopment - College and University Master Plans Maintain a Strong, Effective Working Relationship - Full Commitment at the Executive Level - Mayor and President/CEO should meet periodically on this and other issues related to the neighborhood - Bring all of the affected departments, organizations and individuals to the process - Develop a full understanding of the Issues - Understand problems, existing and potential tools and strategies available to staff Neighborhood Best Practices Maintain a Strong, Effective Working Relationship - Share in the preparation of an Action Plan - This includes a clear description of roles, responsibilities, expectations and accountability - Establish procedures, monitor results, hold each other accountable - Communicate, Communicate, Communicate! Turnover is constant! Institutional memory is transitory. Ongoing success will not happen without sustained effort! Neighborhood Best Practices Neighborhood Organizations: Keys to being an effective partner - Volunteer organizations will always be a challenge to manage - Boundaries can be an issue - Districts/areas may not align with the logical boundaries for these purposes. Discrepancies must be addressed respectfully and effectively - Consider a paid Neighborhood Organizer - There are many good models to consider Neighborhood Organizations: Keys to being an effective partner • Positive attitude is important • Personalize neighborhood expectations - Need to understand & personalize about “who we are” in our neighborhood - functions, participate in neighborhood governance • Understand Neighborhood’s role in the Plan - Understand ways to market effectiveness and convenience Neighborhood Best Practices Neighborhood Organizations: Keys to being an effective partner • Communication between City, College/University and Neighborhood - Examples - Incidents when expectations were not met - Incidents when expectations were met - Celebrate success! - Increase awareness of the Action Plan - Inspection - Learning - Programs to encourage horse ownership Neighborhood Best Practices Neighborhood Organizations: Keys to being an effective partner • Make students aware of Neighborhood expectations: We welcome Students as our neighbors. Mutual respect is our goal! There is a huge number of examples of strategies that have been used. The key is identifying which are appropriate for your situation. We would be happy to help you in locating and implementing these strategies as the next step in the process. Thank you for attending. Jana Shardlow, President, AICP Director-Suburban Planner DSU, Inc. 300 First Avenue, Suite 210 Minneapolis, MN 55401 612-326-3300 www.dsuinc.com PRIORITIZED GOAL STATEMENTS (as adopted on 3/26/06) Dots Goals 9 Improve enforcement of the City’s existing codes. 6 Develop assistance programs to increase home ownership and rehabilitation within the City’s core neighborhoods. 5 Increase landlord responsibility for property maintenance/condition and tenant conduct. 4 Strengthen the nuisance ordinance to enhance the quality of life in the City’s existing neighborhoods. 2 Strengthen the zoning ordinance to enhance the quality of life in the City’s core neighborhoods. 0 Enhance communication and cooperation between the University, City, and neighborhoods 0 Develop active neighborhood associations and clubs. \| GOAL \| CURRENT PRACTICES \| NEW INITIATIVES \| RESPONSIBLE PARTY \| PROJECTED START DATE \| \|------\|------------------\|-----------------\|-------------------\|---------------------\| \| 1. Improve enforcement of the City’s existing codes. (9 votes) \| 3 full time inspectors assigned to enforce housing and zoning codes since 1985 City has implemented citation process for front and side yard parking City has accepted offer from SCHNPA NUCC and SCSU to provide private funding of a part-time Health and Inspections staff person Implement the Customer Complaint Tracking System on the City’s Neighborhood Services website Posting of Good Neighbor Notes on the City’s Neighborhood Services website to allow neighborhood resolution of problem properties H & I staff currently utilize in-office equipment to prepare inspections report and correspondence Information packets are provided to rental property managers with rules and standards \| 1A. Seek funding for 2.5 additional Health & Inspections staff persons for code enforcement Reduced or increased rental license fees depending upon frequency of code violations 1B. Seek additional private on-going SCSU funding sources to supplement Health & Inspections staff 1C. Consider fee increases to provide for additional Health & Inspections staff 1D. Support technology upgrades to improve efficiency of code enforcement process 1E. Investigate the use of enforcement by citation for other nuisance violations (rent and ownership) 1F. Develop a proactive violation identification process for all city staff, such as employee note pads Identify other means to inform and confront owners and tenants of potential violations prior to city involvement 1G. Utilize staff resources of other City departments (e.g. Fire) \| City Council, City Admin, H&I, Nbhd Coalition City Council, City Admin, H&I Neighborhood Coalition City Council, H&I City Council, H&I, Planning Off., IT Off. Attorney’s Office City Administration Neighborhood Coalition City Administration, H&I \| 0-6 months 6-12 months 0-6 months 0-6 months 6-12 months 0-6 months 6-12 months 0-6 months 0-6 months \| \| Continuation – Improve enforcement of the City’s existing codes. \| 1H. Investigate reinspection fee to place burden on consistent violators 1I. Implement issue checklist as part of inspection notice to owners 1J. Require mandatory education for rental property owners and managers 1K. Utilize HRA funding for code enforcement staff within low-moderate income areas \| City Administration, Legal, H&I H&I Department H&I Department, Police, Legal HRA \| 0-6 months 6-12 months 6-12 months 0-6 months \| \| GOAL \| CURRENT PRACTICES \| NEW INITIATIVES \| RESPONSIBLE PARTY \| PROJECTED START DATE \| \|------\|------------------\|-----------------\|-------------------\|---------------------\| \| 2. Develop assistance programs to increase home ownership and rehabilitation within the City’s core neighborhoods. (6 votes) \| State Funded Programs - Significant funds are available through the use of Minnesota Housing Finance Agency’s existing programs for home ownership and renovation. The stacking of these funding programs can create a significant incentive for homeownership and rehabilitation/renovation in existing neighborhoods. HRA administers the Minnesota Housing Finance Agency (MHFA) Rehabilitation Loan Program, which provides a 30 year loan with no payments to low-income homeowners. \| 2A. Support the recommendations of the Healthy Neighborhoods Partnership Program’s Housing Incentives Task Force and the Life Cycle Housing Board’s Existing Housing Subcommittee. Central Minnesota Housing Partnership application to MHFA for funding to implement a community land trust for owner occupancy Central Minnesota Housing Partnership application to MHFA for home ownership and rehab funds on behalf of the LCH Board HRA application to MHFA for CRV funding for rehab of existing homes Neighborhood Coalition assistance program for home ownership in core neighborhoods Work with Habitat for Humanity on a home rehab and owner occupancy program Reduce LCH percentage to 5% Seek state bonding or other funding sources \| CMHP, LCH Board, City Council, City Administration, HRA CMHP, LCH Board, Planning Office HRA Neighborhood Coalition, HRA HNPP Task Force, City Council, City Administration City Administration, Habitat for Humanity LCH Bd., City Council City Council, HRA \| 0-6 months 12-months 12-months 6-months 6-months Immediate Immediate \| KEY: Green= proceed, Red= not proceed, underline=new text, strike-out =deleted text \| GOAL \| CURRENT PRACTICES \| NEW INITIATIVES \| RESPONSIBLE PARTY \| PROJECTED START DATE \| \|------\|------------------\|-----------------\|-------------------\|---------------------\| \| 3. Increase landlord responsibility for property maintenance/condition and tenant conduct (5 votes) \| Section 465 of the City Code establishes the registration and licensing requirement for any rental dwellings Section 1050 of the City Code establishes the landlord responsibility rules and noise regulations Section 1050 includes a four strike rule that allows revocation of a license for a dwelling unit upon four violations within 24 months. \| A. Consider reducing the number of violations from four to three within a two year period B. Consider adding nuisance and zoning ordinance violations to landlord responsibility ordinance C. Identify means to relay property manager information to neighbors and residents D. Ensure accurate information is submitted by owners and maintained by the City E. Require local property manager that is the owner or their employee, not just current tenant \| City Council, Attorney’s Office City Council, Attorney’s Office H&I Department, IT Office, Planning H&I Department H&I Department, Legal Department \| 0-6 months 0-6 months 6-12 months On-Going 6-12 months \| KEY: Green= proceed, Red=not proceed, underline=new text, strike-out =deleted text \| GOAL \| CURRENT PRACTICES \| NEW INITIATIVES \| RESPONSIBLE PARTY \| PROJECTED START DATE \| \|----------------------------------------------------------------------\|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\|----------------------------------------\|----------------------\| \| 4. Strengthen the nuisance ordinance to enhance the quality of life in the City’s existing neighborhoods (4 votes) \| Section 330 of the City Council adopts the Uniform Housing Code Section 680.25 of the City Code establishes standards for lawn maintenance Section 1000 of the City Code defines nuisances “Affecting Peace and Safety”, including: artificial lighting, dust in parking lots, fireworks, large crowds, material from aircraft, old machinery and debris, outside parking and storage, and unreasonable acceleration. Section 1005 of the City Code defines nuisances “Affecting Health and Safety”, including: garbage, trash, pests/rodents, and others. Section 1040 of the City Code establishes animal control requirements Section 1050 of the City Code establishes noise control regulations \| 4A. Investigate changes to State and/or local law to address noisy vehicles (modifications to vehicles for noise, motorcycles, etc.) \| Legal Department, Police Department \| 0-6 months \| \| GOAL \| CURRENT PRACTICES \| NEW INITIATIVES \| RESPONSIBLE PARTY \| PROJECTED START DATE \| \|----------------------------------------------------------------------\|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\|----------------------------------------\|----------------------\| \| 5. Strengthen the Zoning Ordinance to enhance the quality of life in the City’s core neighborhoods (2 votes) \| Family is defined as up to 4 unrelated adults in a single housing unit A residential property is required to landscape a minimum of 30% of the entire property and 50% of the front yard. Required off-street parking: --2 spaces per single-family dwelling, --1 space per bedroom or sleeping area not to exceed 4, --1.75 parking spaces per multiple family unit, and --.75 spaces per person in a lodging house, fraternity, sorority Parking in the R3 and R3A districts (around SCSU) required at 1 space for each of the first two bedrooms and ½ space for each additional bedroom \| 5A. Consider an amendment to the Zoning Ordinance revising the definition of family (unrelated adults) 5B. Consider an amendment increasing the off-street parking requirement to ensure appropriate parking for unrelated adults 5C. Consider an amendment increasing the amount of green space required on private property 5D. Consider an amendment increasing the setbacks for off-street parking in the rear yard. 5E. Review the zoning districts surrounding the SCSU campus throughout the community to determine the appropriateness of the allowed density Consider prohibiting or limiting the number of rental properties (e.g. separation standard or district prohibition) 5F. Review the allowance of gravel for off-street parking associated with single-family homes 5G. Establish a definition for guest and rent \| Planning Commission, Planning Office Planning Commission, Planning Office Planning Commission, Planning Office Planning Commission, Planning Office Planning Commission, Planning Office, Neighborhood Coalition Planning Commission, Planning Office Planning Commission, Planning Office \| 0-6 months 0-6 months 0-6 months 0-6 months 6-12 months 0-6 months 0-6 months \| KEY: Green= proceed, Red=not proceed, underline=new text, strike-out =deleted text \| GOAL \| CURRENT PRACTICES \| NEW INITIATIVES \| RESPONSIBLE PARTY \| PROJECTED START DATE \| \|----------------------------------------------------------------------\|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\|----------------------\| \| 6. Enhance communication and cooperation between the University, City, and neighborhoods (0 votes) \| Continue the St. Cloud Neighborhood University Council (NUCC) to: provide a vehicle for continuing communication of concerns, create an environment of continuing mutual respect and support, make communications to member groups and other organizations on issues affecting the welfare of the neighborhood, community, and university. Monthly City and SCSU staff meetings Coordinated efforts on university events, such as move-in day, homecoming, and others SCSU Student Code of Conduct \| 6A. Encourage SCSU’s continued participation in an on-going Healthy Neighborhoods Partnership Program. 6B. Improve community participation and understanding of current and future SCSU Master Plans 6C. Investigate potential of university penalties for off-campus behavior 6D. Continue to improve communication and coordination between City and SCSU on special events and on-going matters 6E. Development of 5th Avenue South Area Plan 6F. Provide Health and Inspection outreach to student population \| SCSU, City Council, NUCC SCSU, Neighborhood Coalition, NUCC SCSU, Attorney’s Office SCSU, Police Department, Attorney’s Office Planning Office, SCSU, Neighborhood SCSU, H&I \| On-Going On-Going 0-6 months On-Going 6-12 months 6-12 months \| KEY: Green= proceed, Red= not proceed, underline=new text, strike-out =deleted text \| GOAL \| CURRENT PRACTICES \| NEW INITIATIVES \| RESPONSIBLE PARTY \| PROJECTED START DATE \| \|------\|------------------\|-----------------\|-------------------\|---------------------\| \| 7. Develop active neighborhood associations and clubs (0 votes) \| Health Neighborhoods Partnership Program (currently in Tech High, Southside, St. John Cantius, and Seberger/Roosevelt Neighborhoods) Neighborhood Coalition – ongoing coordination between neighborhood groups Eastside Boosters and St. Cloud Historical & Neighborhood Preservation Association (SCHNPA) are two continuing neighborhood associations Neighborhood watch groups – organized with cooperation from the St. Cloud Police Department \| 7A. Formalize the role of neighborhood groups in public notification and participation in current issues/proposals 7B. Continue the Healthy Neighborhoods Partnership Program with other areas. 7C. Develop an on-going series of monthly neighborhood forums to air concerns (town hall forums) 7D. Enhance communication/interaction between City Council ward representatives and their constituents \| Neighborhood Coalition, City Council City Council, Neighborhood Coalition, City Administration City Council, City Administration \| On-GOING 12-18 months 6-12 months On-GOING \| KEY: Green= proceed, Red=not proceed, underline=new text, strike-out =deleted text \| GOAL \| CURRENT PRACTICES \| NEW INITIATIVES \| RESPONSIBLE PARTY \| PROJECTED START DATE \| \|------\|------------------\|-----------------\|-------------------\|---------------------\| \| 8. Miscellaneous Issues \| Section 1055 of the City Code establishes the crime free multi-housing program Increased rental license fee by $6 per unit in 2006 to fund Crime Free Multi Housing Program Husky Transit Pass providing free mass transit to students Residence on-street parking permit Heritage Preservation Ordinance establishes standards for exterior improvements of properties, which can affect building occupancy Neighborhood Watch Program \| On-street parking ban areas 8A. Allow private trash collection. Consider alternative means (required dumpsters, 3 can, 90 gallon, etc.) of trash collection to improve the cleanliness/maintenance of properties 8B. Consider expansion of Southside Historic District and establishment of new districts 8C. Investigate restrictions against on-campus vehicles for underclassmen 8D. Develop a property and/or neighborhood recognition program to acknowledge positive changes 8E. Pursue community marketing campaign, potentially partnering with ISD 742, to change the perception of St. Cloud’s quality of life. 8F. Investigate city-wide clean up day. \| Public Services Department HPC, Planning Office SCSU City Administration, Parks City Council, City Administration, ISD Public Services Department \| 6-12 months 6-12 months 6-12 months 6-12 months 0-6 months 0-6 months \| KEY: Green= proceed, Red= not proceed, underline=new text, strike-out =deleted text TASK FORCE ACTIONS Goal 5: Strengthen the Zoning Ordinance to enhance the quality of life in the City’s core neighborhoods. A. Consider an amendment to the Zoning Ordinance revising the definition of family (unrelated adults). (11 votes) Goal 1: Improve enforcement of the City’s existing codes. E. Investigate the use of enforcement by citation for other nuisance violations (rent and ownership). Goal 3: Increase landlord responsibility for property maintenance / condition and tenant conduct. B. Consider adding nuisance and zoning ordinance violations to landlord responsibility ordinance. (14 votes) Goal 1: Improve enforcement of the City’s existing codes. A. Seek funding for 2.5 additional Health & Inspections staff persons for code enforcement. (9 votes) Goal 5: Strengthen the Zoning Ordinance to enhance the quality of life in the City’s core neighborhoods. E. Review the zoning districts throughout the community to determine the appropriateness of the allowed density. (7 votes) Goal 5: Strengthen the Zoning Ordinance to enhance the quality of life in the City’s core neighborhoods. B. Consider an amendment increasing the off-street parking requirement to ensure appropriate parking for unrelated adults. C. Consider an amendment increasing the amount of green space required on private property. D. Consider an amendment increasing the setbacks for off-street parking in the rear yard. (4 votes) Goal 8: Miscellaneous Issues. Community Marketing. (4 votes) Goal 1: Improve enforcement of the City’s existing codes. H. Investigate reinspection fee to place burden on consistent violators. (3 votes) Goal 3: Increase landlord responsibility for property maintenance / condition and tenant conduct. A. Consider reducing the number of violations for four to three within a two year period. (1 vote) Goal 4: Strengthen the nuisance ordinance to enhance the quality of life in the City’s existing neighborhoods. A. Investigate changes to State and/or local laws to address noisy vehicles (modifications to vehicles for noise, motorcycles, etc.). (1 vote) Goal 1: Improve enforcement of the City’s existing codes. G. Utilize staff resources of other City Departments (e.g., Fire). (0 votes) Goal 6: Enhance communication and cooperation between the University, City and neighborhoods. C. Investigate potential of university penalties for off-campus behavior. (0 votes) Goal 8: Miscellaneous Issues. B. Allow private trash collection. (0 votes) Goal 8: Miscellaneous Issues. Prohibition of vehicles by freshmen students. (0 votes) Goal 8: Miscellaneous Issues. Clean Up Days. (0 votes) ADMINISTRATIVE ACTIONS Goal 1: Improve enforcement of the City’s existing codes. B. Seek on-going SCSU funding to supplement Health & Inspections staff. C. Consider fee increases to provide for additional Health & Inspections staff. D. Support technology upgrades to improve efficiency of code enforcement process. F. Develop a proactive violation identification process for all city staff, such as employee note pads. I. Implement issue checklist as part of inspection notice to owners. J. Require mandatory education for rental property owners and managers. K. Utilize HRA funding for code enforcement staff within low-moderate income areas. Goal 3: Increase landlord responsibility for property maintenance / condition and tenant conduct. C. Identify means to relay property manager information to neighbors and residents. D. Ensure accurate information is submitted by owners and maintained by the City. E. Require local property manager that is the owner or the employee, not just current tenant. Goal 5: Strengthen the Zoning Ordinance to enhance the quality of life in the City’s core neighborhoods. F. Review the allowance of gravel for off-street parking associated with single-family homes. G. Establish a definition for guest and rent. Goal 6: Enhance communication and cooperation between the University, City and neighborhoods. A. Encourage SCSU’s continued participation in an on-going Healthy Neighborhoods Partnership Program. B. Improve community participation and understanding of current and future SCSU Master Plans. D. Continue to improve communication and coordination between City and SCSU on special events and on-going matters. E. Development of 5th Avenue South Area Plan. F. Provide Health and Inspection outreach to student population. Goal 7: Develop active neighborhood association and clubs. A. Formalize the role of neighborhood groups in public notification and participation in current issues / proposals. B. Continue the Healthy Neighborhoods Partnership Program with other areas. C. Develop an on-going series of monthly neighborhood forums to air concerns (town hall forums). Goal 8: Miscellaneous Issues. C. 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AGENDA ZONING COMMISSION CITY OF ZACHARY Wednesday, September 6, 2017 1. Invocation 2. Pledge of Allegiance 3. Roll Call 4 Minutes preceding meeting 5. Presentation of Delegation 6. Announcements 7. Zoning a. Old Business – None b. New Business- 1. Conditional Use – Modular Home – Lot 49 of Cypress Park Subdivision (3257 Willow Drive) Owner: James Baker Applicant: David and Jennifer Dartez 2. Rezone –Lot X of PSRLC, LLC property from R4-a to I. Owner: PSRLC, LLC/ Mark Roberts- Manager Applicant: Ascension Ready Mix, Inc (Wayne Silva) 3. Rezone – Tracts C-2-B-1-A-1-C AND C-2-B-1-A-1-D (C-2-B-1-A-1-C-1) of the Marshall M and Mrs. M. G. Hughes Tract (Marigny Place) from CS to CG. Owner: Zachary Property Development, LLC (Carmen Erwin) Applicant: Hospital Service District No. 1 of East Baton Rouge Parish- dba Lane Regional Medical Center Zone of Influence– Lot A of the William G. Thomas Tract- Rezoning from LC2 (Light Commercial) to NC (Neighborhood Commercial) Owner: Henry Matthews Applicant: David Gaines 6:30 PM AGENDA ZONING COMMISSION CITY OF ZACHARY Wednesday, September 6, 2017 8. Report of the Chairman 9. Report of the City Planner 10. Adjournment 6:30 PM	<urn:uuid:c99f8e24-3708-45cc-9dd3-0e98537352d2>	CC-MAIN-2018-43	http://cityofzachary.org/uploads/files/09-06-17_Zoning_Agenda.pdf	2018-10-21T23:54:00Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583514437.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20181021224001-20181022005501-00213.warc.gz	69,275,072	364	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.624472	eng_Latn	0.507587	[ "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn" ]	false	rolmOCR	[ 1049, 1203 ]
ALASKA DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS DIVISION OF INSTITUTIONS RELIGIOUS VOLUNTEER APPLICATION VOLUNTEER APPLICATION Please return completed forms to: Chaplaincy Programs John G Lake Apostolic Healing Center 550 W. 7th Avenue, Suite 1800 – Anchorage, AK 99501 480 N. Fulton St. Fresno, CA 93711 Phone: (907) 269-7414 – FAX: Phone: 1-800-930-6732 (907) 269-7420 Mr. Mrs. Cell Phone: _________________ Ms. Rev. _________________________________________________ Home Phone: _______________ Rev. _________________________________________________ Home Phone: _______________ ResidenceAddress _____________________________________Email: _____________________________ MailingAddress __________________________________ City: _______________ State: ____ Zip ________ Date of Birth: ________ Place of Birth _____________ Height: _____ Weight: _____ Hair: _____ Eyes: _____ Race: _________ Sex: ___ Alaska Driver's License/I.D. #: _________________ S.S. #: __________________ Military ID #: __________________ Other ID (# & Title): __________________________________________ Are you an Alaska resident? Are you an California resident? Yes No No If so, how long? ____ Previous States Lived in? _________________ Marital Status: Married Separated Divorced Single Single Spouse's Name________________________ Ages of children, if living at home: _____________________________________________________________ Emergency Contact: Name ____________________________________ Phone ________________________ Employer: Name/Address ______________________________________________ Phone _______________ Work Type/Job Title: ________________________________________________________________________ List Types of Work Experience: ________________________________________________________________ Vocational Training: _________________________________________________________________________ Military Service (Branch): _______________________________ Type of Discharge: _____________________ Church(or Organization) Name __________________________________ City ________________________ Pastor ________________________ Phone ___________________ Denomination ______________________ Character Reference: Name ________________________________ Phone _____________________________ High School Graduate? Yes No GED College: Number of years _____ Degree(s): _____________________ Major: __________________________ Graduate School: Degree(s): _____________________ Major: __________________________ Foreign languages spoken ____________________________________________________________________ Yes No Are you currently an: Ordained MinisterLicensed Minister Other: __________________ If yes, credentials issued by which religious faith group? ___________________________ If yes, please attach documentation (i.e. certificate of ordination). __________________________________________________________________________________________________ Name ____________________________________ Phone ________________________ Rev. _________________________________________________ Home Phone: _______________________ Mrs. _________________________________________________ Date of Birth: ___________ Race: ________________________ Gender: ______________ List other education, certification(s), or special training _____________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ You must include a Pastoral Reference letter with your application to even be considered __________________________________________________________________________________________ Interests/Leisure Activities: List your specific interests (i.e. hobbies, sports, music, reading, entertainment) __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ Form 819.01b Religious Volunteer Application Revised 4/22/2014 Page 1 of 3 Page 1 Yes No Are you a United States Citizen? If no, please attach documentation of current status. Yes No Do you have a physical disability? If yes, what? _______________________________________ Yes No Do you have reliable transportation? Yes No Have you ever been arrested for reasons other than minor traffic violations? If yes, explain below No Do you currently have any other certification or seminary degree's? If yes, explain below or on a separate sheet of paper. ________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ Yes No Are you currently on parole or probation? Yes No Are there any other names you have been known by? If yes, please list _____________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ Yes No Do you have friends or relatives incarcerated in an Alaska prison? If yes, indicate name(s), No Have you ever been through Deliverance or Inner Healing? institution(s), and relationship _________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ Yes No Do you have a family member who is employed by the Department of Corrections? Do you currently hold any positions with other ministries?___________________________________________ If yes, indicate name(s), position(s) and institution(s): ___________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ Why do you want to be a religious volunteer in prison?______________________________________________ Why do you want to be a volunteer for the John G Lake Apostolic Healing Center ?_______________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ Availability: Weekdays ______________________________ a.m. p.m. Weeknights _____________________________ Weekends ______________________________ a.m. p.m. I understand that a police records/criminal history check is a necessary security procedure for acceptance into this program. My signature below authorizes initial and periodic re-checks as deemed necessary for my continued participation and confirms my agreement to abide by all policies and procedures of the Department of Corrections and its administrative components, particularly those regarding ethical standards, security, and confidentiality of information. I understand that false and/or incomplete information will result in non-acceptance or discharge from this program. My signature certifies the truth and accuracy of the information provided herein. (Photocopies and/or faxes shall be as valid as the original.) policies and procedures of the John G Lake Apostolic Healing Center and its administrative components, particularly those regarding ethical or discharged as a volunteer. My signature certifies the truth and accuracy of the information provided herein. (Photocopies and/or I understand that this application & the questions asked are a necessary security procedure for acceptance to volunteer. My signature Signature of Applicant: _________________________________________________ Date: ________________ PLEASE DO NOT WRITE BELOW THIS LINE—FOR STAFF USE ONLY STAFF NOTES: Date Received ____________________________________ Orientation Date __________________________________ Orientation by ___________________________________ Card Status ______________________________________ Institution Preferred _______________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ Reason For Denial____________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ [ ] Approved [ ] Denied Interview Date ____________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ If Yes, What Ministry? _______________________________________________________________________________ Assignment ______________________________________ Form 819.01b Religious Volunteer Application Revised 4/22/2014 Page 2 of 3	<urn:uuid:ef3d693c-2878-439b-bf17-0cb3c1baef4c>	CC-MAIN-2024-26	https://jglahc.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Volunteer-Application.pdf	2024-06-24T17:52:29+00:00	s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/crawl=CC-MAIN-2024-26/subset=warc/part-00158-44971353-df4b-48d7-8025-975e8feb989b.c000.gz.parquet	302,129,399	1,467	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.65938	eng_Latn	0.824701	[ "hau_Latn", "eng_Latn" ]	false	rolmOCR	[ 4034, 8872 ]
AR Division Quarterly News and Updates August 2021 Greetings AR Division, I hope this newsletter finds you, your family, and loved ones staying safe and healthy. The last year has certainly been a very challenging and trying one for all of us. I'm confident that better days lie ahead. Reflecting on the past year and all of AR Division's accomplishments, two words come to mind – resilience and gratitude. Despite many dark days, AR Division's work during the CIVID-19 pandemic never ceased. In fact, in many ways we improved upon several of our internal processes. Around the clock our steadfast workforce was always at the ready to support our customers who, unbeknownst to many, stretch across the globe. We routinely recognize superior service through our Ambassador of Quality (AOQ) award. This quarter, we have many being recognized. This is a true reflection of the superior level of customer service AR Division continues to provide. While I wish I could recognize and present the certificate to all of you in person, for now this note will have to do – along with a big THANK YOU! As we transition back to the office, be mindful in knowing that we're not out of the woods yet with regards to COVID-19. Our objective during this transition is to achieve the right balance of physical presence and telework; providing the optimal level of support to our customers. Lest we forget, we are a Customer Service organization. As such, we adjust to our customer's demands. In doing so, we will not jeopardize or compromise anyone's health. We will continue to provide the optimal level of support, enabling our customers to meet their mission. This is a delicate balance, but I assure you that every level of leadership throughout AR Division and HQMC is committed to meeting both objectives. In closing, I'd like to wish all our new-joins a hearty welcome aboard. AR Division offers many opportunities that you may not even know exist. Don't hesitate to reach out to your leadership and inquire about the broad and diverse mission right here at home. And for those departing our ranks, whether moving on to another opportunity or transitioning to retirement, your time served with AR Division and Headquarters Marine Corps is very much appreciated. We couldn't have accomplished our many successes without your involvement. When you reflect back on your time, do so knowing that your presence made a difference every day to many lives – thank you. Semper Fidelis, Steven M. Grozinski Steven M. Grozinski Director, AR Division FRONT OFFICE NEWS To keep all AR Division personnel safe during COVID-19 and to streamline processes, we are continuing to limit the use of hardcopy paperwork. To the greatest extent possible, please use electronic forms and documents. If you are in need of a form(s) please visit https://www.hqmc.marines.mil/ar or email [email protected] and we will send the form(s) to you within one business day. Customer Service Focus Group: In our continuing efforts to improve customer service, the Front Office staff recently conducted its first-ever customer service focus group. The focus group format was chosen as being most effective for hearing the "voice of the customer." The staff's extensive research into how to conduct a focus group was assisted greatly by recommendations from the Division's own ARHM section. Participants told us exactly what changes they would like to see and made recommendations to improve our products, services, and overall customer service. The staff has already begun implementing the recommendations and will inform the focus group participants of the changes that resulted from their input. The Front Office staff would like to thank all of the focus group participants and ARHM. Your openness to share your experiences will enable us to make our processes more customer friendly and will hopefully create a better customer experience for all of AR Division in the future. Check-In/Check-Out: We continue to leverage technology in processing check-ins/check-outs. All new-joins should complete the employee check-in package found in https://www.hqmc.marines.mil/ar and return to the Front Office for processing and to schedule a check-in brief. For check-outs, please contact the Front Office via email at [email protected] at least 48 hours in advance. We will forward the paperwork and arrange for the debriefing. Processing times for check-ins/check-outs are currently 5-7 business days due to the various systems and branches involved with the processes. Parking Updates: Pre-Pandemic Parking Rules Take Effect October 1, 2021. Temporary parking privileges and procedures implemented during COVID will end September 30, 2021, and normal, prepandemic parking privileges and procedures will resume October 1, 2021. If you need to change or amend your parking privileges, contact the Front Office before October 1, and please ensure that you are in compliance with all applicable parking rules. These rules are detailed in a new Pentagon building circulars published online (CAC-enabled) at: https://my.whs.mil/services/Building-Circular-Library Expiration dates for General permits (NA, SA, NC, SC, H (permanent), OGV, and O) will be extended through November 30, 2021. There is no action required for General permit holders at this time. Please note that the Pentagon Force Protection Agency (PFPA) is enforcing existing parking regulations. Park in the area indicated on your permit. If you have any questions regarding parking, please call the AR Front Office at 703-614-1837 or the PMO at 703-697-6251. COVID-19 Vaccine Updates: The COVID-19 vaccination is now available to all Pentagon employees. For more information or to sign up, visit https://apps.sp.pentagon.mil/sites/Vaccination/Pages/Home.asp x. Foreign Travel: Are you planning on traveling outside of the country? Friendly reminder prior to conducting foreign travel (personal or business), all military, civilian, and DoD contractor personnel must complete a Notification of Foreign Travel Form. Please visit https://hqmcportal.hqi.usmc.mil/sites/essrp/ForeignTravel/Lists /FT/SummaryView.aspx to complete the form. Annual Mandatory Training: If you have not completed your annual training, please stay ahead and complete your annual mandatory training! Don't wait until the last minute to complete required training. Read the Civilian Annual Mandatory Training MARDAMIN for tips on how to tackle one mandatory training at a time. CAC Renewal and Issues: If your CAC is due to expire within the next 90 days, you can make an appointment online to get it renewed now. To schedule an appointment, go to https://idco.dmdc.osd.mil/idco/. Visit CAC and Building Access Renewal Instructions for more information. However, if you have an immediate need due to issues with your CAC, the Pentagon Pass Office will accept a very limited number of walk-up customers each day. Walk-up service is tightly regulated and customers who cannot be accommodated within limits dictated by social distancing requirements will be asked to leave. You will NOT be allowed to wait in the pass office or adjacent areas when the walk-up queue is full. The current Pentagon Pass Office (Room 1F1084 near the Metro Entrance) hours are: Monday, Tuesday, Thursday & Friday: 0800 to 1600 and Wednesday 0830-1600. The current Pentagon, USAF (RM 5C1049) hours are Monday-Friday from 1200-1500. Civilian Service Commendation Medal (CSCM) and Civilian Service Achievement Medal (CSAM): The CSCM is awarded to DON Civilians who distinguish themselves by performing well above their specialty or grade. The CSAM is awarded to DON Civilians who are to be recognized for sustained performance or specific achievement of a superlative nature. For more information, see MARADMIN 067/20 or contact [email protected] . Safety Tips: To view various safety tips such as workplace, roadway, family, and community safety, visit National Safety Council or Recommended Practices for Safety and Health Programs. FAREWELL: Mr. Dan Silverman ***** EEO NEWS ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION (ADR) ADR Conflict Resolution Corner * 85 percent of employees deal with conflict on some level * 34 percent of conflict is caused by stress in the workplace * 49 percent of conflict is a result of personality clashes and "warring egos" These stats are according to Psychology Today... Can you relate to any of the categories listed above? Are you dealing with impaired communication with a coworker? Facing obstructive behaviors, lack of support, or constant disagreements within your team? Through the ADR Program, we see conflict as an opportunity where participants can work together in understanding each other's thoughts, emotions, and behaviors. If you know a team or work relationship which could benefit from ADR, contact Pete McConnell, ADR Program Manager at 360-471-5239 or at [email protected]. REASONABLE ACCOMMODATION (RA) Accommodations Corner 1. Q: What is the Reasonable Accommodation (RA) process? A: The Department of the Navy reasonable accommodation (RA) process is a program designed to assist qualified individuals with disabilities to enjoy equal employment opportunities. 2. Q: Who is a "Qualified Individual with a Disability"? A: A qualified individual with a disability is an individual who has a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits a major life activity and who can perform the essential functions of the position with or without an accommodation. To be a qualified individual with a disability, the individual must meet the skills, experience, education and other requirements for the job the individual holds or desires. 3. Q: What is a disability under the Americans with Disabilities Amendments Act (ADAAA)? A: The Americans with Disabilities Amendments Act (ADAAA) defines a disability as a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits a major life activity. Major life activities include, but are not limited to: caring for oneself, performing manual tasks, seeing, hearing, eating, sleeping, walking, interacting with others, operation of major bodily functions, and working. Under this definition, many different types of impairments will meet the criteria to be considered a disability. The ADAAA does not include an exclusive list of conditions considered to be a disability under the act. 4. Q: What is a reasonable accommodation? A: A reasonable accommodation includes a) modifications or adjustments to a job application process that enable a qualified applicant with a disability to be considered for a position the applicant desires; b) modifications or adjustments to the work environment or the way the duties are customarily performed that allow a qualified individual with a disability to perform the essential functions of the position; or c) modifications or adjustments that enable an employee with a disability to enjoy equal benefits and privileges of employment as similarly situated employees without disabilities. WORKFORCE RECRUITMENT PROGRAM (WRP) The Workforce Recruitment Program (WRP) is a premier resource of qualified college students and recent graduates with disabilities, from 380 campuses nationwide, who are seeking summer or permanent employment in federal agencies. Anyone with a Federal Government email address can access more than 2,500 candidates in the WRP by registering as an employer at WRP.gov. Every candidate is Schedule A eligible, and the database is searchable so employers can find job candidates with the specific skills they require. DoD recently authorized the DON to spend an additional $100,000 for FY 2021 WRP execution, for a total of $500,000. With the above hires identified and some early FY 2021 spending from FY 2020 rollovers, the DON has spent about half of the DON allocation. There is still plenty of DoD centralized funding available to support temporary hires – it is not too late to begin recruiting! Not only can you find WRP Participants through the WRP Database (https://www.wrp.gov/), but we have the ability to leverage the DoD centralized funding for otherwise eligible candidates not in the WRP Database through the "WRP Plus" program. The WRP Plus allows us to expand our recruitment pool and provides increased eligibility criteria (such as participating in a vocational rehabilitation program or having graduated within the last six (6) years). SPECIAL EMPHASIS PROGRAMS 3 rd Quarter Special Observances APRIL - Holocaust Days of Remembrance Week This year, the Holocaust Days of Remembrance week was observed from April 4 –11, 2021. Holocaust Remembrance Day is Thursday, April 8, 2021. This is observed each year during the week of Remembrance, which runs from the Sunday before Holocaust Remembrance Day (Yom Hashoah) through the following Sunday. "Acknowledge, Preserve, Honor is the theme for 2021. The DEOMI Special Observance team paid tribute to the military photographers who played a crucial role in documenting evidence of Nazi atrocities and the Holocaust. Many of the early still and moving pictures of newly liberated Nazi concentration camps were taken by Army photographers. They helped to inform the world about the horrors of Nazism and the plight of concentration camp prisoners. The U.S. Army and the Allied military governments of Germany eventually used these photographs to confront German prisoners of war in the United States and the German population with the evidence of Nazi crimes. MAY - Asian American and Pacific Islander Heritage Month National Asian Pacific Islander American Heritage Month began as Asian/Pacific American Heritage Week, first observed in 1979 under President Jimmy Carter, who noted the "enormous contributions to the sciences, arts, industry, government and commerce" made by Asian-Americans and Pacific Islanders. In 1990, President George H.W. Bush expanded the celebration to cover the whole month of May. May was chosen by the organizers in recognition of May 7, 1843, the date the first Japanese immigrants arrived in the United States, and in recognition of May 10, 1869, which marked the completion of the transcontinental railroad, which would not have been possible without the contributions of Chinese-Americans. Asian-Americans and Pacific Islanders have a history in America that stretches back hundreds of years. The first record of Asians in North America dates to 1587, when Filipino sailors came to what is now California. The first Chinese people recorded in the United States were three sailors who came to Baltimore in 1785 as part of an interracial shipping crew. Asian-Americans and Pacific Islanders are a diverse group, making up more than 50 ethnic groups and speaking more than 100 languages. Asian-Americans and Pacific Islanders in the United States and are among the fastest growing minority groups in the country. Asian-Americans and Pacific Islanders have made tremendous contributions. JUNE - The HQMC EEO Office has not received any information recognizing an observance for the month of June from DEOMI. However, we would like to recognize both the new national holiday, "Juneteenth National Independence Day" and Pride Month: Juneteenth National Independence Day Juneteenth is one of America's oldest holidays commemorating the end of slavery in the United States, while also celebrating the dignity, freedom and contributions made by African Americans. It has been celebrated by African Americans since the late 1800s. It is also called Emancipation Day, Liberation Day or Juneteenth Independence Day. The name "Juneteenth" references the date of the holiday, combining the words "June" and "nineteenth". On June 17, 2021, President Joe Biden signed the Juneteenth National Independence Day Act into law. Juneteenth's commemoration is on the anniversary date of the June 19, 1865 announcement of General Order No.3 by Union Major General Gordon Granger proclaiming freedom for slaves in Texas, which was the last state of the confederacy with institutional slavery. President Abraham Lincoln issued the preliminary Emancipation Proclamation in the midst of the Civil War. It became effective on January 1, 1863, declaring that all enslaved persons in the Confederate State of America in rebellion and not in Union hands were freed. Despite the surrender of Confederate General-in-Chief Roberts E. Lee on April 9, 1865, the western Confederate did not surrender until June 2. On the morning of June 19, 1865, Union Major General Gordon Granger arrived on the island of Galveston Texas, to take command of the more than 2,000 federal troops, informing all Texans that in accordance with a Proclamation from the Executive of the United States, all slaves were free. Pride Month Your EEO we would like to highlight the following LGBTQIA community important events which recently occurred: * Executive Order 13988, Preventing and Combatting Discrimination on the Basis of Gender Identify or Sexual Orientation, was signed on 20 January 2021. * Executive Order 14004, Enabling all Qualified Americans to Serve their Country in Uniform, to include Transgender Personnel, was signed on 25 January 2021. * President Biden issued the first Presidential Proclamation recognizing a Transgender Day of Visibility, on 31 March 2021. EEO TRIVIA The first person to submit all correct answers to [email protected] will win a prize! Deadline is: 3 September 2021. 1. What was the name of the building where Anne Frank and her family hid so they would not fall into the clutches of the German Nazi regime, and how many months did they hide? 2. What year did the term "Holocaust" become widely used/known after an NBC mini-series starring Meryl Streep was aired? 3. Bruce Lee, a famous martial artist, actor, and producer of Chinese descent was born in what city and state? 4. What state has the lowest Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander population, and what is the percentage? 5. What is the meaning of the symbols and colors on the Juneteenth Flag? 6. Approximately how many slaves were estimated to be in the United States in the early 1860s before slavery was outlawed? 7. What year was the "Don't Ask, Don't Tell" Policy lifted so our LGBTQIA+ community could serve openly in the military? 8. Who was the first LGBTQIA+ to be drafted into the NFL and in what year? *** ARD NEWS Greetings from ARD! I want to take the opportunity to recognize the ARD staff and to celebrate their unique contributions to the success they personally bring to their Headquarters Marine Corps customers. It has been a long Pandemic journey for us all. As you are aware, many of ARD's processes require direct interaction with our customers in order to deliver superior products and services. As such, we've realized a gradual increase in our physical presence in the Pentagon and NSF-Arlington. This has often proven to be a challenge, but it's nothing we have not been able to handle among ourselves. We've done an amazing job in our more administrativelystrong areas of business as well. We realize that those mission lines can be accomplished as well, if not BETTER, in a telework-centric environment, hence giving us choices and flexibility we never thought possible. Everyone's willingness to pitch in, cover for each other, and tag team in areas other than their own has solidified the "Work Family" mantra like nothing else. With our eclectic mission, ARD has boldly marched through the Pandemic all the way to the other side. I am proud of our people, the way in which they deal with mission requirements, with family challenges, the fear of the unknown, and whatever else may come. They are warriors in their own right and continue to provide seamless customer service with their own brand of professionalism and positivity. HAILS: * Mr. Charlie Dundon – Deputy, ARDB ***** ARF NEWS ARF underwent a reorganization in keeping with the Commandant's Planning Guidance (CPG) – para. (M) to align financial responsibilities under P&R. This change resulted in the establishment of a HQMC Comptroller under P&R. ARF was greatly impacted and required to transfer major portions of its functional areas to support this requirement. The functions that transferred from ARF to P&R are Civilian Labor, Payroll, DTS, Resource Evaluation and Analysis, Accounting and Programing. ARF personnel who perform these functions also transferred, reducing the staff from 16 civilians to 7. The 7 remaining personnel will continue to support DMCS/AR Division with its Budget and Execution requirements. ARF Budget and Execution Sections are participating in the ongoing P&R training and testing sessions in preparation for the Defense Agencies Initiative (DAI) implementation and transition. DAI will change our accounting common business processes: replacing SABRS for procure to pay; order to cash; acquire to fire; budget to report; cost accounting and time and attendance. DAI Oracle Time and Labor replaced SLDCADA for processing time and attendance in July. The DAI rollout switching over from SABRS accounting processing is scheduled for October 2021. Please be sure to review and follow all P&R provided guidance concerning system changes and to acquire required systems access. FAREWELLS: * Ms. Ta-Sheen Tillman, Execution Section (MCICOM) * Mr. Eduardo Vivar-Cabrera, Accounting Section (MCICOM) * Rodney Brown, Deputy ARF (P&R) * Ms. Erica Oh, Payroll Section (Defense Health Agency) * Calvin Woodward, Accounting Section (P&R) * Rodney Ross, Resource, Evaluation and Analysis Section (P&R) * James Hart, Accounting Section (P&R) * Andrew Lott, Labor Section (P&R) * Janice Robinson, Payroll Section (P&R) * Kay Briscoe, Payroll Section (P&R) * Brian Clay, Travel Section (P&R) * Constance Walters, Travel Section (P&R) ***** ARH NEWS HQMC On-Site Training Program Open to All Civilian Marines (+ Military, if space is available) Program Manager: Ms. Julie Burton Professional Skills Courses Email: [email protected] https://hqmcportal.hqi.usmc.mil/sites/TRMA/SitePages/HQM CTR_Home.aspx# To register, visit: Please Note: An HQI account is required to access the HROM Training Portal ADMIN COI Professional Development Open to All Civilian Marines (+ Military, if space is available) Program Manager: Mr. Edward Mosley To Register, Email: [email protected] The Admin COI has partnered with The Academy of Creative Coaching to sponsor live Zoom Webinars to introduce the topic of Coaching. These sessions are OPEN to ALL (Civilians & Military) who are interested in becoming a coach or receiving coaching. So grab your lunch, connect via Zoom, and join us in these informative sessions to learn how coaching can impact you and your organization. BONUS OFFER: To experience the value and impact of coaching firsthand, 1:1 Coaching will be extended to employees who have never participated in a coaching session. More information will be provided during the live webinar sessions. For more information or to register contact the Admin COI Manager and our very own ICF certified Professional and Career Coach, Mr. Edward Mosley, at smb_hqmc_coi- [email protected]. Be advised due to current or changing Marine Corps Enterprise Network (MCEN) limitations and guidance you will be required to use your personal device to participate in this virtual instructor-led training. HAILS: Ms. Kelsie Kreitler – Army * Ms. Angelita Ashton - WHS * Ms. Teliah Walker – Treasury * Ms. Brandi Williams – DFAS * Ms. Brea Hickerson – Army * Mr. Harvey Walden – VA FAREWELLS: * Ms. Karen Harris – DON * Mr. Bryan Guthrie – USDA * Mr. Christopher Little - Army * Mr. Sanderson Jones – Army * Ms. Shannon Blue - USDA * Ms. Aly Regan – Navy * Ms. Karen York – MPC *** ARI NEWS Like all the other Branches within AR Division, ARI has been quite busy since the last AR Newsletter was published in February. We have continued to provide professional and responsive customer service support despite the complications the COVID-19 pandemic has introduced into our daily operations. What follows are some newsworthy items of interest regarding our operations. MCEN C2 and MITSC Realignment. In direct support of an MROC decision realigning Command and Control (C2) of the Marine Corps Enterprise Network (MCEN), a number of ARI/MITSC-HQMC billets and network support functions and responsibilities have transitioned to the new Network Activity NCR – HQMC Element. That organization falls under the operational control of the Marine Corps Cyber Operations Group (MCCOG). The intent of this restructure is to enhance the command and control of the MCEN while strengthening its overall security posture. The Network Activity NCR – HQMC Element officially stood up on 30 October 2020. Mr. Sullivan still retained a total of 40 Marine and GS billets to support operations within ARI. All of the Network Activity personnel as well as the remaining ARI personnel remain in ARI work spaces and a very close, symbiotic relationship between the two organizations has been established to ensure network and customer service support responsibilities will be executed in a responsive, reliable, and professional manner. Reorganization. As directed by Pentagon Force Protection Agency (PFPA), in an effort to reduce the surface area for potential COVID-19 infestation, ARI still operates in a reorganized "customer service construct". When able, personnel telework, although some responsibilities require an in-person presence in the office. All CDC COVID precautions are in place: masks are worn at all times; social distancing is practiced. Cloud Migration. Over the course of the last year, the Marine Corps has embarked on Cloud initiatives to migrate users to the Microsoft O365 platform. In 2020, phase 1, the migration of all Marine Corps users' mailbox (email) was completed. Phase 2, which involves the migration of user content to the SharePoint Online (SPO) environment, is currently in progress as all Marine Corps commands work to migrate their data. In line with these efforts, HQMC ARID is working with HQMC agencies, Marine Corps Systems Command (MCSC), and other organizations to ensure the successful migration of HQMC sites and content to the SPO environment. ARID collaborative efforts have resulted in the creation and establishment of all HQMC HUBS within SPO, successful pilot migrations, creation of pre-migration assessment scripts and pioneering the accreditation of the SharePoint Framework Toolchain (development application) for the Marine Corps. ARID continues to provide technical support to USMC customers with the identification, assessment, and preparation of their respective sites and content for migration. HAIL: Maj Edwin Paz (II MEF) FAREWELL: Maj Lindsey D. (Jorgensen) Mathews Sgt Heidi Binstock * ARS NEWS Continuous Evaluation (CE) What is it? Continuous Evaluation is the process of continuously reviewing the background of an individual to determine whether that individual remains compliant with mandates to maintain a security clearance. Who does this applies to? All government Federal, Military, and Contractor Personnel. When does it begin? Now! In early June 2018, the Director of National Intelligence, and the Director of the Office of Personnel Management, jointly issued a memorandum directing the implementation of interim measures intended to mitigate the existing backlog of personnel security investigations at the National Background Investigation Bureau (NBIB). These measures include the deferment of reinvestigations when screening results are favorable and mitigation activities are in place, as directed. For any Security Clearance related questions in reference to the above please reach out to ARS at 703-614-3609 or [email protected] Ambassador of Quality (AOQ) Recipients CONGRATULATIONS ARD Ms. Jennifer Lee Mr. Timothy Morales Mr. David Tucker Mr. Ernest Williams ARF Mr. James Hart ARH Mr. Sanderson Jones ARS Ms. Deborah Contaoi Ms. Kiera Daphney Mr. Luis Navarro Mr. Joseph Wolfinger *** IMPORTANT LINKS AR Div website: https://www.hqmc.marines.mil/ar DAI OTL: https://ebs.dai.csd.disa.mil TWMS: https://twms.dc3n.navy.mil/ Office 365: https://portal.apps.mil/ OTL Guides: https://produpk.dai.csd.disa.mil/DAI_Contents/oracle/he mi/oracle_gateway.html Routine Contact Numbers/Emails: AR Front Office: 703-614-1837 [email protected] EEO 571-256-8301 703-784-2946 ARD 703-693-3088 ARF 703-695-4747 ARH 703-614-9091 ARI 703-695-0459 ARS 703-614-3609 [email protected]	<urn:uuid:aab16a03-44e0-4eac-9909-02ea1e03cd56>	CC-MAIN-2021-49	https://www.hqmc.marines.mil/Portals/137/Docs/AR1/AR%20Division%20Newsletter%20AUG%202021.pdf?ver=_8oKyMYIyGNozbo_DQDKTw%3d%3d	2021-11-29T08:59:10+00:00	s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/crawl=CC-MAIN-2021-49/subset=warc/part-00012-eb7089cf-762b-4a3e-8cab-20b677c0d246.c000.gz.parquet	896,393,510	6,180	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.990827	eng_Latn	0.995066	[ "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn" ]	false	rolmOCR	[ 2555, 7896, 12489, 17370, 21885, 25298, 28706 ]
Best Practice Recommendations for COVID-19 Prevention in Schools for the 2021-22 School Year 9 / 1 / 2 0 2 1 Recent updates and clarifications to best practice recommendations include: [x] Added information on offering and promoting COVID-19 vaccination. [x] Emphasis on the importance of layering prevention strategies, as informed by regular monitoring of community transmission levels, vaccination coverage levels, screening testing results, and the occurrence of outbreaks. [x] Aligned masking guidance to reflect the federal recommendation of universal indoor masking for all teachers, staff, students, and visitors to schools, regardless of vaccination status. [x] Updated physical distancing guidance to reflect national recommendations to use distancing to the extent possible, without excluding students, to maintain a minimum distance requirement. [x] Updated the close contact definition to reflect a new exception in national guidance that excludes students in an indoor classroom from quarantine when both the case and close contact were wearing a well-fitting mask. No changes to the following existing requirements, based on federal government and existing Minnesota Rules: Face coverings: All people are required by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) order to wear face coverings while in public transportation hubs and on all public transportation conveyances (airplanes, public buses, etc.), including school buses (both public and private). [x] CDC: Requirement for Face Masks on Public Transportation Conveyances and at Transportation Hubs (www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/travelers/face-masks-public-transportation.html) Handling a suspected or confirmed case of COVID-19: Minnesota Rule 4605.7070 requires any person in charge of any institution, school, child care facility, or camp to report cases of COVID-19 to MDH. [x] Office of Revisor of Statutes Minnesota Administrative Rules, part 4605.7070 (www.revisor.mn.gov/rules/4605.7070/) [x] Reportable Infectious Diseases: Reportable Diseases A-Z (www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/reportable/disease.html) [x] To report a positive case: COVID-19 Case Report Form for K-12 Schools, Childcares, and Youth Programming (Camps, Sports, Extracurricular Activities) (https://redcap.health.state.mn.us/redcap/surveys/?s=YLH94XW7YKD9WDE9) While fewer children than adults have become seriously ill with COVID-19 during the pandemic, children can be infected with the virus that causes COVID-19, get sick with COVID-19, spread the virus to others, and have severe outcomes from their infection. Vaccine eligibility has been expanded to include some school-age children who are ages 12 and older. However, because children under 12 years old are not yet eligible to be vaccinated and children ages 12 to 15 are only recently eligible, there is an increased risk of COVID-19 transmission in school settings. The introduction of new variants of COVID-19 as well as increasing rates of vaccination among adults and adolescents may also impact the epidemiology and incidence of COVID-19 among this population. Therefore, the Minnesota Department of Health (MDH), in alignment with current scientific evidence and guidance from CDC, strongly recommends vaccination for those ages 12 and older, in addition to the consistent use of layered mitigation strategies to help limit the spread of COVID-19, to support inperson learning, and to protect people who are not fully vaccinated, including children, students, teachers, staff, and members of their households. This recommendation is grounded in the knowledge that the benefits of being physically present in school are significant and creating conditions that help safeguard in-person instruction is a priority. MDH recommends schools use CDC guidance for Schools and Child Care Programs: Plan, Prepare, and Respond (www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/community/schools-childcare/index.html) as best practice recommendations to inform their efforts to slow the spread of COVID-19 and protect the health and safety of their school communities. CDC has published a guidance document outlining strategies for reducing spread of COVID-19 and maintaining school operations: [x] CDC: Guidance for COVID-19 Prevention in K-12 Schools (www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019ncov/community/schools-childcare/k-12-guidance.html) CDC guidance was designed to inform the selection of effective layered prevention strategies and to support them in transitioning learning environments to reflect changes in the level of transmission of COVID-19 occurring in their communities. Schools should maintain awareness of COVID-19 transmission levels in their local community and the vaccination status of the population they serve when making determinations about the use of layered COVID-19 prevention strategies in their facilities. For example, higher rates of COVID-19 transmission coupled with low vaccination rates increases the likelihood that children and staff will attend while infectious and may indicate the need to use additional layers of protection. Similarly, program staff should regularly monitor for outbreaks and changing trends in the school and surrounding community and review their prevention strategies accordingly. Community transmission and vaccination coverage in the local community can be monitored using CDC's COVID Data Tracker: [x] CDC COVID Data Tracker: COVID-19 Integrated County View - Vaccinations (https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/#vaccinations-county-view) [x] CDC COVID Data Tracker: COVID-19 Integrated County View - Level of Community Transmission (https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/#county-view) CDC continues to recommend masking and physical distancing as key prevention strategies, especially for people who are not fully vaccinated. CDC advises that if administrators choose to remove either one of these strategies or any other prevention strategies based on local conditions, the best practice is to remove them one at a time and monitor closely for any resulting increases in COVID-19 cases. It is strongly recommended that programs develop mitigation plans with input from students, teachers, staff, families, and the community and communicate strategies and any changes through accessible materials and communication channels. This includes translating information for students and families. For a summary of evidence on the impact of COVID-19 among children and adolescents as well as scientific evidence on what is known about preventing transmission in school settings, MDH strongly recommends reviewing the CDC Science Brief: Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in K-12 Schools and Early Care and Education Programs (www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/science/sciencebriefs/transmission_k_12_schools.html). CDC best practice prevention strategies to reduce transmission of COVID-19 The remainder of this document serves as a resource to support implementation of CDC best practices for reducing transmission of COVID-19. It briefly outlines each of the layered prevention strategies and provides reference links to Minnesota-specific supplemental resources and other relevant toolkits. CDC emphasizes the following layered prevention strategies: [x] Promoting vaccination [x] Consistent and correct mask use [x] Physical distancing and cohorts [x] Screening testing [x] Ventilation [x] Handwashing and respiratory etiquette [x] Staying home when sick and getting tested [x] Contact tracing in combination with isolation and quarantine [x] Cleaning and disinfection Promoting vaccination For detailed information, visit: CDC: Guidance for COVID-19 Prevention in K-12 Schools: Promoting Vaccination (www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/community/schools-childcare/k-12guidance.html#vaccination) People ages 12 and older are now eligible for COVID-19 vaccination. CDC encourages schools to promote COVID-19 vaccination among teachers, staff, families, and eligible students by providing information about COVID-19 vaccination, encouraging vaccine trust and confidence, and establishing supportive policies and practices that make getting vaccinated as easy and convenient as possible. Resources to support promoting vaccination: [x] Host a Community COVID-19 Vaccination Event (www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/coronavirus/vaccine/hostevent.html) [x] Be a Vaccine Advocate: COVID-19 Vaccine Toolkit for Individuals and Organizations (www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/coronavirus/vaccine/communitytk.html) [x] COVID-19 Vaccine (www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/coronavirus/vaccine/index.html) [x] CDC: COVID-19 Vaccine Toolkit for Staff in School Settings and Childcare Programs (www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/toolkits/schools-childcare.html) [x] CDC: Vaccines for COVID-19 (www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/community/vaccination.html) Consistent and correct mask use For detailed information, visit: CDC: Guidance for COVID-19 Prevention in K-12 Schools: Consistent and Correct Mask Use (www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/community/schools-childcare/k-12-guidance.html#mask-use) Universal indoor masking is recommended for all people in the school setting (ages 2 and older), including teachers, staff, students, and visitors to schools, regardless of vaccination status. In general, people do not need to wear masks when outdoors. However, particularly in areas of substantial to high transmission, CDC recommends that people ages 2 and older who are not fully vaccinated wear a mask in crowded outdoor settings or during activities that involve sustained close contact with other people who are not fully vaccinated. Resources to support consistent and correct mask use: [x] Recommendations for Wearing Masks (www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/coronavirus/facecover.html) [x] For Businesses: Mask Signs for Healthcare and Business Settings (https://mn.gov/covid19/shareour-message/for-businesses/index.jsp) [x] CDC: Your Guide to Masks (www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/aboutface-coverings.html) [x] CDC: Guidance for Direct Service Providers (www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/need-extraprecautions/direct-service-providers.html) Physical distancing and cohorts For detailed information, visit: CDC: Guidance for COVID-19 Prevention in K-12 Schools: Physical Distancing (www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/community/schools-childcare/k-12-guidance.html#physicaldistancing) Schools should implement physical distancing to the extent possible indoors; however, because of the essential services schools provide, children should not be excluded from in-person learning or care to maintain a minimum distance requirement. When it is not possible to maintain physical distance in these settings, it is especially important to layer multiple prevention strategies, such as indoor masking, screening testing, forming cohorts, and staying home when sick with symptoms of infectious illness to help reduce transmission risk. To reduce transmission risk in the school setting, CDC recommends maintaining at least 3 feet of physical distance between students within classrooms whenever feasible and indoor mask wearing by people who are not fully vaccinated. CDC continues to recommend maintaining a distance of at least 6 feet between students and staff as well as 6 feet of distance between staff who are not fully vaccinated. CDC recommends maximizing physical distance as much as possible when moving through food service lines and while eating (especially indoors). Using additional spaces outside of the cafeteria for mealtime seating, such as the gymnasium or outdoor seating, can help facilitate distancing. Additional resources on physical distancing and cohorts: [x] Stay 6 feet from others (www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/coronavirus/materials/6feet.pdf) [x] Social Distancing at Work (www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/coronavirus/materials/socdistwork.pdf) Screening testing For detailed information, visit: CDC: Guidance for COVID-19 Prevention in K-12 Schools: Screening Testing (www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/community/schools-childcare/k-12-guidance.html#screeningtesting) Screening testing identifies infected persons, both those with and without symptoms, who may be contagious, so that measures can be taken to prevent further exposures and transmission. In the setting of K-12 schools, screening testing can help identify and isolate cases as well as inform quarantine of those who may have been exposed to COVID-19 and are not fully vaccinated, all of which support the prompt identification of clusters and help limit spread. Screening testing is particularly valuable in areas experiencing substantial or high community transmission levels; in areas with low vaccination coverage; and in schools where other prevention strategies are not implemented. Additional Minnesota-specific information on screening testing programs in K-12 schools is forthcoming and will be updated as guidance becomes available. Ventilation For detailed information, visit: CDC: Guidance for COVID-19 Prevention in K-12 Schools: Ventilation (www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/community/schools-childcare/k-12-guidance.html#ventilation) Ventilation is an important factor in minimizing COVID-19 transmission indoors. Facility operators are strongly recommended to evaluate the operational capacity of ventilation systems and increase and maintain ventilation throughout the building. This can be done by opening multiple doors and windows, using child-safe fans to increase the effectiveness of open windows, and making changes to the HVAC or air filtration systems. Resources to support ventilation improvements: [x] Ventilation Guidance for Schools: COVID-19 (www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/coronavirus/schools/vent.html) [x] CDC: Ventilation in Schools and Childcare Programs (www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019ncov/community/schools-childcare/ventilation.html) [x] Coronavirus (COVID-19) Response Resources from ASHRAE and Others (www.ashrae.org/technical-resources/resources) Handwashing and respiratory etiquette For detailed information, visit: CDC: Guidance for COVID-19 Prevention in K-12 Schools: Handwashing and Respiratory Etiquette (www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/community/schools-childcare/k-12guidance.html#handwashing) People should practice handwashing and respiratory etiquette (covering coughs and sneezes) to keep from getting and spreading infectious illnesses, including COVID-19. Schools can monitor and reinforce these behaviors and provide adequate handwashing supplies. Schools should build routines of hand hygiene into the daily schedule for all students and staff, including handwashing and sanitation breaks during or between classroom activities. This includes teaching and reinforcing handwashing with soap and water for at least 20 seconds and the safe use of hand sanitizer that contains at least 60% alcohol by staff and older children. Resources to support handwashing and respiratory etiquette: [x] Hand Hygiene (www.health.state.mn.us/people/handhygiene/index.html) [x] Hand Hygiene Print Materials (www.health.state.mn.us/people/handhygiene/materials.html) [x] Cover Your Cough (www.health.state.mn.us/people/cyc/index.html) [x] CDC Handwashing: Health Promotion Materials (www.cdc.gov/handwashing/materials.html) Staying home when sick and getting tested For detailed information, visit: CDC: Guidance for COVID-19 Prevention in K-12 Schools: Staying Home When Sick and Getting Tested (www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/community/schools-childcare/k-12-guidance.html#stayinghome) Staying home when sick with symptoms of COVID-19 is essential to keep infectious diseases, such as influenza and COVID-19, out of the school setting. Schools should educate staff, children, and families about the signs and symptoms of infectious disease like influenza and COVID-19, when their children should stay home, and when they can return to the program. [x] Recommended COVID-19 Decision Tree for People in Schools, Youth, and Child Care Programs (www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/coronavirus/schools/exguide.pdf) The Hennepin County Infectious Disease Manual is a guide that many schools across the state use for infectious disease identification and prevention. It now includes resources for COVID-19. This resource can provide more information related to exclusion of children and staff who have a lab-confirmed positive test for COVID-19 or have been exposed to COVID-19. [x] Hennepin County: Infectious Diseases in Childcare Settings and Schools Manual (www.hennepin.us/daycaremanual) [x] Hennepin County: COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) School Health/Child Care Provider Fact Sheet (www.hennepin.us/-/media/hennepinus/residents/health-medical/infectious-diseases-factsheets/covid-19-provider-technical-fact-sheet.pdf) Sending sick people home If a student or staff member becomes ill with COVID-19-like symptoms while in attendance, they should immediately be sent home, regardless of COVID-19 vaccination status or prior history of disease. Symptomatic students or staff who are waiting to be picked up should put on a mask if not already wearing one and should be isolated in a designated space. Students should remain under the visual supervision of a staff member while in isolation on school property. Symptomatic persons should be isolated separately whenever possible; however, if it is not feasible to maintain separate spaces, physical distancing should be implemented to the extent possible in the shared space. Additional resources on testing and managing illness in a program: [x] COVID-19 Testing (www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/coronavirus/testsites/index.html) [x] COVID-19 Testing Recommendations (www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/coronavirus/materials/testrecs.pdf) [x] Materials and Resources for COVID-19 Response: For schools (www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/coronavirus/materials/index.html#school) [x] National Association of School Nurses: COVID-19 Reference (https://schoolnursenet.nasn.org/covid19ref/home) Contact tracing in combination with isolation and quarantine For detailed information, visit: CDC: Guidance for COVID-19 Prevention in K-12 Schools: Contact Tracing in Combination with Isolation and Quarantine (www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/community/schools-childcare/k-12guidance.html#contact-tracing) People who test positive for COVID-19 People who test positive for COVID-19 should stay at home (isolation) until all three of these things are true: [x] They feel better. Their cough, shortness of breath, or other symptoms are better; and, [x] It has been at least 10 days since they first felt sick or tested positive: and, [x] They have had no fever for at least 24 hours, without using medicine that lowers fever. Close contacts of COVID-19 cases To identify close contacts, schools should gather and review the participant's or staff member's activity at the facility during the time they were infectious. This review should look back two days prior to the date symptoms started, or two days prior to the date of the positive test if there are no symptoms. Close contacts include someone who was within 6 feet of an infected person for a cumulative total of 15 minutes or more over a 24-hour period. [x] Exception: In the K-12 indoor classroom setting, the close contact definition excludes students who were within 3 to 6 feet of an infected student if both the infected student and the exposed student(s) correctly and consistently wore well-fitting masks the entire time. [x] This exception does not apply to teachers, staff, or other adults in the indoor classroom setting. Unvaccinated participants and staff who recently had close contact with a person with COVID-19 should stay home (quarantine) from the program and from all other activities until they meet criteria to return. Quarantine criteria are discussed in the next section. Recommendations for quarantine of close contacts [x] A 14-day quarantine is the safest recommendation for people who have been exposed to COVID-19. Programs are encouraged to determine when it is appropriate to use a shortened quarantine period of seven or 10 days, and to consider vaccination and previous COVID-19 infection in developing quarantine policies. [x] Fully vaccinated people and those who have had COVID-19 within the past 90 days are not recommended to quarantine, in most situations. For more information, see the resource below. For more information on handling confirmed cases of COVID-19 and identification and quarantine of close contacts in school, visit Best Practices for Handling a Confirmed Case of COVID-19 (www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/coronavirus/schools/casehandle.pdf). Cleaning and disinfection For detailed information, visit: CDC: Guidance for COVID-19 Prevention in K-12 Schools: Cleaning and Disinfection (www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/community/schools-childcare/k-12-guidance.html#cleaningdisinfection) BEST PRACTICE RECOMMENDATIONS FOR COVID-19 PREVENTION IN SCHOOLS The virus that causes COVID-19 is mainly spread by respiratory droplets. The virus can also be spread if you touch a surface contaminated with virus and then touch your eyes, nose, or mouth, although this is not the primary way the virus spreads. In general, cleaning once a day is enough to sufficiently remove potential virus that may be on surfaces. Disinfecting (using disinfectants on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency COVID-19 list) removes any remaining germs on surfaces, which further reduces any risk of spreading infection. A daily schedule should be established for routine environmental cleaning and disinfection of high-touch surfaces in classrooms and common spaces. Routine environmental cleaning should be scheduled when students and teachers are not occupying the space. Resources to support cleaning and disinfection: [x] CDC: Cleaning and Disinfecting Your Facility (www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019ncov/community/disinfecting-building-facility.html) [x] EPA About List N: Disinfectants for Coronavirus (COVID-19) (www.epa.gov/coronavirus/about-listn-disinfectants-coronavirus-covid-19-0) [x] CDC Science Brief: SARS-CoV-2 and Surface (Fomite) Transmission for Indoor Community Environments (www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/more/science-and-research/surfacetransmission.html) Minnesota Department of Health \| health.mn.gov \| 651-201-5000 625 Robert Street North PO Box 64975, St. Paul, MN 55164-0975 Contact [email protected] to request an alternate format.	<urn:uuid:fbd0b0f1-559e-40b6-a420-f5236422029f>	CC-MAIN-2022-33	https://sevenhillspreparatoryacademy.org/wp-content/uploads/delightful-downloads/2021/09/Best-Practices-09.01.21.pdf	2022-08-12T17:22:58+00:00	s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/crawl=CC-MAIN-2022-33/subset=warc/part-00276-d466b69e-be2b-4525-ac34-1b10d57329da.c000.gz.parquet	490,415,554	4,664	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.976885	eng_Latn	0.985964	[ "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn" ]	false	rolmOCR	[ 2102, 5247, 7541, 9612, 11883, 14003, 16442, 18462, 20917, 22489 ]
MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey Report Informing data-driven school and community health policies and practices 2018 \| Blake Middle School, Medfield GRADES 6-8 Spring 2019 Funded by: MetroWest Health Foundation Submitted by: Education Development Center, Inc. Contents 1. Background and Methods 2. Substance Use 3. Violence and Bullying 4. Unintentional Injury 5. Mental Health 6. Physical Activity, Nutrition, and Weight 7. Protective Factors 8. Risk Behaviors on School Property 9. Additional Topics Appendices 1. Participating Districts 2. MetroWest Region Tables 3. Optional Questions Section 1 Background and Methods Background and Methodology 2018 MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey Blake Middle School, Medfield Background The MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey (MWAHS) monitors trends in adolescent health and risk behaviors in the region served by the MetroWest Health Foundation (MHF). Administered biennially to middle and high school youth since 2006, the MWAHS collects data to support communities in determining priorities, increasing awareness, and enhancing local programs and policies related to adolescent health and wellness. In the fall of 2018, students in the MetroWest region participated in the 7th administration of the MWAHS. A total of 58 middle and high schools in all 25 communities in the region participated in the survey. A census of students was surveyed in each district. In total, 16,799 middle school students (92% participation rate) and 24,746 high school students (88% participation rate) took the 2018 MWAHS. These high levels of student participation indicate that the data is highly representative of the student populations in each district as well as the MetroWest Region as a whole. Additionally, the large amount of student data provides each school and district with the ability to examine differences in behavioral reports by sex, grade, and other sociodemographic characteristics. Survey Instrument Content and Development The MWAHS is largely based on the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS) of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)\(^1\) and the Massachusetts version of the YRBS\(^2\), administered collaboratively by the Massachusetts Department of Elementary and Secondary Education and the Department of Public Health. The MWAHS contains additional questions that address emerging behaviors, along with issues of interest to the MetroWest region based on input from school and community stakeholders. All participating districts take the same core surveys; there is one core survey for middle school and one for high school, each designed to be developmentally appropriate for the particular age group. The majority of questions on the core surveys have remained unchanged from 2006 to 2018 to allow for comparisons over time. The 2018 core surveys cover the following topics: » Substance use: tobacco, electronic vapor products, alcohol, marijuana, other illegal substances, and misuse of prescription drugs » Violence: weapon carrying, physical fighting, dating violence, bullying, and cyberbullying » Behaviors related to unintentional injuries: seatbelt use, helmet use, impaired driving, and distracted driving » Mental health: stress, depressive symptoms, and suicidality, as well as help-seeking behaviors » Sexual behaviors: sexual intercourse, condom use, and other behaviors related to unintended pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections (questions on sexual behavior are optional at the middle school level) » Online behaviors: time spent online (overall and on social media) and associated attitudes and behaviors » Additional behaviors: physical activity, sleep, and time spent studying and participating in extracurricular activities » Protective factors: school attachment, adult support at school and outside of school, and peer support Additional questions were added to the 2018 core surveys to gather new data on emerging adolescent health issues and local concerns. New questions added to both the middle and high school core surveys include the following topics: perception of harm of using marijuana; generalized anxiety; sources of support for mental health challenges as well as barriers to seeking help; anger and isolation; and perceptions related to social media and gaming. In addition to the core surveys, districts can customize their middle and high school surveys by selecting questions from a set of optional items that includes a multitude of adolescent health topics. In 2018, 20 out of 26 high schools and 17 out of 24 middle school districts chose to customize their surveys. This customization enables communities to collect additional data on issues of local concern or on populations of special interest. Format The MWAHS is a self-administered (paper-and-pencil) scannable survey booklet, with no identifying marks or codes. The core high school survey consists of 148 questions and the core middle school survey consists of 108 questions. The survey is designed for an hour-long classroom administration period. Validity and Reliability The question is often asked whether students respond truthfully to the survey. Research on the validity and reliability of self-report surveys among school-based populations suggest that surveys are reliable methods of collecting data from young people. In fact, research on the national YRBSS indicates that adolescents are just as credible as adults when answering this kind of survey. These studies show that young people respond truthfully when: their participation is voluntary; they perceive the survey as important; and they feel that measures have been taken to preserve their privacy and anonymity.\(^3\) The MWAHS meets these three conditions by following procedures to assure students that participation is voluntary and anonymous. The MWAHS instructions highlight the anonymous nature of the survey by asking students not to write their name on the survey and explaining that their answers will be kept private. The instructions also call attention to why it is important to hear directly from students, stating that findings will be used to improve health education and services for young people. Two additional steps are taken to improve validity. First, all surveys are reviewed for implausible or frivolous responses. If it appears that a student answered carelessly, the survey is omitted from all analyses. Second, analyses are conducted to test for the reasonableness of responses and for the consistency of responses across related items. As with the prior survey administrations, these two procedures revealed very few problems. The validity of the survey is further strengthened by using a questionnaire based largely upon the CDC Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System. The YRBSS is a standardized instrument developed by the CDC in collaboration with other national and local health education agencies. A number of published articles address the validity and test-retest reliability of the instrument.\textsuperscript{4,5} Translations Copies of the district-specific surveys (including core and optional items) are made available to schools in Spanish and Portuguese, as requested. Out of a total of 41,545 middle and high school surveys for the MetroWest Region in 2018, 253 surveys were completed in Spanish (0.6%) and 347 surveys were completed in Portuguese (0.8%). ### Survey Procedures #### Survey Administration The 2018 MWAHS survey administration took place from October 23 to November 19. Students in grades 6 through 8 at Blake Middle School took the survey on November 2 during advisory (8:20 to 9:10 AM). All schools followed local procedures for informing parents of the survey, which included sending information to parents/guardians in advance through the school’s normal means of parent communication to inform them of the survey and providing them with the option of opting out their child(ren) if desired. A designated MWAHS coordinator in each school and/or district was trained on the survey administration methods. All teachers/staff administering the survey read a standardized set of instructions to students, which included informing them of the voluntary and anonymous nature of the survey. They were also instructed to follow specific procedures to assure that students’ answers remained private and that no students felt any pressure to participate. All students who were eligible to participate (i.e., those who were not opted out by their parents) were given the opportunity to decide on their own whether to take the MWAHS. #### Data Entry and Visual Review All data was captured with a two-step scanning and verification process. A human operator verified questions that indicated multiple responses or light or incomplete marks below standard thresholds. Prior to and during the scanning process, surveys were reviewed for patterns of responses that would indicate that a student did not answer truthfully. Individual surveys were removed from the dataset if a student’s responses were implausible (e.g., a student reported engaging in many or most behaviors the maximum number of times) or if a student wrote comments or defaced the survey in such a way that indicated they did not take the survey seriously. The number of surveys removed from analysis for any of these reasons was very small (less than 1%), consistent with prior years. In addition, surveys in which a student did not fill in the bubbles completely (i.e., used checkmarks or slashes or very light marks) were set aside for special handling during the scanning process to ensure that all data was captured accurately. Respondents and Participation Rate The number of participating students at Blake Middle School, along with information on the number of students not participating and reasons for nonparticipation, are provided below in Table 1A. For the MetroWest region, the overall participation rate for the middle school survey was 92%, representing 16,799 completed surveys in 24 middle school districts. For Blake Middle School, the participation rate was 93.7%, representing 561 completed surveys. Table 1A. Number of Participating Students and Participation Rate Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 6-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey, 2018 \| Enrollment at time of survey administration \| 599 \| \|--------------------------------------------\|-----\| \| Students not receiving parent permission to participate \| 5 \| \| Students choosing not to participate \| 0 \| \| Students absent on the day of the survey administration \| 26 \| \| Surveys excluded/missing* \| 7 \| \| Total number of surveys \| 561 \| \| Participation rate \| 93.7% \| Due to: missing information on classroom participation forms; implausible response patterns on survey; student unable to participate due to a disability; or student unable to take the survey in one of the three languages offered Table 1B below shows the demographic breakdown of student participants from Blake Middle School by sex and grade. Reflecting the high participation, the demographic characteristics of the survey participants closely match those of the student body at the time of the survey administration. Table 1B. Participants by Sex and Grade Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 6-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey, 2018 \| Grade \| Female n \| Female % \| Male n \| Male % \| Unknown n \| Unknown % \| TOTAL n \| TOTAL % \| \|-----------\|----------\|----------\|--------\|--------\|-----------\|-----------\|---------\|---------\| \| 6th grade \| 80 \| 14.3% \| 92 \| 16.4% \| 1 \| 0.2% \| 173 \| 30.8% \| \| 7th grade \| 86 \| 15.3% \| 96 \| 17.1% \| 0 \| 0.0% \| 182 \| 32.4% \| \| 8th grade \| 107 \| 19.1% \| 98 \| 17.5% \| 1 \| 0.2% \| 206 \| 36.7% \| \| Unknown \| 0 \| 0.0% \| 0 \| 0.0% \| 0 \| 0.0% \| 0 \| 0.0% \| \| TOTAL \| 273 \| 48.7% \| 286 \| 51.0% \| 2 \| 0.4% \| 561 \| 100.0% \| Generalizability The MWHAS is a census of the student population at each participating school. Due to the high participation rate, the student data is considered highly representative of the student population as a whole. It is unknown whether students absent from school on the day of the survey and youth who do not attend school may differ from the survey participants in terms of their health and risk behaviors. Analysis Missing Data and Data Cleaning Patterns of responses that were inconsistent or indicative of inappropriate ("joking") responses were identified through both visual and analytic review, which showed that the vast majority of students paid attention, answered the survey logically, and completed most or all questions. For example, only a small percentage (0.5%) of high school students in the regional dataset responded that they had engaged in all forms of lifetime and recent substance use asked about on the survey. There were also very few logical inconsistencies (e.g., students reporting that they had never smoked, but subsequently saying they had smoked in the past 30 days). Patterns of missing data were also examined for each of the topic areas. Item-specific missing data was very low, with less than 3-4% missing data for the majority of items. As anticipated, there was more missing data on items at the end of the survey, indicating that a small proportion of students were not able to complete the survey in the time allotted. Overall, these validity and missing data checks provided evidence that students took the survey seriously and that the length was appropriate. Trends Comparisons over time are presented for MetroWest regional data and for districts that have participated in multiple survey waves. For the regional comparisons, we include all districts that participated in the survey at each time point, even though the number of participating districts increased from 2006 to 2012. Analyses show that restricting the regional data to districts that participated in all seven survey administrations makes little difference, and does not influence the direction or magnitude of the overall findings. From 2012 to 2018, all eligible middle and high schools in the MetroWest region participated in the survey. References 1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2018). 2017 Youth Risk Behavior Survey. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/yrbs 2. Massachusetts Department of Elementary and Secondary Education and Massachusetts Department of Public Health. (2018). Health and Risk Behaviors of Massachusetts Youth: Executive Summary, 2017. Retrieved from http://www.doe.mass.edu/sfs/yrbs/2017exec-summary.pdf 3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), (n.d.). YRBSS Frequently Asked Questions. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/data/yrbs/faq.htm 4. Brener ND, Billy JOG, Grady WR. (2003). Assessment of factors affecting the validity of self-reported health-risk behavior among adolescents: evidence from the scientific literature. Journal of Adolescent Health, 33:436-457. 5. Brener ND, Kann L, McManus TL, Kinchen S, Sundberg EC, Ross JG. (2002). Reliability of the 1999 Youth Risk Behavior Survey Questionnaire. Journal of Adolescent Health, 31:336–34. Section 2 Substance Use Figure 2-1A. Lifetime Substance Use by Sex, 2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 6-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey \| Substance \| Female (%) \| Male (%) \| \|----------------------------------\|------------\|----------\| \| Cigarettes \| 0 \| 3 \| \| Electronic vapor products \| 1 \| 8 \| \| Alcohol† \| 6 \| 11 \| \| Marijuana \| 0 \| 2 \| \| Inhalants‡ \| 2 \| 3 \| \| Prescription pain medicine§ \| 1 \| 2 \| * Includes electronic cigarettes like JUUL, Puff, Vuse, MarkTen, and blu, and other electronic vapor products, like vapes, vape pens, e-cigars, e-hookahs, hookah pens, and mods. † Does not include drinking a few sips of wine for religious purposes. ‡ Includes sniffing glue, breathing the contents of aerosol spray cans, or inhaling any paints or sprays to get high. § Includes using opioids like codeine, Vicodin, OxyContin, hydrocodone, and Percocet without a doctor’s prescription. Figure 2-1B. Lifetime Substance Use by Grade, 2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 6-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey \| Substance \| 6th (%) \| 7th (%) \| 8th (%) \| \|----------------------------------\|---------\|---------\|---------\| \| Cigarettes \| 0 \| 2 \| 3 \| \| Electronic vapor products* \| 0 \| 2 \| 10 \| \| Alcohol† \| 4 \| 9 \| 12 \| \| Marijuana \| 0 \| 0 \| 3 \| \| Inhalants‡ \| 1 \| 2 \| 4 \| \| Prescription pain medicine§ \| 0 \| 1 \| 2 \| * Includes electronic cigarettes like JUUL, Puff, Vuse, MarkTen, and blu, and other electronic vapor products, like vapes, vape pens, e-cigars, e-hookahs, hookah pens, and mods. † Does not include drinking a few sips of wine for religious purposes. ‡ Includes sniffing glue, breathing the contents of aerosol spray cans, or inhaling any paints or sprays to get high. § Includes using opioids like codeine, Vicodin, OxyContin, hydrocodone, and Percocet without a doctor’s prescription. Figure 2-1C. Trends in Lifetime Substance Use, 2008-2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 7-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey Percent of students - Cigarettes - Electronic vapor products* - Alcohol† - Marijuana - Inhalants‡ * Includes electronic cigarettes like JuUL, Phix, Vuse, MarkTen, and blu, and other electronic vapor products, like vapes, vape pens, e-cigars, e-hookahs, hookah pens, and mods † Does not include drinking a few sips of wine for religious purposes ‡ Includes sniffing glue, breathing the contents of aerosol spray cans, or inhaling any paints or sprays to get high Figure 2-1D. Lifetime Substance Use at the District and Regional Levels, 2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 7-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey Percent of students - Cigarettes - Electronic vapor products* - Alcohol† - Marijuana - Inhalants‡ - Prescription pain medicine§ * Includes electronic cigarettes like JuUL, Phix, Vuse, MarkTen, and blu, and other electronic vapor products, like vapes, vape pens, e-cigars, e-hookahs, hookah pens, and mods † Does not include drinking a few sips of wine for religious purposes ‡ Includes sniffing glue, breathing the contents of aerosol spray cans, or inhaling any paints or sprays to get high § Includes using opioids like codeine, Vicodin, OxyContin, hydrocodone, and Percocet without a doctor’s prescription Figure 2-2A. Current Substance Use* by Sex, 2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 6-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey * Used one or more times in the past 30 days. † Includes electronic cigarettes like JUUL, Ploom, Vuse, MarkTen, and blu, and other electronic vapor products, like vapes, vape pens, e-cigars, e-hookahs, hookah pens, and mods. ‡ Does not include drinking a few sips of wine for religious purposes. Figure 2-2B. Current Substance Use* by Grade, 2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 6-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey * Used one or more times in the past 30 days. † Includes electronic cigarettes like JUUL, Ploom, Vuse, MarkTen, and blu, and other electronic vapor products, like vapes, vape pens, e-cigars, e-hookahs, hookah pens, and mods. ‡ Does not include drinking a few sips of wine for religious purposes. Figure 2-2C. Trends in Current Substance Use,* 2008-2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 7-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey * Used one or more times in the past 30 days. † Includes electronic cigarettes like JUUL, Ploom, Vuse, MarkTen, and blu, and other electronic vapor products, like vapes, vape pens, e-cigars, e-hookahs, hookah pens, and mods. ‡ Does not include drinking a few sips of wine for religious purposes. Figure 2-2D. Current Substance Use* at the District and Regional Levels, 2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 7-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey * Used one or more times in the past 30 days. † Includes electronic cigarettes like JUUL, Ploom, Vuse, MarkTen, and blu, and other electronic vapor products, like vapes, vape pens, e-cigars, e-hookahs, hookah pens, and mods. ‡ Does not include drinking a few sips of wine for religious purposes. Figure 2-3A. Cigarette and Electronic Vapor Product Use by Sex, 2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 6-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey \| Category \| Female (%) \| Male (%) \| \|---------------------------------\|------------\|----------\| \| Lifetime smoking \| 0 \| 3 \| \| Current smoking (past 30 days) \| 0 \| 1 \| \| Lifetime EVP use* \| 1 \| 8 \| \| Current EVP use* (past 30 days) \| 1 \| 4 \| \| Current EVP use on school property* (past 30 days) \| 1 \| 1 \| \| Perceived risk of harm of using EVPs (moderate/great risk) \| 92 \| 85 \| * EVP use includes electronic cigarettes like JUUL, Phix, Vuse, MarkTen, and blu, and other electronic vapor products, like vapes, vape pens, e-cigars, e-hookahs, hookah pens, and mods. Figure 2-3B. Cigarette and Electronic Vapor Product Use by Grade, 2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 6-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey \| Category \| 6th (%) \| 7th (%) \| 8th (%) \| \|---------------------------------\|---------\|---------\|---------\| \| Lifetime smoking \| 0 \| 2 \| 3 \| \| Current smoking (past 30 days) \| 0 \| 0 \| 1 \| \| Lifetime EVP use* \| 0 \| 2 \| 10 \| \| Current EVP use* (past 30 days) \| 1 \| 0 \| 6 \| \| Current EVP use on school property* (past 30 days) \| 1 \| 0 \| 2 \| \| Perceived risk of harm of using EVPs (moderate/great risk) \| 96 \| 90 \| 81 \| * EVP use includes electronic cigarettes like JUUL, Phix, Vuse, MarkTen, and blu, and other electronic vapor products, like vapes, vape pens, e-cigars, e-hookahs, hookah pens, and mods. Figure 2-3C. Trends in Cigarette and Electronic Vapor Product Use, 2008-2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 7-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey * EVP use includes electronic cigarettes like JUUL, Phix, Vuse, MarkTen, and blu, and other electronic vapor products, like vapes, vape pens, e-cigars, e-hookahs, hookah pens, and mods Figure 2-3D. Cigarette and Electronic Vapor Product Use at the District and Regional Levels, 2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 7-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey * EVP use includes electronic cigarettes like JUUL, Phix, Vuse, MarkTen, and blu, and other electronic vapor products, like vapes, vape pens, e-cigars, e-hookahs, hookah pens, and mods Figure 2-4. Access to Electronic Vapor Products,* 2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 6-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey * Among students who used electronic vapor products in the past 30 days Figure 2-5A. Locations of Electronic Vapor Product Use on School Property, * 2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 7-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey * Among students who used electronic vapor products in the past 30 days Figure 2-5B. Locations of Electronic Vapor Product Use on School Property* at the District and Regional Levels, 2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 7-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey * Among students who used electronic vapor products in the past 30 days Figure 2-6A. Alcohol Use* by Sex, 2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 6-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey \| Category \| Female (%) \| Male (%) \| \|---------------------------------\|------------\|----------\| \| Lifetime drinking \| 6% \| 11% \| \| Current drinking (past 30 days) \| 2% \| 3% \| \| Binge drinking† (past 30 days) \| 0% \| 1% \| \| Been drunk (past 30 days) \| 0% \| 0% \| \| Attended party where alcohol was available (past 30 days) \| 7% \| 7% \| * Does not include drinking a few sips of wine for religious purposes † Consumed 4+ drinks in a row for females, or 5+ drinks in a row for males Figure 2-6B. Alcohol Use* by Grade, 2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 6-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey \| Category \| 6th (%) \| 7th (%) \| 8th (%) \| \|---------------------------------\|---------\|---------\|---------\| \| Lifetime drinking \| 4% \| 9% \| 12% \| \| Current drinking (past 30 days) \| 1% \| 3% \| 4% \| \| Binge drinking† (past 30 days) \| 0% \| 0% \| 1% \| \| Been drunk (past 30 days) \| 0% \| 1% \| 0% \| \| Attended party where alcohol was available (past 30 days) \| 4% \| 6% \| 10% \| * Does not include drinking a few sips of wine for religious purposes † Consumed 4+ drinks in a row for females, or 5+ drinks in a row for males Figure 2-6C. Trends in Alcohol Use,* 2008-2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 7-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey * Does not include drinking a few sips of wine for religious purposes † From 2008 to 2014, binge drinking was defined as 5 or more drinks in a row on one or more occasion for all students. Since 2016, binge drinking has been defined as 4 or more drinks in a row for females and 5 or more. Figure 2-6D. Alcohol Use* at the District and Regional Levels, 2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 7-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey * Does not include drinking a few sips of wine for religious purposes † Consumed 4+ drinks in a row for females, or 5+ drinks in a row for males Figure 2-7A. Trends in Access to Alcohol Among Lifetime Drinkers,* 2014-2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 6-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey * Among students that drank in their lifetime † Does not include at a party Figure 2-7B. Access to Alcohol Among Lifetime Drinkers* at the District and Regional Levels, 2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 7-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey * Among students that drank in their lifetime † Does not include at a party Figure 2-8A. Marijuana Use by Sex, 2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 6-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey \| Category \| Female (%) \| Male (%) \| \|-----------------------------------------------\|------------\|----------\| \| Lifetime marijuana use \| 0% \| 2% \| \| Current marijuana use* \| 0% \| 1% \| \| Attended party where marijuana was available\| 1% \| 3% \| \| Think it would be "fairly easy" or "very easy" to obtain marijuana \| 10% \| 15% \| \| Perceived risk of harm of using marijuana (moderate/great risk) \| 92% \| 86% \| In the past 30 days Figure 2-8B. Marijuana Use by Grade, 2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 6-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey \| Category \| 6th (%) \| 7th (%) \| 8th (%) \| \|-----------------------------------------------\|---------\|---------\|---------\| \| Lifetime marijuana use \| 0% \| 0% \| 3% \| \| Current marijuana use* \| 0% \| 0% \| 1% \| \| Attended party where marijuana was available\| 1% \| 2% \| 3% \| \| Think it would be "fairly easy" or "very easy" to obtain marijuana \| 2% \| 9% \| 23% \| \| Perceived risk of harm of using marijuana (moderate/great risk) \| 94% \| 87% \| 87% \| In the past 30 days Figure 2-8C. Trends in Marijuana Use, 2008-2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 7-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey * In the past 30 days Figure 2-8D. Marijuana Use at the District and Regional Levels, 2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 7-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey * In the past 30 days \| CIGARETTE SMOKING \| Total (%) (561) \| Female (273) \| Male (286) \| 6th (173) \| 7th (182) \| 8th (206) \| \|-------------------\|-----------------\|--------------\|------------\|-----------\|-----------\|-----------\| \| Lifetime cigarette smoking* \| 1.6 \| 0.4 \| 2.8 \| 0.0 \| 1.7 \| 2.9 \| \| Smoked a whole cigarette before age 11 years \| 0.2 \| 0.0 \| 0.4 \| 0.0 \| 0.0 \| 0.5 \| \| Current cigarette use (past 30 days) \| 0.4 \| 0.0 \| 0.7 \| 0.0 \| 0.0 \| 1.0 \| \| Current frequent cigarette use (on 20 or more of the past 30 days) \| 0.4 \| 0.0 \| 0.7 \| 0.0 \| 0.0 \| 1.0 \| \| ELECTRONIC VAPOR PRODUCT USE† \| Total (%) (561) \| Female (273) \| Male (286) \| 6th (173) \| 7th (182) \| 8th (206) \| \|-------------------------------\|-----------------\|--------------\|------------\|-----------\|-----------\|-----------\| \| Lifetime electronic vapor product use \| 4.2 \| 0.7 \| 7.6 \| 0.0 \| 1.7 \| 10.0 \| \| Used an electronic vapor product before age 11 years \| 0.2 \| 0.0 \| 0.4 \| 0.0 \| 0.0 \| 0.5 \| \| Current electronic vapor product use (past 30 days) \| 2.4 \| 0.7 \| 4.0 \| 0.6 \| 0.0 \| 5.9 \| \| Current frequent electronic vapor product use (on 20 or more of the past 30 days) \| 0.5 \| 0.4 \| 0.7 \| 0.6 \| 0.0 \| 1.0 \| \| Current daily electronic vapor product use (on all 30 of the past 30 days) \| 0.5 \| 0.4 \| 0.7 \| 0.6 \| 0.0 \| 1.0 \| \| Current electronic vapor product use on school property (past 30 days) \| 0.9 \| 0.7 \| 1.1 \| 0.6 \| 0.0 \| 2.0 \| \| Perceived risk of harm of using electronic vapor products (moderate/great risk) \| 88.6 \| 92.4 \| 84.9 \| 95.8 \| 90.3 \| 81.3 \| * Ever tried cigarette smoking, even one or two puffs † Includes electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) like JUUL, Phix, Vuse, MarkTen, and blu, and other electronic vapor products, like vapes, vape pens, e-cigars, e-hookahs, hookah pens, and mods \| \| 2006 \| 2008 (484) \| 2010 (437) \| 2012 (435) \| 2014 (404) \| 2016 (394) \| 2018 (388) \| \|--------------------------------\|------\|------------\|------------\|------------\|------------\|------------\|------------\| \| CIGARETTE SMOKING \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Lifetime cigarette smoking* \| – \| 4.1 \| 2.8 \| 4.9 \| 4.0 \| 2.6 \| 2.3 \| \| Smoked a whole cigarette before age 11 years \| – \| 1.0 \| 1.2 \| 0.9 \| 1.0 \| 0.8 \| 0.3 \| \| Current cigarette use (past 30 days) \| – \| 1.0 \| 1.6 \| 0.9 \| 1.2 \| 1.3 \| 0.5 \| \| Current frequent cigarette use (on 20 or more of the past 30 days) \| – \| 0.0 \| 0.0 \| 0.5 \| 0.7 \| 0.8 \| 0.5 \| \| ELECTRONIC VAPOR PRODUCT USE † \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Lifetime electronic vapor product use \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 3.5 \| 4.8 \| 6.1 \| \| Used an electronic vapor product before age 11 years \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 0.3 \| \| Current electronic vapor product use (past 30 days) \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 2.0 \| 3.3 \| 3.1 \| \| Current frequent electronic vapor product use (on 20 or more of the past 30 days) \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 0.3 \| 0.8 \| 0.5 \| \| Current daily electronic vapor product use (on all 30 of the past 30 days) \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 0.3 \| 0.5 \| 0.5 \| \| Current electronic vapor product use on school property (past 30 days) \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 1.0 \| \| Perceived risk of harm of using electronic vapor products (moderate/great risk) \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 69.2 \| 79.5 \| 85.4 \| * Ever tried cigarette smoking, even one or two puffs † Includes electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) like JUUL, Phix, Vuse, MarkTen, and blu, and other electronic vapor products, like vapes, vape pens, e-cigars, e-hookahs, hookah pens, and mods \| CIGARETTE SMOKING \| Medfield 2018 MWAHS (388) \| MetroWest Region 2018 MWAHS (12,107) \| \|-------------------\|--------------------------\|-------------------------------------\| \| Lifetime cigarette smoking* \| 2.3 \| 2.9 \| \| Smoked a whole cigarette before age 11 years \| 0.3 \| 0.5 \| \| Current cigarette use (past 30 days) \| 0.5 \| 0.8 \| \| Current frequent cigarette use (on 20 or more of the past 30 days) \| 0.5 \| 0.3 \| \| ELECTRONIC VAPOR PRODUCT USE † \| Medfield 2018 MWAHS (388) \| MetroWest Region 2018 MWAHS (12,107) \| \|--------------------------------\|--------------------------\|-------------------------------------\| \| Lifetime electronic vapor product use \| 6.1 \| 9.9 \| \| Used an electronic vapor product before age 11 years \| 0.3 \| 0.8 \| \| Current electronic vapor product use (past 30 days) \| 3.1 \| 5.8 \| \| Current frequent electronic vapor product use (on 20 or more of the past 30 days) \| 0.5 \| 0.8 \| \| Current daily electronic vapor product use (on all 30 of the past 30 days) \| 0.5 \| 0.5 \| \| Current electronic vapor product use on school property (past 30 days) \| 1.0 \| 1.9 \| \| Perceived risk of harm of using electronic vapor products (moderate/great risk) \| 85.4 \| 80.4 \| * Ever tried cigarette smoking, even one or two puffs † Includes electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) like JUUL, Phix, Vuse, MarkTen, and blu, and other electronic vapor products, like vapes, vape pens, e-cigars, e-hookahs, hookah pens, and mods \| \| Total (%) \| Female (273) \| Male (286) \| 6th (173) \| 7th (182) \| 8th (206) \| \|--------------------------\|-----------\|--------------\|------------\|-----------\|-----------\|-----------\| \| ALCOHOL USE \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Lifetime alcohol use \| 8.5 \| 5.5 \| 11.3 \| 4.1 \| 8.8 \| 11.8 \| \| Had first drink of alcohol before age 11 years \| 4.3 \| 3.3 \| 5.4 \| 1.8 \| 6.1 \| 4.9 \| \| Current alcohol use (past 30 days) \| 2.5 \| 1.8 \| 3.2 \| 0.6 \| 2.8 \| 3.9 \| \| Binge drinking (past 30 days)† \| 0.4 \| 0.0 \| 0.7 \| 0.0 \| 0.0 \| 1.0 \| \| Was “drunk” from consuming alcohol (past 30 days) \| 0.4 \| 0.4 \| 0.4 \| 0.0 \| 0.6 \| 0.5 \| \| Went to a party/hung out where alcohol was available (past 30 days) \| 6.7 \| 6.6 \| 6.8 \| 4.1 \| 5.6 \| 9.8 \| \| Ever rode in car driven by a high school student who had been drinking \| 0.9 \| 1.1 \| 0.7 \| 0.0 \| 0.6 \| 2.0 \| \| MARIJUANA USE \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Lifetime marijuana use \| 1.1 \| 0.0 \| 2.1 \| 0.0 \| 0.0 \| 2.9 \| \| Tried marijuana before age 11 years \| 0.4 \| 0.0 \| 0.7 \| 0.0 \| 0.0 \| 1.0 \| \| Current marijuana use (past 30 days) \| 0.5 \| 0.0 \| 1.1 \| 0.0 \| 0.0 \| 1.5 \| \| Went to a party/hung out where marijuana was available (past 30 days) \| 2.0 \| 0.7 \| 3.2 \| 0.6 \| 1.7 \| 3.4 \| \| Ate or drank products made with marijuana (lifetime) \| 0.7 \| 0.0 \| 1.4 \| 0.0 \| 0.6 \| 1.5 \| \| Think it would be “fairly easy” or “very easy” to obtain marijuana \| 12.8 \| 10.5 \| 14.7 \| 2.1 \| 9.5 \| 23.3 \| \| Perceived risk of harm of using marijuana (moderate/great risk) \| 89.0 \| 91.9 \| 86.3 \| 94.3 \| 86.9 \| 86.8 \| \| Ever rode in car driven by a high school student who had been using marijuana \| 1.6 \| 2.2 \| 1.1 \| 0.6 \| 1.7 \| 2.5 \| \| OTHER SUBSTANCE USE \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Lifetime inhalant use§ \| 2.6 \| 1.9 \| 3.2 \| 1.2 \| 2.2 \| 3.9 \| \| Lifetime prescription pain medicine misuse (without a doctor’s prescription)** \| 1.3 \| 0.7 \| 1.8 \| 0.0 \| 1.1 \| 2.5 \| * Does not include drinking a few sips of wine for religious purposes † Consumed 4+ drinks in a row for females, or 5+ drinks in a row for males. ‡ Includes edibles, such as candy, baked goods, snacks, or drinks that contain marijuana. § Includes sniffing glue, breathing the contents of aerosol spray cans, or inhaling any paints or sprays to get high. Includes using opioids like codeine, Vicodin, OxyContin, Hydrocodone, and Percocet without a doctor’s prescription. \| \| 2006 \| 2008 (484) \| 2010 (437) \| 2012 (435) \| 2014 (404) \| 2016 (394) \| 2018 (388) \| \|----------------------\|------\|------------\|------------\|------------\|------------\|------------\|------------\| \| ALCOHOL USE \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Lifetime alcohol use \| – \| 10.6 \| 7.8 \| 7.1 \| 11.5 \| 8.5 \| 10.4 \| \| Had first drink of alcohol before age 11 years \| – \| 3.1 \| 4.4 \| 2.1 \| 4.2 \| 3.3 \| 5.5 \| \| Current alcohol use (past 30 days) \| – \| 5.4 \| 2.1 \| 2.8 \| 3.0 \| 3.1 \| 3.4 \| \| Binge drinking (past 30 days)† \| – \| 0.8 \| 0.7 \| 0.9 \| 1.2 \| 1.0 \| 0.5 \| \| Was “drunk” from consuming alcohol (past 30 days) \| – \| 0.6 \| 0.7 \| 0.9 \| 1.2 \| 0.8 \| 0.5 \| \| Went to a party/hung out where alcohol was available (past 30 days) \| – \| – \| 5.3 \| 6.9 \| 6.0 \| 5.9 \| 7.8 \| \| Ever rode in car driven by a high school student who had been drinking \| – \| – \| – \| 1.9 \| 1.2 \| 0.8 \| 1.3 \| \| MARIJUANA USE \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Lifetime marijuana use \| – \| 1.7 \| 1.6 \| 3.2 \| 2.2 \| 2.3 \| 1.6 \| \| Tried marijuana before age 11 years \| – \| 0.4 \| 0.5 \| 0.7 \| 1.2 \| 0.3 \| 0.5 \| \| Current marijuana use (past 30 days) \| – \| 1.9 \| 0.7 \| 1.8 \| 1.2 \| 0.8 \| 0.8 \| \| Went to a party/hung out where marijuana was available (past 30 days) \| – \| – \| – \| 2.5 \| 2.5 \| 2.3 \| 2.6 \| \| Ate or drank products made with marijuana (lifetime)‡ \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 1.0 \| \| Think it would be "fairly easy" or "very easy" to obtain marijuana \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 17.0 \| \| Perceived risk of harm of using marijuana (moderate/great risk) \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 86.8 \| \| Ever rode in car driven by a high school student who had been using marijuana \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 2.1 \| \| OTHER SUBSTANCE USE \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Lifetime inhalant use§ \| – \| 3.1 \| 3.2 \| 0.7 \| 3.7 \| 3.1 \| 3.1 \| \| Lifetime prescription pain medicine misuse (without a doctor’s prescription) \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 1.8 \| * Does not include drinking a few sips of wine for religious purposes † Consumed 4+ drinks in a row for females, or 5+ drinks in a row for males ‡ Includes edibles, such as candy, baked goods, snacks, or drinks that contain marijuana § Includes sniffing glue, breathing the contents of aerosol spray cans, or inhaling any paints or sprays to get high Includes using opioids like codeine, Vicodin, OxyContin, Hydrocodone, and Percocet without a doctor’s prescription \| ALCOHOL USE \| Medfield 2018 MWAHS (388) \| MetroWest Region 2018 MWAHS (12,107) \| \|-----------------\|--------------------------\|-------------------------------------\| \| Lifetime alcohol use \| 10.4 \| 11.7 \| \| Had first drink of alcohol before age 11 years \| 5.5 \| 4.4 \| \| Current alcohol use (past 30 days) \| 3.4 \| 3.9 \| \| Binge drinking (past 30 days)† \| 0.5 \| 0.9 \| \| Was “drunk” from consuming alcohol (past 30 days) \| 0.5 \| 1.1 \| \| Went to a party/hung out where alcohol was available (past 30 days) \| 7.8 \| 8.3 \| \| Ever rode in car driven by a high school student who had been drinking \| 1.3 \| 1.4 \| \| MARIJUANA USE \| Medfield 2018 MWAHS (388) \| MetroWest Region 2018 MWAHS (12,107) \| \|-------------------\|--------------------------\|-------------------------------------\| \| Lifetime marijuana use \| 1.6 \| 3.0 \| \| Tried marijuana before age 11 years \| 0.5 \| 0.4 \| \| Current marijuana use (past 30 days) \| 0.8 \| 1.7 \| \| Went to a party/hung out where marijuana was available (past 30 days) \| 2.6 \| 4.1 \| \| Ate or drank products made with marijuana (lifetime)‡ \| 1.0 \| 1.7 \| \| Think it would be “fairly easy” or “very easy” to obtain marijuana \| 17.0 \| 19.4 \| \| Perceived risk of harm of using marijuana (moderate/great risk) \| 86.8 \| 84.0 \| \| Ever rode in car driven by a high school student who had been using marijuana \| 2.1 \| 2.3 \| \| OTHER SUBSTANCE USE \| Medfield 2018 MWAHS (388) \| MetroWest Region 2018 MWAHS (12,107) \| \|-------------------------\|--------------------------\|-------------------------------------\| \| Lifetime inhalant use§ \| 3.1 \| 3.5 \| \| Lifetime prescription pain medicine misuse (without a doctor’s prescription) \| 1.8 \| 1.2 \| * Does not include drinking a few sips of wine for religious purposes † Consumed 4+ drinks in a row for females, or 5+ drinks in a row for males ‡ Includes edibles, such as candy, baked goods, snacks, or drinks that contain marijuana § Includes sniffing glue, breathing the contents of aerosol spray cans, or inhaling any paints or sprays to get high *Includes using opioids like codeine, Vicodin, OxyContin, Hydrocodone, and Percocet without a doctor’s prescription Section 3 Violence and Bullying Figure 3-1A. Fighting and Weapon Carrying by Sex, 2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 6-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey \| Category \| Female (%) \| Male (%) \| \|---------------------------------\|------------\|----------\| \| Physical fight (lifetime) \| 16% \| 47% \| \| Physical fight (past 12 mos.) \| 6% \| 26% \| \| Carried weapon (lifetime) \| 6% \| 26% \| \| Carried weapon (past 30 days) \| 3% \| 10% \| Figure 3-1B. Fighting and Weapon Carrying by Grade, 2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 6-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey \| Category \| 6th (%) \| 7th (%) \| 8th (%) \| \|---------------------------------\|---------\|---------\|---------\| \| Physical fight (lifetime) \| 29% \| 36% \| 31% \| \| Physical fight (past 12 mos.) \| 17% \| 17% \| 14% \| \| Carried weapon (lifetime) \| 12% \| 19% \| 17% \| \| Carried weapon (past 30 days) \| 5% \| 9% \| 5% \| Figure 3-1C. Trends in Fighting and Weapon Carrying, 2008-2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 7-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey Percent of students - Physical fight (lifetime) - Physical fight (past 12 mos.) - Carried weapon (lifetime) - Carried weapon (past 30 days) Years: 2008, 2010, 2012, 2014, 2016, 2018 Sample sizes: n=484, n=437, n=435, n=404, n=394, n=388 Figure 3-1D. Fighting and Weapon Carrying at the District and Regional Levels, 2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 7-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey Percent of students - Physical fight (lifetime) - Physical fight (past 12 mos.) - Carried weapon (lifetime) - Carried weapon (past 30 days) Medfield (n=388), MetroWest (n=12,107) Figure 3-2A. Bullying and Cyberbullying by Sex, 2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 6-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey In the past 12 months; bullying defined as when one or more students tease, threaten, spread rumors about, hit, shove, or hurt another student over and over again † In the past 12 months; cyberbullying defined as using the Internet, cell phones, or other electronic devices to bully, tease, threaten or spread rumors about someone Figure 3-2B. Bullying and Cyberbullying by Grade, 2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 6-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey * In the past 12 months; bullying defined as when one or more students tease, threaten, spread rumors about, hit, shove, or hurt another student over and over again † In the past 12 months; cyberbullying defined as using the Internet, cell phones, or other electronic devices to bully, tease, threaten or spread rumors about someone Figure 3-2C. Trends in Bullying and Cyberbullying, 2008-2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 7-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey * In the past 12 months; bullying defined as when one or more students tease, threaten, spread rumors about, hit, shove, or hurt another student over and over again † In the past 12 months; cyberbullying defined as using the Internet, cell phones, or other electronic devices to bully, tease, threaten or spread rumors about someone Figure 3-2D. Bullying and Cyberbullying at the District and Regional Levels, 2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 7-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey * In the past 12 months; bullying defined as when one or more students tease, threaten, spread rumors about, hit, shove, or hurt another student over and over again † In the past 12 months; cyberbullying defined as using the Internet, cell phones, or other electronic devices to bully, tease, threaten or spread rumors about someone Figure 3-3A. School Bullying Bystander Behaviors* by Sex, 2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 6-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey \| Behavior \| Female (%) \| Male (%) \| \|-----------------------------------------------\|------------\|----------\| \| Saw/heard of another student being bullied at school \| 44% \| 47% \| \| Tried to stop a student from bullying someone else at school \| 33% \| 35% \| \| Told an adult at school that someone was being bullied at school \| 13% \| 12% \| \| Told a parent/adult outside of school that someone was being bullied at school \| 19% \| 14% \| * In the past 12 months; bullying defined as when one or more students tease, threaten, spread rumors about, hit, shove, or hurt another student over and over again Figure 3-3B. School Bullying Bystander Behaviors* by Grade, 2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 6-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey \| Behavior \| 6th (%) \| 7th (%) \| 8th (%) \| \|-----------------------------------------------\|---------\|---------\|---------\| \| Saw/heard of another student being bullied at school \| 32% \| 58% \| 46% \| \| Tried to stop a student from bullying someone else at school \| 26% \| 47% \| 30% \| \| Told an adult at school that someone was being bullied at school \| 11% \| 18% \| 9% \| \| Told a parent/adult outside of school that someone was being bullied at school \| 15% \| 20% \| 15% \| * In the past 12 months; bullying defined as when one or more students tease, threaten, spread rumors about, hit, shove, or hurt another student over and over again Figure 3-3C. Trends in School Bullying Bystander Behaviors,* 2012-2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 7-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey * In the past 12 months; bullying defined as when one or more students tease, threaten, spread rumors about, hit, shove, or hurt another student over and over again Figure 3-3D. School Bullying Bystander Behaviors* at the District and Regional Levels, 2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 7-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey * In the past 12 months; bullying defined as when one or more students tease, threaten, spread rumors about, hit, shove, or hurt another student over and over again Figure 3-4A. Cyberbullying Bystander Behaviors* by Sex, 2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 6-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey * In the past 12 months; cyberbullying defined as using the Internet, cell phones, or other electronic devices to bully, tease, threaten or spread rumors about someone Figure 3-4B. Cyberbullying Bystander Behaviors* by Grade, 2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 6-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey * In the past 12 months; cyberbullying defined as using the Internet, cell phones, or other electronic devices to bully, tease, threaten or spread rumors about someone Figure 3-4C. Trends in Cyberbullying Bystander Behaviors,* 2012-2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 7-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey * In the past 12 months; cyberbullying defined as using the Internet, cell phones, or other electronic devices to bully, tease, threaten or spread rumors about someone Figure 3-4D. Cyberbullying Bystander Behaviors* at the District and Regional Levels, 2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 7-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey * In the past 12 months; cyberbullying defined as using the Internet, cell phones, or other electronic devices to bully, tease, threaten or spread rumors about someone Figure 3-5A. Verbal Harassment* by Sex, 2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 6-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey * Defined as being called names, teased, made fun of, embarrassed, or threatened one or more times by others at your school during the past 12 months Figure 3-5B. Verbal Harassment* by Grade, 2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 6-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey * Defined as being called names, teased, made fun of, embarrassed, or threatened one or more times by others at your school during the past 12 months Figure 3-5C. Verbal Harassment,* 2016-2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 7-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey * Defined as being called names, teased, made fun of, embarrassed, or threatened one or more times by others at your school during the past 12 months Figure 3-5D. Verbal Harassment* at the District and Regional Levels, 2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 7-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey * Defined as being called names, teased, made fun of, embarrassed, or threatened one or more times by others at your school during the past 12 months \| Behavior \| Total (%) \| Female (273) \| Male (286) \| 6th (173) \| 7th (182) \| 8th (206) \| \|-------------------------------------------------------------------------\|-----------\|--------------\|------------\|-----------\|-----------\|-----------\| \| SAFETY \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Didn't go to school because of safety concerns (past 30 days)* \| 1.8 \| 2.6 \| 1.1 \| 1.2 \| 1.1 \| 2.9 \| \| Concerned a student or someone else might physically hurt someone at \| 16.0 \| 14.2 \| 17.5 \| 10.2 \| 21.1 \| 16.3 \| \| school \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Saw posts online that a student or someone else wanted to physically \| 4.8 \| 3.7 \| 5.5 \| 0.6 \| 9.7 \| 4.0 \| \| hurt someone at school \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Told an adult at school that a student or someone else might physically\| 1.5 \| 1.9 \| 1.1 \| 0.0 \| 2.3 \| 2.0 \| \| hurt someone at school \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Told an adult outside of school that a student or someone else might \| 2.8 \| 1.9 \| 3.7 \| 0.6 \| 5.1 \| 2.5 \| \| physically hurt someone at school \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| WEAPONS \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Carried a weapon (lifetime) \| 16.2 \| 5.9 \| 26.1 \| 12.3 \| 19.3 \| 16.6 \| \| Carried a weapon on school property (lifetime) \| 0.4 \| 0.0 \| 0.7 \| 0.0 \| 0.0 \| 1.0 \| \| Carried a weapon (past 30 days) \| 6.6 \| 3.3 \| 9.8 \| 5.2 \| 9.4 \| 5.4 \| \| PHYSICAL FIGHTING \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| In a physical fight (lifetime) \| 31.8 \| 15.9 \| 46.8 \| 29.1 \| 35.8 \| 30.7 \| \| In a physical fight (past 12 months) \| 15.9 \| 5.5 \| 25.9 \| 17.4 \| 16.6 \| 14.1 \| \| In a physical fight on school property (lifetime) \| 8.6 \| 3.0 \| 13.8 \| 4.1 \| 11.2 \| 10.2 \| \| In a physical fight on school property (past 12 months) \| 2.9 \| 1.1 \| 4.6 \| 1.7 \| 3.3 \| 3.4 \| \| Injured in a physical fight and received medical treatment (lifetime) \| 3.6 \| 2.9 \| 3.9 \| 2.9 \| 4.4 \| 3.4 \| \| DATING VIOLENCE \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Sworn at, cursed at, or insulted (lifetime) \| 3.4 \| 2.9 \| 3.9 \| 1.7 \| 5.5 \| 2.9 \| \| Physically hurt on purpose (lifetime) \| 0.4 \| 0.0 \| 0.7 \| 0.0 \| 0.0 \| 1.0 \| * Because you felt you would be unsafe at school or on the way to or from school † For example, a gun, knife, or club ‡ By a boyfriend, girlfriend, date, or someone you were going out with \| SAFETY \| Medfield (%) \| \|--------\|--------------\| \| Didn't go to school because of safety concerns (past 30 days)* \| – 2.7 1.4 1.6 2.0 0.5 2.1 \| \| Concerned a student or someone else might physically hurt someone at school \| – – – – 24.8 13.8 18.5 \| \| Saw posts online that a student or someone else wanted to physically hurt someone at school \| – – – – – – 6.6 \| \| Told an adult at school that a student or someone else might physically hurt someone at school \| – – – – – 3.7 2.6 2.1 \| \| Told an adult outside of school that a student or someone else might physically hurt someone at school \| – – – – – 6.2 3.6 3.7 \| \| WEAPONS † \| Medfield (%) \| \|-----------\|--------------\| \| Carried a weapon (lifetime) \| – 13.3 10.1 15.8 18.9 15.3 17.9 \| \| Carried a weapon on school property (lifetime) \| – 1.9 0.7 1.1 0.7 2.6 0.5 \| \| Carried a weapon (past 30 days) \| – 6.0 4.1 7.2 8.5 7.9 7.3 \| \| PHYSICAL FIGHTING \| Medfield (%) \| \|-------------------\|--------------\| \| In a physical fight (lifetime) \| – 36.4 33.6 27.5 33.7 28.8 33.1 \| \| In a physical fight (past 12 months) \| – 21.0 18.3 15.0 18.8 15.6 15.2 \| \| In a physical fight on school property (lifetime) \| – 11.0 7.2 5.1 6.9 5.8 10.7 \| \| In a physical fight on school property (past 12 months) \| – 4.4 3.0 2.1 2.0 2.5 3.4 \| \| Injured in a physical fight and received medical treatment (lifetime) \| – 3.3 2.3 1.8 2.5 1.5 3.9 \| \| DATING VIOLENCE ‡ \| Medfield (%) \| \|-------------------\|--------------\| \| Sworn at, cursed at, or insulted (lifetime) \| – – – – 3.8 3.1 4.1 \| \| Physically hurt on purpose (lifetime) \| – – – – 0.2 0.5 0.5 \| * Because you felt you would be unsafe at school or on the way to or from school † For example, a gun, knife, or club ‡ By a boyfriend, girlfriend, date, or someone you were going out with \| SAFETY \| Medfield 2018 MWAHS (388) \| MetroWest Region 2018 MWAHS (12,107) \| \|-----------------------------------------------------------------------\|---------------------------\|--------------------------------------\| \| Didn't go to school because of safety concerns (past 30 days)* \| 2.1 \| 3.1 \| \| Concerned a student or someone else might physically hurt someone at school \| 18.5 \| 24.5 \| \| Saw posts online that a student or someone else wanted to physically hurt someone at school \| 6.6 \| 11.9 \| \| Told an adult at school that a student or someone else might physically hurt someone at school \| 2.1 \| 4.4 \| \| Told an adult outside of school that a student or someone else might physically hurt someone at school \| 3.7 \| 7.3 \| \| WEAPONS † \| Medfield 2018 MWAHS (388) \| MetroWest Region 2018 MWAHS (12,107) \| \|-----------------------------------------------------------------------\|---------------------------\|--------------------------------------\| \| Carried a weapon (lifetime) \| 17.9 \| 13.7 \| \| Carried a weapon on school property (lifetime) \| 0.5 \| 0.8 \| \| Carried a weapon (past 30 days) \| 7.3 \| 5.3 \| \| PHYSICAL FIGHTING \| Medfield 2018 MWAHS (388) \| MetroWest Region 2018 MWAHS (12,107) \| \|-----------------------------------------------------------------------\|---------------------------\|--------------------------------------\| \| In a physical fight (lifetime) \| 33.1 \| 32.2 \| \| In a physical fight (past 12 months) \| 15.2 \| 16.8 \| \| In a physical fight on school property (lifetime) \| 10.7 \| 11.1 \| \| In a physical fight on school property (past 12 months) \| 3.4 \| 4.7 \| \| Injured in a physical fight and received medical treatment (lifetime) \| 3.9 \| 3.4 \| \| DATING VIOLENCE * \| Medfield 2018 MWAHS (388) \| MetroWest Region 2018 MWAHS (12,107) \| \|-----------------------------------------------------------------------\|---------------------------\|--------------------------------------\| \| Sworn at, cursed at, or insulted (lifetime) \| 4.1 \| 6.1 \| \| Physically hurt on purpose (lifetime) \| 0.5 \| 1.3 \| * Because you felt you would be unsafe at school or on the way to or from school † For example, a gun, knife, or club ‡ By a boyfriend, girlfriend, date, or someone you were going out with \| Category \| Total (%) \| Sex (%) \| Grade (%) \| \|-----------------------------------------------\|-----------\|---------\|-----------\| \| \| \| Female \| Male \| 6th \| 7th \| 8th \| \| \| \| (273) \| (286) \| (173) \| (182) \| (206) \| \| BULLYING (past 12 months) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Been a victim of bullying \| 23.6 \| 25.2 \| 22.0 \| 16.5 \| 27.8 \| 26.0 \| \| Been a victim of bullying on school property \| 21.8 \| 21.9 \| 21.5 \| 15.0 \| 26.3 \| 23.6 \| \| Bullied someone else \| 4.7 \| 3.3 \| 6.0 \| 2.9 \| 6.0 \| 4.9 \| \| Bullied someone else on school property \| 2.9 \| 2.2 \| 3.5 \| 0.6 \| 5.5 \| 2.5 \| \| Talked to a teacher/adult at school about being bullied \| 7.9 \| 7.4 \| 8.1 \| 4.1 \| 13.8 \| 5.9 \| \| Talked to a parent/adult outside of school about being bullied \| 15.3 \| 15.6 \| 14.9 \| 13.5 \| 18.3 \| 14.3 \| \| Saw or heard about another student being bullied at school \| 45.6 \| 44.4 \| 46.6 \| 31.8 \| 58.1 \| 46.3 \| \| Tried to stop another student from bullying someone else at school \| 33.9 \| 32.6 \| 35.1 \| 25.6 \| 46.9 \| 29.6 \| \| Told an adult at school that someone was being bullied at school \| 12.7 \| 12.6 \| 12.4 \| 10.5 \| 18.4 \| 9.4 \| \| Told a parent/adult outside of school that someone was being bullied at school \| 16.2 \| 18.5 \| 13.8 \| 14.5 \| 19.6 \| 14.8 \| \| CYBERBULLYING (past 12 months) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Been a victim of cyberbullying \| 11.7 \| 15.6 \| 7.8 \| 4.7 \| 16.0 \| 13.7 \| \| Cyberbullied someone else \| 3.4 \| 4.1 \| 2.8 \| 2.4 \| 5.6 \| 2.5 \| \| Talked to a teacher/adult at school about being cyberbullied \| 2.0 \| 2.2 \| 1.8 \| 0.0 \| 3.3 \| 2.4 \| \| Talked to a parent/adult outside of school about being cyberbullied \| 5.4 \| 6.3 \| 4.6 \| 2.9 \| 7.2 \| 5.9 \| \| Saw or heard about another student being cyberbullied \| 20.2 \| 22.9 \| 17.4 \| 11.2 \| 29.4 \| 19.6 \| \| Tried to stop a student from cyberbullying someone else \| 10.2 \| 12.4 \| 7.9 \| 7.2 \| 14.7 \| 8.8 \| \| Told an adult at school that someone was being cyberbullied \| 2.0 \| 2.2 \| 1.8 \| 0.6 \| 3.4 \| 2.0 \| \| Told a parent/adult outside of school that someone was being cyberbullied \| 6.6 \| 8.3 \| 5.0 \| 3.0 \| 10.7 \| 5.9 \| \| VERBAL HARASSMENT (past 12 months) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Verbally harassed because of your race, ethnicity, or culture \| 9.4 \| 8.2 \| 10.4 \| 4.8 \| 12.3 \| 10.7 \| \| Verbally harassed because of your sexual orientation or gender identity \| 4.3 \| 4.4 \| 3.9 \| 2.4 \| 5.0 \| 5.4 \| \| Verbally harassed because of a disability you have or others think you have \| 4.5 \| 3.3 \| 5.7 \| 1.2 \| 6.1 \| 5.9 \| \| Verbally harassed because of your height or weight or how you look \| 24.0 \| 25.0 \| 22.8 \| 18.6 \| 26.8 \| 25.9 \| * Defined as when one or more students tease, threaten, spread rumors about, hit, shove, or hurt another student over and over again † Defined as using the Internet, cell phones, or other electronic devices to bully, tease, threaten or spread rumors about someone. Includes being bullied through texting, email, and social media ‡ Defined as being called names, teased, made fun of, embarrassed, or threatened one or more times by others at your school \| \| 2006 \| 2008 (484) \| 2010 (437) \| 2012 (435) \| 2014 (404) \| 2016 (394) \| 2018 (388) \| \|--------------------------\|------\|------------\|------------\|------------\|------------\|------------\|------------\| \| BULLYING (past 12 months) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Been a victim of bullying \| – \| 42.8 \| 31.6 \| 24.1 \| 32.5 \| 24.6 \| 26.8 \| \| Been a victim of bullying on school property \| – \| 34.1 \| 27.0 \| 20.6 \| 25.2 \| 19.3 \| 24.9 \| \| Bullied someone else \| – \| 22.7 \| 12.8 \| 5.3 \| 10.2 \| 7.9 \| 5.5 \| \| Bullied someone else on school property \| – \| – \| – \| 3.5 \| 5.2 \| 4.7 \| 3.9 \| \| Talked to a teacher/adult at school about being bullied \| – \| – \| 8.6 \| 10.0 \| 7.7 \| 8.6 \| 9.6 \| \| Talked to a parent/adult outside of school about being bullied \| – \| – \| 15.1 \| 17.6 \| 16.7 \| 15.6 \| 16.2 \| \| Saw or heard about another student being bullied at school \| – \| – \| – \| 48.6 \| 52.5 \| 51.7 \| 51.8 \| \| Tried to stop another student from bullying someone else at school \| – \| – \| – \| 30.4 \| 34.2 \| 33.7 \| 37.7 \| \| Told an adult at school that someone was being bullied at school \| – \| – \| – \| 12.1 \| 13.9 \| 12.3 \| 13.6 \| \| Told a parent/adult outside of school that someone was being bullied at school \| – \| – \| – \| 16.3 \| 20.8 \| 16.8 \| 17.0 \| \| CYBERBULLYING (past 12 months) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Been a victim of cyberbullying \| – \| 13.0 \| 15.9 \| 12.7 \| 15.4 \| 20.3 \| 14.8 \| \| Cyberbullied someone else \| – \| 5.0 \| 4.6 \| 4.0 \| 5.5 \| 4.6 \| 3.9 \| \| Talked to a teacher/adult at school about being cyberbullied \| – \| – \| 1.4 \| 2.1 \| 2.2 \| 4.3 \| 2.8 \| \| Talked to a parent/adult outside of school about being cyberbullied \| – \| – \| 4.4 \| 3.7 \| 6.2 \| 8.7 \| 6.5 \| \| Saw or heard about another student being cyberbullied \| – \| – \| – \| 24.0 \| 37.4 \| 35.2 \| 24.1 \| \| Tried to stop a student from cyberbullying someone else \| – \| – \| – \| 9.3 \| 16.4 \| 21.7 \| 11.5 \| \| Told an adult at school that someone was being cyberbullied \| – \| – \| – \| 2.6 \| 5.5 \| 8.5 \| 2.6 \| \| Told a parent/adult outside of school that someone was being cyberbullied \| – \| – \| – \| 5.6 \| 10.4 \| 10.5 \| 8.1 \| \| VERBAL HARASSMENT (past 12 months) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Verbally harassed because of your race, ethnicity, or culture \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 8.4 \| 11.5 \| \| Verbally harassed because of your sexual orientation or gender identity \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 4.2 \| 5.2 \| \| Verbally harassed because of a disability you have or others think you have \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 5.0 \| 6.0 \| \| Verbally harassed because of your height or weight or how you look \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 22.0 \| 26.3 \| * Defined as when one or more students tease, threaten, spread rumors about, hit, shove, or hurt another student over and over again † Defined as using the Internet, cell phones, or other electronic devices to bully, tease, threaten or spread rumors about someone. Includes being bullied through texting, email, and social media ‡ Defined as being called names, teased, made fun of, embarrassed, or threatened one or more times by others at your school \| Category \| Medfield 2018 MWAHS (388) \| MetroWest Region 2018 MWAHS (12,107) \| \|-----------------------------------------------\|---------------------------\|--------------------------------------\| \| BULLYING (past 12 months) \| \| \| \| Been a victim of bullying \| 26.8 \| 27.9 \| \| Been a victim of bullying on school property \| 24.9 \| 24.5 \| \| Bullied someone else \| 5.5 \| 7.4 \| \| Bullied someone else on school property \| 3.9 \| 5.1 \| \| Talked to a teacher/adult at school about being bullied \| 9.6 \| 11.5 \| \| Talked to a parent/adult outside of school about being bullied \| 16.2 \| 18.3 \| \| Saw or heard about another student being bullied at school \| 51.8 \| 50.4 \| \| Tried to stop another student from bullying someone else at school \| 37.7 \| 33.7 \| \| Told an adult at school that someone was being bullied at school \| 13.6 \| 15.0 \| \| Told a parent/adult outside of school that someone was being bullied at school \| 17.0 \| 20.4 \| \| CYBERBULLYING (past 12 months) \| \| \| \| Been a victim of cyberbullying \| 14.8 \| 17.8 \| \| Cyberbullied someone else \| 3.9 \| 5.7 \| \| Talked to a teacher/adult at school about being cyberbullied \| 2.8 \| 3.7 \| \| Talked to a parent/adult outside of school about being cyberbullied \| 6.5 \| 7.2 \| \| Saw or heard about another student being cyberbullied \| 24.1 \| 28.1 \| \| Tried to stop a student from cyberbullying someone else \| 11.5 \| 14.6 \| \| Told an adult at school that someone was being cyberbullied \| 2.6 \| 4.2 \| \| Told a parent/adult outside of school that someone was being cyberbullied \| 8.1 \| 7.8 \| \| VERBAL HARASSMENT (past 12 months) \| \| \| \| Verbally harassed because of your race, ethnicity, or culture \| 11.5 \| 13.6 \| \| Verbally harassed because of your sexual orientation or gender identity \| 5.2 \| 5.5 \| \| Verbally harassed because of a disability you have or others think you have \| 6.0 \| 6.4 \| \| Verbally harassed because of your height or weight or how you look \| 26.3 \| 29.3 \| * Defined as when one or more students tease, threaten, spread rumors about, hit, shove, or hurt another student over and over again † Defined as using the Internet, cell phones, or other electronic devices to bully, tease, threaten or spread rumors about someone. Includes being bullied through texting, email, and social media ‡ Defined as being called names, teased, made fun of, embarrassed, or threatened one or more times by others at your school Section 4 Unintentional Injury Figure 4-1A. Behaviors Related to Unintentional Injury by Sex, 2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 6-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey \| Behavior \| Female (%) \| Male (%) \| \|-----------------------------------------------\|------------\|----------\| \| Never/rarely wear helmet on bicycle* \| 5 \| 8 \| \| Never/rarely wear seatbelt when riding in car\| 0 \| 1 \| \| Rode in car with a high school driver who had been drinking (lifetime) \| 1 \| 1 \| \| Rode in car with a high school driver who had been using marijuana (lifetime) \| 2 \| 1 \| * Among the youth who ride a bicycle Figure 4-1B. Behaviors Related to Unintentional Injury by Grade, 2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 6-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey \| Behavior \| 6th (%) \| 7th (%) \| 8th (%) \| \|-----------------------------------------------\|---------\|---------\|---------\| \| Never/rarely wear helmet on bicycle* \| 2 \| 8 \| 9 \| \| Never/rarely wear seatbelt when riding in car\| 0 \| 0 \| 1 \| \| Rode in car with a high school driver who had been drinking (lifetime) \| 0 \| 1 \| 2 \| \| Rode in car with a high school driver who had been using marijuana (lifetime) \| 1 \| 2 \| 2 \| * Among the youth who ride a bicycle Figure 4-1C. Trends in Behaviors Related to Unintentional Injury, 2008-2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 7-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey * Among the youth who ride a bicycle Figure 4-1D. Behaviors Related to Unintentional Injury at the District and Regional Levels, 2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 7-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey * Among the youth who ride a bicycle \| Behavior \| Total (%) \| Sex (%) \| Grade (%) \| \|-------------------------------------------------------------------------\|-----------\|---------\|-----------\| \| \| \| Female \| Male \| 6th \| 7th \| 8th \| \| \| \| (273) \| (286) \| (173)\| (182)\| (206)\| \| SAFETY-RELATED BEHAVIORS \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Never/rarely wore a helmet when riding a bicycle (past 12 months, among students who rode a bicycle) \| 6.5 \| 4.7 \| 8.2 \| 2.4 \| 7.8 \| 8.8 \| \| Never/rarely wear a seatbelt when passenger in a car \| 0.4 \| 0.0 \| 0.7 \| 0.0 \| 0.0 \| 1.0 \| \| RIDING WITH A DRIVER UNDER THE INFLUENCE (lifetime) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Ever rode in car driven by a high school student who had been drinking \| 0.9 \| 1.1 \| 0.7 \| 0.0 \| 0.6 \| 2.0 \| \| Ever rode in car driven by a high school student who had been using marijuana \| 1.6 \| 2.2 \| 1.1 \| 0.6 \| 1.7 \| 2.5 \| \| SAFETY-RELATED BEHAVIORS \| 2006 \| 2008 (484) \| 2010 (437) \| 2012 (435) \| 2014 (404) \| 2016 (394) \| 2018 (388) \| \|--------------------------\|------\|------------\|------------\|------------\|------------\|------------\|------------\| \| Never/rarely wore a helmet when riding a bicycle (past 12 months, among students who rode a bicycle) \| – \| 15.4 \| 15.1 \| 15.2 \| 17.5 \| 13.9 \| 8.3 \| \| Never/rarely wear a seatbelt when passenger in a car \| – \| 1.7 \| 0.7 \| 1.6 \| 1.5 \| 0.5 \| 0.5 \| \| RIDING WITH A DRIVER UNDER THE INFLUENCE (lifetime) \| 2006 \| 2008 \| 2010 \| 2012 \| 2014 \| 2016 \| 2018 \| \|----------------------------------------------------\|------\|------\|------\|------\|------\|------\|------\| \| Ever rode in car driven by a high school student who had been drinking \| – \| – \| – \| 1.9 \| 1.2 \| 0.8 \| 1.3 \| \| Ever rode in car driven by a high school student who had been using marijuana \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 2.1 \| \| Behavior \| Medfield 2018 MWAHS (388) \| MetroWest Region 2018 MWAHS (12,107) \| \|-------------------------------------------------------------------------\|---------------------------\|--------------------------------------\| \| SAFETY-RELATED BEHAVIORS \| \| \| \| Never/rarely wore a helmet when riding a bicycle (past 12 months, among students who rode a bicycle) \| 8.3 \| 26.9 \| \| Never/rarely wear a seatbelt when passenger in a car \| 0.5 \| 1.7 \| \| RIDING WITH A DRIVER UNDER THE INFLUENCE (lifetime) \| \| \| \| Ever rode in car driven by a high school student who had been drinking \| 1.3 \| 1.4 \| \| Ever rode in car driven by a high school student who had been using marijuana \| 2.1 \| 2.3 \| Section 5 Mental Health Figure 5-1A. Mental Health and Suicidality by Sex, 2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 6-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey \| \| Female (n=273) \| Male (n=286) \| \|----------------------\|----------------\|--------------\| \| Life very stressful \| 20% \| 7% \| \| (past 30 days) \| \| \| \| Depressive symptoms \| 11% \| 5% \| \| (past 12 mos.) \| \| \| \| Self-injury* \| 5% \| 4% \| \| (past 12 mos.) \| \| \| \| Seriously considered \| 9% \| 7% \| \| suicide (lifetime) \| \| \| \| Attempted suicide \| 1% \| 2% \| \| (lifetime) \| \| \| * For example, by cutting, burning, or bruising yourself on purpose Figure 5-1B. Mental Health and Suicidality by Grade, 2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 6-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey \| \| 6th (n=173) \| 7th (n=182) \| 8th (n=206) \| \|----------------------\|-------------\|-------------\|-------------\| \| Life very stressful \| 8% \| 17% \| 15% \| \| (past 30 days) \| \| \| \| \| Depressive symptoms \| 7% \| 11% \| 6% \| \| (past 12 mos.) \| \| \| \| \| Self-injury* \| 2% \| 5% \| 7% \| \| (past 12 mos.) \| \| \| \| \| Seriously considered \| 1% \| 14% \| 7% \| \| suicide (lifetime) \| \| \| \| \| Attempted suicide \| 1% \| 2% \| 1% \| \| (lifetime) \| \| \| \| * For example, by cutting, burning, or bruising yourself on purpose Figure 5-1C. Trends in Mental Health and Suicidality, 2008-2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 7-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey Percent of students - Life very stressful (past 30 days) - Depressive symptoms (past 12 mos.) - Self-injury* (past 12 mos.) - Seriously considered suicide (lifetime) - Attempted suicide (lifetime) * For example, by cutting, burning, or bruising yourself on purpose Figure 5-1D. Mental Health and Suicidality at the District and Regional Levels, 2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 7-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey Percent of students - Life very stressful (past 30 days) - Depressive symptoms (past 12 mos.) - Self-injury* (past 12 mos.) - Seriously considered suicide (lifetime) - Attempted suicide (lifetime) * For example, by cutting, burning, or bruising yourself on purpose Figure 5-2A. Sources of Stress* by Sex, 2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 6-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey \| Source of Stress \| Female (%) \| Male (%) \| \|----------------------------------\|------------\|----------\| \| School issues \| 51% \| 31% \| \| Social issues \| 27% \| 11% \| \| Family issues \| 14% \| 8% \| \| Safety issues \| 4% \| 1% \| \| Appearance issues \| 23% \| 8% \| \| Your physical and/or emotional health \| 16% \| 6% \| * Student responded that they felt worried/stressed "often" or "very often" Figure 5-2B. Sources of Stress* by Grade, 2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 6-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey \| Source of Stress \| 6th (%) \| 7th (%) \| 8th (%) \| \|----------------------------------\|---------\|---------\|---------\| \| School issues \| 22% \| 43% \| 53% \| \| Social issues \| 11% \| 18% \| 26% \| \| Family issues \| 6% \| 12% \| 15% \| \| Safety issues \| 2% \| 2% \| 4% \| \| Appearance issues \| 5% \| 17% \| 22% \| \| Your physical and/or emotional health \| 6% \| 12% \| 14% \| * Student responded that they felt worried/stressed "often" or "very often" Figure 5-2C. Sources of Stress, * 2016-2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 7-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey * Student responded that they felt worried/stressed "often" or "very often" Figure 5-2D. Sources of Stress* at the District and Regional Levels, 2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 7-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey * Student responded that they felt worried/stressed "often" or "very often" Figure 5-3A. Symptoms of Being Stressed, Anxious, or Worried* by Sex, 2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 6-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey \| Symptom \| Female (%) \| Male (%) \| \|----------------------------------------------\|------------\|----------\| \| Little interest/pleasure in doing things \| 8 \| 4 \| \| Trouble sleeping/sleeping too much \| 21 \| 8 \| \| Felt tired/had little energy \| 28 \| 12 \| \| Poor appetite/ate too much \| 17 \| 5 \| \| Felt bad about yourself \| 14 \| 9 \| \| Trouble concentrating in school \| 13 \| 12 \| \| Trouble concentrating outside of school \| 9 \| 5 \| * Student responded "often" or "very often", past 2 weeks Figure 5-3B. Symptoms of Being Stressed, Anxious, or Worried* by Grade, 2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 6-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey \| Symptom \| 6th (%) \| 7th (%) \| 8th (%) \| \|----------------------------------------------\|---------\|---------\|---------\| \| Little interest/pleasure in doing things \| 3 \| 6 \| 8 \| \| Trouble sleeping/sleeping too much \| 12 \| 15 \| 17 \| \| Felt tired/had little energy \| 13 \| 23 \| 24 \| \| Poor appetite/ate too much \| 9 \| 10 \| 12 \| \| Felt bad about yourself \| 7 \| 12 \| 14 \| \| Trouble concentrating in school \| 8 \| 15 \| 15 \| \| Trouble concentrating outside of school \| 2 \| 11 \| 7 \| * Student responded "often" or "very often", past 2 weeks Figure 5-3C. Symptoms of Being Stressed, * 2016-2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 7-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey * Student responded "often" or "very often"; past 2 weeks Figure 5-3D. Symptoms of Being Stressed, Anxious, or Worried* at the District and Regional Levels, 2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 7-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey * Student responded "often" or "very often"; past 2 weeks Figure 5-4A. Peer Mental Health* by Sex, 2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 6-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey * In the past 12 months Figure 5-4B. Peer Mental Health* by Grade, 2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 6-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey * In the past 12 months Figure 5-4C. Trends in Peer Mental Health,* 2014-2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 7-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey * In the past 12 months Figure 5-4D. Peer Mental Health* at the District and Regional Levels, 2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 7-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey * In the past 12 months Figure 5-5A. Sources of Support for Help with Emotional Challenges or Problems* by Sex, 2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 6–8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey \| Source of Support \| Female (%) \| Male (%) \| \|-----------------------------------\|------------\|----------\| \| School counselor, therapist, or psychologist \| 14% \| 11% \| \| School nurse \| 6% \| 5% \| \| Another school adult, like a teacher or other school staff \| 11% \| 8% \| \| Therapist, psychologist, or other mental health professional outside of school \| 13% \| 12% \| \| Parent, relative, or other adult outside of school \| 51% \| 37% \| \| Friend around the same age \| 51% \| 22% \| \| Coach or club advisor \| 4% \| 1% \| \| Religious/faith leader, including a religious youth group leader or mentor \| 4% \| 4% \| \| Crisis hotline/text line \| 2% \| 1% \| \| Person or group on social media (e.g., Instagram, Facebook, Snapchat) \| 10% \| 7% \| Emotional challenges or problems include things that make you feel sad, angry, stressed, or anxious, or that may make you have thoughts of hurting yourself; student responded having talked with individual/group one or more times in the past 12 months. Figure 5-5B. Sources of Support for Help with Emotional Challenges or Problems by Grade, 2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 6–8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey \| Source of Support \| 6th Grade (%) \| 7th Grade (%) \| 8th Grade (%) \| \|-----------------------------------\|---------------\|---------------\|---------------\| \| School counselor, therapist, or psychologist \| 11% \| 8% \| 19% \| \| School nurse \| 5% \| 5% \| 7% \| \| Another school adult, like a teacher or other school staff \| 13% \| 10% \| 13% \| \| Therapist, psychologist, or other mental health professional outside of school \| 9% \| 15% \| 4% \| \| Parent, relative, or other adult outside of school \| 46% \| 45% \| 43% \| \| Friend around the same age \| 31% \| 36% \| 41% \| \| Coach or club advisor \| 1% \| 6% \| 0% \| \| Religious/faith leader, including a religious youth group leader or mentor \| 4% \| 5% \| 2% \| \| Crisis hotline/text line \| 1% \| 2% \| 2% \| \| Person or group on social media (e.g., Instagram, Facebook, Snapchat) \| 8% \| 13% \| 2% \| Emotional challenges or problems include things that make you feel sad, angry, stressed, or anxious, or that may make you have thoughts of hurting yourself; student responded having talked with individual/group one or more times in the past 12 months. Figure 5-5C. Sources of Support for Help with Emotional Challenges or Problems, 2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 7-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey * Emotional challenges or problems include things that make you feel sad, angry, stressed, or anxious, or that may make you have thoughts of hurting yourself; student responded having talked with individual/group one or more times in the past 12 months Figure 5-5D. Sources of Support for Help with Emotional Challenges or Problems* at the District and Regional Levels, 2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 7-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey * Emotional challenges or problems include things that make you feel sad, angry, stressed, or anxious, or that may make you have thoughts of hurting yourself; student responded having talked with individual/group one or more times in the past 12 months Figure 5-6A. Barriers to Seeking Help at School for Emotional Challenges* by Sex, 2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 6-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey Emotional challenges or problems include things that make you feel sad, angry, stressed, or anxious, or that may make you have thoughts of hurting yourself; student responded agree/strongly agree Figure 5-6B. Barriers to Seeking Help at School for Emotional Challenges by Grade, 2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 6-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey Emotional challenges or problems include things that make you feel sad, angry, stressed, or anxious, or that may make you have thoughts of hurting yourself; student responded agree/strongly agree Figure 5-6C. Barriers to Seeking Help at School for Emotional Challenges, 2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 7-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey Emotional challenges or problems include things that make you feel sad, angry, stressed, or anxious, or that may make you have thoughts of hurting yourself; student responded agree/strongly agree Figure 5-6D. Barriers to Seeking Help at School for Emotional Challenges at the District and Regional Levels, 2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 7-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey Emotional challenges or problems include things that make you feel sad, angry, stressed, or anxious, or that may make you have thoughts of hurting yourself; student responded agree/strongly agree \| Stress and Anxiety by Sex and Grade, 2018 \| Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 6-8) \| \|-----------------------------------------\|------------------------------------------\| \| MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey, 2018 \| \| \| Total (%) \| Female (273) \| Male (286) \| 6th (173) \| 7th (182) \| 8th (206) \| \|-----------\|--------------\|------------\|-----------\|-----------\|-----------\| \| STRESS* \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Life "very" stressful (past 30 days) \| 13.5 \| 20.2 \| 6.8 \| 8.0 \| 16.7 \| 15.2 \| \| Worry/feel stressed about school issues* \| 40.6 \| 50.7 \| 31.2 \| 22.0 \| 43.3 \| 53.4 \| \| Worry/feel stressed about social issues* \| 19.0 \| 26.9 \| 11.2 \| 11.4 \| 18.0 \| 26.2 \| \| Worry/feel stressed about family issues* \| 11.1 \| 14.5 \| 7.5 \| 6.0 \| 11.6 \| 14.8 \| \| Worry/feel stressed about safety issues* \| 2.9 \| 4.5 \| 1.1 \| 2.4 \| 2.2 \| 4.0 \| \| Worry/feel stressed about appearance issues* \| 15.5 \| 23.2 \| 7.9 \| 5.4 \| 17.1 \| 22.4 \| \| Worry/feel stressed about your physical and/or emotional health* \| 11.1 \| 15.6 \| 6.5 \| 6.0 \| 12.2 \| 14.2 \| \| GENERALIZED ANXIETY (past 2 weeks) † \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Feel nervous, anxious, or on edge \| 16.5 \| 23.3 \| 9.8 \| 9.1 \| 19.7 \| 19.9 \| \| Unable to stop or control worrying \| 14.3 \| 20.7 \| 7.7 \| 6.8 \| 16.2 \| 18.6 \| \| SYMPTOMS OF BEING STRESSED, ANXIOUS, OR WORRIED (past 2 weeks)* \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Had little interest or pleasure in doing things \| 5.9 \| 8.0 \| 3.6 \| 3.1 \| 6.2 \| 7.8 \| \| Had trouble falling asleep or staying asleep or slept too much \| 14.6 \| 20.9 \| 8.2 \| 11.5 \| 14.9 \| 16.7 \| \| Felt tired or had little energy \| 20.0 \| 27.9 \| 12.2 \| 12.7 \| 22.8 \| 23.5 \| \| Had a poor appetite or ate too much \| 10.6 \| 16.6 \| 4.7 \| 9.1 \| 10.1 \| 12.4 \| \| Felt bad about yourself or that you were a failure \| 11.2 \| 13.5 \| 8.6 \| 6.6 \| 11.8 \| 14.3 \| \| Had trouble concentrating in school \| 13.0 \| 13.4 \| 12.2 \| 7.9 \| 15.0 \| 15.3 \| \| Had trouble concentrating on things outside of school \| 6.9 \| 8.6 \| 5.0 \| 2.4 \| 10.6 \| 7.4 \| * Student responded "often" or "very often" † Student responded "more than half the days" or "nearly every day" \| \| 2006 \| 2008 (484) \| 2010 (437) \| 2012 (435) \| 2014 (404) \| 2016 (394) \| 2018 (388) \| \|----------------------\|------\|------------\|------------\|------------\|------------\|------------\|------------\| \| STRESS \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Life "very" stressful (past 30 days) \| – \| 10.6 \| 12.4 \| 13.2 \| 16.8 \| 9.4 \| 15.9 \| \| Worry/feel stressed about school issues* \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 43.7 \| 48.7 \| \| Worry/feel stressed about social issues* \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 20.2 \| 22.4 \| \| Worry/feel stressed about family issues* \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 10.5 \| 13.3 \| \| Worry/feel stressed about safety issues* \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 3.6 \| 3.1 \| \| Worry/feel stressed about appearance issues* \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 14.4 \| 19.9 \| \| Worry/feel stressed about your physical and/or emotional health* \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 8.1 \| 13.3 \| \| GENERALIZED ANXIETY (past 2 weeks) † \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Feel nervous, anxious, or on edge \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 19.8 \| \| Unable to stop or control worrying \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 17.5 \| \| SYMPTOMS OF BEING STRESSED, ANXIOUS, OR WORRIED (past 2 weeks)* \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Had little interest or pleasure in doing things \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 4.9 \| 7.1 \| \| Had trouble falling asleep or staying asleep or slept too much \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 11.2 \| 15.9 \| \| Felt tired or had little energy \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 9.4 \| 23.2 \| \| Had a poor appetite or ate too much \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 6.7 \| 11.3 \| \| Felt bad about yourself or that you were a failure \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 7.1 \| 13.1 \| \| Had trouble concentrating in school \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 11.1 \| 15.1 \| \| Had trouble concentrating on things outside of school \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 5.1 \| 8.9 \| * Student responded "often" or "very often" † Student responded "more than half the days" or "nearly every day" \| Stress and Anxiety at the District and Regional Levels, 2018 \| \|-------------------------------------------------------------\| \| Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 7-8) \| \| MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey, 2018 \| \| Medfield 2018 MWAHS \| (388) \| MetroWest Region 2018 MWAHS \| (12,107) \| \|-------------------------\|-----------\|---------------------------------\|--------------\| \| STRESS \| \| \| \| \| Life "very" stressful (past 30 days) \| 15.9 \| 19.8 \| \| \| Worry/feel stressed about school issues* \| 48.7 \| 50.3 \| \| \| Worry/feel stressed about social issues* \| 22.4 \| 25.0 \| \| \| Worry/feel stressed about family issues* \| 13.3 \| 19.2 \| \| \| Worry/feel stressed about safety issues* \| 3.1 \| 5.5 \| \| \| Worry/feel stressed about appearance issues* \| 19.9 \| 23.2 \| \| \| Worry/feel stressed about your physical and/or emotional health* \| 13.3 \| 16.8 \| \| \| GENERALIZED ANXIETY (past 2 weeks) † \| \| \| \| \| Feel nervous, anxious, or on edge \| 19.8 \| 23.2 \| \| \| Unable to stop or control worrying \| 17.5 \| 17.5 \| \| \| SYMPTOMS OF BEING STRESSED, ANXIOUS, OR WORRIED (past 2 weeks)* \| \| \| \| \| Had little interest or pleasure in doing things \| 7.1 \| 10.0 \| \| \| Had trouble falling asleep or staying asleep or slept too much \| 15.9 \| 20.6 \| \| \| Felt tired or had little energy \| 23.2 \| 23.2 \| \| \| Had a poor appetite or ate too much \| 11.3 \| 15.1 \| \| \| Felt bad about yourself or that you were a failure \| 13.1 \| 16.5 \| \| \| Had trouble concentrating in school \| 15.1 \| 20.7 \| \| \| Had trouble concentrating on things outside of school \| 8.9 \| 9.8 \| \| * Student responded "often" or "very often" † Student responded "more than half the days" or "nearly every day" \| MENTAL HEALTH AND SUICIDALITY \| Total (%) (561) \| Female (273) \| Male (286) \| 6th (173) \| 7th (182) \| 8th (206) \| \|-----------------------------\|-----------------\|--------------\|------------\|-----------\|-----------\|-----------\| \| Felt sad or hopeless almost every day for two or more weeks (past 12 months) \| 8.1 \| 10.9 \| 5.1 \| 7.4 \| 10.9 \| 6.4 \| \| Hurt or injured yourself on purpose (past 12 months)* \| 5.0 \| 5.3 \| 4.4 \| 2.5 \| 5.1 \| 6.9 \| \| Seriously considered attempting suicide (lifetime) \| 7.9 \| 8.8 \| 6.8 \| 1.2 \| 14.4 \| 7.4 \| \| Made a plan about attempting suicide (lifetime) \| 3.3 \| 4.6 \| 1.8 \| 0.6 \| 5.1 \| 3.9 \| \| Attempted suicide (lifetime) \| 1.5 \| 1.1 \| 1.8 \| 0.6 \| 2.2 \| 1.5 \| \| CONCERNS ABOUT PEER MENTAL HEALTH (past 12 months) \| Total (%) (561) \| Female (273) \| Male (286) \| 6th (173) \| 7th (182) \| 8th (206) \| \|---------------------------------------------------\|-----------------\|--------------\|------------\|-----------\|-----------\|-----------\| \| Concerned a student at school was depressed or might physically hurt themself \| 28.3 \| 38.6 \| 18.1 \| 12.5 \| 32.2 \| 37.9 \| \| Saw posts online that a student at school might try to hurt themself \| 7.3 \| 11.6 \| 2.9 \| 3.6 \| 6.8 \| 10.9 \| \| Told an adult at school a student might hurt themself \| 4.8 \| 9.0 \| 0.7 \| 1.2 \| 5.2 \| 7.4 \| \| Told an adult outside of school a student might hurt themself \| 7.7 \| 11.6 \| 4.0 \| 3.0 \| 8.0 \| 11.4 \| \| Concerned a student or someone else might physically hurt someone at school \| 16.0 \| 14.2 \| 17.5 \| 10.2 \| 21.1 \| 16.3 \| \| Saw posts online that a student or someone else wanted to physically hurt someone at school \| 4.8 \| 3.7 \| 5.5 \| 0.6 \| 9.7 \| 4.0 \| \| Told an adult at school that a student or someone else might physically hurt someone at school \| 1.5 \| 1.9 \| 1.1 \| 0.0 \| 2.3 \| 2.0 \| \| Told an adult outside of school that a student or someone else might physically hurt someone at school \| 2.8 \| 1.9 \| 3.7 \| 0.6 \| 5.1 \| 2.5 \| * For example, by cutting, burning, or bruising yourself on purpose \| \| 2006 \| 2008 (484) \| 2010 (437) \| 2012 (435) \| 2014 (404) \| 2016 (394) \| 2018 (388) \| \|--------------------------------\|------\|------------\|------------\|------------\|------------\|------------\|------------\| \| MENTAL HEALTH AND SUICIDALITY \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Felt sad or hopeless almost every day for two or more weeks (past 12 months) \| – \| 8.3 \| 10.6 \| 12.7 \| 13.7 \| 5.2 \| 8.5 \| \| Hurt or injured yourself on purpose (past 12 months)* \| – \| 6.2 \| 6.5 \| 7.2 \| 8.2 \| 4.1 \| 6.1 \| \| Seriously considered attempting suicide (lifetime) \| – \| 8.5 \| 7.5 \| 5.9 \| 10.5 \| 5.3 \| 10.7 \| \| Made a plan about attempting suicide (lifetime) \| – \| 4.8 \| 4.6 \| 3.7 \| 6.0 \| 4.0 \| 4.5 \| \| Attempted suicide (lifetime) \| – \| 1.5 \| 2.1 \| 1.9 \| 3.0 \| 1.9 \| 1.8 \| \| CONCERNS ABOUT PEER MENTAL HEALTH (past 12 months) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Concerned a student at school was depressed or might physically hurt themself \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 39.6 \| 26.0 \| 35.3 \| \| Saw posts online that a student at school might try to hurt themself \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 9.0 \| \| Told an adult at school a student might hurt themself \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 7.2 \| 3.9 \| 6.4 \| \| Told an adult outside of school a student might hurt themself \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 15.1 \| 7.7 \| 9.8 \| \| Concerned a student or someone else might physically hurt someone at school \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 24.8 \| 13.8 \| 18.5 \| \| Saw posts online that a student or someone else wanted to physically hurt someone at school \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 6.6 \| \| Told an adult at school that a student or someone else might physically hurt someone at school \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 3.7 \| 2.6 \| 2.1 \| \| Told an adult outside of school that a student or someone else might physically hurt someone at school \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 6.2 \| 3.6 \| 3.7 \| * For example, by cutting, burning, or bruising yourself on purpose \| MENTAL HEALTH AND SUICIDALITY \| Medfield 2018 MWAHS (388) \| MetroWest Region 2018 MWAHS (12,107) \| \|------------------------------\|--------------------------\|-------------------------------------\| \| Felt sad or hopeless almost every day for two or more weeks (past 12 months) \| 8.5 \| 14.3 \| \| Hurt or injured yourself on purpose (past 12 months)* \| 6.1 \| 9.7 \| \| Seriously considered attempting suicide (lifetime) \| 10.7 \| 14.2 \| \| Made a plan about attempting suicide (lifetime) \| 4.5 \| 8.5 \| \| Attempted suicide (lifetime) \| 1.8 \| 3.9 \| \| CONCERNS ABOUT PEER MENTAL HEALTH (past 12 months) \| Medfield 2018 MWAHS (388) \| MetroWest Region 2018 MWAHS (12,107) \| \|--------------------------------------------------\|--------------------------\|-------------------------------------\| \| Concerned a student at school was depressed or might physically hurt themself \| 35.3 \| 44.9 \| \| Saw posts online that a student at school might try to hurt themself \| 9.0 \| 17.0 \| \| Told an adult at school a student might hurt themself \| 6.4 \| 7.9 \| \| Told an adult outside of school a student might hurt themself \| 9.8 \| 14.1 \| \| Concerned a student or someone else might physically hurt someone at school \| 18.5 \| 24.5 \| \| Saw posts online that a student or someone else wanted to physically hurt someone at school \| 6.6 \| 11.9 \| \| Told an adult at school that a student or someone else might physically hurt someone at school \| 2.1 \| 4.4 \| \| Told an adult outside of school that a student or someone else might physically hurt someone at school \| 3.7 \| 7.3 \| * For example, by cutting, burning, or bruising yourself on purpose Table 5-3A. Support for Emotional Challenges or Problems* by Sex and Grade, 2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 6-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey, 2018 \| Sources of Support for Help with Emotional Challenges or Problems (past 12 months) \| Total (%) \| Sex (%) \| Grade (%) \| \|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------\|-----------\|---------\|-----------\| \| \| \| Female \| Male \| 6th \| 7th \| 8th \| \| \| \| (273) \| (286) \| (173) \| (182) \| (206) \| \| School counselor, school therapist, or school psychologist \| 12.6 \| 14.1 \| 11.2 \| 11.4 \| 18.6 \| 8.3 \| \| School nurse \| 5.7 \| 6.0 \| 5.4 \| 4.8 \| 5.1 \| 6.9 \| \| Another adult at school, like a teacher or other school staff \| 9.6 \| 11.2 \| 8.0 \| 5.5 \| 13.1 \| 9.9 \| \| Therapist, psychologist, or other mental health professional outside of school \| 12.6 \| 13.0 \| 12.0 \| 9.0 \| 14.7 \| 13.8 \| \| Parent, relative, or other adult outside of school \| 43.9 \| 50.7 \| 37.5 \| 44.3 \| 44.6 \| 42.8 \| \| Friend around the same age \| 36.0 \| 50.7 \| 21.5 \| 30.7 \| 35.8 \| 40.6 \| \| Coach or club advisor \| 2.4 \| 3.7 \| 1.1 \| 0.6 \| 0.0 \| 6.0 \| \| Religious or faith leader, including a religious youth group leader or mentor \| 3.9 \| 4.1 \| 3.6 \| 4.2 \| 2.3 \| 4.9 \| \| Crisis hotline/text line \| 1.3 \| 1.9 \| 0.7 \| 0.6 \| 0.6 \| 2.5 \| \| Person or group on social media (e.g., Instagram, Facebook, Snapchat) \| 8.4 \| 10.0 \| 6.5 \| 2.4 \| 8.5 \| 13.3 \| \| Barriers to Seeking Help at School for Emotional Challenges or Problems† \| Total (%) \| Sex (%) \| Grade (%) \| \|--------------------------------------------------------------------------\|-----------\|---------\|-----------\| \| I don't know who to go to for help. \| 12.2 \| 14.6 \| 10.0 \| 14.0 \| 15.6 \| 8.0 \| \| I don't think counseling at school would help. \| 26.5 \| 28.5 \| 24.4 \| 29.5 \| 28.7 \| 22.2 \| \| I wouldn't have time or wouldn't want to miss class to get help. \| 33.7 \| 39.0 \| 28.5 \| 32.9 \| 32.8 \| 35.2 \| \| I should handle problems on my own. \| 28.1 \| 28.7 \| 27.3 \| 22.4 \| 29.1 \| 31.7 \| \| I would be too embarrassed or scared to talk about it. \| 32.3 \| 41.1 \| 23.8 \| 40.0 \| 30.9 \| 27.6 \| \| A school counselor/therapist might not understand me or the challenges I was having. \| 28.1 \| 31.7 \| 24.3 \| 31.8 \| 27.4 \| 25.6 \| \| I wouldn't want other students to know I was meeting with a school counselor/therapist. \| 50.2 \| 56.3 \| 44.2 \| 50.3 \| 48.6 \| 51.5 \| \| I wouldn't want my parent(s)/guardian(s) to know I was meeting with a school counselor/therapist. \| 18.6 \| 20.5 \| 16.9 \| 14.8 \| 22.7 \| 18.0 \| \| Teachers or other school staff might treat me differently or give me fewer opportunities at school. \| 21.6 \| 26.0 \| 17.0 \| 20.6 \| 20.8 \| 22.9 \| \| My parents wouldn't want me to get help at school because they would be worried I might be treated differently or given fewer opportunities at school. \| 7.9 \| 5.7 \| 10.1 \| 7.1 \| 7.5 \| 9.0 \| * Emotional challenges or problems include things that make you feel sad, angry, stressed, or anxious, or that may make you have thoughts of hurting yourself † Student responded having talked with individual/group one or more times ‡ Student responded agree/strongly agree \| Sources of Support for Help with Emotional Challenges or Problems (Past 12 Months) \| Medfield (%) \| \|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------\|--------------\| \| 2006 \| 2008 \| 2010 \| 2012 \| 2014 \| 2016 \| 2018 \| \| School counselor, school therapist, or school psychologist \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 13.1 \| \| School nurse \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 6.1 \| \| Another adult at school, like a teacher or other school staff \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 11.3 \| \| Therapist, psychologist, or other mental health professional outside of school \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 14.2 \| \| Parent, relative, or other adult outside of school \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 43.7 \| \| Friend around the same age \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 38.4 \| \| Coach or club advisor \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 3.2 \| \| Religious or faith leader, including a religious youth group leader or mentor \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 3.7 \| \| Crisis hotline/text line \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 1.6 \| \| Person or group on social media (e.g., Instagram, Facebook, Snapchat) \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 11.1 \| \| Barriers to Seeking Help at School for Emotional Challenges or Problems \| Medfield (%) \| \|------------------------------------------------------------------------\|--------------\| \| I don't know who to go to for help. \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 11.5 \| \| I don't think counseling at school would help. \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 25.3 \| \| I wouldn't have time or wouldn't want to miss class to get help. \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 34.0 \| \| I should handle problems on my own. \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 30.5 \| \| I would be too embarrassed or scared to talk about it. \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 29.1 \| \| A school counselor/therapist might not understand me or the challenges I was having. \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 26.5 \| \| I wouldn't want other students to know I was meeting with a school counselor/therapist. \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 50.1 \| \| I wouldn't want my parent(s)/guardian(s) to know I was meeting with a school counselor/therapist. \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 20.2 \| \| Teachers or other school staff might treat me differently or give me fewer opportunities at school. \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 21.9 \| \| My parents wouldn't want me to get help at school because they would be worried I might be treated differently or given fewer opportunities at school. \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 8.3 \| * Emotional challenges or problems include things that make you feel sad, angry, stressed, or anxious, or that may make you have thoughts of hurting yourself † Student responded having talked with individual/group one or more times ‡ Student responded agree/strongly agree \| Sources of Support for Help with Emotional Challenges or Problems (Past 12 Months) \| Medfield 2018 MWAHS \| MetroWest Region 2018 MWAHS \| \|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------\|---------------------\|-----------------------------\| \| School counselor, school therapist, or school psychologist \| 13.1 \| 17.4 \| \| School nurse \| 6.1 \| 5.5 \| \| Another adult at school, like a teacher or other school staff \| 11.3 \| 10.7 \| \| Therapist, psychologist, or other mental health professional outside of school \| 14.2 \| 14.1 \| \| Parent, relative, or other adult outside of school \| 43.7 \| 43.1 \| \| Friend around the same age \| 38.4 \| 44.1 \| \| Coach or club advisor \| 3.2 \| 4.3 \| \| Religious or faith leader, including a religious youth group leader or mentor \| 3.7 \| 4.0 \| \| Crisis hotline/text line \| 1.6 \| 2.0 \| \| Person or group on social media (e.g., Instagram, Facebook, Snapchat) \| 11.1 \| 12.8 \| \| Barriers to Seeking Help at School for Emotional Challenges or Problems \| Medfield 2018 MWAHS \| MetroWest Region 2018 MWAHS \| \|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------\|---------------------\|-----------------------------\| \| I don't know who to go to for help. \| 11.5 \| 18.3 \| \| I don't think counseling at school would help. \| 25.3 \| 31.8 \| \| I wouldn't have time or wouldn't want to miss class to get help. \| 34.0 \| 36.7 \| \| I should handle problems on my own. \| 30.5 \| 33.5 \| \| I would be too embarrassed or scared to talk about it. \| 29.1 \| 34.1 \| \| A school counselor/therapist might not understand me or the challenges I was having. \| 26.5 \| 35.2 \| \| I wouldn't want other students to know I was meeting with a school counselor/therapist. \| 50.1 \| 44.6 \| \| I wouldn't want my parent(s)/guardian(s) to know I was meeting with a school counselor/therapist. \| 20.2 \| 22.5 \| \| Teachers or other school staff might treat me differently or give me fewer opportunities at school. \| 21.9 \| 27.1 \| \| My parents wouldn't want me to get help at school because they would be worried I might be treated differently or given fewer opportunities at school. \| 8.3 \| 10.2 \| * Emotional challenges or problems include things that make you feel sad, angry, stressed, or anxious, or that may make you have thoughts of hurting yourself † Student responded having talked with individual/group one or more times ‡ Student responded agree/strongly agree Section 6 Physical Activity, Nutrition, and Weight Figure 6-1A. Weight Perception and Body Weight by Sex, 2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 6-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey \| Category \| Female (%) \| Male (%) \| \|---------------------------------\|------------\|----------\| \| Describe self as slightly/very overweight \| 25% \| 22% \| \| Trying to lose weight \| 38% \| 23% \| \| Overweight* \| 6% \| 12% \| \| Obese† \| 4% \| 7% \| * Students who were ≥85th percentile but <95th percentile for body mass index by age and gender, based on reference data † Students who were ≥95th percentile for body mass index by age and gender, based on reference data Figure 6-1B. Weight Perception and Body Weight by Grade, 2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 6-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey \| Category \| 6th (%) \| 7th (%) \| 8th (%) \| \|---------------------------------\|---------\|---------\|---------\| \| Describe self as slightly/very overweight \| 22% \| 22% \| 26% \| \| Trying to lose weight \| 23% \| 31% \| 36% \| \| Overweight* \| 13% \| 8% \| 8% \| \| Obese† \| 6% \| 7% \| 4% \| * Students who were ≥85th percentile but <95th percentile for body mass index by age and gender, based on reference data † Students who were ≥95th percentile for body mass index by age and gender, based on reference data Figure 6-1C. Trends in Weight Perception and Body Weight, 2008-2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 7-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey Percent of students - Describe self as slightly/very overweight - Trying to lose weight - Overweight* - Obese† * Students who were ≥85th percentile but <95th percentile for body mass index by age and gender, based on reference data † Students who were ≥95th percentile for body mass index by age and gender, based on reference data Figure 6-1D. Weight Perception and Body Weight at the District and Regional Levels, 2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 7-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey Percent of students - Describe self as slightly/very overweight - Trying to lose weight - Overweight* - Obese† * Students who were ≥85th percentile but <95th percentile for body mass index by age and gender, based on reference data † Students who were ≥95th percentile for body mass index by age and gender, based on reference data Figure 6-2A. Physical Activity by Sex, 2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 6-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey \| Activity \| Female (%) \| Male (%) \| \|-----------------------------------------------\|------------\|----------\| \| Participated in vigorous physical activity* \| 87% \| 88% \| \| Participated in moderate physical activity† \| 63% \| 69% \| \| Played on one or more sports teams (past 12 mos.) \| 87% \| 84% \| * Exercised for at least 20 minutes that made you sweat and breathe hard on three or more of the past 7 days † Physically active for ≥ 60 minutes/day on ≥ 5 of the past 7 days; includes physical activity that increases your heart rate and makes you breathe hard some of the time Figure 6-2B. Physical Activity by Grade, 2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 6-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey \| Activity \| 6th (%) \| 7th (%) \| 8th (%) \| \|-----------------------------------------------\|---------\|---------\|---------\| \| Participated in vigorous physical activity* \| 86% \| 92% \| 85% \| \| Participated in moderate physical activity† \| 69% \| 62% \| 67% \| \| Played on one or more sports teams (past 12 mos.) \| 84% \| 86% \| 85% \| * Exercised for at least 20 minutes that made you sweat and breathe hard on three or more of the past 7 days † Physically active for ≥ 60 minutes/day on ≥ 5 of the past 7 days; includes physical activity that increases your heart rate and makes you breathe hard some of the time Figure 6-2C. Trends in Physical Activity, 2008-2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 7-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey * Exercised for at least 20 minutes that made you sweat and breathe hard on three or more of the past 7 days † Physically active for ≥ 60 minutes/day on ≥ 5 of the past 7 days; includes physical activity that increases your heart rate and makes you breathe hard some of the time Figure 6-2D. Physical Activity at the District and Regional Levels, 2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 7-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey * Exercised for at least 20 minutes that made you sweat and breathe hard on three or more of the past 7 days † Physically active for ≥ 60 minutes/day on ≥ 5 of the past 7 days; includes physical activity that increases your heart rate and makes you breathe hard some of the time \| WEIGHT PERCEPTION \| Total (%) \| Female (273) \| Male (286) \| 6th (173) \| 7th (182) \| 8th (206) \| \|-------------------\|-----------\|--------------\|------------\|-----------\|-----------\|-----------\| \| Describe self as slightly or very overweight \| 23.5 \| 25.3 \| 21.5 \| 22.4 \| 22.0 \| 25.6 \| \| Trying to lose weight \| 30.7 \| 38.3 \| 23.1 \| 23.5 \| 31.4 \| 36.0 \| \| BODY MASS INDEX \| Total (%) \| Female (273) \| Male (286) \| 6th (173) \| 7th (182) \| 8th (206) \| \|-----------------\|-----------\|--------------\|------------\|-----------\|-----------\|-----------\| \| Overweight* \| 9.2 \| 6.4 \| 12.0 \| 13.3 \| 7.7 \| 7.7 \| \| Obese† \| 5.4 \| 3.7 \| 7.1 \| 5.8 \| 7.0 \| 3.8 \| \| EATING PATTERNS (past 7 days) \| Total (%) \| Female (273) \| Male (286) \| 6th (173) \| 7th (182) \| 8th (206) \| \|-------------------------------\|-----------\|--------------\|------------\|-----------\|-----------\|-----------\| \| Ate breakfast on all 7 days \| 55.3 \| 52.9 \| 57.3 \| 63.5 \| 52.9 \| 50.8 \| \| Ate dinner at home with parent(s)/guardian(s) on 5 or more days \| 89.2 \| 86.2 \| 92.5 \| 93.8 \| 90.0 \| 84.8 \| \| PHYSICAL ACTIVITY \| Total (%) \| Female (273) \| Male (286) \| 6th (173) \| 7th (182) \| 8th (206) \| \|-------------------\|-----------\|--------------\|------------\|-----------\|-----------\|-----------\| \| Participated in vigorous physical activity for at least 20 minutes on 3 or more of the past 7 days‡ \| 87.5 \| 86.8 \| 88.2 \| 86.0 \| 92.2 \| 84.8 \| \| Participated in moderate physical activity for at least 60 minutes per day on 5 or more of the past 7 days§ \| 66.0 \| 62.8 \| 69.1 \| 68.8 \| 62.2 \| 66.8 \| \| Played on one or more sports teams (past 12 months) \| 85.4 \| 87.0 \| 84.2 \| 84.4 \| 86.5 \| 85.4 \| * Students who were ≥85th percentile but <95th percentile for body mass index by age and gender, based on reference data † Students who were ≥95th percentile for body mass index by age and gender, based on reference data ‡ Includes physical activity that made you sweat and breathe hard, such as basketball, soccer, running, swimming laps, fast bicycling, fast dancing, or similar aerobic activities § Includes any physical activity that increases your heart rate and makes you breathe hard some of the time \| \| 2006 \| 2008 (484) \| 2010 (437) \| 2012 (435) \| 2014 (404) \| 2016 (394) \| 2018 (388) \| \|--------------------------\|------\|------------\|------------\|------------\|------------\|------------\|------------\| \| WEIGHT PERCEPTION \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Describe self as slightly or very overweight \| – \| 17.7 \| 20.8 \| 17.3 \| 24.8 \| 18.4 \| 24.0 \| \| Trying to lose weight \| – \| 28.5 \| 34.7 \| 27.6 \| 34.6 \| 24.9 \| 33.9 \| \| BODY MASS INDEX \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Overweight* \| – \| 8.2 \| 11.8 \| 8.6 \| 10.6 \| 7.7 \| 7.7 \| \| Obese† \| – \| 2.2 \| 4.0 \| 3.0 \| 4.8 \| 3.2 \| 5.2 \| \| EATING PATTERNS (past 7 days) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Ate breakfast on all 7 days \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 61.3 \| 64.3 \| 51.8 \| \| Ate dinner at home with parent(s)/guardian(s) on 5 or more days \| – \| – \| – \| 86.7 \| 86.3 \| 90.6 \| 87.2 \| \| PHYSICAL ACTIVITY \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Participated in vigorous physical activity for at least 20 minutes on 3 or more of the past 7 days‡ \| – \| 86.6 \| 79.2 \| 79.4 \| 83.6 \| 85.4 \| 88.2 \| \| Participated in moderate physical activity for at least 60 minutes per day on 5 or more of the past 7 days§ \| – \| – \| 56.1 \| 58.5 \| 64.1 \| 64.1 \| 64.7 \| \| Played on one or more sports teams (past 12 months) \| – \| 85.1 \| 85.7 \| 85.6 \| 86.8 \| 90.0 \| 85.9 \| * Students who were ≥85th percentile but <95th percentile for body mass index by age and gender, based on reference data † Students who were ≥95th percentile for body mass index by age and gender, based on reference data ‡ Includes physical activity that made you sweat and breathe hard, such as basketball, soccer, running, swimming laps, fast bicycling, fast dancing, or similar aerobic activities § Includes any physical activity that increases your heart rate and makes you breathe hard some of the time \| WEIGHT PERCEPTION \| Medfield 2018 MWAHS (388) \| MetroWest Region 2018 MWAHS (12,107) \| \|-------------------\|--------------------------\|--------------------------------------\| \| Describe self as slightly or very overweight \| 24.0 \| 23.9 \| \| Trying to lose weight \| 33.9 \| 34.6 \| \| BODY MASS INDEX \| Medfield 2018 MWAHS \| MetroWest Region 2018 MWAHS \| \|-----------------\|---------------------\|-----------------------------\| \| Overweight* \| 7.7 \| 12.5 \| \| Obese† \| 5.2 \| 7.1 \| \| EATING PATTERNS (past 7 days) \| Medfield 2018 MWAHS \| MetroWest Region 2018 MWAHS \| \|-------------------------------\|---------------------\|-----------------------------\| \| Ate breakfast on all 7 days \| 51.8 \| 50.6 \| \| Ate dinner at home with parent(s)/guardian(s) on 5 or more days \| 87.2 \| 83.0 \| \| PHYSICAL ACTIVITY \| Medfield 2018 MWAHS \| MetroWest Region 2018 MWAHS \| \|-------------------\|---------------------\|-----------------------------\| \| Participated in vigorous physical activity for at least 20 minutes on 3 or more of the past 7 days‡ \| 88.2 \| 79.5 \| \| Participated in moderate physical activity for at least 60 minutes per day on 5 or more of the past 7 days§ \| 64.7 \| 57.5 \| \| Played on one or more sports teams (past 12 months) \| 85.9 \| 75.5 \| * Students who were ≥85th percentile but <95th percentile for body mass index by age and gender, based on reference data † Students who were ≥95th percentile for body mass index by age and gender, based on reference data ‡ Includes physical activity that made you sweat and breathe hard, such as basketball, soccer, running, swimming laps, fast bicycling, fast dancing, or similar aerobic activities § Includes any physical activity that increases your heart rate and makes you breathe hard some of the time Section 7 Protective Factors Figure 7-1A. School Attachment* by Sex, 2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 6-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey * Student responded "agree" or "strongly agree" Figure 7-1B. School Attachment* by Grade, 2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 6-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey * Student responded "agree" or "strongly agree" Figure 7-1C. Trends in School Attachment,* 2008-2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 7-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey * Student responded "agree" or "strongly agree" Figure 7-1D. School Attachment* at the District and Regional Levels, 2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 7-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey * Student responded "agree" or "strongly agree" Figure 7-2A. Adult Support by Sex, 2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 6-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey \| \| Female (n=273) \| Male (n=286) \| \|--------------------------\|---------------\|--------------\| \| Have adult at school to talk to about a personal problem \| 79% \| 74% \| \| Talked to adult at school about a personal problem (past 12 mos.) \| 25% \| 23% \| \| Have non-school adult to talk to about important things \| 92% \| 94% \| Figure 7-2B. Adult Support by Grade, 2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 6-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey \| \| 6th (n=173) \| 7th (n=182) \| 8th (n=206) \| \|--------------------------\|-------------\|-------------\|-------------\| \| Have adult at school to talk to about a personal problem \| 72% \| 76% \| 82% \| \| Talked to adult at school about a personal problem (past 12 mos.) \| 25% \| 28% \| 20% \| \| Have non-school adult to talk to about important things \| 96% \| 91% \| 93% \| Figure 7-2C. Trends in Adult Support, 2008-2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 7-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey Percent of students - Have adult at school to talk to about a personal problem - Talked to adult at school about a personal problem (past 12 mos.) - Have non-school adult to talk to about important things Figure 7-2D. Adult Support at the District and Regional Levels, 2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 7-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey Percent of students - Have adult at school to talk to about a personal problem - Talked to adult at school about a personal problem (past 12 mos.) - Have non-school adult to talk to about important things Medfield (n=388) MetroWest (n=12,107) Figure 7-3A. Peer Support, Isolation, and Anger* by Sex, 2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 6-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey * Student responded "most of the time" or "all of the time" Figure 7-3B. Peer Support, Isolation, and Anger* by Grade, 2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 6-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey * Student responded "most of the time" or "all of the time" Figure 7-3C. Trends in Peer Support, Isolation, and Anger,* 2012-2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 7-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey * Student responded "most of the time" or "all of the time" Figure 7-3D. Peer Support, Isolation, and Anger* at the District and Regional Levels, 2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 7-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey * Student responded "most of the time" or "all of the time" Figure 7-4A. Bullying and Adult Support* by Sex, 2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 6-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey * In the past 12 months; bullying defined as when one or more students tease, threaten, spread rumors about, hit, shove, or hurt another student over and over again Figure 7-4B. Bullying and Adult Support* by Grade, 2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 6-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey * In the past 12 months; bullying defined as when one or more students tease, threaten, spread rumors about, hit, shove, or hurt another student over and over again Figure 7-4C. Trends in Bullying and Adult Support, 2008-2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 7-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey * In the past 12 months; bullying defined as when one or more students tease, threaten, spread rumors about, hit, shove, or hurt another student over and over again Figure 7-4D. Bullying and Adult Support* at the District and Regional Levels, 2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 7-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey * In the past 12 months; bullying defined as when one or more students tease, threaten, spread rumors about, hit, shove, or hurt another student over and over again Figure 7-5A. Cyberbullying and Adult Support* by Sex, 2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 6-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey * In the past 12 months; cyberbullying defined as using the Internet, cell phones, or other electronic devices to bully, tease, threaten or spread rumors about someone Figure 7-5B. Cyberbullying and Adult Support* by Grade, 2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 6-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey * In the past 12 months; cyberbullying defined as using the Internet, cell phones, or other electronic devices to bully, tease, threaten or spread rumors about someone Figure 7-5C. Trends in Cyberbullying and Adult Support, * 2008-2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 7-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey * In the past 12 months; cyberbullying defined as using the Internet, cell phones, or other electronic devices to bully, tease, threaten or spread rumors about someone Figure 7-5D. Cyberbullying and Adult Support* at the District and Regional Levels, 2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 7-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey * In the past 12 months; cyberbullying defined as using the Internet, cell phones, or other electronic devices to bully, tease, threaten or spread rumors about someone Figure 7-6A. Mental Health and Adult Support by Sex, 2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 6-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey \| Category \| Female (%) \| Male (%) \| \|-----------------------------------------------\|------------\|----------\| \| Depressive symptoms* \| 11 \| 5 \| \| Self-injury* \| 5 \| 4 \| \| Seriously considered suicide† \| 9 \| 7 \| \| Wanted to talk to a school counselor, therapist, or psychologist \| 13 \| 7 \| \| Talked with a school counselor, therapist, or psychologist \| 14 \| 11 \| \| Talked with a school nurse‡ \| 6 \| 5 \| \| Talked with a teacher or other school staff \| 11 \| 8 \| \| Talked with a non-school therapist, psychologist, or other mental health professional§ \| 13 \| 12 \| * In the past 12 months † One or more times in lifetime ‡ About emotional challenges or problems; student responded having talked with individual/group one or more times in the past 12 months § About emotional challenges or problems; student responded having talked with individual/group one or more times in the past 12 months Figure 7-6B. Mental Health and Adult Support by Grade, 2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 6-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey \| Category \| 6th (%) \| 7th (%) \| 8th (%) \| \|-----------------------------------------------\|---------\|---------\|---------\| \| Depressive symptoms* \| 7 \| 11 \| 6 \| \| Self-injury* \| 2 \| 5 \| 7 \| \| Seriously considered suicide† \| 1 \| 14 \| 7 \| \| Wanted to talk to a school counselor, therapist, or psychologist \| 7 \| 17 \| 6 \| \| Talked with a school counselor, therapist, or psychologist \| 11 \| 19 \| 8 \| \| Talked with a school nurse‡ \| 5 \| 5 \| 7 \| \| Talked with a teacher or other school staff \| 5 \| 13 \| 10 \| \| Talked with a non-school therapist, psychologist, or other mental health professional§ \| 9 \| 15 \| 14 \| * In the past 12 months † One or more times in lifetime ‡ About emotional challenges or problems; student responded having talked with individual/group one or more times in the past 12 months § About emotional challenges or problems; student responded having talked with individual/group one or more times in the past 12 months Figure 7-6C. Trends in Mental Health and Adult Support, 2008-2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 7-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey Percent of students * In the past 12 months † One or more times in lifetime ‡ About emotional challenges or problems; student responded having talked with individual/group one or more times in the past 12 months Figure 7-6D. Mental Health and Adult Support at the District and Regional Levels, 2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 7-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey Percent of students * In the past 12 months † One or more times in lifetime ‡ About emotional challenges or problems; student responded having talked with individual/group one or more times in the past 12 months \| SCHOOL ATTACHMENT* \| Total (%) (561) \| Female (273) \| Male (286) \| 6th (173) \| 7th (182) \| 8th (206) \| \|--------------------\|-----------------\|--------------\|------------\|-----------\|-----------\|-----------\| \| I feel close to people at school. \| 76.8 \| 80.1 \| 73.5 \| 74.3 \| 75.9 \| 79.7 \| \| I feel like I am part of this school. \| 77.0 \| 77.9 \| 76.4 \| 82.0 \| 73.1 \| 76.2 \| \| I am happy to be at this school. \| 74.5 \| 76.8 \| 72.5 \| 81.3 \| 74.3 \| 69.2 \| \| The teachers at this school treat students fairly. \| 73.3 \| 75.3 \| 71.5 \| 86.1 \| 70.9 \| 64.9 \| \| I feel safe in my school. \| 83.7 \| 82.3 \| 85.3 \| 92.8 \| 79.8 \| 79.7 \| \| ADULT SUPPORT AT SCHOOL \| Total (%) \| Female (273) \| Male (286) \| 6th (173) \| 7th (182) \| 8th (206) \| \|-------------------------\|-----------\|--------------\|------------\|-----------\|-----------\|-----------\| \| Have at least one teacher/adult at school to talk to if you have a problem \| 76.7 \| 79.0 \| 74.3 \| 71.5 \| 75.6 \| 82.0 \| \| Talked to a teacher/adult at school about a personal problem† \| 24.3 \| 25.1 \| 23.3 \| 25.1 \| 27.8 \| 20.5 \| \| Talked to a teacher/adult at school about being bullied† \| 7.9 \| 7.4 \| 8.1 \| 4.1 \| 13.8 \| 5.9 \| \| Talked to a teacher/adult at school about being cyberbullied† \| 2.0 \| 2.2 \| 1.8 \| 0.0 \| 3.3 \| 2.4 \| \| Wanted to talk to a school counselor, school therapist, or school psychologist about emotional challenges or problems† \| 9.8 \| 12.9 \| 6.7 \| 6.7 \| 17.4 \| 5.6 \| \| Talked with a school counselor, school therapist, or school psychologist about emotional challenges or problems† \| 12.6 \| 14.1 \| 11.2 \| 11.4 \| 18.6 \| 8.3 \| \| Talked with a school nurse about emotional challenges or problems† \| 5.7 \| 6.0 \| 5.4 \| 4.8 \| 5.1 \| 6.9 \| \| Talked with a teacher or other school staff about emotional challenges or problems† \| 9.6 \| 11.2 \| 8.0 \| 5.5 \| 13.1 \| 9.9 \| \| ADULT SUPPORT OUTSIDE OF SCHOOL \| Total (%) \| Female (273) \| Male (286) \| 6th (173) \| 7th (182) \| 8th (206) \| \|---------------------------------\|-----------\|--------------\|------------\|-----------\|-----------\|-----------\| \| Ate dinner at home with parent(s)/guardian(s) on 5 or more days (past 7 days) \| 89.2 \| 86.2 \| 92.5 \| 93.8 \| 90.0 \| 84.8 \| \| Have at least one parent/adult outside of school to talk to about things that are important to you \| 93.2 \| 92.3 \| 94.0 \| 96.5 \| 90.6 \| 92.7 \| \| Talked to a parent/adult outside of school about being bullied† \| 15.3 \| 15.6 \| 14.9 \| 13.5 \| 18.3 \| 14.3 \| \| Talked to a parent/adult outside of school about being cyberbullied† \| 5.4 \| 6.3 \| 4.6 \| 2.9 \| 7.2 \| 5.9 \| \| Talked with a parent, relative, or other adult outside of school about emotional challenges or problems† \| 43.9 \| 50.7 \| 37.5 \| 44.3 \| 44.6 \| 42.8 \| \| Talked with a therapist, psychologist, or other mental health professional outside of school about emotional challenges or problems† \| 12.6 \| 13.0 \| 12.0 \| 9.0 \| 14.7 \| 13.8 \| * Student responded "agree" or "strongly agree" † During the past 12 months \| \| 2006 \| 2008 (484) \| 2010 (437) \| 2012 (435) \| 2014 (404) \| 2016 (394) \| 2018 (388) \| \|--------------------------------\|------\|------------\|------------\|------------\|------------\|------------\|------------\| \| SCHOOL ATTACHMENT \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| I feel close to people at school. \| – \| 80.9 \| 83.6 \| 82.8 \| 82.2 \| 85.1 \| 77.9 \| \| I feel like I am part of this school. \| – \| 86.5 \| 87.6 \| 82.1 \| 82.6 \| 90.2 \| 74.8 \| \| I am happy to be at this school. \| – \| 85.4 \| 82.3 \| 78.7 \| 81.0 \| 86.4 \| 71.5 \| \| The teachers at this school treat students fairly. \| – \| 79.3 \| 80.3 \| 78.0 \| 73.9 \| 79.2 \| 67.6 \| \| I feel safe in my school. \| – \| 94.6 \| 94.7 \| 90.9 \| 88.4 \| 92.5 \| 79.7 \| \| ADULT SUPPORT AT SCHOOL \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Have at least one teacher/adult at school to talk to if you have a problem \| – \| 62.1 \| 71.7 \| 68.8 \| 68.5 \| 83.2 \| 79.0 \| \| Talked to a teacher/adult at school about a personal problem† \| – \| – \| 25.3 \| 23.6 \| 20.3 \| 25.4 \| 23.9 \| \| Talked to a teacher/adult at school about being bullied† \| – \| – \| 8.6 \| 10.0 \| 7.7 \| 8.6 \| 9.6 \| \| Talked to a teacher/adult at school about being cyberbullied† \| – \| – \| 1.4 \| 2.1 \| 2.2 \| 4.3 \| 2.8 \| \| Wanted to talk to a school counselor, school therapist, or school psychologist about emotional challenges or problems† \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 11.1 \| \| Talked with a school counselor, school therapist, or school psychologist about emotional challenges or problems† \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 13.1 \| \| Talked with a parent/relative or other adult outside of school about emotional challenges or problems† \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 6.1 \| \| Talked with a therapist, psychologist, or other mental health professional outside of school about emotional challenges or problems† \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 14.2 \| \| ADULT SUPPORT OUTSIDE OF SCHOOL \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Ate dinner at home with parent(s)/guardian(s) on 5 or more days (past 7 days) \| – \| – \| – \| 86.7 \| 86.3 \| 90.6 \| 87.2 \| \| Have at least one parent/adult outside of school to talk to about things that are important to you \| – \| 93.2 \| 93.3 \| 93.0 \| 93.7 \| 96.4 \| 91.7 \| \| Talked to a parent/adult outside of school about being bullied† \| – \| – \| 15.1 \| 17.6 \| 16.7 \| 15.6 \| 16.2 \| \| Talked to a parent/adult outside of school about being cyberbullied† \| – \| – \| 4.4 \| 3.7 \| 6.2 \| 8.7 \| 6.5 \| \| Talked with a parent, relative, or other adult outside of school about emotional challenges or problems† \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 43.7 \| * Student responded "agree" or "strongly agree" † During the past 12 months \| SCHOOL ATTACHMENT \| Medfield 2018 MWAHS (388) \| MetroWest Region 2018 MWAHS (12,107) \| \|-----------------------\|--------------------------\|-------------------------------------\| \| I feel close to people at school. \| 77.9 \| 72.7 \| \| I feel like I am part of this school. \| 74.8 \| 67.4 \| \| I am happy to be at this school. \| 71.5 \| 61.8 \| \| The teachers at this school treat students fairly. \| 67.6 \| 59.3 \| \| I feel safe in my school. \| 79.7 \| 74.3 \| \| ADULT SUPPORT AT SCHOOL \| Medfield 2018 MWAHS (388) \| MetroWest Region 2018 MWAHS (12,107) \| \|-----------------------------\|--------------------------\|-------------------------------------\| \| Have at least one teacher/adult at school to talk to if you have a problem \| 79.0 \| 71.9 \| \| Talked to a teacher/adult at school about a personal problem \| 23.9 \| 31.9 \| \| Talked to a teacher/adult at school about being bullied \| 9.6 \| 11.5 \| \| Talked to a teacher/adult at school about being cyberbullied \| 2.8 \| 3.7 \| \| Wanted to talk to a school counselor, school therapist, or school psychologist about emotional challenges or problems \| 11.1 \| 14.0 \| \| Talked with a school counselor, school therapist, or school psychologist about emotional challenges or problems \| 13.1 \| 17.4 \| \| Talked with a school nurse about emotional challenges or problems \| 6.1 \| 5.5 \| \| Talked with a teacher or other school staff about emotional challenges or problems \| 11.3 \| 10.7 \| \| ADULT SUPPORT OUTSIDE OF SCHOOL \| Medfield 2018 MWAHS (388) \| MetroWest Region 2018 MWAHS (12,107) \| \|-------------------------------------\|--------------------------\|-------------------------------------\| \| Ate dinner at home with parent(s)/guardian(s) on 5 or more days (past 7 days) \| 87.2 \| 83.0 \| \| Have at least one parent/adult outside of school to talk to about things that are important to you \| 91.7 \| 92.2 \| \| Talked to a parent/adult outside of school about being bullied \| 16.2 \| 18.3 \| \| Talked to a parent/adult outside of school about being cyberbullied \| 6.5 \| 7.2 \| \| Talked with a parent, relative, or other adult outside of school about emotional challenges or problems \| 43.7 \| 43.1 \| \| Talked with a therapist, psychologist, or other mental health professional outside of school about emotional challenges or problems \| 14.2 \| 14.1 \| * Student responded "agree" or "strongly agree" † During the past 12 months \| PEER SUPPORT, ISOLATION, AND ANGER* \| Total (%) (561) \| Sex (%) \| Grade (%) \| \|------------------------------------\|-----------------\|---------\|-----------\| \| \| \| Female 273 \| Male 286 \| 6th 173 \| 7th 182 \| 8th 206 \| \| Feel you have a friend you can talk to about a personal problem \| 68.6 \| 76.2 \| 61.1 \| 56.4 \| 70.5 \| 77.0 \| \| Feel you are part of a group of friends \| 81.5 \| 79.9 \| 82.8 \| 80.7 \| 80.6 \| 82.8 \| \| Feel lonely \| 11.2 \| 13.0 \| 9.3 \| 8.0 \| 13.3 \| 12.1 \| \| Feel you have a lot in common with the people around you \| 67.3 \| 70.1 \| 64.6 \| 67.3 \| 63.8 \| 70.3 \| \| Feel there are people who really know you and understand you \| 69.3 \| 69.7 \| 69.0 \| 70.6 \| 65.7 \| 71.3 \| \| Feel left out and excluded by others \| 10.9 \| 12.4 \| 9.2 \| 5.5 \| 9.7 \| 16.4 \| \| Get angry for no good reason \| 8.4 \| 8.3 \| 8.6 \| 6.8 \| 7.5 \| 10.5 \| \| Have trouble controlling your temper \| 7.4 \| 6.8 \| 8.1 \| 6.7 \| 8.0 \| 7.6 \| \| Feel you have gotten a raw deal out of life \| 6.3 \| 6.8 \| 5.5 \| 3.7 \| 6.9 \| 8.0 \| \| Get into arguments when people disagree with you \| 8.0 \| 6.5 \| 9.6 \| 6.8 \| 5.7 \| 11.0 \| \| Physically threaten the people you know \| 0.7 \| 0.4 \| 1.1 \| 0.0 \| 0.6 \| 1.5 \| * Answered either "often" or "very often" \| PEER SUPPORT, ISOLATION, AND ANGER* \| 2006 \| 2008 (484) \| 2010 (437) \| 2012 (435) \| 2014 (404) \| 2016 (394) \| 2018 (388) \| \|-----------------------------------\|------\|------------\|------------\|------------\|------------\|------------\|------------\| \| Feel you have a friend you can talk to about a personal problem \| – \| – \| – \| 67.6 \| 67.5 \| 75.3 \| 73.9 \| \| Feel you are part of a group of friends \| – \| – \| – \| 86.1 \| 83.9 \| 84.9 \| 81.8 \| \| Feel lonely \| – \| – \| – \| 3.7 \| 7.2 \| 4.5 \| 12.6 \| \| Feel you have a lot in common with the people around you \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 67.3 \| \| Feel there are people who really know you and understand you \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 68.7 \| \| Feel left out and excluded by others \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 13.3 \| \| Get angry for no good reason \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 9.1 \| \| Have trouble controlling your temper \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 7.8 \| \| Feel you have gotten a raw deal out of life \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 7.5 \| \| Get into arguments when people disagree with you \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 8.5 \| \| Physically threaten the people you know \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 1.1 \| * Answered either "often" or "very often" \| \| Medfield 2018 MWAHS (388) \| MetroWest Region 2018 MWAHS (12,107) \| \|-----------------------------------------------------------------\|---------------------------\|--------------------------------------\| \| PEER SUPPORT, ISOLATION, AND ANGER \| \| \| \| Feel you have a friend you can talk to about a personal problem\| 73.9 \| 65.0 \| \| Feel you are part of a group of friends \| 81.8 \| 78.1 \| \| Feel lonely \| 12.6 \| 15.9 \| \| Feel you have a lot in common with the people around you \| 67.3 \| 62.8 \| \| Feel there are people who really know you and understand you \| 68.7 \| 64.0 \| \| Feel left out and excluded by others \| 13.3 \| 12.6 \| \| Get angry for no good reason \| 9.1 \| 13.2 \| \| Have trouble controlling your temper \| 7.8 \| 10.8 \| \| Feel you have gotten a raw deal out of life \| 7.5 \| 10.8 \| \| Get into arguments when people disagree with you \| 8.5 \| 12.3 \| \| Physically threaten the people you know \| 1.1 \| 1.5 \| * Answered either "often" or "very often" Section 8 Risk Behaviors on School Property Figure 8-1A. Violence and Bullying* on School Property by Sex, 2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 6-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey * Defined as when one or more students tease, threaten, spread rumors about, hit, shove, or hurt another student over and over again Figure 8-1B. Violence and Bullying* on School Property by Grade, 2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 6-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey * Defined as when one or more students tease, threaten, spread rumors about, hit, shove, or hurt another student over and over again Figure 8-1C. Trends in Violence and Bullying* on School Property, 2008-2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 7-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey * Defined as when one or more students tease, threaten, spread rumors about, hit, shove, or hurt another student over and over again Figure 8-1D. Violence and Bullying* on School Property at the District and Regional Levels, 2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 7-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey * Defined as when one or more students tease, threaten, spread rumors about, hit, shove, or hurt another student over and over again \| Risk Behavior \| Total (%) (561) \| Female (273) \| Male (286) \| 6th (173) \| 7th (182) \| 8th (206) \| \|------------------------------------------------------------------------------\|-----------------\|--------------\|------------\|-----------\|-----------\|-----------\| \| Didn't go to school because of safety concerns (past 30 days)* \| 1.8 \| 2.6 \| 1.1 \| 1.2 \| 1.1 \| 2.9 \| \| Carried a weapon on school property (lifetime)† \| 0.4 \| 0.0 \| 0.7 \| 0.0 \| 0.0 \| 1.0 \| \| In a physical fight on school property (lifetime) \| 8.6 \| 3.0 \| 13.8 \| 4.1 \| 11.2 \| 10.2 \| \| In a physical fight on school property (past 12 months) \| 2.9 \| 1.1 \| 4.6 \| 1.7 \| 3.3 \| 3.4 \| \| Been bullied on school property (past 12 months)‡ \| 21.8 \| 21.9 \| 21.5 \| 15.0 \| 26.3 \| 23.6 \| \| Bullied someone else on school property (past 12 months)‡ \| 2.9 \| 2.2 \| 3.5 \| 0.6 \| 5.5 \| 2.5 \| \| Concerned a student at school was depressed or might physically hurt themself \| 28.3 \| 38.6 \| 18.1 \| 12.5 \| 32.2 \| 37.9 \| \| Saw posts online that a student at school might try to hurt themself \| 7.3 \| 11.6 \| 2.9 \| 3.6 \| 6.8 \| 10.9 \| \| Told an adult at school a student might hurt themself \| 4.8 \| 9.0 \| 0.7 \| 1.2 \| 5.2 \| 7.4 \| \| Told an adult outside of school a student might hurt themself \| 7.7 \| 11.6 \| 4.0 \| 3.0 \| 8.0 \| 11.4 \| \| Concerned a student or someone else might physically hurt someone at school \| 16.0 \| 14.2 \| 17.5 \| 10.2 \| 21.1 \| 16.3 \| \| Saw posts online that a student or someone else wanted to physically hurt \| 4.8 \| 3.7 \| 5.5 \| 0.6 \| 9.7 \| 4.0 \| \| someone at school \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Told an adult at school that a student or someone else might physically hurt \| 1.5 \| 1.9 \| 1.1 \| 0.0 \| 2.3 \| 2.0 \| \| someone at school \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Told an adult outside of school that a student or someone else might physically \| 2.8 \| 1.9 \| 3.7 \| 0.6 \| 5.1 \| 2.5 \| \| hurt someone at school \| \| \| \| \| \| \| * Because you felt you would be unsafe at school or on the way to or from school † For example, a gun, knife, or club ‡ Defined as when 1 or more students tease, threaten, spread rumors about, hit, shove, or hurt another student over and over again \| SAFETY, WEAPONS, AND VIOLENCE \| Medfield (%) \| \|-------------------------------\|--------------\| \| \| 2006 \| 2008 (484) \| 2010 (437) \| 2012 (435) \| 2014 (404) \| 2016 (394) \| 2018 (388) \| \| Didn't go to school because of safety concerns (past 30 days)* \| – \| 2.7 \| 1.4 \| 1.6 \| 2.0 \| 0.5 \| 2.1 \| \| Carried a weapon on school property (lifetime)† \| – \| 1.9 \| 0.7 \| 1.1 \| 0.7 \| 2.6 \| 0.5 \| \| In a physical fight on school property (lifetime) \| – \| 11.0 \| 7.2 \| 5.1 \| 6.9 \| 5.8 \| 10.7 \| \| In a physical fight on school property (past 12 months) \| – \| 4.4 \| 3.0 \| 2.1 \| 2.0 \| 2.5 \| 3.4 \| \| Been bullied on school property (past 12 months)‡ \| – \| 34.1 \| 27.0 \| 20.6 \| 25.2 \| 19.3 \| 24.9 \| \| Bullied someone else on school property (past 12 months)‡ \| – \| – \| – \| 3.5 \| 5.2 \| 4.7 \| 3.9 \| \| CONCERNS ABOUT PEERS (past 12 months) \| Medfield (%) \| \|--------------------------------------\|--------------\| \| Concerned a student at school was depressed or might physically hurt themself \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 39.6 \| 26.0 \| 35.3 \| \| Saw posts online that a student at school might try to hurt themself \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 9.0 \| \| Told an adult at school a student might hurt themself \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 7.2 \| 3.9 \| 6.4 \| \| Told an adult outside of school a student might hurt themself \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 15.1 \| 7.7 \| 9.8 \| \| Concerned a student or someone else might physically hurt someone at school \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 24.8 \| 13.8 \| 18.5 \| \| Saw posts online that a student or someone else wanted to physically hurt someone at school \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 6.6 \| \| Told an adult at school that a student or someone else might physically hurt someone at school \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 3.7 \| 2.6 \| 2.1 \| \| Told an adult outside of school that a student or someone else might physically hurt someone at school \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 6.2 \| 3.6 \| 3.7 \| * Because you felt you would be unsafe at school or on the way to or from school † For example, a gun, knife, or club ‡ Defined as when 1 or more students tease, threaten, spread rumors about, hit, shove, or hurt another student over and over again \| Risk Behavior \| Medfield 2018 MWAHS (388) \| MetroWest Region 2018 MWAHS (12,107) \| \|------------------------------------------------------------------------------\|---------------------------\|--------------------------------------\| \| Didn't go to school because of safety concerns (past 30 days)* \| 2.1 \| 3.1 \| \| Carried a weapon on school property (lifetime)† \| 0.5 \| 0.8 \| \| In a physical fight on school property (lifetime) \| 10.7 \| 11.1 \| \| In a physical fight on school property (past 12 months) \| 3.4 \| 4.7 \| \| Been bullied on school property (past 12 months)‡ \| 24.9 \| 24.5 \| \| Bullied someone else on school property (past 12 months)‡ \| 3.9 \| 5.1 \| CONCERNS ABOUT PEERS (past 12 months) \| Concern \| Medfield 2018 MWAHS (388) \| MetroWest Region 2018 MWAHS (12,107) \| \|------------------------------------------------------------------------\|---------------------------\|--------------------------------------\| \| Concerned a student at school was depressed or might physically hurt themselves \| 35.3 \| 44.9 \| \| Saw posts online that a student at school might try to hurt themself \| 9.0 \| 17.0 \| \| Told an adult at school a student might hurt themself \| 6.4 \| 7.9 \| \| Told an adult outside of school a student might hurt themself \| 9.8 \| 14.1 \| \| Concerned a student or someone else might physically hurt someone at school \| 18.5 \| 24.5 \| \| Saw posts online that a student or someone else wanted to physically hurt someone at school \| 6.6 \| 11.9 \| \| Told an adult at school that a student or someone else might physically hurt someone at school \| 2.1 \| 4.4 \| \| Told an adult outside of school that a student or someone else might physically hurt someone at school \| 3.7 \| 7.3 \| * Because you felt you would be unsafe at school or on the way to or from school † For example, a gun, knife, or club ‡ Defined as when 1 or more students tease, threaten, spread rumors about, hit, shove, or hurt another student over and over again Section 9 Additional Topics Figure 9-1A. Student Time Utilization by Sex, 2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 6-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey \| Activity \| Female (%) \| Male (%) \| \|-----------------------------------------------\|------------\|----------\| \| Sleeps 8+ hours* \| 61% \| 76% \| \| Spends 3+ hours online† \| 47% \| 37% \| \| Spends 3+ hours on social media† \| 11% \| 8% \| \| Spends 3+ hours gaming† \| 3% \| 11% \| \| Spends 3+ hours on homework/studying outside of school† \| 16% \| 7% \| \| Spends 3+ hours on extracurricular activities outside of school† \| 28% \| 18% \| \| Spends 3+ hours on "screen time" that is not for school/homework† \| 24% \| 24% \| * On an average school night † On an average school day Figure 9-1B. Student Time Utilization by Grade, 2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 6-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey \| Activity \| 6th (%) \| 7th (%) \| 8th (%) \| \|-----------------------------------------------\|------------\|-----------\|-----------\| \| Sleeps 8+ hours* \| 82% \| 73% \| 54% \| \| Spends 3+ hours online† \| 18% \| 51% \| 53% \| \| Spends 3+ hours on social media† \| 5% \| 8% \| 16% \| \| Spends 3+ hours gaming† \| 5% \| 9% \| 7% \| \| Spends 3+ hours on homework/studying outside of school† \| 0% \| 15% \| 19% \| \| Spends 3+ hours on extracurricular activities outside of school† \| 19% \| 25% \| 25% \| \| Spends 3+ hours on "screen time" that is not for school/homework† \| 12% \| 31% \| 28% \| * On an average school night † On an average school day Figure 9-1C. Trends in Student Time Utilization, 2010-2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 7-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey * On an average school night † On an average school day Figure 9-1D. Student Time Utilization at the District and Regional Levels, 2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 7-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey * On an average school night † On an average school day Figure 9-2A. Social Media Use* by Sex, 2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 6-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey \| \| Female (n=273) \| Male (n=286) \| \|--------------------------\|---------------\|--------------\| \| Spend a lot of time thinking about social media/planning how to use it \| 7% \| 7% \| \| Feel an urge to use social media more and more \| 8% \| 5% \| \| Use social media in order to forget about personal problems \| 7% \| 7% \| \| Have tried to cut down social media use without success \| 7% \| 5% \| \| Become restless/troubled if prohibited from using social media \| 4% \| 4% \| \| Use has a negative impact on school work, or other activities \| 2% \| 3% \| * Student responded "often" or "very often" Figure 9-2B. Social Media Use* by Grade, 2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 6-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey \| \| 6th (n=173) \| 7th (n=182) \| 8th (n=206) \| \|--------------------------\|-------------\|-------------\|-------------\| \| Spend a lot of time thinking about social media/planning how to use it \| 5% \| 3% \| 11% \| \| Feel an urge to use social media more and more \| 3% \| 6% \| 10% \| \| Use social media in order to forget about personal problems \| 4% \| 7% \| 8% \| \| Have tried to cut down social media use without success \| 5% \| 6% \| 7% \| \| Become restless/troubled if prohibited from using social media \| 3% \| 2% \| 6% \| \| Use has a negative impact on school work, or other activities \| 1% \| 1% \| 5% \| * Student responded "often" or "very often" Figure 9-2C. Social Media Use, 2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 7-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey Student responded "often" or "very often" \| Behavior \| Medfield (%) \| \|-------------------------------------------------------------------------\|--------------\| \| Spend a lot of time thinking about social media/planning how to use it \| 7 \| \| Feel an urge to use social media more and more \| 8 \| \| Use social media in order to forget about personal problems \| 8 \| \| Have tried to cut down social media use without success \| 7 \| \| Become restless/troubled if prohibited from using social media \| 4 \| \| Use has a negative impact on school, work, or other activities \| 3 \| Figure 9-2D. Social Media Use* at the District and Regional Levels, 2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 7-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey * Student responded "often" or "very often" \| Behavior \| Medfield (%) \| MetroWest (%) \| \|-------------------------------------------------------------------------\|--------------\|---------------\| \| Spend a lot of time thinking about social media/planning how to use it \| 7 \| 6 \| \| Feel an urge to use social media more and more \| 8 \| 6 \| \| Use social media in order to forget about personal problems \| 8 \| 9 \| \| Have tried to cut down social media use without success \| 7 \| 7 \| \| Become restless/troubled if prohibited from using social media \| 4 \| 5 \| \| Use has a negative impact on school, work, or other activities \| 3 \| 3 \| Figure 9-3A. Gaming Behaviors* by Sex, 2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 6-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey * Student responded "often" or "very often" Figure 9-3B. Gaming Behaviors* by Grade, 2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 6-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey * Student responded "often" or "very often" Figure 9-3C. Gaming Behaviors, 2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 7-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey Student responded "often" or "very often" Figure 9-3D. Gaming Behaviors* at the District and Regional Levels, 2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 7-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey * Student responded "often" or "very often" Figure 9-4A. Attitudes and Experiences Related to Social Media* by Sex, 2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 6-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey * Among students who use social media; student responded "agree" or "strongly agree" Figure 9-4B. Attitudes and Experiences Related to Social Media* by Grade, 2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 6-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey * Among students who use social media; student responded "agree" or "strongly agree" Figure 9-4C. Attitudes and Experiences Related to Social Media,* 2016-2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 7-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey * Among students who use social media; student responded "agree" or "strongly agree" Figure 9-4D. Attitudes and Experiences Related to Social Media* at the District and Regional Levels, 2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 7-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey * Among students who use social media; student responded "agree" or "strongly agree" \| SOCIODEMOGRAPHICS \| Total (%) (561) \| Female (273) \| Male (286) \| 6th (173) \| 7th (182) \| 8th (206) \| \|-------------------\|-----------------\|--------------\|------------\|-----------\|-----------\|-----------\| \| Have any physical disabilities or long-term health problems* \| 7.9 \| 5.6 \| 9.8 \| 3.6 \| 9.6 \| 9.8 \| \| Have any long-term learning disabilities* \| 7.9 \| 7.1 \| 8.7 \| 5.5 \| 11.9 \| 6.4 \| \| Have an Individualized Education Program (IEP) \| 11.9 \| 10.6 \| 13.1 \| 8.1 \| 10.2 \| 16.3 \| \| Eligible to receive a free or reduced-price lunch at school \| 8.1 \| 6.3 \| 9.9 \| 5.7 \| 6.6 \| 11.2 \| \| GENERAL HEALTH & SLEEP \| Total (%) (561) \| Female (273) \| Male (286) \| 6th (173) \| 7th (182) \| 8th (206) \| \|------------------------\|-----------------\|--------------\|------------\|-----------\|-----------\|-----------\| \| Describes general health as very good/excellent \| 72.0 \| 74.2 \| 70.2 \| 70.9 \| 66.7 \| 77.7 \| \| Sleeps 8 or more hours on an average school night \| 68.5 \| 61.2 \| 75.8 \| 81.6 \| 73.1 \| 53.8 \| \| STUDENT ACTIVITIES AND USE OF TIME \| Total (%) (561) \| Female (273) \| Male (286) \| 6th (173) \| 7th (182) \| 8th (206) \| \|------------------------------------\|-----------------\|--------------\|------------\|-----------\|-----------\|-----------\| \| Absent from school on 3 or more days (past 30 days) \| 5.7 \| 5.7 \| 5.6 \| 3.1 \| 4.7 \| 8.5 \| \| Spend 3 or more hours online† \| 41.6 \| 46.8 \| 36.8 \| 17.6 \| 51.1 \| 53.0 \| \| Spend 3 or more hours on social media sites‡ \| 9.8 \| 11.2 \| 8.4 \| 4.8 \| 7.5 \| 15.8 \| \| Spend 3 or more hours gaming‡,§ \| 7.0 \| 3.1 \| 10.9 \| 5.0 \| 9.4 \| 6.6 \| \| Spend 3 or more hours on homework/studying outside of school† \| 11.7 \| 16.0 \| 7.2 \| 0.0 \| 14.6 \| 18.8 \| \| Spend 3 or more hours on extracurricular activities outside of school† \| 23.0 \| 28.3 \| 17.8 \| 18.5 \| 24.9 \| 24.7 \| \| Spend 3 or more hours on "screen time" that is not for school work/homework‡,§ \| 24.2 \| 24.1 \| 24.4 \| 11.9 \| 30.5 \| 28.2 \| \| Participated in volunteer or community service activities on 3 or more days (past 12 months) \| 63.0 \| 72.7 \| 53.3 \| 59.1 \| 64.0 \| 65.3 \| * Long-term means 6 months or more † On an average school day ‡ Playing online or video games § Includes watching TV, going on the Internet, playing video games, or using a computer, tablet, or smartphone \| Medfield (%) \| 2006 \| 2008 (484) \| 2010 (437) \| 2012 (435) \| 2014 (404) \| 2016 (394) \| 2018 (388) \| \|--------------\|------\|------------\|------------\|------------\|------------\|------------\|------------\| \| SOCIODEMOGRAPHICS \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Have any physical disabilities or long-term health problems* \| – \| – \| – \| 7.0 \| 9.0 \| 8.0 \| 9.7 \| \| Have any long-term learning disabilities* \| – \| – \| – \| 5.3 \| 8.2 \| 9.8 \| 8.9 \| \| Have an Individualized Education Program (IEP) \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 15.5 \| 13.0 \| 13.5 \| \| Eligible to receive a free or reduced-price lunch at school \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 6.9 \| 11.2 \| 9.1 \| \| GENERAL HEALTH & SLEEP \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Describes general health as very good/excellent \| – \| 79.2 \| 69.7 \| 79.0 \| 77.9 \| 72.3 \| 72.5 \| \| Sleeps 8 or more hours on an average school night \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 67.3 \| 69.7 \| 62.7 \| \| STUDENT ACTIVITIES AND USE OF TIME \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Absent from school on 3 or more days (past 30 days) \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 7.2 \| 9.4 \| 6.8 \| \| Spend 3 or more hours online† \| – \| – \| 14.1 \| 15.2 \| 48.9 \| 44.4 \| 52.1 \| \| Spend 3 or more hours on social media sites‡ \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 8.2 \| 12.0 \| \| Spend 3 or more hours gaming‡,§ \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 7.9 \| \| Spend 3 or more hours on homework/studying outside of school† \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 34.6 \| 22.9 \| 16.8 \| \| Spend 3 or more hours on extracurricular activities outside of school† \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 23.7 \| 19.6 \| 24.8 \| \| Spend 3 or more hours on “screen time” that is not for school work/homework†,§ \| – \| – \| – \| 26.3 \| 24.5 \| 25.9 \| 29.3 \| \| Participated in volunteer or community service activities on 3 or more days (past 12 months) \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 72.3 \| 64.7 \| * Long-term means 6 months or more † On an average school day ‡ Playing online or video games § Includes watching TV, going on the Internet, playing video games, or using a computer, tablet, or smartphone \| SOCIODEMOGRAPHICS \| Medfield 2018 MWAHS (388) \| MetroWest Region 2018 MWAHS (12,107) \| \|------------------------\|--------------------------\|-------------------------------------\| \| Have any physical disabilities or long-term health problems* \| 9.7 \| 8.7 \| \| Have any long-term learning disabilities* \| 8.9 \| 7.9 \| \| Have an Individualized Education Program (IEP) \| 13.5 \| 14.0 \| \| Eligible to receive a free or reduced-price lunch at school \| 9.1 \| 17.1 \| \| GENERAL HEALTH & SLEEP \| Medfield 2018 MWAHS (388) \| MetroWest Region 2018 MWAHS (12,107) \| \|----------------------------\|--------------------------\|-------------------------------------\| \| Describes general health as very good/excellent \| 72.5 \| 72.1 \| \| Sleeps 8 or more hours on an average school night \| 62.7 \| 60.3 \| \| STUDENT ACTIVITIES AND USE OF TIME \| Medfield 2018 MWAHS (388) \| MetroWest Region 2018 MWAHS (12,107) \| \|---------------------------------------\|--------------------------\|-------------------------------------\| \| Absent from school on 3 or more days (past 30 days) \| 6.8 \| 8.8 \| \| Spend 3 or more hours online† \| 52.1 \| 48.9 \| \| Spend 3 or more hours on social media sites† \| 12.0 \| 18.1 \| \| Spend 3 or more hours gaming‡,§ \| 7.9 \| 15.2 \| \| Spend 3 or more hours on homework/studying outside of school† \| 16.8 \| 15.0 \| \| Spend 3 or more hours on extracurricular activities outside of school† \| 24.8 \| 20.8 \| \| Spend 3 or more hours on "screen time" that is not for school work/homework†,§ \| 29.3 \| 39.4 \| \| Participated in volunteer or community service activities on 3 or more days (past 12 months) \| 64.7 \| 52.0 \| * Long-term means 6 months or more † On an average school day ‡ Playing online or video games § Includes watching TV, going on the Internet, playing video games, or using a computer, tablet, or smartphone \| ONLINE BEHAVIORS AND USE OF SOCIAL MEDIA \| Total (%) \| Female (273) \| Male (286) \| 6th (173) \| 7th (182) \| 8th (206) \| \|--------------------------------------------\|-----------\|--------------\|------------\|-----------\|-----------\|-----------\| \| Spend 3 or more hours online (average school day) \| 41.6 \| 46.8 \| 36.8 \| 17.6 \| 51.1 \| 53.0 \| \| Spend 3 or more hours on social media sites (average school day) \| 9.8 \| 11.2 \| 8.4 \| 4.8 \| 7.5 \| 15.8 \| \| Posted 3 or more messages or photos/videos on your social media profile (past 7 days)* \| 23.6 \| 25.6 \| 21.1 \| 16.5 \| 24.8 \| 25.7 \| \| Spend 3 or more hours gaming (average school day)† \| 7.0 \| 3.1 \| 10.9 \| 5.0 \| 9.4 \| 6.6 \| \| SOCIAL MEDIA USE † \| Total (%) \| Female (273) \| Male (286) \| 6th (173) \| 7th (182) \| 8th (206) \| \|------------------------\|-----------\|--------------\|------------\|-----------\|-----------\|-----------\| \| I spend a lot of time thinking about social media or planning how to use it. \| 6.7 \| 6.9 \| 6.5 \| 5.1 \| 3.0 \| 11.0 \| \| I feel an urge to use social media more and more. \| 6.5 \| 7.8 \| 5.4 \| 3.2 \| 6.1 \| 9.5 \| \| I use social media in order to forget about personal problems. \| 6.6 \| 6.6 \| 6.6 \| 4.5 \| 7.4 \| 7.6 \| \| I have tried to cut down on my social media use without success. \| 6.2 \| 7.5 \| 5.1 \| 5.2 \| 6.2 \| 7.0 \| \| I become restless or troubled if I am prohibited from using social media. \| 3.7 \| 3.9 \| 3.5 \| 2.6 \| 2.5 \| 5.5 \| \| I use social media so much that it has a negative impact on school, work, sports, or other important activities. \| 2.5 \| 1.6 \| 3.5 \| 1.3 \| 1.2 \| 4.5 \| \| GAMING BEHAVIORS (past 6 months) † \| Total (%) \| Female (273) \| Male (286) \| 6th (173) \| 7th (182) \| 8th (206) \| \|---------------------------------------\|-----------\|--------------\|------------\|-----------\|-----------\|-----------\| \| Thought about playing a game all day long \| 5.7 \| 2.3 \| 9.2 \| 5.1 \| 4.8 \| 7.0 \| \| Spent increasing amounts of time on games \| 6.9 \| 1.5 \| 12.3 \| 3.8 \| 8.4 \| 8.0 \| \| Played games to forget about real life \| 4.2 \| 0.8 \| 7.8 \| 3.2 \| 5.4 \| 4.0 \| \| Others unsuccessfully tried to reduce your game use \| 4.6 \| 1.2 \| 8.1 \| 3.8 \| 6.0 \| 4.0 \| \| Felt bad when you were unable to play games \| 4.0 \| 1.9 \| 6.2 \| 3.8 \| 3.6 \| 4.6 \| \| Had fights with others (e.g., family, friends) over your time spent on games \| 4.0 \| 2.3 \| 5.8 \| 4.5 \| 3.0 \| 4.5 \| \| Neglected other important activities (e.g., school, work, sports) to play games \| 1.5 \| 1.5 \| 1.6 \| 0.6 \| 1.8 \| 2.0 \| * Among students who use social media † Playing online or video games ‡ Student responded "often" or "very often" \| ONLINE BEHAVIORS AND USE OF SOCIAL MEDIA \| 2006 \| 2008 (484) \| 2010 (437) \| 2012 (435) \| 2014 (404) \| 2016 (394) \| 2018 (388) \| \|--------------------------------------------\|------\|------------\|------------\|------------\|------------\|------------\|------------\| \| Spend 3 or more hours online (average school day) \| – \| – \| 14.1 \| 15.2 \| 48.9 \| 44.4 \| 52.1 \| \| Spend 3 or more hours on social media sites (average school day) \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 8.2 \| 12.0 \| \| Posted 3 or more messages or photos/videos on your social media profile (past 7 days)* \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 18.4 \| 25.3 \| \| Spend 3 or more hours gaming (average school day)† \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 7.9 \| \| SOCIAL MEDIA USE‡ \| 2006 \| 2008 (484) \| 2010 (437) \| 2012 (435) \| 2014 (404) \| 2016 (394) \| 2018 (388) \| \|-----------------------\|------\|------------\|------------\|------------\|------------\|------------\|------------\| \| I spend a lot of time thinking about social media or planning how to use it. \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 7.4 \| \| I feel an urge to use social media more and more. \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 8.0 \| \| I use social media in order to forget about personal problems. \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 7.5 \| \| I have tried to cut down on my social media use without success. \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 6.7 \| \| I become restless or troubled if I am prohibited from using social media. \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 4.2 \| \| I use social media so much that it has a negative impact on school, work, sports, or other important activities. \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 3.0 \| \| GAMING BEHAVIORS (past 6 months)§ \| 2006 \| 2008 (484) \| 2010 (437) \| 2012 (435) \| 2014 (404) \| 2016 (394) \| 2018 (388) \| \|--------------------------------------\|------\|------------\|------------\|------------\|------------\|------------\|------------\| \| Thought about playing a game all day long \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 6.0 \| \| Spent increasing amounts of time on games \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 8.2 \| \| Played games to forget about real life \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 4.7 \| \| Others unsuccessfully tried to reduce your game use \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 4.9 \| \| Felt bad when you were unable to play games \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 4.1 \| \| Had fights with others (e.g., family, friends) over your time spent on games \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 3.8 \| \| Neglected other important activities (e.g., school, work, sports) to play games \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 1.9 \| * Among students who use social media † Playing online or video games ‡ Student responded “often” or “very often” \| ONLINE BEHAVIORS AND USE OF SOCIAL MEDIA \| Medfield 2018 MWAHS (388) \| MetroWest Region 2018 MWAHS (12,107) \| \|--------------------------------------------\|--------------------------\|-------------------------------------\| \| Spend 3 or more hours online (average school day) \| 52.1 \| 48.9 \| \| Spend 3 or more hours on social media sites (average school day) \| 12.0 \| 18.1 \| \| Posted 3 or more messages or photos/videos on your social media profile (past 7 days)* \| 25.3 \| 29.1 \| \| Spend 3 or more hours gaming (average school day)† \| 7.9 \| 15.2 \| \| SOCIAL MEDIA USE \| Medfield 2018 MWAHS (388) \| MetroWest Region 2018 MWAHS (12,107) \| \|----------------------\|--------------------------\|-------------------------------------\| \| I spend a lot of time thinking about social media or planning how to use it. \| 7.4 \| 5.7 \| \| I feel an urge to use social media more and more. \| 8.0 \| 5.8 \| \| I use social media in order to forget about personal problems. \| 7.5 \| 8.9 \| \| I have tried to cut down on my social media use without success. \| 6.7 \| 7.2 \| \| I become restless or troubled if I am prohibited from using social media. \| 4.2 \| 4.8 \| \| I use social media so much that it has a negative impact on school, work, sports, or other important activities. \| 3.0 \| 2.8 \| \| GAMING BEHAVIORS (past 6 months) \| Medfield 2018 MWAHS (388) \| MetroWest Region 2018 MWAHS (12,107) \| \|--------------------------------------\|--------------------------\|-------------------------------------\| \| Thought about playing a game all day long \| 6.0 \| 10.7 \| \| Spent increasing amounts of time on games \| 8.2 \| 11.1 \| \| Played games to forget about real life \| 4.7 \| 7.7 \| \| Others unsuccessfully tried to reduce your game use \| 4.9 \| 6.5 \| \| Felt bad when you were unable to play games \| 4.1 \| 6.5 \| \| Had fights with others (e.g., family, friends) over your time spent on games \| 3.8 \| 3.8 \| \| Neglected other important activities (e.g., school, work, sports) to play games \| 1.9 \| 3.2 \| * Among students who use social media † Playing online or video games ‡ Student responded "often" or "very often" ### Table 9-3A. Attitudes and Experiences Related to Social Media Use by Sex and Grade, 2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 6-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey, 2018 \| \| Total (%) \| Sex (%) \| Grade (%) \| \|----------------------------------------------------------------\|-----------\|---------\|-----------\| \| \| \| Female \| Male \| 6th \| 7th \| 8th \| \| ATTITUDES AND EXPERIENCES RELATED TO SOCIAL MEDIA USE \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| I feel more connected to peers because of social media. \| 50.4 \| 52.7 \| 48.0 \| 25.6 \| 51.8 \| 60.4 \| \| I feel pressure to post things that will be popular and get a lot of comments or "likes." \| 16.9 \| 22.0 \| 11.8 \| 13.8 \| 12.9 \| 21.3 \| \| I feel badly about myself, excluded, or left out when I see what others post on social media. \| 17.4 \| 21.5 \| 13.3 \| 17.5 \| 14.2 \| 19.9 \| \| I have gotten support on social media when I've been going through a tough or challenging time. \| 24.1 \| 26.1 \| 21.8 \| 21.5 \| 27.3 \| 22.8 \| \| Social media keeps me from doing other things that are important, like homework or family responsibilities. \| 15.7 \| 18.9 \| 12.4 \| 16.7 \| 12.9 \| 17.5 \| \| Being on social media helps me feel better about myself. \| 20.9 \| 17.2 \| 24.9 \| 9.1 \| 23.0 \| 24.2 \| \| I spend too much time on social media. \| 22.1 \| 28.1 \| 16.1 \| 20.0 \| 21.2 \| 23.8 \| \| I have found people who share the same hobbies and interests as me on social media. \| 50.0 \| 52.8 \| 47.1 \| 41.7 \| 56.9 \| 48.0 \| \| Social media has hurt my relationships with friends, peers, or students at my school. \| 6.3 \| 8.4 \| 4.2 \| 6.6 \| 5.9 \| 6.6 \| \| I have spoken up or taken action on social media about issues that are important to me. \| 16.2 \| 21.0 \| 10.9 \| 8.2 \| 18.8 \| 17.5 \| \| I have had serious conflicts with my parents or other members of my family because of my social media use. \| 6.6 \| 8.0 \| 5.3 \| 3.9 \| 5.1 \| 8.8 \| Among students who use social media; student responded "agree" or "strongly agree" ### Table 9-3B. Attitudes and Experiences Related to Social Media Use, 2006 - 2018 Blake Middle School, Medfield (Grades 7-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey, 2018 \| \| 2006 \| 2008 (484) \| 2010 (437) \| 2012 (435) \| 2014 (404) \| 2016 (394) \| 2018 (388) \| \|----------------------------------------------------------------\|------\|------------\|------------\|------------\|------------\|------------\|------------\| \| ATTITUDES AND EXPERIENCES RELATED TO SOCIAL MEDIA USE \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| I feel more connected to peers because of social media. \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 62.3 \| 56.7 \| \| I feel pressure to post things that will be popular and get a lot of comments or "likes." \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 20.2 \| 17.7 \| \| I feel badly about myself, excluded, or left out when I see what others post on social media. \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 17.5 \| 17.4 \| \| I have gotten support on social media when I've been going through a tough or challenging time. \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 37.6 \| 24.8 \| \| Social media keeps me from doing other things that are important, like homework or family responsibilities. \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 18.4 \| 15.5 \| \| Being on social media helps me feel better about myself. \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 20.7 \| 23.7 \| \| I spend too much time on social media. \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 22.4 \| 22.6 \| \| I have found people who share the same hobbies and interests as me on social media. \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 51.9 \| \| \| Social media has hurt my relationships with friends, peers, or students at my school. \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 6.3 \| \| \| I have spoken up or taken action on social media about issues that are important to me. \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 18.1 \| \| \| I have had serious conflicts with my parents or other members of my family because of my social media use. \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 7.3 \| \| * Among students who use social media; student responded "agree" or "strongly agree" \| ATTITUDES AND EXPERIENCES RELATED TO SOCIAL MEDIA USE* \| Medfield 2018 MWAHS (388) \| MetroWest Region 2018 MWAHS (12,107) \| \|------------------------------------------------------\|--------------------------\|-------------------------------------\| \| I feel more connected to peers because of social media. \| 56.7 \| 54.2 \| \| I feel pressure to post things that will be popular and get a lot of comments or "likes." \| 17.7 \| 17.8 \| \| I feel badly about myself, excluded, or left out when I see what others post on social media. \| 17.4 \| 20.1 \| \| I have gotten support on social media when I've been going through a tough or challenging time. \| 24.8 \| 32.2 \| \| Social media keeps me from doing other things that are important, like homework or family responsibilities. \| 15.5 \| 20.1 \| \| Being on social media helps me feel better about myself. \| 23.7 \| 24.4 \| \| I spend too much time on social media. \| 22.6 \| 30.4 \| \| I have found people who share the same hobbies and interests as me on social media. \| 51.9 \| 52.5 \| \| Social media has hurt my relationships with friends, peers, or students at my school. \| 6.3 \| 11.3 \| \| I have spoken up or taken action on social media about issues that are important to me. \| 18.1 \| 22.8 \| \| I have had serious conflicts with my parents or other members of my family because of my social media use. \| 7.3 \| 8.4 \| Appendix 1 Participating Districts ## Participating Districts ### Middle School Survey - Ashland - Bellingham - Dedham* - Dover-Sherborn - Framingham - Franklin - Holliston - Hopedale - Hopkinton - Hudson - King Philip - Marlborough - McAuliffe - Medfield - Medway - Mendon-Upton - Milford - Millis - Natick - Needham - Northborough - Norwood* - Southborough - Sudbury - Wayland - Wellesley - Westborough ### High School Survey - Algonquin Regional - Ashland - Assabet Valley - Bellingham - Blackstone Valley - Dedham* - Dover-Sherborn - Framingham - Franklin - Holliston - Hopedale - Hopkinton - Hudson - Keefe Technical - King Philip - Lincoln-Sudbury - Marlborough - Medfield - Medway - Mendon-Upton - Milford - Millis - Natick - Needham - Norwood* - Wayland - Wellesley - Westborough Data from these districts is not included in the aggregate regional data because these communities are not served by the MetroWest Health Foundation. Appendix 2 MetroWest Region Tables \| CIGARETTE SMOKING \| Total (%) (12,107) \| Female (6,066) \| Male (5,988) \| 7th (6,081) \| 8th (6,026) \| \|-------------------\|--------------------\|----------------\|--------------\|-------------\|-------------\| \| Lifetime cigarette smoking* \| 2.9 \| 2.3 \| 3.5 \| 1.9 \| 3.9 \| \| Smoked a whole cigarette before age 11 years \| 0.5 \| 0.3 \| 0.8 \| 0.4 \| 0.7 \| \| Current cigarette use (past 30 days) \| 0.8 \| 0.5 \| 1.0 \| 0.5 \| 1.1 \| \| Current frequent cigarette use (on 20 or more of the past 30 days) \| 0.3 \| 0.1 \| 0.4 \| 0.2 \| 0.4 \| \| ELECTRONIC VAPOR PRODUCT USE † \| Total (%) (12,107) \| Female (6,066) \| Male (5,988) \| 7th (6,081) \| 8th (6,026) \| \|--------------------------------\|--------------------\|----------------\|--------------\|-------------\|-------------\| \| Lifetime electronic vapor product use \| 9.9 \| 9.3 \| 10.5 \| 5.8 \| 14.1 \| \| Used an electronic vapor product before age 11 years \| 0.8 \| 0.5 \| 1.1 \| 0.8 \| 0.8 \| \| Current electronic vapor product use (past 30 days) \| 5.8 \| 5.9 \| 5.6 \| 3.2 \| 8.4 \| \| Current frequent electronic vapor product use (on 20 or more of the past 30 days) \| 0.8 \| 0.5 \| 1.1 \| 0.4 \| 1.3 \| \| Current daily electronic vapor product use (on all 30 of the past 30 days) \| 0.5 \| 0.3 \| 0.7 \| 0.3 \| 0.8 \| \| Current electronic vapor product use on school property (past 30 days) \| 1.9 \| 1.8 \| 2.0 \| 0.7 \| 3.1 \| \| Perceived risk of harm of using electronic vapor products (moderate/great risk) \| 80.4 \| 83.7 \| 77.3 \| 83.7 \| 77.2 \| * Ever tried cigarette smoking, even one or two puffs † Includes electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) like JUUL, Phix, Vuse, MarkTen, and blu, and other electronic vapor products, like vapes, vape pens, e-cigars, e-hookahs, hookah pens, and mods \| \| 2006 (6,875) \| 2008 (10,650) \| 2010 (11,597) \| 2012 (12,224) \| 2014 (12,191) \| 2016 (12,307) \| 2018 (12,107) \| \|--------------------------------\|--------------\|---------------\|---------------\|---------------\|---------------\|---------------\|---------------\| \| CIGARETTE SMOKING \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Lifetime cigarette smoking* \| 9.6 \| 8.4 \| 5.7 \| 6.2 \| 4.1 \| 2.9 \| 2.9 \| \| Smoked a whole cigarette before age 11 years \| 2.1 \| 1.8 \| 1.2 \| 1.0 \| 0.9 \| 0.6 \| 0.5 \| \| Current cigarette use (past 30 days) \| 3.9 \| 3.7 \| 2.4 \| 2.1 \| 1.4 \| 1.1 \| 0.8 \| \| Current frequent cigarette use (on 20 or more of the past 30 days) \| 0.9 \| 1.0 \| 0.6 \| 0.6 \| 0.6 \| 0.4 \| 0.3 \| \| ELECTRONIC VAPOR PRODUCT USE† \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Lifetime electronic vapor product use \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 6.4 \| 5.7 \| 9.9 \| \| Used an electronic vapor product before age 11 years \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 0.8 \| \| Current electronic vapor product use (past 30 days) \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 3.5 \| 2.5 \| 5.8 \| \| Current frequent electronic vapor product use (on 20 or more of the past 30 days) \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 0.5 \| 0.4 \| 0.8 \| \| Current daily electronic vapor product use (on all 30 of the past 30 days) \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 0.4 \| 0.3 \| 0.5 \| \| Current electronic vapor product use on school property (past 30 days) \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 1.9 \| \| Perceived risk of harm of using electronic vapor products (moderate/great risk) \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 64.1 \| 77.2 \| 80.4 \| * Ever tried cigarette smoking, even one or two puffs † Includes electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) like JUUL, Phix, Vuse, MarkTen, and blu, and other electronic vapor products, like vapes, vape pens, e-cigars, e-hookahs, hookah pens, and mods \| Category \| Total (%) \| Female (%) \| Male (%) \| 7th Grade (%) \| 8th Grade (%) \| \|-----------------------------------------------\|-----------\|------------\|----------\|---------------\|---------------\| \| ALCOHOL USE \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Lifetime alcohol use \| 11.7 \| 10.2 \| 13.2 \| 8.8 \| 14.6 \| \| Had first drink of alcohol before age 11 years \| 4.4 \| 3.4 \| 5.5 \| 4.6 \| 4.3 \| \| Current alcohol use (past 30 days) \| 3.9 \| 3.7 \| 4.1 \| 2.5 \| 5.3 \| \| Binge drinking (past 30 days)† \| 0.9 \| 0.9 \| 0.9 \| 0.4 \| 1.4 \| \| Was “drunk” from consuming alcohol (past 30 days) \| 1.1 \| 1.0 \| 1.2 \| 0.4 \| 1.7 \| \| Went to a party/hung out where alcohol was available (past 30 days) \| 8.3 \| 8.5 \| 8.0 \| 6.7 \| 9.9 \| \| Ever rode in car driven by a high school student who had been drinking \| 1.4 \| 1.4 \| 1.5 \| 1.2 \| 1.7 \| \| MARIJUANA USE \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Lifetime marijuana use \| 3.0 \| 2.7 \| 3.2 \| 1.3 \| 4.7 \| \| Tried marijuana before age 11 years \| 0.4 \| 0.2 \| 0.5 \| 0.2 \| 0.5 \| \| Current marijuana use (past 30 days) \| 1.7 \| 1.4 \| 1.9 \| 0.8 \| 2.5 \| \| Went to a party/hung out where marijuana was available (past 30 days) \| 4.1 \| 4.2 \| 3.9 \| 2.4 \| 5.7 \| \| Ate or drank products made with marijuana (lifetime)‡ \| 1.7 \| 1.4 \| 2.1 \| 0.9 \| 2.6 \| \| Think it would be “fairly easy” or “very easy” to obtain marijuana \| 19.4 \| 18.1 \| 20.7 \| 13.9 \| 24.8 \| \| Perceived risk of harm of using marijuana (moderate/great risk) \| 84.0 \| 87.6 \| 80.4 \| 87.4 \| 80.6 \| \| Ever rode in car driven by a high school student who had been using marijuana \| 2.3 \| 2.3 \| 2.2 \| 1.6 \| 3.0 \| \| OTHER SUBSTANCE USE \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Lifetime inhalant use§ \| 3.5 \| 3.3 \| 3.7 \| 2.9 \| 4.1 \| \| Lifetime prescription pain medicine misuse (without a doctor’s prescription)** \| 1.2 \| 1.1 \| 1.3 \| 0.7 \| 1.6 \| * Does not include drinking a few sips of wine for religious purposes † Consumed 4+ drinks in a row for females, or 5+ drinks in a row for males ‡ Includes edibles, such as candy, baked goods, snacks, or drinks that contain marijuana § Includes sniffing glue, breathing the contents of aerosol spray cans, or inhaling any paints or sprays to get high Includes using opioids like codeine, Vicodin, OxyContin, Hydrocodone, and Percocet without a doctor’s prescription \| Substance Use \| 2006 (%) \| 2008 (%) \| 2010 (%) \| 2012 (%) \| 2014 (%) \| 2016 (%) \| 2018 (%) \| \|---------------\|----------\|----------\|----------\|----------\|----------\|----------\|----------\| \| ALCOHOL USE \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Lifetime alcohol use \| 21.9 \| 20.2 \| 13.2 \| 12.4 \| 11.0 \| 10.2 \| 11.7 \| \| Had first drink of alcohol before age 11 years \| 8.2 \| 6.8 \| 4.6 \| 4.6 \| 4.5 \| 3.9 \| 4.4 \| \| Current alcohol use (past 30 days) \| 9.0 \| 8.6 \| 4.9 \| 5.0 \| 4.0 \| 3.7 \| 3.9 \| \| Binge drinking (past 30 days) \| 2.5 \| 2.5 \| 1.5 \| 1.4 \| 1.0 \| 1.0 \| 0.9 \| \| Was “drunk” from consuming alcohol (past 30 days) \| – \| 3.3 \| 1.8 \| 1.8 \| 1.3 \| 1.2 \| 1.1 \| \| Went to a party/hung out where alcohol was available (past 30 days) \| – \| – \| 8.1 \| 9.2 \| 7.2 \| 8.4 \| 8.3 \| \| Ever rode in car driven by a high school student who had been drinking \| – \| – \| – \| 2.2 \| 1.8 \| 1.7 \| 1.4 \| \| MARIJUANA USE \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Lifetime marijuana use \| 4.8 \| 5.2 \| 4.1 \| 4.1 \| 3.1 \| 2.5 \| 3.0 \| \| Tried marijuana before age 11 years \| 1.1 \| 1.0 \| 0.8 \| 0.8 \| 0.8 \| 0.5 \| 0.4 \| \| Current marijuana use (past 30 days) \| 3.0 \| 3.3 \| 2.2 \| 2.4 \| 1.8 \| 1.4 \| 1.7 \| \| Went to a party/hung out where marijuana was available (past 30 days) \| – \| – \| – \| 4.9 \| 3.5 \| 3.8 \| 4.1 \| \| Ate or drank products made with marijuana (lifetime) \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 1.7 \| \| Think it would be "fairly easy" or "very easy" to obtain marijuana \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 19.4 \| \| Perceived risk of harm of using marijuana (moderate/great risk) \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 84.0 \| \| Ever rode in car driven by a high school student who had been using marijuana \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 2.3 \| \| OTHER SUBSTANCE USE \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Lifetime inhalant use \| 8.3 \| 7.1 \| 5.2 \| 4.2 \| 3.0 \| 2.6 \| 3.5 \| \| Lifetime prescription pain medicine misuse (without a doctor’s prescription) \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 1.2 \| * Does not include drinking a few sips of wine for religious purposes † Consumed 4+ drinks in a row for females, or 5+ drinks in a row for males ‡ Includes edibles, such as candy, baked goods, snacks, or drinks that contain marijuana § Includes sniffing glue, breathing the contents of aerosol spray cans, or inhaling any paints or sprays to get high Includes using opioids like codeine, Vicodin, OxyContin, Hydrocodone, and Percocet without a doctor’s prescription \| Category \| Total (%) (12,107) \| Female (%) (6,066) \| Male (%) (5,988) \| 7th Grade (%) (6,081) \| 8th Grade (%) (6,026) \| \|--------------------------------\|-------------------\|--------------------\|-----------------\|-----------------------\|-----------------------\| \| SAFETY** \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Didn't go to school because of safety concerns (past 30 days)* \| 3.1 \| 3.8 \| 2.4 \| 3.1 \| 3.2 \| \| Concerned a student or someone else might physically hurt someone at school \| 24.5 \| 26.7 \| 22.2 \| 21.9 \| 27.2 \| \| Saw posts online that a student or someone else wanted to physically hurt someone at school \| 11.9 \| 13.5 \| 10.1 \| 9.8 \| 13.9 \| \| Told an adult at school that a student or someone else might physically hurt someone at school \| 4.4 \| 5.1 \| 3.8 \| 4.3 \| 4.6 \| \| Told an adult outside of school that a student or someone else might physically hurt someone at school \| 7.3 \| 9.0 \| 5.4 \| 6.8 \| 7.7 \| \| WEAPONS † \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Carried a weapon (lifetime) \| 13.7 \| 6.6 \| 21.0 \| 13.3 \| 14.2 \| \| Carried a weapon on school property (lifetime) \| 0.8 \| 0.5 \| 1.0 \| 0.4 \| 1.1 \| \| Carried a weapon (past 30 days) \| 5.3 \| 2.0 \| 8.6 \| 5.3 \| 5.3 \| \| PHYSICAL FIGHTING \| \| \| \| \| \| \| In a physical fight (lifetime) \| 32.2 \| 17.1 \| 47.3 \| 32.1 \| 32.3 \| \| In a physical fight (past 12 months) \| 16.8 \| 8.2 \| 25.6 \| 17.5 \| 16.1 \| \| In a physical fight on school property (lifetime) \| 11.1 \| 4.4 \| 17.8 \| 11.0 \| 11.2 \| \| In a physical fight on school property (past 12 months) \| 4.7 \| 1.7 \| 7.7 \| 4.7 \| 4.7 \| \| Injured in a physical fight and received medical treatment (lifetime) \| 3.4 \| 2.1 \| 4.7 \| 3.6 \| 3.2 \| \| DATING VIOLENCE ‡ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Sworn at, cursed at, or insulted (lifetime) \| 6.1 \| 6.6 \| 5.5 \| 5.1 \| 7.2 \| \| Physically hurt on purpose (lifetime) \| 1.3 \| 1.0 \| 1.6 \| 0.7 \| 1.9 \| * Because you felt you would be unsafe at school or on the way to or from school † For example, a gun, knife, or club ‡ By a boyfriend, girlfriend, date, or someone you were going out with \| SAFETY \| 2006 (6,875) \| 2008 (10,650) \| 2010 (11,597) \| 2012 (12,224) \| 2014 (12,191) \| 2016 (12,307) \| 2018 (12,107) \| \|-----------------------------------------------------------------------\|--------------\|---------------\|---------------\|---------------\|---------------\|---------------\|---------------\| \| Didn't go to school because of safety concerns (past 30 days)* \| 3.0 \| 3.3 \| 2.1 \| 2.3 \| 2.1 \| 2.4 \| 3.1 \| \| Concerned a student or someone else might physically hurt someone at school \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 23.0 \| 21.2 \| 24.5 \| \| Saw posts online that a student or someone else wanted to physically hurt someone at school \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 11.9 \| \| Told an adult at school that a student or someone else might physically hurt someone at school \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 4.2 \| 3.9 \| 4.4 \| \| Told an adult outside of school that a student or someone else might physically hurt someone at school \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 6.4 \| 5.5 \| 7.3 \| \| WEAPONS * \| 2006 \| 2008 \| 2010 \| 2012 \| 2014 \| 2016 \| 2018 \| \|----------------------------------------------------------------------\|--------------\|--------------\|--------------\|--------------\|--------------\|--------------\|--------------\| \| Carried a weapon (lifetime) \| 17.6 \| 16.3 \| 13.7 \| 15.1 \| 15.2 \| 16.0 \| 13.7 \| \| Carried a weapon on school property (lifetime) \| 3.3 \| 2.5 \| 1.4 \| 1.4 \| 1.1 \| 1.0 \| 0.8 \| \| Carried a weapon (past 30 days) \| – \| 7.8 \| 5.5 \| 6.8 \| 6.7 \| 7.3 \| 5.3 \| \| PHYSICAL FIGHTING \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \|----------------------------------------------------------------------\|--------------\|--------------\|--------------\|--------------\|--------------\|--------------\|--------------\| \| In a physical fight (lifetime) \| 44.5 \| 45.3 \| 39.3 \| 35.0 \| 33.4 \| 31.5 \| 32.2 \| \| In a physical fight (past 12 months) \| – \| 25.9 \| 20.8 \| 17.3 \| 16.0 \| 15.6 \| 16.8 \| \| In a physical fight on school property (lifetime) \| 18.9 \| 16.8 \| 12.4 \| 9.8 \| 9.4 \| 9.4 \| 11.1 \| \| In a physical fight on school property (past 12 months) \| – \| 6.9 \| 4.5 \| 3.3 \| 3.2 \| 3.4 \| 4.7 \| \| Injured in a physical fight and received medical treatment (lifetime)\| 5.8 \| 5.6 \| 4.0 \| 3.2 \| 3.2 \| 3.5 \| 3.4 \| \| DATING VIOLENCE * \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \|----------------------------------------------------------------------\|--------------\|--------------\|--------------\|--------------\|--------------\|--------------\|--------------\| \| Sworn at, cursed at, or insulted (lifetime) \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 6.4 \| 5.2 \| 6.1 \| \| Physically hurt on purpose (lifetime) \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 1.5 \| 1.0 \| 1.3 \| * Because you felt you would be unsafe at school or on the way to or from school † For example, a gun, knife, or club ‡ By a boyfriend, girlfriend, date, or someone you were going out with \| Category \| Total (%) (12,107) \| Female (%) (6,066) \| Male (%) (5,988) \| 7th Grade (%) (6,081) \| 8th Grade (%) (6,026) \| \|-----------------------------------------------\|--------------------\|--------------------\|-----------------\|-----------------------\|-----------------------\| \| BULLYING (past 12 months) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Been a victim of bullying \| 27.9 \| 31.5 \| 24.1 \| 28.1 \| 27.7 \| \| Been a victim of bullying on school property \| 24.5 \| 27.4 \| 21.5 \| 24.6 \| 24.4 \| \| Bullied someone else \| 7.4 \| 6.2 \| 8.5 \| 6.8 \| 8.0 \| \| Bullied someone else on school property \| 5.1 \| 4.2 \| 5.9 \| 4.7 \| 5.5 \| \| Talked to a teacher/adult at school about being bullied \| 11.5 \| 13.4 \| 9.5 \| 12.9 \| 10.1 \| \| Talked to a parent/adult outside of school about being bullied \| 18.3 \| 21.5 \| 15.0 \| 20.3 \| 16.4 \| \| Saw or heard about another student being bullied at school \| 50.4 \| 54.0 \| 46.8 \| 48.4 \| 52.5 \| \| Tried to stop another student from bullying someone else at school \| 33.7 \| 35.1 \| 32.3 \| 34.3 \| 33.1 \| \| Told an adult at school that someone was being bullied at school \| 15.0 \| 17.1 \| 12.9 \| 17.1 \| 12.9 \| \| Told a parent/adult outside of school that someone was being bullied at school \| 20.4 \| 25.9 \| 14.9 \| 20.8 \| 20.0 \| \| CYBERBULLYING (past 12 months) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Been a victim of cyberbullying \| 17.8 \| 22.3 \| 13.2 \| 16.9 \| 18.7 \| \| Cyberbullied someone else \| 5.7 \| 5.9 \| 5.4 \| 4.9 \| 6.5 \| \| Talked to a teacher/adult at school about being cyberbullied \| 3.7 \| 5.3 \| 2.1 \| 4.1 \| 3.4 \| \| Talked to a parent/adult outside of school about being cyberbullied \| 7.2 \| 10.3 \| 4.0 \| 7.6 \| 6.9 \| \| Saw or heard about another student being cyberbullied \| 28.1 \| 34.9 \| 21.1 \| 26.7 \| 29.5 \| \| Tried to stop a student from cyberbullying someone else \| 14.6 \| 18.2 \| 10.9 \| 15.0 \| 14.3 \| \| Told an adult at school that someone was being cyberbullied \| 4.2 \| 5.6 \| 2.8 \| 5.0 \| 3.5 \| \| Told a parent/adult outside of school that someone was being cyberbullied \| 7.8 \| 11.1 \| 4.4 \| 8.0 \| 7.7 \| \| VERBAL HARASSMENT (past 12 months) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Verbally harassed because of your race, ethnicity, or culture \| 13.6 \| 13.2 \| 13.9 \| 11.6 \| 15.6 \| \| Verbally harassed because of your sexual orientation or gender identity \| 5.5 \| 6.3 \| 4.6 \| 4.8 \| 6.2 \| \| Verbally harassed because of a disability you have or others think you have \| 6.4 \| 6.4 \| 6.3 \| 5.8 \| 6.9 \| \| Verbally harassed because of your height or weight or how you look \| 29.3 \| 31.9 \| 26.7 \| 28.3 \| 30.3 \| * Defined as when one or more students tease, threaten, spread rumors about, hit, shove, or hurt another student over and over again † Defined as using the Internet, cell phones, or other electronic devices to bully, tease, threaten or spread rumors about someone. Includes being bullied through texting, email, and social media ‡ Defined as being called names; teased, made fun of, embarrassed, or threatened one or more times by others at your school ### Table 3-2B. Bullying, Cyberbullying, and Verbal Harassment, 2006 - 2018 MetroWest Region Middle School Students (Grades 7-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey, 2018 \| \| 2006 (6,875) \| 2008 (10,650) \| 2010 (11,597) \| 2012 (12,224) \| 2014 (12,191) \| 2016 (12,307) \| 2018 (12,107) \| \|--------------------------\|--------------\|---------------\|---------------\|---------------\|---------------\|---------------\|---------------\| \| BULLYING (past 12 months) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Been a victim of bullying \| 43.9 \| 48.9 \| 37.7 \| 32.4 \| 28.8 \| 25.1 \| 27.9 \| \| Been a victim of bullying on school property \| 38.8 \| 42.7 \| 31.7 \| 26.7 \| 23.5 \| 20.6 \| 24.5 \| \| Bullied someone else \| – \| 34.5 \| 21.3 \| 12.5 \| 7.9 \| 8.0 \| 7.4 \| \| Bullied someone else on school property \| – \| – \| – \| 7.8 \| 4.8 \| 5.1 \| 5.1 \| \| Talked to a teacher/adult at school about being bullied \| – \| – \| 12.2 \| 12.8 \| 11.8 \| 10.5 \| 11.5 \| \| Talked to a parent/adult outside of school about being bullied \| – \| – \| 20.1 \| 20.3 \| 18.8 \| 16.5 \| 18.3 \| \| Saw or heard about another student being bullied at school \| – \| – \| – \| 56.2 \| 49.7 \| 48.6 \| 50.4 \| \| Tried to stop another student from bullying someone else at school \| – \| – \| – \| 38.7 \| 34.7 \| 31.9 \| 33.7 \| \| Told an adult at school that someone was being bullied at school \| – \| – \| – \| 15.9 \| 16.5 \| 14.5 \| 15.0 \| \| Told a parent/adult outside of school that someone was being bullied at school \| – \| – \| – \| 22.3 \| 20.6 \| 19.1 \| 20.4 \| \| CYBERBULLYING (past 12 months) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Been a victim of cyberbullying \| 15.6 \| 15.9 \| 17.2 \| 16.6 \| 18.6 \| 18.8 \| 17.8 \| \| Cyberbullied someone else \| 10.9 \| 9.4 \| 8.1 \| 6.0 \| 5.7 \| 5.9 \| 5.7 \| \| Talked to a teacher/adult at school about being cyberbullied \| – \| – \| 3.5 \| 3.7 \| 4.1 \| 4.3 \| 3.7 \| \| Talked to a parent/adult outside of school about being cyberbullied \| – \| – \| 5.7 \| 6.6 \| 7.1 \| 7.8 \| 7.2 \| \| Saw or heard about another student being cyberbullied \| – \| – \| – \| 27.3 \| 30.2 \| 29.5 \| 28.1 \| \| Tried to stop a student from cyberbullying someone else \| – \| – \| – \| 12.9 \| 15.0 \| 14.5 \| 14.6 \| \| Told an adult at school that someone was being cyberbullied \| – \| – \| – \| 3.7 \| 5.5 \| 4.3 \| 4.2 \| \| Told a parent/adult outside of school that someone was being cyberbullied \| – \| – \| – \| 7.7 \| 9.3 \| 8.5 \| 7.8 \| \| VERBAL HARASSMENT (past 12 months) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Verbally harassed because of your race, ethnicity, or culture \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 11.5 \| 13.6 \| \| Verbally harassed because of your sexual orientation or gender identity \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 5.6 \| 5.5 \| \| Verbally harassed because of a disability you have or others think you have \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 5.9 \| 6.4 \| \| Verbally harassed because of your height or weight or how you look \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 26.5 \| 29.3 \| * Defined as when one or more students tease, threaten, spread rumors about, hit, shove, or hurt another student over and over again † Defined as using the Internet, cell phones, or other electronic devices to bully, tease, threaten or spread rumors about someone. Includes being bullied through texting, email, and social media ‡ Defined as being called names, teased, made fun of, embarrassed, or threatened one or more times by others at your school \| Behavior \| Total (%) \| Female (%) \| Male (%) \| 7th Grade (%) \| 8th Grade (%) \| \|-------------------------------------------------------------------------\|-----------\|------------\|----------\|---------------\|---------------\| \| Never/rarely wore a helmet when riding a bicycle (past 12 months, among students who rode a bicycle) \| 26.9 \| 24.0 \| 29.8 \| 23.7 \| 30.3 \| \| Never/rarely wear a seatbelt when passenger in a car \| 1.7 \| 1.3 \| 2.2 \| 1.5 \| 2.0 \| \| Ever rode in car driven by a high school student who had been drinking \| 1.4 \| 1.4 \| 1.5 \| 1.2 \| 1.7 \| \| Ever rode in car driven by a high school student who had been using marijuana \| 2.3 \| 2.3 \| 2.2 \| 1.6 \| 3.0 \| \| Behavior \| 2006 (6,875) \| 2008 (10,650) \| 2010 (11,597) \| 2012 (12,224) \| 2014 (12,191) \| 2016 (12,307) \| 2018 (12,107) \| \|-------------------------------------------------------------------------\|--------------\|---------------\|---------------\|---------------\|---------------\|---------------\|---------------\| \| SAFETY-RELATED BEHAVIORS \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Never/rarely wore a helmet when riding a bicycle (past 12 months, among students who rode a bicycle) \| 38.0 \| 37.2 \| 31.4 \| 30.0 \| 26.8 \| 26.3 \| 26.9 \| \| Never/rarely wear a seatbelt when passenger in a car \| 5.5 \| 4.2 \| 2.9 \| 3.3 \| 2.3 \| 1.8 \| 1.7 \| \| RIDING WITH A DRIVER UNDER THE INFLUENCE (lifetime) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Ever rode in car driven by a high school student who had been drinking \| – \| – \| – \| 2.2 \| 1.8 \| 1.7 \| 1.4 \| \| Ever rode in car driven by a high school student who had been using marijuana \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 2.3 \| \| Stress and Anxiety by Sex and Grade, 2018 \| \|-----------------------------------------\| \| MetroWest Region Middle School Students (Grades 7-8) \| \| MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey, 2018 \| \| \| Total (%) \| Female (%) \| Male (%) \| 7th (%) \| 8th (%) \| \|----------------------\|-----------\|------------\|----------\|---------\|---------\| \| Life "very" stressful (past 30 days) \| 19.8 \| 27.4 \| 11.8 \| 16.2 \| 23.3 \| \| Worry/feel stressed about school issues* \| 50.3 \| 61.4 \| 38.9 \| 43.1 \| 57.5 \| \| Worry/feel stressed about social issues* \| 25.0 \| 34.2 \| 15.4 \| 20.6 \| 29.4 \| \| Worry/feel stressed about family issues* \| 19.2 \| 24.6 \| 13.5 \| 16.7 \| 21.7 \| \| Worry/feel stressed about safety issues* \| 5.5 \| 7.2 \| 3.6 \| 5.4 \| 5.5 \| \| Worry/feel stressed about appearance issues* \| 23.2 \| 33.6 \| 12.4 \| 19.6 \| 26.7 \| \| Worry/feel stressed about your physical and/or emotional health* \| 16.8 \| 23.2 \| 10.1 \| 13.8 \| 19.8 \| \| Feel nervous, anxious, or on edge \| 23.2 \| 32.1 \| 13.9 \| 19.6 \| 26.8 \| \| Unable to stop or control worrying \| 17.5 \| 25.3 \| 9.5 \| 14.3 \| 20.7 \| \| Had little interest or pleasure in doing things \| 10.0 \| 13.0 \| 6.8 \| 8.1 \| 11.9 \| \| Had trouble falling asleep or staying asleep or slept too much \| 20.6 \| 27.5 \| 13.5 \| 18.3 \| 23.0 \| \| Felt tired or had little energy \| 23.2 \| 30.2 \| 16.0 \| 19.4 \| 27.0 \| \| Had a poor appetite or ate too much \| 15.1 \| 20.8 \| 9.0 \| 12.4 \| 17.8 \| \| Felt bad about yourself or that you were a failure \| 16.5 \| 22.8 \| 10.0 \| 13.6 \| 19.5 \| \| Had trouble concentrating in school \| 20.7 \| 24.9 \| 16.3 \| 18.6 \| 22.8 \| \| Had trouble concentrating on things outside of school \| 9.8 \| 13.2 \| 6.1 \| 8.6 \| 11.0 \| * Student responded "often" or "very often" † Student responded "more than half the days" or "nearly every day" \| Stress and Anxiety, 2006 - 2018 \| MetroWest Region Middle School Students (Grades 7-8) \| \|--------------------------------\|-----------------------------------------------------\| \| \| MetroWest Region (%) \| \| \| 2006 \| 2008 \| 2010 \| 2012 \| 2014 \| 2016 \| 2018 \| \| \| (6,875) \| (10,650) \| (11,597) \| (12,224) \| (12,191) \| (12,307) \| (12,107) \| \| STRESS \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Life "very" stressful (past 30 days) \| 13.3 \| 13.6 \| 12.1 \| 12.5 \| 14.1 \| 15.6 \| 19.8 \| \| Worry/feel stressed about school issues* \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 43.7 \| 50.3 \| \| Worry/feel stressed about social issues* \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 18.8 \| 25.0 \| \| Worry/feel stressed about family issues* \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 15.9 \| 19.2 \| \| Worry/feel stressed about safety issues* \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 4.5 \| 5.5 \| \| Worry/feel stressed about appearance issues* \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 18.3 \| 23.2 \| \| Worry/feel stressed about your physical and/or emotional health* \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 11.6 \| 16.8 \| \| GENERALIZED ANXIETY (past 2 weeks) † \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Feel nervous, anxious, or on edge \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 23.2 \| \| Unable to stop or control worrying \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 17.5 \| \| SYMPTOMS OF BEING STRESSED, ANXIOUS, OR WORRIED (past 2 weeks) * \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Had little interest or pleasure in doing things \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 8.0 \| 10.0 \| \| Had trouble falling asleep or staying asleep or slept too much \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 16.9 \| 20.6 \| \| Felt tired or had little energy \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 18.9 \| 23.2 \| \| Had a poor appetite or ate too much \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 11.7 \| 15.1 \| \| Felt bad about yourself or that you were a failure \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 12.4 \| 16.5 \| \| Had trouble concentrating in school \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 16.0 \| 20.7 \| \| Had trouble concentrating on things outside of school \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 7.0 \| 9.8 \| * Student responded "often" or "very often" † Student responded "more than half the days" or "nearly every day" \| MENTAL HEALTH AND SUICIDALITY \| Total (%) (12,107) \| Female (6,066) \| Male (5,988) \| 7th (6,081) \| 8th (6,026) \| \|-----------------------------\|-------------------\|---------------\|--------------\|------------\|------------\| \| Felt sad or hopeless almost every day for two or more weeks (past 12 months) \| 14.3 \| 18.1 \| 10.2 \| 13.2 \| 15.4 \| \| Hurt or injured yourself on purpose (past 12 months)* \| 9.7 \| 12.8 \| 6.4 \| 8.3 \| 11.1 \| \| Seriously considered attempting suicide (lifetime) \| 14.2 \| 17.2 \| 11.0 \| 12.0 \| 16.4 \| \| Made a plan about attempting suicide (lifetime) \| 8.5 \| 10.3 \| 6.6 \| 6.6 \| 10.4 \| \| Attempted suicide (lifetime) \| 3.9 \| 4.7 \| 3.1 \| 3.3 \| 4.5 \| \| CONCERNS ABOUT PEER MENTAL HEALTH (past 12 months) \| Total (%) (12,107) \| Female (6,066) \| Male (5,988) \| 7th (6,081) \| 8th (6,026) \| \|--------------------------------------------------\|-------------------\|---------------\|--------------\|------------\|------------\| \| Concerned a student at school was depressed or might physically hurt themself \| 44.9 \| 54.0 \| 35.4 \| 39.0 \| 50.8 \| \| Saw posts online that a student at school might try to hurt themself \| 17.0 \| 21.7 \| 12.0 \| 13.3 \| 20.6 \| \| Told an adult at school a student might hurt themself \| 7.9 \| 10.7 \| 5.0 \| 6.4 \| 9.4 \| \| Told an adult outside of school a student might hurt themself \| 14.1 \| 19.5 \| 8.5 \| 12.0 \| 16.2 \| \| Concerned a student or someone else might physically hurt someone at school \| 24.5 \| 26.7 \| 22.2 \| 21.9 \| 27.2 \| \| Saw posts online that a student or someone else wanted to physically hurt someone at school \| 11.9 \| 13.5 \| 10.1 \| 9.8 \| 13.9 \| \| Told an adult at school that a student or someone else might physically hurt someone at school \| 4.4 \| 5.1 \| 3.8 \| 4.3 \| 4.6 \| \| Told an adult outside of school that a student or someone else might physically hurt someone at school \| 7.3 \| 9.0 \| 5.4 \| 6.8 \| 7.7 \| * For example, by cutting, burning, or bruising yourself on purpose \| MENTAL HEALTH AND SUICIDALITY \| 2006 (6,875) \| 2008 (10,650) \| 2010 (11,597) \| 2012 (12,224) \| 2014 (12,191) \| 2016 (12,307) \| 2018 (12,107) \| \|-----------------------------\|--------------\|---------------\|---------------\|---------------\|---------------\|---------------\|---------------\| \| Felt sad or hopeless almost every day for two or more weeks (past 12 months) \| 15.6 \| 15.2 \| 12.8 \| 12.8 \| 15.0 \| 10.4 \| 14.3 \| \| Hurt or injured yourself on purpose (past 12 months)* \| 7.7 \| 8.5 \| 6.7 \| 7.8 \| 9.0 \| 7.4 \| 9.7 \| \| Seriously considered attempting suicide (lifetime) \| 9.9 \| 10.9 \| 9.4 \| 10.5 \| 11.2 \| 10.7 \| 14.2 \| \| Made a plan about attempting suicide (lifetime) \| 5.9 \| 6.5 \| 5.7 \| 7.2 \| 7.8 \| 6.8 \| 8.5 \| \| Attempted suicide (lifetime) \| 3.0 \| 3.0 \| 2.6 \| 3.0 \| 3.2 \| 2.7 \| 3.9 \| CONCERNS ABOUT PEER MENTAL HEALTH (past 12 months) \| Statement \| 2006 \| 2008 \| 2010 \| 2012 \| 2014 \| 2016 \| 2018 \| \|---------------------------------------------------------------------------\|------\|------\|------\|------\|------\|------\|------\| \| Concerned a student at school was depressed or might physically hurt themself \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 38.9 \| 33.3 \| 44.9 \| \| Saw posts online that a student at school might try to hurt themself \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 17.0 \| \| Told an adult at school a student might hurt themself \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 7.7 \| 6.7 \| 7.9 \| \| Told an adult outside of school a student might hurt themself \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 13.1 \| 11.0 \| 14.1 \| \| Concerned a student or someone else might physically hurt someone at school \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 23.0 \| 21.2 \| 24.5 \| \| Saw posts online that a student or someone else wanted to physically hurt someone at school \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 11.9 \| \| Told an adult at school that a student or someone else might physically hurt someone at school \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 4.2 \| 3.9 \| 4.4 \| \| Told an adult outside of school that a student or someone else might physically hurt someone at school \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 6.4 \| 5.5 \| 7.3 \| * For example, by cutting, burning, or bruising yourself on purpose Table 5-3A. Support for Emotional Challenges or Problems* by Sex and Grade, 2018 MetroWest Region Middle School Students (Grades 7-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey, 2018 \| Sources of Support for Help with Emotional Challenges or Problems (past 12 months)† \| Total (%) \| Female (%) \| Male (%) \| 7th (%) \| 8th (%) \| \|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\|-----------\|------------\|----------\|---------\|---------\| \| School counselor, school therapist, or school psychologist \| 17.4 \| 21.4 \| 13.3 \| 17.3 \| 17.5 \| \| School nurse \| 5.5 \| 6.1 \| 4.9 \| 5.8 \| 5.2 \| \| Another adult at school, like a teacher or other school staff \| 10.7 \| 12.9 \| 8.3 \| 10.3 \| 11.1 \| \| Therapist, psychologist, or other mental health professional outside of school \| 14.1 \| 16.8 \| 11.1 \| 13.0 \| 15.1 \| \| Parent, relative, or other adult outside of school \| 43.1 \| 53.8 \| 32.1 \| 41.9 \| 44.2 \| \| Friend around the same age \| 44.1 \| 60.6 \| 27.1 \| 39.7 \| 48.5 \| \| Coach or club advisor \| 4.3 \| 5.0 \| 3.7 \| 3.9 \| 4.8 \| \| Religious or faith leader, including a religious youth group leader or mentor \| 4.0 \| 4.4 \| 3.7 \| 4.0 \| 4.0 \| \| Crisis hotline/text line \| 2.0 \| 2.5 \| 1.4 \| 1.5 \| 2.4 \| \| Person or group on social media (e.g., Instagram, Facebook, Snapchat) \| 12.8 \| 17.1 \| 8.3 \| 10.2 \| 15.3 \| \| Barriers to Seeking Help at School for Emotional Challenges or Problems‡ \| Total (%) \| Female (%) \| Male (%) \| 7th (%) \| 8th (%) \| \|--------------------------------------------------------------------------\|-----------\|------------\|----------\|---------\|---------\| \| I don't know who to go to for help. \| 18.3 \| 19.6 \| 16.8 \| 18.4 \| 18.2 \| \| I don't think counseling at school would help. \| 31.8 \| 34.5 \| 28.9 \| 29.4 \| 34.3 \| \| I wouldn't have time or wouldn't want to miss class to get help. \| 36.7 \| 40.5 \| 32.7 \| 34.1 \| 39.3 \| \| I should handle problems on my own. \| 33.5 \| 31.4 \| 35.6 \| 31.3 \| 35.7 \| \| I would be too embarrassed or scared to talk about it. \| 34.1 \| 42.0 \| 25.7 \| 33.6 \| 34.6 \| \| A school counselor/therapist might not understand me or the challenges I was having. \| 35.2 \| 41.1 \| 28.9 \| 33.1 \| 37.3 \| \| I wouldn't want other students to know I was meeting with a school counselor/therapist. \| 44.6 \| 49.8 \| 39.2 \| 43.8 \| 45.5 \| \| I wouldn't want my parent(s)/guardian(s) to know I was meeting with a school counselor/therapist. \| 22.5 \| 26.3 \| 18.3 \| 20.8 \| 24.1 \| \| Teachers or other school staff might treat me differently or give me fewer opportunities at school. \| 27.1 \| 30.9 \| 22.8 \| 26.1 \| 28.0 \| \| My parents wouldn't want me to get help at school because they would be worried I might be treated differently or given fewer opportunities at school. \| 10.2 \| 9.7 \| 10.6 \| 10.1 \| 10.3 \| * Emotional challenges or problems include things that make you feel sad, angry, stressed, or anxious, or that may make you have thoughts of hurting yourself † Student responded having talked with individual/group one or more times ‡ Student responded agree/strongly agree Table 5-3B. Support for Emotional Challenges or Problems, 2006 - 2018 MetroWest Region Middle School Students (Grades 7-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey, 2018 \| Sources of Support for Help with Emotional Challenges or Problems (past 12 months)† \| MetroWest Region (%) \| \|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\|----------------------\| \| \| 2006 (6,875) \| 2008 (10,650) \| 2010 (11,597) \| 2012 (12,224) \| 2014 (12,191) \| 2016 (12,307) \| 2018 (12,107) \| \| School counselor, school therapist, or school psychologist \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 17.4 \| \| School nurse \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 5.5 \| \| Another adult at school, like a teacher or other school staff \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 10.7 \| \| Therapist, psychologist, or other mental health professional outside of school \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 14.1 \| \| Parent, relative, or other adult outside of school \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 43.1 \| \| Friend around the same age \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 44.1 \| \| Coach or club advisor \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 4.3 \| \| Religious or faith leader, including a religious youth group leader or mentor \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 4.0 \| \| Crisis hotline/text line \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 2.0 \| \| Person or group on social media (e.g., Instagram, Facebook, Snapchat) \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 12.8 \| \| Barriers to Seeking Help at School for Emotional Challenges or Problems‡ \| MetroWest Region (%) \| \|--------------------------------------------------------------------------\|----------------------\| \| I don't know who to go to for help. \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 18.3 \| \| I don't think counseling at school would help. \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 31.8 \| \| I wouldn't have time or wouldn't want to miss class to get help. \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 36.7 \| \| I should handle problems on my own. \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 33.5 \| \| I would be too embarrassed or scared to talk about it. \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 34.1 \| \| A school counselor/therapist might not understand me or the challenges I was having. \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 35.2 \| \| I wouldn't want other students to know I was meeting with a school counselor/therapist. \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 44.6 \| \| I wouldn't want my parent(s)/guardian(s) to know I was meeting with a school counselor/therapist. \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 22.5 \| \| Teachers or other school staff might treat me differently or give me fewer opportunities at school. \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 27.1 \| \| My parents wouldn't want me to get help at school because they would be worried I might be treated differently or given fewer opportunities at school. \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 10.2 \| Emotional challenges or problems include things that make you feel sad, angry, stressed, or anxious, or that may make you have thoughts of hurting yourself † Student responded having talked with individual/group one or more times ‡ Student responded agree/Strongly agree \| Weight Perception \| Total (%) \| Female (6,066) \| Male (5,988) \| 7th (6,081) \| 8th (6,026) \| \|-------------------\|-----------\|---------------\|--------------\|-------------\|-------------\| \| Describe self as slightly or very overweight \| 23.9 \| 25.7 \| 21.9 \| 22.9 \| 24.9 \| \| Trying to lose weight \| 34.6 \| 41.8 \| 27.1 \| 33.0 \| 36.1 \| \| Body Mass Index \| Total (%) \| Female (6,066) \| Male (5,988) \| 7th (6,081) \| 8th (6,026) \| \|-----------------\|-----------\|---------------\|--------------\|-------------\|-------------\| \| Overweight* \| 12.5 \| 11.0 \| 14.1 \| 11.3 \| 13.6 \| \| Obese† \| 7.1 \| 5.2 \| 9.1 \| 7.1 \| 7.1 \| \| Eating Patterns (past 7 days) \| Total (%) \| Female (6,066) \| Male (5,988) \| 7th (6,081) \| 8th (6,026) \| \|-------------------------------\|-----------\|---------------\|--------------\|-------------\|-------------\| \| Ate breakfast on all 7 days \| 50.6 \| 44.8 \| 56.7 \| 52.9 \| 48.3 \| \| Ate dinner at home with parent(s)/guardian(s) on 5 or more days \| 83.0 \| 80.8 \| 85.4 \| 85.3 \| 80.8 \| \| Physical Activity \| Total (%) \| Female (6,066) \| Male (5,988) \| 7th (6,081) \| 8th (6,026) \| \|-------------------\|-----------\|---------------\|--------------\|-------------\|-------------\| \| Participated in vigorous physical activity for at least 20 minutes on 3 or more of the past 7 days‡ \| 79.5 \| 77.1 \| 82.2 \| 80.3 \| 78.8 \| \| Participated in moderate physical activity for at least 60 minutes per day on 5 or more of the past 7 days§ \| 57.5 \| 52.2 \| 63.0 \| 58.8 \| 56.2 \| \| Played on one or more sports teams (past 12 months) \| 75.5 \| 73.8 \| 77.4 \| 75.2 \| 75.9 \| * Students who were ≥85th percentile but <95th percentile for body mass index by age and gender, based on reference data † Students who were ≥95th percentile for body mass index by age and gender, based on reference data ‡ Includes physical activity that made you sweat and breathe hard, such as basketball, soccer, running, swimming laps, fast bicycling, fast dancing, or similar aerobic activities § Includes any physical activity that increases your heart rate and makes you breathe hard some of the time ### Table 6-1B. Weight, Nutrition, and Physical Activity, 2006 - 2018 MetroWest Region Middle School Students (Grades 7-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey, 2018 \| WEIGHT PERCEPTION \| MetroWest Region (%) \| \|-------------------\|----------------------\| \| \| 2006 (6,875) \| 2008 (10,650) \| 2010 (11,597) \| 2012 (12,224) \| 2014 (12,191) \| 2016 (12,307) \| 2018 (12,107) \| \| Describe self as slightly or very overweight \| 22.8 \| 23.8 \| 23.3 \| 23.0 \| 24.1 \| 23.3 \| 23.9 \| \| Trying to lose weight \| 34.1 \| 34.1 \| 33.1 \| 32.4 \| 33.3 \| 32.7 \| 34.6 \| \| BODY MASS INDEX \| MetroWest Region (%) \| \|-----------------\|----------------------\| \| \| 2006 \| 2008 \| 2010 \| 2012 \| 2014 \| 2016 \| 2018 \| \| Overweight* \| 13.4 \| 13.0 \| 13.1 \| 12.6 \| 12.1 \| 13.1 \| 12.5 \| \| Obese† \| 7.0 \| 6.8 \| 6.4 \| 6.4 \| 7.1 \| 6.7 \| 7.1 \| \| EATING PATTERNS (past 7 days) \| MetroWest Region (%) \| \|-------------------------------\|----------------------\| \| Ate breakfast on all 7 days \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 58.2 \| 56.9 \| 50.6 \| \| Ate dinner at home with parent(s)/guardian(s) on 5 or more days \| – \| – \| – \| 83.4 \| 86.2 \| 82.9 \| 83.0 \| \| PHYSICAL ACTIVITY \| MetroWest Region (%) \| \|-------------------\|----------------------\| \| Participated in vigorous physical activity for at least 20 minutes on 3 or more of the past 7 days‡ \| 78.7 \| 79.0 \| 76.9 \| 80.3 \| 80.8 \| 80.7 \| 79.5 \| \| Participated in moderate physical activity for at least 60 minutes per day on 5 or more of the past 7 days§ \| – \| – \| 52.2 \| 58.8 \| 61.6 \| 59.7 \| 57.5 \| \| Played on one or more sports teams (past 12 months) \| 73.2 \| 73.0 \| 75.8 \| 79.1 \| 77.8 \| 77.5 \| 75.5 \| * Students who were ≥85th percentile but <95th percentile for body mass index by age and gender, based on reference data † Students who were ≥95th percentile for body mass index by age and gender, based on reference data ‡ Includes physical activity that made you sweat and breathe hard, such as basketball, soccer, running, swimming laps, fast bicycling, fast dancing, or similar aerobic activities § Includes any physical activity that increases your heart rate and makes you breathe hard some of the time \| School Attachment \| Total (%) \| Female (6,066) \| Male (5,988) \| 7th (6,081) \| 8th (6,026) \| \|-------------------\|-----------\|---------------\|--------------\|-------------\|-------------\| \| I feel close to people at school. \| 72.7 \| 70.8 \| 74.9 \| 73.3 \| 72.1 \| \| I feel like I am part of this school. \| 67.4 \| 64.3 \| 70.9 \| 69.8 \| 65.1 \| \| I am happy to be at this school. \| 61.8 \| 58.7 \| 65.2 \| 66.9 \| 56.7 \| \| The teachers at this school treat students fairly. \| 59.3 \| 58.7 \| 60.2 \| 63.8 \| 54.9 \| \| I feel safe in my school. \| 74.3 \| 71.4 \| 77.6 \| 76.9 \| 71.7 \| Adult Support at School \| Adult Support at School \| Total (%) \| Female (6,066) \| Male (5,988) \| 7th (6,081) \| 8th (6,026) \| \|-------------------------\|-----------\|---------------\|--------------\|-------------\|-------------\| \| Have at least one teacher/adult at school to talk to if you have a problem \| 71.9 \| 73.0 \| 71.0 \| 72.4 \| 71.4 \| \| Talked to a teacher/adult at school about a personal problem \| 31.9 \| 35.9 \| 27.8 \| 32.0 \| 31.9 \| \| Talked to a teacher/adult at school about being bullied \| 11.5 \| 13.4 \| 9.5 \| 12.9 \| 10.1 \| \| Talked to a teacher/adult at school about being cyberbullied \| 3.7 \| 5.3 \| 2.1 \| 4.1 \| 3.4 \| \| Wanted to talk to a school counselor, school therapist, or school psychologist about emotional challenges or problems \| 14.0 \| 19.3 \| 8.4 \| 13.1 \| 15.0 \| \| Talked with a school counselor, school therapist, or school psychologist about emotional challenges or problems \| 17.4 \| 21.4 \| 13.3 \| 17.3 \| 17.5 \| \| Talked with a school nurse about emotional challenges or problems \| 5.5 \| 6.1 \| 4.9 \| 5.8 \| 5.2 \| \| Talked with a teacher or other school staff about emotional challenges or problems \| 10.7 \| 12.9 \| 8.3 \| 10.3 \| 11.1 \| Adult Support Outside of School \| Adult Support Outside of School \| Total (%) \| Female (6,066) \| Male (5,988) \| 7th (6,081) \| 8th (6,026) \| \|---------------------------------\|-----------\|---------------\|--------------\|-------------\|-------------\| \| Ate dinner at home with parent(s)/guardian(s) on 5 or more days (past 7 days) \| 83.0 \| 80.8 \| 85.4 \| 85.3 \| 80.8 \| \| Have at least one parent/adult outside of school to talk to about things that are important to you \| 92.2 \| 92.1 \| 92.5 \| 92.7 \| 91.6 \| \| Talked to a parent/adult outside of school about being bullied \| 18.3 \| 21.5 \| 15.0 \| 20.3 \| 16.4 \| \| Talked to a parent/adult outside of school about being cyberbullied \| 7.2 \| 10.3 \| 4.0 \| 7.6 \| 6.9 \| \| Talked with a parent, relative, or other adult outside of school about emotional challenges or problems \| 43.1 \| 53.8 \| 32.1 \| 41.9 \| 44.2 \| \| Talked with a therapist, psychologist, or other mental health professional outside of school about emotional challenges or problems \| 14.1 \| 16.8 \| 11.1 \| 13.0 \| 15.1 \| * Student responded "agree" or "strongly agree" † During the past 12 months \| \| 2006 (6,875) \| 2008 (10,650) \| 2010 (11,597) \| 2012 (12,224) \| 2014 (12,191) \| 2016 (12,307) \| 2018 (12,107) \| \|--------------------------------\|--------------\|---------------\|---------------\|---------------\|---------------\|---------------\|---------------\| \| SCHOOL ATTACHMENT \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| I feel close to people at school.\| 74.7 \| 76.6 \| 77.9 \| 79.9 \| 75.7 \| 75.4 \| 72.7 \| \| I feel like I am part of this school.\| 75.3 \| 76.3 \| 80.2 \| 79.7 \| 76.2 \| 75.6 \| 67.4 \| \| I am happy to be at this school.\| 69.3 \| 71.1 \| 75.0 \| 74.0 \| 73.2 \| 71.8 \| 61.8 \| \| The teachers at this school treat students fairly.\| 64.9 \| 66.8 \| 69.1 \| 70.3 \| 71.8 \| 67.7 \| 59.3 \| \| I feel safe in my school.\| 79.6 \| 79.6 \| 84.6 \| 84.4 \| 83.7 \| 84.5 \| 74.3 \| \| ADULT SUPPORT AT SCHOOL \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Have at least one teacher/adult at school to talk to if you have a problem \| 63.4 \| 61.2 \| 66.0 \| 68.0 \| 68.9 \| 72.1 \| 71.9 \| \| Talked to a teacher/adult at school about a personal problem† \| – \| – \| 25.9 \| 26.5 \| 25.1 \| 25.6 \| 31.9 \| \| Talked to a teacher/adult at school about being bullied† \| – \| – \| 12.2 \| 12.8 \| 11.8 \| 10.5 \| 11.5 \| \| Talked to a teacher/adult at school about being cyberbullied† \| – \| – \| 3.5 \| 3.7 \| 4.1 \| 4.3 \| 3.7 \| \| Wanted to talk to a school counselor, school therapist, or school psychologist about emotional challenges or problems† \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 14.0 \| \| Talked with a school counselor, school therapist, or school psychologist about emotional challenges or problems† \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 17.4 \| \| Talked with a parent/relative or other adult outside of school about emotional challenges or problems† \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 5.5 \| \| Talked with a therapist, psychologist, or other mental health professional outside of school about emotional challenges or problems† \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 14.1 \| * Student responded "agree" or "strongly agree" † During the past 12 months \| \| Total (%) (12,107) \| Female (6,066) \| Male (5,988) \| 7th (6,081) \| 8th (6,026) \| \|-----------------------------------------------------------------\|--------------------\|----------------\|--------------\|-------------\|-------------\| \| PEER SUPPORT, ISOLATION, AND ANGER \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Feel you have a friend you can talk to about a personal problem\| 65.0 \| 73.8 \| 55.9 \| 62.3 \| 67.7 \| \| Feel you are part of a group of friends \| 78.1 \| 75.7 \| 80.8 \| 78.6 \| 77.6 \| \| Feel lonely \| 15.9 \| 20.6 \| 10.9 \| 13.8 \| 18.0 \| \| Feel you have a lot in common with the people around you \| 62.8 \| 62.7 \| 63.2 \| 62.9 \| 62.8 \| \| Feel there are people who really know you and understand you \| 64.0 \| 65.6 \| 62.6 \| 64.8 \| 63.3 \| \| Feel left out and excluded by others \| 12.6 \| 16.8 \| 8.2 \| 10.7 \| 14.5 \| \| Get angry for no good reason \| 13.2 \| 16.0 \| 10.2 \| 11.3 \| 15.2 \| \| Have trouble controlling your temper \| 10.8 \| 11.5 \| 10.1 \| 9.6 \| 12.1 \| \| Feel you have gotten a raw deal out of life \| 10.8 \| 12.5 \| 8.8 \| 9.1 \| 12.4 \| \| Get into arguments when people disagree with you \| 12.3 \| 10.4 \| 14.2 \| 11.2 \| 13.4 \| \| Physically threaten the people you know \| 1.5 \| 0.9 \| 2.0 \| 1.0 \| 2.0 \| * Answered either "often" or "very often" \| \| 2006 (6,875) \| 2008 (10,650) \| 2010 (11,597) \| 2012 (12,224) \| 2014 (12,191) \| 2016 (12,307) \| 2018 (12,107) \| \|--------------------------------\|--------------\|---------------\|---------------\|---------------\|---------------\|---------------\|---------------\| \| PEER SUPPORT, ISOLATION, AND ANGER \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Feel you have a friend you can talk to about a personal problem \| – \| – \| – \| 64.6 \| 65.6 \| 67.0 \| 65.0 \| \| Feel you are part of a group of friends \| – \| – \| – \| 79.9 \| 79.0 \| 80.7 \| 78.1 \| \| Feel lonely \| – \| – \| – \| 7.6 \| 9.9 \| 8.8 \| 15.9 \| \| Feel you have a lot in common with the people around you \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 62.8 \| \| Feel there are people who really know you and understand you \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 64.0 \| \| Feel left out and excluded by others \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 12.6 \| \| Get angry for no good reason \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 13.2 \| \| Have trouble controlling your temper \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 10.8 \| \| Feel you have gotten a raw deal out of life \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 10.8 \| \| Get into arguments when people disagree with you \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 12.3 \| \| Physically threaten the people you know \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 1.5 \| * Answered either "often" or "very often" \| Risk Behavior \| Total (%) (12,107) \| Female (%) (6,066) \| Male (%) (5,988) \| 7th Grade (%) (6,081) \| 8th Grade (%) (6,026) \| \|------------------------------------------------------------------------------\|--------------------\|-------------------\|-----------------\|-----------------------\|-----------------------\| \| Didn't go to school because of safety concerns (past 30 days)* \| 3.1 \| 3.8 \| 2.4 \| 3.1 \| 3.2 \| \| Carried a weapon on school property (lifetime)† \| 0.8 \| 0.5 \| 1.0 \| 0.4 \| 1.1 \| \| In a physical fight on school property (lifetime) \| 11.1 \| 4.4 \| 17.8 \| 11.0 \| 11.2 \| \| In a physical fight on school property (past 12 months) \| 4.7 \| 1.7 \| 7.7 \| 4.7 \| 4.7 \| \| Been bullied on school property (past 12 months)‡ \| 24.5 \| 27.4 \| 21.5 \| 24.6 \| 24.4 \| \| Bullied someone else on school property (past 12 months)§ \| 5.1 \| 4.2 \| 5.9 \| 4.7 \| 5.5 \| \| Concerned a student at school was depressed or might physically hurt themself \| 44.9 \| 54.0 \| 35.4 \| 39.0 \| 50.8 \| \| Saw posts online that a student at school might try to hurt themself \| 17.0 \| 21.7 \| 12.0 \| 13.3 \| 20.6 \| \| Told an adult at school a student might hurt themself \| 7.9 \| 10.7 \| 5.0 \| 6.4 \| 9.4 \| \| Told an adult outside of school a student might hurt themself \| 14.1 \| 19.5 \| 8.5 \| 12.0 \| 16.2 \| \| Concerned a student or someone else might physically hurt someone at school \| 24.5 \| 26.7 \| 22.2 \| 21.9 \| 27.2 \| \| Saw posts online that a student or someone else wanted to physically hurt someone at school \| 11.9 \| 13.5 \| 10.1 \| 9.8 \| 13.9 \| \| Told an adult at school that a student or someone else might physically hurt someone at school \| 4.4 \| 5.1 \| 3.8 \| 4.3 \| 4.6 \| \| Told an adult outside of school that a student or someone else might physically hurt someone at school \| 7.3 \| 9.0 \| 5.4 \| 6.8 \| 7.7 \| * Because you felt you would be unsafe at school or on the way to or from school † For example, a gun, knife, or club ‡ Defined as when 1 or more students tease, threaten, spread rumors about, hit, shave, or hurt another student over and over again \| SAFETY, WEAPONS, AND VIOLENCE \| 2006 (6,875) \| 2008 (10,650) \| 2010 (11,597) \| 2012 (12,224) \| 2014 (12,191) \| 2016 (12,307) \| 2018 (12,107) \| \|-------------------------------\|--------------\|---------------\|---------------\|---------------\|---------------\|---------------\|---------------\| \| Didn't go to school because of safety concerns (past 30 days)* \| 3.0 \| 3.3 \| 2.1 \| 2.3 \| 2.1 \| 2.4 \| 3.1 \| \| Carried a weapon on school property (lifetime)† \| 3.3 \| 2.5 \| 1.4 \| 1.4 \| 1.1 \| 1.0 \| 0.8 \| \| In a physical fight on school property (lifetime) \| 18.9 \| 16.8 \| 12.4 \| 9.8 \| 9.4 \| 9.4 \| 11.1 \| \| In a physical fight on school property (past 12 months) \| – \| 6.9 \| 4.5 \| 3.3 \| 3.2 \| 3.4 \| 4.7 \| \| Been bullied on school property (past 12 months)‡ \| 38.8 \| 42.7 \| 31.7 \| 26.7 \| 23.5 \| 20.6 \| 24.5 \| \| Bullied someone else on school property (past 12 months)‡ \| – \| – \| – \| 7.8 \| 4.8 \| 5.1 \| 5.1 \| \| CONCERNS ABOUT PEERS (past 12 months) \| 2006 (6,875) \| 2008 (10,650) \| 2010 (11,597) \| 2012 (12,224) \| 2014 (12,191) \| 2016 (12,307) \| 2018 (12,107) \| \|--------------------------------------\|--------------\|---------------\|---------------\|---------------\|---------------\|---------------\|---------------\| \| Concerned a student at school was depressed or might physically hurt themself \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 38.9 \| 33.3 \| 44.9 \| \| Saw posts online that a student at school might try to hurt themself \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 17.0 \| \| Told an adult at school a student might hurt themself \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 7.7 \| 6.7 \| 7.9 \| \| Told an adult outside of school a student might hurt themself \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 13.1 \| 11.0 \| 14.1 \| \| Concerned a student or someone else might physically hurt someone at school \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 23.0 \| 21.2 \| 24.5 \| \| Saw posts online that a student or someone else wanted to physically hurt someone at school \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 11.9 \| \| Told an adult at school that a student or someone else might physically hurt someone at school \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 4.2 \| 3.9 \| 4.4 \| \| Told an adult outside of school that a student or someone else might physically hurt someone at school \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 6.4 \| 5.5 \| 7.3 \| * Because you felt you would be unsafe at school or on the way to or from school † For example, a gun, knife, or club ‡ Defined as when 1 or more students tease, threaten, spread rumors about, hit, shove, or hurt another student over and over again \| SOCIODEMOGRAPHICS \| Total (%) (12,107) \| Female (6,066) \| Male (5,988) \| 7th (6,081) \| 8th (6,026) \| \|-------------------\|------------------\|---------------\|-------------\|------------\|------------\| \| Have any physical disabilities or long-term health problems* \| 8.7 \| 9.0 \| 8.3 \| 7.7 \| 9.7 \| \| Have any long-term learning disabilities* \| 7.9 \| 6.5 \| 9.2 \| 7.1 \| 8.6 \| \| Have an Individualized Education Program (IEP) \| 14.0 \| 12.6 \| 15.4 \| 12.1 \| 15.9 \| \| Eligible to receive a free or reduced-price lunch at school \| 17.1 \| 17.4 \| 16.8 \| 16.3 \| 17.9 \| \| GENERAL HEALTH & SLEEP \| Total (%) (12,107) \| Female (6,066) \| Male (5,988) \| 7th (6,081) \| 8th (6,026) \| \|------------------------\|------------------\|---------------\|-------------\|------------\|------------\| \| Describes general health as very good/excellent \| 72.1 \| 72.1 \| 72.1 \| 72.5 \| 71.7 \| \| Sleeps 8 or more hours on an average school night \| 60.3 \| 55.9 \| 65.0 \| 66.8 \| 54.0 \| \| STUDENT ACTIVITIES AND USE OF TIME \| Total (%) (12,107) \| Female (6,066) \| Male (5,988) \| 7th (6,081) \| 8th (6,026) \| \|-----------------------------------\|------------------\|---------------\|-------------\|------------\|------------\| \| Absent from school on 3 or more days (past 30 days) \| 8.8 \| 8.6 \| 9.0 \| 8.3 \| 9.3 \| \| Spend 3 or more hours online† \| 48.9 \| 51.6 \| 46.2 \| 42.9 \| 54.9 \| \| Spend 3 or more hours on social media sites† \| 18.1 \| 22.5 \| 13.5 \| 14.3 \| 21.8 \| \| Spend 3 or more hours gaming‡,§ \| 15.2 \| 5.0 \| 25.8 \| 15.0 \| 15.4 \| \| Spend 3 or more hours on homework/studying outside of school† \| 15.0 \| 20.1 \| 9.7 \| 11.3 \| 18.7 \| \| Spend 3 or more hours on extracurricular activities outside of school† \| 20.8 \| 24.0 \| 17.6 \| 20.2 \| 21.5 \| \| Spend 3 or more hours on "screen time" that is not for school work/homework†,§ \| 39.4 \| 38.4 \| 40.4 \| 35.4 \| 43.3 \| \| Participated in volunteer or community service activities on 3 or more days (past 12 months) \| 52.0 \| 56.4 \| 47.5 \| 50.5 \| 53.5 \| * Long-term means 6 months or more † On an average school day ‡ Playing online or video games § Includes watching TV, going on the Internet, playing video games, or using a computer, tablet, or smartphone ### Table 9-1B. Sociodemographics, General Health, and Student Use of Time, 2006 - 2018 MetroWest Region Middle School Students (Grades 7-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey, 2018 \| SOCIODEMOGRAPHICS \| MetroWest Region (%) \| \|-------------------\|----------------------\| \| \| 2006 (6,875) \| 2008 (10,650) \| 2010 (11,597) \| 2012 (12,224) \| 2014 (12,191) \| 2016 (12,307) \| 2018 (12,107) \| \| Have any physical disabilities or long-term health problems* \| – \| – \| – \| 8.0 \| 10.4 \| 9.4 \| 8.7 \| \| Have any long-term learning disabilities* \| – \| – \| – \| 6.4 \| 7.0 \| 7.3 \| 7.9 \| \| Have an Individualized Education Program (IEP) \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 16.2 \| 14.6 \| 14.0 \| \| Eligible to receive a free or reduced-price lunch at school \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 16.5 \| 17.6 \| 17.1 \| \| GENERAL HEALTH & SLEEP \| MetroWest Region (%) \| \|-----------------------\|----------------------\| \| Describes general health as very good/excellent \| 76.1 \| 74.2 \| 74.2 \| 76.2 \| 76.4 \| 74.3 \| 72.1 \| \| Sleeps 8 or more hours on an average school night \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 63.9 \| 61.6 \| 60.3 \| \| STUDENT ACTIVITIES AND USE OF TIME \| MetroWest Region (%) \| \|-----------------------------------\|----------------------\| \| Absent from school on 3 or more days (past 30 days) \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 9.2 \| 8.6 \| 8.8 \| \| Spend 3 or more hours online† \| – \| – \| 17.4 \| 22.7 \| 35.7 \| 42.5 \| 48.9 \| \| Spend 3 or more hours on social media sites† \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 17.2 \| 18.1 \| \| Spend 3 or more hours gaming‡,§ \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 15.2 \| \| Spend 3 or more hours on homework/studying outside of school† \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 22.1 \| 18.6 \| 15.0 \| \| Spend 3 or more hours on extracurricular activities outside of school† \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 21.8 \| 19.3 \| 20.8 \| \| Spend 3 or more hours on "screen time" that is not for school work/homework†,§ \| – \| – \| – \| 32.8 \| 33.5 \| 34.4 \| 39.4 \| \| Participated in volunteer or community service activities on 3 or more days (past 12 months) \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 56.0 \| 52.0 \| * Long-term means 6 months or more † On an average school day ‡ Playing online or video games § Includes watching TV, going on the Internet, playing video games, or using a computer, tablet, or smartphone \| ONLINE BEHAVIORS AND USE OF SOCIAL MEDIA \| Total (%) (12,107) \| Female (6,066) \| Male (5,988) \| 7th (6,081) \| 8th (6,026) \| \|----------------------------------------\|-------------------\|---------------\|--------------\|-------------\|-------------\| \| Spend 3 or more hours online (average school day) \| 48.9 \| 51.6 \| 46.2 \| 42.9 \| 54.9 \| \| Spend 3 or more hours on social media sites (average school day) \| 18.1 \| 22.5 \| 13.5 \| 14.3 \| 21.8 \| \| Posted 3 or more messages or photos/videos on your social media profile (past 7 days)* \| 29.1 \| 32.0 \| 25.7 \| 30.1 \| 28.3 \| \| Spend 3 or more hours gaming (average school day)† \| 15.2 \| 5.0 \| 25.8 \| 15.0 \| 15.4 \| \| SOCIAL MEDIA USE † \| Total (%) (12,107) \| Female (6,066) \| Male (5,988) \| 7th (6,081) \| 8th (6,026) \| \|--------------------\|-------------------\|---------------\|--------------\|-------------\|-------------\| \| I spend a lot of time thinking about social media or planning how to use it. \| 5.7 \| 6.9 \| 4.6 \| 5.2 \| 6.2 \| \| I feel an urge to use social media more and more. \| 5.8 \| 7.3 \| 4.3 \| 4.9 \| 6.8 \| \| I use social media in order to forget about personal problems. \| 8.9 \| 11.3 \| 6.4 \| 7.3 \| 10.4 \| \| I have tried to cut down on my social media use without success. \| 7.2 \| 9.7 \| 4.7 \| 6.0 \| 8.4 \| \| I become restless or troubled if I am prohibited from using social media. \| 4.8 \| 5.6 \| 3.9 \| 3.8 \| 5.7 \| \| I use social media so much that it has a negative impact on school, work, sports, or other important activities. \| 2.8 \| 3.1 \| 2.4 \| 2.1 \| 3.4 \| \| GAMING BEHAVIORS (past 6 months)* \| Total (%) (12,107) \| Female (6,066) \| Male (5,988) \| 7th (6,081) \| 8th (6,026) \| \|----------------------------------\|-------------------\|---------------\|--------------\|-------------\|-------------\| \| Thought about playing a game all day long \| 10.7 \| 3.3 \| 18.2 \| 10.3 \| 11.0 \| \| Spent increasing amounts of time on games \| 11.1 \| 3.4 \| 19.0 \| 10.7 \| 11.5 \| \| Played games to forget about real life \| 7.7 \| 4.2 \| 11.3 \| 7.3 \| 8.1 \| \| Others unsuccessfully tried to reduce your game use \| 6.5 \| 2.4 \| 10.7 \| 6.0 \| 6.9 \| \| Felt bad when you were unable to play games \| 6.5 \| 2.3 \| 10.8 \| 6.5 \| 6.4 \| \| Had fights with others (e.g., family, friends) over your time spent on games \| 3.8 \| 1.4 \| 6.2 \| 3.7 \| 3.9 \| \| Neglected other important activities (e.g., school, work, sports) to play games \| 3.2 \| 1.4 \| 5.1 \| 2.6 \| 3.8 \| * Among students who use social media † Playing online or video games ‡ Student responded “often” or “very often” \| ONLINE BEHAVIORS AND USE OF SOCIAL MEDIA \| 2006 (6,875) \| 2008 (10,650) \| 2010 (11,597) \| 2012 (12,224) \| 2014 (12,191) \| 2016 (12,307) \| 2018 (12,107) \| \|--------------------------------------------\|--------------\|---------------\|---------------\|---------------\|---------------\|---------------\|---------------\| \| Spend 3 or more hours online (average school day) \| – \| – \| 17.4 \| 22.7 \| 35.7 \| 42.5 \| 48.9 \| \| Spend 3 or more hours on social media sites (average school day) \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 17.2 \| 18.1 \| \| Posted 3 or more messages or photos/videos on your social media profile (past 7 days)* \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 22.6 \| 29.1 \| \| Spend 3 or more hours gaming (average school day)† \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 15.2 \| \| SOCIAL MEDIA USE‡ \| 2006 (6,875) \| 2008 (10,650) \| 2010 (11,597) \| 2012 (12,224) \| 2014 (12,191) \| 2016 (12,307) \| 2018 (12,107) \| \|-----------------------\|--------------\|---------------\|---------------\|---------------\|---------------\|---------------\|---------------\| \| I spend a lot of time thinking about social media or planning how to use it. \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 5.7 \| \| I feel an urge to use social media more and more. \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 5.8 \| \| I use social media in order to forget about personal problems. \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 8.9 \| \| I have tried to cut down on my social media use without success. \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 7.2 \| \| I become restless or troubled if I am prohibited from using social media. \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 4.8 \| \| I use social media so much that it has a negative impact on school, work, sports, or other important activities. \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 2.8 \| \| GAMING BEHAVIORS (past 6 months)§ \| 2006 (6,875) \| 2008 (10,650) \| 2010 (11,597) \| 2012 (12,224) \| 2014 (12,191) \| 2016 (12,307) \| 2018 (12,107) \| \|--------------------------------------\|--------------\|---------------\|---------------\|---------------\|---------------\|---------------\|---------------\| \| Thought about playing a game all day long \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 10.7 \| \| Spent increasing amounts of time on games \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 11.1 \| \| Played games to forget about real life \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 7.7 \| \| Others unsuccessfully tried to reduce your game use \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 6.5 \| \| Felt bad when you were unable to play games \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 6.5 \| \| Had fights with others (e.g., family, friends) over your time spent on games \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 3.8 \| \| Neglected other important activities (e.g., school, work, sports) to play games \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 3.2 \| * Among students who use social media † Playing online or video games ‡ Student responded “often” or “very often” \| Statement \| Total (%) \| Female (%) \| Male (%) \| 7th Grade (%) \| 8th Grade (%) \| \|---------------------------------------------------------------------------\|-----------\|------------\|----------\|---------------\|---------------\| \| I feel more connected to peers because of social media. \| 54.2 \| 54.1 \| 54.4 \| 50.2 \| 57.7 \| \| I feel pressure to post things that will be popular and get a lot of comments or "likes." \| 17.8 \| 23.0 \| 11.6 \| 15.2 \| 20.1 \| \| I feel badly about myself, excluded, or left out when I see what others post on social media. \| 20.1 \| 27.6 \| 11.4 \| 17.7 \| 22.2 \| \| I have gotten support on social media when I've been going through a tough or challenging time. \| 32.2 \| 36.2 \| 27.5 \| 32.5 \| 32.0 \| \| Social media keeps me from doing other things that are important, like homework or family responsibilities. \| 20.1 \| 23.4 \| 16.2 \| 17.5 \| 22.3 \| \| Being on social media helps me feel better about myself. \| 24.4 \| 22.8 \| 26.2 \| 24.0 \| 24.8 \| \| I spend too much time on social media. \| 30.4 \| 38.4 \| 21.0 \| 26.1 \| 34.0 \| \| I have found people who share the same hobbies and interests as me on social media. \| 52.5 \| 52.2 \| 52.7 \| 50.9 \| 53.8 \| \| Social media has hurt my relationships with friends, peers, or students at my school. \| 11.3 \| 13.9 \| 8.2 \| 10.8 \| 11.8 \| \| I have spoken up or taken action on social media about issues that are important to me. \| 22.8 \| 27.0 \| 18.1 \| 21.3 \| 24.1 \| \| I have had serious conflicts with my parents or other members of my family because of my social media use. \| 8.4 \| 9.9 \| 6.7 \| 7.6 \| 9.2 \| * Among students who use social media; student responded "agree" or "strongly agree" ### Table 9-3B. Attitudes and Experiences Related to Social Media Use, 2006 - 2018 MetroWest Region Middle School Students (Grades 7-8) MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey, 2018 \| \| MetroWest Region (%) \| \|-----------------------------------------------------------------\|----------------------\| \| \| 2006 \| 2008 \| 2010 \| 2012 \| 2014 \| 2016 \| 2018 \| \| \| (6,875) \| (10,650) \| (11,597) \| (12,224) \| (12,191) \| (12,307) \| (12,107) \| \| ATTITUDES AND EXPERIENCES RELATED TO SOCIAL MEDIA USE \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| I feel more connected to peers because of social media. \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 60.0 \| 54.2 \| \| I feel pressure to post things that will be popular and get a lot of comments or "likes." \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 20.0 \| 17.8 \| \| I feel badly about myself, excluded, or left out when I see what others post on social media. \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 17.4 \| 20.1 \| \| I have gotten support on social media when I've been going through a tough or challenging time. \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 32.1 \| 32.2 \| \| Social media keeps me from doing other things that are important, like homework or family responsibilities. \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 17.9 \| 20.1 \| \| Being on social media helps me feel better about myself. \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 23.2 \| 24.4 \| \| I spend too much time on social media. \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 26.8 \| 30.4 \| \| I have found people who share the same hobbies and interests as me on social media. \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 52.5 \| \| \| Social media has hurt my relationships with friends, peers, or students at my school. \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 11.3 \| \| \| I have spoken up or taken action on social media about issues that are important to me. \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 22.8 \| \| \| I have had serious conflicts with my parents or other members of my family because of my social media use. \| – \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 8.4 \| \| * Among students who use social media; student responded "agree" or "strongly agree" Appendix 3 Optional Questions \| Question \| Total (%) \| Sex (%) \| Grade (%) \| \|-------------------------------------------------------------------------\|-----------\|---------\|-----------\| \| \| \| Female \| Male \| 6th \| 7th \| 8th \| \| 109a. How much do you think people risk harming themselves (physically or in other ways) if they smoke one or more packs of cigarettes per day? \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| No risk \| 2.4 \| 1.6 \| 3.2 \| 2.6 \| 1.9 \| 2.6 \| \| Slight risk \| 1.6 \| 0.8 \| 2.4 \| 0.0 \| 2.5 \| 2.1 \| \| Moderate risk \| 13.8 \| 15.1 \| 12.5 \| 9.2 \| 14.0\| 17.2\| \| Great risk \| 82.2 \| 82.5 \| 81.9 \| 88.2\| 81.5\| 78.1\| \| 109b. How much do you think people risk harming themselves (physically or in other ways) if they take one or two drinks of an alcoholic beverage nearly every day? \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| No risk \| 5.0 \| 4.4 \| 5.7 \| 6.6 \| 4.5 \| 4.2 \| \| Slight risk \| 14.0 \| 10.0 \| 17.8 \| 13.2\| 13.4\| 15.2\| \| Moderate risk \| 37.2 \| 38.2 \| 36.4 \| 38.2\| 39.5\| 34.6\| \| Great risk \| 43.8 \| 47.4 \| 40.1 \| 42.1\| 42.7\| 46.1\| \| 109c. How much do you think people risk harming themselves (physically or in other ways) if they have 5 or more drinks of an alcoholic beverage once or twice a week? \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| No risk \| 3.4 \| 2.4 \| 4.5 \| 4.0 \| 3.2 \| 3.1 \| \| Slight risk \| 8.4 \| 7.6 \| 9.3 \| 6.0 \| 9.6 \| 9.4 \| \| Moderate risk \| 27.7 \| 27.2 \| 27.9 \| 27.2\| 25.5\| 29.8\| \| Great risk \| 60.5 \| 62.8 \| 58.3 \| 62.9\| 61.8\| 57.6\| \| 109d. How much do you think people risk harming themselves (physically or in other ways) if they use prescription drugs that are not prescribed to them? \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| No risk \| 2.2 \| 1.2 \| 3.3 \| 2.6 \| 1.9 \| 2.1 \| \| Slight risk \| 1.2 \| 1.2 \| 1.2 \| 1.3 \| 0.6 \| 1.6 \| \| Moderate risk \| 12.7 \| 12.5 \| 13.0 \| 13.9\| 15.4\| 9.5 \| \| Great risk \| 83.9 \| 85.1 \| 82.5 \| 82.1\| 82.1\| 86.8\| \| 110a. How wrong do your parents feel it would be for you to smoke tobacco? \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Not at all wrong \| 0.2 \| 0.4 \| 0.0 \| 0.6 \| 0.0 \| 0.0 \| \| A little bit wrong \| 0.6 \| 0.4 \| 0.8 \| 0.0 \| 0.6 \| 1.0 \| \| Wrong \| 5.8 \| 5.6 \| 6.0 \| 3.2 \| 7.1 \| 6.8 \| \| Very wrong \| 93.4 \| 93.7 \| 93.2 \| 96.1\| 92.3\| 92.2\| \| Question \| Total (%) \| Sex (%) \| Grade (%) \| \|-------------------------------------------------------------------------\|-----------\|---------\|-----------\| \| \| \| Female \| Male \| 6th \| 7th \| 8th \| \| 110b. How wrong do your parents feel it would be for you to have one or two drinks of an alcoholic beverage nearly every day? \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Not at all wrong \| 0.6 \| 0.4 \| 0.8 \| 1.3 \| 0.6 \| 0.0 \| \| A little bit wrong \| 3.8 \| 2.8 \| 4.8 \| 1.3 \| 5.1 \| 4.7 \| \| Wrong \| 8.4 \| 6.7 \| 10.1 \| 9.0 \| 7.1 \| 8.9 \| \| Very wrong \| 87.3 \| 90.1 \| 84.3 \| 88.4\| 87.2\| 86.4\| \| 110c. How wrong do your parents feel it would be for you to smoke marijuana? \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Not at all wrong \| 0.8 \| 0.8 \| 0.8 \| 1.3 \| 0.6 \| 0.5 \| \| A little bit wrong \| 0.8 \| 0.8 \| 0.8 \| 0.0 \| 1.9 \| 0.5 \| \| Wrong \| 5.0 \| 4.4 \| 5.7 \| 1.3 \| 5.2 \| 7.9 \| \| Very wrong \| 93.4 \| 94.0 \| 92.7 \| 97.4\| 92.2\| 91.1\| \| 110d. How wrong do your parents feel it would be for you to use prescription drugs not prescribed to you? \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Not at all wrong \| 0.2 \| 0.4 \| 0.0 \| 0.6 \| 0.0 \| 0.0 \| \| A little bit wrong \| 0.0 \| 0.0 \| 0.0 \| 0.0 \| 0.0 \| 0.0 \| \| Wrong \| 4.0 \| 3.6 \| 4.4 \| 1.3 \| 6.5 \| 4.2 \| \| Very wrong \| 95.8 \| 96.0 \| 95.6 \| 98.1\| 93.5\| 95.8\| \| 111a. How wrong do your friends feel it would be for you to smoke tobacco? \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Not at all wrong \| 1.2 \| 1.2 \| 1.2 \| 1.3 \| 1.3 \| 1.1 \| \| A little bit wrong \| 3.4 \| 2.0 \| 4.5 \| 0.0 \| 2.6 \| 6.8 \| \| Wrong \| 19.8 \| 12.8 \| 27.0 \| 15.8\| 22.7\| 20.5\| \| Very wrong \| 75.6 \| 84.0 \| 67.2 \| 82.9\| 73.4\| 71.6\| \| 111b. How wrong do your friends feel it would be for you to have one or two drinks of an alcoholic beverage nearly every day? \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Not at all wrong \| 2.6 \| 1.6 \| 3.7 \| 3.3 \| 1.9 \| 2.6 \| \| A little bit wrong \| 4.4 \| 2.8 \| 6.1 \| 2.0 \| 4.5 \| 6.3 \| \| Wrong \| 21.2 \| 13.6 \| 28.7 \| 21.7\| 20.8\| 21.1\| \| Very wrong \| 71.8 \| 82.0 \| 61.5 \| 73.0\| 72.7\| 70.0\| ### 111c. How wrong do your friends feel it would be for you to smoke marijuana? \| Response \| Total (%) \| Female (%) \| Male (%) \| 6th (%) \| 7th (%) \| 8th (%) \| \|---------------------------\|-----------\|------------\|----------\|---------\|---------\|---------\| \| Not at all wrong \| 2.2 \| 2.0 \| 2.5 \| 2.0 \| 2.0 \| 2.6 \| \| A little bit wrong \| 4.3 \| 2.4 \| 6.2 \| 0.7 \| 3.3 \| 7.9 \| \| Wrong \| 16.6 \| 10.0 \| 23.0 \| 12.6 \| 18.3 \| 18.4 \| \| Very wrong \| 76.9 \| 85.5 \| 68.3 \| 84.8 \| 76.5 \| 71.1 \| ### 111d. How wrong do your friends feel it would be for you to use prescription drugs not prescribed to you? \| Response \| Total (%) \| Female (%) \| Male (%) \| 6th (%) \| 7th (%) \| 8th (%) \| \|---------------------------\|-----------\|------------\|----------\|---------\|---------\|---------\| \| Not at all wrong \| 1.6 \| 1.2 \| 2.1 \| 2.0 \| 0.7 \| 2.1 \| \| A little bit wrong \| 3.3 \| 1.6 \| 5.0 \| 2.7 \| 4.6 \| 2.6 \| \| Wrong \| 16.1 \| 12.5 \| 19.5 \| 13.3 \| 17.9 \| 16.8 \| \| Very wrong \| 79.0 \| 84.7 \| 73.4 \| 82.0 \| 76.8 \| 78.4 \| ### 112. During the past 30 days, have you used a prescription drug (such as OxyContin, Percocet, Vicodin, codeine, Adderall, Ritalin, or Xanax) without a doctor’s prescription? This includes using someone else’s prescription or obtaining them illegally. \| Response \| Total (%) \| Female (%) \| Male (%) \| 6th (%) \| 7th (%) \| 8th (%) \| \|----------\|-----------\|------------\|----------\|---------\|---------\|---------\| \| Yes \| 0.9 \| 1.3 \| 0.4 \| 0.0 \| 1.4 \| 1.2 \| \| No \| 99.1 \| 98.7 \| 99.6 \| 100.0 \| 98.6 \| 98.8 \| ### 113a. How important is the following in you making a decision whether or not to drink alcohol?: Your parents’ do not approve of you drinking. \| Response \| Total (%) \| Female (%) \| Male (%) \| 6th (%) \| 7th (%) \| 8th (%) \| \|---------------------------\|-----------\|------------\|----------\|---------\|---------\|---------\| \| Not at all important \| 2.7 \| 2.9 \| 2.5 \| 2.8 \| 2.0 \| 3.2 \| \| A little important \| 2.9 \| 2.9 \| 2.9 \| 0.0 \| 4.6 \| 3.7 \| \| Somewhat important \| 10.3 \| 9.4 \| 10.9 \| 7.6 \| 12.4 \| 10.6 \| \| Very important \| 84.2 \| 84.9 \| 83.7 \| 89.6 \| 81.0 \| 82.5 \| ### 113b. How important is the following in you making a decision whether or not to drink alcohol?: Your friends/peers do not approve of you drinking. \| Response \| Total (%) \| Female (%) \| Male (%) \| 6th (%) \| 7th (%) \| 8th (%) \| \|---------------------------\|-----------\|------------\|----------\|---------\|---------\|---------\| \| Not at all important \| 3.9 \| 3.7 \| 4.2 \| 3.5 \| 3.9 \| 4.3 \| \| A little important \| 7.4 \| 5.3 \| 9.7 \| 4.9 \| 8.5 \| 8.5 \| \| Somewhat important \| 25.6 \| 25.7 \| 25.3 \| 19.6 \| 28.1 \| 28.2 \| \| Very important \| 63.0 \| 65.3 \| 60.8 \| 72.0 \| 59.5 \| 59.0 \| ### 113c. How important is the following in you making a decision whether or not to drink alcohol?: You don’t want to harm yourself by drinking. \| Response \| Total (%) \| Female (%) \| Male (%) \| 6th (%) \| 7th (%) \| 8th (%) \| \|---------------------------\|-----------\|------------\|----------\|---------\|---------\|---------\| \| Not at all important \| 2.9 \| 2.0 \| 3.8 \| 2.1 \| 1.9 \| 4.2 \| \| A little important \| 1.4 \| 1.2 \| 1.7 \| 0.0 \| 3.2 \| 1.1 \| \| Somewhat important \| 4.3 \| 4.9 \| 3.8 \| 1.4 \| 5.8 \| 5.3 \| \| Very important \| 91.3 \| 91.9 \| 90.7 \| 96.5 \| 89.0 \| 89.4 \| \| Question \| Total (%) \| Sex (%) \| Grade (%) \| \|-------------------------------------------------------------------------\|-----------\|---------\|-----------\| \| \| \| Female \| Male \| 6th \| 7th \| 8th \| \| 114a. During the past 12 months, have you been bullied in the classroom at school? \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Yes \| 8.4 \| 8.4 \| 8.2 \| 3.9 \| 9.0 \| 11.6\| \| No \| 91.6 \| 91.6 \| 91.8 \| 96.1\| 91.0\| 88.4\| \| 114b. During the past 12 months, have you been bullied in the cafeteria/lunch room at school? \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Yes \| 8.0 \| 7.5 \| 8.1 \| 3.9 \| 9.6 \| 9.9 \| \| No \| 92.0 \| 92.5 \| 91.9 \| 96.1\| 90.4\| 90.1\| \| 114c. During the past 12 months, have you been bullied in the locker rooms at school? \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Yes \| 2.4 \| 1.2 \| 3.7 \| 1.3 \| 4.5 \| 1.6 \| \| No \| 97.6 \| 98.8 \| 96.3 \| 98.7\| 95.5\| 98.4\| \| 114d. During the past 12 months, have you been bullied in the hallways at school? \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Yes \| 10.6 \| 11.6 \| 9.4 \| 5.2 \| 12.9\| 13.2\| \| No \| 89.4 \| 88.4 \| 90.6 \| 94.8\| 87.1\| 86.8\| \| 114e. During the past 12 months, have you been bullied in the bathroom at school? \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Yes \| 1.6 \| 0.8 \| 2.4 \| 0.7 \| 3.2 \| 1.1 \| \| No \| 98.4 \| 99.2 \| 97.6 \| 99.3\| 96.8\| 98.9\| \| 114f. During the past 12 months, have you been bullied outside on school property? \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Yes \| 10.0 \| 8.3 \| 11.4 \| 9.8 \| 12.8\| 7.9 \| \| No \| 90.0 \| 91.7 \| 88.6 \| 90.2\| 87.2\| 92.1\| \| 114g. During the past 12 months, have you been bullied on the school bus? \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Yes \| 4.0 \| 3.6 \| 4.1 \| 3.3 \| 5.2 \| 3.7 \| \| No \| 96.0 \| 96.4 \| 95.9 \| 96.7\| 94.8\| 96.3\| \| 114h. During the past 12 months, have you been bullied somewhere else on school property? \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Yes \| 6.0 \| 4.8 \| 7.0 \| 2.6 \| 10.3\| 5.3 \| \| No \| 94.0 \| 95.2 \| 93.0 \| 97.4\| 89.7\| 94.7\| Education Development Center, Inc. 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HONESTY IS THE BEST POLICY It's time to disclose lack of jury trial experience. BY TRACY WALTERS MCCORMACK AND CHRISTOPHER BODNAR INTRODUCTION The days of the trial lawyer are essentially gone. Even the term has fallen out of favor over the past four decades as a majority of trial lawyers now describe themselves as litigators.1 Trials themselves are essentially gone as well.2 Since the 1960s, there has been a steep decline in the actual number of civil jury trials and the number of civil jury trials as a percentage of the cases filed in both state and federal court. While there is no single reason for this decline, the ever-increasing cost of trials, the increased availability of alternative dispute resolution methods, and clients' loss of faith in the jury system have all been contributing factors. So where does this changing landscape leave attorneys? An increasing number of litigators lack jury trial experience and instead are becoming increasingly experienced in ADR methods. Some may view this trend of moving from "antiquated" jury trial skills to "modern" ADR skills as a natural and beneficial evolution. It certainly appears to be the model of many large civil law firms. percent of these litigators had settled at least one case through mediation or negotiation and 38 percent had settled 10 or more cases in this manner during their first five years of practice. Within the group of responding litigators with 10 years of experience, 30 percent had still never tried a case to a jury and only 36 percent had tried two or more, but all of them had settled a case through mediation or negotiations, with 70 percent having done so 10 or more times. A majority of responding litigators had not tried a single case to a jury until they had practiced for about seven years. Approximately 30 percent of all litigators responding to the survey had never tried a single case to a jury. Between the increase in the size of the civil litigation bar and the decrease in the number of cases going to trial, there is an entire generation of litigators for whom trial is merely a theoretical concept. This article examines why a litigator's lack of jury trial experience matters regardless of a case's likelihood of going to trial and posits that this deficiency should be disclosed to prospective clients prior to the formation of the attorney/client relationship. In order to test our assumption of the need for disclosure, we conducted a series of surveys to assess client expectations, litigator disclosures, and whether a litigator's lack of jury trial experience is manifested in mediation.3 LITIGATOR VERSUS TRIAL LAWYER As Kimberlee Kovach, a professor of ADR and negotiations at South Texas College of Law, notes, the term "litigator" conjures images of an attorney who tries cases in court.4 However, as empirical studies have shown, going to court to try a case is actually a very atypical activity for the modern litigator.5 Our survey data indicated that litigators have had substantially more experience in resolving disputes through mediation and negotiations than by trying them to a jury. Of respondents with five years of litigation experience, only 30 percent had tried even one case to a jury and only 8 percent had tried two or more jury cases. However, 93 210 Texas Bar Journal• March 2015 Kovach redefines the job description of a litigator as "one who uses the litigation or court system as the primary tool to resolve the client's problem." This definition assumes, however, a litigator who both consciously chooses the court system of ADR and who can effectively use either. The problem seems to be that modern litigators are making no such choice at all. Thus, it may be more apt to re-redefine a litigator in the 21st century as "one who uses the court system only as a last resort if a dispute cannot be resolved outside its bounds." If litigators want to distinguish themselves as something more modern than trial lawyers, their tool belts should contain newer ADR skills in addition to, and not in lieu of, trial skills. In order to appropriately advise a client regarding the most advantageous resolution method for the client's dispute, a litigator needs an in-depth knowledge of all available choices. Ideally, the choice of resolution methods should be based on empirical data, as well as actual experience. A litigator lacking jury trial experience lacks the ability to accurately assess this choice if various options are being overvalued or undervalued. Unfortunately, the client is rarely in a position to know that the balanced, objective assessment they paid for may not be provided. Therefore, when the client bases his or her decision on the litigator's advice,6 the client is making this decision without the benefit of being fully informed. THE POTENTIAL HARM TO CLIENTS Regardless of the forum in which a matter is ultimately resolved, a litigator's lack of jury trial experience can have a significant, negative impact on his or her ability to act effectively in the client's best interest. When lawyers texasbar.com cease to view trial as a viable alternative, settlement becomes the most likely option. Whose job is it to protect the client whose case is resolved for less favorable terms than a judge or jury would have awarded? Or the defendant who is hounded into settling for nuisance value, but could have won the trial outright? Are defense costs saved the same as dollars paid to a plaintiff in settlement? What about the precedential value of a zero liability verdict? The client is not only harmed if he or she has to hire new, experienced counsel when the matter is set for trial, nor is the client only harmed if the case is tried to the jury by an inexperienced litigator. Rather, this lack of experience has the potential to impact nearly every decision made by the litigator. As a partner with more than 20 years of litigation at a California law firm responded in the survey, "In my view, trial experience informs decision-making in all other aspects of a suit." The bias against jury trials. One of the reasons for the decline in civil jury trials is the formation of a bias against juries. An oft-cited reason for this tendency or inclination is the belief held by many litigators and clients about the inequity of juries.7 Especially frightening to defense attorneys and their clients are the anecdotal and media reports about "runaway juries" that have become the poster children for tort reform. Fear can be a powerful motivating source for lawyers who already possess well-developed powers of rationalization. And a jury trial can be a scary place for litigators. Few circumstances expose a litigator to the exercise of professional judgment, the occurrence of mistakes, and the resulting accountability as trying a case to a jury. Jury trials that reach a verdict result in actual winners and losers. In large civil disputes, this means that one set of high-powered, high-priced litigators will find themselves with a loss, a client demanding to know why, and the potential for malpractice claims. Thus, trying a case to a jury means that the litigator stakes his or her reputation, and that of the firm (i.e., its future ability to attract highdollar clients), on a skill set that the litigator may not have used since trial advocacy class in law school— assuming that he or she even took such a course. With such economic, social, and possible legal pressures, it makes sense that lawyers will cling to any lifeline thrown their way, and the prevailing zeitgeist, erroneously informed as it may be, happily obliges. Both the legal community and the public seem securely ignorant that the "problem of runaway juries" may be a great bogeyman, as evidence suggests that there is rarely a scary monster in the courtroom just waiting to strong-arm your client.8 Another reason given for this bias against jury trials is the perceived inadequacy of juries. As noted by deans Larry Lyon and Bradley Toben and assistant professors James Underwood and James Wren—all of Baylor Law texasbar.com/tbj School—this perception is often intertwined with the perception of jury inequity: The premise of [stories like the McDonald's coffee and the injured burglar recovering from the homeowners] seems to be that uneducated juries are frequently wooed by sharp plaintiff trial lawyers to reach ridiculous verdicts. The point of the stories suggests that juries can no longer be trusted to find the truth on matters of both liability and damages.9 Rather than wagering the future on an undeveloped—or underdeveloped—trial skill set, a litigator may be more likely to take the "known road" and advise the client to pursue resolution outside the traditional court setting.10 This phenomenon is discussed by Professor Kevin McMunigal in his article titled "The Costs of Settlement: The Impact of Scarcity of Adjudication on Litigating Lawyers."11 Unfortunately, once developed, a bias against jury trials is likely to reinforce itself in a positive-feedback-system manner. Litigators will not risk a jury trial because they lack previous jury trial experience. Without trying jury trials, litigators never gain jury trial experience. Lack of experience influences future decisions not to pursue jury trial. And round and round the system churns. It is highly likely that a bias formed early in a litigator's legal career will increase over time if he or she is unable to gain jury trial experience. As the monetary and reputational stakes increase, the stronger the bias will likely be against risking it all in an unfamiliar forum. For a modern litigator who participates in numerous mediations, arbitrations, and out-of-court settlements, but never in actual trials, a mindset can develop that it is not below the standard of care to do what everyone else is doing; therefore, it must be right (i.e., resolution without trials must be the best course for clients). Herd mentality prevails. The effect on the discovery process. The discovery process has become the backbone of civil trials. Whether gearing up for trial or working to settle the case in another forum, discovery is a necessary part of litigation. It is also an area where a litigator's lack of trial experience can have significant indirect consequences. For civil matters, the goal of discovery is to "present both sides with a clearer view of the merits of the case." This enables the parties to fulfill the two principal purposes of discovery: (1) to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of your client's position to negotiate an effective settlement and/or (2) to gather ammunition to be victorious in a trial between adversaries. These purposes are often intertwined because the discovery process is frequently used as a method of evaluating whether to settle or proceed to trial. Therefore, discovery is often conducted as if the matter were going to trial and, certainly in theory, that is the ultimate destination. Vol. 78, No. 3 • Texas Bar Journal 211 Herein lies the problem: in a world without trials, discovery can easily lose its moorings. If a litigator lacks jury trial experience, how does that litigator know what discovery to conduct in order to prepare to try a case to a jury? Along with the problem of not knowing what to discover are the problems of not knowing how much discovery to conduct or the best manner in which to conduct it. Without a clear understanding of the evidence necessary for trial, the litigator is more likely to engage in "extensive, expensive, and unfocused discovery." Where does our current practice leave clients? Right now, we do not require lawyers to disclose their lack of trial experience, and there is no legal ramification for a failure to do so. Our data showed that lawyers are not voluntarily disclosing this information either. Perhaps we assume that clients ask directly; however, based on the results of client assumptions about trial, this seems unlikely. How would a client exercising due diligence ever discover that the last motion to compel or the 30th request for production was unnecessary? At what point is overbilling for unnecessary legal work by $1,000 or $50,000 harmless? At what point is learned inefficiency punishable? Who would even be able to evaluate the client's claim? If the case settles, the charges and behaviors become "whitewashed" in the settlement process. The client never knows, the inefficiency becomes justified, and our economic model of doing business remains intact. Without mandatory disclosure, the client is left in the dark, and it is a rare occurrence if this conduct is exposed to the light of day. The effect on ability to settle. With many clients expressing a desire to settle cases from the outset, it is easy to overlook the value of a litigator's jury trial experience. In fact, when surveyed about whether a litigator's jury trial experience would be important in a hiring decision, a number of attorneys responded with comments such as that of this D.C. firm partner, who stated, "Whether jury trial experience is important depends on whether one is hiring an attorney to do a jury trial." Other respondents also indicated that jury trial experience would become important only if it appeared that the matter would go to trial. Yet, even in situations where the client wants to settle, being represented by a litigator without jury trial experience can negatively affect the litigator's ability to reach the best possible settlement for the client. As a responding litigator from Texas noted, "Without the knowledge and experience of what happens next [pre-trial, post-trial, appeal], how does one intelligently judge the [negotiation to a] BATNA [best alternative to a negotiated settlement]?" In particular, there are at least three important ways that a litigator lacking jury trial experience is at a disadvantage in the settlement arena: (1) making accurate jury-value predictions, (2) objectively assessing a settlement offer, and (3) bargaining for a better settlement. 212 Texas Bar Journal• March 2015 Settling a case requires a litigator to evaluate and make predictions regarding a jury's likely reaction to a particular witness, evidence, or argument—we will call this "jury-value." Jury-value is not just the damage award that a jury would likely give to a particular case, but rather the assignment of value—or weight—that a jury would likely give to facts and testimony, if presented at trial. The ability to predict jury-value—as it relates to evidence and the claims as a whole—is important. This predictive ability is often one of the driving forces behind the decision of whether to settle or to proceed to trial. As respondents to the Litigation Survey noted, along with the discussion of the associate economic costs of various forms of dispute resolution, liability and damage predictions are the most frequently discussed issues between the litigator and client when deciding whether to pursue a jury trial or an alternative means to resolution. Because of the trend toward privatizing the justice system, making accurate jury-value predictions can prove to be a daunting task, regardless of whether the litigator has jury trial experience. As Stephan Landsman, the Robert A. Clifford professor of tort law and social policy at DePaul University College of Law, notes, "Without trial judgments to serve as guideposts, what remains is subjective groping unlikely to yield reliable or consistent results."12 Without jury verdicts, the public ceases to have a function in determining issues like reasonableness, causation, and damages. Questions of evidence are never presented. Jury-value ceases to be known in most categories of claims. Settlements are then controlled by the corporate repeat players in the system on one side and individual participants on the other.13 The individual participants are not only disconnected from the external reality of what a jury has done in similar circumstances but are equally disconnected from any external reality against which to measure their recommendations regarding settlement values in ADR. This is a self-reinforcing behavior since if the only known guide is the attorney's past ADR settlement experience, then that attorney has no choice but to value every case, in his or her narrow experience, similarly—regardless of what a jury might do and regardless of what the many unknown players in the ADR system are doing in their confidential settlements. Even if a litigator accurately predicts jury-value, the ability to objectively assess an opposing settlement offer may still be negatively affected by a litigator's lack of jury trial experience. As McMunigal explains, a litigator without jury trial experience will likely evaluate a particular settlement offer by inflating both the advantages of settlement and the risk of trial.14 This non-objective view is attributable to two things: (1) The litigator consciously concludes that his or her lack of trial experience decreases the chance for success at trial; and/or (2) the litigator subconsciously magnifies the risks and uncertainties of trial texasbar.com because of a fear of the unknown. Regardless of the reason, McMunigal argues that "the lawyer's lack of trial competence introduces an additional element of risk unrelated to the merits and decreases the settlement value of the case." Thus, an interest in reputation preservation may cause the litigator to lose his or her independent judgment when advising a client in settlement negotiations.15 Fiduciaries cannot take advantage of their principal's trust and cannot benefit without full knowledge and consent of the principal. This is a fundamental aspect of agency law. Lawyers are agents of their clients; agents are fiduciaries for their principals. By definition, once the independent judgment of counsel is compromised by their own self-interest on a material issue, a breach of fiduciary duty has occurred if this compromise is not fully disclosed and consented to by the client. This assumes that consent is possible, which is not always the case under conflicts of interest rules. If a lawyer lacks the skills necessary to evaluate the settlement value of the case, the client deserves to know. We can hardly claim that settlements or demands for arbitration are in fact voluntary when the client lacks essential information for consent. Like any other conflict of interest under the rules of professional responsibility, the client must be fully informed before the conflict can be waived16—if waiver is even permitted.17 Here, our client is never even alerted to the existence of the conflict, and yet we pretend that the consent to ADR is both voluntary and informed while we extol the virtues of client self-determination and empowerment. McMunigal argues that the strength of a litigator's bargaining position is at least partially a function of his or her willingness to try the case if settlement negotiations break down. If settlement negotiations do break down, or the opposing party provides an inadequate offer, it is certainly a valuable bargaining chip if the litigator can at least legitimately threaten to go to trial. As a responding litigator at a large New York firm explained, "Very few cases actually go to trial, it's true. But to hire someone without any experience is to leave yourself forced to settle, with no backup plan if the other side does not make a good enough offer." Thus, a litigator without jury trial experience may be more likely to advise a client to accept the opposing party's inadequate settlement offer. THE EFFECT ON MEDIATION Whatever justice many clients are receiving is occurring over conference room tables without judicial scrutiny. While this may be hypothetically fine with some clients, it is important to examine whether clients believe this because of their lawyer's assurance that it is OK to avoid judicial scrutiny because it involves a trial. Determining whether clients need the protection of disclosure depends in part on what protections, if any, are texasbar.com/tbj being provided in the mediation process and the assumptions being made about the actual consent of clients to the process. To probe these assumptions, we surveyed mediators. Not surprisingly, most did not believe they have responsibility for exploring issues like the jury trial experience of counsel, the malfeasance of counsel, or the verification of legal authorities. Our data further suggested that while there is not a consensus on the issue, mediators generally consider a litigator's jury trial experience to be important to the mediation process. Perhaps not surprisingly, an inability to make accurate jury-value predictions was one of the most oft-noted problems associated with a litigator's lack of jury trial experience. As a Texas mediator and former litigator explained, "The client seldom knows how little [jury trial] experience their attorney has. Such attorneys have advice based on anecdotes from others rather than experience. That tends to make [the client] more secure than they are and therefore less realistic."18 While jury-value predictions—particularly the ultimate jury-value prediction, the verdict—are certainly not the only factors that induce settlements in mediation, as a Texas mediator and former litigator pointed out, "Even though attorneys only discuss likely verdicts a small portion of the allotted time [in mediation], [these predictions are] the silent motivating presence 100 percent of the time." The final report from the American Bar Association Section of Dispute Resolution Task Force on Improving Mediation Quality confirms this connection between trial experience and mediation. For example, the report notes that 95 percent of their survey participants thought it would be helpful if the mediator would "give analysis of the case, including strengths and weaknesses," and 60 percent would like a "prediction about likely court results."19 The report's section defining "analytical inputs or techniques" included mediator reality testing questions—such as, "How do you think a jury will evaluate your testimony?" and, "Will the court permit any testimony about the oral agreement?"—as well as mediator "opinions"—such as, "Who knows what a jury might do with this case, but based on what I have learned… ." If settlements in mediation are based in large part on jury-value predictions, then the accuracy of these predictions is critical to the client's ability to make an informed decision to settle. Why does any of this matter? While we do not know precisely how many cases are being resolved through mediation, we suspect it is significant. With courts ordering cases to mediation, mediation becomes a de facto judicial surrogate for many clients. It would be convenient to assume that someone confirms that clients are participating voluntarily and are fully informed, that someone monitors the explicit and implicit representations of counsel, and that settlements reached are based Vol. 78, No. 3 • Texas Bar Journal 213 solely on objective case value information, accurately assessed, and free from whitewashed inflation. Unfortunately, true consent has already been compromised with lawyers and judges pushing clients into mediation and other forms of ADR.20 This is not to glorify trials or to ignore the real risks associated with a system of winners and losers; nor are the shortcomings of litigators and the justice system to be laid at the feet of mediators and the ADR process. To be clear, the purpose of this article is not to do away with mediators or ADR. But, the pendulum has swung so far away from trials that we should not assume that ADR is better. If a settlement achieved at mediation is "good," by what standard do we measure that success if not in comparison to the alternatives? Is it an adequate answer to simply conclude that a settlement at mediation was good because it was arrived at in a collaborative rather than adversary process? This ignores that the true test of any process is the fairness of the result achieved. Processes can be collaborative and still produce unfair results. We are not mounting a full-bore assault on ADR. We recognize its value—in context. The problem is that the context has been steadily eroded as the alternative, jury trials, has declined. To be effective alternatives to each other, there has to be some balance. Lawyers collectively know very little about the alternative to ADR, actual trials, and, consequently, their clients know even less. An ADR advocate might claim that this is a result of the "market" having spoken against trials and in favor of ADR. But markets function best with transparency and objective data about alternatives. We detect that neither is present with the current unbalanced system. Rather than argue or speculate about client expectations and what might happen in mediation or at the courthouse, let's look at some objective data to shine a light on just one concern arising out of the vanishing jury trial and the corresponding development of a replacement private justice system. This is only one issue, which barely scratches the surface of myriad complexities of the vanished jury trial and illustrates the need for more research, data, and creativity: Clients believe that trial experience is material and would not hire lawyers without it. TRIAL EXPERIENCE IS MATERIAL It is an easy rationalization for us to assume that we do not need to disclose our lack of jury trial experience because, of course, everyone already knows it. But the reality is that clients—whether public, institutional, or even other lawyers—do not know that "litigators" no longer try cases. And because they do not know, this critical fact is material to them and consequently should trigger our ethical obligations for disclosure under the rules. We surveyed three different sets of potential clients: (1) laypersons older than 18 who could potentially hire a lit- 214 Texas Bar Journal• March 2015 igator to represent them, (2) in-house counsel who could potentially hire a litigator on behalf of his or her company, and (3) other attorneys (both litigation and transactional) who could potentially hire a litigator for the same purpose as a layperson. Based on these surveys, the respondents resoundingly affirmed that information about a litigator's lack of jury trial experience would be an important factor in their hiring decision, therefore making this information material. Not only do potential clients want lawyers with jury trial experience but they also assume that litigators have that experience. In the world of online window shopping, a prospective client's first impression of a litigator likely comes from a website or other marketing effort of the law firm. Regardless of size or prestige, nearly all firms and solo practitioners maintain websites that at least contain biographical pages to introduce the attorneys to prospective clients. These are almost always filled with recitations of big cases handled, concluded, and resolved favorably for important clients, as well as discussions of hearings, motions, and arbitrations. Firm websites typically do not, however, alert clients to the lack of trial experience of litigation associates and partners. These biographical pages are designed to attract a first date— the prospective client meeting. We surveyed both individual and institutional clients to estimate the number of jury trials they believed a civil litigator would have tried in his or her first five years of practice. The individual participants were shown a standard Web page biography for a five-year litigator at a fictitious law firm. The biography page was deliberately "average" in describing the lawyer's credentials, based upon an examination of similar Web pages across the country. For potential individual clients, the median response was 16 trials with 10 trials being the most frequent estimation. The institutional clients were not shown a Web page and were asked simply to estimate the number of jury trials of a five-year litigator. The median response was eight trials with five trials being the most frequent estimation. Both groups' estimates were far in excess of the actual jury trial experience of responding litigators with five years of experience, 96.7 percent of whom had tried less than five cases to a jury and none more than six. The disconnect between the popular conception of a litigator and the reality of the 21st-century litigator may explain why a prospective client, individual or institutional, would not ask the litigator about his or her jury trial experience before making a hiring decision. If a prospective client reasonably believes that an answer is so obvious that the question need not be asked—a belief that litigators actually try cases to a jury is certainly reasonable—the prospective client can hardly share much blame for not making the inquiry, especially within a fiduciary relationship. texasbar.com Imagine what a simple "reverse board-certification asterisk" would do to the litigation world? What if lawyers with no jury trial experience were required to place that asterisk beside their name on their website and any other materials? We can't have it both ways. We cannot claim that jury trial experience is irrelevant in our more modern world of dispute resolution and yet refuse to disclose it. Whether we like it or not, it matters to our clients and our honesty in disclosing it will likely have negative economic consequences. CONCLUSION Honesty is a virtue easy to extol, easy to rationalize, and hard to practice. The near extinction of the jury trial has happened without true recognition, and the creation of a replacement system has occurred without true design. We stand at the tipping point to salvage both, but only if we are willing to be honest with ourselves and appeal to our better nature as guardians of democracy and the justice system. Because we are a self-regulating industry, we must be willing to confront our own problems and call fouls when we see them. TBJ NOTES 1. John H. Grady, Trial Lawyers, Litigators and Clients' Costs, 4 Litg. 5, 6 (1978) (noting that by 1970, lawyers described themselves as "litigators" in contradiction to trial lawyer). 2. Marc Galanter, The Vanishing Trial: An Examination of Trials and Related Matters in Federal and State Courts, 1 J. Empirical Legal Studies 459, 459-61 (2004). 3. Five nationwide surveys were conducted. Our primary surveys were the Litigation Survey, which generated 1,358 responses from litigators in 45 states and the District of Columbia, and our Mediation Survey, which generated 488 responses from mediators in 42 states and the District of Columbia. We also conducted three surveys of potential clients—individual lay clients, institutional clients, and other attorneys as clients. Respondents to our survey were promised anonymity besides basic demographic information. Some comments have been very lightly edited to correct spelling or grammar mistakes. 4. Kimberlee Kovach, The Lawyer as Teacher: The Role of Education in Lawyering, 4 Clinical L. Rev. 359, 361-362 (1998). 5. See Galanter, The Vanishing Trial, supra note __, at 461, 466. 6. 87 percent of the respondents in the Litigation Survey indicated that their clients follow their advice regarding the appropriate dispute resolution method for the client's matter at least three-fourths of the time. 7. See, e.g., Theodore Eisenberg, et al., Arbitration's Summer Soldiers: An Empirical Study of Arbitration Clauses in Consumer and Nonconsumer Contracts, 41 U. Mich. J.L. Reform 871, 879-80 (2008) (noting that "some tort reform proponents regard jury trials as a distinct source of problems with the U.S. legal system," that arbitration clauses "constitute a way of effectively avoiding jury trials," and that "By agreeing ex ante to avoiding jury trials, business can avoid the perceived risk of a runaway jury"). 8. See e.g., Thomas A. Eaton, Of Frivolous Litigation and Runaway Juries: A View from the Bench, 41 Ga. L. Rev. 431, 447 (2008) (empirical data indicates that "it is clear that Georgia trial judges observe few signs of runaway juries"); Larry Lyon, et. al Straight from the Horse's Mouth, supra note __ at 428-29 (noting that more than 83 percent of Texas district court judges had not observed a single instance of a runaway jury verdict during the 48 months preceding their survey); John T. Nockleby, How to Manufacture a Crisis: Evaluating Empirical Claims Behind "Tort Reform," 86 Or. L. Rev. 533, 552-58 (2007) (debunking the popular misconceptions regarding "runaway juries"). 9. Larry Lyon, et. al, Straight from the Horse's Mouth, supra note __ at 422. 10. See McMunigal, The Costs of Settlement, supra note __, at 856-61. 11. 37 UCLA L. Rev. 833 (1990). 12. Stephan Landsman, So What? Possible Implications of the Vanishing Trial Phenomenon, 1 J. Empirical Legal Studies 973, 978 (2004). 13. See McCormack, Privatizing the Justice System, supra note __, at 741-42 (discussing the "repeat player effect"). 14. McMunigal, The Costs of Settlement, supra note __, at 859. 15. Id. 16. See Model Rule of Professional Conduct 1.7 (b)(4). 17. Not all conflicts of interest can be waived under many professional responsibility codes. A typical test is whether a disinterested lawyer would conclude that a waiver of a conflict is in the client's best interest. The best interest of the lawyer seeking the waiver is irrelevant. Retaining a particular lawyer may appear to be an advantage, but that advantage, if true, does not necessarily justify a conflicts waiver in itself and may easily be outweighed by a single disadvantage. 18. Responses to the Mediation Survey. 19. ABA Section of Dispute Resolution, Task Force on Improving Mediation Quality, Final Report 14 (Apr. 2006-Feb. 2008). 20. Jacqueline Nolan-Haley, Consent in Mediation, Dispute Res. Mag. Vol 14 #2 (Winter 2007). TRACY WALTERS MCCORMACK is a senior lecturer and director of advocacy at the University of Texas School of Law. McCormack received a B.A. from the University of Notre Dame in 1983 and a J.D. from the University of Texas School of Law in 1986. CHRISTOPHER BODNAR handles national security matters and a variety of white-collar crimes as an assistant U.S. attorney in the Southern District of Alabama. Prior to becoming an AUSA in 2010, he clerked for the Hon. Danny Reeves of the U.S. District Court Eastern District of Kentucky and the Hon. Leslie Southwick of the U.S. Court of Appeals 5th Circuit. Bodnar is a graduate of Boston College and the University of Texas School of Law. A version of this article originally appeared in the Georgetown Journal of Legal Ethics. TEXAS JURY TRIALS FOR FISCAL YEAR 2014 * Total by Trial Type and Percentage Decline Since 2005 FISCAL YEAR RUNS SEPT * . 1THROUGH AUG. 31 texasbar.com/tbj INFOGRAPHIC PROVIDED BY THE TEXAS OFFICE OF COURT ADMINISTRATION Vol. 78, No. 3 • Texas Bar Journal 215	<urn:uuid:45d7516f-25c4-48e9-9000-f407c87d6e8e>	CC-MAIN-2021-25	https://www.texasbar.com/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Table_of_Contents&Template=/CM/ContentDisplay.cfm&ContentID=28080	2021-06-23T06:35:05+00:00	s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/crawl=CC-MAIN-2021-25/subset=warc/part-00236-e638c5dd-3c3d-4738-8d52-dc1e9f44de3a.c000.gz.parquet	909,736,422	7,110	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.997739	eng_Latn	0.998925	[ "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn" ]	false	rolmOCR	[ 5087, 11018, 17161, 23092, 29050, 35049 ]
et al., S. Mustofa International Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering Research, 8(9), September 2020, 5661 – 5667 Volume 8. No. 9, September 2020 International Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering Research Available Online at http://www.warse.org/IJETER/static/pdf/file/ijeter122892020.pdf https://doi.org/10.30534/ijeter/2020/122892020 Effect of Temperature of Spark Plasma Sintering on the Development of Oxide Compound in Fe-25wt%Ni-17wt%CrAustenitic Stainless Steel S. Mustofa 1* , M. Dani 1 , Parikin 1 , T. Sudiro 2 , B. Hermanto 2 , D. R. Adhika 3,4 , Syahbuddin 5 , C. A. Huang 6 1 Center for Sci. and Tech. of Adv. Materials, BATAN, KawasanPuspiptekSerpong, South Tangerang 151314, Indonesia 4 Adv. Functional Mat. Res. Group, Fac. of Industrial Tech., Bandung Institute of Tech., Jl. Ganesha 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia 2 Research Center of Physics-LIPI, Kawasan Puspiptek Serpong, South Tangerang 15314, Indonesia 3 Research Center for Nanosciences and Nanotechnology, Bandung Institute of Tech., Jl. Ganesha 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia Dept. of Mechanical Eng., Fac. of Eng., Pancasila University, Srengseng Sawah, Jagakarsa, South Jakarta 12640, Indonesia 6 Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan *Corresponding author: [email protected] ABSTRACT The oxide compound is formed from the reaction of O and Cr content in a'-Cr particles during process of spark plasma sintering. To investigate the effect of sintering temperature of spark plasma on the development of oxide compound in Fe-25wt%Ni-17wt%Cr austenitic stainless steels (ASS).The ingredient samples were high purity powder of Fe, Ni and Cr and mixed by through milling process for 5 hours. Compacting the three elements under 30MPa and vacuum was carried out in a spark plasma sintering (SPS) machine at temperature of 900 and 950 o C for 5 minutes. The microstructure of Fe-25wt%Ni-17wt%Cr ASS including oxide compound layer was examined through an Optical Microscope (OM), a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and a Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) equipped with Energy Dispersive Spectrometers (EDS), and also by Raman Spectroscopy.The crystal structure of austenite grains in the matrix was identified using X-Ray Diffractometer. Although, the SPS can consolidate nano alloy, the Fe-25wt%Ni-17wt%Cr ASS consists of matrix of fine austenite, g-FeNi grains and particles of a'-Cr. Sintering temperature at 950 o C increase O content in the surface of Fe-25wt%Ni-17wt%Cr ASS that mainly related to increasing the distribution of very fine a'-Cr particles as CrO compound beside of increasing the trapped air bubbles. The Raman spectra of Cr-rich M2O3 was identified (M: Metal) at sintering temperature of 950 o C, while the Fe-rich M2O3 and pure Fe3O4 without significant amount of dissolved chromium or nickel in a main band at 671 cm −1 was identified at 900 o C. The existence of g-Fe2O3 and a-Fe2O3 was also successfully detected from the Raman.Changes in the number of particles with high Cr content or a'-Cr in the matrix with fine grains of g-FeNi formed during the process of sintering by spark plasma makes more oxide compounds in the Fe-25Ni-17Cr ASS at 950C as compared to sintering temperature at 900 o C. Key words :Fe-25wt%Ni-17wt%Cr austenitic stainless steel, Spark Plasma Sintering, Microstructure, XRD, SEM, TEM, Raman Spectroscopy. 1. INTRODUCTION Austenitic stainless steel is utilized in the environment of high temperature due to its excellent properties such as high strength, corrosion and creep resistances. In now days, techniques to produce the stainless steel has developed rapidly to new sintering process by spark plasma method. This technique can be used to consolidated powder materials, that is consider fast as compared to conventional sintering processes. Moreover, the results of this fabrication are very promising by high homogeneity, high density and low porosity. Thus, one of austenitic stainless steel which developed like SS 316L has been synthesized by using this technique in some studies [1-6]. However, focus of those study is in the development of microstructure and its properties related. Rarely or no intension has been done in the surface corrosion of the ASS. Thus, this study will find out the behavior of oxide compounds in the surface of ASS. 2. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE High purity metal powders of Fe, Ni and Cr are used for consolidating the Fe-25wt%Ni-17wt%Cr ASS using Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS). The composition of those elements is 58.00% for Fe, 25.00% for Ni and 17.00% for Cr. Starting with mixing the three ingredients milled in rotation of rpm for 5 hours. Then it was compacted under a load of 30 MPa to produce a coin of 15 mm in diameter and 2.5 mm thick and sintered under vacuum at temperature of 900C and 950 o C for 5 5 minutes in a SPS machine the facility of SPS Fuji-625 (Fuji Electronic Industrial Co., Ltd.). In order to examine the crystal structure of matrix of Fe-25wt%Ni-17wt%Cr ASS, it was employed PAN analytical X'pert Pro X-ray diffractometer mounted with a Cu-Kaof 1,5405 A. The coin was also prepared to release its microstructure through a standard metallographical processes including grinding, polishing and etchant. The microstructure of Fe-25wt%Ni-17wt%Cr ASS was observed through an Optical Microscope (OM) and a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM; JSM-7600F, Jeol Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) operated at voltage of 20 kV and a Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) of Hitachi H-9500 operated at a voltage of 300 kV which are each attached by Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS). Thin foil for TEM was prepared using micro sampling method on Focused Ion Beam (FIB) Hitachi FB-2200 at an operating voltage of 40 kV. Moreover, the development of oxide compounds formed on the surface of Fe-25wt%Ni-17wt%Cr ASS after sintering at 900 and 950 o C for 5 minutes was examined by using Raman Spectroscopy (RS). 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1 Microstructure of Fe-25wt%Ni-17wt%Cr ASS X-ray diffraction patterns from the Fe-25wt%Ni-17wt%Cr ASS synthesized at 900 and 950 o C via spark plasma sintering are shown in Figure 1. Prominent peaks related to (111), (200), (220), (311), (222) and (331) planes are presented in both the x-ray diffraction patterns. The prominent peaks indicated that its crystal structure of this steel is a face-centered cubic which is included in the Fm4m space group. Lattice parameter of the structures was determined about 3.5877 Å after sintering temperature at 900 o C and about 3.5876 Å after sintering temperature at 950 o C for 5 minutes. Some studies [7,8] were succeeded to find the same value although they used different methods to prepare their FeNi(Cr) samples. No other peaks that are related to other phases were found in these x-ray diffraction patterns. Thus, the matrix of Fe-25Ni-17Cr ASS can determined to be austenite phase of g-NiFe. As seen in Figure 2, the microstructure of Fe-25wt%Ni-17wt%Cr ASS after spark plasma sintering at 900 and 950 o C for 5 minutes is found to consist of matrix composing by austenite fine grains and fine particles of FeNiCr intermetallic compounds. Such formation after sintering at 900 o C seems to have fine grains and more refine after sintering at 950 o C. Increasing the sintering temperature leads the distribution of very fine particles higher in the matrix. Figure 3 presents increasing the numbers of very fine particles (particle diameter ≤ 1 mm) almost double time after sintering at higher temperature. Thus, more high sintering temperature (from 900 o C to 950 o C) has contributed to the development of formation of Fe-25wt%Ni-17wt%Cr ASS. The microstructure formed at 900 o C consists of matrix of fine austenite grains and fine particles of FeNiCr intermetallic compound speeded in the matrix while sintering at 950 o C forms very fine grains in the matrix and fine particles which distributed more in number. SEM micrograph and EDS result for matrix containing particles are displayed in Figure 4. Element contents in a matrix containing particles identified using EDS was 0 %C, 2.71 %O, 19.92 %Cr, 53.76 %Fe, 23.79 %Ni after sintering at temperature 900 C while the matrix formed after sintering at temperature 950C has 3.18 %C, 3.37 %O, 23.75 %Cr, 50.27 %Fe, 19.43 %Ni. Thus, O content in the Fe-25wt%Ni-17wt%Cr ASS sintered at 950 o C is higher as compared to the ASS sintered 900 o C. Particle 5.90 %C, 4.45 %O, 75.46 %Cr, 10.61 %Fe, 3.68 %Ni Matrix +particles 0 %C, 2.71 %O, 19.92 %Cr, 53.76 %Fe, 23.79 %Ni Particle 8.70 %C, 2.43 %O, 65.62 %Cr, 20.62 %Fe, 2.62 %Ni Matrix + particles 3.18 %C, 3.37 %O, 23.75 %Cr, 50.27 %Fe, 19.43 %Ni Figure 5 are TEM images taken from the Fe-25wt%Ni-17wt%Cr ASS sintered at temperature of 900 and 950 o C for 5 minutes. Some air bubbles are found in the interior and boundary of austenite grains. Such air bubbles increased in number as increasing the sintering temperature to 950 o C. Thus, it is clear that air bubbles trapped more higher after sintering at higher temperature. 3.2 Development of Oxide Compounds Raman analysis was performed using a FT-Raman Senterra (Bruker) with an argon laser (wavelength 532 nm, power 20 mW), with a spatial resolution of 1 µm. The spectra of oxide phases in the Fe–Cr–O system interpreted using the work of McCarty and Boehme [9], who studied Raman signatures of the spinel- (Fe3−xCrxO4) and corundum-type (Fe2−xCrxO3) solid solutions. Figure 6 and 7 shows Raman spectrum of a) sintered sample that was obtained from SPS at temperature of 900 o C, and b) at temperature of 950 o C. In the all areas (see Figure 7) of surface sintered sample at temperature of 950 o C, the Raman spectra of Cr-rich M2O3 (marked a dotted red line) is identified (M: Metal), and this spectrum was not found in the case of 900 o C. In contrast to the temperature 900 o C, the Fe-rich M2O3 spectrum was identified (see Figure 6). The Raman spectrum of a main band at 671 cm −1 , is the characteristic of pure Fe3O4, with no significant amount of dissolved chromium or nickel. These phases are all consistent with the compositions determined with SEM-EDS and XRD. Considering Raman, XRD and EDS results, it assumed that the Cr element at the bottom is pushed up to the surface at temperature of 950 o C and formed Cr-rich M2O3 [9]. The Raman spectrum at temperature of 950 o C that is marked with a blue circle shows a broad band which can be divided into two peaks at around 690 and 734 cm −1 . The peak of 690 cm −1 can be associated with a Cr-rich Fe–Cr spinel [10] or NiCr2O4[10], and the peak of 734 cm −1 can be linked with NiFe2O4[10]. Even so, there are still some uncertainties from the results of Raman and EDS, where there might be also contains NiFe2O4–FeCr2O4 mixture and showed no internal oxidation. Similar with the Fe–25Cr–17Ni alloy, the Fe–25Cr–17Ni alloy occasionally developed intergranular carbides, but from the result there is no found intergranular carbides and no carburization in any of the process of SPS, either 900 o C or 950 o C. The results of Raman's analysis this time, the other possibility of the sintering results from the Fe-Ni-Cr alloy sample is the formation of NiFexCr2xO4, that was reported from another researchers regarding with Ni–Cr–Fe ternary system [11-15]. The Raman spectrum of Fe-rich at around 1500 cm -1 in this study is very close to [13], which is maybe showing the presence of g-Fe2O3 and a-Fe2O3. Spectrum of a-Fe2O3 is usually excited at around 300 and 500 cm -1 , but at 532 nm of laser Raman this time, the spectrum Raman is observed at around 650 and 1500 cm -1 . This is attributed to a disorder-activated longitudinal optical (LO) phonon mode. This normally Raman-forbidden mode has been reported in the Raman spectra of polycrystalline a-Fe 2 O 3 [16] and (Fe,Cr) 2 O 3 alloys [17] and attributed to disorder-induced breakdown of the selection rules. The peak at around 1400 cm -1 is assigned to second order LO (2LO) phonon scattering [16,18]. The difference between the peak of Maslar's work and in this study, it would be caused by a difference in laser wavelength and crystallinity of the reference powders used in this study. Maslar et al. used black NiO powers but there are no information about purity, and irradiated by 647.1 nm krypton ion laser, and in this study use 532 nm of laser for Raman analysis. The peaks exhibited at around 600 (written as Cr-rich) is assumed as the spectrum of Cr 2 O 3 , as reported by [19]. According to Hosterman's work [15], the Raman spectra of the NiFe x Cr 2x O 4 spinel series have five Raman-active modes, and all spinel series except NiCr 2 O 4 show similar features in the spectra. The Raman spectra also show the peaks of NiCr2O4. It should be noted, however, that Cr oxide is most likely present underneath the Ni–Cr spinel oxide surface layer. Sintering of high purity powder of 58% Fe, 25% Ni and 17% Cr at temperatures of 900 and 950C for 5 minutes has been succeeded to fabricate an Fe-25Ni-17Cr austenitic stainless steel consisting of a matrix with fine grains of austenite g-FeNi and a'-Cr particles scattered on the interior and boundary of austenite grains. The fine grains of the austenitic g-FeNi matrix are confirmed by the results of the calculation of x-ray diffraction pattern to have a crystal structure of face-centered cubic which is included in the Fm3m space group. The lattice parameters of crystal structure is about 3.5877 Å as resulted from sintering at 900 o C and 3.5876 Å as resulted from sintering at 950C. These measurements are in agreement with some previous studies [8],[20]-[22] in determining the matrix of austenitic stainless steels and superalloys. In the basis of composition and electron diffraction patterns, fine particles of FeNiCr compounds that are evenly distributed in the interior and boundaries of austenite grains as reported by Dani et al [20] are particles containing high Cr, known as a'-Cr phase. The formation of two phases in Fe-25Ni-17Cr ASS changes with different sintering temperatures, namely 900 and 950C for the same time. Both the Fe-25Ni-17CrASSs formed after sintering at 900 and 950C have almost the same microstructure. The microstructures of ASS consist of a matrix of fine grains of austenite, g-FeNi and fine particles containing high-Cr, a'-Cr spread evenly on the interior and grain boundaries of g-FeNi. The size of the g-FeNi grains becomes smaller as the sintering temperature increases from 900 to 950C. The small size of these grains at high temperatures is expected to occur due to recrystallization process generated from the defects of dislocations and stacking faults formed during the milling and compression during the process of spark plasma sintering so that the size of austenite grain is smaller. Despite of large number of trapped air bubbles, although the number of fine particles of α-Cr in sized > 1 mm did not change much, the number of fine particles <1 mm sized increased almost twice as much as the sintering temperature increased from 900C to 950C. This result is followed by an increase in the O content as identified by EDS from 2.71 to 3.31 %O. Raman results confirmed that the O content reacts to fine particles containing high Cr to form CrO2. Since the number of these particles with sized <1mm increases almost double times by increasing the sintering temperature, the number of O compounds the Fe-25Ni-17Cr ASS increases by increasing the sintering temperature from 900 to 950C for each 5 minutes. Further reading on application [23], [24], and [25] can extend research in the future. 4. CONCLUSION Effect of the temperature of spark plasma sintering on the development of oxide compound in Fe-25wt%Ni-17wt%Cr austenitic stainless steels conducted in this study provides some conclusion as followed: O content in thin film in the surface of Fe-25wt%Ni-17wt%Cr ASS is higher after sintering at temperature at 950 o C as compared to sintering at temperature at 900 o C. The Oxide compounds are mainly reacted to Cr to form CrO as particles which increasing in number as increasing the sintering temperature to 950 o C. The Raman spectra of Cr-rich M2O3 was identified (M: Metal) at sintering temperature of 950 o C, while the Fe-rich M2O3 and pure Fe3O4 without significant amount of dissolved chromium or nickel in a main band at 671 cm −1 was identified at 900 o C. The existence of g-Fe2O3 and a-Fe2O3 was successfully detected from the Raman analysis. Likewise, NiFexCr2xO4 spinel. Raman results are consistent with the compositions determined with SEM-EDS and XRD. Considering Raman, XRD and EDS results, it is assumed that the Cr element at the bottom is pushed up to the surface at temperature of 950 o C and formed Cr-rich M2O3. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The authors would like to express their appreciation to the Head of the Center for Science and Technology for Advanced Materials, Prof. Dr. Ridwan, Head of PSTBM, Dr. Abu Khalid Rivai and Head of BTBM, Dr. Eng., IwanSumirat for their excellent support and coordinator so that this research can be finished properly. Financial support for this research was granted by Insinas Project No. 06/INS-1/PPK/E4/2019. REFERENCES 1. E. A. Olevsky, and D. V. Dudina. Microwave SinteringIn Field-Assisted Sintering,Science and Applications, Berlin, Germany: Springer International Publishing, 2018, pp. 237–274. 2. M. Tokita. Trends in Advanced SPS Spark Plasma Sintering Systems and Technology,J. Soc. Powder Technol. Jpn, vol. 30, pp. 790–804, 1993. 3. Z. A. Munir, D. Quach, M. Ohyanagi. Electric Current Activation of Sintering: A Review of the Pulsed Electric Current Sintering Process,J. Am. Ceram. Soc,vol. 94, pp. 1–19, 2011. 4. M. Tokita. Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) Method, Systems and Applications. In Handbook of Advanced Ceramics: Materials, Applications, Processing and Properties, 2nd ed., Somiya, S., Ed.,Waltham, MA, USA: Academic Press, 2013, pp. 1149–1178. 5. D. V. Dudina, A. K. Mukherjee. Reactive Spark Plasma Sintering: Successes and Challenges of Nanomaterial Synthesis,J. Nanomater,5, 2013. 6. M. B. Shongwe, M. M. Ramakokovhu, S. Diouf, M. O. Durowoju, B. A. Obadele, R. Sule, and P. A. Olubambi. Effect of starting powder particle size and heating rate on spark plasma sintering of FeNi alloys, Journal of Alloys and compounds, vol. 678, pp. 241-248, 2016. 7. M. Kadziolka-Gawel, W. Zarek, E. Popiel and A. Chrobar.The Crystal Structure ands Magnetic Properties of SelectedfccFeNi and Fe40Ni40B20 Alloys,ActaPhysicaPolonica A, vol. 117, no.2, pp. 412-414, 2010. 8. M. Dani, A.Dimyati, Parikin, J.G. Lesmana, A.K. Yahya, A. Insani, Syahbuddin, and C.A. Huang.Microstructure of Austenitic Stainless Steel (25Ni17Cr) Solid Treated with Different Cooling Rate, International Journal of Technology, 2019 (to be published). 9. K. McCarty and D. Boehme.A Raman Study of the Systems Fe3−xCrxO4 and Fe2−xCrxO3, Journal of Solid-State Chemistry, vol. 79, pp. 19–27, 1989. 10. M. da Cunha Belo, M. Walls, N. Hakiki, J. Corset, E. Picquenard, G. Sagon and D. No¨el, Composition,. Structure and Properties of the Oxide Films Formed on the Stainless Steel 316L in a Primary type PWR Environment, Corrosion Science, vol. 40, pp. 447–463, 1998. 11. J.E. Maslar, W.S. Hurst, W.J. Bowers, J. H. Hendricks.In Situ Raman Spectroscopic Investigation of Stainless Steel Hydrothermal Corrosion, Corrosion, vol. 58, no. 9,pp. 739–747, 2002. 12. J. Xu, T. Shoji. The Corrosion Behavior of Alloy 182 in a Cyclic Hydrogenated and Oxygenated Water Chemistry in High Temperature Aqueous Environment, Corrosion Science, vol. 104, pp. 248–259, 2016. 13. J. E. Maslar, W. S. Hurst, T. A. Vanderah and I. Levin, The Raman spectra of Cr3O8 and Cr2O5, J. Raman Spectrosc, vol. 32, p. 201–206, 2001. 14. F. Wang.In-situ Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Investigation of the Surface Films on Alloy 600 and Alloy 690 in Pressurized Water Reactor-Primary Water, Ph.D thesis, University of California, Berkeley, 2012. 15. B. D. Hosterman.Raman Spectroscopic Study of Solid Solution Spinel Oxides, Ph.D thesis, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 2011. 16. M. J. Massey, U. Baier, R. Merlin, and W. H. Weber.Effects of Pressure and Isotopic Substitution on the Raman Spectrum of a-Fe2O3: Identification of Two-Magnon Scattering, Phys. Rev. B, vol. 41, p. 7822, 1990. 17. K. F. McCarty and D. R. Boehme.A Raman Study of the Systems Fe3−xCrxO4 and Fe2−xCrxO3, J. Solid State Chem., vol. 79, no. 1, p. 19-27, 1989. 18. K. F. McCarty.Inelastic Light Scattering in a-Fe2O3: Phonon vs Magnon Scattering, Solid State Commun., vol. 68, no.8, p. 799-802, 1988. 19. J. Kim, K. J. Choi, C. B. Bahn, J. H. Kim.In situ Raman Spectroscopic Analysis of Surface Oxide Films on Ni-base Alloy/Low Alloy Steel Dissimilar Metal Weld Interfaces in High-Temperature Water, Journal of Nuclear Materials, vol. 449, pp. 181–187, 2014. 20. M. Dani, S. Mustofa, Parikin et al. Effect of Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) at Temperatures of 900 and 950 o C for 5 Minutes on Microstructural Formation of Fe-25Ni-17Cr Austenitic Stainless Steel, 2019 (to be published). 21. B. Geddes, H. Leon, and X. Huang.Superalloy: Alloying and Performance, Ohio: ASM International, 2010. 22. C.H. Hong, Y. H Shek, N. H Heo, S. J. Kim.Coherent or Incoherent Transition of Precipitate during Rupture Test in TP347H Austenitic Stainless Steels, Materials Characterization, vol. 115, pp. 71-82, 2016. 23. Iasechko, M., Larin, V., Maksiuta, D., (...), Zinchenko, A., Vozniak, R. Model description of the modified solid state plasma material for electromagnetic radiation protection, International Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering Research 7(10), pp. 376-382, 2019. 24. Turinskyi, O., Iasechko, M., Larin, V., (...), Tarshyn, V., Dziubenko, Y. The investigation of the impulse evolution of the radio-frequency and optical radiation during the interaction with the solid-state plasma media on radioisotope and hexaferrite inclusions,International Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering Research 8(2),47, pp. 568-573, 2020 25. Darmawan, A.S., Siswanto, W.A., Sujitno, T. Comparison of commercially pure titanium surface hardness improvement by plasma nitrocarburizing and ion implantation, Advanced Materials Research, 789, pp. 347-351, 2013.	<urn:uuid:49355c9e-c968-48f4-a4d4-1ae3fe1baa30>	CC-MAIN-2021-39	http://www.warse.org/IJETER/static/pdf/file/ijeter122892020.pdf	2021-09-19T10:10:59+00:00	s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/crawl=CC-MAIN-2021-39/subset=warc/part-00010-f465d820-0362-4c4c-a396-c69f5fd24cc4.c000.gz.parquet	116,445,074	6,213	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.759082	eng_Latn	0.950472	[ "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn" ]	false	rolmOCR	[ 4848, 7948, 8686, 9466, 15619, 21104, 22271 ]
Dear Parents / Carers, Re: 2C & 2P – Horniman Museum & Gardens In connection with our topic on 'Toys' this term, the children will be visiting The Horniman Museum and Gardens on Monday 7 th November 2016. We will be travelling by bus and will return to school by 3.00pm. We need a voluntary contribution of £7.00 to cover the cost of the workshops. Please make your payment via ParentPay and kindly return your permission slip to your class teacher/TA. Our children are currently learning about Toys as part of their Year 2 topic for this term. Therefore we have booked two workshops at the Horniman Museum, where they will be looking at different toys from around the world, as well as designing and making their own puppets. Please send your child with a waterproof coat and footwear appropriate for a long walk. Your child is entitled to a Free Packed Lunch from the school kitchen and will be given one on that day. If you would like to send your child with a snack please feel free to do so. We shall need extra parents/carers to accompany us on the trip. If you are available, please see me as soon as possible. Yours sincerely, Class Teachers ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ PLEASE RETURN TO CLASS TEACHER/ TA THE HORNIMAN MUSEUM 07/11/2016 CHILDS NAME: ______________________________ CLASS: 2C/2P EMERGENCY CONTACT NUMBER: _________________________________ I GIVE PERMISSION FOR MY CHILD TO GO ON THIS TRIP I WOULD LIKE TO ACCOMPANY MY CHILD ON THIS VISIT for list 99 : Full Name___________________________ D.o.B:_________ SIGNED______________________ DATE: _________ Monday 03 October 2016 Dear Parents / Carers, Re: 2W – Horniman Museum & Gardens In connection with our topic on 'Toys' this term, the children will be visiting The Horniman Museum and Gardens on Tuesday 8 th November 2016. We will be travelling by bus and will return to school by 3.00pm. We need a voluntary contribution of £7.00 to cover the cost of the workshops. Please make your payment via ParentPay and kindly return your permission slip to your class teacher/TA. Our children are currently learning about Toys as part of their Year 2 topic for this term. Therefore we have booked two workshops at the Horniman Museum, where they will be looking at different toys from around the world, as well as designing and making their own puppets. Please send your child with a waterproof coat and footwear appropriate for a long walk. Your child is entitled to a Free Packed Lunch from the school kitchen and will be given one on that day. If you would like to send your child with a snack please feel free to do so. We shall need extra parents/carers to accompany us on the trip. If you are available, please see me as soon as possible. Yours sincerely, Class Teacher ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ PLEASE RETURN TO CLASS TEACHER/ TA THE HORNIMAN MUSEUM 08/11/2016 CHILDS NAME: ______________________________ CLASS: 2W EMERGENCY CONTACT NUMBER: _________________________________ I GIVE PERMISSION FOR MY CHILD TO GO ON THIS TRIP I WOULD LIKE TO ACCOMPANY MY CHILD ON THIS VISIT for list 99 : Full Name___________________________ D.o.B:_________ SIGNED______________________ DATE: _________ Monday 03 October 2016	<urn:uuid:1219e75d-4312-4e87-9bfa-41854de33674>	CC-MAIN-2017-34	http://rusheygreen.lewisham.sch.uk/perch/resources/y2-to-horniman-museum-112016.pdf	2017-08-22T12:44:23Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886110774.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20170822123737-20170822143737-00311.warc.gz	362,359,404	750	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.999153	eng_Latn	0.999122	[ "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn" ]	false	rolmOCR	[ 1802, 3599 ]
New Jersey Workforce Innovation Notice 3-15 TO: Workforce Development Board Directors One-Stop Operators Employment Service Managers FROM: John Bicica, Chief, Office of WIOA Technical Assistance and Capacity Building DATE: September 14, 2015 Purpose To inform the New Jersey workforce system of Training and Employment Guidance Letter (TEGL) 4-15, which was recently issued by the United States Department of Labor Employment and Training Administration. Background The purpose of TEGL 4-15 is to provide a vison for the One-Stop Delivery System under the Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (WIOA). This guidance document provides key statements from the TEGL; the complete document can be accessed here: http://wdr.doleta.gov/directives/attach/TEGL/TEGL_04-15_Acc.pdf TEGL 4-15-Vision for the One-Stop Career Centers under WIOA The publicly funded workforce system envisioned by WIOA is quality-focused, employer-driven, customer-centered, and tailored to meet the needs of regional economies. It is designed to increase access to, and opportunities for, the employment, education, training, and support services that individuals need to succeed in the labor market, particularly those with barriers to employment. It aligns workforce development, education, and economic development programs with regional economic development strategies to meet the needs of local and regional employer and provide a comprehensive, accessible and high-quality workforce development system. This is accomplished by providing all customers access to high-quality One-Stop Career Centers that connect them with the full range of services available in their communities, whether they are looking to find jobs, build basic educational or occupational skills, earn a postsecondary certificate or degree, or obtain guidance on how to make career choices, or are businesses and employers seeking skilled workers. Under WIOA, partner programs and entities that are jointly responsible for workforce and economic development, educational, and other human resource programs collaborate to create a seamless customer-focused one-stop delivery system that integrates service delivery across all programs and enhances access to the programs' services. Core Programs and Required Partners - The one-stop delivery system includes six core programs; required partners and optional partners that are identified in WIOA, which are listed below: Six Core Programs Title I Youth Title I Adult Title I Dislocated Workers Title II Adult Education and Family Literacy Title III Wagner-Peyser Programs Title IV Vocational Rehabilitation Program Required Partners Career and Technical Education (Perkins) Community Service Block Grants Housing and Urban Development Employment and Training Programs Job Corps Local Veterans Employment Representative and Disabled Veterans' Outreach Program National Farmworker Jobs Program Senior Community Service Program Temporary Assistance to Needy Families Trade Adjustment Program Unemployment Compensation Programs YouthBuild Indian and Native American Programs - Listed as a required partner, but there are no federally-recognized Native American groups in New Jersey. Optional Partners-May include, with approval of the local board and the chief elected official: * US Social Security Administration Employment and Training Programs (i.e. Ticket-toWork) * Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program Employment and Training Programs * National and Community Service Act Programs * Vocational Rehabilitation Client Assistance Program * Other employment, education or training programs, such as those operated by libraries or in the public sector. Characteristics of a High-Quality One-Stop Career Center TEGL 4-15 lists the following as characteristics of a High Quality One-Stop Career Center: Excellent Customer Service * Reflect welcoming environment to all customer groups served by one-stop career centers * Improve the skills of job seeker and worker customers * Develop, offer and deliver quality business services * Create opportunities for individuals at all skill levels and experience * Provide career services that motivate, support and empower customers One-Stop Reflect Innovative and Effective Service Design * Use integrated and expert intake process for all customers entering one-stop career centers * Balance traditional labor exchange services with strategic talent development * Design and implement practices that actively engage industry sectors * Ensure meaningful access to all customers * Incorporate innovative and evidence-based delivery models * Include both virtual and center-based service delivery One-Stops Operate with Integrated Management Systems and High-Quality Staffing * Develop and maintain integrated case management systems * Develop and implement operational polices that reflect an integrated system * Train and equip one-stop career center staff in ongoing learning processes * Use common performance indicators * Staff one-stop career centers with highly trained career counselors Action Required This document is to be distributed to all one-stop partners and other related agencies. Local areas should ensure that the vision provided by USDOL is incorporated into their local plans and policies, including the development of memoranda of understanding. Authority Questions For questions regarding this guidance, contact John Bicica, Chief, at [email protected]	<urn:uuid:7d0902be-a9f8-4260-b983-ff1586a60e46>	CC-MAIN-2023-23	https://www.nj.gov/labor/wioa/documents/techassistance/NJWIN%203-15.pdf	2023-06-02T15:11:37+00:00	s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/crawl=CC-MAIN-2023-23/subset=warc/part-00160-ffa3bf93-6ba1-4a27-adea-b0baae3b4389.c000.gz.parquet	1,001,600,609	1,008	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.986116	eng_Latn	0.987627	[ "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn" ]	false	rolmOCR	[ 1907, 3686, 5468 ]
Estimation of the parameters of a delayed process using open loop time domain techniques Morena Stolfa Technological University Dublin Aidan O'Dwyer Technological University Dublin, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: [https://arrow.tudublin.ie/engscheleart](https://arrow.tudublin.ie/engscheleart) Part of the Controls and Control Theory Commons Recommended Citation Stolfa, Morena and O'Dwyer, Aidan: Estimation of the parameters of a delayed process using open loop time domain techniques. Proceedings of the 2nd Wismarer Automatisierungssymposium (Section: Regelungstechnik), Wismar, Germany, September. doi:10.21427/wv3k-2455 This Conference Paper is brought to you for free and open access by the School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering at ARROW@TU Dublin. It has been accepted for inclusion in Conference papers by an authorized administrator of ARROW@TU Dublin. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]. Estimation of the Parameters of a Delayed Process Using Open Loop Time Domain Techniques M.Stolfa, A.O’Dwyer, School of Control Systems and Electrical Engineering, Dublin Institute of Technology, Kevin St., Dublin8, Ireland. Abstract- In this paper we present three different approaches to fit the experimental data of a process with time delay in the time domain. Two of the proposed methods are based on the step response, and the third is based on the pulse response. The effectiveness of these techniques is verified by simulation results and by real-time experimental data. Only first order lag plus time delay models are considered in this paper. Keywords- Open loop, time domain, static gain, time constant, time delay 1. INTRODUCTION Time delays are common in industrial applications such as mixing in agitated vessels, heat exchangers, distillation columns and many other transients. The industrial processes of these types may be modelled as a First Order Lag Plus time Delay (FOLPD) model or as a Second Order Lag Plus time Delay (SOSPD) model. In a paper by O’Dwyer and Hagglund[1] analysed estimation methods for time delayed processes, which may be broadly classified into time domain and frequency domain techniques. This paper treats time domain estimation methods both in simulation using MATLAB/SIMULINK and in implementation on the PETS (process trainer) system and the SISO system. The discussion will be restricted to single input-single output (SISO) models, whose applications are currently more realistic from an implementation point of view. Methods based on the step response are considered are the two-point method and the area method, well described by Norgaard et al[2], among others. The method based on the pulse response that is considered is called the method of moments (Seborg et al[3]). The methods allow the determination of the parameters of a FOLPD model, i.e. the static gain K, the time constant T and the time delay L. The paper is organized as follows: Section 2 describes the algorithms used in the study; Section 3 presents the simulation results and the implementation results. A comparison of the experimental and simulation results is given in Section 4. Concluding remarks are provided in Section 5. A reference list is reported in Section 6. 2. DESCRIPTION OF THE ALGORITHMS 2.1. TWO POINT METHOD This method was explained by Shaw[4], and it gives a FOLPD model fit to the process. The method involves determining the time taken for the step response to reach 28% of its final value and 63% of its final value (t_{28} and t_{63}). The time delay L and the time constant T are subsequently calculated from the following simultaneous equations: \[ \begin{cases} t_{28} = L + T/3 \\ t_{63} = L + T \end{cases} \] (2.1) Considering that t_{28} and t_{63} are the pertinent values from the experimental data, the result may be obtained as follow: \[ \begin{bmatrix} L \\ T \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 1/3 \\ 1 & 1 \end{bmatrix}^{-1} \begin{bmatrix} t_{28} \\ t_{63} \end{bmatrix} \] (2.2) 2.2. AREA METHOD Another method, which is based on determination of areas from the step response, can be used. In this method, gain K is first determined from the steady-state value of the step response. Area A_0 is then determined (see Figure 1). Hence the average residence time (T_{av}) of the system may be shown to be: \[ L + T = A_0/K_0 = T_{av} \] (2.3) Area A1 (see Figure 1) is then determined, and T is given by: \[ T = (A_1/K_0)e \] (2.4) With this method parameters $L$ and $T$ are both determined from computation of areas. The method based on area determination is less sensitive to high-frequency disturbances than the two-point method. On the other hand, the area method is more sensitive to low-frequency disturbances such as a change in static load. 2.3. THE METHOD OF MOMENTS A drawback of the area method is that it requires storage of the step response. Area $A_0$ cannot be computed until area $A_1$ is determined. Therefore, some alternative methods that are also based on integration will be considered. An example for a three parameter model follows. Åström and Hagglund\textsuperscript{7} provide the mathematical details of this method. Consider the transfer function \[ G(s) = \frac{K}{1 + sT} e^{-sL} \] (2.5) It follows that: \[ K = G(0) = \int_{0}^{\infty} h(t) dt \] (2.6) with $h(t)$ being an impulse response. Then it may be shown that \[ T_w = L + T = \frac{\int_{0}^{\infty} h(t) dt}{\int_{0}^{\infty} t h(t) dt} \] (2.7) and \[ T^2 = \frac{\int_{0}^{\infty} t^2 h(t) dt}{\int_{0}^{\infty} t h(t) dt} - T_w^2 \] (2.8) From equations (2.6) to (2.8), it is clear how the three parameters of the model may be determined. 3. SIMULATION and IMPLEMENTATION The methods are simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK. The experimental data are imported and analysed by using Microsoft Excel 97, from which we can copy the time and the measured value arrays in MATLAB to correlate and simulate the data through some appropriate M-files. In the area method, the response may be conveniently normalised by dividing the measurement signal by the step size of the control signal. In the method of moments, normalisation is carried out by dividing the measured value array by the area of the pulse input (Åström and Hagglund\textsuperscript{7}, Seborg et al.\textsuperscript{8}) 3.1. EQUIPMENT A function generator may be used to drive an input to the process. To read the response, it is possible to use a digital storage oscilloscope. In this case it is preferable to use a data acquisition package called VICTOR (Visual Instrumental Control program). Using this package in external mode (i.e. it acts as a recorder) with the PCS326 heating and ventilation system, two different experiments are performed (step response and pulse response). The experiments are conducted with the temperature set point of 30°C and the blower inlet angle of 40°. The detector probe is set at the 11 inch position. The sample time is set at 0.00495 seconds, smaller than the anticipated dead time $L$. 3.2. EXPERIMENT #1 A step input going from 0 (25% of controlled variable <c.v.>) to 25 (50% of <c.v.>) is given to the system. It corresponds to a step input going from 25°C to 35°C. Three vectors of data are obtained: time, input, measured value (output). The results are shown in Figure 2. 3.3 EXPERIMENT#2 A pulse input from 0 (50% of c.v.) to 40 (90% of c.v.) is now input to our system. The output array has to be divided by the value of the area of the pulse input, equal to 4.396. The two outlined areas in Figure 3 show the data arrays chosen for the MATLAB/SIMULINK simulation. 4. FINAL ANALYSIS The final and most important step is to fit the experimental data with the FOLPD model using the two point method, area method and method of moments. Table 1 shows the difference in the values of K, T and L calculated, using the three methods. \| \| TWO POINT METHOD \| AREA METHOD \| METHOD OF MOMENTS \| \|----------------\|------------------\|-------------\|-------------------\| \| K \| 1.0400 \| 1.1524 \| 1.0598 \| \| T \| 0.4776 \| 1.1460 \| 0.2391 \| \| L \| 0.2824 \| 0.1805 \| 0.1805 \| Table 1 The values of K, T and L are taken from Table 1 and are used as data in a SIMULINK simulation. The outputs of two of the model responses are shown in Figure 4. It’s evident that the two-point method fits in an excellent way the experimental points in the time range 0-4 sec, but then they deviate from each other, although the difference is not really pronounced. As an alternative demonstration of the quality of two-point method over the other two methods, we analyse the mean sum of the squares of the errors ($\sigma^2$). The formula for $\sigma^2$ is $$\sigma^2 = \frac{\sum_{i=1}^{N} [y_i - y(x_i)]^2}{N}$$ \hspace{1cm} (2.9) where: - $y_i$: sample point of the process - $y(x_i)$: sample point of the model - N: number of points From the square root of $\sigma^2$, we get (see Table 2): \| $\sigma^2$ \| Two-point method \| Area method \| Method of moments \| \|------------\|------------------\|-------------\|-------------------\| \| 1.414 \| 2.606 \| 1.987 \| Table 2 It is possible now to see with certainty that the two-point method is the better one. Figure 5 shows how the method of moments fits the data points. It is interesting that the area method was expected to provide more acceptable results than the two-point method (Astrom et al). This will explored in more detail at the symposium. 5. CONCLUSIONS Process modelling is particularly important in determining correct operating procedures and in designing control systems. The models derived and discussed in Section 2 are simple however, even simple models can be used effectively if key model parameters are fit to actual process operating data. The results in Section 3 show clearly that the two-point method gives superior fitting to the experimental data than the other two methods considered. This is interesting, as the method has the advantage of simplicity. It appears sensible that future work in time domain analysis should concentrate on such methods. 6. REFERENCES 1. A.O’Dwyer, J.V.Rajapuveli: “A classification technique for the compensation of time delayed processes. Part 1: parameter optimised controllers”, Modern Applied Mathematical techniques in Circuits, Systems and Control, World Scientific and Engineering Press, pp. 176-186, ISBN: 960-8052-05-X. 2. K.Astrom, T.Hagglund: “PID controllers: theory, design, and tuning”, Instrument Society of America, 1995. 3. Y.Nishikawa, N.Sakamotoya, T.Ohta, H.Tanaka: “A method for auto-tuning of PID control parameters”, Automatica, 1994, 30, pp. 329-333. 4. D.E.Clarke, T.F.Edgar, D.A.Mellichamp: “Process dynamics and control”, John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1989. 5. J.A.Shaw: “Analysis of traditional PID tuning methods”, Proceedings of the ISA/93 Advances in Instrumentation and Control Conference, 1993, 48, pp. 391-400. 6. K.Astrom, T.Hagglund, C.C.Hang, W.K.Ho: “Automatic tuning and adaptation for PID controllers-a survey”, Control Engineering Practice, 1993, 1, pp. 699-714.	<urn:uuid:513ba53d-e465-4d08-94bb-1bacd41f401d>	CC-MAIN-2018-13	https://arrow.dit.ie/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=1085&context=engscheleart	2018-03-24T08:30:57Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257649961.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20180324073738-20180324093738-00742.warc.gz	543,203,071	2,876	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.947346	eng_Latn	0.981338	[ "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn" ]	true	docling	[ 1037, 4550, 7405, 9479, 11300 ]
Gov. Kathy Hochul announced construction is set to begin on the extension of the “crow’s nest” at Niagara Falls State Park. The expansion project includes the addition of new stairs and an overlook structure that will connect the existing walkway feature to Prospect Point at Niagara Falls State Park, providing a new and close-up view of the American Falls. Hochul’s team said, “The crow’s nest is a set of stairs located alongside the American Falls that allow visitors to climb halfway up the side of the falls for breathtaking views of the falls from above. It allows visitors to go back down into the gorge and return to the upper level via the Maid of the Mist elevators. When complete, the project will provide visitors with a new option to experience the Niagara Gorge and relieve popular visitor congestion in the lower gorge during the busy season, where the only current means of egress is the elevator inside of the observation tower. The stairs will be operated as a one-way egress from the lower gorge during the busy season, and as a two-way access to the overlook during a portion of the offseason.” Speaking of the extension of the crow’s nest area at a press conference Tuesday morning, New York State Parks Niagara Region Director Mark Mistretta said, “Today, we’re going to break ground on a pretty significant project. It’s been anticipated; it’s very important; and some might say it’s really important – more so than any of our other projects.” He explained, “There is a narrow walkway from the bottom of the gorge, at the base of the tower, that comes up to a dead end. Literally, a crow’s nest. A small area that is a phenomenal photo op. It’s very popular. “You get up there, but you have to come back. So, it does get congested during our busiest times. We want to think about, do better. This project is about doing better. “What we’re excited about is the project we’re about to break ground on today is going to provide a view that is going to offer a view of the falls that we never had. We’re going to build a platform pretty close to the edge. It’ll seem like you can almost go out and touch the falls. You can’t, of course. But it’s going to be that close. It’s going to be spectacular.” Mistretta noted efforts undertaken to overcome the natural challenges – and winter weather – associated with the crow’s nest expansion. “This project was very complicated,” he said. “It took a lot of professional minds to figure out how to get from down there all the way up here, in one of the harshest environments you can imagine.” Pointing to the railway overlooking the walkway, he noted, “Something like 104 people per day rides up and down there. We had to figure it out – and we had the right team.” WSP is the lead consultant, working alongside McMahon & Marston Consulting Engineers, Fisher Consulting Group and Arcadis. Mark Cerrone is the general contractor. “Working with our professionals, we really came up with an exciting solution,” Mistretta said. “Everyone to geologists to environmentalists, to structural, civil engineers, planners – we had every (sector) on it.” Construction on the $9 million project will begin after Labor Day with a targeted opening date of summer 2026. The crow’s next expansion is being funded by State Parks capital funding, The Maid of the Mist Corp., the Niagara River Greenway Fund and federal Land and Water Conservation Fund. Bonnie Lockwood, representing Hochul, said, “To learn about this wonderful project, and all of the folks involved in making it a reality is a testament to the credit of all of you who work hard every day and look for opportunities to expand SEE PROJECT, continued on Page 20	f7edae0e-cf26-499b-9b27-15161defdae0	CC-MAIN-2024-46	https://www.wnypapers.com/documents/1-Paper-PDFs/0-2024/8-Aug-24/8-30-TS/Page%2019%20Tribune-Sentinel%208-30-24.pdf	2024-11-05T07:25:53+00:00	s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/crawl=CC-MAIN-2024-46/subset=warc/part-00220-65a16d46-7179-4f3c-849a-3216b203b23b.c000.gz.parquet	1,003,037,300	785	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.99924	eng_Latn	0.99924	[ "eng_Latn" ]	true	docling	[ 3685 ]
1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 The parties to this Consent Judgment ("Parties") are the Center for Environmental Health ("CEH") and defendant Evriholder Products, LLC ("Settling Defendant"). CEH and Settling Defendant are referred to collectively as the "Parties." 1.2 Settling Defendant is a corporation that employs ten (10) or more persons and that manufactures, distributes, and/or sells latex resistance bands that contain n-nitrosodiethylamine ("NDEA") in the State of California or has done so in the past. 1.3 On April 14, 2021, CEH served a 60-Day Notice of Violation under Proposition 65 (The Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986, California Health & Safety Code § 25249.5, et seq. ) (“Notice”) on Settling Defendant, the California Attorney General, the District Attorneys of every County in the State of California, and the City Attorneys for every City in the State of California with a population greater than 750,000. The Notice alleges violations of Proposition 65 with respect to the presence of NDEA in latex resistance bands that are manufactured, distributed, and/or sold by Settling Defendant. 1.4 On July 20, 2021, CEH filed the above-captioned action in the Superior Court of California for Alameda County. On September 30, 2021, CEH amended the complaint to name Settling Defendant as a defendant in this action. 1.5 For purposes of this Consent Judgment only, the Parties stipulate that: (i) this Court has jurisdiction over the allegations of violations contained in the operative Complaint in the above-captioned action (“Complaint”) and personal jurisdiction over Settling Defendant as to the acts alleged in the Complaint; (ii) venue is proper in the County of Alameda; and (iii) this Court has jurisdiction to enter this Consent Judgment. 1.6 Nothing in this Consent Judgment is, or shall be construed as, an admission by the Parties of any fact, conclusion of law, issue of law, or violation of law, nor shall compliance with the Consent Judgment constitute or be construed as an admission by the Parties of any fact, conclusion of law, issue of law, or violation of law. Nothing in this Consent Judgment shall prejudice, waive, or impair any right, remedy, argument, or defense the Parties may have in any other legal proceeding. This Consent Judgment is the product of negotiation and compromise and is accepted by the Parties for purposes of settling, compromising, and resolving issues disputed in this action. 2. DEFINITIONS 2.1 “Covered Products” means latex resistance bands. 2.2 “Effective Date” means the date on which this Consent Judgment is entered by the Court. 3. INJUNCTIVE RELIEF 3.1 Reformulation of Covered Products. As of the Effective Date, Settling Defendant shall not manufacture, distribute, sell, or offer for sale any Covered Product that contains NDEA in excess of 20 parts per billion ("ppb") as determined using ISO Standard 19577 (the "Test Protocol") by an independent accredited laboratory that will be sold or offered for sale to California consumers. 3.2 Specification to and Certification from Suppliers. No more than thirty (30) days after the Effective Date, Settling Defendant shall issue specifications to any suppliers that supply Settling Defendant with Covered Products that will be sold or offered for sale to California consumers requiring that those Covered Products not contain NDEA in excess of 20 ppb, and shall instruct any such supplier to use reasonable efforts to eliminate Covered Products containing NDEA on a nationwide basis. Settling Defendant shall obtain and maintain written certification(s) from any suppliers of Covered Products confirming that all such Covered Products received by Settling Defendant for distribution in California do not contain NDEA in excess of 20 ppb as determined using the Test Protocol by an independent accredited laboratory. Settling Defendant shall not be deemed in violation of the requirements of Section 3.1 for any Covered Product to the extent: (a) it has relied on a written certification from its vendor that supplied a Covered Product that such Covered Product does not contain NDEA in excess of 20 ppb as determined using the Test Protocol by an independent accredited laboratory and such certification has not previously been demonstrated to be invalid, or (b) it has obtained a test result from an independent third party accredited laboratory reporting that the Covered Product does not contain NDEA in excess of 20 ppb as determined using the Test Protocol. 4. ENFORCEMENT 4.1 CEH may, by motion or application for an order to show cause before the Superior Court of the County of Alameda, enforce the terms and conditions contained in this Consent Judgment. Prior to bringing any motion or application to enforce the requirements of Section 3 above, CEH shall provide Settling Defendant with a Notice of Violation setting forth the basis for the alleged violation. The Parties shall then meet and confer regarding the basis for CEH’s anticipated motion or application in an attempt to resolve it informally. Should such attempts at meeting and conferring fail, CEH may file its enforcement motion or application. In ruling on any motion to enforce the terms of this section, the Court may, in addition to ordering compliance with the terms of this Consent Judgment, employ such remedies as necessary to ensure compliance with Proposition 65 including, but not limited to, requiring Settling Defendant to provide warnings. Should CEH prevail on any motion or application to enforce a material violation of this Consent Judgment under this Section, CEH shall be entitled to its reasonable attorneys’ fees and costs incurred as a result of such motion or application. Should Settling Defendant prevail on any motion or application under this Section, Settling Defendant may be awarded its reasonable attorneys’ fees and costs as a result of such motion or application upon a finding by the court that CEH’s prosecution of the motion or application was not in good faith. 5. PAYMENTS 5.1 Payments by Settling Defendant. Within fifteen (15) calendar days of the Effective Date, Settling Defendant shall pay the total sum of $16,000 and no cents as a settlement payment as further set forth in this Section. Any payment by Settling Defendant shall be deemed to be timely and not subject to a late charge and/or other penalty if (1) postmarked (if sent by the United States Postal Service) or (2) delivered to an overnight carrier (e.g. Fed Ex), on or before the deadline set forth in this paragraph. 5.2 Allocation of Payments. The total settlement amount for Settling Defendant shall be paid in five (5) separate checks in the amounts specified below and delivered as set forth below. Any failure by Settling Defendant to comply with the payment terms herein shall be subject to a joint and several stipulated late fee to be paid by Settling Defendant in the amount of $100 for each day the full payment is not received after the applicable payment due date set forth in Section 5.1. The late fees required under this Section shall be recoverable, together with reasonable attorneys’ fees, in an enforcement proceeding brought pursuant to Section 4 of this Consent Judgment. The funds paid by Settling Defendant shall be allocated as set forth below between the following categories and made payable as follows: 5.2.1 $2,100 as a civil penalty pursuant to Health & Safety Code § 25249.7(b). The civil penalty payment shall be apportioned in accordance with Health & Safety Code § 25249.12 (25% to CEH and 75% to the State of California’s Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (“OEHHA”)). Accordingly, the OEHHA portion of the civil penalty payment for $1,575 shall be made payable to OEHHA and associated with taxpayer identification number 68-0284486. This payment shall be delivered as follows: For United States Postal Service Delivery: Attn: Mike Gyurics Fiscal Operations Branch Chief Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment P.O. Box 4010, MS #19B Sacramento, CA 95812-4010 For Non-United States Postal Service Delivery: Attn: Mike Gyurics Fiscal Operations Branch Chief Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment 1001 I Street, MS #19B Sacramento, CA 95814 The CEH portion of the civil penalty payment for $525 shall be made payable to the Center for Environmental Health and associated with taxpayer identification number 94-3251981. This payment shall be delivered to Lexington Law Group, 503 Divisadero Street, San Francisco, CA 94117. 5.2.2 $1,500 as an Additional Settlement Payment (“ASP”) to CEH pursuant to Health & Safety Code § 25249.7(b), and California Code of Regulations, Title 11, § 3204. CEH will use these funds to support CEH programs and activities that seek to educate the public about toxic chemicals, including carcinogenic nitrosamines such as NDEA, work with industries interested in moving toward safer alternatives, advocate with government, businesses and communities for business practices that are safe for human health and the environment, and thereby reduce the public health impacts and risks of exposure to NDEA and other toxic chemicals in consumer products sold in California. CEH shall obtain and maintain adequate records to document that ASPs are spent on these activities and CEH agrees to provide such documentation to the Attorney General within thirty (30) days of any request from the Attorney General. The payment pursuant to this Section shall be made payable to the Center for Environmental Health and associated with taxpayer identification number 94-3251981. This payment shall be delivered to Lexington Law Group, 503 Divisadero Street, San Francisco, CA 94117. 5.2.3 $12,400 as a reimbursement of a portion of CEH’s reasonable attorneys’ fees and costs. The attorneys’ fees and cost reimbursement shall be made in two separate checks as follows: (a) $10,300 payable to the Lexington Law Group and associated with taxpayer identification number 94-3317175; and (b) $2,100 payable to the Center for Environmental Health and associated with taxpayer identification number 94-3251981. Both of these payments shall be delivered to Lexington Law Group, 503 Divisadero Street, San Francisco, CA 94117. 5.2.4 To summarize, Settling Defendant shall deliver checks made out to the payees and in the amounts set forth below: \| Payee \| Type \| Amount \| Deliver To \| \|------------------------------\|---------------\|--------\|-----------------------\| \| OEHHA \| Penalty \| $1,575 \| OEHHA per Section 5.2.1 \| \| Center For Environmental Health \| Penalty \| $525 \| LLG \| \| Center For Environmental Health \| ASP \| $1,500 \| LLG \| \| Lexington Law Group \| Fee and Cost \| $10,300\| LLG \| \| Center For Environmental Health \| Fee and Cost \| $2,100 \| LLG \| 5.3 Notwithstanding the provisions of the Enforcement of Judgments Law and Code of Civil Procedure § 780.160, in the event that Settling Defendant does not comply fully with its payment obligations under this Section 5, in addition to any other enforcement mechanism available to CEH, CEH may seek an order requiring Settling Defendant to submit a debtor’s examination in the Alameda County Superior Court. In the event that Settling Defendant fails to submit to any such debtor’s examination ordered by the Court, CEH may seek an order holding Settling Defendant in contempt of Court. 6. MODIFICATION 6.1 Written Consent. This Consent Judgment may be modified from time to time by express written agreement of the Parties with the approval of the Court, or by an order of this Court upon motion and in accordance with law. 6.2 Meet and Confer. Any Party seeking to modify this Consent Judgment shall attempt in good faith to meet and confer with all affected Parties prior to filing a motion to modify the Consent Judgment. The Parties acknowledge and agree that a change in the no significant risk level for NDEA may provide a reason for modification of Sections 3.1 and 3.2 of this Consent Judgment. 7. CLAIMS COVERED AND RELEASED 7.1 This Consent Judgment is a full, final and binding resolution between CEH on behalf of itself and the public interest and Settling Defendant and Settling Defendant’s parents, subsidiaries, affiliated entities that are under common ownership, directors, officers, employees, agents, shareholders, successors, assigns, and attorneys (“Defendant Releasees”), and all entities to which Settling Defendant directly or indirectly distribute or sell Covered Products, including but not limited to distributors, wholesalers, customers, retailers, franchisees, licensors and licensees (“Downstream Defendant Releasees”), of any violation of Proposition 65 based on failure to warn about alleged exposure to NDEA contained in Covered Products that were sold, distributed or offered for sale by Settling Defendant prior to the Effective Date. 7.2 CEH, for itself, its agents, successors and assigns, releases, waives, and forever discharges any and all claims against Settling Defendant, Defendant Releasees, and Downstream Defendant Releasees arising from any violation of Proposition 65 or any other statutory or common law claims that have been or could have been asserted by CEH regarding a violation of Proposition 65 and/or the failure to warn about exposure to NDEA arising in connection with Covered Products manufactured by or for Settling Defendant prior to the Effective Date. 7.3 Compliance with the terms of this Consent Judgment by Settling Defendant shall constitute compliance with Proposition 65 by Settling Defendant, its Defendant Releasees and its Downstream Defendant Releasees with respect to any alleged failure to warn about NDEA in Covered Products manufactured, distributed or sold by Settling Defendant after the Effective Date for as long as Settling Defendant continue testing in accordance with Section 3.2.. 8. NOTICE 8.1 When CEH is entitled to receive any notice under this Consent Judgment, the notice shall be sent by first class and electronic mail to: Mark Todzo Lexington Law Group 503 Divisadero Street San Francisco, CA 94117 [email protected] 8.2 When Settling Defendant is entitled to receive any notice under this Consent Judgment, the notice shall be sent by first class and electronic mail to: Daniel W. Fox K&L Gates LLP Four Embarcadero Center, Suite 1200 San Francisco, CA 94111 [email protected] 8.3 Any Party may modify the person and address to whom the notice is to be sent by sending the other Party notice by first class and electronic mail. 9. COURT APPROVAL 9.1 This Consent Judgment shall become effective upon entry by the Court. CEH shall prepare and file a Motion for Approval of this Consent Judgment and Settling Defendant shall support entry of this Consent Judgment. 9.2 If this Consent Judgment is not entered by the Court, it shall be of no force or effect and shall never be introduced into evidence or otherwise used in any proceeding for any purpose other than to allow the Court to determine if there was a material breach of Section 9.1. 10. GOVERNING LAW AND CONSTRUCTION 10.1 The terms of this Consent Judgment shall be governed by the laws of the State of California. 11. ATTORNEYS’ FEES 11.1 Should CEH prevail on any motion, application for an order to show cause, or other proceeding to enforce a violation of this Consent Judgment, CEH shall be entitled to its reasonable attorneys’ fees and costs incurred as a result of such motion or application. Should Settling Defendant prevail on any motion or application for an order to show cause or other proceeding to enforce a violation of this Consent Judgment, Settling Defendant may be awarded its reasonable attorneys’ fees and costs as a result of such motion or application upon a finding by the Court that CEH’s prosecution of the motion or application lacked substantial justification. For purposes of this Consent Judgment, the term substantial justification shall carry the same meaning as used in the Civil Discovery Act of 1986, Code of Civil Procedure §§ 2016, et seq. 11.2 Except as otherwise provided in this Consent Judgment, each Party shall bear its own attorneys’ fees and costs. 11.3 Nothing in this Section 10 shall preclude a Party from seeking an award of sanctions pursuant to law. 12. ENTIRE AGREEMENT 12.1 This Consent Judgment contains the sole and entire agreement and understanding of the Parties with respect to the entire subject matter hereof, and any and all prior discussions, negotiations, commitments, or understandings related thereto, if any, are hereby merged herein and therein. There are no warranties, representations, or other agreements between the Parties except as expressly set forth herein. No representations, oral or otherwise, express or implied, other than those specifically referred to in this Consent Judgment have been made by any Party hereto. No other agreements not specifically contained or referenced herein, oral or otherwise, shall be deemed to exist or to bind any of the Parties hereto. Any agreements specifically contained or referenced herein, oral or otherwise, shall be deemed to exist or to bind any of the Parties hereto only to the extent that they are expressly incorporated herein. No supplementation, modification, waiver, or termination of this Consent Judgment shall be binding unless executed in writing by the Party to be bound thereby. No waiver of any of the provisions of this Consent Judgment shall be deemed or shall constitute a waiver of any of the other provisions hereof whether or not similar, nor shall such waiver constitute a continuing waiver. 13. SUBMISSION OF REPORTS AND DATA TO CEH 13.1 For any report or information that Settling Defendant submit to CEH pursuant to this Consent Judgment, Settling Defendant may make such a submission subject to the terms of a protective order. 14. RETENTION OF JURISDICTION 14.1 This Court shall retain jurisdiction of this matter to implement or modify the Consent Judgment. 15. AUTHORITY TO STIPULATE TO CONSENT JUDGMENT 15.1 Each signatory to this Consent Judgment certifies that he or she is fully authorized by the Party he or she represents to stipulate to this Consent Judgment and to enter into and execute the Consent Judgment on behalf of the Party represented and legally to bind that Party. 16. NO EFFECT ON OTHER SETTLEMENTS/“MOST FAVORED NATION” CLAUSE 16.1 Nothing in this Consent Judgment shall preclude CEH from resolving any claim against an entity that is not the Settling Defendant (or a Defendant Releasee) on terms that are different than those contained in this Consent Judgment. 16.2 If CEH reaches settlements or judgments with other companies for an alleged failure to warn of an alleged exposure to NDEA in latex resistance bands in this action in which it agrees to different injunctive terms, Settling Defendant may seek to modify this Consent Judgment to adopt those injunctive terms and comply with them instead of those presently set forth in Section 3. If Settling Defendant seeks to adopt different injunctive terms, it shall provide notice to CEH consistent with Section 6 of this Consent Judgment. 16.3 If CEH reaches settlements or judgments with other companies in which that entity elects to provide clear and reasonable warnings, Settling Defendant may seek to comply with the warning requirement set forth therein, but must make an additional payment proportional with any additional payment required for the other defendant to avail itself of the warning option in its Consent Judgment shall provide written notice to CEH. 17. EXECUTION IN COUNTERPARTS 17.1 The stipulations to this Consent Judgment may be executed in counterparts and by means of facsimile or portable document format (pdf), which taken together shall be deemed to constitute one document. IT IS SO ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND DECREED: Dated: 06/03/2022 Judge of the Superior Court of the State of California JUDGE DELBERT C. GEE IT IS SO STIPULATED: Dated: February 15, 2022 CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH Michael Green Chief Executive Officer Dated: February 09, 2022 EVRIHOLDER PRODUCTS LLC Signature Honeylyn Chang Printed Name CFO Title	<urn:uuid:f2f19099-7399-4e45-94ca-31d71001992c>	CC-MAIN-2023-14	https://oag.ca.gov/system/files/prop65/judgments/2021-00872J4831.pdf	2023-03-21T04:28:37+00:00	s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/crawl=CC-MAIN-2023-14/subset=warc/part-00177-39c03058-7d78-443d-9984-102329513e3d.c000.gz.parquet	489,275,402	4,311	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.884792	eng_Latn	0.975392	[ "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn" ]	false	docling	[ 504, 2622, 5005, 7450, 9288, 11332, 13597, 15238, 17339, 19339, 20266, 20370 ]
Earth Observation Satellite (EOS-04) Context: PM congratulated Indian space scientists on successful launch of PSLV C52 mission. About Earth Observation Satellite (EOS-04) - Launch Vehicle: It was launched by PSLV C-52 launch vehicle from the first launch pad of the Satish Dhawan Space Centre at Sriharikota. - Weight: Its weight is around 1,170 kg. - Orbit: It will be placed in a sun synchronous polar orbit of 529 km away from earth. - Feature: It is a radar-imaging satellite, designed to provide high-quality images under all weather conditions. PSLV-C52 mission: - INSPIREsat-1: It is a student satellite from the Indian Institute of Space Science & Technology in association with the Laboratory of Atmospheric & Space Physics at the University of Colorado, Boulder and - INS-2TD: It is a technology demonstrator satellite from ISRO. - CMS-01 Mission: It is India’s communication satellite was launched by PSLV-C50 in 2020. It was injected into an elliptical sub-Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit. It is envisaged for providing services in extended C Band frequency spectrum. First launch of 2022 On Monday, Earth Observation Satellite EOS-04 and two small satellites – INSPIRESat-1 and INS-2TD – were placed in the orbit by the PSLV-C52 rocket. A detailed look at the payload DETAILS OF THE LAUNCH 1. Monday’s was the 54th flight of PSLV and 23rd mission using PSLV-XL configuration with six PSOM-XLs (strap-on motors). 2. After a flight of about 18 minutes, the vehicle injected the satellites into their intended orbit. 3. Primary satellite EOS-04 was put into the intended sun synchronous polar orbit of 529 km altitude at 6:17 a.m. EOS-04 Weight: 1,710 kg Mission life: 10 years Use: Radar Imaging Satellite is designed to provide high quality images under all weather conditions for applications such as agriculture, forestry and plantations, soil moisture and hydrology and flood mapping. INSPIRESat-1 Weight: 8.1 kg Mission life: 1 year Use: Two payloads in the satellite are aimed at improving the understanding of ionosphere dynamics and the sun’s coronal heating processes. - The satellite is built by Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology in association with Laboratory of Atmospheric and Space Physics at University of Colorado Boulder, NTU, Singapore and NCU, Taiwan. INS-2TD Weight: 17.5 kg Mission life: 6 months Use: Having a thermal imaging camera as its payload, the satellite benefits the assessment of land surface temperature, water surface temperature of wetland or lakes, delineation of vegetation (crops and forest) and thermal inertia (day and night). - This is a technology demonstrator satellite from ISRO, a precursor to the India-Bhutan Joint Satellite (INS-2B). Flying start: ISRO’s workhorse launch vehicle, PSLV, blasting off from the launchpad at Sriharikota at 5.59 a.m. on Monday SOURCE: AP IMAGES: ISRO Lassa Fever Context: One of the three persons diagnosed with Lassa fever in the UK has died. The cases have been linked to travel to west African countries. What is Lassa fever? The Lassa virus is named after a town in Nigeria where the first cases were discovered. - The Lassa fever-causing virus is found in West Africa and was first discovered in 1969 in Lassa, Nigeria. - The discovery of this disease was made after two nurses died in Nigeria. - The death rate associated with this disease is low, at around one per cent. - But the death rate is higher for certain individuals, such as pregnant women in their third trimester. Stem cell therapy Context: The scientists reported that a woman living with HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) and administered an experimental treatment is likely ‘cured’ with stem cell therapy. What Are Stem Cells? - Stem cells are special human cells that are able to develop into many different cell types. - This can range from muscle cells to brain cells. In some cases, they can also fix damaged tissues. - Researchers believe that stem cell-based therapies may one day be used to treat serious illnesses such as paralysis and Alzheimer disease. Stem cell therapy: - It is a cumbersome exercise and barely accessible to most HIV patients in the world. - Moreover, this requires stem cells from that rare group of individuals with the beneficial mutation. - Anti-retroviral therapy, through the years, has now ensured that HIV/AIDS isn’t always a death sentence and many with access to proper treatment have lifespans comparable to those without HIV. - A vaccine for HIV or a drug that eliminates the virus is still elusive and would be the long sought ‘cure’ for HIV/AIDS. Six stages of stem cell therapy 1. Stem cells moved from bone marrow to bloodstream using chemotherapy and synthetic growth factor. 2. Machine collects blood and separates out stem cells. 3. Stem cells frozen ready to return to body later. 4. More chemotherapy used to fully or partially wipe out bone marrow and immune system. 5. Stem cells returned to body using a drip. 6. Body recovers over a period of 3-6 months, sometimes longer. Polity and Social Issues Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) scheme Context: Demand for work under the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) scheme has dropped from the peak of the first lockdown. Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) - Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, MGNREGA, is an Indian labour law and social security measure that aims to guarantee the ‘right to work’. This act was passed in September 2005. - Mandate: The mandate of the MGNREGA is to provide at least 100 days of guaranteed wage employment in a financial year to every rural household whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled manual work. - Aims: - To enhance livelihood security in rural areas by providing at least 100 days of wage employment in a financial year to every household whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled manual work. - It covers all districts of India except the ones with 100% urban population. - MGNREGA is to be implemented mainly by gram panchayats (GPs). The involvement of contractors is banned. - Core objectives of the MGNREGA are: (a) Providing not less than one hundred days of unskilled manual work as a guaranteed employment in a financial year to every household in rural areas as per demand, resulting in creation of productive assets of prescribed quality and durability; (b) Strengthening the livelihood resource base of the poor; (c) Proactively ensuring social inclusion and (d) Strengthening Panchayati Raj Institutions. How MGNREGA came to be? - In 1991, the P.V Narasimha Rao government proposed a pilot scheme for generating employment in rural areas with the following goals: - Employment Generation for agricultural labour during the lean season. - Infrastructure Development - Enhanced Food Security - This scheme was called the Employment Assurance Scheme which later evolved into the MGNREGA after the merger with the Food for Work Programme in the early 2000s. Dilution of Lokayukta Powers in Kerala Context: Recently, the Kerala government has proposed to amend the Kerala Lokayukta Act, 1999 with an ordinance, a move that has drawn criticism from the opposition. What is Kerala Proposal? - The Kerala cabinet has recommended to the Governor that he promulgates the ordinance. - The proposal sought to give the government powers to “either accept or reject the verdict of the Lokayukta, after giving an opportunity of being heard”. - By this ordinance, the quasi-judicial institution will turn into a toothless advisory body, whose orders will no longer be binding on the government. Lokayukta - The Lokayukta is an anti-corruption ombudsman organization in the Indian states. - Once appointed, Lokayukta cannot be dismissed nor transferred by the government, and can only be removed by passing an impeachment motion by the state assembly. - The Lokayukta, along with the Income Tax Department and the Anti-Corruption Bureau, mainly helps people publicise corruption among the Politicians and Government Officials. - Many acts of the Lokayukta have resulted in criminal or other consequences for those charged. Lokayukta in different States: - Maharashtra was the first state to introduce the institution of Lokayukta (considered the weakest Lokayukta due to lack of powers, staff, funds and an independent investigating agency). - On the other hand, the Karnataka Lokayukta is considered the most powerful Lokayukta in the country. - Karnataka Lokayukta is considered the most powerful Lokayukta in the country. About Lokpal - The Lokpal and Lokayukta Act, 2013 establishes Lokpal for the Union and Lokayukta for States (Statutory Bodies) to inquire into allegations of corruption against certain public functionaries. - Composition: Lokpal will consist of a chairperson and a maximum of eight members, of which 50% shall be judicial members and 50% shall be from SC/ST/OBCs, minorities and women. - Appointment process: It is a two-stage process. A search committee which recommends a panel of names to the high-power selection committee. - The selection committee comprises the Prime Minister, the Speaker of the Lok Sabha, the Leader of the Opposition, the Chief Justice of India (or his nominee) and an eminent jurist (nominated by President based on the recommendation of other members of the panel). - President will appoint the recommended names. Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana (PMMVY) Context: The Development & Monitoring Evaluation Office of NITI Aayog has evaluated the centrally sponsored schemes of Ministry of Women & Child Development including PMMVY. Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana (PMMVY) - Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana (PMMVY) is a maternity benefit programme being implemented in all districts of the country with effect from 2017. - It is a centrally sponsored scheme being executed by the Ministry of Women and Child Development. - Under PMMVY Cash benefits are provided to pregnant women in their bank account directly to meet enhanced nutritional needs and partially compensate for wage loss. - All Pregnant Women and Lactating Mothers (PW&LM), (excluding those who are in regular employment with the Central Government or the State Governments or PSUs or those who are in receipt of similar benefits) who have their pregnancy on or after 1st January 2017 for the first child in the family – are the beneficiaries targeted by the scheme. - Beneficiaries receive a cash benefit of Rs. 5,000 in three installments on fulfilling the following conditions: - Early registration of pregnancy - Ante-natal check-up - Registration of the birth of the child and completion of first cycle of vaccination for the first living child of the family. - Implementation of the scheme is closely monitored by the central and state governments through the Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana – Common Application Software (PMMVY-CAS). Freedom of religion and attire Context: A Karnataka school’s denial of entry to six girls in hijab throws the spotlight on freedom of religion. How is religious freedom protected under the Constitution? • Article 25(1) of the Constitution guarantees the “freedom of conscience and the right freely to profess, practise and propagate religion”. • It is a right that guarantees a negative liberty — which means that the state shall ensure that there is no interference or obstacle to exercise this freedom. • However, like all fundamental rights, the state can restrict the right for grounds of public order, decency, morality, health and other state interests. • Over the years, the Supreme Court has evolved a practical test of sorts to determine what religious practices can be constitutionally protected and what can be ignored. • In 1954, the Supreme Court held in the Shirur Mutt case that the term “religion” will cover all rituals and practices “integral” to a religion. How have courts ruled so far on the issue of a hijab? • In 2015, at least two petitions were filed before the Kerala High Court challenging the prescription of dress code for All India Pre-Medical Entrance which prescribed wearing “light clothes with half sleeves not having big buttons, brooch/badge, flower, etc. with Salwar/Trouser” and “slippers and not shoes”. • Admitting the argument of the Central Board of School Education (CBSE) that the rule was only to ensure that candidates would not use unfair methods by concealing objects within clothes, the Kerala HC directed the CBSE to put in place additional measures for checking students who “intend to wear a dress according to their religious custom, but contrary to the dress code”. • “If the Invigilator requires the head scarf or the full sleeve garments to be removed and examined, then the petitioners shall also subject themselves to that, by the authorised person. It is also desirable that the C.B.S.E issue general instructions to its Invigilators to ensure that religious sentiments be not hurt and at the same time discipline be not compromised,” Justice Vinod Chandran ruled. Operation AAHT Context: The Railway Protection Force (RPF) has launched a nationwide ‘Operation AAHT’ to curb human trafficking. Operation AAHT • As part of this operation, special teams will be deployed on all long-distance trains/routes with focus on rescuing victims, particularly women and children, from the clutches of traffickers. • The RPF will act as a bridge cutting across States to assist the local police in the mission to curb the menace. • The infrastructure and intelligence network of the force could be utilized to collect, collate and analyse clues on victims, source, route, destination, popular trains used by suspects, identity of carriers/agents, kingpins etc and shared with other law-enforcing agencies. Constitutional provisions: - Article 23 which prohibits trafficking in human beings and begar and other similar forms of forced labour. - Article 39(e) and 39(f) which ordain that the health and strength of individuals are not abused and that no one is forced by the economic necessity to do work unsuited to their age or strength and that childhood and youth should be protected against exploitation. Privilege Motion Context: An MP from Telangana submitted a Privilege Motion against PM regarding his remarks over the bifurcation of the erstwhile state of Andhra Pradesh. What is a privilege motion? - Members of Parliament (MPs) enjoy certain parliamentary privileges which are bestowed on them collectively and individually so that they can discharge their duties and functions effectively. - In the case that any of these immunities or rights are disregarded by any MP, the act is regarded as a ‘breach of privilege’ and is a punishable offence under Laws of Parliament. - When a breach of privilege is found, then an MP can move a privilege motion against those being held guilty of breach. - Both the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha reserve the right to punish any action of contempt (not necessarily breach of privilege) which is against its authority and dignity. Where do these rules find mention? - The rules governing privilege motion are mentioned as Rule 222 in Chapter 20 of the Lok Sabha Rule Book and as Rule 187 in Chapter 16 of the Rajya Sabha Rule Book. - According to the rules, an MP may raise a question of breach of privilege with the Speaker or the Chairperson, notices for which have to be sent to them before 10am. - The breach of privilege could be of another MP, a committee or of the House. However, the rules mandate the notice should be regarding an incident which has occurred recently and that it needs the intervention of the House. What if the Speaker/Chairperson refers the motion to a parliamentary committee? In the Lok Sabha, the Speaker nominates a committee of privileges which consists of 15 members proportionate to the strengths of various political parties in the Lower House of Parliament. They prepare a report which is then presented before the House for its consideration. The Speaker may allow a half-an-hour debate on the report before she/he passed the final orders. The Speaker can also direct that the report be tabled before the House and a resolution may be unanimously passed on the breach of privilege. The process is similar in the Upper House, except that the privilege committee consists of 10 members and is headed by the deputy chairperson of the Rajya Sabha. Have privilege motions been passed in Parliament earlier? A number of privilege motions have been passed in Parliament earlier, with most of them being rejected and very few demanding penal actions. - The most significant privilege motion was passed against Indira Gandhi in 1978. - The then Home Minister Charan Singh had moved a resolution of breach of privilege against her on the basis of observations made by Justice Shah Commission, which investigated the excesses during the Emergency. - Mrs Gandhi, who had just won the Lok Sabha elections from Chikmagalur, was expelled from the House. - In another case, BJP MP Subramanian Swamy was expelled from Rajya Sabha in 1976 for bringing disgrace to Parliament through his interviews to foreign publications. - In 1961, editor of ‘Blitz’ RK Karanjia was indicted with gross breach of privilege after the publication put out an article that publicly castigated Congress veteran JB Kripalani. Karanjia was reprimanded in Lok Sabha and the gallery pass of his correspondent was annulled. Constitutional Provisions Article 105: The powers, privileges and immunities of either House of the Indian Parliament and of its members and their committees are laid down in Article 105 of the Constitution. Article 194: While, the powers, privileges and immunities of the State Legislatures, their Members and their committees are described in Article 194. SC: Tribunal Appointments Being Taken Lightly Context: The Supreme Court said its judicial intervention saw the government make abrupt efforts to fill vacancies in tribunals some time back and nothing after that. About the present vacancies in tribunals - Chief Justice of India read out the details of over 240 vacancies in key tribunals with some tribunals even lacking presiding officers. - The tribunals included some critical ones like the National Green Tribunal, Income Tax Appellate Tribunal and Central Administrative Tribunal among others. - The bench also lamented the fact that recommendations to the tribunals by the selection committees led by sitting Supreme Court judges have been largely ignored by the government. Concerns regarding vacancies in tribunals - The large vacancies have made the tribunals ineffective and redundant. - The large vacancies mainly attributable to the delay in appointments have rendered the tribunals defunct and with High Courts having no jurisdiction over the areas of law wielded by tribunals, litigants have nowhere to go for justice and this would adversely impact the right of the people to access justice. Central Administrative Tribunal (CAT): - It was set up in 1985 with the principal bench at Delhi and additional benches in other states (It now has 17 benches, 15 operating at seats of HC’s and 2 in Lucknow and Jaipur. - It has original jurisdiction in matters related to recruitment and service of public servants (All India services, central services etc). - Its members have a status of High Court judges and are appointed by president. - Appeals against the order of CAT lie before the division of High Court after Supreme Court’s Chandra Kumar Judgement. State administrative tribunals (SAT): - Central government can establish state administrative tribunals on request of the state according to Administrative tribunals act of 1985 - SAT’s enjoy original jurisdiction in relation to the matters of state government employees. - Chairman and members are appointed by President in consultation with the governor. Article 323-B: which empowers the parliament and the state legislatures to establish tribunals for adjudication of disputes related to following matters: - Taxation - Foreign exchange, Imports and Exports - Industry and Labour - Land reforms - Ceiling on Urban Property - Elections to parliament and state legislature - Food stuffs - Rent and Tenancy Rights Geography And Agriculture Fortified rice Context: The Centre has distributed 3.38 lakh metric tonnes of fortified rice till December 2021 through anganwadis and mid-day meal schemes at government schools, according to the Economic Survey. Centrally Sponsored Pilot Scheme on “Fortification of Rice and its Distribution under Public Distribution System (PDS)” - The Centrally Sponsored Pilot Scheme on “Fortification of Rice and its Distribution under Public Distribution System (PDS)” has been approved for a period of three years beginning 2019-20. - The Pilot Scheme is funded by Government of India in the ratio of 90:10 in respect of North Eastern, Hilly and Island States and 75:25 in respect of the rest of the States. - The Pilot Scheme focuses on 15 districts, preferably 1 district per State. - The decentralized model of fortification by States/UTs has been approved in the Pilot Scheme with blending at the rice milling stage. - The operational responsibilities and identification of the districts for implementation of the Pilot Scheme lie with the States/UTs. - States/UTs have been requested to operationalize blending of fortified rice at milling stage and start its distribution through PDS as early as possible. - So far, 15 States have consented for implementation of the Pilot Scheme. About Food Fortification: - It is defined as the practice of adding vitamins and minerals to commonly consumed foods during processing to increase their nutritional value. - It is a cost-effective strategy with demonstrated health, economic and social benefits. It is a safe strategy for improving diets and for the prevention and control of micronutrient deficiencies. Since the nutrients are added to staple foods that are widely consumed, this is an excellent method to improve the health of a large section of the population, all at once. As per the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) website, 21 varieties of biofortified staples including wheat, rice, maize, millets, mustard, groundnut had been developed by 2019-20. Fortification of Rice - It refers to the addition of key vitamins and minerals to increase the nutritional value of rice. - The fortified Rice generally contains Vitamin A, Vitamin B1, Vitamin B12, Folic Acid, Iron and Zinc. - Rice can be fortified by adding a micronutrient powder to the rice that adheres to the grains or spraying the surface of ordinary rice grains in several layers with a vitamin and mineral mix to form a protective coating. Environment and biodiversity Golden Langurs Context: Neighbours of a golden langur habitat in western Assam’s Bongaigaon district have opposed a move by the State government to upgrade it to a wildlife sanctuary. About Golden Langur - Gee's golden langur also known as simply the golden langur, is an Old World monkey found in a small region of Western Assam, India and in the neighboring foothills of the Black Mountains of Bhutan. - It lives in high trees and has a herbivorous diet of ripe and unripe fruits, mature and young leaves, seeds, buds and flowers. - The Gee's golden langur belongs to the Old World monkey family and is one of the most endangered primate species of India. - These monkeys have a black face and a very long tail. Their coat ranges from cream to golden; on the flanks and chest the hairs are darker and often rust coloured. - The coats of the juveniles and females are lighter, silvery white to light buff. Protection status: Golden langur - They are listed in Appendix I of CITES and Schedule I of Wildlife Protection Act, 1972. - IUCN status: Endangered Electric Vehicles Can Lower Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds in India by 2030 Context: India can slash emissions of volatile organic molecules (VOC) by 76 per cent in the next eight years by swapping all two- and three-wheelers with electric vehicles and all diesel-fuelled ones with Compressed Natural Gas (CNG), a new study has predicted. What is Volatile Organic Molecules (VOC) - VOCs are carbon-containing chemicals released by petrol and diesel vehicles. - They impact air quality and human health. - However, VOCs can have a natural origin, too. Plants emit these chemicals to attract pollinators, defend themselves from pests and predators and adapt to environmental stress. - Human-made VOCs are a cause for concern, yet they don’t draw enough attention. - Benzene, a chemical that induces cancer, is the only VOC included in the ambient air-quality standards About Electric Vehicles: The earlier guidelines and standards were issued by the Ministry of Power in December 2018 and will be superseded by the new guidelines. Lack of charging infrastructure is one of the main reasons behind poor adoption of electric mobility in India. According to a survey by the Economic Times in May 2019, with appropriate infrastructure in place, 90% car owners in India are willing to switch to EVs. Under the NEMMP 2020, there is an ambitious target to achieve 6-7 million sales of hybrid and electric vehicles by the year 2020. At present, EV market penetration is only 1% of total vehicle sales in India, and of that, 95% of sales are electric two-wheelers. Green Hydrogen/ Green Ammonia Policy Context: Ministry of Power notified Green Hydrogen/ Green Ammonia Policy. What is green hydrogen? Green hydrogen is hydrogen gas produced through electrolysis of water — an energy intensive process for splitting water into hydrogen and oxygen— using renewable power to achieve this. What does the National Green Hydrogen Policy state? - The new policy provides several incentives for manufacturers, consumers of green hydrogen and green ammonia. - Under the policy, companies will have the liberty to set up the capacity to generate electricity from renewable sources such as solar or wind anywhere in the country by themselves or through a developer. - This electricity will be allowed to be wheeled, free of cost through open access of the transmission grid, to the plant where hydrogen is to be produced. - The government will also allow banking or storage of excess green hydrogen produced by any company for up to 30 days, in case of capacities that are set up before 2025. How is the policy set to boost domestic production of green hydrogen production? - The new policy offers 25 years of free power transmission for any new renewable energy plants set up to supply power for green hydrogen production before July 2025. - This means that a green hydrogen producer will be able to set up a solar power plant in Rajasthan to supply renewable energy to a green hydrogen plant in Assam and would not be required to pay any inter-state transmission charges. - The move is likely going to make it more economical for key users of hydrogen and ammonia such as the oil refining, fertiliser and steel sectors to produce green hydrogen for their own use. - These sectors currently use grey hydrogen or grey ammonia produced using natural gas or naphtha. What are the facilities to boost export of green hydrogen and ammonia? - Under the policy port authorities will also provide land at applicable charges to green hydrogen and green ammonia producers to set up bunkers near ports for storage prior to export. - Germany and Japan could be key markets for green hydrogen produced in India. Context: The Budget goals for FY2022-23 aim to further India's aspirations in Amrit Kaal, as it moves towards its 100th year post independence. - Focus on growth and all-inclusive welfare - Promoting technology-enabled development, energy transition and climate action - Virtuous cycle starting from private investment, crowded in by public capital investment The Union Budget for FY 2022-23 this year aims to strengthen the infrastructure with its focus on four priorities of: - PM GatiShakti - Inclusive Development - Productivity Enhancement & Investment, Sunrise opportunities, Energy Transition, and Climate Action - Financing of investments • Providing Greater Fiscal Space to States - Enhanced outlay for 'Scheme for Financial Assistance to States for Capital Investment' from Rs.10,000 crore in Budget Estimates to Rs.15,000 crore in Revised Estimates for current year - Allocation of Rs.1 lakh crore in 2022-23 to assist the states in catalysing overall investments in the economy: fifty-year interest free loans, over and above normal borrowings - In 2022-23, States will be allowed a fiscal deficit of 4% of GSDP, of which 0.5% will be tied to power sector reforms • Agriculture and Allied Sectors - Rs.2.37 lakh crore direct payment to 1.63 crore farmers for procurement of wheat and paddy - Chemical free Natural farming to be promoted throughout the country. Initial focus is on farmer's lands in 5 Km wide corridors along river Ganga - NABARD to facilitate fund with blended capital to finance startups for agriculture & rural enterprise - 'Kisan Drones' for crop assessment, digitization of land records, spraying of insecticides and nutrients • MSMEs & Industry - Udyam, e-shram, NCS and ASEEM portals to be interlinked - 130 lakh MSMEs provided additional credit under Emergency Credit Linked Guarantee Scheme (ECLGS) - ECLGS to be extended up to March 2023 Guarantee cover under ECLGS to be expanded by Rs.50000 Crore to total cover of Rs.5 Lakh Crore Rs.2 lakh Crore additional credit for Micro and Small Enterprises to be facilitated under the Credit Guarantee Trust for Micro and Small Enterprises (CGTMSE) Raising and Accelerating MSME performance (RAMP) programme with outlay of Rs.6000 Crore to be rolled out Education - One class-One TV channel' programme of PM eVIDYA to be expanded to 200 TV channels - Virtual labs and skilling e-labs to be set up to promote critical thinking skills and simulated learning environment - High-quality e-content will be developed for delivery through Digital Teachers - Digital University for world-class quality universal education with personalised learning experience to be established Public Capital Investment - Public investment to continue to pump-prime private investment and demand in 2022-23 - Outlay for capital expenditure stepped up sharply by 35.4% to Rs.7.50 lakh crore in 2022-23 from Rs.5.54 lakh crore in the current year - Outlay in 2022-23 to be 2.9% of GDP - 'Effective Capital Expenditure' of Central Government estimated at Rs.10.68 lakh crore in 2022-23, which is about 4.1% of GDP Saksham Anganwadi - Integrated benefits to women and children through Mission Shakti, Mission Vatsalya, Saksham Anganwadi and Poshan 2.0 - Two lakh anganwadis to be upgraded to Saksham Anganwadis Health - An open platform for National Digital Health Ecosystem to be rolled out - National Tele Mental Health Programme’ for quality mental health counselling and care services to be launched - A network of 23 tele-mental health centres of excellence will be set up, with NIMHANS being the nodal centre and International Institute of Information Technology-Bangalore (IIITB) providing technology support Energy Transition & Climate Action • Additional allocation of Rs.19,500 crore for Production Linked Incentive for manufacture of high efficiency solar modules to meet the goal of 280 GW of installed solar power by 2030 ▪ Five to seven per cent biomass pellets to be co-fired in thermal power plants: • CO2 savings of 38 MMT annually • Extra income to farmers and job opportunities to locals • Help avoid stubble burning in agriculture fields ▪ Four pilot projects to be set up for coal gasification and conversion of coal into chemicals for the industry ▪ Financial support to farmers belonging to Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, who want to take up agro-forestry Sunrise Opportunities • Government contribution to be provided for R&D in Sunrise Opportunities like Artificial Intelligence, Geospatial Systems and Drones, Semiconductor and its eco-system, Space Economy, Genomics and Pharmaceuticals, Green Energy, and Clean Mobility Systems Banking • 100 per cent of 1.5 lakh post offices to come on the core banking system. • Scheduled Commercial Banks to set up 75 Digital Banking Units (DBUs) in 75 districts RBI’s digital currency plans Context: In the Budget presented for 2022-23, Finance Minister had announced the introduction of India’s Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) and that the digital rupee would give a ‘big boost’ to digital economy. What is a CBDC? • Central bank digital currencies (CBDCs) are legal tender created by the central bank of a nation, though in digital form. • The only difference between them and traditional cash or fiat currency is that CBDCs are digital. • Unlike other cryptocurrencies that are DeFi or decentralised financial tokens, CBDCs will be backed by central reserves just like all other fiat currencies. • The digital rupee is essentially going to be the digital representation of a rupee backed by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI). • India is not the only country that is experimenting with a digital legal tender. The digital dollar, e-yuan, and digital euro are some of the projects that various central banks are experimenting with across the world. Why are central banks issuing digital currencies? - To bring down the use of physical cash. - The cost of issuing digital currencies is far lower than the cost of printing and distributing physical cash. - The RBI can create and distribute the digital rupee at virtually zero cost since the creation and the distribution of the digital rupee will happen electronically. - Unlike physical cash, which is hard to trace, a digital currency that is monitored by the RBI can be more easily tracked and controlled by the Central bank. - Central bank digital currencies are promised as reliable, sovereign-backed alternatives to private currencies which are volatile and unregulated. - This feature of digital currencies, however, has raised various concerns regarding their privacy and could slow down their adoption. - In fact, it is worth noting that the need for privacy has been one of the primary reasons behind the switch to private digital currencies. What is Digital Rupee? - Digital Rupee is basically the digital form of regular currency that we use for daily transactions. You can store the money digitally, in a secured format. - Digital Rupee is powered by blockchain technology which makes currency management cheaper, allowing the Government to print less notes in the future. - And since the currency operates digitally, its lifespan increases, as you cannot destroy digital forms, or lose it for that matter. Why Has RBI Opted for Status Quo Again? Context: The six-member Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) kept key policy rates unchanged for the 10th time in a row, and retained the accommodative policy stance. Accommodative policy stance to continue - The policy panel, by a 5 to 1 majority, decided to continue with the accommodative stance “as long as necessary to revive and sustain growth on a durable basis and continue to mitigate the impact of Covid-19 on the economy, while ensuring that inflation remains within the target going forward”. - While the current stance of ‘accommodative policy for as long as necessary to revive growth’ was up for a review, analysts said the RBI is likely to wait for some more time as the economic recovery is uneven and the Omicron variant has dented the sentiment. About Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) - The Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) is the body of the RBI, headed by the Governor, responsible for taking the important monetary policy decisions about setting the repo rate. - Repo rate is ‘the policy instrument’ in monetary policy that helps to realize the set inflation target by the RBI (at present 4%). Membership of the MPC - The Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) is formed under the RBI with six members. - Three of the members are from the RBI while the other three members are appointed by the government. - Members from the RBI are the Governor who is the chairman of the MPC, a Deputy Governor and one officer of the RBI. - The government members are appointed by the Centre on the recommendations of a search-cum-selection committee which is to be headed by the Cabinet Secretary. Repo rate - The central bank has retained the repo rate – the rate at which the RBI lends funds to banks – at 4 per cent to boost growth. - This means banks won’t hike lending and deposit rates and EMIs on loans will remain unchanged. - The RBI has reduced key policy repo rate by 115 bps to 4.0 per cent and reverse repo rates by 155 bps to 3.35 per cent since February 2020. - Banks had since then reduced their interest rates (both deposits and lending) significantly. - The large size of the FY23 market borrowings, and with no progress on the inclusion of Indian debt market in the global bond indices, might have prompted the RBI to delay the liquidity normalisation in an effort to keep the cost of large borrowings programme under control, said an analyst. - It also retained the marginal standing facility (MSF) rate, and kept the Bank Rate unchanged at 4.25 per cent. Reverse repo rate - Contrary to expectations of a hike, the RBI has retained the reverse repo rate – the rate at which the RBI borrows money from banks – at 3.35 per cent. - Bond yields had spiked after the government announced higher market borrowing of Rs 14.95 lakh crore in the next fiscal. Cross border insolvency: UN model UNCITRAL Context: The Economic Survey 2021-22 has called for a standardised framework for cross-border insolvency as the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC) at present does not have an instrument to restructure firms involving cross-border jurisdictions. What are Cross border insolvency proceedings? - Cross border insolvency proceedings are relevant for the resolution of distressed companies with assets and liabilities across multiple jurisdictions. - A framework for cross border insolvency proceedings allows for the location of such a company’s foreign assets, the identification of creditors and their claims and establishing payment towards claims as well as a process for coordination between courts in different countries. Current status of foreign stakeholders in other jurisdictions under IBC - While foreign creditors can make claims against a domestic company, the IBC currently does not allow for automatic recognition of any insolvency proceedings in other countries. - In the case of Jet Airways, when one of the company’s aircraft was grounded in Amsterdam over non-payment of dues to a European cargo firm, the National Company Law Tribunal had declined to “take on record” any orders of a foreign court regarding domestic insolvency proceedings in the absence of enabling provision in the IBC. - The National Company Law Appellate Tribunal, however, permitted the recognition of Dutch proceedings as “non-main insolvency proceedings” recognising India as the Centre Of Main Interests (COMI) for the company. - However, current provisions under the IBC do not allow Indian courts to address the issue of foreign assets of a company being subjected to parallel insolvency proceedings in other jurisdictions. About UNCITRAL - The United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) is a subsidiary body of the U.N. General Assembly (UNGA) responsible for helping to facilitate international trade and investment. - Established by the UNGA in 1966, UNCITRAL’s official mandate is “to promote the progressive harmonization and unification of international trade law” through conventions, model laws, and other instruments that address key areas of commerce, from dispute resolution to the procurement and sale of goods. UNCITRAL carries out its work at annual sessions held alternately in New York City and Vienna, where it is headquartered. The UNCITRAL model - The UNCITRAL model is the most widely accepted legal framework to deal with cross-border insolvency issues. - It has been adopted by 49 countries, including the UK, the US, South Africa, South Korea and Singapore. - The law allows automatic recognition of foreign proceedings and rulings given by courts in cases where the foreign jurisdiction is adjudged as the COMI for the distressed company. India and UK Launch Free Trade Agreement Negotiations Context The Minister of Commerce and Industry, Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution and Textiles launched the Free Trade Agreement negotiations with the United Kingdom. What are Free Trade Agreements (FTAs)? - Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) are the arrangements between two or more trading alliances that primarily agree to lessen or dispose of customs tariff and non-tariff barriers on substantial trade between them. Key features of Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) are as follows: - The member nations of FTAs explicitly identify the duties and tariffs that are to be imposed on member countries when it comes to imports and exports. - FTAs typically cover trades in - a) merchandise — such as agricultural or industrial products - b) services — such as banking, construction, trading and so forth - c) intellectual property rights (IPRs) - d) investment - e) government procurement - f) competition policy and so on. Significance of India-UK FTA: - The FTA negotiations with the UK is expected to increase our exports in Leather, Textile, Jewellery and processed Agri products. - It also expected to register a quantum jump in the export of Marine Products through the recognition of 56 marine units of India. - The Mutual Recognition Agreements (MRAs) on Pharma could provide additional market access. There is also great potential for increasing exports in service sectors like IT/ITES, Nursing, education, healthcare, including AYUSH and audio-visual services. Observing that UK was a major trade partner of India with substantial bilateral volume of trade in goods and services, the cooperation extended across areas like tourism, tech, startups, education, climate change, etc. The two nations were looking forward to a mutually beneficial trade deal with balanced concessions and market access package in a wide range of sectors. It will also contribute in integrating value chains and help augment our mutual efforts to strengthen the resilience of supply chains. Art and Culture Sri Ramanujacharya Context: Prime Minister inaugurated the 216-feet tall ‘Statue of Equality’ commemorating the 11th-century Saint Sri Ramanujacharya to mark the 1,000 years since the birth of the Hindu reformist saint. Who is Saint Sri Ramanujacharya? 1. Born in 1017 in Sripurumbudur in Tamil Nadu, Saint Ramanujacharya is revered as a Vedic philosopher who revived the Bhakti Movement. 2. According to the ancient scriptures, he lived for 120 years, a claim often questioned by modern scholars and historians. 3. In the early 11th and 12th centuries, the saint is said to have travelled across the length and breadth of the country to promote equality and social justice. 4. According to his followers, Ramanujacharya was one of the first who fought against social, cultural, gender, educational and economic discrimination. 5. He is said to have spread teachings like equality among every human regardless of nationality, gender, race, caste or creed. 6. Several scholars followed his path and the works of many ancient poets like Annamacharya, Bhakt Ramdas, Thyagaraja, Kabir, and Meerabai were inspired by him. 7. He is considered to be a timeless icon of equality for social reformists around the world. 8. He made education accessible to those who were the most deprived in those days and came up with the concept of ‘Vasudhaiva kutumbakam’, which means that all universe is one family. 9. He opened the doors of temples to all people, including those subjected to extreme discrimination. 10. He is also believed to have taught about the protection of nature and its resources like air, water and soil. About The Statue of Equality 1. The Statue is made of a combination of five metals called ‘Panchaloha’, which includes gold, silver, copper, brass, and zinc. 2. The statue is the world’s second tallest statue in a sitting posture. The Buddha statue in Thailand, at 301 feet, takes the spot as the world’s tallest ‘sitting’ statue. 3. Mounted on a 54-ft high base building, named ‘Bhadra Vedi’, the basement features a Vedic digital library and research centre. 4. The building also hosts numerous ancient Indian texts, a theatre, an educational gallery detailing many works of Ramanujacharya inside. 5. It is learnt that in the complex, a temple of Ramanujacharya covering an area of about 300,000 square feet has also been constructed, where a 120 kg gold idol will be placed for daily worship. The 120 kgs is to mark the 120 years that the saint is said to have lived. 6. The statue has been conceptualised by Sri Chinna Jeeyar Swami of Sri Ramanujacharya Ashram. 7. Built at Muchintal, a village in Telangana, the statue is located near the Hyderabad International Airport at Shamshabad. Conceptualised by Sri Chinna Jeeyar Swami of Sri Ramanujacharya Ashram, the foundation stone for the structure was laid in 2014. 8. The project is believed to have been completed at a cost of Rs 1,000 crore that was funded entirely by donations. 9. The giant statue is also encircled by the replicas of 108 sacred shrines from the many parts of the country including Tirupati, Srirangam, Dwaraka, Badrinath etc. 10. It is believed that the project, which includes a 45-acre complex, has come with a price tag of Rs 1,000 crore and has been funded entirely by donations from devotees globally. Chintamani Padya Natakam Context: Andhra Pradesh government banned a 100-year-old play named ‘Chintamani Padya Natakam’ - The Arya Vysya community has been petitioning governments for several years to ban the play, saying it portrays them in a negative light. The play is exhibited across the state, mainly in rural areas, during festivals and fairs. Chintamani Padya Natakam - ‘Chintamani Padya Natakam’ was written in 1920 by playwright Kallakuri Narayana Rao, who was also a social reformer. - The play is about Chintamani, a courtesan and a devotee of Lord Krishna, who finds salvation by singing bhajans. - She is courted by Subbi Shetty, a businessman from the Arya Vysya community, who loses his wealth and family due to his attraction to Chintamani. - The original play had a social message, but over the years, it has been modified purely for entertainment.	ed65501b-779b-4476-b42e-93897807326f	CC-MAIN-2022-27	https://www.eliteias.in/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Current-Affairs-February-2022.pdf	2022-07-06T00:38:50+00:00	s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/crawl=CC-MAIN-2022-27/subset=warc/part-00200-48f675b2-7fd4-43af-adb3-2a4ea7f82193.c000.gz.parquet	742,298,018	10,065	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.993659	eng_Latn	0.996384	[ "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn" ]	true	docling	[ 1116, 3084, 4114, 5351, 7184, 9145, 11289, 13850, 15948, 18085, 20124, 22075, 23959, 25017, 26718, 27829, 29732, 31595, 33566, 35993, 38008, 40300, 42228, 43327, 45908, 47142 ]
Period Overview: Contacts and Connections – 1541 to 1670 The proto-historic period in what became the Carolinas was a time of initial contacts between Native Americans and European explorers and the establishment of connections between Europeans and Native communities. For most of the period, Native lifeways continued largely unchanged from before the arrival of Europeans. However, as the effects of European colonization spread, this became a time of great change for Native Americans in the region (Smith, 2005). Native peoples in North Carolina first encountered Europeans in the sixteenth century as Spanish, English, and French explorers searched the continent for gold and silver, and land. The earliest European explorers to land in the southeastern United States were Spanish conquistadors searching for riches. Spaniards sought to establish trade routes between Europe and conquered lands to the south in Mexico. Many of these early expeditions were flawed from the beginning due to Spain's poor understanding of North American geography or the vastness of the distance between the Atlantic Coast and northern Mexico. In 1513 Spaniard Juan Ponce de León's ship landed near the modern-day city of St. Augustine. He named this land La Florida, and it was not long before other Spaniards began exploring the interior lands. While several Spanish entradas, or armies, traveled the islands of the Caribbean and the coastal areas of the mainland, it is unlikely most of these early explorers had a major impact on American Indian groups in North Carolina. The expedition of Hernando de Soto passed through North Carolina in the spring of 1540, followed by Juan Pardo's expedition in the same area thirty years later. In 1584, the English began their first attempts to settle in northeastern North Carolina, but it was not until after around 1650 when North Carolina's Indians felt the brunt of European presence on their land. This was the beginning of significant and often devastating changes in the histories of North Carolina's tribes (Hudson, 1997, p. 32; Moore, 2006; Ward & Davis, 1999). Over the following century, interactions among Native peoples and European explorers, traders, and settlers increased as English groups attempted and established settlements along the coast and explored the sounds and rivers of what would become the Carolinas. The end of the proto-historic period is punctuated by the founding of the first permanent English settlement on the Ashley River at Albemarle Point in 1670, following the formal establishment of the colony of Carolina by royal charter to eight lord proprietors in England. Scholars studying Native American lifeways in the proto-historic period, or the period of early Native-European contact, combine information from sources such as European accounts, archaeological information, and the oral histories and knowledge of Native Americans living today. Native North Americans did not have a written language when European explorers arrived, and knowledge was transmitted verbally within and between communities, and from one generation to the next through oral traditions and storytelling. We also know about the past from the written accounts and illustrations of Europeans who reported on the daily lives of Native Americans. Blending these different ways of knowing about the past is an approach is called ethnohistory, whose goal is to understand the kinship relations, marriage practices, beliefs and mythology, and day-to-day household activities of Native Americans before and during the proto-historic period. The proto-historic period and related themes are covered in more detail with the following topics: * Proto-historic lifeways * The Secotan: Manteo, John White, and the European image of Indian America * The Hernando de Soto and Juan Pardo expeditions * Foodways, cooking practices, and new foods introduced during European colonization References Hudson, C. M., (1997). Knights of Spain, Warriors of the Sun: Hernando De Soto and the South's ancient chiefdoms. University of Georgia Press. Moore, D. G., (2006). Pardo Expeditions. NCpedia.org. https://www.ncpedia.org/pardoexpeditions, accessed May 2022. Smith, M. T., (2005). Understanding the Protohistoric Period in the Southeast. Arqueología Histórica 23:215-229. Ward, H. T., & Davis, R.P S., Jr., (1999). Time before history: The archaeology of North Carolina. University of North Carolina Press.	<urn:uuid:f29e0e23-d900-4401-aa13-6ada70eb0977>	CC-MAIN-2023-14	https://in-herit.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/2.-Period-Overview-Protohistoric.pdf	2023-04-02T04:55:11+00:00	s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/crawl=CC-MAIN-2023-14/subset=warc/part-00207-39c03058-7d78-443d-9984-102329513e3d.c000.gz.parquet	358,750,971	913	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.972749	eng_Latn	0.993478	[ "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn" ]	false	rolmOCR	[ 3189, 4442 ]
## Lunch ### Appetizer \| Item \| Price \| \|-------------------------------------------\|--------\| \| CRAB CAKES \| 12 \| \| Dungeness crab, chili lime aioli, radish \| \| \| BEEF TARTARE* \| 19 \| \| AAA Alberta beef, crunchy boar bacon, cured egg yolk, Parmesan crisp \| \| \| TUNA* SuperFoodRx \| 16 \| \| Organic black quinoa, seared ahi tuna, avocado mousse quail egg, radish \| \| \| LAMB MEATBALLS \| 16 \| \| Moroccan spice, harissa, sheep pecorino cheese, lemon arugula \| \| \| CHICKEN LIVER PÂTÉ \| 12 \| \| Tomato chutney, crostini, sherry gel \| \| \| CORN FRITTERS \| 11 \| \| Traditional guacamole, warm maple vinaigrette \| \| \| CHARCUTERIE & CHEESE BOARD \| 26 \| \| Chef’s selection of local artisan meats and cheeses, house made preserve, pickles, mustard, honey habanero flatbread \| \| ### Sandwich Choice of fries, house salad or soup of the day \| Item \| Price \| \|-------------------------------------------\|--------\| \| SHARE BURGER* \| 18 \| \| Alberta beef, whisky bacon jam, cheddar cheese, lettuce, tomato, onion \| \| \| STEAK SANDWICH* \| 16 \| \| Hanger steak grilled medium rare, sautéed onions and peppers, chipotle lime butter, burnt jalapeño aioli \| \| \| MULTIGRAIN CHICKEN SANDWICH \| 17 \| \| Grilled chicken, fig and apricot chutney, basil pesto whisky bacon jam, melted Brie cheese \| \| ### Main \| Item \| Price \| \|-------------------------------------------\|--------\| \| PAPPARDELLE \| 18 \| \| Alberta bison ragù, wild mushrooms, ricotta cheese, toasted pine nuts \| \| \| BUCATINI \| 21 \| \| Tiger prawns, Kalamata olives, tomato amaretto cream sauce, goat cheese \| \| \| VEGETARIAN FLATBREAD SuperFoodRx \| 14 \| \| Rustic tomato sauce, Kalamata olives, artichokes, wild mushrooms, goat cheese, arugula \| \| \| CHICKEN & CHORIZO FLATBREAD \| 16 \| \| Basil pesto, Parmesan, cured tomatoes, grapes \| \| \| FISH & CHIPS \| 23 \| \| Fish of the day, tartar sauce, coleslaw \| \| \| VEGETABLE TART \| 17 \| \| Caramelized onion, sautéed artichokes, quinoa, wild mushrooms, goat cheese \| \| ### Soup \| Item \| Price \| \|-------------------------------------------\|--------\| \| SMOKED TOMATO BISQUE SuperFoodRx \| 9/7 \| \| Basil, Greek yogurt \| \| \| FRENCH ONION \| 15/8 \| \| Chicken broth, Gruyère cheese, baguette \| \| \| SOUP OF THE DAY \| 7/5 \| \| Chef’s daily inspiration \| \| ### Salad \| Item \| Price \| \|-------------------------------------------\|--------\| \| CAESAR \| 13/9 \| \| Romaine lettuce, prosciutto, croutons, Parmesan cheese, creamy anchovy dressing \| \| \| RED QUINOA FRISÉE SuperFoodRx \| 16/11 \| \| Spinach, frisée, red quinoa, goat cheese, walnuts, cranberries, lemon vinaigrette \| \| \| SALAD LYONNAISE \| 14 \| \| Spring mix, soft poached eggs, baby heirloom tomatoes, mashed avocado crostini, Sherry vinaigrette \| \| \| CAPRESE SuperFoodRx \| 15 \| \| Italian buffalo mozzarella, heirloom tomatoes, almond basil pesto, Kalamata olives, arugula \| \| \| HOUSE SALAD \| 11/7 \| \| Spring mix, cured tomatoes, avocado, cranberries, goat cheese, lemon vinaigrette \| \| \| WILD SALMON* SuperFoodRx \| 15 \| \| Baby Tuscan kale, smoked almonds, goat cheese, baby beets, roasted pepper vinaigrette \| \| ### Side \| Item \| Price \| \|-------------------------------------------\|--------\| \| BEETS SuperFoodRx \| 4 \| \| Melted goat cheese \| \| \| HERITAGE CARROTS \| 4 \| \| Citrus honey glaze \| \| \| FINGERLING POTATOES \| 4 \| \| Chives, sea salt \| \| \| HOUSE SALAD \| 4 \| \| Spring mix, cured tomatoes, avocado, cranberries, goat cheese, lemon vinaigrette \| \| ### Coffee + Tea \| Item \| Price \| \|-------------------------------------------\|--------\| \| FRESHLY BREWED STARBUCKS® COFFEE \| 4 \| \| Regular or decaffeinated \| \| \| Espresso 4 \| \| \| Cappuccino 4.5 \| \| \| Café latte 4.5 \| \| \| TAZO TEA \| 4 \| \| China green tips, zen, chai, berry blossom, chamomile, wild sweet orange, English breakfast, Earl Grey \| \| \| MILK \| 4.5 \| \| Skim, 2%, or soy milk \| \| Service charges and government taxes are additional. An automatic gratuity of 18% will be applied to groups of 8 or more. *Consuming raw or undercooked meats, seafood, shellfish or eggs may increase your risk of food borne illness. SuperFoodRx™ indicates a SuperFoodRx™ dish. SuperFoodsRx powerfully pairs together whole foods to boost nutritional composition and flavours. © Marriott International, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Westin and its logos are the trademarks of Marriott International, Inc., or its affiliates. SuperFoodsRx is a trademark of SuperFoods Partners, LLC.	<urn:uuid:5ac1e47d-b0be-4925-9d16-6d520626dcb1>	CC-MAIN-2019-43	https://www.marriott.com/hotelwebsites/us/y/yegwi/yegwi_pdfs/LunchMenu_February2017.pdf	2019-10-19T13:55:19Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986693979.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20191019114429-20191019141929-00369.warc.gz	977,427,893	1,378	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.989292	eng_Latn	0.989292	[ "eng_Latn" ]	false	docling	[ 5975 ]
Claire Ouellette, ME – 2024 "The journey is in the choices you make, large and small." Ann Berry - USSYP 2024. The small choice I made to file an initial state application for the United States Senate Youth Program has made an everlasting impression on my journey as a student, leader, and U.S. citizen. The seven days spent with delegates from around the country (and the world), changed my outlook on not only the future of my own life, but the future of this country. Day after day I was met with new inspiration from my peers, their undying passion for service and dedication to the public good matching my own. The United States Senate Youth Program allows for leaders within their own communities to not only feel seen, but to create real ideas for implementing change in collaboration with one another. It is a means of connecting with like-minded individuals in a setting of near endless opportunity. As a member of a rural community in Northern Maine, I seldom encounter youth with a zeal for public service like that of my fellow USSYP delegates. To be surrounded by unbridled passion and commitment was an experience that will stay with me for the remainder of my life. Most are lucky to experience just one, or a few of the events we did over the course of Washington Week. The delegates of USSYP; however, were treated to dozens of once in a lifetime opportunities every single day. With each speaker we heard from, each sight we saw, and experience we partook in, we were filled to the brim with new knowledge that will propel us to a future in which our leaders are educated, compassionate, and reinvigorated to serve. The conversations between fellow delegates are among these incredibly valuable experiences. The future leaders of America congregating in such a fashion prompts discussion unlike any I've ever had before. Polarization of the political landscape was a recurring theme of the week, and although it has previously been a point of contention in my own life, I now have genuine hope for this generation's ability to be the one's to move past it. If for no reason other than the genuine desire to connect with one another as human beings beyond the level of policy and opinion. This generation's ability to see past the red and blue was incredibly inspiring and I am confident that these delegates will use this skill set for the betterment of our nation. On the whole, Washington Week was unforgettable from start to finish. I am eternally grateful for the choices made, both large and small, that led to my role in this experience. I am left with a newfound hope for the future of the United States, and a confidence that it will be this new generation that continues the legacy of our nation as the land of the free and the home of the brave.	<urn:uuid:0f3ef6e0-2d98-45b3-9fb1-e521ea737414>	CC-MAIN-2024-30	https://ussenateyouth.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/ME-Claire-Ouellette.pdf	2024-07-23T11:08:45+00:00	s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/crawl=CC-MAIN-2024-30/subset=warc/part-00208-65338ae2-db7f-48fa-a620-71777c40d854.c000.gz.parquet	530,197,302	565	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.999226	eng_Latn	0.999226	[ "eng_Latn" ]	false	rolmOCR	[ 2778 ]
Berkeley City College Due :________________ Name___________________________________ Parametric equations and a parameter interval for the motion of a particle in the xy-plane are given. Identify the particle's path by ﬁnding a Cartesian equation for it. Graph the Cartesian equation. Indicate the portion of the graph traced by the particle and the direction of motion. Obtain the Cartesian equation of the curve by eliminating the parameter. Find dy/dx without eliminating the parameter. Find d 2 y/dx 2 without eliminating the parameter. 13) x = 1 - 2 sin t, y = 1 + 7 cos t, t ≠ nπ 2 2 Find an equation for the line tangent to the curve at the point deﬁned by the given value of t. Find the length of the parametric curve deﬁned over the given interval. Find the area of the surface generated by revolving the curves about the indicated axis. Change the given polar coordinates (r, θ) to rectangular coordinates (x, y). Find a set of polar coordinates for the point for which the rectangular coordinates are given. B) 10, 5π 6 C) 5, 5π 6 D) 5, 2π 3 For the given rectangular equation, write an equivalent polar equation. For the given polar equation, write an equivalent rectangular equation. Find the area of the speciﬁed region. 29) Inside one leaf of the four-leaved rose r = 3 sin 2θ Find the length of the curve. Graph the polar equation. Find an equation for the line tangent to the curve at the point deﬁned by the given value of t. Obtain the Cartesian equation of the curve by eliminating the parameter. Find the length of the curve. 36) The circle r = 7 cos θ Answer Key Testname: MATH3B_HWCH10 Counterclockwise from (-4, 0) to (4, 0) Objective: (10.1) Graph Parametric Equations and Eliminate the Parameter 4 9 Counterclockwise from (0, 3) to (0, 3), one rotation Objective: (10.1) Graph Parametric Equations and Eliminate the Parameter Answer Key Testname: MATH3B_HWCH10 Entire parabola, bottom to top (from fourth quadrant to origin to ﬁrst quadrant) Objective: (10.1) Graph Parametric Equations and Eliminate the Parameter Objective: (10.4) Convert Parametric Equations to Cartesian Equation I Objective: (10.4) Convert Parametric Equations to Cartesian Equation I Objective: (10.4) Convert Parametric Equations to Cartesian Equation I Objective: (10.4) Convert Parametric Equations to Cartesian Equation II Objective: (10.4) Find dy/dx Given Parametric Equations Objective: (10.4) Find dy/dx Given Parametric Equations 10) 2te 2t Objective: (10.4) Find dy/dx Given Parametric Equations Objective: (10.4) Find dy/dx Given Parametric Equations Objective: (10.4) Find d 2 y/dx 2 Given Parametric Equations Answer Key Testname: MATH3B_HWCH10 2 2 Objective: (10.4) Find d y/dx Given Parametric Equations 14) 0 Objective: (10.4) Find d 2 y/dx 2 Given Parametric Equations Objective: (10.4) Find d 2 y/dx 2 Given Parametric Equations 16) y = 6x Objective: (10.4) Find Equation of Tangent Given Parametric Equations 17) 6 5 Objective: (10.4) Find Length of Parametric Curve I 18) 12π 2 Objective: (10.4) Find Surface Area of Revolution Objective: (10.4) Find Surface Area of Revolution Objective: (10.5) Convert From Polar to Cartesian Coordinates 21) (-2, 2 3) Objective: (10.5) Convert From Polar to Cartesian Coordinates 22) B Objective: (10.5) Convert From Cartesian to Polar Coordinates 23) r = 8 Objective: (10.5) Convert Cartesian Equation to Polar Form 24) r = 10 cos θ Objective: (10.5) Convert Cartesian Equation to Polar Form 25) x = 11 Objective: (10.5) 26) Convert Polar Equation to Cartesian Form y = - 9 Objective: (10.5) Convert Polar Equation to Cartesian Form 27) 7x - 3y = 1 Objective: (10.5) Convert Polar Equation to Cartesian Form Objective: (10.5) Convert Polar Equation to Cartesian Form Objective: (10.5) Find Area of Region Inside Polar Curve Answer Key Testname: MATH3B_HWCH10 Objective: (10.5) Find Length of Polar Curve 31) Objective: (10.5) Graph Polar Equation II Objective: (10.4) Find Equation of Tangent Given Parametric Equations Objective: (10.4) Convert Parametric Equations to Cartesian Equation II Objective: (10.4) Convert Parametric Equations to Cartesian Equation II Objective: (10.5) Find Length of Polar Curve 36) 7π Objective: (10.5) Find Length of Polar Curve	<urn:uuid:4895383d-691a-4e74-b1c2-082efed07793>	CC-MAIN-2022-40	https://www.berkeleycitycollege.edu/kpernell/files/2014/05/math3b_HWch10_parametric_polar.pdf	2022-09-29T13:38:22+00:00	s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/crawl=CC-MAIN-2022-40/subset=warc/part-00148-26160df0-1827-4787-a515-95ecaa2c9688.c000.gz.parquet	720,407,500	1,196	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.675135	eng_Latn	0.703679	[ "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "dag_Latn", "por_Latn" ]	false	rolmOCR	[ 375, 449, 548, 770, 1069, 1215, 1467, 1600, 1886, 2671, 3873, 4322 ]
Alaska Court System Daily Public Calendar Anchorage District Court Friday, April 30, 2021 Block Event Anchorage Jail Court, Block Judge: Time 8:30 am 8:30 am 8:30 am 8:30 am 8:30 am 8:30 am 8:30 am 33 Cases 03/24/1992 05/06/1979 08/18/1988 03/24/1992 03/24/1992 03/06/1994 4/30/2021 to 4/30/2021 Alaska Court System Daily Public Calendar Anchorage District Court Friday, April 30, 2021 Block Event Anchorage Jail Court, Block Judge: Time 33 Cases DOB 02/01/1966 03/24/1992 12/02/1999 01/17/1990 01/17/1990 09/04/1991 05/06/1996 09/08/1987 Alaska Court System Daily Public Calendar Anchorage District Court Friday, April 30, 2021 Block Event Anchorage Jail Court, Block Judge: DOB 05/06/1996 12/02/1999 12/02/1999 05/06/1996 11/29/1963 03/03/1998 03/03/1998 Alaska Court System Daily Public Calendar Anchorage District Court Friday, April 30, 2021 Block Event Anchorage Jail Court, Block Judge: 33 Cases DOB 03/03/1998 09/08/1987 11/29/1963 04/11/1964 06/23/1987 07/07/1993 07/03/1982 Alaska Court System Daily Public Calendar Anchorage District Court Friday, April 30, 2021 Block Event Anchorage Jail Court, Block Judge: Time 10:00 am Alaska Court System Daily Public Calendar Anchorage District Court Friday, April 30, 2021 Block Event Arr Dist Ct Out of Custody, Block Judge: Time 9:00 am 9:00 am 9:00 am 9:00 am 9:00 am 9:00 am 9:00 am 9:00 am 9:00 am 9:00 am 58 Cases 09/09/1987 10/26/1988 11/04/1992 03/14/1969 03/05/1985 11/30/1980 01/06/1986 11/01/1996 02/19/1967 4/30/2021 to 4/30/2021 Alaska Court System Daily Public Calendar Anchorage District Court Friday, April 30, 2021 Block Event Arr Dist Ct Out of Custody, Block Judge: Time 9:00 am 9:00 am 9:00 am 9:00 am 9:00 am 9:00 am 9:00 am 9:00 am 9:00 am 9:00 am 9:00 am 58 Cases 07/23/1986 06/23/1989 03/10/1983 07/05/1984 03/16/1993 02/18/1988 11/01/1996 05/11/1995 07/16/1983 11/15/1991 Alaska Court System Daily Public Calendar Anchorage District Court Friday, April 30, 2021 Block Event Arr Dist Ct Out of Custody, Block Judge: Time 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Mental well-being is top of mind. MOBE puts it front and center. The times call for a smarter way to invest in mental health. It takes more than a point solution to effect real and lasting change. MOBE ® addresses all aspects of a person's well-being—physical and mental in tandem—with human connections. MOBE Guides build relationships with people, talking weekly or at the person's desired pace. Mental well-being: The common thread. Things to consider: MOBE Guides and Pharmacists integrate mental well-being into every conversation because mindset, emotional health, and social stressors affect one's ability to make meaningful lifestyle changes—and vice versa. NUTRITION PHYSICAL ACTIVITY A diet consisting of whole foods has a therapeutic effect, improving mood disorders. Exercise promotes the natural production of essential neurochemicals, lessening depressive symptoms. MENTAL WELL-BEING Continual attention to how someone feels and functions emotionally is key to building mental resilience and reducing stress and anxiety. SLEEP MEDS Quality sleep may minimize mood disorders, chronic illness, and fatigue. ©2022 MOBE, LLC Does your company offer a mental well-being solution and if so, does it incorporate nutrition, physical activity, sleep, and medication guidance? 1 Does your mental well-being solution focus on making a human connection that motivates health behavior change? 2 Do your people have frequent and on-the-go access to mental well-being support and can it be personalized to their needs? 3 Do the solutions you offer evolve and adapt as a person's circumstances and health needs change? 4 MOBE focuses on who I am as a person rather than just isolating me into a physical being. The more mentally well you are, the more resilient you can be, and I'm essentially recovering from my burnout. —Carol MOBE is life-changing and effective. I had someone who cared about me. The support kept me going and pulled me out of a deep pit. —Carlos 408-317-8081 I'm having less stress and am feeling better. Work is better. MOBE is so multifaceted. —Koshie MOBEforlife.com [email protected] Support around medications used for anxiety and depression—and all meds a person is taking—ensures safety, addresses side effects, and optimizes effectiveness. Denise Vance-Rodrigues \| \|	<urn:uuid:05a7d5e6-dc35-47cf-bbaf-a0013a9ad1b7>	CC-MAIN-2022-40	https://www.mobeforlife.com/uploads/general/MOBE_Mental_Well-being_dvr.pdf	2022-10-06T14:14:58+00:00	s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/crawl=CC-MAIN-2022-40/subset=warc/part-00074-26160df0-1827-4787-a515-95ecaa2c9688.c000.gz.parquet	920,641,866	505	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.994123	eng_Latn	0.994123	[ "eng_Latn" ]	false	rolmOCR	[ 2341 ]
IN THE COURT OF COMMON PLEAS CUYAHOGA COUNTY, OHIO PATRICK W. CANTLIN, ET AL. Plaintiff SMYTHE CRAMER CO., Defendant Case No: CV-12-790865 Judge: JOHN P O'DONNELL JOURNAL ENTRY THE PARTIES' JOINT MOTION FOR AN ORDER PRELIMINARILY APPROVING THE PROPOSED SETTLEMENT, APPROVING NOTICE, AND SCHEDULING A FINAL APPROVAL HEARING, FILED 3/5/2020, IS GRANTED. O.S.J. THE FINAL APPROVAL HEARING IS SCHEDULED AS FOLLOWS: HEARING SET FOR 05/28/2020 AT 02:30 PM. COURTROOM 18-D, JUDGE JOHN P. O'DONNELL. Judge Signature Date 3/7/2020 ORDER PRELIMINARILY APPROVING SETTLEMENT AND PROVIDING FOR NOTICE WHEREAS, Class Counsel and Representative Plaintiffs Patrick W. Cantlin, Elizabeth S. Hong nka Haggerty, Rita Noall and Cindy Miller, individually and as representatives of the Settlement Classes, and Defendant Smythe Cramer Co., d/b/a Howard Hanna Smythe Cramer, ("Defendant" or "Smythe Cramer") entered into a settlement of the claims asserted in this Action, the terms of which are set forth in a Settlement Agreement and Release dated February 3, 2020 (the "Agreement");¹ WHEREAS, the Agreement, together with the exhibits thereto, sets forth the terms and conditions for the proposed settlement of the claims alleged in this Action on the merits and with prejudice; WHEREAS, the Agreement is subject to review and approval by this Court; ¹ All Capitalized terms used herein have the same meanings set forth for such terms in the Settlement Agreement and Release. WHEREAS, the Court, having read and considered the Agreement, the proposed Class Notices, the proposed Claim Form, and submissions made relating to the Settlement Agreement, finds that substantial and sufficient grounds exist for entering this Order; NOW, THEREFORE, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, this 4th day of March 2020, that: Pursuant to Civ.R. 23(A) and (B)(3) of the Ohio Rules of Civil Procedure and for the purposes of the Settlement only, the Court certifies the following Settlement Classes, as slightly revised from the Court’s previous certification order to provide ending dates: (a) an Administrative Fee Class consisting of all individuals in the state of Ohio who, between September 18, 2005 through December 31, 2009 (“the Administrative Fee Class Period”), paid Defendant an Administrative Fee or Administrative Service Fee; and (b) a Brokerage Services Fee Class consisting of all buyers of real estate in Ohio who paid the Defendant a Brokerage Services Fee between March 1, 2009 and August 1, 2019 (the Brokerage Services Class Period), and who did not have an exclusive buyer representation agreement with Defendant dated May 2009 or later. Excluded from the Settlement Classes are: Defendant, Defendant’s personal representatives, affiliates, and parent and each of their current or former directors, officers, and employees, sales agents/associates, legal representatives, successors, and assigns; any other entity in which the Defendant has a controlling interest; any Judge to whom the Action is assigned and all members of his immediate family; and all Persons who timely and validly Opt-Out pursuant to the Class Notice disseminated in accordance with the Preliminary Approval Order. 1. The Court finds, preliminarily and for purposes of Settlement only, that the terms of the Agreement including Defendant’s commitment to pay all Valid Claims in full and the proposed Order Regarding Stipulated Injunctive Relief are fair, reasonable and adequate. 2. The Court also finds preliminarily and for purposes of Settlement only, that (a) the number of Settlement Class Members is so numerous that joinder of all class members is impracticable; (b) there are questions of law and fact common to each member of the Settlement Class; (c) Representative Plaintiffs’ claims are typical of the claims of the Settlement Class they seek to represent; (d) the Representative Plaintiffs will fairly and adequately represent the interests of the Settlement Class; (e) common questions of law and fact predominate over any individualized questions and (f) all other factors bearing on class actions support certification. 3. Pursuant to Rule 23 of the Ohio Rules of Civil Procedure, preliminarily and for the purposes of Settlement only, the Representative Plaintiffs are certified as the class representatives on behalf of the Settlement Class and Class Counsel Patrick J. Perotti of Dworken & Bernstein Co., and James A. DeRoche of Garson Johnson LLC are hereby appointed as Counsel for the Settlement Classes. 4. Class Counsel shall file application for the Attorneys Fees and Costs and Representative Plaintiff Incentive Awards referenced in the Agreement no later than 21 days after the entrance of this Preliminary Approval Order. 5. A hearing (the “Final Approval Hearing”) pursuant to Civ.R 23(E) is hereby scheduled to be held before the Court on \text{5/26}, 2020 at \text{1:30 p.m. [ideally between 70 and 95 days following entry of this Preliminary Approval Order]} to consider: a) Whether the Settlement should be finally approved as fair, reasonable, and adequate, and whether the Released Claims of the Settlement Classes against the Released Parties should be dismissed with prejudice by entry of the Final Approval Order and Judgment; b) Any Objections filed by Settlement Class Members; c) Class Counsel’s motion for an award of Attorneys’ Fees and Costs; d) The Representative Plaintiff Incentive Awards; and e) The Cy Pres Payment. 5. The Court approves the form, substance, requirements of, and manner of distributing: (a) the Class Notice, including the Short Form Notice and Long Form Notice attached as Exhibits F and C, respectively, to the Agreement, the Publication Notice attached as Exhibit E to the Agreement, and (b) the Claim Form, attached as Exhibit A to the Agreement. The Settlement Administrator shall provide a simple, direct method for Class Members to submit their claims online electronically at the Settlement Website. 6. The Court appoints the Heffler Claims Group as the Settlement Administrator to fulfill those duties it thereby is undertaking, including dissemination of the Class Notice, establishment of the Settlement Website, operation of a Call Center to include voice recorded IVR and live operators, tracking Objections, and Processing Claim Forms, and determining Valid Claims, and reporting to the Court and Counsel, all as outlined in the Agreement. 7. Class Counsel has the authority to enter into the Agreement on behalf of the Settlement Class and are authorized to act on behalf of the members of the Settlement Class with respect to all acts or consents required by or that may be given pursuant to the Agreement or such other acts that are reasonably necessary to consummate the Agreement. 8. Not later than twenty one (21) days before the Final Approval Hearing, the Settlement Administrator will provide Class Counsel and Defense Counsel with an affidavit or declaration by a competent affiant or declarant, attesting that the Notices have been disseminated in accordance with this Order. 9. Defendant will cooperate with the Settlement Administrator to facilitate providing notice; to assist with establishing the Settlement website; to provide the Settlement Administrator with the list of customers who should receive notice (Notice List). 10. All Settlement Class Members who submit a Claim Form must sign, as part of the Claim Form, an attestation under penalty of perjury but not subject to notarization, that, in sum and substance, says: (i) they are a member of either the Administrative Fee Class or the Brokerage Services Fee Class; (ii) they did not receive disqualifying forms during the class period; (iii) they (as opposed to another person) actually paid the Fee themselves; (iv) submission of the Claim Form waives any Opt-Out rights that they may otherwise have; (v) that no portion of the Claim to which they may be entitled has been assigned, transferred, or conveyed in any manner; (vi) they have the legal authority to submit the Claim Form; and (vi) that the information provided on the Claim Form is truthful and accurate. 11. The Settlement Administrator shall use best efforts to determine validity of Claims within thirty (30) days of the Effective Date. In the event that validation is not practicable within sixty (60) days, the Settlement Administrator shall have an additional sixty (60) days to complete the validation of Claims. Within forty-five (45) days after Final Approval Hearing, the Settlement Administrator will provide by email to Counsel for the Parties a dated report (the “Claims Report”) providing copies of those Claim Forms that were denied, any other correspondence or materials relating to same, and stating the reason(s) for the denial. Counsel for the Parties will have fourteen (14) days after the date of the Claims Report (or thirty (30) days if the number of denied claims in the Denied Claims Report exceeds 50) to dispute any such denied claims by email to the Settlement Administrator (the “Dispute Filing Period”). In the event the Parties cannot reach agreement on any claim, Class Counsel or the Claimant shall have the right, within fourteen (14) days after the Dispute Filing Period, to submit such claim to this Court for its final, non-appealable determination. 12. Nothing in this Agreement or Claims process creates a claim by any Person against the Settlement Administrator based on any determination of a Valid Claim, distributions, or awards made in accordance with this Agreement and the exhibits hereto, and all relief shall be solely as provided in this Agreement and by its Claim process. Neither Plaintiffs nor Defendant, nor their counsel, shall have any liability whatsoever for any act or omission of the Settlement Administrator. 13. Settlement Class Members shall be bound by all determinations and judgments in this Action, whether favorable or unfavorable, unless such persons request exclusion from the Settlement Class in a timely and proper manner, as hereinafter provided. A Settlement Class Member wishing to make such an Opt-Out request shall do so by serving, via first class mail, postage pre-paid, a written request for exclusion which must be postmarked to the address specified in the Claims Notice no later than [fourteen (14) days] before the Final Approval Hearing. Such request for exclusion must: (i) be signed by the Settlement Class Member; (ii) include the full name and address of the Person(s) requesting exclusion; (iii) be timely postmarked and mailed to the address designated in the Class Notice; and (iv) include the following statement or similar: “I/we request to be excluded from the proposed class settlement in Cantlin v. Smythe Cramer Co., Case No. CV-12-790865 (Court of Common Pleas, Cuyahoga County, Ohio).” No Class Member, or any person acting on behalf of or in concert or participation with that Class Member, may exclude any other Class Member from a Settlement Class, and no Class Member shall be deemed Opted-Out of a Settlement Class through any purported “mass” or “class” Opt-Outs. Settlement Class Members requesting exclusion from the Settlement Class shall not be entitled to receive any payment out of the Settlement Fund as described in the Settlement Stipulation and Notice. 14. Any Class Member, on his, her, or its own, or through an attorney hired at his, her, or its own expense, may Object to the terms of the Settlement, Class Counsel’s motion for an award of Attorneys’ Fees and Costs and/or the Representative Plaintiff Incentive Awards so long as the Objection is filed with the Court and served on Class Counsel and Defendant’s Counsel, at the and the Settlement Administrator, at the addresses listed below at least fourteen (14) days prior to the Fairness Hearing. The Court’s address is 1200 Ontario Street, Cleveland, OH 44113. Class Counsel’s address is Patrick J. Perotti, Dworken & Bernstein Co., LPA, 60 South Park Place, Painesville, Ohio 44077 or [email protected]. Defendant’s Counsel is Anthony J. Coyne, Mansour Gavin, LPA, North Point Tower, 1001 Lakeside Ave, Suite 1400, Cleveland, Ohio, 44114 or [email protected]. The Settlement Administrator’s Office is 1515 Market Street, Suite 1700, Philadelphia, PA 19102 or [email protected] or [email protected]. To be effective, any such Objection must be in writing and contain the following information: (a) reference at the beginning to Cantlin v. Smythe Cramer Co., Case No. 12-790865, the Court of Common Pleas, Cuyahoga County, Ohio; (b) the name, current address, telephone number, and signature of the objecting Class Member or the Legally Authorized Representative; (c) the name, current address and phone number of all lawyers or other persons working with, representing, or advising the objecting Class Member in connection with the objection; (d) a statement of his, her, or its membership in one of the Settlement Classes, including all information required by the Claim Form; (e) the specific reasons, including any factual and legal basis for the objection; (f) copies of any papers, briefs, or other documents upon which the Objection is based; (g) a declaration of whether the Objector intends to appear at the Final Approval hearing and if so, (i) a list containing the name, current address and phone number of all witnesses the objecting Class Member may call to testify at the Final Approval Hearing and a full summary of the proposed testimony and (ii) a description of the evidence and copies of documents the objecting Class Member may offer at the Final Approval hearing; and (h) a detailed list of any other objections to class action settlement filed by the Objector or his, her, or its counsel in any court, whether state or federal, in the United States, in the previous five (5) years or a statement that no such objections have been filed. If any objecting Class Member, or that Class Member’s counsel, has objected to a class action settlement on more than three occasions, the notice of intent to object must also contain all matters described in the Settlement Agreement, generally summarized here, to wit: a. a list all cases in which such objections were filed and by whom; b. the outcome of the objections; c. the amount of money, if any, paid in connection with the objection to the objecting Class Member, Class Member’s counsel, or to anyone else; d. the identity of the person or entity that made the payment; e. the identity of the person or entity that received the payment or any subsequent distribution of that payment; and f. a declaration of whether the information in subsections (c)-(e) above was disclosed to the court overseeing the proposed settlement. 15. Any Class Member who fails to file and serve timely a written Objection and notice of his or her intent to appear at the Final Approval Hearing pursuant to this Paragraph, and as detailed in the Notice, shall not be permitted to object to the approval of the Settlement at the Fairness Hearing and shall be foreclosed from seeking any review of the Settlement or the terms of the Agreement by appeal or other means. To appeal from any provision of the order approving the Settlement as fair, reasonable and adequate, the attorneys' fees or the award of incentive payments, the Class Member must appear in person, or through counsel, or seek leave of Court excusing such appearance prior to the Final Approval Hearing, or as otherwise may be permitted by the Court at the Final Approval Hearing. Any Class Member who does not object in the manner prescribed above shall be deemed to have waived all such objections and shall forever be foreclosed from making any objection to the fairness, adequacy or reasonableness of the Settlement and the Order and Final Judgment to be entered approving the Settlement. 16. Pending final determination of whether the Settlement should be approved, all Settlement Class Members, and each of them, and anyone who acts or purports to act on their behalf shall not institute, commence or prosecute any action which asserts Released Claims against any of the Released Persons. 17. If the Settlement is finally approved, the Court will enter a Final Approval Order approving the Agreement substantially in the form and content attached to the Agreement as Exhibit B, and incorporating it as the judgment of the Court, which judgment shall be binding upon all members of the Certified Classes who did not previously exclude themselves in response to the Notice of Certification. 18. In the event that the Settlement shall not be consummated pursuant to its term or is materially modified by this Court or on any appeal or remand, the Agreement, except as otherwise provided therein, may be terminated pursuant to the Agreement Section XIII.C and if so terminated shall be null and void, of no further force or effect, and without prejudice to any party, and may not be introduced as evidence or referred to in any action or proceedings by any person or entity, and each party shall be restored to his, her or its respective position as it existed prior to the execution of the Agreement. 19. The Court retains exclusive jurisdiction over the action to consider all further matters arising out of, or connected with, the Settlement. 20. The Parties are hereby authorized without further approval from the Court to agree upon such amendments or modifications of the Agreement and of all exhibits thereto as shall be consistent in all respects with this Order and do not limit the rights of Class Members. Dated: March 7, 2020 Judge John P. O'Donnell Consented to by: Anthony J. Coyne (#0039605) Jeffrey M. Embleton (#0006480) Tracey S. McGurk (#0069631) Mansour Gavin LPA 1001 Lakeside Ave., Ste 1400 Cleveland, Ohio 44114 (216) 523-1500 Jay N. Varon (pro hac vice) Jennifer M. Keas (pro hac vice) Foley & Lardner LLP Suite 600 3000 K Street, NW Washington, DC 20007 (216) 672-5300 Counsel for Defendant Smythe, Cramer Co. Patrick J. Perotti (#0005481) Nicole T. Fiorelli (#0079204) DWORKEN & BERNSTEIN CO., L.P.A. 60 South Park Place Painesville, Ohio 44077 (440) 352-3391 (440) 352-3469 Fax [email protected] [email protected] James A. DeRoche (#0055613) GARSON JOHNSON LLC 101 West Prospect Avenue, Suite 1610 Midland Building Cleveland, Ohio 44115 (216) 696-9330 (216) 696-8558 Fax [email protected] Class Counsel CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE I hereby certify that a copy of the foregoing was served via the Court’s electronic filing system on MARCH 4, 2020. Patrick J. Perotti (#0005481) DWORKEN & BERNSTEIN CO., L.P.A. 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DATA QUALITY POLICY Statistics Botswana. Private Bag 0024 Gaborone Botswana Tel: (+267) 367 1300. Toll Free: 0800 600 200 Fax: (+267) 395 2201. Email: [email protected] Website: www.statsbots.org.bw Statistics Botswana Table of Contents 8. SUPPPORTIVE DOCUMENTS...................................................................................................................... 1. PURPOSE OF THE POLICY This policy is meant to promote production of quality statistics within the National Statistical System (NSS) and provide a platform for the assessment of statistical outputs. The policy shall strengthen the production of statistics that are relevant, comprehensive, timely, trustworthy, accessible and focussed on meeting the needs of the users. 2. BACKGROUND Statistics Botswana, like other statistical agencies, is mandated to be the pre-eminent national agency responsible for the development and management of official statistics. In addition, the organisation is mandated to coordinate the National Statistical System. Thus, Statistics Botswana has the responsibility to inform users and producers of statistics on the international best practices on data collection, processing, analysis and dissemination. The Data quality policy is crucial in ensuring quality indicators needed to monitor and evaluate the national development plans, Vision 2036, regional, continental (e.g. Africa's Agenda 2063) and international development programmes (e.g. the Sustainable Development Goals – SDGs). It is against the foregoing background, that Statistics Botswana has developed a policy that guides the users and producers on the quality of statistical products produced and disseminated within the National Statistical System, and authorises the framework on the processes to be followed in an effort to address different elements towards the production of official statistics. 3. LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORKS AND PRINCIPLES 3.1 The United Nations General Assembly adopted the fundamental principles of official statistics in January 2014, recognising at the highest political level the importance of quality official. 3.2 The African Statistics Charter (2009) also underscore the importance of quality in one of its objectives, which is "to ensure improved quality and comparability of the statistics required to monitor the economic and social integration process in the continent". 3.3 The Statistics Botswana Act of 2009 confers a legislative obligation on Statistics Botswana to adhere to the UN Fundamental Principles of Official Statistics. Section 29(2) of the act states; "The principles of official statistics shall be in accordance with the standards and principles issued by the United Nations Statistical Commission, which include among others; data quality covering relevance, accuracy, reliability, coherence, comparability, timeliness and use of international standards." 4. DEFINITION OF DATA QUALITY According to the ISO 9000:2005 standard, quality is defined as the "degree to which a set of inherent characteristics fulfils requirements". Statistics Botswana, like other Statistical Agencies defines data quality in terms of "fitness for use". Therefore, under this definition, the quality of statistical information shall be determined by the extent to which they meet user needs. 5. SCOPE This policy applies to all statistical data and analytical results produced and disseminated within the National Statistical System (NSS). 6. POLICY STATEMENT This policy provides a standardised approach to ensuring and reporting on quality across the different statistical information, be it those produced by the National Statistics Organisation or different agencies within the NSS. Data producers shall; 6.1 avail to users measures or indicators of data quality and descriptions of the underlying concepts, definitions, classifications (coding schemes) and methodologies; 6.2 Ensure that documentation on quality and methodology shall conform to such international standards and guidelines that shall over time be developed and issued under this Policy; 6.3 Ensure that statistical products are accompanied by or make explicit reference to documentation on quality and methodology; 6.4 Avail to users an assessment of the quality of statistics compiled using secondary data sources. 7. RESPONSIBILITY The custodianship of this policy shall lie with the Statistician General. The policy shall be reviewed periodically as and when the need arises. Monitoring of adherence to the policy is critical for improved statistical outputs; hence clear monitoring and evaluation mechanisms shall be in place. These shall be part of the NSS monitoring and evaluation processes. 8. QUALITY DIMENSIONS Statistics Botswana with the mandate to coordinate and supervise the NSS, recognises the need to provide users and producers with guidelines towards data quality. These are detailed in the dimensions of quality as explained below; \| Quality Dimensions \| Definition and Key Components \| \|---\|---\| \| Prerequisites of quality \| Refers to the institutional and organisational conditions that have an impact on data quality. It defines the minimum set of necessary conditions that have to be met in order to produce quality statistics. It therefore serves as the foundation on which all other dimensions of data quality should be premised. The minimum conditions are: • Legal and institutional environment (Stats Acts and other Acts including Memoranda of Understanding (MoUs) or Service Level Agreements (SLAs) • Confidentiality • Commensurability of resources • Quality as the cornerstone of statistical work \| \| Relevance \| Relevance of statistical information reflects the degree to which the statistical products meet the needs of users • Why do you need to conduct the survey or collect data? • Who are the users of the statistics? • What are their known needs? • How well does the output meet user needs? • Are user needs monitored and fed back into the design process? \| \| Accuracy \| The accuracy of statistical information is the degree to which the output correctly describes and or estimates the phenomena it was designed to measure. Accuracy refers to the closeness of the values provided to the (unknown) true values. • Assessment of sampling errors where sampling was used. • Assessment of coverage of data collection in comparison to the target population • Assessment of response rates with a view to determine usability of the data • Assessment of the impact of the imputation • Assessment of non-sampling errors and any other serious accuracy or consistency problems with the survey results or register based statistics. • Data collection, data capture, data coding and data processing errors. • Source data available provide an adequate basis to compile statistics (e.g. administrative records). • Source data reasonably approximate the definitions, scope, classifications, valuation, and time of recording required. • Source data are timely. \| \| Credibility \| The credibility of data products refers to confidence that users place in those products based simply on their image of the data producer, i.e, brand image • Professionalism and ethical standards which guide policies and practices. • Assurances that statistics are produced on an impartial basis. • Ethical standards are guided by policies and procedures. \| 9. STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES Data quality standards and assessment tools shall be addressed through Statistics Botswana Quality Assurance Framework. The framework serves as a guiding tool for all producers of statistics within the broader National Statistical System. In addition, the guidelines for measuring statistical quality also provides standards and procedures of how much documentation on data quality can be presented or readily accessed. Furthermore, the Service Charter also outlines services standards and general turnaround time for various statistics products produced by Statistics Botswana. 10. SUPPORTIVE DOCUMENTS For ease of reference, the following are important supportive documents (references): 10.1 Statistics Botswana Act 2009 10.3 Service Charter (Statistics Botswana, 2016) 10.2 Data Quality Assessment Framework (DQAF) 10.4 African Statistics Charter (2009) 10.6 International Standards Organisation (ISO) 10.5 United Nations Fundamental Principles of official statistics Statistics Botswana \| Approval \| Chairperson \| \|---\|---\| \| Approval \| Statistician General \|	<urn:uuid:8044c12b-7832-4217-aef6-50dc39e3d96b>	CC-MAIN-2022-49	https://statsbots.org.bw/sites/default/files/documents/DATA%20QUALITY%20POLICY-.pdf	2022-12-03T03:13:07+00:00	s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/crawl=CC-MAIN-2022-49/subset=warc/part-00050-a0906200-461b-4808-9b94-6c53daf73f61.c000.gz.parquet	561,210,222	1,607	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.539102	eng_Latn	0.925852	[ "mlt_Latn", "por_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "unknown", "eng_Latn", "unknown" ]	false	rolmOCR	[ 203, 388, 3328, 4984, 7387, 8397, 8492 ]
Five Raiders earn postseason recognition Top Drawer Soccer ranks Raiders among the Sun Belt's Top 20 December 12, 2012 · @MTAthletics Postseason Rankings by Top Drawer Soccer MURFREESBORO, Tenn. Middle Tennessee Soccer had five players earn spots in the Sun Belt Top 20 rankings as released by Top Drawer Soccer last week. Paige Goeglein, the Sun Belt Conference Offensive Player of the Years, was listed as the top player in the Sun Belt. Senior Regina Thomas earned a fifth place ranking, while senior defender Allison Stallard was eighth. Whitney Jorgenson was rated 11th and defender Charity Blair was listed 16th. Last month, Goeglein was named the 2012 Sun Belt Conference Offensive Player of the Year. She led the Blue Raiders, as well as the conference, in scoring with 14 goals and 32 points, putting her 19th nationally in scoring. Her eight game-winning goals were tied for first nationally. The Ft. Wayne, Ind., product was named Sun Belt Offensive Player of the Week on Sept. 4 and Oct. 16 and also earned weekly honors from College Sports Madness, College Soccer 360 and the Tennessee Sports Writers Association. Goeglein was named to the NSCAA All-South Region First Team last week. She became the first Blue Raider soccer player to earn Capitol One Academic All-America honors and only the fourth MT student-athlete in school history to garner a spot on the first team. Goeglein concluded her illustrious career with 23 goals and 10 game-winning strikes. She finished fourth all-time at MT with a .172 shooting percentage and logged 5,773 minutes during her four year career. Thomas earned third team NSCAA All-South Region honors after posting 16 points (five goals and six assists) in 20 matches. The redshirt senior connected on goal 64 percent of her attempts and finished with one game winner. She closed out her career in several top 10 categories. Thomas was third in games played (82), fifth in shot percentage (.155) and sixth in assists (19). The Centennial, Colo., native wrapped up her career ninth all-time with 23 goals and 65 points. She also earned a spot on the Sun Belt AllConference. As a defender, Stallard joined Blair in giving up 25 goals to opponents this season. She finished second in MT history with 79 game starts, while playing a total of 83 games in her career for third overall. The Coffeyville, Texas native earned first team All-Sun Belt honors. Jorgenson finished her senior season with nine goals, seven assists and 25 points in 20 matches. The Overland Park, Kan., native finished eighth all-time with 66 points, fifth with 20 assists and is the school record holder with 80 games started. Jorgenson was also an All-Sun Belt Selection. Blair completed the year on a defensive backline that gave up just 25 goals to opponents. The Chattanooga product ranks seventh all-time with 5,931 minutes played and is second all-time with two penalty kick goals. Blair earned second team All-Sun Belt honors for the 2012 season. "I am really proud of our players who earned this recognition," said head coach Aston Rhoden. "They all worked really hard in the off season and it's great to see them being recognized for their efforts by such a credible organization as Top Drawer Soccer." The Raiders compiled a 14-5-1 record in 2012 and snatched their second Sun Belt Conference regular season title in school history. Offensively, Middle Tennessee ranked second in scoring offensive with 2.85 goals per game. Printed on April 24, 2014 Original URL: http://www.goblueraiders.com/content.cfm/id/64547	<urn:uuid:0ea6e5b7-6a15-4dca-9bf1-094461a6e3dd>	CC-MAIN-2014-15	http://www.goblueraiders.com/content.cfm/id/64547/print/1	2014-04-24T22:31:40Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223206770.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032006-00594-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz	584,672,691	791	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.998212	eng_Latn	0.99832	[ "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn" ]	false	rolmOCR	[ 1823, 3556 ]
"Switchblade Comb" by Mobius VanChocStraw. A jaunty, jazzy tune reminiscent of the opening theme of a movie. Music continues at a lower volume as April introduces herself and her guest, and then it fades out. Welcome to Switchblade Sisters, where women get together to slice and dice our favorite action and genre films. I'm April Wolfe. Every week, I invite a new female filmmaker on. A writer, director, actor, or producer, and we talk—in depth—about one of their fave genre films. Perhaps one that's influenced their own work in some small way. And this is our very first remote recording, since we're all doing physical distancing now. I'm recording from my bedroom, so I'll warn you right now, you may hear my cat, Chicken, screaming in the background. And yes, I said screaming. The audio is likely going to sound a little different from our studio's audio usually odes, but everything else is exactly the same. And today, I'm very excited to have writer-director Tayarisha Poe coming in from—are you in Philly right now? Ugh, I wish. That would be amazing. No, I'm in Brooklyn. Brooklyn. Wow. Braving it in Brooklyn. Tayarisha, it's so great to have you on the show today. Thank you for having me. Um, for those of you who are less familiar with her work, please let me give you an introduction in a this-is-your-life form. Uh, so Tayarisha is a storyteller from West Philly who believes that all stories are multidimensional and multi-sensory and thus should be told that way. She studied film at Swarthmore College, wheres she directed a handful of shorts, and then after graduation, she started working at the media center at Swarthmore, and then started writing her own first feature in her free time. You know, 'cause she had a ton of free time, I'm sure. [Tayarisha snickers in the background.] Her brother, who has his own dance company, Idiosyncracy, then hired her to direct and film dance performances, trailers, shows, all of that stuff, as well as some poetic nonfiction projects she and her brother dreamed up. She continued freelancing as a videographer and photographer. You may remember uh, Anna Rose Holmer's celebrated indie, The Fits, for which Tayarisha served as the still photographer, if I remember correctly. 'Cause I saw her name, and I was like, "Oh, that's that director I'm supposed to watch out for!" [Tayarisha laughs.] In 2015, her work earned her a spot on the 25 new faces of 00:02:57 Tayarisha Guest independent film list from Filmmaker magazine, and in 2016 she received the Sundance Institute's night foundation fellowship. Now, that feature that she was working on, Selah and The Spades, that wrapped up in time for her to be awarded a spot in the 2017 Sundance Screenwriters Lab, and in the June Sundance Directors Lab. She was also a 2017 Pew Fellow, if you're keeping count. But Selah and The Spades' long road finally came to fruition when the film premiered at Sundance in 2019, and now it's premiering to all of you at home April 17th on Amazon Prime. Tayarisha also directed two episodes of Two Sentence Horror Stories, and you can look forward to seeing her episode of The Twilight Zone in season two. Tayarisha, the movie that you chose to talk about today is Brick, and can you give us a little explanation on why this one is one of your fave genre films? Uh, so it's really easy for me, because Brick is the first movie that I can remember watching that I really wanted to figure out how to copy. [Laughs.] And so, that, for me, is like, "Okay, if I wanted to desperately to just imitate exactly what this was doing, then this must be an important film in my life." I've seen it a lot of times. I remember the first—the first short film I ever made was in high school, and it was basically like uh—I mean, in some places a word for word copy of scenes of Brick. [Both laugh.] It was just—and like, it starred like, my best friend, whose name was also Brendan, and another friend whose name was also Emily, so— [April responds emphatically.] —it was very much like, let me just work with what I know works. Um, but yeah, it was um—that movie continues to blow my mind to this day, because it's this daytime noir film, and like, I love anything that has teenagers but they speak as though they're the adults in the room at all times. 00:04:14 Music Music "Emily's Theme" off the album Brick by Nathan Johnson 00:04:16 April Host And now, let me introduce Brick with a quick synopsis. Brendan: Pin? The Brain: Pin. The Pin? Brendan: The Pin, yeah. The Brain: The Pin's kind of a local spook story. You know the Kingpin? Brendan: Heard it. The Brain: Same thing. Supposed to be old, like 26, lives in town. 00:08:01 Clip Clip 00:08:24 April Host 00:08:50 Tayarisha Guest 00:09:04 April Host 00:09:58 Tayarisha Guest 00:09:59 April Host The next day, Brendan meets Laura and tells her he knows it was her who set Emily up for the stolen brick— Brendan: She trusts you, she wants in. It's duck soup. Laura: No. Brendan: You frame her for the bad brick, then you cut her loose. You turn on your heel and bite her in the throat. Last week on the payphone, Del Rio and Sarmentosa, she saw something she was scared of. Tug's car driving by, the Pin riding shotgun, but she wouldn't have seen the Pin. No, she was across the street, angel. She saw the driver side. She saw you. —and that Laura, in fact, took it and got Emily killed by advising her to tell Tug she was carrying his baby. Laura retaliates by telling Brendan that the baby was actually Brendan's, and Laura was going to take Emily for an abortion, because Emily didn't love the father. Brendan will never know the truth, but Laura's going down, because he put that tenth brick in Laura's locker and informed the authorities. And, you know, it's a pretty complex story, I'll say. [Both laugh.] It's so complex. So like, the first couple times I watched it, I don't know if I fully knew what the plot was. Like, I had—I kept like, picking up on details. But I like, to this day, I'll watch it and things will surprise me about the plot! Absolutely. I was rewatching it for this and I was just like, "Oh shit! That's what happened!" [Both laugh.] So, one of the things I wanted to get into is that this is a very low budget movie, Brick. And something that Rian Johnson had to deal with, you know, was getting rejected quite a bit. He said, "I wrote Brick back in 1997, and it took six years to get it off the ground. Part of this was because the script was so unusual, and I was a first time director. Never an easy combination for the money people. But it was just a matter of sticking to our guns, refusing to change the script to make it easier to swallow, and not giving up until it came together, and eventually it did. We figured out the smallest amount we could shoot it for on 35 millimeter, then begged and borrowed from friends and family. End of the day, Brick was financed entirely independently for just under $500,000." [Emphatically] Oh my god. So I mean, that's— [Tayarisha makes an exasperated sound.] —we're talking about long journeys, and I know that your film has had a long journey, too. I mean, he wrote it in 1997 and he knew 00:10:35 Tayarisha Guest 00:11:15 April Host 00:11:16 Tayarisha Guest what he was going to be writing in 1997, and then the movie doesn't release until 2005. Of course, it has a festival journey, too, as did yours. I'm just curious, you know, let's talk about that kind of realization that you need to know, you know, exactly how much you can make it for and the least amount where you have to cut it down. Like, what was that journey like for you? Yeah, so. [Laughs] We, um—I started working with this producer, Lauren McBride, who also went to Swarthmore, and that's how we met. Um, she's amazing, absolutely brilliant. We started working together in 2014. In 2014, I put out this like, this thing called Selah and the Spades: An Overture, which was a mix of the short stories, these vid—photo stories, and short films that I had made with these teenagers in Philly over the summer of 2014. Um, and so, called Selah and the Spades: An Overture, and once I put that out, Lauren reached out to me and was just like, "What are you doing next? I wanna help." And so— Oh, that's so great. Yeah, she's absolutely amazing. I think she's at San Francisco, um, something now. But, she's amazing, and she—we started—we basically—like, neither of us had ever made a movie before, or a feature film before. And so every day, or every month, it was basically having this conversation of, "How little money do we need to make this movie?" And I think when we started out, we were trying to make it for like, $30,000. [Laughing] So, it was really not realistic for what we envisioned the film to be! But, we never gave up raising that amount a little bit, so that we could still—like, we were always trying to figure out how little money we had to spend to get this thing made, because that was—like, it's just this assumption—I mean, an assumption but also just what tends to happen is, they're only willing to give you as little money as possible, so. [Laughs.] If we went armed with that information then we felt like we could end up on top, and I think that we did. And what he says about, the script is a little bit different, like, what Rian Johnson said about Brick. I knew that threw as going to be—not hesitation, but a sense of not understanding… I knew going into pitching that there was going to be a lot of resistance about seeing Selah as the hero of her story, and not like, painting her as the villain. So, in seeking funds and talking to investors and production companies and stuff, almost the first thing out of a lot of people's minds—because this is how, I think, what we're used to as audience members—um, a lot of—or, the first thing a lot of people would say is, "What if we, you know, tell this story entirely from Paloma's perspective, and just let Selah be this villain, and let her be like, this mean girl character." And it's like, totally, yeah, I've loved those movies too, but the reason I'm writing this movie this way is because I'm so sick of just seeing this quote-unquote "villainous" person through the eyes of the hero. Um, so that was like—I feel like that—I feel like I could see 00:13:34 April 00:13:52 Tayarisha 00:13:53 April 00:13:59 Tayarisha 00:14:15 April 00:14:26 Tayarisha 00:14:29 April 00:15:14 Tayarisha 00:15:18 April Host Guest Host Guest Host Guest Host Guest Host Rian Johnson running into similar questions about who's the hero of this story and who's the villain. Um, it's difficult for people to, you know, morality tales. Oh yeah, the shades of morality. [Tayarisha affirms.] And especially like this, like the hard-boiled type of thing. It's not as um, uh, black and white as so many people would like to have it. In some ways I kind of feel like the story that you're telling is almost like if we told Brick through Laura's point of view as well. Oh, one hundred fucking percent. Which I think is, you know, I think it's really interesting, because she has her own reasons and she has— She's the mastermind! She's controlling everybody behind the scenes. They don't even realize it, and I'm all like, every time I watch that movie I'm just like, "What is going on with this girl? I want to know right now!" Because that'st he most interesting thing to me is who's the one who's controlling the plotlines? And she is. Oh yeah. You know, I would say when it came to Brick and the casting of Joseph Gordon-Levitt, I think that was kind of a coup for them. He had already been on Third Rock from the Sun for so long. Yeah. I had such a crush on him in that show, yeah. [Laughs.] God. Yeah, so many people did! It was funny, there's a few interviews where he was talking about how, despite the fact that this movie seems so different from Third Rock from the Sun, he actually learned, um, pretty much everything he needed to know from working with John Lithgow on that show, because John Lithgow has, um—I mean, if you had watched it, you would know he has a mouthful of lines. [Tayarisha laughs.] You know, for every scene, he just like, has to say so many. Apparently they would have, you know, like twenty times more lines for him because he'd have to deliver them so quickly and so succinctly. Um, and so he was, you know, he kind of looked to John Lithgow for help for doing this role and how to say things very quickly. Oh, that's sick! That's so cool. I think that's really lovely to think about, that there's a connection between those two. And so speaking about these mouthfuls, I want to talk about Rian Johnson's writing process for this. He said, "First step I took was I wrote this as a novella in prose, copying Dashiell Hammett's writing style, which is very particular, very abrupt. And that, for me, helped to shape ethe story and the dialogue and to capture the feel of some of those books. Then I just transcribed that into screenplay form. The entire writing process took about four months or so, but that was all a year after percolation." Um, so every writer has their own process, right? We go into this constantly. I think it's an interesting thing, he writes it out as a novella, almost—because to me that seems like he's doing a full outline as opposed to just kind of digging into the story itself. So, he's really concerned very much with plot, and how that plot can work itself out. Because when it is intricate, it's hard to just kind of go directly into the final draft, and then just try to write form there. So you know, like, lots of conspiracy theory strings have to be tied up. [Through laughter] Yeah, that makes sense. I—what—what was your process like? That's so funny. I didn't know that he'd written a novella originally for Brick until like, literally a week ago, because he posted it on—or he posted um, a link to—this sounds like I stalk Rian Johnson but I swear I don't. I'm just online a lot. [Both laugh.] But he posted on Twitter— Tayarisha Poe, very online. [Through laughter] I know. He posted on Twitter, um, he posted the Knives Out script, and I remembered when I was in college, I used to obsessively reread Rian Johnson scripts. Because they were written, um—like, his scripts are very enjoyable to read. Um, and so I went to his website just to check out the Knives Out script, and then I realized he also at some point posted this novella um, that he made for Brick. And it's—it was such like a mo—or like, a week ago when I found this out, it was such a like 'I've returned home' moment because I do the exact same thing. And so like, I didn't even—like I didn't even know that he did that, but it makes total sense, because you have these—or because he's a filmmaker who creates such rich and deep worlds within the span of that two hour film. And like, that—the whole reason I want to make movies, or I've always wanted to make movies, is because I want to just live in a fictional world at all times. And so the way that I write is I always start out by writing it out as a short story, or um, you know, along whatever format the story needs to take, but I always have to start out writing in prose. And whenever I'm working on a new idea, I have to just like, write a bunch if vignettes. Just prose vignettes as though I'm writing a book, because it's the only way that I can—it's the only way in my life that I've figured out how to access the character's inner world in order to make the outer world of the story as rich as it needs to be for me to believe in whatever the plot is. So I guess like, it's interesting to hear him talk about how he writes things out, and following Dashiell Hammett's style, I like that a lot. Or how he writes things out to figure out the plot, I feel like I write stuff out in prose in order to figure out the—like, the emotional plot of things, and then, just like the plot itself, like, "Oh, and then somebody steals a ledger, whatever." [Laughing] That is almost not important to me. Like, I don't really care about those parts of storytelling, but like, the emotional worlds"Switchblade Comb" by Mobius VanChocStraw. Transition 00:20:13 April Host 00:21:21 Tayarisha Guest Welcome back to Switchblade Sisters. I'm April Wolfe, and I'm joined today by Tayarisha Poe, and we're talking about Brick. Okay. Um, let's talk about, um, I don't know. Let's do something that—if you don't have any connections to anyone in Hollywood, how do you get into Hollywood? [Tayarisha makes an incredulous sound and laughs.] Thi is something that Rian Johnson had to figure out. He has a great quote or two from this. He said, "I wrote this right out of film school, then I got it to anyone who would read it. I had no connection in the industry at all, and I'm very bad at putting myself out there and selling myself. That was part of it being such a long process. My friend Steve Yedlin, who shot the movie, he was working as a grip on film sets, so he would pass it to the producer whenever he could. That's how we found one of our producers, actually. It snowballs from there. "Me, I got a series of day jobs. I worked at the Disney Channel for a few years, producing children's promos, and I worked at a preschool for deaf children in LA. I was basically their video guy, making instructional videos for the kids. They were jobs that kept me fed, but that didn't suck up all my time. It was tough not to second guess yourself the whole time, but it was important to stick to your guns." End quote. So, I thought you might have something to say about that. I love that so much. [Both laugh.] Oh my god. I just… ugh. It's so—it's so interesting to be where I am right now, and I'm really grateful to be where I am, and I feel really fortunate. Looking back, when people ask me these sorts of questions, like how do you get here, I try not to be flippant when I say it but, I genuinely believe this to be true: a lot of it is luck. A lot of it is literally just being in the right place at the right time, and like, I hate sometimes that that's what it boils down to. But because it's like, it's so ephemeral, it's—like, you can't really bottle luck up, unless you're in, you know, fucking Harry Potter. But it's so—[Sighs] When I tried to figure out how to deal with the fact that most of life and success in life boils down to being in the right place at the right time, I always go back to what my mom used to tell us when we were kids, which is that like, it literally doesn't matter what you do or what level you get to or how much talent you have, because if you're not ready for whatever comes to you, then you're screwed. [She laughs. April affirms.] That's like, that's it. It's just literally—so I have to like—part of what I tell myself is like, yes, it's luck, and yes, it's just good fortune and those things, but it's also that every time I've managed to make a 00:23:11 April Host 00:23:28 Tayarisha Guest 00:24:24 April Host connection or met somebody, or they've asked me, "So, what are you working on?" I've always had something. And like, I've almost always had something that's finished. Like, I really like to complete things and like, complete projects. So, for a couple of years, whenever people asked about Selah and the Spades, the feature film, it was like, "Yeah, here's this website where I basically outline the entire world for you in this visual appealing way that is its own complete project." Uh, and that had a huge effect. That made a huge difference for me. I was just gonna say, I mean like, you're—you have to be planning. I mean like, the benefit of having a little bit more time to work on, you know, a first feature—you know, trying to look at the sunny side, is that you are absolutely ready by the time that people fucking give you the money. Oh, you're so ready! You're like, nobody in the whole entire universe knows this movie as well as you do, and you will be able to just, like, charm people off of that. Like you're going to—or at least, that's basically what our strategy was. Was, "put me in front of a group of people and let me convince them that this fictional world is the coolest club on the block. And like, they want to get into this club." And I was able to do that, because it's just, like, I've literally only— I've literally been living this story for years. Like, this is all that I do with my time, is think about this world, or these fictional worlds, and these fictional people. Ask me a question, and I'll have an answer. And if I don't, we're gonna figure it out together. So, I do think that that—I'm grateful for all that time, because I feel like it… Yeah, it's just in service of this worldbuilding that I think everybody should be doing when they write. Or at least, I hope that everybody's doing. I'm really curious. Because another aspect of being really ready for this in terms of not just pitching but also shooting is something that Rian Johnson had something to say about. He said, "We had 20 days to shoot the movie. I dug out storyboards I drew six years ago that I can line up against the movie now, and they're the same, exactly." [Tayarisha responds emphatically with "wow".] "The fact that I had that element really solid in my head for so long meant I could focus on the more immediate tasks at hand on set. Like, working with the actors on dialogue, as opposed to thinking about camera placement, and how the scene would cut together." End quote. And, in terms of that kind of, like, you know. "You don't have to get ready if you stay ready" kind of attitude, uh, I thought that that was really interesting, that he had visual aspects so solid in his head, that he really apparently like, yeah, his storyboards look exactly like the movie, he was able to just hand those over to his cinematographer, Steve Yedlin, and you know, let him kind of take over of how to accomplish those things. And um, you know, like, that—when I look at the movie, and I'm like, "Yeah, wow, five 00:26:14 Tayarisha Host 00:27:39 April Host hundred thousand dollars." But I look at those shots, and like, "Oh, shit! That's why." [Tayarisha laughs.] Like he, was thinking of those early on. And that's something, also, that, you know. He talks a lot about how he thought the Cohen brothers would sue him for making this movie. But he also learned from the Cohen brothers of how to write and storyboard things, so that they cut together, so you can make a very low budget film. And um—so, what is your way of working, though? Because I think that there is no one right way, I mean, there are people like Rian Jonhson who will storyboard the shit out of things, and there are people who are like, "I need to be there in the moment, and we need to see what emotion is fitting it." So, you know, like, what's your thoughts on that? So here's, like—writing a movie, and you know this, writing a movie is just you writing a movie! It's just you sitting down, maybe with somebody else, and you're just writing. There are words on the page, there are people that don't exist in your head, typically. And you're just writing down what they're gonna say and do! Before you even cast it, before you even know who these people are, what they sound like, and what they look like, and how they feel. You're doing all of that before that happens. And so, I really love and lean into and will shout from the rooftops, I'm the sort of person and filmmaker who… I buy into that whole philosophy of like, you write the script, and that's one version of the movie, and you actually make it, and that's another version, and you get into the edit, that's a whole other version of the movie! Um, that's what I do, and that's what I love about filmmaking, because then it's like, I feel like when I do that, and when I give myself room to be that sort of director and writer, um, everything about the process becomes so much more fun. Um, because it very quickly then goes from me telling other people what to do, or—it's never me telling other people what to do, and it's more, how can we collaborate together to build this vision in the moment, based on these elements that we have in front of us right now? So, it feels a little bit more, like, seat-of-the-pants stuff, that I always like? And that's kind of how I like to live my life, not knowing what's coming next. My god, woman. [Both laugh.] Like, this moment in time is very weird for me, but also very much what I'm used to. Can I say though, Rian Johnson I think has the exact opposite attitude, because he said—this is about his rough cut, he dreads a rough cut. 00:28:18 Tayarisha Guest He said, "I showed the rough cut to a couple of friends, and it was such a terrible experience, so soul crushing. I ended up having flu symptoms, just in bed with a fever afterwards. For a year I was editing this on my Mac, on my home computer, to be screening at festivals. My head is still spinning. But the rough cut is terrible." So, I'm— [They laugh.] You guys are like, complete opposite, yeah. Well, for me, I'm just like, I'm—I honestly feel like part of this—or part of how I have a zen attitude now towards the process is because of Sundance. Or because I was able to go through the labs before making this movie. Because they're just like, oh my god, at the directing labs you can make so beautiful, and so perfect, and just exactly what you intended. And they will rip it apart. [They laugh.] They will absolutely—you will sit in a circle with your advisors for the week, and they will destroy you. In the most, like, loving way, but they will absolutely destroy what you did. They won't destroy you, I shouldn't say that. They will rip apart the thing that you created. I think we can all—everybody listening to this, you, me, all of us, we can all say, without feeling any type of way about it, that directors tend to be the most egotistical of the bunch, in terms of filmmaking. And that's totally fine! [April affirms.] We all know it to be true. So, I'm down for Sundance teaching us like that, in that way, because they're all about helping us separate our ego from the artwork that we're producing. And so, I like—I kind of love a rough cut screening, because I'm just like, yeah rip it apart, whatever! Like, it's not me. It's not Tayarisha, the person. I know I'm great, I think I'm awesome. Nothing that anybody says is going to change my opinion about myself, and if everybody's there for the right reason, and if everybody is there with the right intentions, then we're all there in service of the story. So, everything that everybody is saying is just trying to make it the best version of itself possible. So, I think that's why I like that, like, feeling of uncertainty at all moments? In filmmaking. 00:31:19 Tayarisha Host 00:32:52 April Host Um, Rian Johnson said, "The slang in the dialogue is taken from at on of different sources. There's stuff from the 50's, 80's, stuff I made up. The purpose of the weird language, I thought, was important to establish style-wise that this wasn't supposed to be highschool today. And language was a quick way of rapidly establishing we're in a different world, here." End quote. To me it works, I mean, very clearly. But I think that's kind of a rule that you get for any type of writing, is that you should drop people in so they assume that it's natural. That this is expected, so you're not spending your time spinning your wheels trying to explain things. Um, and uh, you know, I'm obviously noticing a lot of that in your film, too. I know it's a boarding school, but I know that it's not a typical boarding school. I know that it's not reality. But it is reality. I personally write stories so that—there's stuff that you shouldn't do, in life? There's stuff that your moral compass will keep you from doing, and that's great. But I write fiction so that all those things that I personally maybe would not do, I get to watch somebody else make those decisions. And so, in terms of like the language of the film, the language of their dialogue, and the slang that we use. Just like, even the cadence of speech, and just the speed in which they speak with each other? That was really important to me. Because I wanted to craft a fictional world that you knew was familiar, and that felt familiar. But that felt different enough from what is actual, and what is real, that you would want to escape to that fictional world. So that's really what it was for me. But it was also, like. There is something—I don't know what the best example is, but like, say you go to like, a summer—this is so weird. You go to a summer camp, and everybody who went to that summer camp last summer knows to call juice "jammy". But like, you don't know yet that juice is called "jammy", and you're like, "What the hell is jammy? How do I learn—" Like, that's how you go along. You know what things are called. So, I wanted people who watch Sela to feel at the end, like, "Oh, the worst thing that you could possibly be is a rat. And you have to keep track of your ledger." I just want like, this random vocabulary that people who watch the movie can have, that makes them feel like they belong to this fictional world. Yeah, and you introduce it pretty quickly, I would say, because you have all these characters together, as opposed to singularly. So it's just having them speak to one another, and introducing those things, I think, is pretty effective. Yeah. [Tayarisha affirms.] We're gonna take another quick break, when we come back, we'll get further into that language, crafting it, and also locations, and a bunch of other stuff. But we'll be right back. "Switchblade Comb" by Mobius VanChocStraw. [Radio interference followed by laidback music with a snare drum beat. A phone rings as the DJ speaks.] 00:34:04 Music Transition 00:34:11 April Host Radio DJ: Welcome back to Fireside Chat on KMAX. With me instudio to take your calls is the dopest duo on the West Coast, Oliver Wang and Morgan Rhodes. [Click.] Go ahead, caller. Caller: Hey. Uh, I'm looking for a music podcast that's insightful and thoughtful, but like, also helps me discover artists and albums that I've never heard of. Mordan Rhodes: Yeah, man. Sounds like you need to listen to Heat Rocks. Every week, myself—and I'm Morgan Rhodes—and my co-host here, Oliver Wang, talk to influential guests about a canonical album that has changed their lives. Oliver Wang: Guests like Moby, Open Mike Eagle, talk about albums by Prince, Joni Mitchell, and so much more. Caller: Yooo! What's that show called again? Morgan: Heat Rocks. Deep dives into hot records. Oliver: Every Thursday on Maximum Fun. [Music suddenly gives way to static and a dial tone.] "Switchblade Comb" by Mobius VanChocStraw. Welcome back to Switchblade Sisters, I'm April Wolfe, and I'm joined today by Tayarisha Poe, and we are talking about Brick. Um, so, you know, we've talked a little bit about the language. I wanna get into, like, as an actor, the process of coming up with that language, and how to deliver those lines. Um, because, Joseph Gordon-Levitt said, quote: "Brick, I never really tried to come up with any region when I did this. But man, I just read the words a lot. Over and over again, until it started falling into something. And I listened to a lot more musicians than actors, Tom Waits being the primary one, Serge Gainsbourg. But, a lot of people, different poets, Wu-Tang Clan, even. I think had a lot of similarities with Brick. And just doing it until we thought it sounded good, there was lot of repetition, a lot of practice." Um, I thought that was a really interesting way of coming up with the language, and being aware of it being different, but realizing that you have to digest it to try to allow it to feel real. Um. And, you know, I was curious about how you approach that, but I think that one of the things that Joseph Gordon-Levitt said, "Even though the dialogue, and a lot of the camerawork and costumes and everything are kind of over the top, beyond reality, the emotions never are. The emotions are all very genuine. And the 00:36:15 Tayarisha Guest Host whole point of doing as much practice as I did to get the words down, was so that when we actually do the scenes, when it actually came time to do them, I didn't have to think about doing the words at all. I could just feel what I needed to be feeling, and Brenden is not feeling good." End quote. I thought that, you know, that sums it up for me. And, I'm curious, because you are "fly by the seat of your pants", and um, for me, this seems like, you know, he is doing this kind of, like, over-prepare, so that your body kind of takes on an autopilot. But then, there are some benefits for not preparing, because then you can feel a little bit more like, you know, loose, or something like that. And I was curious how you were approaching that. That's such a good question. It's like, I feel like I simultaneously, as the writer and—or rather as director, directing these actors, we over-prepared and under-prepared. So, I would like—so like, we over-prepared in that they all had homework to do before they got to set. And like, everybody—the main characters had—I had these character biographies for them, and they all had like, short stories and poems that I wanted them to read, and we would talk about stuff, and we would all make playlists for the characters, and listen to those together. So, stuff like that, where there was a lot of preparation to get us into the mindset of people? But, when it comes to the dialogue, because I knew we had a lot of first time actors, and a lot of teenage actors. And, it's also the difference between—one of the biggest differences that I didn't think about until now, between Rian Johnson making Brick back then, and me making Selah and the Spades now, is that Johnson didn't have Brick to influence him in making Brick. Whereas I had Brick to influence me. And like, I had, you know, all of Wes Anderson in terms of movies that have their own worlds, and their own language within that world, and their own design within that world. Like, I had all these references, and everybody else on set had a lot of similar references, and we would talk about them a lot. But the thing that that does is, when you have a script like Selah, where the language at times is quite whimsical? Um I think an actor's natural inclination is to match their emotional—or like, match the whimsy of the words. So I was constantly reminding people on set, and anytime a new actor came, I would say the same thing to him. The words are whimsical, so we don't have to be. Like, the words and their whimsey are enough, don't worry about that, just worry about the emotion of what you're going through. So, I think that it's related to—I think it really does relate to what, um he's saying about playing Brendan. Um, and that's kind of fascinating to me. It's just like, the words are whimsy, you don't have to be whimsical. And I think that's how whimsy works. Or how whimsy is effective. Yeah. Like, you have to play it for a reality, almost serious. Like it's the type of it. 00:38:35 Tayarisha Guest 00:38:59 April Host 00:39:35 Tayarisha Guest Exactly! Yeah, because like—exactly, because whatever's happening to you, no matter what it says on the page, whatever's happening to that character is very serious for that character. This is their life we're talking about. [April affirms.] So, it made for some really fascinating moments, because they look and act like kids. But they speak with such gravity. Um, I think it's really effective. Well, um, to get into the last thing I wanted to bring up about Brick was something that—you guys both premiered your films at Sundance, and I think that that's something very interesting. But he sold to Focus Features right out of Sundance. And he said, quote: "When we sold it to Focus at Sundance, we were able to get final cut in the contracts. So I actually did some recutting after Sundance, because after watching it with an audience, there are things I was wanting to speed up or tweak. Focus had suggestions, but we were in the nice place to not have to listen, because of that part of the contract." And I thought that was really interesting! Yeah. Um, that makes me really happy, to know that he had final cut, because I love when people have final cut. Everybody should get final cut! I have final cut, by the way, just so everybody knows. Shout-out to my producers. [Both laugh.] So all the problems with the film are on me. For sure. I can not blame anybody for anything. Feels great. God, you love punishment. You really love self punishment. You're just asking for it. Oh, god. I make it work, I make it work. [They laugh.] But I think, you know, that's something that I appreciate, is just, you know, first time film makers who have someone who's protecting them in terms of a producer, or anyone else, an executive who's saying, "We believe in this person's vision, we want them to get final cut." And I also like that Rian Johnson's watching this with an audience, and it happens quite a bit. Something premieres at a film festival, and then it goes to theaters, to streaming, and you realize like, "Wait a minute, I don't remember this scene playing out like this." And it's because the filmmaker saw it, realized that there were some issues, and made a different cut. And I think we forget that, a lot of people will repurpose reviews from film festivals that the movie was actually changed. 00:40:57 Tayarisha Guest Yeah. I—[Laughs] Oh god, watching it at Sundance was so hard, not because it was bad, I thought it was really great. Just because the experience of like, watching my first feature film with an audience. I don't remember anything about the movie itself, I just remember sweating through all of my clothes. I just—oh my God. I remember, like. I just remember sitting there gripping the armrest, and thinking to myself, "I can't even get up to leave, because I'm sitting next to everyone, and they're gonna see me go." So, yeah. I—but at the same time, my editor was there too, Kate, and afterwards we both looked at each other, we were like, "Do you have notes? I have notes." That was uh, fascinating. And then we went back to the edit after we um—after Sundance, we came back to—er, after Sundance, and after Amazon bought the film, we went back into the edit, just in case we wanted to make any changes. And we looked at our notes that we thought were so huge at the premiere. And we actually did the work, and found that we wanted to cut exactly five frames from the film. So, once we realized our issues with the film were pretty much just, like, "Oh, let's get out a hair earlier, let's leave a hair later." Then we were like, "Let's just leave it as is, and just fuck it, like, let's just let it out." His five frames for us was like—that's like a rounding error for me, that's just like, I've grown as a human being, and can recognize these differences. That's not the story doesn't require these five frames, that's— Tayarisha doesn't require them. So, I think that the thing that I'm happiest about with the film coming out now, is that, there's finally no going back. It's just, like, it's out. And that's it. Um, because, if I—for instance, if we sat down today and re-cut the film, we would definitely come up with something entirely different. That, I know for sure. Because it's like, I'm a different person, Kate is a different person, the world is a different being, like. You couldn't make the same film today. And that's why I'm glad we didn't make those changes. Well. I think that is a lovely way for us to end our uh, talk today. I wanna thank you so much for coming on the show, Tayarisha. Thank you, I had so much fun! And, Tayarisha, can you remind us of when people can watch your movie, Selah and the Spades? Yes, April 17th on Amazon Prime. Awesome. And uh, thank all of you for listening to Switchblade Sisters, uh, we're gonna start doing something a little different at the end of each episode from now on. I'm going to be giving you a staff pick of sorts. A recommendation of a film directed by a woman. I know people all of a sudden have a lot of time on their hands, and that, you know, I just wanted to recommend some movies for you all to watch. And, this show is all about highlighting the great work of women filmmakers, after all, so, here we go. 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2021 OHIO HIGH SCHOOL ATHLETIC ASSOCIATION CENTRAL, EAST, AND SOUTHEAST DISTRICT DIVING CHAMPIONSHIP LOCATION: Jefferson Country Club 7271 Jefferson Meadows Dr., Blacklick, OH 43004 DATES: Girls & Boys Division 1 - Monday, February 15, 2021 Girls & Boys Division 2 – Tuesday, February 16, 2021 MEET DIRECTOR: Ryan Wilson 614-668-2761, Cell [email protected] START TIMES: Girls D1 – Mon., Feb. 15 th: Doors Open for D1 Girls Athletes & Coaches at 10:30am Warm-up 11:00AM – 11:55AM Competition 12:00PM Boys DI – Mon., Feb.15 th : Doors Open for D1 Boys Athletes & Coaches at the completion of D1 Girls or 2:30pm Warm-up 3:00PM-3:55PM Competition 4:00 PM Girls & Boys D2 – Tues, Feb. 17 th : Doors Open for All D2 Athletes & Coaches at 3:30pm Warm-up 4:00PM- 4:55PM Competition 5:00PM QUALIFIERS TO STATE PRELIMS: Boys D2 Diving – TBA Girls D2 Diving – TBA Boys D1 Diving - TBA Girls D1 Diving - TBA DIVING ENTRIES: All diving entrants must be entered on the Sectional Swimming & Diving Entry Form. All divers must be entered must be submitted to your assigned Sectional Tournament Manager by 12 Noon, Monday, February 8, 2021. All divers submitted on the Sectional Swimming and Diving Entry Form, must have competed in an 11 dive meet during the 2020-2021 season. Each school may enter a maximum of 4 divers in the diving event. The diving event counts as one of the two individual events in which an individual may compete. If an individual is diving, that individual may only be entered and compete in a maximum of one individual swimming event in the Sectional Meet. No diver will be entered unless their diver is entered on the OHSAA official tournament entry form and submitted with the swim entries. Diving sheets will not be accepted the day of the meet. Diving sheets must be submitted by Noon, Monday, Feb. 8, 2021. Diving sheets may altered up to one hour before the meet. All diving entries must be submitted electronically using "Edive" and submitted to [email protected] no later than Monday, February 8, 2021 by 12 Noon. Entries received after 12 Noon on Monday, February 8, 2021 shall not be accepted. Instructions for Entries: If your school uses edive, please send a text (.TXT) file of your entries to Melanie Ryan at [email protected]. Please do not send database files. If your school does not use edive, or you are unable to send a text file, there are two options: 1. The following link will take you to an online form for entries: https://www.edive.info/emailentries.aspx When completing the form the "Meet Hosts Email" is [email protected], the "Meet Name" is Central District Tournament, and the "Event Name" is gender and division of your divers (example: Girls Division 1). Please be sure to follow-up with Melanie to make sure the information was received. 2. You can send an email directly to Melanie Ryan ([email protected]) with your diver entry information; which includes diver's name, school, and diver numbers. Each piece of information should be separated with a comma, make sure you are accurate with your entries, and that the voluntary dives are noted with a "V" following the diver number. Please see examples below for the exact format: "Shawn Cordi","Dublin Scioto",103BV,105B,301BV,204C,5134D,5233DV,401BV,403B,201BV,5225D,304C "Brian Hearns","CBH (Bishop Hartley)",103CV,105C,5124D,403CV,404C,201AV,204C,302CV,304C,5122DV,5225D If you coach divers from more than one school, please send each school's entries in separate emails. Also, please make sure to separate your entries for girls and boys. DIVING INFORMATION: The springboard diving competition shall follow the Championship Diving format as outlined in the 2020-2021 National Federation Swimming & Diving Rule book. Read and understand the rules for championship competition. Dives must be performed in the order written. Divers not competing will not be permitted on the Boards or in the facility. Championship scoring for 16 places will be followed. Please instruct your divers that they will not be permitted to begin warm-ups until a coach/school board approved representative is on the pool deck. All coaches and divers must follow State, Local, OHSAA, and facility Covid guidelines. Masks must be worn while in the facility and when not competing. Social distance (minimum of six feet) must be maintained. Contestants may bring snacks but are prohibited from bringing any containers that are made of glass. Meet Procedures All meet information will be posted on the www.ohsaa.org and www.cdab.org web sites. All coaches are responsible for reading and understanding the tournament information as presented on the web sites and discussed at the mandatory rules interpretation meetings. All swimming competition shall follow the 2020 - 21 National Federation Swimming and Diving Rule Book. Read and understand the rules for championship competition. Coaches should make sure that all divers are aware of the following procedures: A. Scoring will be as follows: Individuals 20, 17, 16, 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 9, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 B. All Edive results from each District Diving tournament will be automatically sent to John Mihevic at [email protected]. If any of the coaches would like to make changes to the sheet that they had at Districts they can do so by emailing John at [email protected] or make the changes at the state tournament. C. PILLOWS, BLANKETS, SLEEPING BAGS, COOLERS, NOISEMAKERS, SHAKERS, HELIUM BALLONS ARE NOT PERMITTED IN THE AQUATIC VENUE. LEAVE ALL SUCH ITEMS IN THE BUS OR CAR. D. Only Officials, Coaches, volunteers, and divers will be permitted into the facility. Locker Rooms Restrooms are available for all contestants in the pool house. Locker rooms are not available for changing or showering. * Participants must arrive in their swimsuits. * Divers are required to take all of their belongings to the pool deck. Neither Jefferson Country Club nor the meet administration will be responsible for personal valuables. * Each school is asked to handle its own discipline and litter problems. Any contestant or team found guilty of vandalism, theft, or conduct unbecoming to an athlete will be barred from further competition. Parking The athlete drop-off area is located at 7271 Jefferson Meadows Dr., Blacklick, OH 43004 Spectators Due to State, Local, OHSAA and facility Covid requirements, spectators are not permitted. A Zoom or streaming link will be provided to coaches prior to the event so that people may watch from a mobile device or computer. If you have any questions regarding any aspect of the District Diving Meet, please do not hesitate to give me a call. It is my job to provide you with a good meet. My cell is (614) 668-2761, or you may e-mail me at [email protected]. Good luck with the remainder of the season! Ryan Wilson, Meet Manager Central District Diving	<urn:uuid:5cb47040-07ff-450d-a5da-5f6c6ea24ea8>	CC-MAIN-2022-05	https://ohsaaweb.blob.core.windows.net/files/DAB/Central/Swimming_Diving/2021/2021_DistrictDiving_Info.pdf	2022-01-21T14:37:17+00:00	s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/crawl=CC-MAIN-2022-05/subset=warc/part-00058-1e2959d8-5649-433a-b76e-f1b876a6479d.c000.gz.parquet	461,229,829	1,740	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.989167	eng_Latn	0.99475	[ "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn" ]	false	rolmOCR	[ 2189, 4420, 6848, 6944 ]
www.ptwoodturners.org Calendar March 12 – Glenn Lucus Message from the President: remember, he developed this on a OneWay, where it makes a LOT more sense. I gave it a try on my DVR and found it to work very well – the DVR headstock is more like the OneWay than the Powermatic. Under any circumstance, whether you think it is a better approach than whatever you are doing now, it certainly gave us something to ponder and try. Such an interesting approach to turning a bowl. Working from the headstock side – why not! It sure seems to work. In the demo Ryan had some issues with getting around the headstock of our big Powermatic – As you are no doubt aware, we have shifted CA suppliers for the club store. As a dealer for Mercury I get the glue at wholesale price, which is less than the club price we were paying. Thus, we can reduce the price a bit. There seems to be come confusion about the types of CA. Previously we had thin, medium, and thick, clear as well as black. Now we have thin, medium, and thick plus flex medium and flex thick. The flex is quite a bit more expensive so be careful which you choose. The flex was designed for applications where the brittleness of normal CA is a drawback. It is not as flexible as epoxy, but is much more flexible than normal CA. Woodturners have found that the flex works better for a finish as it does not tend to crack with age as the normal sometimes does. In the interest of full disclosure, my price for the normal is $40.20 per case of ten 2oz bottles - $4.02 each, and my price is $5.84 each bottle for the flex in 2oz bottles. I provide it to the March 2019 www.woodturner.org club at my cost. Bob is (I believe) selling the normal for $4.00 and the flex for $6.00. My monthly reminder: I have let the folk at AAW know that we will have the minimum ten participants in the price reduction for groups. If you are participating, you do not need to register for the symposium. When we send in the registration fee for the group that will serve as your registration. This deal does NOT include the banquet, nor does it include any spouse/sig other registration. You will need to indicate that when you send in your payment and include any difference it may incur. Still time to participate: The AAW Symposium for 2019 will be in Raleigh in July. We have an opportunity to purchase registration at a $25 each discount ($300 rather than $325). Full payment is due to AAW by April 1, 2019, so it must be to Bob Schasse by March 25. To find out more about the Symposium, visit https://www.woodturner.org/page/2019RaleighMa in UPCOMING May Picnic: The next gathering other than our monthly meetings is the MAY picnic in. This year the May picnic will be on the 27 th of April – that's CLOSE to May! Mark your calendars now, PTWA PICNIC, APRIL 27. AAW: The AAW Symposium is in Raleigh this year (July 11-14). This is the largest gathering of woodturners in the world, and well worth the cost in both time and treasure to attend. ON-GOING PROJECTS Beads of Courage boxes: Let's keep those boxes coming in!! At the risk of being called a squeaky wheel, I am repeating the call for Beads of Courage Boxes - again. Remember, the limits on these boxes are really pretty open in terms of style so feel free to let your creative juices flow. Just remember that these are for some very ill children so do keep within the guidelines. As you plan out your boxes please take the time to read this: http://www.beadsofcourage.org/pages/woodturner s.html Also, here is a link to images of BOC boxes to get the juices flowing: https://bit.ly/2ISWcAl PRESIDENT'S CHALLENGE March: Time for the pen turners to shine. Turn a pen – or a bunch of pens. April: Turn a tool – or a handle for a tool. Let's see those tools you have turned. These can be shop tools, garden tools, household tools, or whatever, as long as they are at least in part turned. 2019 TURNERS OF THE MONTH March Bob Schasse April Dave MacInnes May June July PICNIC Earl Martin George Sudermann August Dallas Stokes September OPEN October Jerry Jones November OPEN December CHRISTMAS PARTY 2019 Demonstration Lineup: * March 12, 2019 – Glenn Lucas – If you have never been in a turning situation with Glenn, you are in for a treat. If you have, you know what to expect. Get excited!! Here is a link to get you acquainted with Glenn and his turning: https://glennlucaswoodturning.com/ * April 9, 2019 – OPEN * May – 13, 2019 – OPEN * June 11, 2019 – Greg Gallegos – "Podlets" – go check him out, he makes amazing flowers out of wet wood. * July 9, 2019 – AAW Symposium in Raleigh, 7/11 – 7/14. Demonstrator to be determined * August 13, 2019 – OPEN Local Club Member (Crystal mentioned someone) * September 10, 2019 - Beth Ireland (not confirmed, in talks – not sure this one will pan out) – she's an architectural turner * October 8, 2019 – Tool Sale AND Interactive / Mini Demo's – need to create demos / invite folks to participate * November 12, 2019 – OPEN (Local Club Member) – would like Christmas themed * December – Christmas Party February Minutes: President Jim Barbour started the meeting at 6:35. He began with the traditional joke: "The inventor of the knock-knock joke won the no bell prize." He followed with some folk wisdom: "Experience is a great teacher - but only a fool has no other" "Don't worry - nobody else knows what they're doing either." Jim welcomed seven visitors and took a count of those with a Guilford County address. The May picnic was scheduled for April 27th, with no May meeting. There was dissension in the ranks over this, so a show of hands vote was taken, and there will be a May meeting. The December gift exchange will take place at the April picnic. Jim called for videographers for the AAW Symposium; those volunteering for this task will receive free tuition. A sign-up sheet for the Symposium was circulated. Jim also called for a volunteer to be the new club webmaster. Bob Schasse gave the Treasurer's report and noted what was for sale in the club "store". Bob Muir put in a plug for the club library. Jim recognized Bob Holtje for his good efforts on behalf of the club. This was followed by a round of applause. Jim Terry then presented the Gallery. After a short break, the raffle was held. Crystal Earley introduced Ryan Hairgrove, the evening's demonstrator. Ryan began with some history and a description of the equipment he has used. His general approach on bowls is to rough turn green wood, and then let it dry for approximately Piedmont Triad Woodturners Association Newsletter – March 2019 Page 3 two years, then finish turn it. He primarily uses domestic hardwoods. He does not use chucks. He rough turns inside and out with the inside screwed to a faceplate, and finish turns with the bottom glued to a plywood block screwed to a faceplate. He showed many pictures of bowls he has made, some of which were enormous. He likes the "free" nature of woodturning. chips. This will encourage additional spalting. He did note that sometimes it can go too far, however. For green wood turning, he likes to use a scraper with a 5 degree bevel. His demo began with a green maple blank, and finished with a previously rough turned dried piece. Roy Carlson, Secretary Mentors: An interesting aspect of his approach is "force spalting", where he places a green blank that already shows spalting in a plastic bag with wet Jim Barbour, Elon (336) 584-4228 Bob Muir, Greensboro (336) 638-6012 Jim Duxbury, Graham (336) 227-7168 Earl Kennedy, Trinity (336) 803-1164 Bob Moffett, Burlington (336) 229-6141 George Sudermann, Winston-Salem (336) 923-2007 Geoffrey Purser, Greensboro (910) 585-5453 Photos of the October Instant Gallery Jim Yarbrough – 8" Oak Bowl Dave MacInnes – 20 Red Gum Bowl Piedmont Triad Woodturners Association Newsletter – March 2019 Page 4 Jerry Jones – 24" Maple & Paduk Lamp George Sudermann – Spoon, Fork & Cheese Knife Mike Dresel – Osage Orange Bowl Bob Schasse – 6" Hickory Bowl Piedmont Triad Woodturners Association Newsletter – March 2019 Page 5 Steve Golden – Mashrabiya Screen Steve Golden – Mashrabiya Screen CHAPTER OFFICERS President – Jim Barbour, 3324 Osceola Road, Elon, NC 27244, (336) 584-4228 [email protected] Vice President/Program– Cristal Earley, 3800 Plantation Drive, Greensboro, NC 27410 (336) [email protected] Secretary – Roy Carlson - 5707 Pine Haven Dr.Greensboro, NC 27410 (336) 898-7384 [email protected] Treasurer – Bob Schasse; 435 Sandy River Dr.; Danville VA 24541; (434) 228-1563; [email protected] Member at Large – Lan Brady; 5202 Ashworth Road; Greensboro, NC 27405; (336) 621-6783; [email protected] Member at Large – John Moehlmann; 223 E. Parkway; High Point, NC 27262; (336) 889-3156; [email protected] EX OFFICIO AAW, NCWS – Jay Mullins; 2462 Pine Creek Ridge.; Ashboro, NC 27205; (540) 204-3751; [email protected] Newsletter/Website – Jim Terry; 111 Anita Dr.; Winston-Salem, NC 27104; (336) 768-0033; [email protected] Librarian – Bonna Jones, 601 Spring Haven Dr., Randleman, NC 27317; (336) [email protected] Assisted by Linda Michael Sargent-at-Arms – Earl Martin, 5751 Beaver Pond Trail; Pfafftown, NC 27040; (336) 923-9810; [email protected]	<urn:uuid:2ce160f5-b97d-4582-bfa8-0c3a7b8730e6>	CC-MAIN-2019-39	https://ptwoodturners.org/Newsletters/Mar19NL.pdf	2019-09-15T16:59:31Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514571651.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20190915155225-20190915181225-00402.warc.gz	657,236,316	2,457	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.704337	eng_Latn	0.996519	[ "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn" ]	false	rolmOCR	[ 3435, 6571, 7838, 8063, 9355 ]
2020-21 Sports with One Division \| 11-Man Football \| Field Hockey \| Girls Lacrosse \| \|---\|---\|---\| \| Asheville School \| Arendell-Parrott Academy \| Asheville School \| \| Cannon/Concord Academy \| Asheville School \| Cape Fear Academy \| \| Charlotte Christian School \| Cape Fear Academy \| Davidson Day School \| \| Charlotte Country Day School \| Carolina Day School \| Forsyth Country Day School \| \| Charlotte Latin \| Cary Academy \| Southlake Christian \| \| Christ School \| Cary Christian School \| St. David's School \| \| Covenant Day School \| Charlotte Country Day School \| Charlotte Latin School \| \| Harrells Christian \| Charlotte Latin School \| Providence Day School \| \| Hickory Grove Christian Academy \| Covenant Day School \| Cary Academy \| \| High Point Christian Academy \| Durham Academy \| Durham Academy \| \| Metrolina Christian Academy \| Forsyth Country Day \| Ravenscroft School \| \| North Raleigh Christian Academy \| Greensboro Day School \| St. Mary's Academy \| \| Providence Day School \| Providence Day School \| \| \| Rabun Gap School \| Ravenscroft School \| \| \| Ravenscroft School \| Salem Academy \| \| \| Southlake Christian School \| St. Mary's Academy \| \| \| Trinity Christian \| \| \| \| Victory/ Northside \| \| \| \| Wake Christian \| \| \| 2020-21 Sports with Two Divisions \| 8-Man Football \| \| Girls Golf \| \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| Div. I \| Div. II \| Div. I \| Div. II \| \| Arendell Parrott Academy \| Community Christian School \| Asheville School \| Cape Fear Academy \| \| St. David's School \| Halifax Academy \| Cannon School \| Carolina Day School \| \| Cary Christian School \| Lawrence Academy \| Carmel Christian School \| Davidson Day School \| \| Grace Christian School - Raleigh \| Hobgood/Northeast \| Cary Academy \| Forsyth Country Day School \| \| John Paul II \| Bethel Christian \| Charlotte Country Day School \| Gaston Christian School \| \| Rocky Mount Academy \| Pungo Christian \| Charlotte Latin School \| Gaston Day School \| \| Faith Christian School \| \| Durham Academy \| Hickory Christian Academy \| \| Fayetteville Christian School \| \| Greensboro Day School \| Hickory Grove Christian School \| \| \| \| North Raleigh Christian Academy \| John Paul II Catholic High School \| \| \| \| Providence Day School \| Kerr-Vance Academy \| \| \| \| Rabun Gap School \| St. David's School \| \| \| \| Saint Mary's School \| The O'Neal School \| \| \| \| Wesleyan Christian Academy \| Wayne Christian School \| \| \| \| \| Wayne Country Day School \| \| \| \| \| Westchester Country Day School \| \| \| \| \| Westminster Catawba Christian \| \| Boys Lacrosse \| \| \|---\|---\| \| Div. I \| Div. II \| \| Cannon School \| Arendell Parrott Academy \| \| Cary Academy \| Asheville School \| \| Charlotte Christian School \| Cape Fear Academy \| \| Charlotte Country Day School \| Cary Christian School \| \| Charlotte Latin School \| Forsyth Country Day School \| \| Christ School \| John Paul II Catholic High School \| \| Covenant Day School \| Southlake Christian Academy \| \| Durham Academy \| St. David’s School \| \| Greensboro Day School \| \| \| North Raleigh Christian Academy \| \| \| Providence Day School \| \| \| Ravenscroft School \| \| \| Wesleyan Christian Academy \| \| \| Div. I \| Div. II \| Div. 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CS 7.05 — Implementing an Interconnected Systems Framework, the Project About School Safety Mark Weist, Joni Splett, Kelly Perales Acknowledgements • Elaine Miller • Colleen Halliday-Boykins • Charleston County School District, Erin Scherder, Jennifer Coker.... • Charleston/Dorchester Department of Mental Health, Barbara Wagner.... • Marion County Public Schools, Dama Abshier.... • The Centers • Lucille Eber, Susan Barrett, George Sugai, Sharon Hoover • And many others.... This project was supported by Award No. 2015-CK-BX-0018 awarded by the National Institute of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice. The opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this publication/program/exhibition are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the Department of Justice. Objectives • Describe the Project About School Safety (PASS) study • Examine the preliminary results of the randomized controlled trial • Discuss successes and lessons learned, as well as implications for the field Outline • Expanded School Mental Health (SMH) • Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports (PBIS) • Interconnected Systems Framework for SMH and PBIS • Project About School Safety Study • Descriptive and Outcome Analyses • Successes and Challenges • Family Engagement/Leadership “Expanded” School Mental Health • Full continuum of effective mental health promotion and intervention for students in general and special education • Reflecting a “shared agenda” involving school-family-community system partnerships • Collaborating community professionals (not outsiders) augment the work of school-employed staff Positive Behavior Intervention and Support (www.pbis.org) - In around 26,000 schools - Decision making framework to guide selection and implementation of best practices for improving academic and behavioral functioning - Data based decision making - Measurable outcomes - Evidence-based practices - Systems to support effective implementation State of the Carolinas: Implementing School Mental Health and Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports by Joni W. Splett, Kurt D. Michael, Christina Minard, Robert Stevens, Louise Johnson, Heather Reynolds, Katharina Farber, and Mark D. Weist* The Carolinas have a rich and diverse history. South Carolina was the first colony to declare independence from British rule during the American Revolution and the first state to declare secession from the Union at the start of the Civil War. The population of South Carolina is nearly 4.8 million. It is the 24th most populous state in the United States and has a diverse citizenry, including 64% Caucasian, 28% African-American, and 5% Hispanic residents (U.S. Census Bureau, 2012). Children and youth under the age of 18 make up 22.8% (1.08 million) of the total population. A large number (25.8%) of North Carolina’s children live in poverty (Annie E. Casey Foundation & O’Hare, 2013). Equally unfortunate, a high percentage of children attending public schools in the Carolinas perform below state standards. For example, in South Carolina, the number of children who perform below state standards in reading (17% in 3rd grade; 32% in 8th) and math (30% in 3rd grade; 30% in 8th) is substantial, and in North Carolina, the situation is considerably worse, with below standard scores in reading at 65% in 3rd grade and 79% in 8th grade. South Carolina Department of Mental Health (SCDMH) has one of the strongest expanded school mental health (SMH) service programs nationally, and the grassroots effort to disseminate and support implementation of Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports (PBIS) is benefiting from recent interest, renewed energy, and federal momentum. The Interconnected Systems Framework The trends in the Carolinas mirror national trends in children’s educational and mental health outcomes. The interplay between these two systems is complex and multifaceted. Key Rationale • PBIS and SMH systems are operating separately • Results in ad hoc, disorganized delivery of SMH and contributes to lack of depth in programs at Tiers 2 and 3 for PBIS • By joining together synergies are unleashed and the likelihood of achieving depth and quality in programs at all three tiers is greatly enhanced ADVANCING EDUCATION EFFECTIVENESS: INTERCONNECTING SCHOOL MENTAL HEALTH AND SCHOOL-WIDE POSITIVE BEHAVIOR SUPPORT EDITORS: SUSAN BARRETT, LUCILLE EDER & MARK WEIST An Interconnected Systems Framework (ISF) Defined - A Structure and process for education and mental health systems to interact in most effective and efficient way. - guided by key stakeholders in education and mental health/community systems, youth/family - who have the authority to reallocate resources, change role and function of staff, and change policy. ISF Defined 2 – A strong, committed and functional team guides the work, using data at three tiers of intervention – Sub-teams having “conversations” and conducting planning at each tier – Evidence-based practices and programs are integrated at each tier, with implementation support and coaching – SYMMETRY IN PROCESSES AT STATE, DISTRICT AND BUILDING LEVELS Key Messages 1. Single System of Delivery 2. Access is NOT enough 3. Mental Health is for ALL 4. MTSS essential to install SMH Project About School Safety NIJ Comprehensive School Safety Initiative • Interconnecting PBIS and School Mental Health to Improve School Safety: A Randomized Trial – 2016-2019, National Institute of Justice (#2015-CK-BX-0018) – PI Mark Weist, Co-PI Joni Splett, Co-I Colleen Halliday-Boykins, Lead Research Manager Elaine Miller • Study Aims: – Evaluate impact of the ISF on school discipline rates, teacher and student perceptions of school climate and safety and social, emotional, behavioral and academic functioning of students – Evaluate the impact of the ISF on the functioning of teams, student access to services, and quality and cost-effectiveness Study Design • 24 Participating Elementary Schools – Charleston County, SC (12) – Marion County, FL (12) – Prior to study all were implementing PBIS; none were implementing SMH • Each school is randomized to one of three conditions – PBIS Only – PBIS + SMH (business as usual) – Interconnected Systems Framework (ISF) • Intervention (ISF) in place for 2 academic years • All students in the building are participants unless they opt of study Study Timeline Spring 2016 - Baseline student-level and school climate data collection Aug 2016-May 2018 - Student-level and school climate data collected midpoint (Spring 2017) - Team Meeting Forms, Intervention Receipt collected monthly - Implementation Fidelity collected each fall and spring - ISF Implementation Spring 2018 - Posttest student-level and school climate data collection PASS Goals and Objectives • Broadly, – Improved teaming, screening and access – Improved intervention service delivery at all tiers – Improved student outcomes • The following reviews (1) each goal, (2) implementation components to achieve it, and (3) preliminary outcomes PASS Goals and Objectives: Screening • Improved implementation of screening and follow-up on screening findings Splett et al. (2018) • Used BASC-3 BESS Teacher with externalizing, internalizing, and adaptive skill subscales • Compared students already receiving intervention to those newly identified by BASC-3 BESS Teacher • Splett, J.W., Trainor, K., Raborn, A., Halliday-Boykins, C., Garzona, M., Dongo, M., & Weist, M.D. (2018). Comparison of universal mental health screening and traditional school identification methods for multi-tiered intervention planning. Behavioral Disorders, 43(3), 344-356. 180% increase in identified need with screener Splett et al., (2018). Comparison of Universal Mental Health Screening to students already receiving intervention in a multitiered system of support. Behavioral Disorders, 43(3), 344-356. [https://doi.org/10.1177/0198742918761339](https://doi.org/10.1177/0198742918761339) \| Characteristics: \| Class 1: Elevated Behavioral-Emotional Risk \| Class 2: Normal Behavior-Emotional Development \| Class 3: Extreme Behavioral-Emotional Risk \| \|------------------\|---------------------------------------------\|-----------------------------------------------\|------------------------------------------\| \| Size \| 1734 (29%) \| 3668 (61%) \| 577 (10%) \| \| Internalizing Risk \| 4.8 \| 2.1 \| 7.2 \| \| Externalizing Risk \| 6.8 \| 0.9 \| 13.7 \| \| Adaptive Skill Risk \| 5.2 \| 9.4 \| 3.2 \| More fine-grained analysis • Profiles of students based on patterns of emotional/behavioral and adaptive functioning • Anxiety = A, Depression = D, Attention Problems-Hyperactivity = APH, Conduct-Aggression = CA, Adaptive = AD More fine-grained analysis 2 • From most to least in need • A,D, APH, CA and low AD • A,D,APH, and low AD • A,D, and low AD • A,D,APH and higher AD • A,D, and higher AD • A and higher AD • Etc. PASS Goals and Objectives: Teaming • Improved coordination and communication between school and mental health staff Teaming Implementation • Added MH clinician to each team • Team training and coaching in teaming operational procedures • Face to Face training, technical assistance, coaching in addition to webinars and conference calls • Quarterly DCLT meetings Example Team ISF Team - Assistant Principal - School Nurse - General Educator - Parent - Parent - Student - Collaborating community mental health professional - School Counselor - Special Educator - School Psychologist Note: co-leaders Preliminary Teaming Outcomes In ISF Schools... • 3.7 times more meetings per quarter • More Tier 1 discussion in ISF schools • Greater attendance by principals, school counselors, school psychologists, and school mental health clinicians • Longer meeting times (~25 minutes longer) PASS Goals and Objectives: Access • Improved proportion of children with mental health problems who receive treatment interventions • Enhanced connection of students to school mental health interventions for full range of mental health needs • Enhanced connection of students to school mental health interventions for full range of mental health needs Access Implementation • Intervention Receipt Forms (IRF) to track the number of students over time who are connected to ISF interventions • School and community mental health professionals on teams to review data, select EBPs, progress monitor, etc. • Universal mental health screening conducted twice annually • Intervention continuum array to include – Early intervention access via CICO – Expanded array at Tiers 2 and 3 for internalizing needs, trauma, protective factors, family engagement PASS Continuum of Interventions Tier 1 Tier 2 Early Access Enhanced Tier 2 Tier 3 Preliminary Access Outcomes • Students with emerging emotional and behavioral risk were – Identified (Splett et al., 2018) – Connected to more services in the ISF condition than control conditions – Especially true for African American students PASS Goals and Objectives: Intervention Service Delivery • Enhanced provision of school-wide mental health promotion and prevention programs • Decreased amount of time between problem identification and effective intervention delivery • Improved selection and implementation of evidence-based services across tiers • Students and families received greater dose of effective interventions Intervention Service Delivery Implementation - Use of ISF Implementation Inventory and Integrated Action Planning - MH partners providing PD for school staff and consultation on MH issues - Enhancing continuum of interventions in both sites with attention to existing resources (i.e., behavior intervention protocol) - Professional Development on behavior intervention protocol and team process - Professional development for school and community MH professionals on MATCH-ADTC - Use of MATCH-ADTC in both small group and individual intervention Purpose of ISF Implementation Inventory • To assist school and community partners in their installation and implementation of ISF • To assess baseline and/or ongoing implementation progress of critical ISF features • To inform action planning that advances and enhances ISF implementation • To measure ISF implementation fidelity \| Tier 1 \| Tier 2 \| Tier 3 \| \|--------\|--------\|--------\| \| 19 items \| 16 items \| 19 items \| Implementation of SWPBIS:* Are core features of SWPBIS implemented with fidelity? Teaming: Do team members collaborate? Do team members include education and mental health system representatives, families, and students as indicated with active opportunities for participation and collaboration. Collaborative Planning and Training: Do all team members have PD and training across systems and core features of ISF, as well as intervention practices as appropriate? Family and Youth Engagement: Are students and families included in teaming, decision making, intervention selection and implementation, intervention monitoring, and system processes? Intervention Selection, Implementation and Progress: Are evidence-based interventions selected based on need, implemented with fidelity, progress monitored, and concluded after attainment of positive outcomes? Data-Based Decision Making: Are data representative of school, home and community behavior collected, analyzed and used for decision making, including outcome/impact, process, and fidelity data? ISF II Validation Study Results • Internal consistency is strong • Three-tiered model fits data • Usability rated good to very good • Suggested improvements include reducing wordiness and professional jargon CCSD ISF Implementation Inventory Results Percentage of Implementation - Fall 2016 - Spring 2017 - Fall 2017 - Spring 2018 Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3 MCPS ISF Implementation Inventory Results Percentage of Implementation - Fall 2016 - Spring 2017 - Fall 2017 - Spring 2018 Tier 1, Tier 2, Tier 3 Themes from Report Card • Nearly all schools improved in each tier with each administration • Many items were indicated as fully in place • Several schools improved Tier 1 and some Tier 3 core features of ISF • Family engagement consistently identified as needing improvement Pass Goal: Improved Student Outcomes • Social/emotional/behavioral functioning • School and academic functioning • School climate and student safety Psychosocial Outcomes • First results available are for teacher ratings of a subset of student participants in the first cohort using the Strengths & Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) • SDQ completed in fourth grade (prior to intervention), in fifth grade (after one year of intervention), and near the end of sixth grade (no intervention; follow-up after transition to middle school) • ISF means are lower (positive change) at follow-up on total difficulties and six of seven subscales Display of Total Difficulties Means across Conditions and Times Total Difficulties Score Baseline Intervention Follow-Up condition - PBIS - SMH - ISF Externalizing and Internalizing (Typical of subscales results) Other Successes • School district coaches have been excellent • PBIS fidelity has improved • Data-based decision making is becoming routine • Improved progress monitoring (see next) • Notable increased involvement of families in the multi-tiered system of support • Strong local support and interest in sustainability and expansion at both sites Check-In/Check Out (CI/CO) In-On-Out Decision Rules 1) Identification for CI/CO (“In”): - Student identified in Elevated range for Externalizing Risk on screener - Student has 2 or more ODRs leading to suspension - Student has not responded to Tier 1 core curriculum or low-level supplemental supports 2) Progress-monitoring (“On”): - DPR data is collected daily & reviewed every other week. Data is collected and reviewed for 6-8 weeks, and monitored for trend. 3) Exiting/transitioning (“Out”): - Student received a total of 80% of DPR points average per day/week for 8 weeks and has had no new ODRs, suspensions, or time out of class due to behavior issues. Student may be faded to Tier 1 or “modified” CI/CO. Behavior Chart (Tier 2)- Caleb A Points Goal: 25 What is MATCH-ADTC? • Easy to use practice guides or step-by-step instructions for implementing the key elements of each module (treatment procedures) • Flowcharts that coordinate treatment and guide selection of modules • Paperback or online format – http://www.practicewise.com/portals/0/MATCH_public/index.html 1 Social Emotional/Behavior goal has been set for [redacted] in the areas of Physical Aggression, Disrespect to teachers/staff, Defiance/Noncompliance, Self-regulation of anger/frustration. Goal 1) Discipline Referrals-Major (ODRs) - Target: 1 Baseline as of 8/16/2017: 3 Target to achieve before 3/14/2018: 1 Progress will be measured Weekly [Redacted] will decrease his angry outbursts (i.e., hitting, kicking, yelling, throwing things) from three times per week to one time per week. 1 Social Emotional/Behavior goal has been set for [redacted] in the areas of Self-regulation of anger/frustration, Tardiness/Truancy, Low motivation. Goal 1) Desired Behavior/SSkill Tracking Chart - Target: 8 Baseline as of 10/27/2017: 2 Target to achieve before 6/1/2018: 8 Progress will be measured Every 2 week(s) [Redacted] experiences emotional disregulation, which results in missing school per parent and student report. Her attendance will increase from attending 2 out of 10 school days to 8 out of 10 school days per two week period. Family Support Specialist Job Purpose/Reason: To work as the liaison between home and school and to assist parents in becoming actively engaged in their children’s education. Position Responsibilities: (Primary Functions) 1. Plans and conducts activities to assist parents in becoming actively involved in the instructional/academic programs of the school; 2. Works with school staff to develop and maintain positive home-school relations; 3. Provides school staff with information and resources on best practices for family and community engagement; 4. Conducts pre and post surveys and assessment tools to determine needs and interests of school families; 5. Works with school staff and outside agencies to provide workshops on a variety of parenting topics relevant to the needs of school families such as bullying, curriculum, assessments, child and adolescent development, technology, etc. 6. Works collaboratively with principal and parents in developing the Title I home-school compact and parent involvement policy; 7. Maintains accurate documentation of all parent involvement programs and activities-notices, agendas, sign in sheets and minutes 8. Establishes a parent resource center in the school; 9. Provides referrals to other agencies and works collaboratively with these agencies to enhance services to families; Challenges • Poor initial readiness at some sites • Some administrators not buying in • Some high level school leaders conveying anti PBIS messages • Mental health center policies caused problems in hiring and changes in workforce Challenges Continued • Hard for mental health system/staff to get out of traditional paradigm (e.g., for clinician involvement in Tier 2) • Some compliance issues (e.g., for intervention receipt form) • Continued resistance by schools to involve families Aligning and Integrating Family Engagement in Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports (PBIS) Concepts and Strategies for Families and Schools in Key Contexts edited by Mark D. Weist S. Andrew Garbacz Kathleen Lynne Lane Don Kincaid Family-School-Community Alliance Vision Promote family, youth, and community engaged partnerships in research, practice, and policy to improve prevention and intervention in the systems and practices of positive behavioral interventions and supports and related multitiered systems of support toward improvement in valued outcomes. Priorities • Emphasize research and implementation • Strengthen infrastructure • Create research-practice partnerships • Support the PBIS Center and other relevant organizations to create resources that align and integrate family-school-community partnerships in school and program systems and practices • Convene at relevant national meetings (e.g., APBS, PBIS Implementers Forum) SOUTHEASTERN SCHOOL BEHAVIORAL HEALTH COMMUNITY April 18-19, 2019 Myrtle Beach, SC Thank you! • [email protected] • [email protected] • [email protected]	b0a048ab-dc87-4f9f-a905-7aeb3a139949	CC-MAIN-2024-10	https://www.schoolmentalhealth.org/media/som/microsites/ncsmh/documents/archives/CS-7.05_Implementing-an-Interconnected-Systems-Framework,-The-Project-About-School-Safety.pdf	2024-02-23T04:16:43+00:00	s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/crawl=CC-MAIN-2024-10/subset=warc/part-00139-d9675c6d-5c8d-45bb-9c98-c56e42022a4d.c000.gz.parquet	1,001,887,913	4,531	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.80998	eng_Latn	0.974862	[ "eng_Latn", "kiu_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "nld_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "unknown", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "unknown", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "nld_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "swe_Latn", "nld_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "nld_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "unknown", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "unknown", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "unknown", "unknown", "mlt_Latn" ]	true	docling	[ 131, 480, 841, 1060, 1345, 1681, 2034, 3983, 4315, 4481, 4862, 5224, 5353, 5382, 6022, 6481, 6874, 7156, 7270, 7769, 8093, 9052, 9282, 9478, 9596, 9845, 10086, 10371, 10725, 11226, 11313, 11567, 11957, 12505, 12840, 14015, 14225, 14379, 14529, 14807, 14958, 15446, 15602, 15666, 16014, 16746, 16796, 17114, 17611, 18159, 19493, 19726, 19983, 20225, 20259, 20560, 20944, 20993, 21029, 21111 ]
Angeline Perfume Affiliate Program Join the Angeline Perfume Affiliate Program to earn commissions on perfume sales. With 15% commission, 50 EUR minimum payout,if the order is placed using a coupon, there is a 10% commission and monthly payments via PayPal, bank transfer, it's open to affiliates in the UK and Europe. Welcome to the Angeline Perfume affiliate program overview. We have compiled all of the information you need to know before joining the Angeline Perfume affiliate program. Angeline Perfume affiliate program overview Angeline, a rising star in European perfumery, offers exquisite fragrances crafted from the finest ingredients, sustainably sourced across Europe and produced in Spain. Our bestsellers include To The Moon and Make My Day. Thus, if you're interested in earning extra income, check out our CPS affiliate program below. Industry: Selective Perfumery Product type: Physical products Type of affiliate program: CPS - Cost Per Sales Angeline Perfume affiliate program campaigns Every affiliate program has its own campaign rules, and each one is important to consider when deciding whether the Angeline perfume affiliate program is the right choice for you to promote. The first step is to check accepted countries for the Angeline perfume affiliate program since each company has different market preferences. The second information to look for is the traffic source Angeline perfume accepts, which explains what platforms you can use to promote your business. The next step is to check Angeline perfume's cookie duration, displaying how long a cookie lasts from the last click. Last but not least, make sure you look into Angeline perfume's policy on explicit, religious, and political content. Promotional materials: , Image banners, Text link banners, HTML banners Video Content Accepted traffic source: Link and banner advertisements, Social media advertisements Explicit content: No Affiliate cookie duration: 30 days Accepted countries: United Kingdom, Europe (Netherlands, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Finland, Ireland, Austria, Switzerland, Iceland) Religious or political content: No Negative Keywords: * Avoid exaggerated magic and wizardry. * Steer clear of excessive emotionality and superlatives. Harmonisation of publications: All content, including ( text, video, photos) must be coordinated with Angeline's brand marketing department. Content from influencers: Influencers can create content on their own, but it is important that it is in line with the overall brand positioning. This is done by relying on the provided positioning file and utilizing the brand book that will be available to ensure the information is properly designed and presented. This ensures that the content remains aligned with our brand values and visual identity, while allowing influencers to be creative. Angeline Perfume Commissions & payouts Payouts are one of the most important factors to consider when choosing an affiliate program. The Angeline Perfume affiliate program offers single-tier commissions, which means the affiliates earn commissions only on sales they generate. Moreover, the affiliate program offers a fixed commission structure, with a minimum payout of 50 €. If you want to know more details about Angeline Perfume payouts, such as what payout methods they accept, please check out the specific information below or follow up with Angeline Perfume Affiliates contact. E-mail: [email protected] Multi level marketing: Single-tier Commission structure: Percentage commission Payout methods: Bank transfers, Paypal Commission rate: 15%, if the order is placed using a coupon, there is a 10% commission Payout frequency: Monthly Minimum payout: 50 EUR	<urn:uuid:7fb505bb-9b65-4ce8-b157-2089efc119d3>	CC-MAIN-2025-05	https://angeline-perfume.com/upload/Angeline%20Perfume%20Affiliate%20Program%201.pdf	2025-01-16T11:50:02+00:00	s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/crawl=CC-MAIN-2025-05/subset=warc/part-00035-88b30a59-3c73-48ba-a167-077611bfd245.c000.gz.parquet	82,891,596	732	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.994551	eng_Latn	0.994727	[ "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn" ]	false	rolmOCR	[ 2253, 3729 ]
KEAN = WOKE ON GENDER Kean voted YES to force New Jersey organizations to allow men into women's locker rooms, showers, and private spaces. S3067 Kean voted YES to prohibit health professionals from administering medicine with one's biological gender in mind, putting wokeness before science and patients' health at risk. S3813 Kean voted YES to establish a taxpayer-backed "Transgender Equality Task Force" full of woke consultants and ideologues who have a direct impact on New Jersey's health care, education, housing, and employment law. A705 Kean voted YES to support federal laws which would squash religious and artistic rights in favor of a leftist understanding of LGBTQ rights. SJR55 Kean voted YES to prohibit health insurers from refusing gender transition procedures and health care services provided solely to a specific sex. A4568 PA I D F O R B Y P H I L R I Z Z O F O R C O N G R E S S	<urn:uuid:7203edc6-e096-4edf-bd40-6ef1e9028c3e>	CC-MAIN-2022-40	https://www.realtomkean.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/RTK_Downloadable_WokeGender.pdf	2022-09-24T23:12:20+00:00	s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/crawl=CC-MAIN-2022-40/subset=warc/part-00250-26160df0-1827-4787-a515-95ecaa2c9688.c000.gz.parquet	1,018,297,634	214	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.995118	eng_Latn	0.995118	[ "eng_Latn" ]	false	rolmOCR	[ 915 ]
E-Filed Document Feb 18 2020 10:02:13 2019-CA-01407 Pages: 20 CASE NO. 2019-CA-01407 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI Bob Marthouse, Stewart Nutting, Gary Becker and Diamondhead Country Club and Property Owners Association, Inc. APPELLANTS V. Committee for Contractual Compliance, Inc., Joseph Floyd and Patrick McCrossen APPELLEES City of Diamondhead, Mississippi INTERVENOR Appeal from the Chancery Court of Hancock County, Mississippi Cause Number 23CH1:18-cv-0654-CB BRIEF OF APPELLEES ORAL ARGUMENT NOT REQUESTED Attorneys of record for Committee for Contractual Compliance, Inc., Joseph Floyd and Patrick McCrossen, Appellees Haas & Haas, Attorneys at Law Michael D. Haas, Jr., MS Bar No. 5091 Caroline E. Haas, MS Bar No. 104525 201 N. Second Street Bay Saint Louis, MS 39520 Tel.: (228) 467-6574 Fax: (228) 467-6575 [email protected] [email protected] CERTIFICATE OF INTERESTED PERSONS The undersigned counsel of record certifies that the following listed persons have an interest in the outcome of this case. These representations are made in order that the Justices of the Supreme Court and/or the Judges of the Court of Appeals may evaluate possible disqualifications or recusal. 1. Bob Marthouse, Appellant 2. Stewart Nutting, Appellant 3. Gary Becker, Appellant 4. David C. Goff, Attorney for Bob Marthouse, Stewart Nutting, and Gary Becker, Appellants 5. Diamondhead Country Club and Property Owners Association, Inc., Appellant 6. August N. Rechtien, Attorney for Diamondhead Country Club and Property Owners Association, Inc., Appellant 7. Committee for Contractual Compliance, Inc., Appellee 8. Joseph Floyd, Appellee 9. Patrick McCrossen, Appellee 10. Michael D. Haas, Jr., Attorney for Appellees 11. Caroline E. Haas, Attorney for Appellees 12. City of Diamondhead, Mississippi, Intervenor 13. Derek R. Cusick, Attorney for City of Diamondhead, Mississippi, Intervenor 14. Honorable Carter Bise, Chancellor /s/ Michael D. Haas, Jr. Michael D. Haas, Jr. (MSB # 5091) /s/ Caroline E. Haas Caroline E. Haas (MSB # 104525) ii TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF AUTHORITIES Cases STATEMENT OF THE CASE A. Nature of the Case, Course of Proceedings, and Disposition in the Court Below The nature of this case is a direct joint appeal (R. 226) 1 of the Judgment (R. 217) of the Chancery Court of Hancock County, Mississippi ("Chancery Court"), which found that the amendment clauses of the Declarations of Restrictions, Easements, Covenants, Agreements, Liens and Charges ("Covenants") that currently affect the owners of certain real property located in Diamondhead, Mississippi are not unreasonable and denied Appellants' request to modify the Covenants' amendment clauses from the consent of 85% of the lot owners to a majority of 60% of votes cast in person or by proxy. As discussed in the Appellants' Brief (p. 6), the Covenants will begin to expire, by their terms, on dates certain beginning June 17, 2020. (R. 48-50). The expiration of the Covenants will result in a dramatic, albeit foreseeable, change in the way that the Diamondhead Country Club and Property Owner's Association, Inc. ("DPOA") operates and manages its amenities and facilities. However, rather than appealing to the property owners, who are also members of the DPOA, to amend or renew the Covenants (Ex. 1, p. 3, ¶ 5), for over three years the DPOA has instead sought intervention by the courts. On June 17, 2016, the DPOA filed a Petition for Declaratory Judgment (Supp. R. 2), which sought for the court to delete the expiration terms of the Covenants. (Supp. R. 13). As in this matter, no property owners subject to the Covenants were joined as parties. More than two years 1 The Appellees will use the following abbreviations in referencing the documents in this brief: "R." followed by the page number of the document will refer to the documents numbered by the trial court clerk in preparing the Record. "Supp. R." followed by the page number of the document will refer to the documents numbered by the trial court clerk in preparing the supplemental record. "T." followed by the page number(s) and line number(s) designations will refer to the Transcript of the trial. "Ex." followed by the number or letter will refer to the Exhibits admitted or marked for identification at trial; the page number of Exhibits will be to the page numbers indicated at the upper right-hand corner of the Exhibits. after filing the Petition, the DPOA filed a Motion for Voluntary Dismissal pursuant to Miss.R.Civ.Pro. 41(a)(2) and the parties, being nearly identical to the parties involved in this litigation, agreed to a Stipulation of Dismissal (Supp. R. 71) effective October 26, 2018. Simultaneously with the conclusion of the first lawsuit, three members of the DPOA Board of Directors (Ex. 1, p. 3, ¶ 7) including its President, namely Bob Marthouse, Stewart Nutting and Gary Becker ("Plaintiffs"), filed a Complaint (R. 16) on October 19, 2018 naming the DPOA as the sole Defendant. On November 7, 2018, the DPOA filed its Answer to Complaint (R. 52) wherein it agreed with all factual allegations of the Complaint and agreed that the Plaintiffs were entitled to the relief requested. 2 On November 9, 2018, the City of Diamondhead, Mississippi filed its Motion for Leave to Intervene (R. 57). On November 13, 2018, the Committee for Contractual Covenants Compliance, Inc. and property owners Patrick McCrossen and Joseph Floyd filed their Motions to Intervene as Defendants and for Expansion of Time to Answer (R. 60; R. 73; and R. 76). The Motions to Intervene included Defendants' affirmative defenses. On November 29, 2018, the Chancery Court entered an agreed Order Granting Motion to Intervene (R. 79) allowing the City of Diamondhead, Mississippi to intervene as an interested party. On January 8, 2019, the Chancery Court entered Agreed Orders (R. 81; R. 83; R. 85) allowing the Committee for Contractual Covenants Compliance, Inc., Patrick McCrossen and Joseph Floyd ("Defendants") to intervene as Defendants and expanding the time to file an Answer. On January 22, 2019, the Defendants filed their Answers to Complaint. (R. 87; R. 95; R. 99). Thereafter, the parties engaged in discovery. On July 1, 2019, the Plaintiffs filed their Motion for Declaratory Judgment (R. 138), which was largely a restatement of their Complaint. The trial court set the hearing of the Complaint and 2 The DPOA did not appear through counsel until June 21, 2019. (R. 125). the Motion for Declaratory Judgment for July 22, 2019. (R. 5). On July 18, 2019, the Defendants filed their Response and Opposition to Motion for Declaratory Judgment (R. 204) along with a brief in support of same (R. 207). The parties tried the case on July 22, 2019 before the Honorable Carter Bise ("Chancellor"). (T. 1). At trial, the DPOA joined in the Plaintiffs' Motion for Declaratory Judgment. (T. 8: 21-24). In addition, Diamondhead resident and DPOA member Mario Feola, through counsel, made a special appearance at the trial and objected to the hearing on the grounds that indispensable parties had not been properly joined or duly noticed. (T. 14:24–15:12). At the conclusion of the trial, the Chancery Court announced its bench ruling denying Plaintiffs' request for declaratory relief on multiple grounds. (T. 49:1–51:16). On August 7, 2019, the Chancery Court entered its Judgment resolving all issues, which is the subject of this appeal. (R. 217). B. Statement of the Facts The community of Diamondhead has been developed by Purcell Co., Inc. ("Purcell"), formerly Diamondhead Corporation and Diamondhead Properties, Inc., since the 1970s. The first declaration of covenants for Phase 1 (R. 21-47) were drafted and duly recorded by Purcell in the land records of the Chancery Clerk of Hancock County, Mississippi on June 18, 1970. As Purcell completed additional phases and units, it drafted and recorded another Declaration of Covenants applicable to that phase or unit. (R. 177-179; Supp. R. 56-57). For the most part, these subsequent declarations incorporated many of the same terms as the Phase 1 Covenants. (R. 139). Today there are approximately 6,949 lots that are subject to covenants. (R. 138). Prior to recording the Phase 1 Covenants, Purcell incorporated the DPOA as a non-profit corporation by Resolution dated June 2, 1970. (R. 147). At the time, the DPOA managed the Diamondhead development's common facilities and areas. (R. 148). In addition, the Covenants authorized the DPOA to charge and collect dues and assessments from the owners and purchasers of lots subject to the Covenants, who became mandatory members of the non-profit corporation. (R. 43, ¶ XV). For the majority of its existence, Diamondhead has been an unincorporated area of Hancock County, Mississippi. Thus, Purcell also included in the Covenants zoning and architectural standards for the community, which remain in effect today. (R. 22-37, ¶ IV). In the wake of Hurricane Katrina, however, the desire to become a city was ignited and the community of Diamondhead received its Charter in early 2012. Thereafter, the DPOA conveyed its roads and other public works assets to the City of Diamondhead. On October 15, 2012, the City of Diamondhead adopted its zoning ordinance. The Plaintiffs only contest the reasonableness of one term within the various covenants, that dealing with the amendment process. With few exceptions, the process for amending the Covenants is similar to the following: XXI AMENDMENTS Any and all of the provisions of these restrictions, conditions, easements, covenants, liens and charges may be annulled, amended or modified at any time by the consent of the owner or owners of record of eighty-five percent (85%) of the lots in Diamondhead, Phase 1. (R. 45). The variations of the amendment processes for the different phases and units are shown on the Diamondhead Chart of Covenant Expiration Dates (R. 48-50), which was submitted by the Plaintiffs. In addition to the foregoing facts, the parties stipulated to facts that narrowed the issues before the trial court. (Ex. 1). These stipulated facts were also read into the record at trial by counsel for the Plaintiffs. (T. 11:14 – 14:14). Appellees incorporate the stipulated facts as if fully copied herein. SUMMARY OF THE ARGUMENT The construction and interpretation of restrictive covenants "are the same as those applicable to any contract or covenant." Carter v. Pace, 86 So. 2d 360, 362 (Miss. 1956). Historically, the Mississippi Supreme Court has disfavored restrictive covenants. "Such covenants are subject more or less to a strict construction and[,] in the case of ambiguity, construction is usually most strongly against the person seeking the restriction and in favor of the person being restricted." Kemp v. Lake Serene Property Owners Ass'n, Inc., 256 So. 2d 924, 926 (Miss. 1971). In recent years, the Mississippi Supreme Court has recognized that a declaration of covenants "gives rise to review in law or in equity by any lot owner" and that such "[r]eview by the court must be guided by the intent stated in the declaration of purpose and judged by a test of reasonableness." Perry v. Bridgetown Community Ass'n, Inc., 486 So. 2d 1230, 1234 (Miss. 1986) (internal citation omitted). This review power, however, "does not provide the trial court with the authority to rewrite entire provisions the court may deem unreasonable" and, in the event that the chancellor determines that a term is unreasonable, "the court should strike it […]." Griffin v. Tall Timbers Develop., Inc., 681 So. 2d 546, 554 (Miss. 1996) (emphasis added). The Supreme Court went further stating that "[t]he power of the chancellor to substitute his own judgment for that found in the original covenant, or […] to alter the substance of a writing, is not reflected in the case law of this or any other jurisdiction […]." Id. at 555 (emphasis added). This limitation on the court's intervention in otherwise valid contracts reinforces the principle that "[t]he right of persons to contract is fundamental to our jurisprudence and absent mutual mistake, fraud and/or illegality, the courts do not have the authority to modify, add to, or subtract from the terms of a contract validly executed between two parties." Wallace v. United Mississippi Bank, 726 So. 2d 578, 584 (Miss. 1998) (quoting First Nat'l Bank of Vicksburg v. Caruthers, 443 So. 2d 861, 864 (Miss. 1983)). This restriction also aligns with the premise that "[c]ourts do not have the power to make contracts where none exist, nor to modify, add to, or subtract from the terms of one in existence." Griffin, 681 So. 2d at 555 (quoting Glantz Contracting Co. v. General Elec. Co., 379 So. 2d 912, 916 (Miss. 1980)). The Plaintiffs and the DPOA asked the lower court to determine that the amendment provisions of the restrictive covenants are unreasonable and to "amend all the amendment clauses in the various sets of covenants to allow amendment by a majority of 60% of votes cast in person or by proxy," which courts do not have the authority to do. The Chancellor was not persuaded by the Appellants' argument that the terms are unreasonable and denied the requested relief. The Chancery Court also denied the relief on equitable grounds. For the reasons detailed below, the Appellees request that this Court affirm the Judgment of the Chancery Court of Hancock County, Mississippi and assess all costs of this appeal to the Appellants. ARGUMENT A. Standard of Review "An appellate court employs a limited standard of review in chancery matters." Gaw v. Seldon, 85 So. 3d 312, 316 (Miss. Ct. App. 2012). "The findings of the chancery court will not be disturbed when supported by substantial evidence unless the court abused its discretion, applied an erroneous legal standard, was manifestly wrong, or committed clear error." Singh v. Cypress Lake Prop. Owners Ass'n, 192 So. 3d 373, 376 (Miss. Ct. App. 2016) (quoting Pittman v. Lakeover Homeowners' Ass'n, 909 So. 2d 1227, 1229 (Miss. Ct. App. 2005)). "Where the chancellor makes no specific findings, this Court proceeds on the assumption that the chancellor resolved all fact issues in favor of the appellee." Ruff v. Estate of Ruff, 989 So. 2d 366, 369 (Miss. 2008) (citing City of Picayune v. Southern Reg'l Corp., 916 So. 2d 510, 519 (Miss. 2005) (internal citations omitted). However, "[q]uestions concerning the construction of contracts are questions of law that are committed to the court rather than questions of fact committed to the fact[-]finder. Appellate courts review questions of law de novo." Royer Homes of Miss., Inc. v. Chandeleur Homes, Inc., 857 So. 2d 748, 751-52 (Miss. 2003) (internal citations omitted). B. Issues 1. Whether the Chancery Court was in error in finding that the amendment provision in the Diamondhead Covenants is not unreasonable. The lower court did not err when it found that the Covenants' amendment provisions requiring the consent of 85% of lot owners are not unreasonable. Requiring the consent of 85% of the lot owners in each subdivision was not unreasonable at the time the Covenants were drafted and it is not unreasonable today. In addition, the requirement of the consent of 85% of lot owners to amend the Covenants did not shock the conscience of the Chancery Court. (R. 219). The Chancellor correctly noted that the Covenants were drafted by Purcell, the developer of Diamondhead. (T. 25:17-27; R. 219, ¶ IV). It can be reasonably inferred that Purcell drafted the 85% requirement so it could maintain control over the lots both while it was in the process of selling them and even after they were sold. So long as Purcell owned at least 15% of the lots within any give phase or unit, it could veto any proposed amendments that it did not want. The amendment provisions protect not only the investment of the developer, but also the investments of the individual purchasers of the lots, who had actual or constructive knowledge of the provisions. (T. 25:3-16). The purchasers rest assured knowing that their obligations stemming from the Covenants could not be changed by their mere non-participation in a vote since amending the Covenants requires their affirmative consent. Requiring the consent of the owners of 85% of the lots to modify the Covenants is a reasonably high burden for such a broad power, as determined by the Chancellor. Particularly given the fact that the community's zoning and architectural restrictions (R. 22-37) and even the obligation to pay dues and assessments to the DPOA (R. 43) are all solely provided for in the Covenants. If a mere 60% of votes cast, in person or by proxy, could amend or even delete these terms, as suggested by the Appellants, the results would be "extremely detrimental (even disastrous) to the Diamondhead community," particularly given the fact that only 27.8% of DPOA members seem to participate in annual member meetings. (Ex. 1, p. 3, ¶ 9). 3 Finally, the DPOA acknowledged that it has not attempted to obtain the consent of 85% of lot owners to make any amendments. (Ex. 1, p. 3, ¶ 5). Neither the Covenants nor the lower court's Judgment prevents the DPOA from obtaining the consent of the lot owners to adopt any proposed amendments, however the court should not change the contract that the property owners 3 Using the DPOA's figures, the Chancellor found that 744 out of 4,759 members could amend the covenants affecting approximately 6,949 lots. (R. 230, ¶ III). and the developer made. The amendment provisions allow amendment in a way that is not unreasonable, just difficult, as it should be. For these reasons, the Chancellor determined that the Covenants' amendment provisions are not unreasonable. At trial and in their Brief, Appellants assert that the amendment threshold is somehow contrary to the DPOA's Charter of Incorporation, which contemplates a perpetual existence. (Appellants' Brief, pp. 4-6). They further argue that allowing the Covenants to expire, which many of them will by their terms, would be contrary to the intent and stated purpose of the DPOA. (Appellants' Brief, p. 9). Ignoring the fact that this lawsuit is about the amendment provisions not the expiration terms, the DPOA's existence as a corporation is in no way affected by the existence of the Covenants. As the Appellants acknowledge in their Brief, the DPOA "does not cease to exist" after the Covenants expire. (p. 6). In addition, the expiration of the Covenants does not prohibit the DPOA from fulfilling its purposes as set forth in its Charter (R. 150) and Bylaws (R. 181). It will continue to exist as a civic improvement organization and will be able to manage the common facilities that it owns. (R. 150). The potential effects of the expiration of the Covenants on the DPOA are irrelevant to the issue of whether the amendment provisions are unreasonable and lacks merit. In addition, the Plaintiffs assert that the Covenants are in conflict with the City of Diamondhead's zoning ordinance and claim that is a reason that the Covenants need to be amended. (R. 18; R. 139; T. 18:3-12). They have not, however, identified a single example of that alleged conflict. Any inconsistency between the Covenants and the city's zoning ordinance does not indicate that the amendment provisions are unreasonable. Presumably, property owners must comply with both entities' requirements, or request variances. Regardless, this alleged conflict in no way demonstrates that the amendment terms are unreasonable and is without merit. The Chancellor did not err in determining that the amendment terms are not unreasonable and denying Plaintiffs' requested relief. This determination was based on substantial evidence indicating that they are reasonable. Further, in making his determination, the Chancellor did not abuse his discretion, apply an erroneous legal standard, was not manifestly wrong, and did not commit clear error. For those reasons, the Court should affirm the Chancery Court's Judgment. 2. Whether the Chancery Court committed reversable error by failing to amend the amendment provision of the Covenants as requested. The Chancery Court did not err when it declined to amend the amendment provisions in the Covenants because such relief was not available to the Chancellor. As has been repeatedly confirmed by the Mississippi Supreme Court, courts do not have "the authority to rewrite entire provisions the court may deem unreasonable[…]." Griffin, 681 So. 2d at 554. A chancellor may not "substitute his own judgment for that found in the original covenant, or […] alter the substance of a writing[…]." Id. at 555. To put it bluntly, the Plaintiffs requested relief that is not recognized under Mississippi law and to have done so would have been reversible error. See Pittman, 909 So. 2d at 1229. If the Chancellor had determined that the amendment provisions are unreasonable, which he did not, "the court should strike it […]." Griffin, 681 So. 2d at 555. Since the Chancellor did not err in determining that the amendment terms are not unreasonable, he further did not err by not amending them. In addition, the Chancery Court does not have the authority to grant the Plaintiffs' relief and did not err in denying same. 3. Whether the Chancery Court committed reversible error in finding that, based on the fact that the Diamondhead POA has previously acted upon and enforced its Covenants, the Diamondhead POA is estopped from claiming that the Covenants, or any part thereof, are unreasonable. 4. Whether the Chancery Court committed reversible error in making a finding on estoppel which issue was not before the Court. The Appellants assign reversible error to the Chancellor's granting relief on the grounds of estoppel, which was neither requested nor pled by any party. Defendants concede that they did not raise estoppel as an affirmative defense and that the issue of estoppel was not presented to the Chancery Court at trial. Appellees agree that the Chancellor's finding of estoppel was beyond the scope of the pleadings and the proof at trial, however, the Appellants did not object to or challenge this finding during trial or in post-trial motions. Therefore, these issues are not properly before this Court and are barred from its review. For this Court to consider an issue, a party must first present its claimed error to the court below. When a party fails to do so, it is barred from raising that issue on appeal. Taylor v. Taylor, 201 So. 3d 420, 420 (Miss. 2016). "It is a long-established rule in this state that a question not raised in the trial court will not be considered on appeal." Id. at 421 (internal citations omitted). Appellants failed to object to the Chancellor's finding of estoppel at the time that he issued his bench ruling or request a rehearing. They further failed to file a timely Miss.R.Civ.Pro. 59 motion within ten days after the date of entry of the Judgment. Appellants could have done that, suggesting to the Chancellor that the issue of estoppel was not properly before the court and that his finding of estoppel was beyond the scope of relief sought by any party, but they did not. By not giving the Chancellor an opportunity to address their concerns and potentially remove the estoppel grounds, Appellants forfeited their right of appellate review of those issues. The Court should find that Appellants are barred from raising the estoppel issues since they did not present same to the trial court for correction and should affirm the Chancellor's Judgment. 5. Whether the Chancery Court committed reversible error in finding the at the Diamondhead POA was required to give due process notice to and join all of the Diamondhead lot owners in the action. The Chancery Court did not err when it denied Plaintiffs' request because they failed to join any lot owners or give them due process notice of the action that would, if successful, significantly and irreparably change their rights and obligations dealing with their real property. Such an action, if permitted, would unconstitutionally deprive the Diamondhead property owners of their substantive and procedural due process right of access to the judicial system to protect valuable property rights, as conferred under § 2 of the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution and Article 3, Section 14 of the Constitution of the State of Mississippi. The Mississippi Supreme Court has held that "parties whose rights are to be affected are entitled to be heard [….] Furthermore, they must be notified in a manner and at a time that is meaningful." Aldridge v. Aldridge, 527 So. 2d 96, 98 (Miss. 1988) (internal citations omitted). The DPOA's unsigned, undated and factually insufficient "notice" allegedly mailed to all of its members (R. 266-267; Appellant's Record Excerpt 3, p. 16), does not advise them that their valuable property rights will be affected by the lawsuit, that they have the right to intervene or seek legal counsel, and does not even include the citation of the case. Without the joinder of all property owners pursuant to Miss.R.Civ.Pro. 4, they and their successors in interest would be subject to significantly modified covenants without having been made parties to the action that modified them. In their Brief, Appellants identify cases wherein the joinder of every affected property owner was not mandatory. (pp. 15-16). However, these lawsuits all involve property owners who were not in a blatantly collaborative relationship with their property owners' association, as is the case here. 4 Further, all of the cases cited by the Appellants dealt with restraint, not expansion of 4 In its "notice" (Appellants' Record Excerpt 3, p. 16), the DPOA states that it "authorized the filing of [the] Complaint […]". In addition, the DPOA has paid or has agreed to pay Plaintiffs' attorney's fees and/or court costs. (Ex. 1, p. 3, ¶ 6). Finally, the Plaintiffs are officers and/or directors on the DPOA's board. (Ex. 1, p. 3, ¶ 7). the covenants. There has never been a case, at least in Mississippi, which is factually analogous to this one. Therefore, this case is distinguished from those other cases. The law in Mississippi favors the free and unobstructed use of real property. Goode v. Village of Woodgreen Homeowners Ass'n, 662 So. 2d 1064 (Miss. 1995); City of Gulfport v. Wilson, 603 So. 2d 295, 299 (Miss. 1992); Kinchen v. Layton, 457 So. 2d 343, 345 (Miss. 1984). In addition, the Supreme Court has stated that "[g]enerally, courts do not look with favor on restrictive covenants." Kemp, 256 So. 2d at 926. In light of these tenets, the judicial expansion of restrictive covenants should require more than what was actually done in this case. The Chancellor was rightfully concerned about the potential implications of granting the Plaintiffs' request without the meaningful participation of those property owners who would have to bear the burden of his decision. Such a determination, if in error, erred on the side of protecting those whose voices were not asked to be heard. This Court should affirm that decision and should affirm the Chancellor's Judgment. CONCLUSION The lower court did not err on any of the issues properly raised by the Appellants. The Chancellor's conclusion that the amendment provisions are not unreasonable was supported by substantial evidence presented by the parties, was not an abuse of discretion, was not based on an erroneous legal standard, was not manifestly wrong, and was not clear error. Furthermore, the lower court did not err by denying the Plaintiffs' requested relief of judicial amendment of the Covenants since such relief is not recognized under the laws of this state, which only permits the striking of unreasonable terms. Appellants' assignment of error based on the Chancellor's finding of estoppel, which went beyond the scope of the pleadings and proof at trial, was forfeited since it was not timely objected to by the Appellants or any other party and is not subject to appellate review. Finally, the Chancellor did not err by finding that judicially amending the Covenants would deprive the affected property owners of their substantive and procedural due process rights and denying the Plaintiffs' relief due to their non-joinder of indispensable parties. For the reasons stated above, the Appellees request that this Court affirm the Judgment of the Chancery Court of Hancock County, Mississippi and assess all costs of this appeal to the Appellants. RESPECTFULLY SUBMITTED, this the 18 th day of February 2020. Committee for Contractual Covenants Compliance, Inc., Patrick McCrossen and Joseph Floyd, Appellees By: /s/ Michael D. Haas, Jr. Michael D. Haas, Jr., attorney for Appellees By: /s/ Caroline E. Haas Caroline E. Haas, attorney for Appellees 15 Haas & Haas, Attorneys at Law Michael D. Haas, Jr., MS Bar No. 5091 Caroline E. Haas, MS Bar No. 104525 201 N. Second Street Bay Saint Louis, MS 39520 Fax: (228) 467-6575 [email protected] [email protected] CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE I represent the Appellees in this matter and certify that I have on this the 18 th day of February 2020, electronically filed the foregoing Brief of the Appellees with the Clerk of this Court. I further certify that I have served a copy of the Brief of the Appellees via electronic mail and/or U.S. Mail, postage prepaid, on the following persons at the stated addresses: AUGUST N. RECHTIEN, ESQ. 7610 Country Club Circle Diamondhead, MS 39525 [email protected] Attorney for Diamondhead Country Club and Property Owners Association, Inc., Appellant DAVID C. GOFF, ESQ. Wise Carter Child & Caraway, P.A. 2510 14 th Street, Suite 1125 Gulfport, MS 39501 [email protected] Attorney for Bob Marthouse, Stewart Nutting and Gary Becker, Appellants DEREK R. CUSICK, ESQ. Law Offices of Derek R. Cusick, PLLC PO Box 4008 Gulfport, MS 39502-4008 [email protected] Attorney for City of Diamondhead, Mississippi, Interested Party HONORABLE CARTER BISE Chancery Court Judge P.O. Box 1542 Gulfport, MS 39502 This the 18 th day of February 2020. /s/ Michael D. Haas, Jr. Michael D. 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Substitute Teacher Application Covenant Christian School 2145 North Ballas Road, St. Louis, Missouri 63131 Voice: 314-787-1036 Fax: 314-432-3989 Email: [email protected] Date: Position applying for: Name: Phone: Last First Middle Address: Street City State Zip Education List secondary school, college and graduate work beginning with most recent. School City/State Dates Graduate? Degree 1. 2. 3. 4. Professional Certification Do you hold a teaching certificate?: Yes: No: V alid in what state(s)? Areas of Certification Expiration Date: Employment History List your last three employers beginning with your current or most recent employer. Current/last employer: Address: Position: Beginning Date: Ending Date: Supervisor or Contact for Reference: Phone: Duties and responsibilities: 151205 Employer: Address: Position: Beginning Date: Ending Date: Supervisor or Contact for Reference: Phone: Duties and responsibilities: Employer: Address: Position: Beginning Date: Ending Date: Supervisor or Contact for Reference: Phone: Duties and responsibilities: Church Affiliation Church membership (name, city, state): Are you an active member of the church?: Yes: No: If no, please explain: References List below three references that are well acquainted with you. Please do not list relatives. Pastoral or Spiritual Reference. Please list the pastor of the church you are now attending or a spiritual leader who knows you well. 1. Name: Phone: City/State: Professional Reference. Someone who has supervised your work, preferably in education. 2. Name: Phone: City/State: Personal Reference. Someone who knows you personally (not a relative). 3. Name: Phone: City/State: Short Essay Please provide a brief testimony of your faith in Jesus Christ. Use another sheet of paper if necessary. Applicant's Statement, Please Read Carefully In consideration of the receipt and evaluation of this application by Covenant Christian School I agree and represent that: 1. The information contained in this application is correct to the best of my knowledge 2. I authorize any references, current or former supervisors or other school representative and representatives of churches or denominational agencies whether or not identified in this application to give you any information (including opinions) regarding my character and fitness for employment. 3. I have read Covenant Christian School’s Doctrinal Statement and am in agreement with it. 4. I understand and agree that nothing contained in this application for employment or in any pre-employment interview is intended to or shall create a contract between myself and the school for employment or the providing of any benefits. Signature of Applicant Date	<urn:uuid:ac6412d0-e8a2-4153-bae0-f0f388979b44>	CC-MAIN-2020-40	https://ccsstl.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/CCS-Personnel-Hiring-Form-Application-Substitute-151205.pdf	2020-09-22T09:46:42+00:00	s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/crawl=CC-MAIN-2020-40/subset=warc/part-00177-50bb8e61-7c5b-4d2c-bd34-dad6ca92b697.c000.gz.parquet	309,077,608	573	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.931725	eng_Latn	0.977981	[ "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn" ]	false	rolmOCR	[ 836, 1523, 2787 ]
Eat Shop Spend and Enjoy LOCAL please support the businesses that support your parish 3171 LENWORTH DR. #12 MISSISSAUGA, ON L4X 2G6 1-800-268-2637 Robert A. Lewis Law Office Over 50 years of service in Elmvale area Wills • Estates Real Estate Attorney for Property/Executor Services Free Consultations • Free Parking 40-2450 Lancaster Rd., Ottawa 613-737-4000 Conroy Optometric Centre Dr. Fred Campbell Dr. Nazli Sammak www.eye-care.ca 613-247-2020 2310 St. Laurent Blvd. Suite 311 THE PERFECT SPOT TO ADVERTISE YOUR BUSINESS! TO ADVERTISE IN THIS SPACE PLEASE CALL 1-800-268-2637 Shopping Locally Saves Gas! ® Cyril Pharmacy Easy Prescription Transfers • Free Local Delivery Bilingual Services • All Major Drug Plans Accepted We waive $2 CoPay 613-680-1772 1795 Kilborn Ave. & Virginia Dr. Remember... Let our advertisers know you saw their ad here. Hulse, Playfair & McGarry Funeral & Cremation Services / Services Funéraires et de crémation Serving Your Community Since 1925 Call Us With Confidence... www.hpmcgarry.ca 613-233-1143 Canadian Payroll & Tax Services Professional Income Tax Preparation in Ottawa for 37 years located at Elmvale Acres Mall [email protected] 613-523-5519 J & D AUTO-TECH Inc. Brakes - Mufflers Front end Suspension Front-wheel drive 1030 Pleasant Park Rd. 613-731-9624 HONOURING TRADITIONS, strengthening faith. MCEVOY-SHIELDS FUNERAL HOME & CHAPEL 1411 Hunt Club Rd. 613-737-7900 mcevoy-shields.com 197 - 1 Resurrection of Our Lord Parish Community 1940 Saunderson Drive, Ottawa, ON K1G 2C9 Tel: 613-733-4661 Fax: 613-733-8081 A dynamic Catholic community called by the Risen Lord to share God's love through worship, service and solidarity. PASTORAL TEAM LORD'S DAY MASSES CONFESSIONS Saturday 5:00 p.m. Sunday 9:00 a.m. 11:00 a.m. WEEKDAY MASSES Tuesday – Friday Saturdays 4:00 p.m. to 4:30 p.m. Fridays 8:30 a.m. to 9:30 a.m. First Friday 7:00 p.m. to 9:00 p.m. ADORATION OF THE BLESSED SACRAMENT 8:00 a.m. Fridays 8:30 a.m. to 9:30 a.m. First Friday 5:00 p.m. to Midnight OFFICE HOURS: Tuesday to Thursday – 8:30 .m. to 12:00 p.m. / 12:30 p.m. to 2:00 p.m. BAPTISMS: contact the parish office at least two months in advance. MARRIAGE: Please notify the parish office at least six months before the marriage. PARISH FINANCE COUNCIL PASTORAL COUNCIL Chairperson Dylan McGuinty Jr. PARISH SCHOOLS St. Luke 613-731-3541 St. Gemma 613-731-8841 613-526-3858 Chairperson Gord McFee 613-447-9577 St. Patrick's High School 613-733-0501 Ottawa Catholic School Board 613-224-2222 [email protected] (Office) Website: www.roolparish.ca 197 - 1 THIRTIETH SUNDAY IN ORDINARY TIME Thursday November 2, 2023 Saturday October 28 LORD's DAY MASSES 5:00 p.m. +for the Repose of the Soul of Nancy Marie Serrao by her Estate +for the Repose of the Soul of 8:00 a.m. +for Holy Souls and Souls of all the Departed Resurrection of our Lord Parishioners, especially those who have no one to Pray for them by Joseph and Fina Lobo 8:30 a.m. -Rosary led by Fr. Robert for all those b d i OCTOBER 29, 2023 MEN'S ROSARY - CURRENT SCHEDULE 6:30PM WEDNESDAYS - NOVEMBER 1 ST , 15 TH , 29 TH The November 1 st Rosary (All Saints Day) will be dedicated to departed Brothers, Fathers, and Grandfathers. All Saints' Day Mass will follow at 7:00PM. . CONFIRMATION CLASSES CURRENT SCHEDULE ALL SAINTS' DAY MASSES NOVEMBER 1ST 8:00AM AND 7:00PM ***************************** ALL SOUL'S DAY NOVEMBER 2ND Following morning Mass the Rosary will be led by Fr. Robert for all those Remembered in the THIRTIETH SUNDAY IN ORDINARY TIME Thursday November 2, 2023 Saturday October 28 LORD's DAY MASSES 5:00 p.m. +for the Repose of the Soul of Nancy Marie Serrao by her Estate +for the Repose of the Soul of 8:00 a.m. +for Holy Souls and Souls of all the Departed Resurrection of our Lord Parishioners, especially those who have no one to Pray for them by Joseph and Fina Lobo 8:30 a.m. -Rosary led by Fr. Robert for all those b d i OCTOBER 29, 2023 MEN'S ROSARY - CURRENT SCHEDULE 6:30PM WEDNESDAYS - NOVEMBER 1 ST , 15 TH , 29 TH The November 1 st Rosary (All Saints Day) will be dedicated to departed Brothers, Fathers, and Grandfathers. All Saints' Day Mass will follow at 7:00PM. . CONFIRMATION CLASSES CURRENT SCHEDULE ALL SAINTS' DAY MASSES NOVEMBER 1ST 8:00AM AND 7:00PM ***************************** ALL SOUL'S DAY NOVEMBER 2ND Following morning Mass the Rosary will be led by Fr. Robert for all those Remembered in the Eat Shop Spend and Enjoy LOCAL please support the businesses that support your parish 3171 LENWORTH DR. #12 MISSISSAUGA, ON L4X 2G6 1-800-268-2637 Robert A. Lewis Law Office Over 50 years of service in Elmvale area Wills • Estates Real Estate Attorney for Property/Executor Services Free Consultations • Free Parking 40-2450 Lancaster Rd., Ottawa 613-737-4000 Conroy Optometric Centre Dr. Fred Campbell Dr. Nazli Sammak www.eye-care.ca 613-247-2020 2310 St. Laurent Blvd. Suite 311 THE PERFECT SPOT TO ADVERTISE YOUR BUSINESS! TO ADVERTISE IN THIS SPACE PLEASE CALL 1-800-268-2637 Shopping Locally Saves Gas! ® Cyril Pharmacy Easy Prescription Transfers • Free Local Delivery Bilingual Services • All Major Drug Plans Accepted We waive $2 CoPay 613-680-1772 1795 Kilborn Ave. & Virginia Dr. Remember... Let our advertisers know you saw their ad here. Hulse, Playfair & McGarry Funeral & Cremation Services / Services Funéraires et de crémation Serving Your Community Since 1925 Call Us With Confidence... www.hpmcgarry.ca 613-233-1143 Canadian Payroll & Tax Services Professional Income Tax Preparation in Ottawa for 37 years located at Elmvale Acres Mall [email protected] 613-523-5519 J & D AUTO-TECH Inc. Brakes - Mufflers Front end Suspension Front-wheel drive 1030 Pleasant Park Rd. 613-731-9624 HONOURING TRADITIONS, strengthening faith. MCEVOY-SHIELDS FUNERAL HOME & CHAPEL 1411 Hunt Club Rd. 613-737-7900 mcevoy-shields.com 197 - 1 Resurrection of Our Lord Parish Community 1940 Saunderson Drive, Ottawa, ON K1G 2C9 Tel: 613-733-4661 Fax: 613-733-8081 A dynamic Catholic community called by the Risen Lord to share God's love through worship, service and solidarity. PASTORAL TEAM LORD'S DAY MASSES CONFESSIONS Saturday 5:00 p.m. Sunday 9:00 a.m. 11:00 a.m. WEEKDAY MASSES Tuesday – Friday Saturdays 4:00 p.m. to 4:30 p.m. Fridays 8:30 a.m. to 9:30 a.m. First Friday 7:00 p.m. to 9:00 p.m. ADORATION OF THE BLESSED SACRAMENT 8:00 a.m. Fridays 8:30 a.m. to 9:30 a.m. First Friday 5:00 p.m. to Midnight OFFICE HOURS: Tuesday to Thursday – 8:30 .m. to 12:00 p.m. / 12:30 p.m. to 2:00 p.m. BAPTISMS: contact the parish office at least two months in advance. MARRIAGE: Please notify the parish office at least six months before the marriage. PARISH FINANCE COUNCIL PASTORAL COUNCIL Chairperson Dylan McGuinty Jr. PARISH SCHOOLS St. Luke 613-731-3541 St. Gemma 613-731-8841 613-526-3858 Chairperson Gord McFee 613-447-9577 St. Patrick's High School 613-733-0501 Ottawa Catholic School Board 613-224-2222 [email protected] (Office) Website: www.roolparish.ca 197 - 1	<urn:uuid:0e762dcd-49b9-42bb-af11-3102dc2f5f5f>	CC-MAIN-2024-18	https://www.roolparish.ca/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Bulletin-October-29-2023.pdf	2024-04-20T06:04:39+00:00	s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/crawl=CC-MAIN-2024-18/subset=warc/part-00274-29538f81-5664-4df2-acb6-7d8ba3d2a1aa.c000.gz.parquet	876,601,496	2,321	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.902733	eng_Latn	0.909057	[ "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn" ]	false	rolmOCR	[ 2708, 3672, 4636, 7346 ]
5 NOVEMBER 2019 Confirmation Testwork Update Kibaran Resources Limited ("Kibaran" or the "Company") (ASX: KNL) is pleased to announce an update on the EcoGraf confirmation testwork being undertaken as part of pre-development activities for the proposed Kwinana battery anode material manufacturing facility to produce battery graphite for the lithium-ion battery market. The independent testwork on the EcoGraf purification process flow sheet is being managed by Kibaran's engineering partner GR Engineering Services Limited ('GR Engineering'). The testwork results have confirmed the effectiveness of the EcoGraf proprietary purification process, and the ecofriendly nature given no adverse emissions were recorded for gaseous, aqueous or solid residues. The results have provided GR Engineering with the information required to finalise the detailed design of the process flow sheet inclusive of waste streams and equipment specific design data. Work remains ongoing to finalise the mass balance, process flows and quantification of wastewater volumes. The completion of the testwork is expected late November. Other pre-development technical activities underway include: * Technical documentation for Government approvals, permitting and lease arrangements. * Equipment testing campaign by suppliers which is expected to be completed during the December quarter. * Final feedstock benchmarking to determine the preferred feedstocks and finalise binding purchase agreements. The Company remains on schedule to make a Final Investment Decision for Kwinana in the first half of 2020. Figure 1: EcoGraf simplified flowsheet for production of Battery (spherical) graphite for the Lithium-ion Battery market Kibaran Managing Director Mr Andrew Spinks said, "Our proposed EcoGraf development is timely given the massive investment in Europe to support the transition towards electric vehicles which will require alternative and responsibly produced raw materials." For further information, please contact: INVESTORS Andrew Spinks Managing Director T : +61 8 6424 9002 Kibaran Resources Limited Level 1/18 Richardson Street ABN: 15 117 330 757 E: [email protected] www.kibaranresources.com Media: Paul Armstrong Read Corporate T: +61 8 9388 1474 1 About EcoGraf – Kwinana Development Kibaran plans to build the graphite processing plant on Perth's Kwinana industrial strip is based upon feasibility and engineering studies completed by Western Australian Engineering group GR Engineering Services. The proposed development has a forecast up-front capital cost of US$22.8m for an initial 5,000tpa, followed by a further US$49.2m to expand production to 20,000tpa of battery graphite. Pre-tax net present value is US$141m, generating an internal rate of return of 36.6 per cent and annual EBITDA of US$35m. It is intended that the Kwinana facility will import natural flake graphite from existing producers and turn it into battery (spherical) graphite using the Company's patented, environmentally friendly EcoGraf process. Battery graphite is the graphite product used in the manufacture of anodes for lithium-ion batteries. It is a 99.95% pure graphite product which is shaped and purified to meet the stringent physical and chemical specifications required by battery anode manufacturers enabling it to withstand the intense operating conditions of a battery in an electric vehicle. The final product is intended to be exported to lithium-ion battery customers in Asia, Europe and the United States. The project's forecast economic contribution to Western Australia is significant on both an economic and strategic front and is expected to employ more than 250 construction workers and more than 125 direct employees during production. The Western Australian Government has recognised the development of the facility would also provide broader benefits to support Western Australia's industrialisation plans, including: * Potential production of battery anode material, which is the precursor for battery anode production and consistent with the Future Battery Industry Strategy; and * Supporting Western Australia as a location for specialised lithium-ion battery manufacturing. Currently all the world's supply of battery graphite is produced in China using a highly toxic purification process that requires hydrofluoric acid. There is strong demand from automobile and lithium-ion battery manufacturers in Japan, South Korea and Europe who are looking to diversify battery mineral supply chains towards an alternative supply of battery graphite that is environmentally friendly, in order to reduce their dependency on Chinese supply and to reduce environmental impacts. Kibaran has spent over 3 years and millions of dollars in perfecting a new eco-friendly and cost competitive purification process. The expenditure covered R&D, process design, feasibility studies, piloting, product testing, product endorsement by anode manufacturers and more recently in engineering and plant design. The project will be staged, beginning with 5,000tpa of battery graphite and expanding to 20,000tpa. 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Newsletter Iron Workers Union Local 378 Oakland, CA Volume 22 No. 6 Business Manager's Report Hello Brothers and Sisters, I hope all is well with you and your families, and that you had an enjoyable July 4th – our Independence Day. Independence is to be free from the control and influence of others. The freedom to make our own choices that will directly affect our livelihood. That is not only something we strive for as a country, but for ourselves as well. The only way we can protect our freedom is to educate ourselves and understand the issues that come before us, and how the decisions we make will determine which direction our lives and our country will go. Vote No on 32 August 2012 This initiative states that "no corporation, labor union, public employee labor union, government contractor or government employer shall deduct from an employee's wages, earnings or compensation any amount of money to be used for political purposes." So how can this be fair when it still allows big corporations You see how they include corporations in this section of the initiative so they make it seem like it's for everyone. But corporations don't use paycheck deductions. They use their profits to make contributions. Then restrict us in the way we can make voluntary contributions to a sponsored committee with our annual written consent. Congressman John Garamendi attends Local 378's No on Prop 32 campaign school. to use their huge profits to contribute as much as they want without any regulation? We already make contributions on a voluntary basis and we've already signed off on it when we joined the union. This just shows me that they think we don't have any idea what we're doing, that So just for the record, it's NO ON 32. Local 378 recently held two events at the hall to address a November ballot initiative, which is referred to as the "Stop Special Interest Money Now Act." The initiative's official number is Proposition 32. Our first event was held on May 6. It was an informational event to make people aware that this initiative attacks our right to voluntarily make political contributions through paycheck deductions. we don't know how to make a conscious choice, and the union is forcing us to do something we don't want to do. , The second event, a campaign school, was held on June 30. Through this seminar, we learned how the initiative's author manipulates the language into making it sound like it's fair for everyone, that it's campaign reform and will level the playing field, when in fact it does none of those things. We were very fortunate to have many local politicians attend this event, along with Congressman George Miller Congressman John Garamendi and our keynote speaker, Executive Secretary-Treasurer of the California Labor Federation Art Pulaski. We cannot sit idly by and have anyone dictate to us how we wish to contribute in any way. This is nothing less than an attack on our right of FREEDOM OF CHOICE. When I signed up to be in this great union of ours I chose to contribute to a political fund so our voices in the political arena would never be silenced. Let me ask this of you: are you prepared to fight for your right, are you registered to vote and are you going to exercise that right on ELECTION DAY, NOV. 6, 2012? LET'S MAKE OUR VOICES BE HEARD AND NEVER SILENCED! − Always fighting for you and your union By Jeff McEuen President/Business Agent's Report I would like to begin by thanking the membership for the "White Ballot" vote of confidence and trust that will allow me to serve another three years as your president/ business agent. The annual family Ironworkers picnic is Saturday, Sept. 22, 2012 at Waterfront Park in Martinez. Tickets are available for purchase in advance at the union hall or in person at the gate. Remember to put this date on your calendar. Good luck, work safe. By Robert Lux dedication, commitment and support over the years to the Local is greatly appreciated. Also, congratulations go out to the other elected officers. Finally, I want to thank the individuals whose terms were up and chose not to run for reelection. Their We are in mid-summer, and have recently celebrated July 4th, our country's independence from British rule. Remember even though freedom abounds in our nation, there are politicians who would like to take away rights and freedoms from our union. Keep this in mind as we prepare ourselves for the November 2012 elections. I am aware that work is still slow in the private sector; however it continues to be steady on prevailing wage and the PLA projects. Election Results The following are the results of the Election of Officers held on Saturday, June 16, 2012: Business Agent's Report Hello Everyone! What does it really do? It supposedly bans both unions and corporations from giving money to candidates or political parties. The Paycheck Deception Initiative, Prop 32, silences our VOICE. It's written to confuse the hard-working middle class. But in November, we can stand up and vote against this act that would diminish our political power. In reality, the wealthy backers made sure to include special exemptions for themselves and other corporate interests. These companies could still donate money to candidates under this act, which voters will decide upon in November's election. CEOs and billionaires are also exempt. For example, many of California's companies are not technically corporations. These include insurance companies, Wall Street hedge funds, real estate investing companies, law firms and others. The act would ban union members from pooling money to support candidates who stand with workers or oppose those who don't. Unions would also be prohibited from fighting anti-worker ballot initiatives that attempt to limit collective bargaining, gut pensions or ban prevailing wage and project labor agreements. I am sick and tired of always defending our rights. After we smash Prop 32 at the polls this November, let's use that momentum and go on the offense for a change. These upgraded and improved facilities will be used to transport and store virgin and partially refined crude oil. This project will create 250 union construction jobs and 10 to 15 jobs for ongoing operations, and will result in significant property tax revenue for the city. The marine terminal, storage tanks, and all of the existing equipment will be replaced, upgraded or repaired. Bay Area marine oil terminals and storage facilities are near capacity, and many times ships need to wait in the bay for a place to berth, adding to local air pollution and congestion in shipping lanes. WesPac is committed to working with the city to ensure the hiring of as many local Pittsburg residents as possible. School construction picks up Measure E, a $99 million school bond measure, was passed by Dublin voters in June. Many new jobs to start soon In addition, the commission awarded two STIP grants totaling $1.96 million to extend the San Francisco Bay Trail from the train station at Bayfront Boulevard to the Victoria by the Bay subdivision further north, including a stretch behind the Bio-Rad Laboratories campus. I would rather give 5 cents an hour from the Ironworker Union Scale than 0 cents from a $10 an hour job. Vote no on Prop 32 this November. Hercules has been awarded almost $10 million by the state in connection with a planned railroad station. The California Transportation Commission approved an $8 million State Transportation Improvement Program (STIP) grant to build the station, which would become a stop on the Amtrak Capitol Corridor. WesPac Energy–Pittsburg LLC (WesPac) proposes to modernize and reactivate the existing marine terminal, oil storage and transfer facilities at the GenOn Pittsburg Generation Station. The San Ramon Valley School Board hopes its voters will approve a $260 million school facilities bond measure in November. San Ramon Valley School Board approved a list of 45 school projects that will be presented to voters later this summer. The projects include seismic upgrades, new classrooms, new stadium bleachers at San Ramon Valley and Monte Vista High schools and a new $31 million elementary school in Dougherty Valley. The measure needs 55 percent voter approval to pass. By Jason Gallia Apprenticeship Coordinator's Report Brothers and Sisters, Here is the JIW upgrade schedule for the fall of 2012. Time is passing fast, so don't miss out on an opportunity to get some extra training in. Don't forget to vote in November. By Brian Colombo Retirees Korner The Rivet Drawing has grown to approximately $240plus, and 50-plus members have been attending the last several meetings, so come out and join us. Mark your calendars! Our next Retiree Association meeting will be on Wednesday, Aug. 2, 2012, 10 a.m. at the union hall. The election of officers for Local 378 went off well, but with a low turnout. Only 243 members bothered to come in to vote. Bob Lux set up another Bay Bridge boat trip and drive on the Skyway for us, followed by lunch at Brennan's in Berkeley. Thanks again, Bob. We retirees did much better with 54 members voting, or 23 percent of the total votes cast. We had members from the states of Washington, Oregon, Idaho and Hawaii present. Don't Forget to Register to VOTE! Are you registered to vote? Have you moved or perhaps changed your name? These are all reasons why you should register or, in some cases, re-register to vote. imperative that you take the opportunity to register in time The general election will be held on Nov. 6, 2012. It is for the upcoming election. Should you have any questions, contact the Elections Division at 800-345-8683. Please remember to make your voice heard and your vote count! Update address to receive crucial notices Have you currently moved or changed your telephone number? Please remember, you must always be current on your Did you know that when you wish to update your personal information, you must notify our office, the Trust Fund, and Mobile Medical? If you are an apprentice, it is also your responsibility to keep the apprenticeship informed of any changes to your contact information. Your registration must be filled out completely and be postmarked or hand delivered to your county's elections office no later than Oct. 22, 2012 in order to cast your ballot. It has come to my attention that some of you retirees on honorary memberships may be qualified for the lifetime membership, which, if you are eligible, relieves you from paying any future union dues. On page 11 of this issue of the Local Line, you will find a form for tax deductible, in memoriam donations for the Alfred Zampa Memorial Bridge. The qualifications are very similar to those for honorary membership. Call the union hall at 707-7466100 and request a lifetime membership application for your review. Please clip it out and photocopy it for any future use you may have. It is the only bridge in the U.S.A. named after a blue-collar worker, an ironworker and my dad. Thank you for your support. By Dick Zampa, Sr. Pick up voter registration forms at the following places: 3 County elections office 3 Post office 3 Dept. Motor Vehicles 3 Local library 3 Local 378 Hall 3 Apprenticeship center IMPACT drug screening. If you fail to notify Mobile Medical of an address change, you may miss your annual or random notice, resulting in your ineligibility for employment. Unfortunately, many of you have missed out on these requests due to a disconnected or old phone number. Please make it a point to update your contact information, as we wish to provide everyone with an equal opportunity to work. When our office receives manpower requests, our business agents are only able to contact those members who keep our office current of any changes to their addresses, phone numbers and/or emails. Preparation: 1. Heat a grill pan over medium-high heat. 2. Combine 1 teaspoon oil, 1/2 teaspoon salt, cumin, chile powder, and pepper. Iron Café Grilled Polenta with Spicy Steak Ingredients: * 4 teaspoons canola oil, divided * ¾ teaspoon kosher salt, divided * ½ teaspoon ground cumin * ½ teaspoon chipotle chile powder * ¼ teaspoon freshly ground black pepper * 1 (18-ounce) tube of polenta, cut into 8 slices * 1 ripe peeled avocado, sliced * ½ cup fresh cilantro leaves * ½ cup (2 ounces) crumbled queso fresco * 1 (1-pound) flank steak, trimmed * ½ cup refrigerated fresh salsa * Lime wedges (optional) 7. Brush the remaining tablespoon of oil over both sides of polenta slices while the steak rests. Sprinkle the slices evenly with the remaining 1/4 teaspoon salt. 3. Rub the spice mixture evenly over steak. 4. Cook the steak in the grill pan for 6 minutes on each side, or until it's cooked enough to suit you. 5. Remove the steak from the pan; let stand 5 minutes. 8. Add the polenta to the pan, cooking for 3 minutes on each side or until browned. 9. Arrange 2 polenta slices on each of 4 plates. Divide the avocado evenly among servings. 6. Cut the steak diagonally across grain into thin slices. 10. Top each serving with about 3 ounces steak, 2 tablespoons cilantro leaves, 2 tablespoons queso fresco, and 2 tablespoons salsa. Serve with lime wedges, if desired. Iron Café Watergate Salad Ingredients: * 1 can (20 ounces) crushed pineapple in juice, undrained * 1 package (3.4 ounces) JELL-O Pistachio Flavor Instant Pudding Preparation: 1. Combine the crushed pineapple with juice, the JELL-O instant pudding, miniature marshmallows and the chopped pecans/walnuts in a large bowl. * 1 cup miniature marshmallows * ½ cup chopped pecans/walnuts * 1½ cups thawed Cool Whip Whipped Topping 2. Stir in the Cool Whip. 3. Refrigerate for 1 hour. ( ( ( STOP ) ) ) NO ON PROP 32 Iron Workers Political Action League PRESIDENT'S CLUB Douglas Boyum Sr. Herbert Brabant Guy Clark Deryl Damboise Roger Derossette Chris Derrico Anthony Doria Richard Foltz Jason Gallia Jackie Gann Jarrett Gann James R. Hetzel Keith Hunter Iron Workers Retiree's Association Fredrick Kaddu Steve Kaspar Jason Lindsey Robert Lux Jeff McEuen Jose Medina Kenneth Miller Gilbert Peralta James Pruett Emilio Rivera Larry Rostrom Bruce Scott Gregory Sullivan Bruce Swanson James Ray Trujillo Richard P. Wagner Robert Wright Timothy Wright Lynn Yost Richard E. Zampa Richard L. Zampa Increase in Fringe Benefit Package effective July 1, 2012 Health and Welfare: $0.29 Pension: $0.35 IMPACT: -$0.09 ______________________________ TOTAL INCREASE: $0.55 Vote No on Prop 32! Initiative Snapshot Name: Prop 32 What it would do: Ban you from authorizing payroll deductions to fund political efforts. Why it’s important: Our ability to fight for working-family friendly laws hinges on our ability to fund those campaigns. When you can vote: Nov. 6 How to qualify for honorary or lifetime membership Are you aware that your dues are NOT automatically lowered with the union when you send a Certificate of Disability or when you make an application for your pension through the Trust Fund? Honorary membership In order to qualify for Honorary Membership, also known as our reduced rate for membership dues of $8.40 per month, you must be a member in good standing (current on dues), have five years of continuous membership (no suspensions, leaves of absence or withdrawals on your records), AND be permanently disabled/incapacitated as a result of working in the trade. Please include book number with mail‐in dues payments A friendly reminder to the members who mail in their dues payments: PLEASE write your book number on the face of your check, or on the envelope we provide you, when mailing in your dues payment. This will ensure that the amount posts to the correct member, as there may be more than one member with the same name. The last thing we want to do is apply your payment to another account, causing you to fall in arrears with your dues payment. Tribute Announcements Robert Benhart Markus Ritchie 552787 330933 01.19.1931-05.10.2012 04.26.1927-05.12.2012 When you are sorrowful look again in your heart, and you shall see that in truth you are weeping for that which has been your delight. Lifetime membership 1. Be 65 years of age and have at least 25 years of continuous membership with no suspensions, leaves of absence or withdrawals on your record OR In order to qualify for Lifetime Membership, where you will not be required to pay union dues again, you must meet one of two requirements. You either have to: 2. You must be permanently disabled and have at least 20 years of continuous membership. Should you feel that you meet the requirements for a reduced rate of union dues or you have recently applied for your pension, please contact the Union Hall to confirm your eligibility. -Kahlil Gibran Alfred Zampa Memorial Bridge Please see next page for a form to make tax deductible, in memoriam donations. [email protected] We would like to hear from you! Please email us your suggestions, comments and general inquiries.	<urn:uuid:59667287-e0c1-478e-a505-e22a5b20b4f0>	CC-MAIN-2017-30	http://new.ironworkers378.org/media/378-Newsletter-August-2012.pdf	2017-07-27T06:48:15Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549427749.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20170727062229-20170727082229-00288.warc.gz	230,302,457	3,775	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.984152	eng_Latn	0.998435	[ "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "unknown", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn" ]	false	rolmOCR	[ 3407, 4714, 8311, 8568, 11892, 13756, 13788, 14872, 16976, 17099 ]
DURABLE MEDICAL EQUIPMENT MOBILITY ASSISTIVE EQUIPMENT FUNDING RESOURCE GUIDE # TABLE OF CONTENTS ## WHERE TO START \| Page \| Section \| \|------\|----------------------------------------------\| \| 2 \| STEP 1 FACE-TO-FACE EVALUATION \| \| 3 \| STEP 2 PRESCRIPTION FOR DME/MAE \| \| 4 \| STEP 3 CLINICAL RECORD DOCUMENTATION \| \| 5 \| STEP 4 SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS \| \| 6 \| STEP 5 SUBMIT CLAIM \| ## CLINICAL RESOURCE TOOLS \| Page \| Section \| \|------\|----------------------------------------------\| \| 8 \| ANATOMICAL ASSESSMENT \| \| 10 \| BARIATRIC ANATOMICAL ASSESSMENT \| \| 12 \| CASE EVALUATION FORM \| \| 15 \| DETERMINING THE APPROPRIATE BRODA CHAIR MODEL\| ## APPENDIX \| Page \| Section \| \|------\|----------------------------------------------\| \| 16 \| FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS \| \| 17 \| REFERENCES \| \| 18 \| ADDITIONAL NOTES \| WHERE TO START 1. Face-To-Face Evaluation If you are considering making a request for DME such as a wheelchair, your first step is to have a Face-to-Face Evaluation completed by your primary care physician. The Affordable Care Act (ACA) has set forth requirements for the completion of the FFE and they can be found in section 6407 of the ACA and are referenced on page 2 of our Funding Guide. 2. Prescription for DME/MAE The next step is to obtain from the prescriber a detailed written order/prescription for the requested MAE. The detailed written order/prescription must be in the supplier’s possession BEFORE the item is delivered. The date of the written order must be on or before the date of delivery. The detailed written order/prescription must contain the 7 elements listed on page 3 of our Funding Guide. 3. Clinical Record Documentation The contents of the Clinical Record is reviewed during the funding process. It is vitally important that your documentation clearly explains the need for the requested equipment. Further details regarding Clinical Documentation can be found on page 4/5 of our Funding Guide. 4. Supporting Documents The contents of the Supporting Documents will be reviewed during the funding process. The contents of your Supporting Documents should aid in proving medical necessity/need for the requested equipment. It is vitally important that your Supporting Documents clearly identify and support the explanation of need that is detailed in the clinical record. Further details regarding Supporting Documents can be found on page 5 of our Funding Guide. 5. Submit Claim The process for submitting your claim can vary by care provider as well as insurance provider. It is important to contact the care provider and/or insurance provider prior to submitting your claim to ensure the required process is followed and delay in processing time is avoided. Page 6 of our Funding Guide provides details to aid you in submitting your claim. INTRO When completing the process of requesting reimbursement and/or funding of any kind through an insurance provider, it is important to remember that all reimbursement/funding of any kind is provided on a case by case basis and is dependent upon proof of medical necessity and supporting documentation. The guidelines and regulations regarding coverage for items such as DME/MAE are updated often. It is important that you validate all information you are provided each time you begin to process a claim for coverage. Validating the information with the insurance provider can save you valuable time during the claim process. The information provided in this reference guide will focus on the process/requirements for submitting a claim when seeking reimbursement/coverage for a wheelchair. Wheelchairs are considered Durable Medical Equipment (DME)/ Mobility Assistive Equipment (MAE) and will be referenced as such throughout this guide. Where to start: Step 1: Face-to-Face Evaluation (FFE) If you are considering/requesting DME such as a wheelchair, your first step is to have a Face-to-Face Evaluation completed by your primary care physician. The Affordable Care Act (ACA) has set forth requirements for the completion of the FFE and they can be found in section 6407 of the ACA and they are as follows: Face-to-Face Visit Requirements: As a condition for payment, Section 6407 of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) requires that a physician (MD, DO or DPM), physician assistant (PA), nurse practitioner (NP) or clinical nurse specialist (CNS) has had a face-to-face examination with a beneficiary that meets all of the following requirements: - The treating physician must have an in-person examination with the beneficiary within the six (6) months prior to the date of the written order prior to delivery (WOPD). - This examination must document that the beneficiary was evaluated and/or treated for a condition that supports the need for the item(s) of DME ordered. A new face-to-face examination is required each time a new prescription for one of the specified items is ordered. A new prescription is required by Medicare: - For all claims for purchases or initial rentals. - When there is a change in the prescription for the accessory, supply, drug, etc. - If a local coverage determination (LCD) requires periodic prescription renewal (i.e., policy requires a new prescription on a scheduled or periodic basis) - When an item is replaced - When there is a change in the supplier BRODA Tip To Remember: It is recommended that specifics such as dates of treatment(s), name of condition(s) and result of treatment relative to the need for the DME/MAE be included in the FFE documentation. The FFE must be completed on or before the date of the written order/prescription and may be no older than 6 months prior to the prescription date. Step 2: Prescription for DME/MAE The next step is to obtain from the prescriber a detailed written order/prescription for the requested MAE. The detailed written order/prescription must be in the supplier’s possession BEFORE the item is delivered. The date of the written order must be on or before the date of delivery. The detailed written order/prescription must contain the following 7 elements: - Beneficiary’s name - Physician’s name - Date of the order and the start date, if start date is different from the date of the order - Detailed description of the item(s) - The prescribing practitioner’s National Provider Identifier (NPI) - The signature of the ordering practitioner - Signature date BRODA Tip To Remember: The detailed written order/prescription cannot be written prior to FFE being completed. Doing so may result in the claim being denied as statutorily non-covered-failed to meet statutory requirements. Step 3: Documentation (Clinical Record) It is vitally important that the content of the clinical record clearly answers/addresses the questions below as they are used during the claims/review process. Per Medicare guidelines, coverage for MAE will be considered if the equipment is reasonable and necessary for beneficiaries who have personal mobility deficit sufficient to impair their performance of mobility-related activities of daily living (MRADLs), such as toileting, feeding, dressing, grooming and bathing in customary locations within the home. The following questions are from Medicare’s National Coverage Determination (NCD) for Mobility Assistive Equipment (MAE) 280.3 policy. NCD Questions: 1) Does the beneficiary have a mobility limitation that significantly impairs his/her ability to participate in one or more MRADLs in the home? A mobility limitation is one that: a) Prevents the beneficiary from accomplishing the MRADLs entirely, or, b) Places the beneficiary at reasonably determined heightened risk of morbidity or mortality secondary to the attempts to participate in MRADLs, or, c) Prevents the beneficiary from completing the MRADLs within a reasonable time frame. 2) Are there other conditions that limit the beneficiary’s ability to participate in MRADLs at home? a) Some examples are significant impairment of cognition or judgment and/or vision. b) For these beneficiaries, the provision of MAE might not enable them to participate in MRADLs if the comorbidity prevents effective use of the wheelchair or reasonable completion of the tasks even with MAE. 3) If these other limitations exist, can they be ameliorated or compensated sufficiently such that the additional provision of MAE will be reasonably expected to significantly improve the beneficiary’s ability to perform or obtain assistance to participate in MRADLs in the home? a) A caregiver, for example a family member, may be compensatory, if consistently available in the beneficiary’s home and willing and able to safely operate and transfer the beneficiary to and from the wheelchair and to transport the beneficiary using the wheelchair. The caregiver’s need to use a wheelchair to assist the beneficiary in the MRADLs is to be considered in this determination. b) If the amelioration or compensation requires the beneficiary’s compliance with treatment, for example medications or therapy, substantive non-compliance, whether willing or involuntary, can be grounds for denial of MAE coverage if it results in the beneficiary continuing to have a significant limitation. It may be determined that partial compliance results in adequate amelioration or compensation for the appropriate use of MAE. 4) Does the beneficiary or caregiver demonstrate the capability and the willingness to consistently operate the MAE safely? a) Safety considerations include personal risk to the beneficiary as well as risk to others. The determination of safety may need to occur several times during the process as the consideration focuses on a specific device. b) A history of unsafe behavior in other venues may be considered. 5) Can the functional mobility deficit be sufficiently resolved by the prescription of a cane or walker? a) The cane or walker should be appropriately fitted to the beneficiary for this evaluation. b) Assess the beneficiary’s ability to safely use a cane or walker. 6) Does the beneficiary’s typical environment support the use of wheelchairs including scooters/power-operated vehicles (POVs)? a) Determine whether the beneficiary’s environment will support the use of these types of MAE. b) Keep in mind such factors as physical layout, surfaces, and obstacles, which may render MAE unusable in the beneficiary’s home. 7) Does the beneficiary have sufficient upper extremity function to propel a manual wheelchair in the home to participate in MRADLs during a typical day? The manual wheelchair should be optimally configured (seating options, wheelbase, device weight, and other appropriate accessories) for this determination. a) Limitations of strength, endurance, range of motion, coordination, and absence or deformity in one or both upper extremities are relevant. b) A beneficiary with sufficient upper extremity function may qualify for a manual wheelchair. The appropriate type of manual wheelchair, i.e. light weight, etc., should be determined based on the beneficiary’s physical characteristics and anticipated intensity of use. c) The beneficiary’s home should provide adequate access, maneuvering space and surfaces for the operation of a manual wheelchair. d) Assess the beneficiary’s ability to safely use a manual wheelchair. NOTE: If the beneficiary is unable to self-propel a manual wheelchair, and if there is a caregiver who is available, willing, and able to provide assistance, a manual wheelchair may be appropriate. CLINICAL RECORD DOCUMENTATION CONTINUED: 8) Does the beneficiary have sufficient strength and postural stability to operate a POV/scooter? a) A POV is a 3- or 4-wheeled device with tiller steering and limited seat modification capabilities. The beneficiary must be able to maintain stability and position for adequate operation. b) The beneficiary’s home should provide adequate access, maneuvering space and surfaces for the operation of a POV. c) Assess the beneficiary’s ability to safely use a POV/scooter. 9) Are the additional features provided by a power wheelchair needed to allow the beneficiary to participate in one or more MRADLs? a) The pertinent features of a power wheelchair compared to a POV are typically control by a joystick or alternative input device, lower seat height for slide transfers, and the ability to accommodate a variety of seating needs. b) The type of wheelchair and options provided should be appropriate for the degree of the beneficiary’s functional impairments. c) The beneficiary’s home should provide adequate access, maneuvering space and surfaces for the operation of a power wheelchair. d) Assess the beneficiary’s ability to safely use a power wheelchair. NOTE: If the beneficiary is unable to use a power wheelchair, and if there is a caregiver who is available, willing, and able to provide assistance, a manual wheelchair is appropriate. A caregivers inability to operate a manual wheelchair can be considered in covering a power wheelchair so that the caregiver can assist the beneficiary. BRODA Tip To Remember: The list of questions provided is not exhaustive as other criteria maybe required and additional clinical documentation may be needed to prove medical necessity. During the review process the following information will need to be present and clearly identifiable in the clinical record. Your documentation should clearly, - Provide the history of events that have taken place leading to the request of the MAE - Identify the mobility deficit to be corrected by the MAE - Identify all treatments provided that did not successfully eliminate the need for MAE - Identify all other MAE (walker, cane, crutch) used and clearly explain specifically why they did not meet the patients’ needs - Identify that the beneficiary lives in an environment that allows for safe adequate use of the MAE - Identify that the beneficiary or caregiver is capable of safely using/operating the requested MAE To review the National Coverage Determination for Mobility Assistive Equipment policy in its entirety. Please visit https://goo.gl/hCEJXq Step 4: Required Supporting Documents ALL requests for coverage/funding of DME/MAE (wheelchair) requires clinical documentation that outlines/substantiates patient need and proves medical necessity. Noridian Health Care Solutions, a Medicare contracted Health Care Administrator has compiled a documentation checklists for Manual Wheelchairs (MWC). The checklist can be found by following the link: https://goo.gl/2Azwew When utilizing the documentation checklist provided by Noridian Health Care Solutions, you can utilize the “hover function” with your cursor, provided on the items shaded in blue. Doing so will allow you to view additional notes explaining the required/needed item(s). Please note that it is important to know which (if any) HCPCS code is assigned to the type of wheelchair being requested. For example, HCPCS code E1161 is assigned to all Adult Tilt in Space Wheelchairs. Being aware of and understanding the HCPCS code will allow you to better navigate the checklist and ensure you obtain the appropriate documents. For questions regarding the assigned HCPCS codes please contact the Manufacturer/Provider of the equipment being requested. During the funding process, you may be asked for additional supporting documents. Additional supporting documents can aid in proving medical necessity for the requested equipment. You may be asked to provide a copy of a completed Anatomical Assessment or to have a Trial completed for the requested equipment. For your reference, we have included our Clinical Resource Section where you will find Anatomical Assessment forms (standard and bariatric) as well as a Case Evaluation Form that can be used to document the trial of the requested equipment. BRODA Tip To Remember: It is important to make copies of all required documents requested during this process. Maintaining copies of the requested/required documents can save you valuable time if documents are requested a second time. Step 5: Submit Claim Once you have completed the above requirements and are ready to submit your claim, it is recommended that you do the following; 1) Make copies of ALL the documents you will be submitting and maintain them for your records 2) Write a simple cover letter that explains the reason for your submission, including your contact information 3) Contact the provider or insurance company that you will be submitting your claim to 4) Verify that you have all the required documents (obtain a copy of a check list if available) 5) Verify mailing address and best/preferred method of delivery 6) Mail ALL original signatures/documents to the provider/insurance company 7) Obtain tracking number for your package to ensure appropriate delivery 8) Follow up with provider/insurance company to ensure they received your submission and obtain a file number if one is available BRODA Tip To Remember: If a PO BOX is given as the delivery address, remember that FEDEX/UPS does not deliver to PO BOXES. If you intend to send your package via FEDEX/UPS ask for a physical address that can be used for delivery of a FEDEX/UPS package. Mail ALL original documents/signatures to the provider/insurance company. If you send copies, it may delay the processing of your claim. Regardless of age, patients seated for extended periods deserve to be comfortable. Comfort reduces stress, improves recovery, wellbeing, and is therefore... absolutely essential to one's quality of life. Comfort is the key, and when it comes to providing comfort, there is no substitute for a BRODA. Please measure the patient at their widest points while sitting in an upright position and add 1”- 2” inches to obtain proper seat width. Please use a soft flexible measuring tape to avoid injuries such as skin tears. This sheet is used for patients weighing up to 350lbs. For patients weighing more than 350lbs, please use our Bariatric Anatomical Assessment. 1. Shoulder Width — Measure the patient at the widest point of the shoulders. 2. Seat Width – While sitting on a firm surface, measure the width of the hips/thighs at the widest point. * The seat width of a BRODA chair is determined by measuring from the inside of the left armrest to the inside of the right armrest. 3. Width at knee - Measure across the widest point of the knees. 4. Back Height – Measure from the seating surface to the top of the head. 5. Back Length – Measure from the seating surface to the base of the neck. 6. Seat Depth – Is measured from the posterior (back) of the buttocks to the popliteal (underside of the knee). 7. Seat Height – If the patient utilizes a cushion when in the chair, complete measurements with the cushion in the chair to obtain proper measurements. With feet flat on the floor & knees bent at 90°, measure from the floor to the underside of the knee and add 1”- 2” inches to allow for clearance of the footrest. 8. Armrest Length- With the shoulder in a neutral position measure from the 90-degree angle at the elbow to the finger tips. CLIENT MEASUREMENTS: (Write Measurements inside of circles) 1. SHOULDER WIDTH 2. SEAT WIDTH 3. WIDTH AT KNEE 4. BACK HEIGHT 5. BACK LENGTH 6. SEAT DEPTH 7. SEAT HEIGHT 8. ARMREST LENGTH Patient Name: ___________________________ Height: ___________________________ Weight: _______________ To assist in determining the appropriate BRODA chair for your patient, please complete the questions below and provide any additional information you feel can aid us in selecting the appropriate chair. Location: Please provide width of doorway in inches: ___________________________ Types of surfaces: Carpet Y or N Tile Y or N Transition Strips Y or N Posture/Function: Does the patient have decreased head and/or trunk control? Y or N Does the patient require a full range of positioning (vertical to flat?) Y or N Skin Integrity: Does the patient have decreased skin integrity? Y or N Does the patient have a history of pressure ulcers? Y or N Does the patient present with boney prominences? Y or N Does the patient have incontinence issues? Y or N Strength/Coordination/Motor Function: Is the patient caregiver dependent for ambulation needs? Y or N Does the patient complete a stand pivot transfer to the chair? Y or N Does the patient transfer with the use of a lift? Y or N Can the patient propel themselves with use of their legs in seated position? Y or N Can the patient propel themselves with use of their arms? Y or N Please provide an explanation below for all questions answered with Yes, and any conditions that may require special accommodations. ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ Assessment Completed by: ___________________________ Phone: ___________________________ Date: _______________ Please measure the patient at their widest points while sitting in an upright position and add 1”- 2” inches to obtain proper seat width. Please use a soft flexible measuring tape to avoid injuries such as skin tears. This sheet is used for the assessment of bariatric patients weighing 350lbs or more. For non-bariatric patients please use our standard Anatomical Assessment. 1. Shoulder Width - Measure the patient at the widest point of the upper arms/shoulders. 2. Torso Width – With the patient sitting in an upright position, measure across from lateral elbow to lateral elbow. This measurement will help ensure the proper width for the chair is obtained. 3. Seat Width – While sitting on a firm surface, measure the hips/thighs at the widest point. * The seat width of a BRODA chair is determined by measuring from the inside of the left armrest to the inside of the right armrest. 4. Calf Width - Measure across the widest point from the knee/calf. 5. Back Height – Measure from the seating surface to the top of the head. 6. Back Length – Measure from the seating surface to the base of the neck. 7. Gluteal Shelf – Is measured from the patients back when seated upright to the extension of the gluteus. 8. Armrest Height – With the patient seated, place the shoulder in a neutral position and arm parallel to the floor, measure from the seating surface to the forearm. 9. Seat Depth – Is measured from the posterior (back) of the buttocks to the popliteal (underside of the knee.) 10. Seat Height – If the patient utilizes a cushion when in the chair complete measurements with the cushion in the chair to obtain proper measurements. Measure from the base of the heel to the most prominent portion of the posterior (back of) thigh and add 1”- 2” inches to allow for clearance of the footrest. 11. Armrest Length - With the shoulder in a neutral position measure from the 90-degree angle (bend) at the elbow to the finger tips. CLIENT MEASUREMENTS: (Write Measurements inside of circles) 1. SHOULDER WIDTH 2. TORSO WIDTH 3. SEAT WIDTH 4. CALF WIDTH 5. BACK HEIGHT 6. BACK LENGTH 7. GLUTEAL SHELF 8. ARM REST HEIGHT 9. SEAT DEPTH 10. SEAT HEIGHT 11. ARMREST LENGTH Patient Name: ___________________________ Height: ________________________________ Weight: _______________ To assist in determining the appropriate BRODA chair for your patient, please complete the questions below and provide any additional information you feel can aid us in selecting the appropriate chair. Location: Please provide width of doorway in inches: ______________________ Types of surfaces: Carpet Y or N Tile Y or N Transition Strips Y or N Posture/Function: Does the patient have decreased head and/or trunk control? Y or N Does the patient require a full range of positioning (vertical to flat?) Y or N Skin Integrity: Does the patient have decreased skin integrity? Y or N Does the patient have a history of pressure ulcers? Y or N Does the patient present with boney prominences? Y or N Does the patient have incontinence issues? Y or N Strength/Coordination/Motor Function: Is the patient caregiver dependent for ambulation needs? Y or N Does the patient complete a stand pivot transfer to the chair? Y or N Does the patient transfer with the use of a lift? Y or N Can the patient propel themselves with use of their legs in seated position? Y or N Can the patient propel themselves with use of their arms? Y or N Please provide an explanation below for all questions answered with Yes, and any conditions that may require special accommodations. __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ Assessment Completed by: ___________________________ Phone: ___________________________ Date: __________ Date of Evaluation: ___________________________ Primary Diagnosis: ___________________________ Patient Name: (optional) ___________________________ Age: ____________ Sex: M/F BRODA chair model and accessories used: _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ Residents specific seating conditions and needs: _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ Evaluator: please provide information relative to the evaluation prior to the placement of a BRODA chair Cognitive: (Interactive with surroundings) (Non-interactive) Able to make needs known: Y or N Psychotropic medications used? Y or N Name/Dosage: ________________________________________ Pain medications used? Y or N Name/Dosage: _____________________________________________ Functional Abilities, ADL Status in reference to wheelchair use: Prior to the placement of BRODA \| ADL \| Independent \| Independent with Equipment \| Moderate Assist \| Dependent \| Not Assessed \| Comments \| \|--------------\|-------------\|----------------------------\|-----------------\|-----------\|--------------\|----------\| \| Self Care \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Ambulation \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Transfers \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Toileting \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Skin integrity issues: Prior to the placement of BRODA History of Skin Issues: Y or N At risk from prolonged sitting: Y or N Time spent in chair daily: ________________ Risk factors: □ Boney prominences □ Immobility □ Impaired nutritional or hydration status Braden Scale score: ________________ Other: ________________________________________________ Able to perform effective pressure relief: Y or N If yes, method used: ____________________________ If no, why? ______________________________________________________________________________ List Interventions and Outcomes observed/noted: Prior to the placement of BRODA \| Intervention \| Time Frame \| Outcome \| \|--------------\|------------\|---------\| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Please document your observations and findings during the evaluation. You can continue your documentation on the following page as needed. Pre BRODA Trial \| Location on body \| Severity (stage) \| size of pressure sore area (inches) \| Change in size and/or stage (+/-) \| Number of falls \| Frequency of falls (daily, weekly etc) \| \|------------------\|------------------\|-------------------------------------\|-----------------------------------\|----------------\|----------------------------------------\| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Skin Integrity Issues Falls History During BRODA Trial \| Immediate (if applicable) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \|---------------------------\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| Week 1 Date: \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Week 2 Date: \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Week 3 Date: \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Week 4 Date: \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Pre BRODA Trial \| Positioning/Comfort \| Behaviors \| \|---------------------\|-----------\| \| Poor \| Aggressive Unhappy \| \| Average \| Agitated \| \| Above average \| Neutral \| \| Good \| Happy \| During BRODA Trial \| Immediate (if applicable) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \|---------------------------\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| Week 1 Date: \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Week 2 Date: \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Week 3 Date: \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Week 4 Date: \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Braden Scale score post trial: _______________ Change in risk factors following placement of BRODA? Please explain: Increase in sitting tolerance/time spent in chair with placement of BRODA? Please explain: Post Trial Functional Abilities: Were there improvements in the patients ADL status in reference to wheelchair use? Y or N. If Yes, please explain: _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ Medication Use Was there a change in the psychotropic medications used during the BRODA trial? Y or N Name/Dosage: ________________________________________________________________ If Yes, do you believe this change was associated with the use of BRODA? ______________________ Was there a change in pain medications used during trial? Y or N Name/Dosage: ________________________________________________________________ If Yes, do you believe this change was associated with the use of BRODA? ______________________ Initial assessment of BRODA chair impact: _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ Final assessment of BRODA chair impact: _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ Additional comments/requests: _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ Have you worked with BRODA prior to this evaluation? Y or N May we use this information on our website and/or our marketing materials? Y or N Evaluation completed by: _____________________________________________________________ Name Title Department Evaluators signature: ________________________________________________________________ Date: ___________ DETERMINING THE APPROPRIATE BRODA CHAIR MODEL Can the individual effectively self-propel a wheelchair? Yes Do they require a greater than 18 degrees seat tilt and/or rocking? - Yes - Arm propulsion - Latitude Pedal Rocker with Mag Wheels - Leg propulsion - Comfort Tilt Wheelchair - No - Arm propulsion - Sashay Pedal Chair with Mag Wheels - Leg propulsion - Sashay Pedal Chair No Do they require a positioning chair with an elevating legrest? - Yes - Back recline? - Yes - 90 Degrees full recline - Removable arms - Elite Tilt Recliner* - Synthesis Tilt Recliner - No - Midline Tilt Recliner - No - 45 Degrees semi-recline - Removable arms - Elite Tilt Semi-Recliner - No - Centric Tilt Semi-Recliner - No - Elite Tilt Chair * Restrictions apply. Please contact BRODA Customer Service. Who submits the “claim/bill” for the chair? 1) Most commonly the provider of the chair would be the one to complete and submit the paperwork. However, it may be the responsibility of the patient and/or the patient’s family depending on how the chair is obtained. It is recommended that the individual requesting the chair clarify the billing process prior to obtaining the chair. 2) If the individual needs assistance with completing the required paperwork refer them to the Social Worker’s office (if in a facility) or to their Doctors office. You can also refer them to their insurance provider for guidance. Contacting the Insurance Provider: When contacting an insurance provider of any type you will need the following information to complete the call: 1) Recipients full name as listed on the insurance card 2) Recipients date of birth (Month/Date/Year) 3) Recipients complete home address 4) Recipients Social Security Number (This is usually requested to ensure they are looking at the appropriate recipient’s policy/coverage) 5) Recipients Policy Number, Group ID or Member ID. These descriptors can vary by provider, however are generally found on the front of the card 6) Claims address and contact number generally located on the back of the card 7) If your recipient has both a primary and secondary insurance that you will be utilizing for reimbursement of the equipment, it is important that you mention this on the call as it may change the process for submitting your claim If you are requesting information regarding coverage for DME/MAE (i.e. Wheelchair) you may also need the following information: 1) Referring physicians name and contact information 2) ICD 9/10 Code(s) associated with the need for the equipment 3) Copy of physicians order maybe requested, however if you do not have it on hand you can simply explain that you are in the beginning stages of completing this process. Doing so should eliminate any further questions regarding the physicians order. Suggested questions to ask when calling the insurance agency: 1) Can you provide me with a copy of your guidelines for determination of coverage? 2) Is there a check lists for documentation required to process/submit a claim? 3) What is the best number to call if I have any further questions? Contact information for Insurance Providers: Medicare Coverage Database for Providers: https://www.cms.gov/medicare-coverage-database/overview-and-quick-search.aspx Medicare contact number for Providers: Toll-Free: 877-267-2323 *** Medicare Program Integrity Manual Chapter 5 (This explains Medicare’s requirements and provides reference to required forms etc.) This can be found on the Medicare Website. Medicare contact information for Patient/Family: When contacting Medicare call: 800-MEDICARE (800-633-4227) TTY Toll Free: 877-486-2048 Medicaid Contact Information: To obtain the appropriate state specific contact information for your state please contact your local Department of Health and Human Services, or visit the following website to obtain the contact information by Regional Office location. https://www.medicaid.gov/about-us/contact-us/index.html National Coverage Determination (NCD) for Mobility Assistive Equipment (MAE) (280.3) https://goo.gl/83Ywve [https://www.cms.gov/medicare-coverage-database/details/ncd-details.aspx?NCDId=219&ncdver=2&bc=AAAAgAAAAAAAAA%3d%3d&] Noridian Documentation Check List https://goo.gl/XYa2yu [https://med.noridianmedicare.com/documents/2230703/6750839/Documentation+Checklist+++Manual+Wheelchairs+%28MWC%29] Affordable Care Act Face to Face requirements https://goo.gl/KlZgyU [https://med.noridianmedicare.com/web/jddme/topics/affordable-care-act-face-to-face-and-detailed-written-order/affordable-care-act-6407-face-to-face] Medicare Benefit Policy Manual Chapter 15 – Covered Medical and Other Health Services https://goo.gl/bpP9LE [https://www.cms.gov/Regulations-and-Guidance/Guidance/Manuals/Downloads/bp102c15.pdf] Medicare Program Integrity Manual Chapter 5 – Items and Services Having Special DME Review Considerations https://goo.gl/UOLoAP [https://www.cms.gov/Regulations-and-Guidance/Guidance/Manuals/downloads/pim83c05.pdf] CMS Manual Systems Pub. 100-04 Medicare Claims Processing Transmittal 574 https://goo.gl/PNDJvI [https://www.cms.gov/Regulations-and-Guidance/Guidance/Transmittals/downloads/R574CP.pdf] Please note: The information provided in this guide is intended to assist healthcare providers by providing an overview of the process for submitting a claim/reimbursement. It is not intended to be used as a substitute for the policies provided by the provider/agencies themselves and should only be used as a quick-reference guide. You may also contact your local DME provider or Medicare Part B Contractor (MAC) for copies of current policies at: http://www.medicarenhic.com/dme/medical_review/mr_lcd_current.shtml ADDITIONAL NOTES ADDITIONAL NOTES US Sales Office: 15455 Conway Rd. Suite 170 St. Louis, MO, USA 63017 North America Toll Free: Phone: 844-55-BRODA (27632) Fax: 844-44-BRODA (27632) Canadian Office/Manufacturing: 560 Bingemans Centre Drive Kitchener, Ontario CANADA N2B 3X9 Phone: (519) 746-8080 Fax: (519) 746-8616 North America Toll Free: Phone: 844-55-BRODA (27632) MITY inc. HEALTHCARE DIVISION [email protected] p. 1-844-552-7632 Brodaseating.com ©Broda USA, INC. 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Happy Valentine's Day. My name is Lisa Girolamo, and now that First Parish and I are celebrating our 5th year together -- and the relationship is just getting stronger, and with each passing day I find myself falling deeper and harder in love with this place – I decided to write a Valentine's Day poem for it; for you. Why I Love You, FPCOG Like all cards and letters that come straight from the heart, This love poem begins with "Where should I start?" I suppose the best place to start is with a picture of me Before I met you, FPCOG I didn't know much about you, but knew enough about me To be pretty sure that I wasn't your cup of tea My car, house and hair are always complete, total messes As a kid, my mom literally had to beat me into dresses My favorite films, songs and friends toss the f word around Me and wine have been known to team up after the sun has gone down I can be sarcastic, irresponsible and excessively candid And I cannot count the times that I've left my good judgement stranded But the moment I met you, I started to see That my faults weren't the things you'd look for in me I knew right away you'd see all the good through the bad And that I wouldn't have to subtract; that I could just simply add And though our story begins with your love for me I quickly loved you right back, FPCOG And before long I realized (and this is all thanks to you): That love isn't just something we feel, it's mostly something we do And now when the world's getting heavy and I'm stuck in that lurch I just pick out a trick I learned right here in church When I feel like too much of my day has been filled up with labor I take a moment to stand and greet one of my neighbors When I feel disconnected from Cole, I read us a book for all ages Because I know we'll meet up again while we're flipping through pages When I can't hear my heart's words through all my head's noise I go straight to my newsfeed to share in my friends' sorrows and joys When my world's feeling empty, like I don't have enough I know there's something nearby that needs more of my love When I'm lost and confused by something I see I know to find someone smarter to preach wisdom to me And when all else fails and there's still something wrong, I know to turn up my speakers and just belt out a song And it's through all of those lessons that you've taught to me That fill my heart up with hope, FPCOG And in all my years on this earth there's not a thing I can think of That's taught me more about life, or more about love So for showing me love in all of your ways I promise to try to bless and take care of our world every day And I thank you so much for seeing the best parts of me And I love you so much, FPCOG	<urn:uuid:90fdaa23-1399-47d2-a3b3-ef12a0dfeeae>	CC-MAIN-2019-22	http://uugroton.org/RoG/Testimonials/2016-02-14-l-giro-RoG.pdf	2019-05-22T23:32:22Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232256980.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20190522223411-20190523005411-00237.warc.gz	217,996,709	633	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.90961	eng_Latn	0.949116	[ "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn" ]	false	rolmOCR	[ 1838, 2724 ]
MSUNDUZI MUNICIPALITY CONTRACT No. SCM 19 OF 19/20 SUPPLY AND DELIVERY OF HEAVY DUTY BRUSH-CUTTERS WITH SAFETY HARNESSES. TENDER NOTICE The Msunduzi Municipality hereby invites tenders from suitably qualified and experienced Service Providers for the supply and delivery of brush cutters with safety harnesses. Printed copies of the tender document shall also be available from the Supply Chain Management Unit Offices, 5 th Floor, A S Chetty Centre, 333 Church Street, Pietermaritzburg, from 14h30 on 16 October 2019. A non-refundable tender fee in the amount R217.35(Inc. VAT) per document shall be levied. Only cash or bank guaranteed cheques will be accepted. Tender documents can be downloaded and printed at the Tenderer's cost from the National Treasury e-Tender Publication Portal on www.etenders.gov.za. A copy of the Tender Deposit Receipt must be attached to the tender document (if purchased at the Municipality). For technical enquiries regarding the scope of works, please contact Mr. Shumbuzo Ndawonde Tel 033 392 3506 or e-mail : [email protected]. For Supply Chain Management related information, please contact Phiwe Mthalane on either Tel. No. 033 - 392 2486 or e-mail: [email protected]. Sealed tenders endorsed on the envelope "Contract No. SCM 19 of 19/20" with the Contract Description must be placed in the Tender Box located in the Foyer, Ground Floor, City Hall, 169 Chief Albert Luthuli Street (Commercial Road), Pietermaritzburg, not later than 12h00, on 14 November 2019, when they will be publicly opened. Only tenders placed in the Tender Box shall be accepted Tender Validity Period: Four (4) months commencing from the closing date of tender. Tender Evaluation Criteria: The tender shall be evaluated on a Two Stage Evaluation System – Stage One Functionality and Stage Two 80/20 Preference Point System in accordance with the Preferential Procurement Regulations, 2017, issued in terms of section 5 of the Preferential Procurement Policy Framework Act, Act No. 5 of 2000. The Msunduzi Municipality does not bind itself to accept the lowest or any tender, and reserves the right to accept the whole or any part of a tender. Each tenderer will be informed of the tender result. The Msunduzi Municipality expects businesses within the Pietermaritzburg and Midlands Region to support its contract and BEE/SMME initiatives. MS. NELISIWE NGCOBO (ACTING CITY MANAGER)	<urn:uuid:ed79d81a-8396-4a90-87d2-43754ecd70ef>	CC-MAIN-2024-10	http://www.msunduzi.gov.za/site/search/downloadencode/Tender%20Notice%20SCM%2019%20of%2019_20.pdf	2024-02-28T15:32:26+00:00	s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/crawl=CC-MAIN-2024-10/subset=warc/part-00243-d9675c6d-5c8d-45bb-9c98-c56e42022a4d.c000.gz.parquet	65,237,461	604	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.864161	eng_Latn	0.864161	[ "eng_Latn" ]	false	rolmOCR	[ 2437 ]
Amendment No. 4 COMMITTEE/SUBCOMMITTEE ACTION 1 Committee/Subcommittee hearing bill: Education Appropriations 2 3 4 5 Subcommittee Representative O'Toole offered the following: Amendment (with directory amendment) 6 Between lines 219 and 220, insert: (1)PURPOSE.—The primary purpose of the student assessment 7 program is to provide student academic achievement and learning 8 gains data to students, parents, teachers, school 9 administrators, and school district staff. This data is to be 10 used by districts to improve instruction; by students, parents, 11 and teachers to guide learning objectives; by education 12 researchers to assess national and international education 13 comparison data; and by the public to assess the cost benefit of 14 the expenditure of taxpayer dollars. The program must be 15 designed to: 16 108261 - h7069 O'Toole Amd 4.docx Published On: 3/11/2015 8:43:18 PM Bill No. HB 7069 (2015) 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Bill No. HB 7069 (2015) Amendment No. 4 (f) When available, provide instructional personnel with information on student achievement of standards and benchmarks in order to improve instruction. ----------------------------------------------------- DIRECTORY AMENDMENT Remove lines 214-218 and insert: Section 7. Subsections (1), (3), (4), and (6) of section 1008.22, Florida Statutes, are amended, subsections (7) through (11) are renumbered as subsections (8) through (12), respectively, and a new subsection (7) is added to that section, 28 to read: 108261 - h7069 O'Toole Amd 4.docx Published On: 3/11/2015 8:43:18 PM	<urn:uuid:2b5cddf3-9c2c-41f0-87e2-8ce2ebefb6fc>	CC-MAIN-2024-30	https://static-lobbytools.s3.amazonaws.com/bills/2015/pdf/7069108261.pdf	2024-07-24T08:26:40+00:00	s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/crawl=CC-MAIN-2024-30/subset=warc/part-00047-65338ae2-db7f-48fa-a620-71777c40d854.c000.gz.parquet	459,403,650	430	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.940793	eng_Latn	0.952236	[ "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn" ]	false	rolmOCR	[ 936, 1615 ]
JACK WILLOUGHBY'S CHRISTMAS CRISIS By Eddie McPherson Performance Rights It is an infringement of the federal copyright law to copy this script in any way. For additional scripts, please contact the publisher. It is also an infringement of the federal copyright law to perform this play without royalty payment. On all programs and advertising the author's name must appear as well as this notice: "Produced by special arrangement with Eldridge Publishing Co." PUBLISHED BY ELDRIDGE PUBLISHING COMPANY 95church.com © 1999 by Eldridge Publishing DEDICATION I would like to dedicate this script to my mom and dad who always gave me the freedom to be a creative kid. Thanks for watching all my little "plays" I used to put on in the living room. The Playwright, Eddie McPherson STORY OF THE PLAY When Jack Willoughby's youth minister has to go out of town at the last minute to visit his sick aunt, he leaves his best student, Jack, in charge of this year's Christmas play. But when everyone begins arriving at the church for the first rehearsal, this teen realizes his task may be more than he bargained for. Strange noises are heard in the empty church, an unknown janitor begins appearing and disappearing, and no one wants to cooperate with the new young director. It's beginning to look as if there may not be a play after all. Then things begin to change as the mysterious custodian helps Jack understand an important lesson, teaching him that God can take something hopeless and turn it into something He can use...a play gone wrong, a manger, our lives. By adding a student choir and favorite Christmas carols, this fun play runs approximately one hour. CAST OF CHARACTERS (4 m, 2 w, 4 flexible, and a choir or singers) ROBERT: Youth minister who leaves Jack in charge. JACK: A well-meaning teenager who tries to direct the Christmas play. TOBY: A somewhat arrogant teen who thinks he can sing. HALA: The church custodian, or so she says. NICOLE: Very moody with a negative, then positive attitude. MEGAN: Loves being in the spotlight with lead roles. WILLIE: A clumsy young man who apologizes a lot. MICKY: A hyperactive kid with a short attention span. CHUCK: Micky's sidekick. BUG: The pest of the group who's always talking but never saying anything. CHOIR: Any number of singers of any age. **The casting is flexible in the following ways: Robert/Jack/Chuck - May be cast as girls with changes in names and a few lines. Hala - May be cast as a guy named Clyde. SETTING The setting is simply a bare platform with a few boxes of various costumes and prop boxes sitting around. There may also be a card table and other odds and ends that would find their way to a church's Christmas play rehearsal. Also a keyboard is needed to play "Chopsticks." A manger is used in the musical part of the production. COSTUMES All the kids wear modern day clothing and some need coats. Hala wears plain brown clothes or janitor's uniform with a bandanna wrapped around her hair. Mick and Chuck will need camouflage outfits. Angel and biblical costumes are used in the musical part, but don't need to be elaborate so it looks as if the kids threw them together themselves. The donkey needs to be nothing more than the boys wearing brown pants, a brown blanket thrown over them and a donkey head that looks homemade. Costumes in the musical part may vary depending on the director's wishes. Bug could wear a cutout of a tree with only his face showing for the olive tree part in the musical. PROPS Scripts, coats, stick, coffee thermos, clipboard, push broom, dustpan, purse with cosmetic mirror, box with costumes in it, feather boa, funny hat, wooden planks, bag of carrots, guitar, water guns, large Super Soakers with tanks, toboggan hat, 3 straw hats, 3 pairs of thick glasses, newspapers, wise men gifts, doll. SCENE 1 (AT RISE: JACK enters, wearing a coat and carrying the play he has written, through a door that leads to the stage area of the church's sanctuary. The stage is dimly lit. He shouts for Robert but doesn't receive an answer. He crosses to the front of the stage, cups his hands around his mouth and yells again. At that moment, ROBERT enters from an opposite door, holding a clipboard, and sees Jack. Jack doesn't see Robert and continues calling to him. Robert thinks this is funny so he continues to stand there. Jack backs toward Robert still calling his name. Suddenly, Jack turns around and is face-to-face with Robert. Jack yells.) JACK: Don't scare me like that! ROBERT: (Laughing.) Like what? JACK: Where did you come from? ROBERT: The back door! Where did you come from? JACK: (A little embarrassed.) Never mind. ROBERT: (Patting JACK on the back.) You sure are on edge tonight. JACK: I'm sorry, Robert, it's just that this place gives me the creeps when it's dark like this. ROBERT: You mean all that creaking... JACK: And squeaking... ROBERT: And dark corners... JACK: Musty basements... ROBERT: Church mice... JACK: Church mice? I'm getting out of here. ROBERT: (Grabbing JACK by the collar.) I was just kidding. Calm down and let's talk about what you will be doing before everyone gets here. JACK: Good idea. ROBERT: (Begins looking at HIS clipboard.) Look, Jack, I hate to leave you holding the bag like this, but it's just there was no way of getting out of the trip to Arkansas. ROBERT: (Continued.) My aunt has gotten worse overnight so they're calling the family in. Now, if you can't do this I want you to know that I completely understand. JACK: I don't mind doing it, Robert. In fact, I'm pretty excited about it. I've never directed a Christmas play before. ROBERT: I realize that and I think you'll be okay. Just make sure you audition the kids, assign everyone their parts, have them memorize their lines, attend rehearsals... JACK: ...Speak loudly and face the audience, I'll remember everything. ROBERT: You are going to be in charge of all the rehearsals. Do you have the script? JACK: (Holding it up.) Just finished it last night. It is a Jack Willoughby original. ROBERT: You wrote your own script? What happened to the one I gave you? JACK: It was too adolescent. Kids are more mature these days. They need a more sophisticated play. ROBERT: I wish you hadn't done that, but I don't have time to go through all that right now, I have a plane to catch. (Turns to leave.) Don't let the boogie man get you in this dark church. JACK: Did you have to say that just before you're about to leave me here alone? ROBERT: Sorry. (A noise is heard, a far distant clanking sound.) JACK: Wha...what was that? ROBERT: It sounded like clanking, or walking...(Yelling out to the dark room.) Hello? Is anyone in here? See, there's no one in here. I'll see you when I get back. (Turns to leave.) JACK: (Grabbing HIM.) Oh, no you don't. You're not going to leave me in here all by myself. ROBERT: If I don't leave now, I'll never make my plane. JACK: Well, at least let me turn the lights on before you go. (HE exits out a door or behind a platform. The LIGHTS come up full.) Do you see anybody? End of Freeview Download your complete script from Eldridge Publishing https://95church.com/jack-willoughbys-christmas Eldridge Publishing, a leading drama play publisher since 1906, offers more than a thousand full-length plays, one-act plays, melodramas, holiday plays, religious plays, children's theatre plays and musicals of all kinds. For more than a hundred years, our family-owned business has had the privilege of publishing some of the finest playwrights, allowing their work to come alive on stages worldwide. We look forward to being a part of your next theatrical production. Eldridge Publishing... for the start of your theatre experience!	<urn:uuid:f5b2b63d-d296-43a0-9663-4ef52d5224f9>	CC-MAIN-2021-49	https://95church.com/download/freeview/jack-willoughbys-christmas	2021-12-07T11:18:49+00:00	s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/crawl=CC-MAIN-2021-49/subset=warc/part-00291-eb7089cf-762b-4a3e-8cab-20b677c0d246.c000.gz.parquet	146,716,454	1,882	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.997788	eng_Latn	0.999319	[ "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn" ]	false	rolmOCR	[ 552, 1676, 2504, 3852, 5392, 7137, 7797 ]
Council Meeting $260,000 worth of bonds for the construction of sewers was referred to the safety committee. Legislation introduced by Bobo Miller, which would establish a traffic light at East 22nd and Euclid, was discussed. Other action included referring the question of the fire prevention ordinance dealing with the completed establishment of a fire station at East 185th St. A resolution was passed requesting the city planning service to recommend the employment of landscape architects to assist in the preparation of plans and a layout of the recreation area in the vicinity of East 22nd and Euclid. The council also voted to spend $40,000 in the construction of sewers. Councilmen reigned in the chambers almost all day yesterday when Council President Knuth and City Manager H. W. Spangler and councilman that they had "forcefully" asked the management of the Eitelkold Machinery was in attendance and he wanted to get the city to use their new water main for use in their plant protection program. The councilmen were in favor of granting the company's request officially it was time to go home. Probably the most important move, a street not in use and expected to be used within two weeks. The company is anxious to get the street before cold weather sets in but disagreeing councilmen were anxious to get home. Since the councilmen were not in session, council could return to session after the meeting. The matter will be taken up at next Monday's council meeting. Confusion still reigns. Comedy Opens Theatre Year As members of the cast of the comedy "Three Men on a Horse" play, Dan Vaughan and Irene Oyer were formally introduced yesterday to Mr. and Mrs. Irwin and Mrs. Trowbridge in a mild manner who writes screenplays. Theatre last January, he signed up for the part of the safety committee. From what we hear, many of the people who worked at the GE Lamp Works, plan to attend the show. Toni Srebot, who works with Dan at GE, also brings forward the idea of having little performances in this play in the part of the safety committee. The prelaminations of Irwin and Associates, "Three Men on a Horse," promises to provide you with an evening of laughter. The comedy "Three Men on a Horse" will be presented at the Euclid Little Theatre at 22nd Street and Lake Shore Drive, beginning Friday and Saturday, September 24th and 25th, and Thursday, October 1st and 2nd, and Sunday, October 3rd and 4th. Reservations may be made by calling Dan or Ray Vaughan, Redwood 4858. Engagements Irene Oyer Irene Oyer, as Irvin's wife in the comedy "Three Men on a Horse," has been actively active in the ELT Radio Workshop. Dan Vaughan, all through high school and college, was interested in radio, theatre and science. When he joined the Euclid Little Theatre last January, he signed up for the part of the safety committee. From what we hear, many of the people who worked at the GE Lamp Works, plan to attend the show. Toni Srebot, who works with Dan at GE, also brings forward the idea of having little performances in this play in the part of the safety committee. The prelaminations of Irwin and Associates, "Three Men on a Horse," promises to provide you with an evening of laughter. The comedy "Three Men on a Horse" will be presented at the Euclid Little Theatre at 22nd Street and Lake Shore Drive, beginning Friday and Saturday, September 24th and 25th, and Thursday, October 1st and 2nd, and Sunday, October 3rd and 4th. Reservations may be made by calling Dan or Ray Vaughan, Redwood 4858. Grace Brooks Mr. and Mrs. Alon J. Brooks of 511 East 24th st., wish to announce the engagement of their daughter, Grace Brooks, to Mr. William Stewart, 44 East 22nd st. Both were graduated from Shaker Heights High School and are attending Ohio University at Athens, Ohio, for their second year. The couple plan to be married during the Christmas holidays and then return to U. I. to complete their schooling there. Individual Instruction Enter at Any Time Study Any Business Subject You Wish Our Employment Department Will Help You East Cleveland School of Business 14065 Euclid Avenue Glenville 2893 Harold Beverages 16525 St. Clair Ave. 6% BISMARCK ALE, CRYSTAL TOP BEER, per case ........................................... $2.49 Old Timers Ale, Lolly, P.O.C., Black Forest or Standard Beer ........................................... $2.70 SOFT DRINKS, ICE CREAM, CIGARETTES AND WINER Free Delivery KENmore 3630 SOAPS Vel .......................... 31c Kirkman's Flakes ............ 33c Super Suds .................. 33c Palmoilive Soup 3 reg. 26c Palmoilive Soup 2 bath 25c Chase & Sumbern Instant Coffee Small 39c Large 99c FROZEN FOODS From our Self-Service Freezer TRY OUR FRESH FROZEN POULTRY AND FISH Bundey's PEAS .................. 27c Friedman's PEAR & CARROTS 23c Clover Leaf ROLLS ............. 30c Fresh Fruits and Vegetables ITALIAN PRUNES 2 lbs. 25c DRY ONIONS 10-lb. bag 45c WEALTHY APPLES 3 lbs. 25c CANTELLOPES 2 for 35c STALK CELERY bun. 10c GREEN PEPPERS 2 lbs. 25c SUNKIST ORANGES 2 doz. 55c NEW POTATOES 15-lb. bag 59c SWEET POTATOES 3 lbs. 29c GRAPES 2 lbs. 25c In Our Meat Dept. All Our Meat is Grade A Try Our Delicious Cube Steaks Made On Our New Machine Chuck Pot Roast lb. 62c Fresh Ground Meat 33c Stewing Chickens 47c T-Bone Steak 87c Shoulder Butts 69c Pork Sausage 38c 7-Rib Pork Roast 88c Sirloin Steak 62c Hormel's Bacon 68c Veal Shoulder 51c Veal Chops 59c STANDARD FOOD MARKET 854 East 185th Street cor. Edgerton A COMPLETE SUPER MARKET PLENTY OF FREE PARKING We Reserve the Right to Limit Quantities All Prices Subject to Change Without Notice Starting THURSDAY, SEPT. 16th Burr's GIGANTIC Family Shoe Sale Thousands of Dollars Worth of Nationally Advertised FAMOUS BRAND SHOES AT IMPORTANT SAVINGS TO YOU Sale! Women's Smart Dress Shoes 3 Great Special Price Groups Save on Styles for All Occasions! Clever strap patterns! Exciting pump styles! Daring sandal types! And other flattering, fashionable styles in the season's most wanted colors. All made of select, quality materials. Shoes for dress, for shopping, or for afternoon, all made by famous makers, all styled to fit with comfort, all priced to clear! Not all sizes in each style, but there are all sizes available. Your size is here! Values up to $6.00 3.99 4.99 5.99 Come NOW to Burr's and Save at These Drastic Price Reductions Sale! Men's Fine Dress Oxfords 3 Big Money-Saving Groups Nationally Advertised Brands! Priced Now at Big Reductions! Wing-tip styles! Moccasin toe styles! Medalion-tip styles... Custom-toe styles... Loafer styles! All styles in these three groups are taken from nationally advertised lines. Made of leathers processed in the nation's outstanding tanneries, and famous for service and comfort, all expertly constructed to make them. Sizes range from 6 to 12. You'll find your favorite pattern here at a BIG SAVINGS! Values up to $7.95 5.99 6.99 8.99 Remember, These Are Nationally Advertised, Famous Brand Shoes at These Low Prices! Men's Work Shoes Choose from Two Special Groups OXFORDS OR HIGH SHOES Values up to $7.95 4.99 5.99 Values up to $8.95 Your favorite work shoe style is here! Of leather specially tanned to give maximum service, yet pliable in action and easy to wear! Years of fine shoe-making experience by the nation's largest manufacturers assure you of nothing less than the best. Choose now—you'll find it pays to buy at Burr's from these two money-saving price groups... all taken from higher priced lines! Children's Shoes National Brands In Two Special Groups Formerly Priced from $4.49 to $6.95! NOW! 2.99 3.99 Sturdy shoes for active feet. The nation's largest shoe manufacturer built these styles on foot-conforming lasts of leathers tanned to stand the gaff. Buy the best now at special prices! A wide choice of adorable styles that children love, and sizes to fit them, too. Bring your children, aged 2 to 10, to Burr's Family Shoe Sale and select from these two groups, all reduced for this great sale! Sports Styles Women's and Girls Wings-Loafers-Oxfords Slings Values up to $6.95 3.99 Values up to $7.95 4.99 Popular saddle oxford! Sturdy moccasin toe oxford! Exciting loafer styles! And many other types, all in a wide assortment of fine pliable leathers. Designed by fashion experts and craft-built over lasts that assure comfortable service. Made to specifications that have earned these famous brand manufacturers the top reputation in the shoe business. You'll want to buy several pairs—sale priced! Look! Look! Bargains For Boys These shoes were built for active boys (in styles just like dad's), and built of leathers that are extra kind to busy feet. Styles for dress or school and play—all original Burr's low, low prices! Select shoes for all your boys NOW during Burr's Gigantic Shoe Sale! 3.99 Women's Fine Quality House Slippers With genuine soft leather padded soles and fine quality felt uppers. In Blue and Wine only. Sizes 4 to 9. A regular $1.49 value. 1.00 Women's Fancy Mule Slippers Here is a quality house slipper made by International Shoe Co. with leather platform soles and delightfully brocaded uppers. In a variety of colors. All sizes. Formerly $3.50 a pair. 2.00 Women's Arch-Feature Footwear A grand selection of styles for street, utility and dress wear, styles that are in demand by nurses, occupational workers, and others who are downright interested in comfort. Of exceptionally soft leathers, and with a choice of heel heights. Now is the time to buy that extra pair! 4.99 BURR'S DEPT. STORE E. 222nd and Lake Shore Blvd. Phone: REdwood 2286 Store Hours: 9:15 A.M. - 6: P.M. Daily DOLLARS 90¢ FARTHER when they buy these CHOICE FOODS AT ANY OF YOUR NEAREST NORTHEAST FOOD MARKETS CANNED FOODS \| Product \| Price \| \|--------------------------\|---------\| \| Brooks Catsup \| 2 Btles. 35c \| SAVE 6c \| \| Brooks Butter Beans \| 2 Cans 33c \| SAVE 6c \| \| Brooks Chili Hot Beans \| 3 Cans 29c \| SAVE 4c \| \| Brooks Kidney Beans \| 3 Cans 29c \| SAVE 6c \| \| Brooks Pork & Beans \| 3 Cans 29c \| SAVE 6c \| \| Brooks Kidney Beans \| 2 Cans 29c \| SAVE 5c \| \| Brooks Spaghetti \| 2 Cans 23c \| SAVE 4c \| \| Brooks Barbecue Sauce \| 2 Btles. 25c \| SAVE 5c \| TOTAL SAVINGS 53c CANNED MILK Pet, Carnation, Gold Cross 3 Tall Cans 47c TETLEY'S TEAS Tea Bags PKGE. 16's 17c PKGE. 48's 45c Orange Pekoe 1 LB. PKGE. 29c 1 LB. PKGE. 56c Mixed Green & Black 1 LB. PKGE. 25c VIKING COFFEE Lb. 39c 3-lb. BAG ... $1.15 RICH, DELICIOUS Shurfine Coffee lb. 49c CHOICE MEATS Bacon lb. 69c Wieners lb. 49c Bologna lb. 49c CALA STYLE Pot Roast lb. 57c Tomato Soup 3 Cans 29c Black Pepper 4-OZ. PKGE. 29c SUNSHINE Cheez-It Jr. CRACKERS Large Grade "A" EGGS 16c DOZ. 79c GARDEN FRESH VEGETABLES Tomatoes 6 lbs. 29c Onions 10 lb. Bag 43c Green Beans 2 lbs. 29c BLUE Prune Plums 2 lbs. 25c PAR'D DOG FOOD 2 Cans 27c BIG 5¢ SALE! Lux Flakes SMALL PKGE. 5c WITH LARGE PKGE. ... 33c Lifebuoy Soap BAR 5c WITH 2 REG. BARS - 18c Swan Soap BAR 5c WITH 2 REG. BARS - 18c BURNS DELIVERY SERVICE Packages and Light Delivery Made Anywhere in Euclid and Vicinity WILL CATER TO SHOPPERS ON EAST 185th STREET GEORGE BURNS 890 East 240th St. REDwood 2298 Listen To The SLOVENIAN RADIO PROGRAM Every Sunday 1:30 to 2 P.M. WSRS, 1940 KC - FM 95.3 Good Slovenian Folkies and Folk Songs SPONSORED BY NORTHEAST APPLIANCE & FURNITURE CO. 12110 Lake Shore Blvd. REDwood 4112 Furniture of Distinction OPEN EVENINGS TILL 9 P.M. Closed All Day Wednesday CIPRIANI FURNITURE COMPANY KENmore 8603 15430 Lake Shore Blvd. Two Rocks West of Euclid Beach Open Evenings TILL 9 P.M. --- Lavick - Lancell Tuesday, September 12, at the Plymouth Center, Shaker Heights, Miss Elizabeth Ann Lancell, daughter of Mr. and Mrs. John Lancell, 1908 Lake Shore Blvd., was the bride of Mr. Roy R. Lavick, Jr., son of Mr. Roy R. Lavick, Sr., Lake Shore Blvd. Mrs. Gertrude Hager, 233rd St., Cleveland, attended the ceremony. Mr. Lavick was best man for his bride. A reception followed in the church parlor. Kemoney - Chalfant Saturday, September 12, in the East Shore Methodist Church, Miss Anne Chalfant, daughter of Mrs. Mary Kemoney and Charles Chalfant, became the bride of Mr. Leonard Kemoney, 233rd St. The bride was escorted by Mrs. Mary Kemoney of Erie, Pa. Miss Chalfant who was graduated from the Cleveland School of Art and Florence Stone Mather College, is a member of the Alpha Theta. Mr. Kemoney was graduated from Allegheny College and holds his master's degree from the University of Illinois. He is an employee of the Cleveland Press and is a member of the V.F.W. and Delta Theta. Schubert - Reasinger Saturday, August 28, at St. William's Parish House, Miss Gethena Schubert, daughter of Mr. Ellen Reasinger, 108 East 233rd St., became the bride of Mr. William P. Reasinger, 108 East 233rd St., and Mrs. Reasinger, 247 East 233rd St., Cleveland. Rev. P. J. J. Fleming officiated. The bride wore a white satin gown with lace over muslin bodice of ballerina length. Her corsetage was of white satin with lace trim. The matron of honor, Mrs. J. I. Oster, 108 East 233rd St., and her page were also ballerina length. Best man for the couple was Mr. Richard T. Reasinger. A reception was held at Owen's restaurant, 108 East 233rd St., before left for a trip to Mackinac Island, Michigan. They are now at home at 11 Maple, Willoughby. Other guests were Mr. and Mrs. Gilbert Leis of Youngstown, Mrs. John Fritz, Nellie A. Wells of Indiana, Pa. In the announcement of the wedding of Allen Tyhek and Edward Debenjak, we regret to announce that we lost Miss Tyhek as the daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Tyhek, 12030 Shawnee ave., Mrs. Debenjak the sister of Mr. and Mrs. Molnar. Euclid's Scholastic Gridders Open Season With Road Games Friday Scholastic gridiron will hit its September high notes this weekend to usher in the 1948 Gridiron season for the schools. Euclid's two teams will hit the high road for their initialers out for the season, with the Lions at the Admirals of Euclid Shore, defending champions of the city. Coach Walt Thompson of the Admirals speaks highly of his charges but is reluctant to make any predictions. "The boys look green, they're not too big, but they have some good lines and a few pounds heavier in the back than we had last year," he averred. He added that the team, which will operate from a "formation" system, will be able to handle anybody surprises as the season progresses. Little word is available as to the strength of Shores' team other than that they are in a class with the top ranking schools in the city. Although no definite group of starters has been named, Coach Schreiber named the following as the probable gridiron answering the first call of the season: Jack Hogg, ends; Bob Alabarda, left tackle; George Kline, right tackle; Curtio and Dick Fox, guards; George Kline, center; Bill Williams, left halfback; Pete Mitchell and Burgess Leach, halfbacks and Bob Martin, fullback. The rest will be selected just before the game. The remainder of the squad to be picked for the trip will be chosen from the following groups: Ends—Ed Noble, Jerry Alabarda, Jim Hendrickson, and Bob Martin; Tackles—John Sain, Phil Gutman, Tony Farrat, Allen Smith, John Schreiber, Frank Feldman, Bill Klein, Ron Clervilier, Lewis Shaw, Conley, Jim Jones, Jim Jinkins, Harry Macks, Joe Colentino, Frank Thompson, Harry Stoll, and Paul Schreiber. Euclid Central's Lions are also in the field to face the defending State champions in the first game of the season. Hartwell High School is a strong team and is considered a "champs" back yard. When questioning Coach Dale Thompson about his prospects for the season his answer was: "I don't know what I'm going to do but I'm afraid we won't have Bob Bailey for our opening game." He suffered a broken nose during a grueling 2½-hour scrimmage against Shaw High last Friday afternoon. With only two returning lettermen, Mercer Bishop and Ted Grubba, Thompson has had his hands full in picking a formidable team. The Lions will be on board two chartered Euclid buses tomorrow morning and the trip to Cleveland will have their hands full in their season opener. The only one-word "that Thompson had as far as the strength of the squad was concerned was "good." He said most of their regular starters of last year. But he knew nothing of their replacements—that's the biggest concern at present. Program changes for the Lion's starting berths, subject to change, were Norm Beaton and Dick Hochstetler, ends; Bob Martin, left tackle; Ted Grubba, tackles; Bob Hendrickson, right tackle; Glenn Loshing, center; either Tom Spran or Ken McCullough at quarter defense; and either Bob Bailey or Tom is available. If not, Tom is expected to be back soon. Paul Schreiber, Frank Feldman, Bill Klein, Ron Clervilier, Lewis Shaw, Conley, Jim Jones, Jim Jinkins, Harry Macks, Joe Colentino, Frank Thompson, Harry Stoll, and Paul Schreiber. As we all know, John G. Vail, owner of the Euclid Shore, is leaving Saturday, September 18, to return home in Manhattan Beach, California. Fourteen of John's close friends and relatives will attend a Farewell Party for "Grandpa" on Friday evening, September 17, and made their way into the wee hours. The boys presented him with a gold watch and chain, which he will wear away six hours in California. Imported Bulbs Here Belmont Inc., Inc., of Lake Shore, have announced that they have just received a large shipment of imported bulbs. This shipment includes Linenens Al Brader, Carl Buehler, and John Colmar. In the bestfields John Colmar and Bill Stamper are good bets to break in with his starters. The JOURNAL Has the Buyers Just Received! The New Model TOURISTS F6.3 and F8.8 Come In And See Them CAMERA SHOP 15255 EUCLID at Avenue GLENVILLE 7742 Brilliant Beauties... AT A FEATURE VALUE FOR HIM $12.95 FOR HER $7.95 See These Sparkling Genuine ZIRCON Rings. All Full One Carat Stones, set in Fine Yellow Gold Mountings. OPEN A CHARGE ACCOUNT DIX Jewelry Cleveland's Newest Credit Jewelers GL 3035 14916 St. Clair Ave. Next To Sears Christmas Cards, 50 for $1, Order Now, The SCOOP ...Look! $5 DOWN ...delivers this nationally famous Speed Queen WASHER Here's a washer that leaves nothing to be desired. Every feature of design and construction is proven... proven in the homes of nearly a million and a half Speed-Queen users. No other washer gives you the exclusive combination of efficiency features found in Speed-Queen...no other washer gives you so much for your money. Remember a $5 bill delivers a Speed-Queen to your home—but you'll have to hurry—this offer is good for a limited time and is available ONLY at stores listed below. Economy Priced at only $99.95 Liberal Allowance for Your Old Washer on a 1948 Speed-Queen! Every Speed-Queen has a double wall yet costs less than most Single Wall Washers Watkins OPEN MONDAY THURSDAY and SATURDAY NIGHTS 'til 9 P.M. Our Store Is Completely Air Conditioned Throughout, For Your Shopping Comfort Extra sales people on hand to serve you! Outstanding Features of the new Speed-Queen Washer: - Bowl-Shaped Tub Speed-Queen's bowl-shaped tub produces faster water action—gets clothes clean quicker—cuts washing time. - Tangle-Proof High Vane Agitator Develops a turbulent water action through the clothing body without tangling. - Speed Drain Single pull opens drain speed—single push closes it. Pump for draining lets sink run be furnished. - Safety Roll Wringer Safety bar releases pressure, disengages wringer—prevents sudden, added safety—easy cleaning. Bond of Protection — Watkins Free Bond of Protection insures your investment in the event of loss or damage of work...and pays your account in full in the event of accidental death. LAKE SHORE BLVD. at EAST 220th STREET YOUR WATCH OUR MECHANICS WITH 30 YEARS EXPERIENCE ARE ABLE TO PUT IT IN FIRST CLASS SHAPE Kerrnush Jewelers, Inc. Established 1910 618 EAST 152nd STREET BOWLING SHIRTS $2.95 up (Lettering Extra) See Bill's large assortment of Bowling Shirts from $1.95 and up. All sizes, colors. Many popular brands. Outfit your bowling team now! Visit our store and explain your needs. No obligation. Estimates cheerfully given. BILL'S CLOTHES 2 CONVENIENT STORES St. Clair At 3 Points 618 E. 185th St. --- Free Shoes For Entire Family Starting today and ending Saturday, September 26, the Burr Dept. Store, East 22nd st., and the West Side Shopping Center, Shopping Bldg., bubble a free shoe sale. The store officials say they are selling thousands of dollars worth of shoes at prices below regular prices for the entire family at great savings. As part of the free shoe sale, they are offering free shoes for the entire family to try on in the store on Saturday, September 18, and Saturday, September 26. All you have to do is buy one thing to participate. Any adult member of the family can enter for the entire immediate family. The first 100 families in line will get shoes each week. In addition, the store is sponsoring a "feature shoe" sale in which each day a feature shoe will be displayed in the window display. It may be a man's shoe, a woman's or a child's shoe. If you buy that shoe, you get it free of charge. For further details on this sale, look for the sign on the store window. If you live in one of the some rural buys, we suggest you see Burr's large full page ad elsewhere in this issue. --- JOHN ZULICH INSURANCE AGENCY Fire - Auto - Storm - Liability 18115 Nell Rd. - IV. 4521 FRANCES KULICH Agent --- INSURANCE WHEN YOU NEED FIRE, TORNADO, AUTOMOBILE OR PLATE GLASS INSURANCE, CALL US L. PATELICH IV. 1574 1001 Ridder Avenue --- EAST BRIDGE METHODIST CHURCH East 185th Lake Shore Blvd. Past. David L. Hurd, D.D., M. A. Sunday, September 13th, 10:30 a.m. Service, Rev. John J. Heintzinger, Pastor. Sermon by the Pastor. Music by the Choir. Sunday School, 9:30 a.m. Children's Church, 10:30 a.m. Sunday School, 9:30 a.m. Children's Church, 10:30 a.m. NOTRE DAME CONGREGATIONAL 10125 Ridgeway St. Sunday, September 13th, 8:30 a.m. Service, Rev. John J. Heintzinger, Pastor. Sermon by the Pastor. Music by the Choir. Sunday School, 9:30 a.m. Children's Church, 10:30 a.m. THE MEN'S CLUB meets tonight at 7:30 p.m. at the church. COMING EVENTS Tuesday, September 15th, 7:30 p.m. - 10th Anniversary Celebration at the church. Wednesday, September 16th, 7:30 p.m. - Regular meeting of the Men's Club. Thursday, September 17th, 7:30 p.m. - Dinner sponsored by the Sunday School. Friday, September 18th, 7:30 p.m. - Dinner sponsored by the Sunday School. --- CARE SHORE COMMUNITY CHURCH Community Center—East 185th Lake Shore Blvd. Sunday, September 13th, 10:30 a.m. Service, Rev. John J. Heintzinger, Pastor. Sermon by the Pastor. Music by the Choir. Sunday School, 9:30 a.m. Children's Church, 10:30 a.m. RUNDTOWN NEW THOUGHT 1044 Pawnee Ave. Rev. Edward Driscoll is the speaker this evening. 7:30 p.m. Thursday. All Message Service at 8:30 p.m. --- SCOUTS Euclid District of Camp Fire League is having its first meeting at the home of Mrs. W. Clay, 18405 Euclid Ave., on Thursday, September 16th, to form the Euclid District. President of the group is the hostess. --- ST. WILLIAM'S CATHOLIC CHURCH 18405 Euclid Ave. Rev. John J. Heintzinger, Pastor. Rev. John J. Heintzinger, Pastor. Mass will be celebrated in the new church building on Sunday, September 13th, at 10:30 a.m. The church isn't entirely completed but the interior is finished. The Mass will be celebrated in the new church building on Sunday, September 13th, at 10:30 a.m. The church isn't entirely completed but the interior is finished. --- Cleveland Bicentennial Reunion 18405 Lake Shore Blvd. Majr. John C. Smith, Jr., Director Sept. 17-19, For Men. Rev. Richard Detmers, S. J., Retired Missionary Sept. 24-26, For Women. Group of Gift of Youth leaders. Majr. John C. Smith, Jr., Retired Missionary --- BETHLEHEM EV. LUTHERAN CHURCH 18405 Euclid Ave. Rev. L. A. Albrecht, Pastor Sunday, September 13th, 10:30 a.m. - Outdoor Service, Rev. L. A. Albrecht, Pastor --- BEACONLAND PRESBYTERIAN Lake Shore Blvd. at Euclid Ave. Sunday, September 13th, 10:30 a.m. - Church School, Classes for all ages. 11:30 a.m. - Worship Service, Rev. Vernon, 12:00 p.m. - Meeting of the Board of Deacons. --- CHURCH OF THE SPHINX East 185th and Lake Shore Blvd. Sunday, September 13th, 10:30 a.m. - Church School, 11:30 a.m. - Worship Service, Rev. John J. Heintzinger, Pastor --- ELCJUD LUTHERAN CHURCH East 185th and Lake Shore Blvd. Pastor, Rev. John J. Heintzinger --- TIPS TO TODDLERS You'll be well-suited in a winter outfit from our store. The latest styles, the warmest fabrics, the gayest colors...they're all here. Letting Mommy and Daddy to help you choose yours in sizes 1-4. PRICES START AT $8.95 --- FOR BROTHER AND SISTER Grandest sets you've ever seen. Fine all-wools and weather-proofed Poplins with hoods and helmets. They're style conscious, yet practical. Boys sizes from 3-12, girls sizes from 3-14. $10.95 up --- SEE THEM...CHOOSE THEM...USE OUR LAY-AWAY A Small Deposit Will Reserve Your Selection BO-PEEP SHOPPE "FASHIONS FOR CHILDREN" 717 East 185th Street IVanhoe 5614 SPECIAL THUR., FRI AND SAT. WITH THIS AD ONLY Gigantic Blanket Sale This is a real opportunity for you to get blankets at the lowest prices we've advertised in years. Come in and take advantage of these bargains. Remember they're on Thursday, Friday and Saturday only! Indian Blankets, 70x80 . . . $2.49 Plaid Sheet Blankets, 66x76 . . . $1.39 Plaid or White Sheet Blankets, 70x80 . . . $1.79 HEAVY BLANKETS, 70x80 With not less than 5% wool content, in assorted patterns and colors. All Wool and Part Wool Blankets A LARGE SELECTION AT $5.95 up See Our Beautiful Stock of Comforters Priced at $4.95 up NOTTINGHAM DEPT. STORE "SHOES AND FURNISHINGS FOR THE ENTIRE FAMILY" ALL SHOES NOW FITTED BY X-RAY 18907 ST. CLAIR AVENUE Place of Free Parking In The Rear Christmas Cards, 50 for $1, Order Now, The SCOOP 19 Years Experience INSTALLING NEW GAS, OIL and COAL FURNACES IN CLEVELAND HOMES WE WILL CLEAN YOUR FURNACE for $6.50 All Type Furnaces Repaired FREE ESTIMATES Don Fisher 13444 Euclid at Superior Liberty 1350 Why lift 3½ tons every time you iron? Here, for the first time, is a fully automatic "Ironette" with cabinet top to meet the needs of the housewife in small apartments and large homes alike. It is truly a "Sport Saver"—large enough to iron everything in your laundry. Ironed with the same comfort and ease as the largest machine. It also offers a remarkable saving in purchase price. Not $200.00, NOT $189.00, BUT ONLY . . . $89.95 Model 44 Northeast Appliance & Furniture Co. 22530 Lake Shore Blvd. Next to Sheraton Hotel Riverside 1225 FREE PARKING IN REAR EAGLE STAMPS AT LAKE SHORE BLVD. STORE ONLY Day Care Center Had Graduation And Tea Party On September 3rd, the Euclid Day Care Center held its "Mother Goose Tea Party," in honor of the children's graduation from First Grade and, therefore, performing the Center. All of the children took part in the program whose basic theme was "Mother Goose." They danced in a shoe, and sang, recited and enacted various Mother Goose stories. The children, who looked like "graduates" wearing their caps and gowns, sang "A Farewell Song" adapted for the occasion by Mrs. Helen, the staff teacher. Mothers and Fathers, invited for the little afternoon tea party, were given a clay cup and saucer, made and decorated by the children, special cookies on individual paper plates and a Mother Goose cake. Each of the cookies had been baked by the children themselves. It was a very successful "social" occasion through which the children acquainted themselves with the parents of the other children. The tea party was enjoyed by participants and guests alike. In the twenty-one and one-half years the Euclid Day Care Center has been in operation thousands of good citizens of the city of Euclid have been helped by the many nice favors. Hearing of the great success of the tea party, Mr. Darrell Davis of the City Avenue Co. very graciously donated a brick oven with white stripes swaying, exact as to size, shape and color, to be used as a "roof" for the "hall-corner" indoors of the Center. This is a reminder of the good friends our Center has made and they particularly thank Mr. Davis for his generosity in this instance. Mr. and Mrs. H. A. Rosenfelder, of 22530 Lake Shore Blvd., have been married before the Queen Mary of England for their effects on the children. Mrs. Clara Rosenfelder, Inc., a new Cleveland firm which makes and sells British clothing wear and American made apparel, has sent Mrs. Rosenfelder to the Euclid representative of the firm. The Rosenfelders are parents of two children, Virginia, age 10, and John, age 6. They are looking forward eagerly to the arrival of the children from England some time early in the fall. Noble Notes To start school this year Noble has an enrollment of 250 children and a staff of 26 teachers. Some of the new teachers, three of them first grade teachers: Miss Jane McCracken, a recent graduate of Vassar, Miss Irene Trohan, an alumna of the University of Pittsburgh with a Master's degree from Ohio State University, and Mrs. Goralin Wagner, a graduate of Ohio State University, are in the new kindergarten grade. Noble Family Vacations In June, vacationing in Florida in June and July and spent August on a ranch in New Mexico. Attended Indian community at Gallup, N. M. and visited picture galleries in Santa Fe, Taos and Santa Fe. Bessie Wells attended Administrative Conference of the Ohio University and the Research Conference at Kent State. Julia Case went to Arizona and Grand Canyon and Yellowstone National Park on the return trip. Zoe Thomas and Esther Pearson attended the summer session at Columbia University. June Miller worked as Counselor Camp Counselor and later vacations in Pennsylvania. Gladys Fields vacationed in Brookville, Penna. Jane McCracken attended University at Oslo, Norway—traveled to Scotland, Ireland and England and Scotland. Mildred Schweitzer taught craft classes in Shaw Villa, Taylorsville and vacationed in New York, Pennsylvania, Michigan and Canada. Mildred Hunter, Bader Baker-Lee Lang, and Emorie Kirk attended summer school at Western Reserve University. Mary Steneker motored to Yates Center, Kansas. Thelma Love taught craft at Upland Playground and vacationed in San Francisco. Father Berkman attended summer school at Western Reserve University, attended Texas, Oklahoma and attended Railroad Pagent in Chicago. Mrs. Baker vacationed at Turkey Run, Indiana. Marvin Hawley and Mary Powell attended the summer session at Kent State University. Thelma Martin took an education class at Kent State. Mrs. Alan, did some temporary work. Gwen Steiner went to Georgian Bay in Canada for a fishing trip. The Noble School faculty was represented at the following Sunday—Mrs. Pumice Kirk, Miss Love, Miss Ivy Fairbanks, Miss Steneker, Miss McCracken, Mrs. Bessie Wells being present. Mrs. Rudy Fuchs, 18851 Panouse Ave., Bay. Commended By Queen On September 3rd, the Euclid Day Care Center held its "Mother Goose Tea Party," in honor of the children's graduation from First Grade and, therefore, performing the Center. All of the children took part in the program whose basic theme was "Mother Goose." They danced in a shoe, and sang, recited and enacted various Mother Goose stories. The children, who looked like "graduates" wearing their caps and gowns, sang "A Farewell Song" adapted for the occasion by Mrs. Helen, the staff teacher. Mothers and Fathers, invited for the little afternoon tea party, were given a clay cup and saucer, made and decorated by the children, special cookies on individual paper plates and a Mother Goose cake. Each of the cookies had been baked by the children themselves. It was a very successful "social" occasion through which the children acquainted themselves with the parents of the other children. The tea party was enjoyed by participants and guests alike. In the twenty-one and one-half years the Euclid Day Care Center has been in operation thousands of good citizens of the city of Euclid have been helped by the many nice favors. Hearing of the great success of the tea party, Mr. Darrell Davis of the City Avenue Co. very graciously donated a brick oven with white stripes swaying, exact as to size, shape and color, to be used as a "roof" for the "hall-corner" indoors of the Center. This is a reminder of the good friends our Center has made and they particularly thank Mr. Davis for his generosity in this instance. Last Outdoor Service The last of a series of eight Sunday Evening Out-Door Services will be held Sunday at 8:15 p.m. on the lawn of the First Church grounds, 24058 Euclid ave., the Rev. L. W. Smith, Pastor, announced Wednesday. The sermon topic in this Service will be "The Christian and the Truth." A thirty-five minute Catholic film, entitled "The Journey Into Faith" based on the story of St. Paul, will be shown. The picture includes scenes from the Crucifixion, and the Resurrection. The public is cordially invited to attend this concluding Out-door Service. Bus. CHerry 0325 Harry T. Lathy GENERAL INSURANCE LICENSED REAL ESTATE BROKER BUYING AND SELLING HOMES APARTMENTS FARM PRODUCTS FIRE & LIFE COVERAGE COMPLET AUTO HOME SUNNY RENTS LIFE INSURANCE HEALTH & ACCIDENT CREDIT INSURANCE 17915 DORCHESTER DRIVE ASSOCIATE MEMBER CLEVELAND INSURANCE BOARD Exchange Speaker Hugh Jenkins, attorney-at-law, was the Exchange Club speaker at the Monday evening meeting of the Exchange Club of Euclid. Mr. Jenkins spoke on "The problems of the state and implications for the individual citizen," and urged more interest in governmental affairs. Streamlined For Greater Cleaning Ease! Singer Vacuum Cleaner Get Under Ability—streamlined housing only 7 inches high, 12 inches wide, 16 inches deep. With hopper reach-out control, cord switch, bag take-up lever, allowance for vacuum power. sold—serviced—guaranteed only at your Singer Sewing Center 748 East 185th Street Kenmore 3665 Suit Yourself for Fall! A Brand New Selection Of Smart Fall Suits Just see the many new Fall suits Bill has for you to choose from! Both tailored and double-breasted models in many patterns and colors. You'll see tweedies, shantungues, gabardines, flannels, Glen plaid, stripes and fancy new patterns in all sizes. Many of these suits will save you some hundreds at $39.50. You'll find Phoenix, Clothoid and other popular makes. $39.50 to $49.50 Your New Fall ARROW Accessories Shirts, Tie and Handkerchief Ensembles How's the supply of shirts and accessories? Low? Then come in to Bill's today and see the handsome new Arrow Shirts Bill has for you! They're priced at $2.85 and $4.50. See the smart new tie and handkerchief ensembles, too! Ties are $1.50; handkerchiefs 60c. CHARGE IT! USE BILL'S 10-PAY PLAN NO EXTRA COST—FOR YOU THIS FALL OPEN EVENINGS TO 8 P.M., EXCEPT WEDNESDAYS TILL 1 P.M. BILL'S CLOTHES 2 CONVENIENT STORES ST. CLAIR AT FIVE POINTS 618 EAST 185TH ST. Television Network Here Network television will arrive in Cleveland on October 1st, 1948, number '20', when Bell System engineers complete tests to clear the way through Ohio for the first network for service across between Buffalo, Cleveland, Detroit, Chicago, Milwaukee, and St. Louis. By the end of this year this midwestern network will be linked to the east coast network, making it possible for programs to be broadcast by television stations connected with the Atlantic Seaboard Coast to the Mississippi River. The eastern network includes New York, Boston, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington and Richmond. Service will be provided in both directions between Cleveland, Toledo, Detroit, Chicago and St. Louis, and branches will carry programs to Buffalo, Pittsburgh and Cincinnati. All television channels are furnished by coaxial cables, with exception of the Buffalo channel, which uses Milwaukee links where radio relay systems are employed. Bell System coaxial cables and radio relay systems are built primarily to provide long distance telephone service. But provision is made for television channels and other Bell System communication services. Many of the coaxial cables in the midwestern network, part of the larger system, are part of the program of the Bell System news service. These include the lines of the Cleveland-Buffalo coaxial cable, The Terre Haute-St. Louis coaxial cable, which was completed in 1945 and the Chicago-Terre Haute coaxial cable. The Toledo-Cincinnati section was started last year and is expected to be ready in use for long distance telephone service for several months. Construction of radio relay systems for television transmission began during the spring of this year. Two intermediate towers were built between Toledo and Detroit, and three between Chicago and Milwaukee. The Ohio segment of the system was installed in buildings of The Ohio Bell Telephone Company at Cleveland and Toledo. When the midwestern and eastern networks are connected, a continental cable between Cleveland and Buffalo will be completed. They have a total of about 6,000 miles of video channels linking 14 major cities. Coaxial cable usually contains eight tubes, each about three eighths of an inch in diameter and made of glass. In the center of each tube is a copper wire, a little thicker than a pin, all surrounded by a helical coil by insulating discs spaced about one inch apart. One pair of coaxial tubes is capable of carrying 300 simultaneous telephone conversations or two television programs. The cable also carries signals from the coaxial wire conductors for control of the relays used in the television equipment and may also contain others for added service along the cable route. Radio relay is used on the midwestern network between Toledo and Detroit. Next Time You "Eat Out" Try the Old-Fashioned Hospitality of KARL BROWN'S COLONIAL INN Euclid cor. Shaw GL 4941 EUCLID TAXIDERMY "Expert Tanning Done" FISH AND GAME MOUNTED 884 East 237th St. REDwood 5099 Vida Gessler School of Dancing announces the opening of the 11th Fall term in Vida Gessler's beautiful studio, located in the basement of Rockefeller Building at Lee and Euclid. The school has maintained the highest standing in dance culture in Cleveland for many years. Each pupil in every class will be given individual instruction to the limit of his or her capacity to absorb the material presented, conducted by Miss Gessler. Special instruction for the little ones, ages 3-6, will be given. Classes will be held for mothers and busy working girls in limbering, tap, and ballet. There are special classes for beginners in tap and acrobatics. Beginner dancing in class or private lessons for children and adults: Waltz, Fox Trot, Rumba, Foxtrot, Tango, etc. Registration will begin Saturday, September 17th, 10:00 a.m. to 12:00 noon, and will continue Monday, September 19th, 1:00 p.m. to 5:00 p.m., Tuesday, September 20th, 1:00 p.m. to 8:00 p.m. For further information phone FA. 1332. Where Friends Meet PEPPERMINT STICK ROOM at BUD MARSH'S Lake Shore Blvd. - Willoughby-on-the-Lake Cool As Its Name With Music Sweet And Subdued By BARNEY NEVILLE And His MELODY BAND Friday and Saturday Nites Place Willoughby 260 YOU CAN SELL OR BORROW MONEY ON DIAMONDS, WATCHES, SHOT GUNS, TYPEWRITERS, CAMERAS, RADIOS, MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS, TOOLS. DAVID'S LOAN CO. Glenville 9267 COME TO THE Grand Opening Of The Newly Modernized KRAMER'S GRILLE AND LOUNGE BAR 747 EAST 185TH ST.. Friday-Saturday Sept. 17th - 18th See and Hear JOE SOJDA FAMOUS GUITAR PLAYER Regularly Heard With Fred Waring's Orchestra Make it HOME for $398.50 3 LUXURIOUSLY, COMPLETELY FURNISHED ROOMS! Fall brides! New home-owners! An up-to-the-minute furniture! Enjoy your new home to the utmost and enjoy savings along with it as well! For here's budget news for thrifty homemakers that need complete furnishings to make a real home. Carefully coordinated groups with meticulously chosen appointments to make you proud and happy. 8-PIECE LIVING ROOM The friendly, hospitable atmosphere that radiates from this group of top-of-the-line, comfortable living room pieces will make you immediately. Comfortable chairs and sofa invite relaxation. Convenient tables and lamps to make your reading and lounging a pleasure. Harmonious colors lend charm and warmth everywhere! - Spring Filled Sofa - Matching Lounge Chair - Occasional Chairs - Carved Coffee Table - Matching End Table - China Base Lamp - Matching Lamp Table - Floor Lamp $179.50 5-PIECE BEDROOM A real bedroom at last! And here's the sum to complete it in beautiful waterfall style. Its beauty is expressed in the matched woods, broad mirrors and hardwoods. You get: - Full Size Panel Bed - 4-Drawer Chest of Drawers - Choice of Vanity or Dresser - Buoyant Mattress and Coil Spring $129.50 WATERLOO FURNITURE CO. 15428 Waterloo Road IVanhoe 1717 It's Wise to Buy Furniture Now! Credit Controls will be restored by Government order. This will affect our Liberal Down Payment Policy, so buy now before Sept. 20th. Central Notes Build Central enrollment like most other schools in this area has increased again this fall, with more than 100 new pupils arriving this week. The total last Friday in the school was 1,612. Several new teachers have been hired to replace the five who resigned last year. The school will take care of the additional number of pupils. New teachers in the junior and senior high schools this fall, Howard and Mary Conner, Miss Jane Roberts, Miss Gertrude Sizoo, Mrs. Helen Stewart, Mr. Roy Apple, Mrs. Sarah Blakespear, and Mr. Jerry Bauman. Mrs. Stewart was transferred from Upton School. She is teaching in the English department at Euclid Central. Miss Conner comes to Euclid Central from the Foreign Languages department from St. Augustine's Academy. She is qualified in Spanish, and French and is also qualified in Latin. She is Italian trained and is a member of the Catholic Diocesan and translator for the Catholic University. Miss Sizoo is in the social studies department. Before coming she comes from Bedford High School. During the summer she served as a member of the Civil Service Commission as junior examiner of the state civil service. She took a year's leave of absence to travel in the Scandinavian countries and to teach in a Swedish school in Sweden in the equivalent of our high school. Mr. Roy Apple is a 1947 graduate of Euclid High School. He is doing work on his master's degree at Western Reserve University. He attended college at Plymouth High School at Plymouth. Miss Jane Roberts is an Ohio State University graduate. While in college, she spent her summers working in a children's camp. One of her experiences was working with handicapped children. She is teaching in the home economics department this year. Mr. Howard Blakespear, a graduate of Bethany College, attended Ohio State University Graduate School, and has taken classes at Western Reserve University. He comes to Euclid Central from Euclid High School where he taught science, and mathematics during 1941-42. John Blakespear, commercial teacher, has had eight years prior experience in teaching at W. H. Kirk Jr. High East Cleveland. He has had considerable business experience before joining the faculty of Euclid Central High this fall. The students and teachers of Euclid Central are glad to welcome these people to their school. Miss Carla Chirara, dean of girls at Euclid Central, has completed all the requirements for her doctor of philosophy degree at Case Institute University. The degree will be conferred upon her at ceremonies in December. Miss Chirara is the first woman teacher in the Euclid Central system to receive such a high honor. Mrs. Helen Stewart, teacher in the English department, has arrived home last Monday after three months study and travel in Europe. She studied languages at the University of Zurich in Switzerland, and universities in England, Scotland, France, Holland, and Belgium. The annual "Dance of the Poppies" at the Echo was launched financially last Friday evening with an all-staff dance. The music by the Staff Dancing to records from the dance floor, and the decorations, initiated the year's social activities. The faculty sponsor of the Echo is Mr. Bruce Bickford. Participating as chairmen were Mrs. Edith Bickford, Mrs. Helen Stewart, Mr. Roy Apple, Mr. Harold Blakespear and Mr. Olin Bailey. School Gift Oil PENLANDER Razer Cut and Set Complete $4.50 Stephens Beauty Shop 13426 St. Clair Ave. GL 4080 Wilton CARPETING 27" Wide $5.49 and up Sewed and Laid ALL NEW PATTERNS WE CARRY COMPLETE LINE OF LINOLEUMS CONGOWALL Asphalt Tile FOR KITCHENS FARMHOUSES TAVERNS - OFFICES WINDOW SHADES — VENETIAN BLINDS Ries Flooring Co., Inc. (EVERYTHING IN FLOORS) 795 E. 152nd St. cor. Aspinwall Ave. LI. 4200 The Flooring Number LI. 4200 How To Make Your SHOE DOLLARS GO FARTHER! Buy 2 Poll Parrot SHOES FOR BOYS AND GIRLS Pre-Tested TO GIVE YOU REAL VALUE! To get the most for your shoe money, buy the best for your shoe money. And that means Poll Parrot Shoes — pre-tested by real boys and girls — to assure your child arches that are right, room for toes to grow, and long-lasting wear. For value no ordinary shoe can match, come in and see our pre-tested Poll Parrots. $1.95 to $5.95 According To Size and Style As advertised in LADIES' HOME JOURNAL We Give EAGLE STAMPS FRANK'S SHOE STORE 16377 Euclid at Ivanhoe X-RAY FITTING Glenville 3160 Free Parking In Rear	<urn:uuid:ab808c98-a0fd-494f-90cb-536aab00726c>	CC-MAIN-2019-18	https://cdn.euclidlibrary.org/cdn/esj/1948/19480916/19480916.pdf	2019-04-23T09:59:33Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578596571.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20190423094921-20190423120921-00296.warc.gz	370,078,981	11,699	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.987056	eng_Latn	0.995596	[ "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn", "eng_Latn" ]	true	docling	[ 5644, 9684, 13803, 19916, 25450, 35404, 40031, 45918 ]
University of Life Sciences "King Mihai I" from Timişoara Issuing body Quality Management Department CODE USVT - R040-F07a REGULATION REGARDING THE PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITY OF STUDENTS AT UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES "KING MIHAI I" FROM TIMIŞOARA Ed. 4 /Rev.0 I am applying for this mobility for the following reasons: _________________________________________________________________________________________ * ANNEX to Order no. 5140/2019 dated September 11, 2019	<urn:uuid:482e0d98-f45c-4f29-b47b-5bec4998a53e>	CC-MAIN-2024-42	https://usab-tm.ro/utilizatori/calitate/file/regulamente/en/USVT_R040%20F10%20ed%204%20rev%200/USVT%20R040_F07a%20ed%204%20rev%200.docx.en.pdf	2024-10-14T03:00:06+00:00	s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/crawl=CC-MAIN-2024-42/subset=warc/part-00050-0c083cf2-c0ed-42ad-af5c-44f7548e96a0.c000.gz.parquet	532,842,036	116	eng_Latn	eng_Latn	0.907509	eng_Latn	0.907509	[ "eng_Latn" ]	false	rolmOCR	[ 468 ]

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