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Great benefits in a dynamic workplace that is respectful, friendly and fun – we are a team that is committed to making and keeping our customers very happy!
NEC is organized around small design and production groups, building world class accelerator based scientific instruments. Mechanical Design Engineers participate in the design, documentation, production coordination, assembly, and commissioning of unique products for research and industry. This position will require communication with NEC departments, external suppliers, and customers. Safe work habits, attention to detail, accuracy, good attendance, and excellent organizational skills, the ability to work and think independently, along with the ability to work cooperatively with others in a positive and professional manner are expected. Must be able to pass a drug screening and background check will be performed. Benefits include paid holiday, vacation, sick leave, disability, life insurance, employer sponsored group health and dental insurances, ESOP and 401(k) retirement plans.
Job Title: MECHANICAL DESIGN ENGINEER
Job Level: Professional
Design Dept. - Work Hours: 7:30 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. CST (schedule is flexible)
Essential Duties:
1. Design, test, and document major mechanical components, including vacuum components, for megavolt electrostatic particle accelerator systems.
2. Coordinate initial production and testing, working with persons in engineering and production departments, suppliers, and others, as needed.
3. Write manuals with sections on description, operating procedures, and troubleshooting.
4. Participate in component integration for in-house systems.
5. Correspond with customers and travel internationally on-site for installation and testing. (Duty 5 is added after training and experience on the job.)
Qualifications:
1. Bachelor's Degree, preferably in Mechanical or Nuclear Engineering
2. Above average ability to read and write in English
3. Available to travel internationally
Skills and Experience Requirements:
1. Mechanical aptitude and experience in mechanical design, preferably for production
2. Experience in vacuum system equipment and techniques
3. Familiarity with basic electronics and experience using personal computers
4. Familiarity with computer aided design programs, such as AutoCAD or SolidWorks
Physical Requirements:
1. Eyesight vision of, or corrected to, 20/20
2. Able to use common hand and power tools (ex. wrench, screwdriver, drill)
3. Ability to lift 35 pounds, bend, crouch, squat, twist and reach overhead
4. Ability to perform operations of manual dexterity, many of which are done while standing
Visit www.pelletron.com to find out more about NEC and our products! NEC is an Equal Opportunity Employer and does not discriminate against any employee or applicant for employment because of race, color, sex, age, national origin, religion, sexual orientation, gender identity and/or expression, status as a veteran, and basis of disability or any other federal, state or local protected class.
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This written authorization shall serve to notify the Louisiana Workforce Commission that the above named employer hereby appoints and designates the following named individual or entity as its representative. If no agent is designated, all correspondence will be sent to the employer.
**Add agent account**
| Agent Name | Contact Person |
|------------|----------------|
| ADP, INC, and its subsidiaries and Corporate Cost Control, LLC. | |
| Address | City | State | Zip |
|---------|------|-------|-----|
| P.O. BOX 16440 | CLEARWATER | FL | 33766-6440 |
This written authorization shall serve to notify the Louisiana Workforce Commission that the above named employer hereby revokes the following named individual or entity as its representative. If no agent is designated above, all correspondence will be sent to the employer.
**Revoke existing employer**
| Agent Name | Contact Person |
|------------|----------------|
| | |
| Address | City | State | Zip |
|---------|------|-------|-----|
| | | | |
Employer designated agent to specifically transact any and all business between this named employer and LWC and to do any and all acts necessary in connection with the below matters of the unemployment in the state of Louisiana as follows:
- Tax matters (all automated forms and notices)
- Benefit matters (all automated forms and notices)
This authorization further authorizes the above named representative to submit the request to LWC for information on behalf of the named employer to the extent to which such employer has a right to access in regard to the designated above matters.
The designated representative agrees to restrict access to any unemployment compensation information provided by LWC to specifically authorize personnel and to instruct such personnel as to the confidentiality of such data. The provided information shall be used and safeguarded by the representative solely for the specific purpose authorized by the agent contact, and shall not be stored for resale. All employees or personnel of the representative shall be subject to the same sanctions and penalties for violation of confidential requirements as would employees of the state agency. The representative agrees to bear all the costs arising from any claims for any unauthorized use of such employer information.
This authorization additionally serves to revoke any prior authorization in regard to the same matters designated above and shall remain in full force and effect until and unless written notice is provided by the above named employer or agent to LWC. This authorization shall be executed in triplicate original one of which shall be retained by the above named employer, one by the representative, and one by LWC.
| Signature of Owner/Partner/Corporate Officer | Print or Type Name and Title | Date |
|---------------------------------------------|------------------------------|------|
Revised 1/29/2021
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First Tanzanian Earth Day
Celebrated at Gibb's Farm
PRESS RELEASE May, 2010
KARATU, TANZANIA - Believed to be the first community Earth Day for Tanzania, its 40 th anniversary on April 22 nd was marked at Gibb's Farm, itself a historic coffee plantation welcoming travelers starting 45 years ago. The occasion helped participants better understand how the historic coffee farm has been a leader in sustainable farming and tourism. Many examples found at Gibb's Farm were included in the daylong event of painting, athletics and awareness-based activities.
Founders Margaret and James Gibb concerned themselves with the ecological responsibility of the farm soon after they started to manage it in 1948. Their stewardship of the land, community and wildlife have long been a focus of the 80 year-old operation. Opportunities to advance these efforts continue to mature since recent renovations. Special Earth Day events were organized at the farm to mark the occasion and also to broaden the understanding for a cleaner, greener way of life.
Three events were designed by staff leadership that typically conducts twice annual employee Olympics. The first event was the Earth Relay. This was a test of ecology-knowledge runners shouted to answer questioning judges before sprinting their baton back to a teammate. Eighteen runners competed in three teams.
Questions included: ways to reduce carbon footprint, ways to reduce energy usage, preferred ways to dry cloths, plant water filtration facts, the purpose of large windows in every farm cottage, name four of the ten gardens at Gibb's Farm, solar water heating facts, steps for separating refuge, and recent environmental awards received.
In the estate's staff village traditional building technology and materials have been used to example sustainable and affordable housing. Within the walls of the dining hall Uhai (Swahili for life), three more teams engaged in the Earth Day Painting competition. The captains with their team of six were challenged to fine-tune their graffiti and painting skill carrying the theme of "reduce, reuse and recycle," judicious use of natural resources, and sustainable development. Each team was provided with paints, brushes, pencils, and erasers to finish their task in one and half hour. Locating the community art in a facility used daily by everyone was a clever way to extend the awareness beyond the day and past Earth Week scheduled a few months later. The walls are planned for repainting in time for the second annual Earth Day Wall Painting.
The Uhai lunch was followed by the Bachelors Vs Married Volleyball match which drew huge applause from staff who chose to support their team as per their marital status. Even though the "Bachelors" team won the day, the commitment to excel was praiseworthy from both teams.
The event concluded with prizes for all the three teams. On this occasion twenty chosen employees were gifted an indigenous tree sapling by Earth Day co-leader Lazaro Msasi. He is the leader of the Flower & Grounds Department that propagates seedlings as part of an on-going program that facilities erosion control around the neighboring farms, many of which belong to the Gibb's Farm employee's or their families.
Gibb's Farm, Tanzania, joins 190 countries to utilize the annual event to communicate the ecology mantra "reduce, reuse and recycle." In the celebration of what is likely to be Tanzania's first Earth Day event Gibb's Farm serves to demonstrates its "triple top line" approach, a concept McDonaugh and Braugart advanced in 2002 which states that measurements are only meaningful when ecology, equality and the economy are in balance. This notion builds upon John Elkington's 1994 "triple bottom line" thesis that measures economic goals with social and environmental concerns.
"The Ecology Walk has just been added to the many activities of Gibb's Farm. Earth Day is a fun way to make this introduction for the general staff," said Kuntal Kumar, co-organizer of the event.
In recognition of Gibb's Farm sustainable development and responsible tourism efforts it received first place at the recent Educational Travel Conference 2010 Responsible Tourism Showcase, and one of the highest ratings in the 2009 World Savers Award for the "Doing It All" category in Condé Nast Traveler annual World Savers Awards. The honor recognized Gibb's Farm outstanding contributions to education, wildlife, preservation, and health initiatives in communities. Earlier, the 2008 Green Living Project featured Gibb's Farm in its sustainable living and travel project and lecture series, noting that the farm, "elevates environmentally and socially responsible practices in every level of their operations." In-depth information for all these and related events and facts is available in the Ecology of Gibb's Farm section of this website gibbsfarm.net.
About Gibb's Farm
Set beside the Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Gibb's Farm has a tradition that goes back more than 80 years, and it is the oldest coffee farm in the Ngorongoro Forest. The African Living Spa offers unparalleled spa, treatments, and healing services based on traditional Maasai techniques and medicines. As the world traveler's respite from the rigors of safari, Gibb's Farm allows one to discover a community of nature, people, culture, art, and beauty, providing a sense of place and history.
Contact
Dale Jensen, Director, Marketing and Sales, Gibb's Farm, Tanzania [email protected] www.gibbsfarm.net mobile +1.360.643.1110 office +1.360.738.7154
Photographs
Caption Captains Joseph Lohay and Nisha Sinha congratulate the winning contestants at the first annual Earth Day of Gibb's Farm.
Caption Second Runner Up Earth Day Relay Captain Elias Matay sprinting to the finish line.
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4
Association of University Radiologists
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62nd Annual Meeting
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AMSER Lucy Squire and APDR/ACR Keynote Lecture:
The Potential of Team-based Learning
Speaker: Paul M. Haidet, MD
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Girls Night Out
64 count, 2 wall Line Dance
Choreographer Cato Larsen
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"Girls Night Out" by Gina Jeffreys (178 bpm)
STOMP, STOMP, KICK, KICK, STOMP, STOMP, CLAP, HOLD
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Seamless Infrastructure independent Multi Homed NEMO Handoff Using Effective and Timely IEEE 802.21 MIH triggers
Zohra Slimane, Mohamed Feham and Abdelhafid Abdelmalek
STIC Laboratory University of Tlemcen Algeria
{z_slimani, m_feham, [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Handoff performance of NEMO BS protocol with existent improvement proposals is still not sufficient for real time and QoS-sensitive applications and further optimizations are needed. When dealing with single homed NEMO, handoff latency and packet loss become irreducible all optimizations included, so that it is impossible to meet requirements of the above applications. Then, How to combine the different Fast handoff approaches remains an open research issue and needs more investigation. In this paper, we propose a new Infrastructure independent handoff approach combining multihoming and intelligent Make-Before-Break Handoff. Based on required Handoff time estimation, L2 and L3 handoffs are initiated using effective and timely MIH triggers, reducing so the anticipation time and increasing the probability of prediction. We extend MIH services to provide tunnel establishment and switching before link break. Thus, the handoff is performed in background with no latency and no packet loss while ping-pong scenario is almost avoided. In addition, our proposal saves cost and power consumption by optimizing the time of simultaneous use of multiple interfaces. We provide also NS2 simulation experiments identifying suitable parameter values used for estimation and validating the proposed model.
Keywords
NEMO, multihoming, seamless handoff, IEEE 802.21, MIH triggers, path loss model, NS2
1. INTRODUCTION
It is now possible to deploy, in moving networks such as vehicle and aircraft networks, applications implying communications with the infrastructure or with other moving networks while profiting surrounding heterogeneous wireless capacities of communication (e.g ieee 802.11, ieee 802.16, 3GPP, 3GPP2). The protocol NEMO Basic Support (BS) [1] was proposed by the IETF for supporting the mobility of moving networks. NEMO allows an entire IP network to perform a layer 3 (L3) handoff. Transparent service continuity is achieved using a mobile router for mobility management on behalf of the transported mobile network devices. Handoff performance plays a crucial role in QoS-sensitive applications and real-time services in heterogeneous networks. Although NEMO BS has the merit to allow as of today the deployment and the experimentation of no time constraints services without having to function in a degraded mode, its performance (high latency, high packet loss and high signaling cost) is thus clearly considered as suboptimal and is not appropriate for time constraints applications.
Therefore, there have already been a number of studies and a large set of optimizations that try to address these issues ([6]-[17]). The proposed solutions rely on the optimization of each component of the handoff, using cross layer design, network assistance, multihoming, etc. However, minimal reached values of handoff latency and packet loss still do not fill real time and QoS-sensitive applications requirements. Consequently, NEMO with the above optimizations is still not sufficient for such applications and further improvements or solutions are needed.
In this paper, we propose a new multihoming based NEMO handoff scheme achieving seamless connectivity (precisely with zero latency and zero packet loss). Our cross layer design uses timely and effective MIH triggers (such as Link_Going_Down, Link_switch_Imminent) and required handoff time based adaptative MIH command services such as Link_Configure_Thresholds. We provide proactive surrounding networks attachment, home registration, tunnel establishment and then tunnel switching if necessary just before Link Down event. With this manner of executing the anticipation, we increase the probability of prediction avoiding ping-pong scenario and we save also cost and power consumption.
The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 introduces the related works on NEMO optimizations. Section 3 provides NEMO handoff components analysis and numerical evaluation. Section 4 gives an overview of IEEE802.21 STD and MIH services. In Section 5, we describe the details of our proposal and associated algorithms. In Section 6, NS2 implementation and simulation results are presented, and the performance of the proposed scheme is discussed. Finally, conclusions are stated in Section 7.
Figure 1. Basic Components of NEMO BS Protocol
2. Related Work
NEMO BS Protocol [1] designed by IETF to manage network mobility (Figure 1) is an extension of the MIPv6 [2] protocol. The NEMO BS (MIPv6-NEMO) handoff is composed of the link layer handoff followed by the new network attachment and then the home registration. Brake-Before-Make handoff performance (latency, packet loss and signaling overhead) of NEMO BS were analyzed in the literature [3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 18]. The results show that the mobility support does not provide seamless connectivity. To overcome the limitations of NEMO BS protocol, many optimizations were proposed. To reduce the new network attachment for MIPv6-NEMO, delay Optimistic Duplicate Address Detection (ODAD) [6] and Fast Router Advertisements [3,7] were proposed. Besides, Many Infrastructure based mobility supports were proposed to address handoff efficiency in NEMO. Cross layer design scheme [8] using IEEE 802.21MIH services and addressing movement prediction and handoff timing algorithms was proposed on FMIPv6 to anticipate L3 handoff. HiMIP-NEMO [9] proposes the use of Foreign Mobility Agent (FMA) to achieve QoS handoff with reduced latency and packet loss. An extension of Proxy MIPv6 (PMIPv6) called N-NEMO was proposed to provide mobility support for NEMO context [10, 21]. The scheme is based on tunnel splitting, global tunnel between LMA and MAG, and local tunnel between MR and MAG, leading to reduced signaling cost.
Many other works based on multihoming were investigated to improve seamless handoff. In [11] a new entity ICE (Intelligent Control Entity) is introduced in NEMO architecture to improve handoff for multiple MRs-based multihomed NEMO. Another protocol called SINEMO [12] using IP diversity and soft handoff was proposed to reduce Handoff signaling cost for a single multihomed MR based NEMO. Other GPS Aided Predictive Handover Management solutions using Make Before Brake handoff were proposed to improve handoff performance but they are rather more suitable for multihomed train-based NEMO [13, 14, 15].
Higher layer Extensions such as SIP-NEMO [16] and HIP-NEMO [17] based respectively on Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) and Host Identity Protocol (HIP) were also proposed. However, in addition to being not transparent to all applications these schemes suffer from additional signaling overhead.
The handoff performance of NEMO BS with above optimization is still not sufficient for QoS-sensitive applications. Latency of link layer handoff and NEMO signaling overhead (precisely from the round trip time RTT between the Mobile Router and the Home Agent) affect the overall performance of mobility management significantly.
3. NEMO handoff Latency Analysis
NEMO Basic Support (BS) protocol proposed by IETF provides mobility support for an entire mobile network moving across different heterogeneous access networks. Continuous and uninterrupted internet access to the Mobile Network Nodes (MNN) inside the mobile network is provided by the Mobile Router (MR) which manages the movement (Figure 1). The MR is identified by its Home Address (HoA) through which it is accessible in its home network, and it is localized by its Care-of-Address (CoA) acquired at visited network. The Home Agent (HA) located at the home network assists the MR to support mobility management. To change its point of attachment to a new access network (i.e., to a new access router AR), the MR must process in general a vertical Handoff including both L2 and L3 Handoff (Figure 2).
Since L2 and L3 Handoff are independent in NEMO BS protocol (L3 Handoff occurs after L2 Handoff), the overall handoff latency can be expressed by the following equation:
\[ T_{HO} = T_{L2} + T_{L3} \]
(1)
Where \( T_{L2} \) is the Link layer (L2) Handoff latency (the time required to establish a new association by the physical interface) and \( T_{L3} \) is the IP layer (L3) Handoff latency (the time to register the new CoA at the Home Agent (HA) and to be able to receive the first data packet at this new localization).
L2 Handoff procedure includes in general scanning (\( T_{scan} \)), authentication (\( T_{auth} \)) and association (\( T_{ass} \)) which are very dependent on technology and exhibit great variation. The published values of \( T_{L2} \) are between 50 ms and 400 ms [4, 19, 20].
Then:
\[ T_{L2} = T_{scan} + T_{auth} + T_{ass} \]
(2)
The L2 Handoff is triggered by the link event:
\[ P_{rx} < P_{th} \]
(3)
Where \( P_{rx} \) is the received signal power corresponding to the received signal strength indication (RSSI) and \( P_{th} \) is the predefined threshold power below which the Link status is considered down.
L3 Handoff procedure is composed of four distinct phases:
- Movement Detection (MD): after disconnecting from the old AR (oAR), the MR detects its movement thanks to prefix information contained in received Router Advertisement (RA) messages broadcasted periodically by the new AR (nAR). The MR may proactively send Router Solicitation (RS) messages to obtain the RA message from the nAR (The MR detects its movement if the oAR is unreachable, i.e no RA messages from the oAR).
- Duplicate Address Detection (DAD): Upon receiving prefix information from the nAR, the MR proceeds to the stateless auto-configuration; it configures itself with a new CoA (constructed from new prefix) and must check its uniqueness with the DAD process.
• **New CoA Registration and MR-HA Tunnel establishment (Reg):** As soon as the MR acquires a new CoA, it immediately sends a Binding Update (BU) to its Home Agent (HA). Upon receiving this message, the HA registers the new CoA in its binding cache and acknowledges by sending a Binding Acknowledgement (BA) to the MR. As stated by [1], all signaling messages between the MR and the HA must be authenticated by IPsec. Once the binding process finishes, a bi-directional IP-in-IP tunnel is established between the MR and its HA. The tunnel end points are the MR’s CoA and the HA’s address. Either IPsec or other IP-in-IP protocol could be used for this purpose.
Thus, The L3 Handoff latency can analytically be computed as:
$$T_{L3} = T_{MD} + T_{DAD} + T_{Reg} \quad (4)$$
Where $T_{MD}$, $T_{DAD}$ and $T_{Reg}$ are respectively Movement Detection phase delay, DAD process delay and registration delay.
Additionally, we have in the explicit form:
$$T_{MD} = T_{RS} + T_{RA} \quad (5)$$
$$T_{Reg} = T_{SA} + T_{BU} + T_{BA} \quad (6)$$
Where:
$T_{RS}$: delay of Router Solicitation
$T_{RA}$: delay of Router Advertisement
$T_{SA}$: delay of creating an IPsec Security Association (SA)
$T_{BU}$: delay of Binding Update
$T_{BA}$: delay of Binding Ack
Then, according to (Figure 2) we can compute $T_{L3}$ as function of $RTT_{MR-AR}$ and $RTT_{AR-HA}$, where RTT is the Round Trip Time.
\[ T_{L3} = 4 \cdot RTT_{MR-AR} + T_{DAD} + 3 \cdot RTT_{AR-HA} \]
(Figure 3) and (Figure 4) show respectively L3 NEMO Handoff Latency and Overall NEMO Handoff Latency (L2+L3). For \( RTT_{MR-AR} \), we use a minimum value of 10 ms and a maximum value of 150 ms. For \( RTT_{AR-HA} \) (twice time the delay of internet) we use the measured data from [22].
Two values of DAD (250, 500 ms) are used to take account of optimistic DAD. We can easily see that the minimum value of the Total NEMO Handoff Latency exceeds 400 ms, and this minimum values are carried out only under very special conditions.
**Figure 4.** Overall NEMO Handoff latency vs. \( RTT_{AR-HA} \)
(only the minimum value 10 ms of \( RTT_{MR-AR} \) is considered)
(Figure 5) shows the Packet Loss during Handoff increasing with both the overall NEMO Handoff latency and the data rate. The results provided by [8] for example for NEMO Handoff improvements experienced for vehicular networks based on MIH assisted FMIPv6 show an overall NEMO Handoff latency of about 250 ms when vehicle has a slow movement (18 Km/s) and this value increases to 350 ms when vehicle speed reaches 90 Km/h. Consequently, these results show that single homed NEMO even improved is not appropriate for real time and QoS-sensitive applications.
4. IEEE 802.21 Media Independent Handover Services
The main aim of the IEEE 802.21 MIH standard [23] is the specification of generic SAPs and primitives that provide generic link layer intelligence and some network information to upper layers to optimize handovers between heterogeneous media such as IEEE 802.11 a/b/g/n, IEEE 802.16, 3GPP/3GPP2 etc. IEEE 802.21 provides a framework (a logical interface) that allows higher levels (users in the mobility-management protocol stack) to interact with lower layers to provide session continuity without dealing with the specifics of each technology.
4.1. MIH architecture
The core element of the MIH architecture is the MIH Function (MIHF) which is a logical interface between L2 and higher layers (Figure 6). MIHF which can be seen as a L2.5 layer helps in handover decision making and link selection by L3 and Upper layers by providing them with abstracted services. Upper layers (including mobility manager such as MIPv6 and NEMO, IP, transport protocols and applications) are the MIH Users. The MIH Users communicate with the MIHF via MIH_SAP (a media independent Service Access Points). The MIHF, on the other hand, interacts with L2/L1 layers via the MIH_LINK_SAP.
4.2. MIHF services
MIHF defines three main services that facilitate handovers between heterogeneous networks: MIH Event Services (MIES), MIH Command Services (MICS) and MIH Information Services (MIIS).
4.2.1. MIES - Media Independent Event Service
MIH capable devices use MIES to generate L1/L2 events indicating state and parameters changes occurring on the link to the upper layers. Two types of events are possible: Link Events exchanged between L1/L2 layers and the MIHF, and the MIH Events between the MIHF and the MIH Users. The defined events include Link Detected, Link Up, Link Down, Link Going Down, Link Parameters Change, Link Event Rollback, etc.
4.2.2. MICS - Media Independent Command Service
MICS are commands ordered by the MIH Users to the lower layers to control their behavior. Two types of commands are possible: Link Commands issued by the MIHF to the lower layers such as Link Configure Thresholds and MIH Commands issued by MIH Users to the MIHF such as Get status, Switch, Configure, Configure Link Thresholds, Scan, Handover Initiate, Handover Terminate, etc.
4.2.3. MIIS - Media Independent Information Service
MIH Users rely on The MIIS to obtain information from remote MIHF about available access networks. Potential target networks and their capabilities could be discovered to facilitate handovers by making more accurate decisions. MIIS includes support for various Information Elements (IEs) which includes information about network such as Identifier, cost, QoS and security, and information about Point of Attachment (PoA) such as location, Link-layer address, subnet, data rate, etc.
5. Proposed MIH assisted Multihomed NEMO Handoff
In this section, we will describe our proposed scheme for managing mobility with NEMO when a multihomed MR is used. First, we present our model, then we explain the MIH services to be used, and finally the procedure of Handoff is detailed.
5.1. Mobility Management Model
In our proposed, we suppose a (1,1,1) Multihomed NEMO model (i.e: one MR, one HA and one MNP-Mobile Network Prefix) [27]. We consider so a mobile network with a single MR integrating multiple interfaces. These interfaces should be from different technologies or from same technology. Duplicate interface will be used in soft handoff to gain access to new network using same technology as current network becoming unreachable. The MR has a unique HoA and may obtain different CoA simultaneously. The MR is IEEE 802.21 compliant, and to provide an infrastructure independent scheme only local MIH services are used. Therefore, the HA must support multiple CoA (MCoA) registration [28]. Our scheme relies on three entities in the mobility management stack: MIHF, the Handoff Policy Decision entity (HPD) and NEMO protocol, the two last entities are MIH Users.
5.2. MIH services used in our Scheme
We utilize a subset of existing MIH services and new proposed ones to facilitate handoff decision making. (Table 1) lists these services (primitives) with corresponding parameters.
Table 1. Used MIH services in the proposed approach.
| Primitive | Service | Parameters |
|----------------------------------|-------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| MIH_Link_Detected | MIES | MR IF MAC Addr, MAC addr of new PoA, MIH capability, Link Type |
| MIH_Link_Up | MIES | MR IF MAC Addr, MAC addr of new PoA, Link ID |
| MIH_Link_Down | MIES | MR IF MAC Addr, MAC addr of new PoA, Reason Code |
| MIH_Link_Going_Down | MIES | MR IF MAC Addr, MAC Addr of Current PoA, TimeInterval, ConfidenceLevel |
| MIH_Link_Switch_Imminent | MIES (new) | MR IF MAC Addr, MAC Addr of Current PoA, TimeInterval, ConfidenceLevel |
| MIH_Link_Event_Rollback | MIES | MR IF MAC Addr, Event ID |
| MIH_Configure_Link_Threshold | MICS | LinkParameter, initiateAction/Threshold, RollbackActionThreshold, ExecuteActionThreshold |
| MIH_Switch | MICS | Old Link ID, New Link ID |
When using a single interface, the MR cannot be associated simultaneously with more than one AR. Therefore, it has to break its communication with its current AR (hard handoff) before establishing an association to a new one. Hence, the handoff process is triggered by the Link_Down (LD) event. In our proposed scheme based on multihoming, Handoff process should be finished before the Link_Down event of the current link. So, instead of using LD trigger, we provide Link_Going_Down (LGD) and Link_Switch_Imminent (LSI) events which are fired using required Handoff time and required tunnel switching time. (Figure 7) shows corresponding received power threshold (RSS) of each event.
$\alpha_{LGD}$ and $\alpha_{LSI}$ are respectively the LGD power level threshold coefficient and the LSI power level threshold coefficient ($\alpha_{LGD} > \alpha_{LSI} > 1$). We use LGD event to trigger a soft handoff, and LSI event to switch tunnel before LD event. LSI event is used also to increase the probability of prediction and to avoid ping-pong scenario.
LGD trigger in [23] is based on pre-defined threshold associated with the received signal strength (RSS). If the measured value of RSS crosses threshold $\alpha_{LGD} P_{th}$, then the LGD trigger is generated and the handover process starts.
In our proposal $\alpha_{LGD}$ and $\alpha_{LSI}$ coefficients are adaptively configured using information gathered from neighboring access networks (we use for this purpose MIH_Configure_Link_Threshold primitive).
### 5.3. Required Handoff Time and Tunnel switching Time Estimation
The required handoff time $T_{HO}$ and tunnel switching time $T_{TS}$ are important factors for timely link triggering. The LGD trigger should be invoked prior to an actual LD event by at least the time required to prepare and execute a handoff. LSI trigger should be generated $T_{TS}$ before LD event. In our scheme, the setting $\alpha_{LGD}$ is based on the following total time $T_{LGD}$:
$$T_{LGD} = T_{HO} + \Delta T_{HO} + T_{TS} + \Delta T_{TS}$$ \hspace{1cm} (8)
Where:
- $T_{HO}$ is given by (1)
- $\Delta T_{HO}$ and $\Delta T_{TS}$ are added as security margin.
$$\Delta T_{HO} = \gamma_1 \% T_{HO}$$ \hspace{1cm} (9)
$$\Delta T_{TS} = \gamma_2 \% T_{TS}$$ \hspace{1cm} (10)
$\gamma_1$ and $\gamma_2$ are between 0 and 20.
Equation (10) can be written in the following form:
\[
T_{LGD} = T_{L2} + T_{L3} + \Delta T_{HO} + RTT_{MR-HA} + \Delta RTT_{MR-HA}
\]
(11)
In the same way, we get for \( \alpha_{LSI} \):
\[
T_{LSI} = RTT_{MR-HA} + \Delta RTT_{MR-HA}
\]
(12)
To estimate (L2+L3) handoff time and tunnel switching time, we use:
- New detected link to get L2 handoff time estimation and \( RTT_{MR-nAR} \) based on link type information.
- Current link to get L3 handoff time estimation and tunnel switching time estimation by measuring \( RTT_{MR-oAR} \).
### 5.4. Setting LGD and LSI triggers Thresholds
Given a path loss model, an analytical method can be used for effectively setting \( \alpha_{LGD} \) and \( \alpha_{LSI} \) coefficients [24, 25]. Let’s assume the log-distance path loss model [26] for example shown in (13).
\[
\left[ \frac{P_{rx}(d)}{P_{rx}(d_0)} \right]_{dB} = -10\beta \log \left( \frac{d}{d_0} \right)
\]
(13)
where \( d \) is the distance between the receiver and the transmitter expressed in meters, \( P_{rx}(d) \) denotes the received signal power level in watts at distance \( d \), \( \beta \) is the path loss exponent, and \( P_{rx}(d_0) \) is the received power at the close-in reference distance, \( d_0 \), and can be determined using the free space path loss model (take for example \( d_0 = 1 \text{ m} \)).
Assuming the Mobile Network (NEMO) moving at speed \( v \), then \( \alpha_{LGD} \) and \( \alpha_{LSI} \) coefficients can be determined as:
\[
\alpha_{LGD} = \left[ \frac{1}{1 - \frac{vT_{LGD}}{d_0} \left( \frac{P_{th}}{P_{rx}(d_0)} \right)^{\frac{1}{\beta}}} \right]^{\beta}
\]
(14)
\[
\alpha_{LSI} = \left[ \frac{1}{1 - \frac{vT_{LSI}}{d_0} \left( \frac{P_{th}}{P_{rx}(d_0)} \right)^{\frac{1}{\beta}}} \right]^{\beta}
\]
(15)
Figures 8 and 9 respectively 10 and 11 show $\alpha_{LGD}$ and $\alpha_{LSI}$ variations for different $\beta$ values and different moving speeds. Both $\alpha_{LGD}$ and $\alpha_{LSI}$ increase with $\beta$, $v$ and required time for their setting. For example, we plot in Figure 12 the $\alpha_{LGD}$ variations versus $\beta$ for a mean value of $T_{LGD}$ equal to 1.25 s.
Note that speed $v$ can be estimated using the following approach:
Assume that at instant time $t_i$ the received signal power level is $P_{rx}(d_i)$ and at $t_{i+1}$ we receive $P_{rx}(d_{i+1})$, from (13) we get:
$$v = \frac{d_{i+1} - d_i}{t_{i+1} - t_i}$$
(16)
Therefore:
$$v = \frac{d_0}{t_{i+1} - t_i} \left[ \left( \frac{P_{rx}(d_0)}{P_{rx}(d_{i+1})} \right)^{\frac{1}{\beta}} - \left( \frac{P_{rx}(d_0)}{P_{rx}(d_i)} \right)^{\frac{1}{\beta}} \right]$$
(17)
However, to achieve a more realistic path loss model we have to take into account the shadowing effects which may affect the propagation model. An additional component $X_{\sigma} (dB)$ is introduced in the log-distance path loss model shown in (13) leading to the model known as the log-normal shadowing [26]:
$$\left[ \frac{P_{rx}(d)}{P_{rx}(d_0)} \right]_{dB} = -10\beta \log \left( \frac{d}{d_0} \right) + X_{\sigma}$$ \hspace{1cm} (18)
$X_{\sigma}$ is a zero-mean Gaussian distributed random variable with a standard deviation of $\sigma$.
When the shadowing component becomes significant, it is important to include a weighted averaging mechanism to produce a stable signal strength measure. We use for this purpose a simple recursive estimator:
$$\overline{P_{rx}}(i) = \delta P_{rx}(i) + (1-\delta)\overline{P_{rx}}(i-1)$$ \hspace{1cm} (19)
where $\overline{P_{rx}}(i)$ is the average received signal power at instant i, $P_{rx}(i)$ is the received signal power at instant i and $\delta$ is the weighting factor.
5.5. Handoff operation and Tunnel switching
We suppose that the mobile network (NEMO) is already connected to an access network, and that a tunnel is already operational between the HA and the MR through one of its multiple interfaces. Let’s denote this active interface IF-1. When the MR moves it could be covered by another access network. So, if a Link_Detected event is generated, by another interface (say IF-2), the MIHF translate this event to the HPD (Figure 13). This latter maintains a cache for detected links called $AvailableLinkCache$ (Table 2).
So, when the HPD receives the MIH_Detected_Link event, it updates its cache and requests MIHF to generate MIH_Configure_Link_Threshold to set LGD and LSI triggers Thresholds for IF-1. Then, if a Link_Going_Down event is generated by IF-1, the HPD scans the entries in $AvailableLinkCache$, chooses the appropriate link to connect to (assume it is IF-2 link), and
send a MIH_link_Connect request to MIHF to set this connection (L2 soft Handoff). Upon receiving a Link_Up from IF-2, the HPD solicits the NEMO mobility support to perform if required CoA acquisition and registration and tunnel establishment (L3 soft Handoff).
Table 2. Mobile Router Available Links Cache
| MR IF MAC Addr | MAC addr of new PoA | MIH capability | Link Type | Expire Time |
|----------------|---------------------|----------------|-----------|-------------|
| IF-2 | | | | |
| IF-3 | | | | |
Figure 13. Proposed Handoff preparation and execution procedures
When processing Link_Going_Down event, if the received signal power $\overline{P_{rx}}$ goes up $\alpha_{LGD} \cdot P_{th}$ MIH_Link_Event_Rollback is generated.
To establish a second tunnel between the mobile router (MR) and the home agent (HA), multiple care-of-addresses (MCoA) is used [28]; we modify the binding cache structure of the HA (Table 3) to accommodate multiple binding registrations at the HA. The second established tunnel remains in status “standby” until it is switched to active mode when a Tunnel_Switch_Request message is received from the MR and validated by the HA.
Table 3. Home Agent Binding Cache
| HoA | BID | CoA | Tunnel Status | Expire Time |
|-------|------|--------|---------------|-------------|
| HoA1 | BID1 | CoA1 | active | - |
| HoA1 | BID2 | CoA2 | standby | - |
Note that new available paths (links or tunnels) for the MR are stored at the HPD level also in a cache called *AlternativePathCache* (Table 4).
Then if a Link_Switch_Imminent event is generated by IF-1, the HPD scans the *AlternativePathCache* to look for an available alternative path. Depending on “Handoff Type” field in *AlternativePathCache*, the HPD will request only link switching (MIH_Link_Switch) or both link switching and tunnel switching (request to NEMO).
Table 4. Mobile Router Alternative Paths Cache
| Link ID | IF | Handoff Type | CoA | Status | Expire Time |
|---------|------|------------------|--------|--------|-------------|
| Link # | IF2 | Horizontal/Vertical | CoA2 | ready | - |
To allow NEMO to perform tunnel switching, we define two new NEMO signaling messages with MH Type = 9 (Tunnel_Switch_Request message, see Figure 14) and MH Type = 10 (Tunnel_Switch_Replay message, see Figure 15) in the Mobility Header of NEMO protocol [2].
Figure 14. Packet Format of Tunnel_Switch_Request message
| Payload Proto | Header Len | MH Type = 9 | Reserved |
|---------------|------------|-------------|----------|
| Checksum | Sequence ID | Time | |
| HoA | | | |
| BID1 of active tunnel | BID2 of target tunnel | | |
| IPv6 care-of address (CoA) of active tunnel | | | |
| IPv6 care-of address (CoA) of target tunnel | | | |
| options | | | |
Figure 15. Packet Format of Tunnel_Switch_Replay message
After a period time twice the time $T_{LGD}$ from the time a Link_Going_Down event is generated, if neither a Link_Switch_Imminent event nor a Link_Down event is generated, the IF-2 is
disconnected, the alternative path is deleted from *AlternativePathCache* and the tunnel is removed from the binding cache at the HA level.
In any case, if a Link_Down event is generated, the HPD takes the decision to switch to an alternative path if available, otherwise to Handoff to an alternative link if available, otherwise to scan for new access networks.
6. Simulation Results
The scenario illustrated in Figure 16 was simulated using the NS-2 simulator together with the NIST mobile package to verify and evaluate the extended NEMO model described previously. The network topology is constituted of six nodes using hierarchical addressing, a router (0.0.0), two access routers: the base station 802.11 AR1 (1.0.0) with coverage of 100 m and the base station 802.16 AR1 (2.0.0) with coverage of 1000 m, the mobile router MR (4.1.0) moving at speed 90 Km/h from AR1 cell to AR2 cell, the Home Agent HA (4.0.0) and the correspondent node CN (3.0.0). Link characteristics namely the bandwidth and the delay are shown are also shown on the figure. Simulation time is set to 60 s. A Constant Bit Rate (CBR) traffic stream with a packet size of 768 bytes at 0.016 second intervals is sent from CN to MR. A shadowing model was used for the 802.11 radio link with $\sigma = 4$, $\beta = 3$, a transmit power of 14 dBm and a predefined threshold power $P_{th}$ equal to -75 dBm.
First, we investigate appropriate value for $\delta$ for accurate estimation of received signal power. $\delta$ will largely depend on the amount of signal variation $\sigma$. Figure 17 shows the possible signal strength variations for different $\delta$ values for a shadowing model with $\sigma = 4$. The variation swing can be seen to be quite large without any averaging applied, while a value of $\delta = 0.1$ stabilizes the estimation quite acceptably. It is important to obtain stability to reduce the probability of a ping pong effect. Note that when more averaging is applied ($\delta = 0.01$) the system becomes less responsive to rapid changes.
In Figures 18 and 19 we present the confidence level for link to go down within the specified time interval for respectively LGD and LSI triggers. For a given RSS, the confidence level increases for both LGD and LSI triggers when the corresponding threshold factor increases.
Figure 20. Impact of $\beta$ estimation error on $T_{LGD}$
Figure 21. Throughput of received CBR Traffic
We also determined the impact of estimation error on the parameter model $\beta$ on Setting LGD trigger Threshold. The results are shown in Figure 20 when the real path loss model involves a value of $\beta = 2, 3$ or $4$. We notice that positive (negative) error leads to increasing (decreasing) in Handoff anticipation time.
Figure 21 shows the throughput of the CBR traffic at the MR level for the scenario presented in Figure 16. The model was used without $\beta$ estimation error ($\Delta \beta = 0$) and a value of $\delta = 0.1$ for RSS estimation. The result is compared with MIPv6-NEMO (Handoff triggered by LD) and FMIPv6-NEMO (Handoff anticipation triggered by LGD with fixed $\alpha_{LGD} = 1.05$). The LD occurs at time 38.512 s. For FMIPv6-NEMO, the LGD event is triggered at 37.893 s. For our proposal, the LGD is triggered at 37.146 s and LSI is triggered at 38.396 s. While MIPv6-NEMO and FMIPv6-NEMO achieve both finite Handoff delay and finite packet loss, our proposal provides seamless connectivity with no Handoff latency and no packet loss.
7. CONCLUSIONS
In this paper, we have investigated the combination of multihoming and intelligent soft handoff to achieve seamless connectivity for real time and QoS-sensitive applications in the context of NEMO networks. We addressed the case of $(1,1,1)$ multihomed NEMO model with the assistance of IEEE 802.21MIH services. The proposed Handoff mechanism must be executed before the Link_Down event of the current link. For this purpose, we used LGD trigger (defined by required NEMO Handoff time) for Handoff preparation and LSI trigger (defined by required tunnel switching time) for Handoff anticipation. Our contributions are the design of a new MIH user (HPD: Handoff Policy Decision) for intelligent soft Handoff decisions based on information gathered from surrounding networks, the definition of new MIH service to provide LSI trigger and the extension of the NEMO BS protocol to support tunnel switching when MCoA registration is used. The tests we performed show that our solution makes it possible to achieve a really seamless handover when the suitable model and parameters are chosen. Our proposed Handoff approach is infrastructure independent and can provide both no packet loss and no Handoff delay as well.
REFERENCES
[1] V. Devarapalli, R. Wakikawa, A. Petrescu, and P. Thubert, (2005), “Network Mobility (NEMO) Basic Support Protocol,” Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), RFC-3963.
[2] D. Johnson, C. Perkins, and J. Arkko, (2004) “Mobility Support in IPv6,” Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), RFC-3775.
[3] H. Petander, E. Perera, K.C. Lan, A. Seneviratne, (2006). Measuring and improving the performance of network mobility management in ipv6 networks. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 24(9), pp 1671-1681.
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[6] Moore N, (2005). Optimistic duplicate address detection for ipv6. IETF draft.
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[8] Q.B Mussabbir, W. Yao, (2007). Optimized FMIPv6 using IEEE 802.21 MIH Services in Vehicular Networks. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology. Special Issue on Vehicular Communications Networks.
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[10] Z. Yan, H. Zhou and I. You, (2010). N-NEMO: A Comprehensive Network Mobility Solution in Proxy Mobile IPv6 Network. Journal of Wireless Mobile Networks, Ubiquitous Computing, and Dependable Applications, Vol. 1, No. 2/3, pp 52-70.
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[15] A. Mitra, B. Sardar and D. Saha, (2011). Efficient Management of Fast Handoff in Wireless Network Mobility (NEMO). Working paper series WPS No. 671.
[16] S. Pack, X. Shen, J. Mark and J. Pan, (2007). A comparative study of mobility management schemes for mobile hotspots. In Proceedings of IEEE WCNC, pp 3850–3854.
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[18] K. Zhu, D. Niyato, P. Wang, E. Hossain, and D. Kim, (2009). Mobility and Handoff Management in Vehicular Networks: A Survey. Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing, Wiley InterScience, pp 1-20.
[19] Y. Y. An, et.al. (2006), “Reduction of Handover Latency Using MIH Services in MIPv6”, in Proc. of the 20th International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications (AINA’06) – Vol.02, pp 229-234.
[20] R. Koodli, et al., (2008), “Mobile IPv6 Fast Handovers”, RFC 5268, Internet Engineering Task Force.
[21] M. Woo, H. Lee, Y. Han and S.Min, (2010). A Tunnel Compress Scheme for Multi-Tunneling in PMIPv6-based Nested NEMO. International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks (IJWMN) Vol.2, No.4, pp 60-69.
[22] Details for North American Internet Traffic Report. http://www.internettrafficreport.com/namerica.htm
[23] IEEE 802.21-2008, Media Independent Handover Services.
[24] S. Woon, N. Golmie, A. Sekercioglu (2006). Effective Link Triggers to Improve Handover Performance. Proceedings of 17th Annual IEEE Symposium on Personal, Indoor, and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC’06), Helsinki, Finland, pp 11-14.
[25] S. J. Yoo, D. Cypher, and N. Golmie, (2007), “LMS predictive link triggering for seamless handovers in heterogeneous wireless networks,” in Proc. MILCOM, Orlando, FL, Oct. 28–30, pp 1–7.
[26] Theodore S. Rappaport (2002). Wireless Communication: Principles and Practice. Personal Education International.
[27] C. Ng, E. Paik, T. Ernst, and M. Bagnulo, (2007), “Analysis of Multihoming in Network Mobility Support,” IETF, RFC 4980.
[28] R. Wakikawa, V. Devarapalli, G. Tsirsis and T. Ernst and K. Nagami, (2009), "Multiple Care-of Addresses Registration," IETF, RFC 5648.
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Campus Center Atrium Diagram
Event Title:
Date:
Time:
Attach this form to your Student Organization Lobby Table, Meeting Room & Event Request Form ONLY if you are requesting the Atrium space – your Request Form is incomplete without the requested set-up.
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Supplementary Figure 5. Violin plots of pooled time from shock onset to vitamin C protocol administration by group. The center lines indicate the median values, the box tops and bottoms indicate the interquartile ranges, error bars indicate the overall ranges, and the dots indicate outliers.
|
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DATA CORRECTION REQUEST FORM
Part I: Particulars of the Requestor making the Data Correction Request
Name:
NRIC / Passport Number:
Address:
Contact Number:
Email Address:
Part II: The Data Requested to be Corrected
This data correction request is made under Section 22 of the Personal Data Protection Act 2012.
Please provide us with the details of the personal data that you wish to correct and/ or previously omitted:
_____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________
___________________
Signature
Date
Please send this completed data correction request form together with a copy of your NRIC (front and back) / Passport to: ‐
By Email:
[email protected]
By Post:
The Data Protection Officer, Karen Lim AZ Investment Management Singapore Ltd. 9 Temasek Boulevard, #44-02, Suntec Tower 2 Singapore 038989
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2018-12-11T21:00:36Z
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RIVERSIDE CITY COUNCIL
Riverside Administrative Offices 5200 Springfield Street, Suite 100 Riverside, Ohio 45431
Wednesday, August 25, 2021 Special Business Meeting 3:45 P.M.
SPECIAL MEETING
1) CALL TO ORDER
2) PLEDGE OF ALLEGIANCE
3) ROLL CALL
4) EXCUSE ABSENT MEMBERS
5) ADDITIONS OR CORRECTIONS TO AGENDA
6) APPROVAL OF AGENDA
7) EXECUTIVE SESSION – PERSONNEL
A) Section 103.01 (4) Preparing for, conducting or reviewing negotiations or bargaining sessions with public employees and officials of the City concerning their compensation or other terms and conditions of their employment
8) RECONVENE
9) COUNCIL MEMBER COMMENTS
10) ADJOURNMENT
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straight lengths – CF150 - CF150 EASY ACCESS HEAVY DUTY
Loading graphs p. 71
1 :
No safety edge
All dimensions (mm) are nominal
24
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CODE INTERPRETATION REQUEST
INTERPRETATIONS (Building Code Advisory Board, House Bill 917, Section 5) - In the event of a dispute in the interpretation of the provisions of the model codes, or any amendments or revisions thereto, a building official, plans examiner, inspector, builder, contractor, owner, architect, or engineer may ask for an opinion from the Board’s Code Interpretation Committee.
The Code Interpretation Committee shall be comprised of each of the building official members of the board and will meet at their earliest convenience to make a recommendation. The request for interpretation must come by agreement of both parties to the dispute. A simple majority of the committee shall sustain an interpretation. Each building official member of the committee shall maintain a written record of the date and parties to the dispute. The interpretation shall not be binding upon the parties to the dispute.
DATE OF REQUEST: _______________ CURRENT CODE EDITION IN EFFECT: ___________
PLANS SUBMITTED: □ YES or □ NO
I. PARTY A. (Applicant to the Dispute or Request):
Name _______________________________________________________
Address ___________________________________________________
II. PARTY B. (Code Official to the Dispute of Request):
Jurisdiction Name & Address: ______________________________________
Building Official: ________________________________________________
Does Jurisdiction Have Local Amendment on this issue? (Y/N) ____________
(Must be supplied.)
III. CONSTRUCTION TYPE: OCCUPANCY CLASSIFICATION:
_____________________________________________________________
NO. OF STORIES/ BLDG HEIGHT: SPRINKLERED: NON SPRINKLERED:
_____________________________________________________________ ____________ ____________
FLOOR AREA MAX.: PROPOSED OR EXISTING:
_____________________________________________________________
IV. CODE SECTION REFERENCES AT ISSUE: (SUPPLY ANY LOCAL AMENDMENTS)
V. STATEMENT OR BACKGROUND CONCERNING THE INTERPRETATION REQUEST: (Add pages or lines as necessary)
VI. BCAB CODE COMMITTEE INTERPRETATION: (NON-BINDING INTERPRETATION)
(Add pages or lines as necessary.)
BY: ____________________________
BCAB Building Official Member
- The Building Code Advisory Board of Palm Beach County was created by a Special Act of the Florida Legislature, at the request of the building code and construction industries. The purpose of the Board is to advise the Board of County Commissioners and local governments concerning the adoption of building codes and their enforcement throughout the County. The Act also granted Palm Beach County special powers concerning building codes, in the interest of the public's health, safety and general welfare. The BCAB is authorized to issue non-binding building code interpretations.
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Trafficking of
Immune Cells
in Inflammation,
Development and
Disease
CRC 914
SFB 914 Seminar Series
www.sfb914.de
speaker Lydia Sorokin
University of Münster
The role of vascular basement membranes and matrix metalloproteinases in leukocyte infiltration into the brain
date Wednesday, June 5, 2013 at 5:15 p.m.
host Barbara Walzog
Location:
Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Lecture Hall F 1.08 ("Kleiner Hörsaal Physiologie") Pettenkoferstr. 14, 80336 Munich
|
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|
2019-09-16T04:33:10Z
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OIT Standards for System Logging
Table of Contents
1.0 Purpose
The purpose of these standards is to ensure that adequate system and application log file information is recorded, monitored and maintained for the ongoing support and maintenance of systems and applications as well as to comply with any applicable contractual or regulatory requirements related to data security.
2.0 Scope
These standards apply to security systems, network devices and computer servers administered by OIT.
3.0 Exceptions
Exceptions to these standards will be documented in accordance with the UA Security Policy Exception Reporting Process (Under Development).
4.0 Requirements
4.1 System Logging and Monitoring
The types of activities and events to be logged will be determined by the system and network administrators responsible for the maintenance of the systems and will be based on a variety of factors that include, but are not limited to, the type of system and/or classification level of the data that is stored, processed or transmitted. Appendix A outlines suggested items for logging.
System logs will be monitored on a regular basis. Log monitoring software should be used where possible.
4.2 Protection of Log Information
Access to system logs will be restricted to only those personnel with a work requirement to access them.
Logs should be saved to a central log server or media that is difficult to alter to protect them in the event of a system compromise.
Log files that contain sensitive information, as defined in the UA Minimum Data Security Standard (Under Development), should be secured in accordance with the controls established for that data.
4.3 Retention and Disposal of Log Information
Log files will be retained on line for 90 days. Backups of log files will be maintained in accordance with the Standardized Backup Procedures for UAF and Remote Campus
OIT Standards for System Logging
4.3 (continued) Retention and Disposal of Log Information
Locations.
Log files that contain sensitive information should be disposed of in a secure manner when no longer required.
5.0 Time Synchronization
The date and time of systems being monitored will be synchronized to ntp.alaska.edu.
6.0 Log Requirements Related to Sensitive Information
Additional logging and monitoring requirements may apply for systems that store, process or transmit sensitive data and will be based on applicable contractual or regulatory requirements that pertain to the data. These additional requirements may include:
Log integrity checking
Log alerting
Auditing for specific types of security events/activities
Other log retention requirements
Appendix A Suggested Items for Logging
A.1 Types of Events/Activities
User Account Activity
Successful and failed logins, including the location from which the logins or attempts originated
Successful and unsuccessful file access
Password changes
User Account Management
User account management activity including the addition and deletion of user accounts
Account lockout events such as invalid password, inactive session, login attempts outside of valid intervals, maximum concurrent session limit violations
Privileged Accounts
Use of administrative privileges
Administrative password resets
Application and Database Logs
Application logs for network services such as http and ssh
Changes to application configuration settings
Startup/stops of application processes
Abnormal application exits
Failed database connection attempts
System
Changes to system parameters such as maximum number of concurrent connections per user, password parameters
Changes to cryptographic keys
Attempts to modify critical registry keys
Failed integrity checks for application data, executables and audit logs
Changes in security attributes such as access-levels
OIT Standards for System Logging
Appendix A (continued) Suggested Items for Logging
A.2 Types of Information to Log about Events
A unique event ID and type
Time stamp of the event
Error message
Success or failure of event
Resources accessed
Application interface used by user
Origination of event (user id, IP address, other)
Identity or name of affected data, system component or resource
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Listing ID: 2559JRKM
Type of Business:
Medical Billing Company
Location:
Midwest
Broker Summary:
This medical billing company has been servicing its clients for more than 15 years. The core focus has been primarily practice management protocols and managing billing processes for various medical groups. Clients span across multiple states with a main office located in the Midwest. The company has stayed current with all industry updates and regulations. Certified coders are on staff as well to handle the insurance billing procedures. Owner to retire but remains open to training and additional consulting if necessary.
For more information please call Jared Ribley 314-497-1562 or Kam Moy 314-369-3294, or our office at 314-842-3802 and ask about ID# 2559JRKM.
Sales:
| | 2016 | 2015 |
|------------------------|------------|------------|
| Gross Sales | $1,388,096 | $1,045,418 |
| Seller Discretionary Earnings | $282,044 | $247,898 |
Operations & Staffing:
Hours of Operation: 8:00am - 4:30pm Monday - Friday
Owner's Hours: 40
Employees: Full Time, Part Time
Building:
Leased: 2960 sq. ft. $2,100 per month
Owner Training:
Yes
Inventory:
$0
Fixtures, Furniture & Equipment:
$0
Price: $1,059,884 plus inventory
THE INFORMATION HEREIN IS DEEMED RELIABLE BUT IS NOT GUARANTEED BY BROKER. BUSINESS IS OFFERED AS AN ASSET PURCHASE. IT WILL BE DELIVERED FREE AND CLEAR OF ALL DEBT. SELLER TO RETAIN RECEIVABLES. ALL OFFERS TO BE ON BROKER'S CONTRACT. CLOSING TO TAKE PLACE AT ESCROW AGENT'S OFFICE.
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Feminist Theory &
King Lear
Shakespeare's King Lear is a deeply sad tale of a king who gives up his power and slowly goes crazy. His two oldest daughters, Goneril and Regan, each receive half the kingdom from him, but it soon becomes apparent that half is not enough for either of them. Everybody in this play is out to get everybody else, and everybody has a hidden agenda. However, as the drama ensues, the audience realizes that the women, Goneril and Regan, are really controlling most of the events in the story. Contrary to the cultural standards of his time, Shakespeare portrays women as the "stronger" sex in King Lear.
Feminist Criticism is a type of literary theory that wishes to point out how different genders, races, classes, religions, etc. are portrayed in a piece of literature. Feminists critics mainly care about how women are written about, and how women write. They want to know why women's works are rarely included in the canon, which is the group of works that are read, written about, and reprinted most often. They also wish to point out how a work either undermines or perpetuates certain stereotypes about women or other groups. They question how women are portrayed, why they are portrayed as such, and what effect it has on the reader and society as a whole. If negatives stereotypes arise, they desire to change these stereotypes which is entirely possible since all stereotypes are constructed, the theory wishes to point out to us. In other words, because stereotypes are just made up ideas that society has about a particular group, it is possible to destroy these stereotypes. Ultimately, they wish to question gender, challenging easy definitions of man and woman, male and female. Gender is not just about biological
factors, but about how society assigns certain characteristics to men or women. In fact, since gender too is constructed, it can therefore be deconstructed. This is what feminist critics wish to do.
In Act 1, Scene 4, Goneril tells her father, King Lear, that he has to reduce the number of his knights that follow him around and stay at her house with him. She is clearly the head of the house in this scene, as Albany, her husband, is not even there at first, and when he does show up, he proclaims, "MY lord, I am guiltless, as I am ignorant / Of what hath moved you" (1.4.258-259). The reason he does not understand why Lear is upset when he shows up in the middle of Lear & Goneril's argument is because he does not keep track of what his wife is doing: he simply lets her manage the household in whatever way she sees fit. Later on in the scene, Lear, talking to Goneril, says, "I am ashamed / that thou hast power to shake my manhood thus" (1.4.295-296). What Lear is saying in this quote is that he is ashamed that Goneril has enough power over him to make him sad, upset, and irrational, which are all traits typically associated with women. Goneril, Lear's oldest daughter, has enough power in this scene to force Lear's knights out of her house and to make him very upset. The men in this scene, Lear and Albany, are belittled by Goneril. Her husband, who has no idea what is going on, is told to stay out of it, and her father is told, without any respect at all, that he needs to get rid of some of his knights. However, this demonstration of power by the supposed "weaker" sex is just the beginning of Goneril's plan. Later in the story she uses her power to achieve much more sinister goals.
In Act 3, Scene 7, Regan and her husband Cornwall have captured Gloucester and threaten to pluck out his eyes for being a traitor. One of their servants sees how wrong
this is, and he tries to protect Gloucester by fighting Cornwall. Regan clearly does not believe her husband can handle the fight, for she says to another servant, "Give me thy sword. - A peasant stand up thus?" (3.7.80). Then she runs up to the servant and pierces him in the back, instantly killing him. This is another example of how Lear's daughters take control of several situations in the play. In this case, Lear's middle daughter, Regan, demonstrates her violent nature, first by plucking poor Gloucester's eyes out, and then by killing her own servant. The fact that she kills the servant, instead of letting her husband handle the fight, shows the audience that she has no confidence in her husband or his ability to get things done. All of the attributes that Regan shows in this scene are typically ascribed to males. Shakespeare has turned the tables on his audience, showing them that women can be just as evil, violent, and power-hungry as men.
Another example of the power that these daughters have is in Act 4, Scene2, when Goneril tells Edmund that her husband is a coward, saying, "It is the cowish terror of his spirit / That dares not undertake" (4.2.11-I2). She also says that "I must change names at home, and give the distaff / Into my husband's hands" (4.2.16-17). In other words, she plans to take charge of her household, and wants her husband to play the housewife from now on. In reality, she has been in charge of the household during the whole play, but this is the first time that she admits it to anyone, and she is likely doing so because she wants Edmund to know how she feels about her husband, so that he will become her lover.
Towards the end of the play when Goneril and Regan's troops are at war with France, the two sisters become extremely jealous of each other. Each of them wants Edmund for herself and wants the other sister out of the picture so they can control
the entire kingdom. In Act 5, Scene 3, Regan says she is "Sick, oh, sick!" and Goneril, to herself, says, "If not, I'll ne'er trust medicine" (5.3.98-99). This clearly implies that Goneril intentionally poisoned Regan. She is so power-hungry that she is willing to kill her own sister to get control of the kingdom, even though that control may be taken away if the King of France wins the battle, which is currently ensuing. Again, Shakespeare sholvs his audience that these two sisters are the "stronger" sex in the play. They are willing to do absolutely anything for power and wealth.
Throughout the entire play, Lear's two daughters, Goneril and Regan, each display their overwhelming urge to take control of the kingdom. They exhibit many characteristics typically displayed by men in order to prove that they are in control of every situation. However, in the end, both of them end up dead. While Shakespeare was indeed trying to show his audience that women can achieve whatever men can, he was also trying to show them that the power that these women sought destroyed them in the end. If these women had acted as women traditionally do, instead of displaying "manly" characteristics, maybe things would have turned out better for them.
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NORTHERN BUR REED
Sparganium hyperboreum Buerling ex Laestad.
Plant Symbol = SPHY
Contributed by: USDA NRCS National Plant Data Center
Uses
Ethnobotanic..The Klamath Indians dug the tubers (possibly Sparganium angustifolium, S. erectum, and/or S. eurycarpum) produced in late autumn from the creeping rootstocks of some of the species of this genus, and use them as food (Steyermark 1963). An infusion of Sparanium erectum can be mixed with other plant leaves and used in the treatment of chills (Moerman 1998). A decoction of Sparganium stoloniferum root was used in the treatment of chest pains and abdominal pain (Yeung 1985).
Status
Please consult the PLANTS Web site and your State Department of Natural Resources for this plant's
Plant Guide
current status, such as, state noxious status and wetland indicator values.
Description
General: Bur-reed family (Sparaniaceae).
American bur-reed
Sparganium americanum(SPAM)
branched bur-reed
Sparganium androcladum(SPAN)
narrowleaf bur-reed
Sparganium angustifolium (SPAN2)
simplestem bur-reed
Sparganium erectum(SPER)
broadfruit bur-reed
Sparganium eurycarpum(SPEU)
floating bur-reed
Sparganium fluctuans(SPFL)
clustered bur-reed
Sparganium glomeratum(SPGL)
northern bur-reed
Sparganium hyperboreum(SPHY)
small bur-reed
Sparganium natans (SPNA)
These bur-reed species are native, herbaceous marsh or pond plants with rootstocks. The leaves are alternate, stiff and erect or limp and floating, linear, and internally septate (The Great Plains Flora Association 1986). The individual flowers are small and occur in separate male (staminate) or female (pistillate) globular clusters on the same plant. (Steyermark 1963).
Distribution: A genus of twenty or more Sparanium species is widely distributed in temperate and colder latitudes of the eastern and western hemispheres, and in eastern North America (Braun 1967). For current distribution, please consult the Plant profile page for this species on the PLANTS Web site.
Adaptation
This species grows best on wet ground in rich soil. It prefers full sun but can tolerate some shade. Sparanium species is mostly found in muddy or shallow water of swamps and ponds. For current distribution, please consult the Plant profile page for this species on the PLANTS Web site
Establishment
Propagation by Seed: Sparanium seeds should be sown as soon as they are ripe in the greenhouse. This species should be placed in pots standing in two to
Plant Materials <http://plant-materials.nrcs.usda.gov/> Plant Fact Sheet/Guide Coordination Page <http://plant-materials.nrcs.usda.gov/intranet/pfs.html> National Plant Data Center <http://npdc.usda.gov>
three centimeters of water. Place the seedlings into individual pots when they are large enough to handle and gradually increase the depth of water with plant growth. Plant Sparanium sp to their permanent positions in the summer.
Large divisions can be planted directly into their permanent positions. While allowing smaller potted divisions to grow in a cold frame until they are well established and ready for summer out-planting to their permanent location..
Management
Seeds of most aquatic plants should be sown as soon as they are ripe. The seeds lose viability quickly if it is allowed to dry out. If immediate sowing is inconvenient, store seeds in moist peat, or substitute in a plastic bag and keep frost-free (Heuser 1997).
Cultivars, Improved and Selected Materials (and area of origin)
Contact your local Natural Resources Conservation Service (formerly Soil Conservation Service) office for more information. Look in the phone book under "United States Government." The Natural Resources Conservation Service will be listed under the subheading "Department of Agriculture."
References
Braun, L.E. 1967. The monocotyledoneae from cat tails to orchids. The Ohio State University Press, Columbus, Ohio.
Gleason, H. A. & A. Cronquist 1993. Manual of vascular plants of northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. 2 nd ed. The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York.
Heuser, C. W. 1997. The complete book of plant propagation. The Taunton Press, Newtown, Connecticut.
Peck, M.E. 1961. A manual of the higher plants of Oregon. 2 nd ed. Oregon State University Press, Portland, Oregon.
Small, J.K. 1933. Manual of the southeastern flora. The University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
Steyermark, J. A. 1963. Flora of Missouri. The Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa.
Strausbaugh, P. D. & E. L. Core 1977. Flora of West Virginia. 2 nd ed. Seneca Books, Inc., Morgantown, West Virginia.
The Great Plains Flora Association 1986. Flora of the Great Plains. University Press of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas.
Yeung, H.C. 1985. Handbook of Chinese herbs and formulas. Institute of Chinese Medicine, Los Angeles, California.
Prepared By
Jammie Favorite formerly USDA, NRCS, National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
Species Coordinator
M. Kat Anderson
USDA, NRCS, National Plant Data Center, c/o Plant Sciences Dept., Davis, California
Edited: 19jun02 jsp; 03jun03 ahv; 060817 jsp
For more information about this and other plants, please contact your local NRCS field office or Conservation District, and visit the PLANTS Web site<http://plants.usda.gov> or the Plant Materials Program Web site <http://Plant-Materials.nrcs.usda.gov>
The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, and marital or family status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA's TARGET Center at 202-720-2600 (voice and TDD).
To file a complaint of discrimination write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room 326-W, Whitten Building, 14th and Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, DC 20250-9410 or call 202-720-5964 (voice or TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.
Read about Civil Rights at the Natural Resources Convervation Service.
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THE PENNSYLVANIA HOUSE OF
REPRESENTATIVES
SUMMER 2013 Spring 2022
REPRESENTING THE PAST Archives Exciting Acquisitions!
The House Archives has recently received several fun and unique donations from former House Members. These collections include a variety of photographs, scrapbooks, campaign items, recordings, memorabilia, and much more. These materials will be a valuable resource for researchers seeking to learn about both the legislative process and the Members who have served in the PA House. The Archives looks forward to incorporating many of these items in our future exhibits throughout the Capitol.
Papers of Roger Raymond Fischer, Washington County, 1967-1988
—donated by his wife, Catherine Fischer
Representative Fischer earned degrees in math and physics as well as a Doctor of Ministry. He served in the United States Air Force and the Pennsylvania Air National Guard. In addition to his House service, which he began at just 25 years of age, Fischer worked as an engineer and minister.
Pictured: Scrapbook including campaign materials, news clippings, and a 1968 letter from Richard Nixon; photograph; interview recordings
Acquisitions Continued ...
Papers of H. William DeWeese, Fayette, Greene, and Washington Counties, 1976-2012
H. William DeWeese earned a B.A. in history and served in the United States Marine Corps before his election to the PA House. In 1993, DeWeese was elected Speaker of the House. He also held other leadership positions including Majority Whip, Majority Floor Leader, and Minority Floor Leader. DeWeese is now a political consultant and registered lobbyist.
Pictured: Pages from scrapbooks highlighting DeWeese's time in the United States Marine Corps and his 1976 House campaign; a photograph from the House Floor; photo album from his swearing-in as Speaker
Papers of Ronald Raymond, Delaware County, 1985-2008
2
Ronald Raymond served as Mayor of Sharon Hill prior to his House service. During his time in the House he served as the Secretary of the Legislative Budget and Finance Committee from 1987 to 2008. He currently works as chief legislative officer, Versant Strategies.
Pictured: Photographs, campaign literature, and pins
Upcoming Diverse Members of the PA House Book Sneak Peek:
Representative Marshall L. Shepard, Sr.
Marshall L. Shepard, Sr., was born July 10, 1899, in Oxford, Granville County, North Carolina. He graduated from Pendle Hill High School in Wallingford, Pennsylvania. Shepard attended Winston-Salem Teachers College and graduated from Virginia Union University, earning an A.B. While attending Virginia Union University, he served as a private in the Student Army Training Corps. He also attended Temple University in Philadelphia. Shepard was married to Lucille, and they had two children: Marshall L. Jr. and Samuel.
Following his studies, Shepard worked as an assistant to Reverend Clayton Powell, Sr., at Abyssinian Baptist Church in New York City. He was later a minister at the Mount Olivet Baptist Church in Philadelphia, where he remained for 42 years. Shepard also served as an assistant secretary to the National Baptist Convention.
Shepard became active in local politics while also serving his congregation. He made national headlines when he became the first Black person to offer a prayer at the 1936 Democratic National Convention — which prompted South Carolina Senator Ellison Smith to walk out. Of the affair Shepard remarked, "Rather than being bitter about it…I feel sympathy and pity for him and pray to God that he may be emancipated from his prejudices" (Record-Argus, Greenville, PA, June 25, 1936).
Shepard was elected as a Democrat to the Pennsylvania House of Representatives in 1934. He was reelected in 1936 and 1940. While in office, Shepard secured appropriations for Lincoln University and was the prime sponsor of the legislation that led to Act 382 of 1935 which prohibited discrimination based on race, creed, or color in employment under contracts for public buildings and public works.
Following his time in the House, Shepard was elected the Recorder of Deeds for the City of Philadelphia, serving from 1951 to 1956. He was also elected to the Philadelphia City Council, and served from 1956 until his death in 1967. Shepard died February 21, 1967, in Philadelphia. He is interred at Plummer Cheatham Cemetery in Oxford, North Carolina.
Left: Headlines such as these were featured in newspapers across the nation following Shepard's historic prayer.
Source: The Richmond News Leader, Richmond, Virginia, June 25, 1936.
Attention! Former Members of the Pennsylvania Legislative Black Caucus:
If you have not received and/or completed the Diverse Members of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives Survey — please contact Jennifer Ott at [email protected] or call 717-783-3866 to receive a copy.
Your contribution to this upcoming publication is absolutely essential!
3
Archives
PRSRT STD
U.S. POSTAGE PAID
HARRISBURG, PA
PERMIT NO. 529
lpo.km.0422
Collaboration with Gettysburg College Special Collections and Archives
House Archives staff and interns had the opportunity to tour the Gettysburg College Special Collections and Archives. They showed us some of the highlights of their collections — including a German-language copy of the Declaration of Independence, which is one of only two known to exist. The visit also resulted in the donation of many early volumes of Pennsylvania Legislative Documents and House Journals which the college no longer had use for (right). These volumes need some extra care due to their age, but are an exciting addition to our library.
Restoring a Curled Panoramic Photograph
The House Archives recently received a panoramic photograph of a group on the front steps of the State Capitol. While we are not sure of the exact date or group, some details indicate a connection to a railroad fraternity or organization. The photograph had been stored rolled up and had become brittle over time. Flattening the photograph required specialized equipment and care. Gettysburg College Archives generously offered us the use of their humidification chamber, which allowed the photograph to slowly be revived.
Left: The rolled panoramic photograph in the chamber where water vapor slowly allowed the brittle photograph to uncurl.
Below: Photo following treatment.
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Time
First start 1100.
st
All flag signals accompanied by one sound signal If there are less than 2 boats in the junior/youth fleet start then they may start with the slow handicap.
Individual recall
X flag up with one extra sound signal. Lower flag when recalled boat has rounded either end of the line and re-crossed the start line or after two minutes (i.e. one minute before next start).
General recall
First substitute up with two extra sound signals.
If any fleet is recalled it moves to the back of the starting sequence.
During the race
Record each boat through the gate on each lap Plan the finishing procedure
Finish
Open the finish line as per the NCSC Sailing Instructions
Shorten Course if boats have not completed the number of laps displayed on the course board. Shorten the course for the fleet you wish to finish when the first boat passes the last mark before the finish by raising the shorten course flag and flag of the fleet you wish to finish with two sound signals.
Every boat which crosses the finish line is a finisher.
Give each finishing boat a short hoot on the horn.
Record the number of laps and the finishing time of each boat.
Black and White Average Lap Handicap Race Start and Finish Procedure
(Separate Start for Fast & Slow Fleets.
Note: results combined as one race)
Nottinghamshire County Sailing Club
Black & White Series - Pursuit Race Instructions
These procedures should be read in conjunction with the NCSC Sailing Instructions
Start
Junior boats (Mirror, Topper, Laser Pico, Laser 4.7, Cadet, RS Feva) are expected to use the Junior start. They may, at the Race Officer's discretion, take part in the Pursuit race but should in that instance start at time zero (0.0), with the Laser 4.7 class.
Start Procedure
All flag signals accompanied by one sound signal. Note: Race timer only starts at -9 so stop watch timing is required for first 3 minutes.
Every 30 seconds a short sound signal will be made and the number board changed every minute with a long sound signal.
During the race
Record each boat through the gate on each lap
Finish
Slow Handicap/Junior /Youth Race
After 40 to 45 minutes, finish the leading junior/youth boat. Record times for finishing boats to enable handicap positions to be calculated.
4
Either open the finish line by raising the Blue and Junior Numeral (6) flags on the committee boat with two sound signals. Every boat which crosses the finish line is a finisher. Give each finishing boat a short hoot on the horn.
Or finish the first boat between a mark and a safety boat displaying the Blue flag. Record the number of laps and the finishing time of each boat.
Pursuit
The pursuit race will be finished after 75 minutes have elapsed.
BOATS SHOULD NOT CHANGE POSITION AFTER THE 75 MINUTE SIGNAL HAS BEEN SOUNDED.
The finish line is a moving line. Anticipate where the leading boat will be at 75 minutes. Position a SAFETY BOAT displaying the Blue flag at that point. On exactly 75 minutes, give one long sound signal. The safety boat should then go from the lead boat back through the fleet as fast as it is possible to record the finishing order till the last boat has been reached.
Nottinghamshire County Sailing Club
Tuesday Evenings - Start and Finish Procedure
Race start times
19.00
Handicap Flag (H)
2 nd race
Back to back with first race. Approx. 15 minutes after last boat finishes
Start Procedure
Time Flag
-6 min Handicap Flag
UP
-3 min Preparatory Flag*
UP
-0 min Handicap and Prep'y Flag DOWN
All flag signals accompanied by one sound signal.
* - The 'P' Flag should generally be used. The 'I', 'Z' or 'Black' Flag may be used at the Race Officer's discretion.
Individual recall
If one or small number of craft OCS (on course side) - X flag up with one extra sound signal. Lower flag when recalled craft have correctly started, or after 2 minutes.
Generall recall
If too many craft to make registering sail numbers is practicable are OCS: First substitute flag up with two sound signals.
Lower general recall flag one minute before you are ready to start the sequence again.
During the race
Record each boat through the gate on each lap.
Course
Keep the course short, but try to include all points of sailing. Use the moveable marks A and X to create short legs.
Duration
20-30 minutes per race.
Finish
As per NCSC Sailing Instructions. Note: To Shorten Course raise the shorten course flag (S) and the Handicap flag with two sound signals when the first boat you want to finish is approaching the mark prior to the finish.
Every boat which crosses the finish line is a finisher. Give each finishing boat a short hoot on the horn.
Record the number of laps and the finishing time of each boat.
Time
THURSDAY evening - Starboard Trophy
Average Lap Handicap Race
19.00 Fast Handicap (All boats faster than Scorpion).
19.03 Slow Handicap (Scorpion and all boats slower).
19.06 Junior Fleet – Note: juniors have a separate start but their results are incorporated into the overall Slow fleet placings.
Start sequence
All flag signals accompanied by one sound signal
* - P Flag (behind the line) to be used generally. I Flag (round the ends), Z Flag (penalty application) or Black Flag (Disqualified) may be used at RO's discretion
Individual recall
X flag up with one extra sound signal. Lower flag when recalled boat has restarted correctly or after two minutes (ie one minute before next start).
General recall
First substitute up with two extra sound signals.
If the Fast fleet is subjected to a General Recall it will start after the Junior fleet
If the Slow fleet is subjected to a General recal it will start after the Junior fleet unless the Fast fleet has also been recalled in which case it will start after the fast fleet.
During the race
Record each boat through the gate on each lap, ideally noting order through the Gate on each lap.
Duration
Target: 60 minutes for lead boat in each Fleet, in order to allow PY system to produce optimally correct results. This is dependent on lighting conditions – recognising requirement to allow safe landing and boat pack up.
Finish procedure
As per NCSC SI's.
Shorten Course Procedure
If the boats have not completed the number of laps displayed on the course board, raise shorten course and the fleet flag or flags of the boats you wish to finish with two sound signals just before they reach the mark prior to the finish line.
Every boat which crosses the finish line is a finisher. Give each finishing boat a short hoot on the horn. Record the number of laps and the finishing time of each boat.
SATURDAY AFTERNOON SERIES
Competitions:
Stanier Trophy (Adults) Saturday Challenge Cup Junior Challenge Trophy Youth Challenge Trophy
General Description
Two races held back to back from April through to September (exact dates as in the Club Handbook). For details regarding eligibility for relevant trophies see note at end.
Each race has three starts;
First start - Experienced & Novice Adults. Second start - All juniors and youth sailors (under 19 yrs old on 31 st December). Third start – Windsurfers.
A medium size course should be set in the main section of the lake, using several marks not just a small triangle. This is to give a large enough course for adult experienced racers and for the juniors to gain experience sailing a proper course. However, the course should be short enough for the Race Officer to control the duration by shortening course at the completion of several laps, and preferably a minimum of 3 laps. If possible courses should be selected from the short course section of the Fixed Course Book.
Race times and notes
14.15 Adult handicap Start Flag (H)
Duration: Target - 45 minutes for leading boat in normal conditions.
14.18 Junior/Youth handicap Start
Flag (Numeral 6)
Duration: Target - 30 minutes for leading boat in normal conditions.
14.21 Windsurfers Start Flag (R)
Duration: Target - 30
minutes for leading board in normal conditions.
For all starts – boats or boards that are judged to require excessive time to complete further laps after the duration may be finished first. i.e. completing less laps.
At the discretion of the Race Officer, juniors and youth sailors may start in the first start.
The 2nd race start sequence should be initiated as soon as possible after the last boat or board has finished the 1st race.
Start and Finish Procedure
For additional details please refer to the general NCSC Sailing Instructions
Start Procedure
All flag signals accompanied by one sound signal.
* - Preparatory Flag: P Flag (behind the line) to be used generally. I Flag (round the ends), Z Flag (penalty application) or Black Flag (Disqualified) may be used at RO's discretion
During the race - Record each boat through the gate on each lap, ideally noting order through the Gate on each lap.
Finish Procedure
As NCSC SI's. Generally the designated number of laps on the course board will be greater than the number that will be completed in the race. In this case the Shortened Course procedure must be followed: Raise the Shorten Course flag (Flag S) and the flag of the fleet or fleets you wish to finish with two sound signals just before they reach the mark prior to the finish.
Every boat which crosses the finishing line is a finisher.
Give each finishing boat a short sound signal. Record the number of laps and the finishing time of each boat.
Trophies
There will be separate trophies awarded for experienced & novice adult helms although they all start together in the first start. After the series has been running 4 weeks the Sailing Committee will decide which helms they consider experienced and separate the entries accordingly. The Sailing Committee will review the entries regularly and update the two trophy lists.
The Juniors/Youths have three separate trophies:
Junior Challenge Trophy
, any junior under the age of 13 on the 31
st
December.
The Saturday Trophy for those 13 or over but under 15 on 31
December.
st
The Youth Challenge Trophy. For those over 15 but under 19 on 31 st December.
Please ensure Juniors/Youths include date of birth on the signing-on sheet.
Nottinghamshire County Sailing Club
Main Series - Class Racing Start and Finish Procedure
(NCSC SI's to be followed – this is for guidance only)
Starts1
st
Race: 11.00 2
nd
Race: not before 13.15
All flag signals accompanied by one sound signal
Individual recall
X flag up with one extra sound signal. Lower flag when recalled boat has correctly re-crossed the start line or after two minutes (ie one minute before next start).
General recall
First substitute up with two extra sound signals.
The recalled fleet starts after last fleet of sequence.
During the race
Record each boat through the gate on each lap Plan the finishing procedure.
Duration
60 - 75 minutes for RS400, Flying Fifteen & Menagerie classes
50 - 60 minutes for Scorpion, Laser & Solo classes
30 - 40 minutes for Junior & Windsurfer classes
FINISH PROCEEDURE - As NCSC Sailing Instructions
FINISH PROCEEDURE - Guidance
If the number of laps displayed on the course board have been completed. Finish each boat with a sound signal record their position and record elapsed time if in the Menagerie and Laser class fleets.
Shorten Course
If the fleet has not completed the number of laps indicated: As the first boat of each class reaches the mark prior to the finish, raise the shorten course flag (Flag S) along with the flag of the class or classes you wish to finish, accompanied by 2 sound signals.
Every boat which crosses the finish line is a finisher.
Record the number of laps and finishing times for LASER, Menagerie and Junior classes.
Sunday Main Series 3 rd Race Wadsworth Trophy
Start and Finish Procedure
Start - As soon as practicable after the second Class race. But, NOT before 1500.
1
st
Start
Handicap
2
nd
Start
Junior/Youth
3
rd
Start
Windsurfers
As NCSC SI's, there must be 2 boats or boards participating to initiate a start sequence. If necessary, Junior/Youth sailors may start with the Handicap fleet. (Junior/Youth is U19 as on 31 st Dec of year)
Course:- The course set should be suitable for Junior and inexperienced racers and therefore be uncomplicated and not overly long – target the slowest boat to require no more than 15 mins per lap. For the handicap to work the course should ideally contain a run approximately half the length of the beat.
Start Procedure
Individual recall –
As SI's: Use X flag up with one extra sound signal.
General recall -
First substitute up with two extra sound signals.If a fleet is recalled, it moves to the end of the starting sequences.
During the race
Record each boat through the Gate on each lap.
Duration– (target)
Handicap
45-50 minutes
Juniors
30-45 minutes
Windsurfers
30-45 minutes
Finish
As NCSC SI's. Use Shorten Course flag 'S' as necessary if the boats have not completed the number of laps on the course board. Flag S and the relevant class flag(s) should be raised as the first boat of the class reaches the mark prior to the finish, accompanied by 2 sounds of the horn.
Record finishing time and number of laps completed. Every boat which crosses the finish line is a finisher. Give each finishing boat a short hoot on the horn.
10
Oakleaf Handicap Race Instructions
Course:- For the handicap to work the course should contain a run approximately half the length of the beat and race duration as near to the recommendation as possible.
Start Procedure
All flag signals accompanied by one sound signal
Individual recall
X flag up with one extra sound signal. Lower flag when recalled boat has correctly re-crossed the start line or after two minutes (i.e. one minute before next start).
General recall
First substitute up with two extra sound signals.
If any fleet is recalled it moves to the back of the starting sequence.
During the race
Record each boat through the gate on each lap Plan the finishing procedure
Finish
Open the finish line as per the NCSC Sailing Instructions
Shorten Course. If boats have not completed the number of laps displayed on the course board the course can be shortened. The procedure is as follow for each fleet you wish to finish; When the first boat reaches the last mark before the finish, raise the shorten course flag (Flag S) and the respective Class flag with two sound signals. Repeat for each fleet as required.
Every boat which crosses the finish line is a finisher. Give each finishing boat a short hoot on the horn. Record the number of laps and the finishing time of each boat.
11
Nottinghamshire County Sailing Club
Frostbite - Pursuit Race Instructions
These procedures should be read in conjunction with the NCSC Sailing Instructions
Junior boats (Mirror, Topper, Laser Pico, Laser 4.7, Cadet, RS Feva) are expected to use the Junior start. They may, at the Race Officer's discretion, take part in the Pursuit race but should in that instance start at time zero (0.0), with the Laser 4.7 class.
Start Procedure
All flag signals accompanied by one sound signal. Note: Race timer only starts at -9 so stop watch timing is required for first 3 minutes.
Every 30 seconds a short sound signal will be made and the number board changed every minute with a long sound signal.
12
During the race
Record each boat through the gate on each lap
Finish
Slow Handicap/Junior /Youth Race
After 40 to 45 minutes, finish the leading junior/youth boat. Record times for finishing boats to enable handicap positions to be calculated.
13
14
Either open the finish line by raising the Blue and Junior Numeral (6) flags on the committee boat with two sound signals. Every boat which crosses the finish line is a finisher. Give each finishing boat a short hoot on the horn.
Or finish the first boat between a mark and a safety boat displaying the Blue flag.
Record the number of laps and the finishing time of each boat.
Pursuit
The pursuit race will be finished after 75 minutes have elapsed.
BOATS SHOULD NOT CHANGE POSITION AFTER THE 75 MINUTE SIGNAL HAS BEEN SOUNDED.
The finish line is a moving line. Anticipate where the leading boat will be at 75 minutes. Position a SAFETY BOAT displaying the Blue flag at that point. On exactly 75 minutes, give one long sound signal. The safety boat should then go from the lead boat back through the fleet as fast as it is possible to record the finishing order till the last boat has been reached.
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ANCHORAGE OFFICE 561 E 36 AVE, STE 120 ANCHORAGE AK 99503
ADDRESS/NAME CHANGE FORM
PREVIOUS CONTACT INFORMATION
NAME:
SSN-LAST 4:
ADDRESS:
CITY, STATE, ZIP CODE:
HOME#:
WORK#:
CELL#:
EMAIL:
NEW CONTACT INFORMATION
ADDRESS:
CITY, STATE, ZIP CODE:
HOME#:
WORK#:
CELL#:
EMAIL:
NAME CHANGE INFORMATION
NEW NAME:
REASON FOR CHANGE:
Provide original marriage certificate, divorce decree or court order that legally changes your name and your Leisnoi stock certificate(s). In the event you don’t have your original stock certificate(s), please complete the Affidavit of Lost Stock Certificate. All originals will be returned by certified mail. Without this information, name change cannot be completed.
SIGNATURE
DATE
If you have any questions, please contact our Anchorage office.
03/01/19
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Coimisiún na Scrúduithe Stáit State Examinations Commission
Junior Certificate Examination, 2012
Technical Graphics Ordinary Level Section A
(120 marks)
Monday, 18 June Morning 9:30 - 12:00
Instructions
(a) Answer any ten questions in the spaces provided. All questions carry equal marks.
(b) Construction lines must be clearly shown.
(c) All measurements are in millimetres.
(d) This booklet must be handed up at the end of the examination.
(e) Write your examination number in the box provided below and on all other pages used.
Examination Number:
Centre Number
| Question | Mark |
|---|---|
| Section A | |
| 1 | |
| 2 | |
| 3 | |
| 4 | |
| 5 | |
| 6 | |
| TOTAL | |
| GRADE | |
SECTION A. Answer any ten questions. All questions carry equal marks.
1
Shown is the incomplete elevation and incomplete end view of a writing desk.
Also shown is a 3D graphic of the desk.
Insert the missing lines in both the elevation and the end view.
2 In the space provided, make a freehand sketch of the wastepaper bin shown. Colour or shade the completed sketch.
7 The design of a sports trophy is shown.
Write down the area of the trophy in square centimetres - cm 2 .
1 square = 1 cm 2
Area of the trophy:
cm
2.
9 The figure shows a set of blocks.
Draw, in the space provided, an elevation of the blocks in the direction of the arrow.
11 List the CAD commands used to produce the figures A to B and B to C.
13 Fig.1 shows the design of a road sign based on a circle and a regular hexagon.
Complete Fig. 2 to show the design of the road sign.
Fig. 2
The figure shows an incomplete perspective drawing of a toaster. A small 3D graphic of the toaster is also shown. Complete the perspective drawing. 14
15 The diagram shows a barrier at the entrance to a car park.
Rotate the arm M in the direction of the arrow through 45º about the point P and complete the drawing of the arm in the rotated position.
Blank Page
Blank Page
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[
"eng_Latn",
"eng_Latn",
"eng_Latn",
"eng_Latn",
"eng_Latn",
"unknown",
"unknown"
] | false
|
rolmOCR
|
[
700,
1076,
1359,
1432,
1931,
1943,
1955
] |
Key messages
เราไดปรับลดประมาณการกําสุทธิป 2016 และ 2017 มา อยูที่ 5.1 พันลานบาททั้งสองป ซึ่งลดลง 3% และ 11 จาก ประมาณการเดิมเพื่อสะทอนถึงสัดสวนการถือหุนของ BCPG ที่ลดลงจาก 100% เหลือ 70% เราไดเพิ่มโครงการ solar farm ในญี่ปุนหกโครงการ (กําลังการผลิตรวม 123MW) เขาไวในประมาณการของเรา และขยับไปใช ราคาเปาหมายครึ่งป 2017 ที่ 37.00 บาท จากเดิม 36.00 บาท โดยใชวิธี SoTP อยางไรก็ตาม เรามองวายังมี upside อีก 1.30 บาท/หุน จากโครงการ solar farm อีกสี่ โครงการในญี่ปุน (42MW) ซึ่งเรายังไมไดรวมเขาไวใน การประเมินราคาเปาหมาย
Quarterly EPS
Share price chart
Source: SET
Kaweewit Thawilwithayanon 66.2658.8888 Ext. 8847 [email protected]
September 30, 2016
Bangchak Petroleum
(BCP.BK/BCP TB)*
ปลดล็อคมูลคาธุรกิจ solar farm
Event หุนของ BCPG Pcl. (BCPG.BK/BCPG TB) เปนบริษัทลูกของ BCP ที่ทําธุรกิจ solar farm เริ่มซื้อขายบน SET เมื่อวันพุธที่ผานมา โดยหลังจากขายหุน IPO ของบริษัทลูกแลว สัดสวนการถือหุนของ BCP ใน BCPG ก็ลดลงจาก 100% เหลือ 70%
Impact
เรามีมุมมองที่เปนบวกกับการที่ BCP นํา BCPG เขาจดทะเบียนใน SET เนื่องจากเราเชื่อวาตลาดจะให มูลคากับธุรกิจ solar farm อยางเหมาะสมจากเดิมที่ประเมินมูลคาต่ําเกินไป โดยใน 3Q16 BCP ได ใบอนุญาต solar farm ในญี่ปุนสองใบ ไดแก i.) โครงการญี่ปุน #15 กําลังการผลิต 20MW ภายใตระบบ FiT ที่อัตราคาไฟฟา ¥36 ตอหนวย และ ii.) โครงการญี่ปุน#16 กําลังการผลิต 10MW ภายใตระบบ FiT ที่ อัตราคาไฟฟา ¥32 ตอหนวย ซึ่งทั้งสองโครงการนี้ไดรับอนุญาตจากหนวยงานของทางการใหเชื่อมตอ กับระบบสายสงไฟฟาแลว และมีแผนจะเริ่ม COD ใน 3Q17 นอกจากนี้ โครงการญี่ปุน #5 (9MW) ภายใตระบบ FiT ที่อัตราคาไฟฟา ¥40 ตอหนวยก็จะเริ่ม COD ในเดือนกรกฎาคม 2016 ดังนั้น บริษัทจึงมี โครงการ solar farm ในญี่ปุนในมือทั้งหมด 16 โครงการ (กําลังการผลิตรวม 195MW) โดยมี 20MW ที่ เปดดําเนินการแลว, 14.5MW อยูระหวางการกอสราง และอีก 119MW ที่ไดรับอนุญาตใหเชื่อมตอกับ ระบบสายสงแลว และอีก 42MW กําลังรอใบอนุญาตเชื่อมระบบสายสงอยู
BCP นําบริษัทลูกที่ทําธุรกิจ solar farm เขาจดทะเบียนใน SET
ปรับลดประมาณการกําไรสุทธิป 2016/17F ลง 3%/11%
เราไดเพิ่มโครงการ solar farm ในญี่ปุนหกโครงการ (กําลังการผลิตรวม 123MW) เขาไวในประมาณการ ของเราไดแก โครงการญี่ปุน #7-#10 และโครงการญี่ปุน #15-#16 หลังจากที่โครงการเหลานี้ได ใบอนุญาตใหเชื่อมตอกับระบบสายสงไฟฟาใน 3Q16 ซึ่งแปลวาบริษัทไดกอสรางแนนอนแลว ใน ขณะเดียวกัน เรายังไมไดรวมโครงการ solar ที่เหลืออีกสี่โครงการ (กําลังการผลิตรวม 42MW) ไดแก โครงการญี่ปุน #11-#14 เขาไวในประมาณการของเรา แตอยางไรก็ตาม เราไดปรับลดประมาณการกํา สุทธิป 2016 และ 2017 มาอยูที่ 5.1 พันลานบาททั้งสองป ซึ่งลดลง 3% และ 11% จากประมาณการเดิม เพื่อสะทอนถึงสัดสวนการถือหุนของ BCPG ที่ลดลงจาก 100% เหลือ 70%
Valuation and action
เราประเมินผลกระทบจากการลดสัดสวนการถือหุนใน BCPG ลง และขยับไปใชราคาเปาหมายครึ่งป 2017 ที่ 37.00 บาท จากเดิม 36.00 บาท โดยใชวิธี SoTP – i.) ประเมินมูลคาธุรกิจโรงกลั่นและคาปลีก น้ํามันไวที่ 24.20 บาท โดยอิงจาก EV/EBITDA ที่ 6.5x และ ii.) ประเมินมูลคาธุรกิจ solar farm ไวที่ 12.70 บาท คํานวณโดยวิธี DCF ทั้งนี้ เรายังคงแนะนําใหซื้อ BCP เนื่องจากการนํา BCPG เขาตลาดชวย ปลดล็อคมูลคาธุรกิจ solar farm ของบริษัท แตอยางไรก็ตาม ราคาหุนอาจจะถูกกดดันโดยผล ประกอบการ 3Q16 เนื่องจากจะไมมีกําไรจากสต็อกน้ํามันเหมือนเมื่อ 2Q16 ซึ่งมีกําไรสวนนี้สูงถึง 900 ลานบาท
Risks ความล าช าในการก อสร างโครงการ solar farm และความผ นผวนของราคาน าม นและ GRM
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Key financials and valuations
1
September 30, 2016
Figure 1: Change in key assumptions
| Our assumptions | 2016F Previous Revised Change (%) | 2017F Previous Revised Change (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Revenue (Bt mn) | 146,373 146,373 0.0 | 171,340 171,519 0.1 |
| Minority Interest (Bt mn) Earnings (Bt mn) | 0 151 N/A 5,249 5,098 (2.9) | 0 659 N/A 5,726 5,106 (10.8) |
Source: Company data, KGI Research estimates
Figure 2: Four solar farms in Thailand with total capacity of 130MW – 118MW operational and 12MW under construction
| No. Solar farm | BCP's BCP's Contract equity portions | Location COD Revenue Status |
|---|---|---|
| 1 Thai #1 2 Thai #2 3 Thai #3 | 38 MW 70% 27 MW 32 MW 70% 22 MW 48 MW 70% 34 MW | Bang Pa-In, Ayutthaya 3Q12 Adder of Bt 8.0 Operation Ayutthaya and Chaiyaphum 2Q13 Adder of Bt 8.0 Operation Prachinburi and the Northeast 2Q14 Adder of Bt 8.0 Operation |
| 4 Solar Co-ops | 12 MW 70% 8 MW | N/A Dec 2016 FiT of Bt 5.66 Construction |
| Total local | 130 MW 91 MW | |
Source: Company data, KGI Research
Figure 3: Sixteen solar farms in Japan with total capacity of 195MW – 20MW operational, 14.5MW under construction, 119MW grid-connection approvals, and 42MW awaiting grid-connection licenses from local authorities
Total Japan
| No. Solar farm | BCP's BCP's Contract equity portions | Location COD Revenue Status |
|---|---|---|
| 1 Japan #1 2 Japan #2 3 Japan #3 4 Japan #4 5 Japan #5 | 0.7 MW 70% 0.5 MW 1.0 MW 70% 0.7 MW 0.9 MW 70% 0.6 MW 8.1 MW 70% 5.7 MW 9.0 MW 70% 6.3 MW | Kagoshima, Japan Aug 2014 FiT of Yen 40 Operation Kumamoto, Japan Feb 2015 FiT of Yen 40 Operation Miyazaki, Japan Feb 2015 FiT of Yen 40 Operation Kagoshima, Japan Aug 2015 FiT of Yen 40 Operation Akita, Japan Jul 2016 FiT of Yen 40 Operation |
| 6 Japan #6 7 Japan #7 8 Japan #8 9 Japan #9 10 Japan #10 11 Japan #15 12 Japan #16 | 10.5 MW 70% 7.4 MW 20 MW 70% 14 MW 44 MW 70% 30.5 MW 4.0 MW 70% 2.8 MW 25 MW 70% 17.5 MW 20 MW 70% 14 MW 10 MW 70% 7 MW | Okayama, Japan 1Q17 FiT of Yen 36 Construction Fukushima, Japan 4Q17 FiT of Yen 36 Signed grid license Shimane, Japan 2Q18 FiT of Yen 36 Signed grid license Shizuoka, Japan 1Q17 FiT of Yen 32 Construction Nakano, Japan 3Q18 FiT of Yen 36 Signed grid license Shiba, Japan 3Q17 FiT of Yen 36 Signed grid license Shiba, Japan 3Q17 FiT of Yen 32 Signed grid license |
| Total | 153 MW 107 MW | |
| 11 Japan #11 12 Japan #12 13 Japan #13 14 Japan #14 | 24 MW 70% 17 MW 3.5 MW 70% 2.5 MW 8.0 MW 70% 5.6 MW 6.0 MW 70% 4.2 MW | Kagoshima, Japan 3Q17 FiT of Yen 36 Waiting license Kagoshima, Japan 2Q17 FiT of Yen 36 Waiting license Oita, Japan 3Q17 FiT of Yen 36 Waiting license Kagoshima, Japan 3Q17 FiT of Yen 36 Waiting license |
42 MW
29 MW
Source: Company data, KGI Research
Figure 4: Valuation of refinery and retail oil marketing businesses based on EV/EBITDA
| EV/EBITDA (x) | 59/60 EBITDA | Target Price (Bt) |
|---|---|---|
| 5.5 6 | 9,366 9,366 | 17.4 20.8 |
| 6.5 | 9,366 | 24.2 |
| 7 | 9,366 | 27.6 |
Source: Company data, KGI Research estimates
2
September 30, 2016
Figure 5: Valuation of existing and upcoming solar farms based on DCF
| Project | PPA Capacity BCP's Capacity | Target Price (Bt) |
|---|---|---|
| Thai #1 Thai #2 Thai #3 | 38 MW 27 MW 32 MW 22 MW 48 MW 34 MW | 1.7 2.2 3.7 |
| Solar Co-op | 12 MW 8 MW | 0.3 |
| Japan #1-4 Japan #5 | 11 MW 7.5 MW 9 MW 6 MW | 0.4 0.4 |
| Japan #6 Japan #7 Japan #8 Japan #9 Japan #10 Japan #15 Japan #16 | 10.5 MW 7 MW 20 MW 14 MW 43.5 MW 30.5 MW 4.0 MW 3 MW 25 MW 17.5 MW 20 MW 14 MW 10 MW 7 MW | 0.4 0.6 1.2 0.1 0.8 0.6 0.2 |
| Total | 283 MW 198 MW | 12.7 |
Source: Company data, KGI Research estimates
Figure 6: Valuation of solar projects in future based on DCF (not included yet)
| Project | PPA Capacity BCP's Capacity | Target Price (Bt) |
|---|---|---|
| Japan #11 Japan #12 Japan #13 Japan #14 Total | 24 MW 17 MW 3.5 MW 2.5 MW 8 MW 6 MW 6 MW 4 MW 42 MW 29 MW | 0.8 0.1 0.3 0.2 1.3 |
Source: Company data, KGI Research estimates
3
Figure 7: Company profile
Bangchak Petroleum (BCP) is one of the Thailand's leading petroleum companies. It imports crude oil from the Middle East, the Far East and indigenous sources and refines it into products with a maximum crudeprocessing capacity of 120KBD. The company also operates more than 1,000 service stations under the trademark and has expanded its business to solar power with operating capacity of 118MW in Thailand and 11MW in Japan.
Source: Company data, KGI Research
Source: Company data, KGI Research
Source: Company data, KGI Research
Source: KGI Research
September 30, 2016
Figure 8: Revenue
Source: Company data, KGI Research
Source: Company data, KGI Research
Source: Company data, KGI Research
Source: KGI Research
Quarterly Income Statement
| (Bt mn) Mar-14A Jun-14A Sep-14A Dec-14A | Mar-15A Jun-15A Sep-15A Dec-15A |
|---|---|
| Income Statement (Bt mn) Revenue 49,657 40,776 46,835 45,749 Cost of Goods Sold (47,035) (38,791) (45,526) (47,120) Gross Profit 2,621 1,985 1,308 (1,371) Operating Expenses (954) (959) (1,005) (1,562) Other incomes 0 0 0 0 Operating Profit 1,668 1,026 303 (2,933) Depreciation of fixed assets 678 647 847 1,142 Operating EBITDA 2,345 1,673 1,150 (1,792) Non-Operating Income 179 706 283 528 Interest Income 0 0 0 0 Other Non-op Income 179 706 283 528 Non-Operating Expenses (264) (369) (392) (403) Interest Expenses (264) (369) (392) (403) Other Non-op Expenses 0 0 0 0 Net Investment Income/(Loss) 10 (6) (10) 10 Pre-tax Profit 1,594 1,357 185 (2,798) Current Taxation (310) (178) 38 1,140 Minorities 24 9 27 (127) Extraordinary items 303 87 183 (972) Net Profit 1,562 1,258 378 (2,502) EPS (Bt) 1.13 0.91 0.27 (1.82) | 39,445 41,357 35,203 35,136 (37,082) (36,390) (33,118) (33,097) 2,363 4,967 2,085 2,039 (1,057) (1,314) (1,133) (1,672) 0 0 0 0 1,307 3,653 952 367 1,052 1,233 1,205 1,219 2,359 4,885 2,157 1,586 104 186 201 99 0 0 0 0 104 186 201 99 (547) (401) (396) (724) (411) (401) (391) (412) (136) 0 (5) (312) 12 (1) (2) 4 875 3,437 755 (254) (91) (594) (6) 17 19 15 (9) (79) 272 (34) (327) 46 1,037 2,794 432 (112) 0.75 2.03 0.31 (0.08) |
| Margins Gross profit margin 5 .3 4.9 2 .8 ( 3.0) Operating EBIT margin 3.4 2.5 0 .6 ( 6.4) Operating EBITDA margin 4 .7 4.1 2 .5 ( 3.9) Net profit margin 3.1 3.1 0 .8 ( 5.5) | 6.0 1 2.0 5.9 5.8 3.3 8 .8 2 .7 1.0 6.0 1 1.8 6.1 4.5 2.6 6 .8 1 .2 (0.3) |
| Growth Revenue growth 5.0 (9.6) 1 .7 ( 4.8) Operating EBIT growth (18.8) 3,065.2 ( 81.2) (377.5) Operating EBITDA growth ( 14.6) 136.1 ( 50.1) (201.3) Net profit growth ( 28.9) 209.2 ( 72.2) (462.6) | (20.6) 1 .4 (24.8) ( 23.2) ( 21.6) 256.1 2 14.1 (112.5) 0 .6 192.0 8 7.5 (188.5) ( 33.6) 122.1 1 4.2 ( 95.5) |
Source: Company data, KGI Research
September 30, 2016
5
Balance Sheet
Source: KGI Research
Source: KGI Research
Profit & Loss
Source: KGI Research
Cash Flow
Source: KGI Research
Source: KGI Research
6
September 30, 2016
Bangchak Petroleum - Recommendation & target price history
Source: KGI Research
KGI Locations
KGI's Ratings
Disclaimer
KGI Securities (Thailand) Plc. ("The Company") disclaims all warranties with regards to all information contained herein. In no event shall the Company be liable for any direct, indirect or any damages whatsoever resulting from loss of income or profits, arising by utilization and reliance on the information herein. All information hereunder does not constitute a solicitation to buy or sell any securities but constitutes our sole judgment as of this date and are subject to change without notice.
September 30, 2016
7
รายงานผลสํารวจการกํากับดแลกิจการบริษัทจดทะเบียน (CG Report)
บริ
ษ ทท ี่ ได คะแนนอย ู่ ในระด บ "ด เล ศ ( Excellent )"
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| ช่ือย่อ | ช่ือบริษัท | ช่ือย่อ | ช่ือบริษัท | ช่ือย่อ | ช่ือบริษัท |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EGCO KBANK KKP | บริษัท ผลิตไฟฟ้า ธนาคารกสิกรไทย ธนาคารเกียรตินาคิน | KTB RATCH SCB | ธนาคารกรุงไทย บริษัท ผลิตไฟฟ้าราชบรุีโฮลดิง้ ธนาคารไทยพาณิชย์ | TISCO | บริษัท ทิสโก้ไฟแนนเชียลกรุ๊ป |
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บริษัทที่ได้คะแนนอยู่ในระดบ "ด
มาก ( Very Good )"
| ช่ือย่อ | ช่ือบริษัท | ช่ือย่อ | ช่ือบริษัท | ช่ือย่อ |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ADVANC AOT AP BBL BH BIGC CK CPALL CPN DRT | บริษัท แอดวานซ์ อินโฟร์ เซอร์วิส บริษัท ท่าอากาศยานไทย บริษัทเอเชี่ยนพร็อพเพอร์ตี ้ดีเวลลอปเม้นท์ ธนาคารกรุงเทพ บริษัท โรงพยาบาลบาํรุงราษฎร์ บริษัท บิ๊กซี ซูเปอร์เซ็นเตอร์ บริษัท ช.การชา่ง บริษัท ซีพี ออลล์ บริษัท เซ็นทรัลพฒั นา บริษัท กระเบือ้งหลงัคาตราเพชร | ERW GFPT IFEC LPN MINT PS QH ROBINS RS SAMART | บริษัท ดิ เอราวณั กรุ๊ป บริษัท จีเอฟพีที บริษัท อินเตอร์ ฟาร์อีสท์ วิศวการ บริษัท แอล.พี.เอ็น.ดีเวลลอปเมนท์ บริษัท ไมเนอร์ อินเตอร์เนชนั่ แนล บริษัท พฤกษา เรียลเอสเตท บริษัท ควอลิตีเ้ฮ้าส์ บริษัท ห้างสรรพสินค้าโรบินสนั บริษัท อาร์เอส บริษัท สามารถคอร์ปอเรชนั่ | SCC SPALI STEC SVI TASCO TCAP TMB TRUE |
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บร ษ ทท ี่ ได คะแนนอย ู่ ในระด บ "ด ( Good )"
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| ช่ือย่อ | ช่ือบริษัท | ช่ือย่อ | ช่ือบริษัท | ช่ือย่อ |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CENTEL DCC GL GLOW | บริษัท โรงแรมเซ็นทรัลพลาซา บริษัท ไดนาสตีเ้ซรามิค บริษัท กรุ๊ปลีส บริษัท โกลว์ พลงังาน | HMPRO ILINK KTC MAJOR | บริษัท โฮม โปรดกัส์ เซ็นเตอร์ บริษัท อินเตอร์ลิง้ค์ คอมมิวนิเคชนั่ บริษัท บตัรกรุงไทย บริษัท เมเจอร์ ซีนีเพล็กซ์ กรุ้ป | MAKRO MODERN TRT TVO |
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บร ษ ทท ี่ ไม ปรากฏช ื่ อในรายงาน CGR
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| ช่ือย่อ | ช่ือบริษัท | ช่ือย่อ | ช่ือบริษัท | ช่ือย่อ | ช่ือบริษัท |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AAV ANAN BA BCH BDMS BEM BJCHI CBG | บริษัท เอเชีย เอวิเอชนั่ บริษัท อนนัดา ดีเวลลอปเม้นท์ จํากดั บริษัท การบินกรุงเทพ จํากดั บริษัท บางกอก เชน ฮอสปิทอล จํากดั บริษัท กรุงเทพดสุิตเวชการ จํากดั บริษัท ทางด่วนและรถไฟฟ้ากรุงเทพ จํากดั บริษัท บีเจซี เฮฟวี่ อินดสัทรี จํากดั บริษัท คาราบาวกรุ๊ป จํากดั | CHG CKP DTAC GLOBAL GPSC GUNKUL LPH MTLS | บริษัท โรงพยาบาลจฬุ ารัตน์ จํากดั บริษัท ซีเค พาวเวอร์ จํากดั บริษัท โทเทิ่ล แอ็คเซ็ส คอมมนูิเคชนั่ บริษัท สยามโกลบอลเฮ้าส์ บริษัท โกลบอล เพาเวอร์ ซินเนอร์ยี่ จํากดั บริษัท กนั กลุเอ็นจิเนียริ่ง บริษัท โรงพยาบาล ลาดพร้าว จํากดั บริษัท เมืองไทย ลิสซิ่ง จํากดั | NOK PACE SAWAD TMT TPCH WHA WORK | บริษัท สายการบินนกแอร์ จํากดั บริษัท เพซ ดีเวลลอปเมนท์ คอร์ปอเรชนั่ บริษัท ศรีสวสัดิ์ พาวเวอร์ 1979 จํากดั บริษัท ค้าเหล็กไทย บริษัท ทีพีซี เพาเวอร์โฮลดิง้ จํากดั บริษัท ดบั บลิวเอชเอ คอร์ปอเรชนั่ จํากดั บริษัท เวิร์คพอยท์ เอ็นเทอร์เทนเมนท์ |
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ที่มา: www.thai-iod.com
Disclaimer : การเปิดเผยผลการสารวจของสมาคมส่งเสริมสถาบันกรรมการบริษัทไทย (IOD) ในเรื่องการกากับดูแลกิจการ (Corporate Governance) นี้ เป็นการดาเนินการตามนโยบายของสานักงานคณะกรรมการกากับหลักทรัพย์และตลาด หลักทรัพย์ โดยการสารวจของ IOD เป็นการสารวจและประเมินจากข้อมูลของบริษัทจดทะเบียนในตลาดหลักทรัพย์แห่งประเทศไทย และตลาดหลักทรัพย์ เอ็มเอไอ (MAI) ที่มีการเปิดเผยต่อสาธารณะ และเป็นข้อมูลที่ผู้ลงทุนทั่วไปสามารถ เข้าถึงได้ ดังนั้น ผลสารวจดังกล่าวจึงเป็นการนาเสนอในมุมมองของบุคคลภายนอก โดยไม่ได้เป็นการประเมินการปฏิบัติ และมิได้มีการใช้ข้อมูลภายในเพื่อการประเมิน ผลสารวจดังกล่าวเป็นผลการสารวจ ณ วันที่ปรากฏในรายงานการกากับ ดูแลกิจการของบริษัทจดทะเบียนไทยเท่านั้น ดังนั้น ผลการสารวจจึงอาจเปลี่ยนแปลงได้ภายหลังวันดังกล่าว หรือเมื่อข้อมูลที่เกี่ยวข้องมีการเปลี่ยนแปลง ทั้งนี้ บริษัทหลักทรัพย์ เคจีไอ (ประเทศไทย) จํากัด (มหาชน) มิได้ยืนยัน ตรวจสอบ หรือ รับรองถึงความถูกต้องครบถ้วนของผลการสารวจดังกล่าวแต่อย่างใด
รายงานผลการประเมิณโครงการประเมินการพัฒนาการต่อต้านการทจริต (Anti-corruption Progress Indicator)
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ระด บ 5: ขยายผลส ู่ ผ ู้ ท ี่ เก ี่ ยวข อง (Extended)
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| ช่ือย่อ | ช่ือบริษัท | ช่ือย่อ | ช่ือบริษัท | ช่ือย่อ | ช่ือบริษัท |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CPN | บริษัท เซ็นทรัลพฒั นา | SCC | บริษัท ปนู ซิเมนต์ไทย จํากดั | | |
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ระด บ 4: ได ร บการร บรอง (Certified)
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| ช่ือย่อ | ช่ือบริษัท | ช่ือย่อ | ช่ือบริษัท | ช่ือย่อ |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ADVANC BBL DCC DRT EGCO ERW | บริษัท แอดวานซ์ อินโฟร์ เซอร์วิส ธนาคารกรุงเทพ บริษัท ไดนาสตีเ้ซรามิค บริษัท กระเบือ้งหลงัคาตราเพชร บริษัท ผลิตไฟฟ้า บริษัท ดิ เอราวณั กรุ๊ป | IFEC KBANK KKP KTB MINT SCB | บริษัท อินเตอร์ ฟาร์อีสท์ วิศวการ ธนาคารกสิกรไทย ธนาคารเกียรตินาคิน ธนาคารกรุงไทย บริษัท ไมเนอร์ อินเตอร์เนชนั่ แนล ธนาคารไทยพาณิชย์ | SVI TCAP TISCO TMB |
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ระด บ 3: ม มาตรการป องก น (Established)
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ระด บ 2: ประกาศเจตนารมณ (Declared)
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| ช่ือย่อ | ช่ือบริษัท | ช่ือย่อ | ช่ือบริษัท | ช่ือย่อ |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AOT BH GLOBAL | บริษัท ท่าอากาศยานไทย บริษัท โรงพยาบาลบาํรุงราษฎร์ บริษัท สยามโกลบอลเฮ้าส์ | GUNKUL ILINK MTLS | บริษัท กนั กลุเอ็นจิเนียริ่ง บริษัท อินเตอร์ลิง้ค์ คอมมิวนิเคชนั่ บริษัท เมืองไทย ลิสซิ่ง จํากดั | QH TRT TVO |
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ระด บ 1: ม นโยบาย (Committed)
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| ช่ือย่อ | ช่ือบริษัท | ช่ือย่อ | ช่ือบริษัท | ช่ือย่อ |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CBG MAJOR | บริษัท คาราบาวกรุ๊ป จํากดั บริษัท เมเจอร์ ซีนีเพล็กซ์ กรุ้ป | RS | บริษัท อาร์เอส | SAWAD |
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ไม เป ดเผยหร อไม ม นโยบาย
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| ช่ือย่อ | ช่ือบริษัท | ช่ือย่อ | ช่ือบริษัท | ช่ือย่อ |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| BCH BEM | บริษัท บางกอก เชน ฮอสปิทอล จํากดั บริษัท ทางด่วนและรถไฟฟ้ากรุงเทพ จํากดั | CPALL LPH | บริษัท ซีพี ออลล์ บริษัท โรงพยาบาล ลาดพร้าว จํากดั | WORK |
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ที่มา: www.cgthailand.org
Disclaimer: การเปิดเผยผลการประเมินดัชนีชี้วัดความคืบหน้าการป้องกันการมีส่วนเกี่ยวข้องกับการทุจริตคอร์รัปชัน (Anti-Corruption Progress Indicators) ของบริษัทจดทะเบียนในตลาดหลักทรัพย์แห่งประเทศไทยที่จัดทาโดยสถาบันที่ เกี่ยวข้องซึ่งมีการเปิดเผยโดยสานักงานคณะกรรมการกากับหลักทรัพย์และตลาดหลักทรัพย์นี้ เป็นการดาเนินการตามนโยบายและตามแผนพัฒนาความยั่งยืนสาหรับบริษัทจดทะเบียน โดยผลการประเมินดังกล่าว สถาบันที่เกี่ยวข้องอาศัย ข้อมูลที่ได้รับจากบริษัทจดทะเบียนตามที่บริษัทจดทะเบียนได้ระบุในแบบแสดงข้อมูลเพื่อการประเมิน Anti-Corruption ซึ่งได้อ้างอิงข้อมูลมาจากแบบแสดงรายการข้อมูลประจาปี (แบบ 56-1) รายงานประจาปี (แบบ 56-2) หรือในเอกสารและ หรือรายงานอื่นที่เกี่ยวข้องของบริษัทจดทะเบียนนั้น แล้วแต่กรณี ดังนั้น ผลการประเมินดังกล่าวจึงเป็นการนาเสนอในมุมมองของสถาบันที่เกี่ยวข้องซึ่งเป็นบุคคลภายนอก โดยมิได้เป็นการประเมินการปฏิบัติของบริษัทจดทะเบียนในตลาด หลักทรัพย์แห่งประเทศไทย และมิได้ใช้ข้อมูลภายในเพื่อการประเมิน
เนื่องจากผลการประเมินดังกล่าวเป็นเพียงผลการประเมิน ณ วันที่ปรากฏในผลการประเมินเท่านั้น ดังนั้น ผลการประเมินจึงอาจเปลี่ยนแปลงได้ภายหลังวันดังกล่าว หรือเมื่อข้อมูลที่เกี่ยวข้องมีการเปลี่ยนแปลง ทั้งนี้ บริษัทหลักทรัพย์ เคจีไอ (ประเทศไทย) จํากัด (มหาชน) มิได้ยืนยัน ตรวจสอบ หรือรับรองความถูกต้องครบถ้วนของผลการประเมินดังกล่าวแต่อย่างใด
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Grade 5 Exam Paper 2013
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Cambridge Key English Test 5 Self Study Pack (Student's Book with answers and Audio CD) Apr 13 2021 The official papers in Cambridge Key English Test 5 provide candidates with an excellent opportunity to familiarise themselves with the content and format of the KET examination and to practise examination techniques. This pack contains everything the self-study student needs in order to prepare for the Key English Test (KET) exam. It features a Student's Book with a comprehensive section of answers and tapescripts plus an audio CD containing the listening material for the aural component of the test (Paper 2). Books are numbered to indicate how many are available in the series - numbers do not refer to levels. Ultimate Guide for FCI Assistant Grade - III Recruitment Exam Paper 1 & 2 Feb 21 2022 The book "Ultimate Guide for FCI Assistant Grade - III Recruitment Exam Paper 1 & 2" has been written exclusively for the vacancies of General, Depot, Technical and Accounts cadre. The Salient Features of the Book; Comprehensive Sections on : Quantitative Aptitude, General Intelligence - Verbal & Non Verbal, English Language and General Awareness; Exhaustive question bank at the end of each chapter. Solutions to the questions have been provided at the end of each chapter. The covers the complete syllabus of Paper 1 & 2. The Data Interpretation section has been provided for paper 2.
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Cambridge International AS & A Level Biology: Exam Success Guide Sep 18 2021 The Cambridge International AS & A Level Biology Exam Success Guide brings clarity and focus to exam preparation, with detailed and practical guidance on raising attainment. The guide helps students to recap content through easy-to-digest chunks, apply knowledge with targeted revision activities, review and reflect on work done and raise their grades with sample answers, examiner commentary and exam-style practice. The Cambridge International AS & A Level Biology Exam Success Guide is written by Richard Fosbery, an examiner, teacher and teacher trainer, and students can benefit from his expertise and experience in what they need to help them succeed in their exams. Other resources include a Student Book which offers a rigorous yet accessible approach for covering the whole syllabus and an Enhanced Online Student Book which provides extra digital hotspots including downloadable questions and additional activities. These are also available in a great-value Print & Enhanced Online Student Book Pack.
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Practical English Writing in Technical Communication Dec 30 2019 This book is the second in a series of two about developing proficiency in English business and technical communication. University students and teachers in courses such as Technical Communication, Advanced Business Communication, and Practical English Writing will find this book instrumental to improving their understanding of or instruction in written English communication skills. The book comprises six units: (1) Employment-Related Communication; (2) Summaries, (3) Definitions, Descriptions, Instructions, Guides, and Manuals; (4) Proposals; (5) Reports; (6) Tenders/ Advertisements, Brochures, Questionnaires, and Web Pages. Each unit is organized with three components: (A) Introduction (of text type), (B) Exemplars (with notes), and (C) Practice Tasks. The Practice Tasks are designed in three forms: (1) Fill-in-the-Blank, (2) Proofreading & Editing, and (3) Writing. Suggested answers/guides are appended, in addition to text type feedback forms. The total number of writing examples is 154.
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Chalk Curriculum - Unit Template Checklist
❏ Review terminology to understand options for your unit template Click here to review terminology
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Identify an initial unit template
Ideally you can use existing content from your institution. If you need a sample to start with use this one:
Click here for a sample unit that uses Understanding by Design
❏ Convert unit template into Chalk terminology and provide to Chalk This template will be used for all your curriculum maps within Chalk including all grade levels and subject areas
❏ Complete one full unit within Chalk using the unit template Be sure to involve key stakeholders in this process such as teachers that will be using the curriculum maps
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OR
B. Keep template: You’re now ready to start creating curriculum maps in Chalk!
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THET AS T I N G M E N U
*T R U S T U S – THE CHEF & SOMMELIER 5 course Tasting Menu with extra surprises, Focusing on the best in season local produce from our region € 68 per person
Wine pairings € 39 Premium wine s election € 55 Sommelier's cellar selection € 75
The Tasting Menu changes daily and is available for a maximum table size of 6 People, unless by prior arrangement. All guests at the table will have the Tasting Menu. Please do let us know about any dietary restrictions as these may preclude you from the menu.
TRUSTUS– THE SOMMELIER
Create a great, fun dining experience by placing your wine choice in our Sommelier's hands. We will choose 3 cracking glasses of wine To complement your dinner choice from the following à la carte menu for just € 24
SMALL PL A T E S
SUMMER CHERRY TOMATO * € 9.90 Wild Garlic Ricotta, Courgettes, Garden Fennel
HOMEMADE BLACK PUDDING €10.90
Dillisk BrinedEgg Yolk, Barbecued Cabbage, Bottarga
CARPACCIO OF SMOKED AGED BEEF FILLET * € 11.50 Summer Truffle Doughnuts, Egg Yolk, Radish
RAVIOLO OF ARAN GOATS CHEESE € 9.90 Hen's Yolk, Peas and Summer Truffle
ARAN ISLANDS BROWN CRAB * € 11.00 Kohlrabi, Apple, Oyster Cracker, Buttermilk
WILD RABBIT AND FOIE GRAS * €11.50
Rabbit Consommé, Nori, Roast Onion Petal
YOUNG SUMMER LEEKS & SCAPES * € 9.90 Shaved Kylemore Cheese & Leek Custard
Dishes with a * are/can be gluten free Please inform us of any dietary restrictions and we will be happy to oblige Allergen information available upon request
LARGEPLATES
SIGNATURE DISH OF HEREFORD PRIME DRY-AGED CÔTE DE BOEUF FOR TWO * € 68.00
Cashel Blue Béarnaise, Jus, Triple Cooked Dripping Chips
THORNHILL AGED DUCK BREAST * € 26.00
Garraí Glas Beetroot, Duck Jus
McGEOUGH'S AGED LAMB SADDLE * € 28.00
Loin, Sweetbread, Braised Belly, Lambcetta, Caramelised Onion
LOCAL CATCH OF THE DAY * (M.V.)
MC GEOUGH'S AGED SMOKED BEEF FILLET * € 31.00 Summer Truffle, Shallot and New Season Girolle
PAN-SEARED KILKEEL SCALLOPS * € 29.00 Yeasted Braised Potato, Leek, Smoked Black Pudding
SALT BAKED ONION * € 22.00
Leek Fondue, Kearney Blue, Toasted Sourdough, Brown Butter Shiitake
SIDES FROM OUR GROWERS * € 6
Organic Vegetables and Potatoes for 2 People Sharing Every Night, We Showcase The Best Organic Vegetables
SOLARISBOTA NI C A L T E A S
Based in Galway, Joerg and his team specialize in the blending and preparation of International Award winning Whole-Leaf Organic Teas. One of our Twelve apostles!
Flowering Tea
Flower Teas are the crowning of 5000 years of Chinese tea culture. Our Flower Teas are hand-picked and organically grown.
These premium white tea tender buds are Jasmine scented and hand sewn into flower buds with cotton thread by artisans in China. When steeped in hot water, the flower buds slowly blossom into breathtaking displays.
Unity: White Tea, Rose Bud, Jasmine Flower
All served in a 1.5 litre tea Pot € 9.80
Also available: A selection of Organic Solaris teabags € 2.60
NIGHTC AP S
ENJOY A GLASS OF DESSERT WINE
INDULGE IN A SPECIALITY COFFEE @ 6.90
Irish Coffee-Jamesons Irish Whiskey, Cream
Monte Cristo-Borghetti Coffee Liqueur, Grand Marnier, Cream
The Irish Italian Coffee- Sambucca, Baileys, Cream
Spanish Coffee-Bourghetti Coffee Liqueur, Cream
The Ladies Favourite-Baileys, Franjelico, Cream
The Pick Me Up- Sambucca, Baileys, On Ice
THE TROLLEY
We will wheel over to you an extensive selection of Liqueurs, Cognacs and of Course Scotch and Whiskeys
TH E F I N A L C O U R S E
CLEAN, HONEST, IRISH
Connemara Rhubarb*
Velvet Cloud Sheep Yoghurt, Sable, Woodruff
Cocao Atelier Chocolate & Hazelnut Tart
Chocolate Sorbet, Redcurrant
Late Summer Apple from the Orchard
Apple Butter, Treacle, Custard
The West Ice
Cream in
theWorld *
We will be happy to tell you this evening's s election
All Desserts € 8.50 Let Our Sommelier Match Your Dessert
With 3 Great Tastes of a Port and Dessert Wine Flight
€ 12 for 3 tasting shots
AFFOGATO € 6
Our Own Vanilla Ice Cream Topped with a Shot of Hot Espresso Add Baileys € 3
West Cheese Board
€10.50
Kearney Blue Cheese
A raw milk blue cheese which is creamy and smooth. An interesting take on an ancient blue cheese recipe, its traditionally made and hand-ladled to produce a rich, lingering flavour. County Down
Gabriel Flaherty's fresh goat's cheese is one to taste and definitely to watch. Expect many awards - You read it here first.
Aran Soft Goats Feta Cheese
Cáis Gabhair Árann, Oughill, Aran Islands, Co. Galway.
Made using age old artisanal methods, with a Swiss cheese 'harp' to cut the curd by hand in a traditional copper lined cheese vat. Deep flavour, natural rind washed cheese pasteurised. Durrus, Bantry, Co. Cork
Durrus FarmhouseCheese
Ballylisk, Triple Rose
Dean Wright 's pedigree herd produces some of the richest creamiest milk in the world. It is the key ingredient in the first of the Ballylisk of Armagh range - a decadent Triple Cream cheese called the Triple Rose. This single herd white mould cheese with extra cream is something special. It has a full flavour balanced with salty, lemony undertones. Portadown Co. Armagh
TRUE TO THE REGION, TRUE TO THE SEASON
Local seasonal foods are tastier, fresher and more nutritious.
Why? It's because the produce has been harvested in the last few days and has only travelled a short distance to market. This means less packaging, processing and refrigeration. All good for the environment - no flying in food from all corners of the planet - and for your health.
INSE AS O N T H I S M O N T H
Cabbage, Pea, Summer Truffle, Leek, Onion, Spinach, Beetroot, Strawberry, Lobster, Blackberry, Broad been, Pea
OUR SUPPLIERS – THE TWELVE APOSTLES
Meat
Poultry
Fishmonger
Shellfish
Fruit & Vegetables
Dry Goods
Dairy
James McGeough Butcher, Oughterard, Co. Galway
Thornhill Farm, Co. Cavan
Sustainable Seafood Ireland
Dooncastle Oyster, Aran Island Crab Meat
Beechlawn Organics, Galway, Bullaun ark Farm, Galway Garrai Ghlas Inverin, Galway
Pallas Foods, La Rousse Foods
Cuinneog, Co. Mayo Velvet Cloud, Aisling, Co Mayo
Food -Martin O' Donnell
Wine - Mathieu Teulier
F o
,,,
FergalGuiney & Fergus O'Halloran
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Review Article
Abangares, Guanacaste. mining production as an example of industrial archeology in Costa Rica
Abstract
Volume 7 Issue 2 - 2022
This article focuses on the investigative potential of the contexts associated with a case of gold extraction developed in Costa Rica by a transnational during the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The intensity with which the ore was extracted from the Abangares mountain range, as well as the state-of-the-art technology at the time, which is present in a large part of the mines called Tres Amigos and Tres Hermanos (La Sierra district); makes this place an optimal space for the development of anthropological, archaeological and historical research. However, to start we will focus on the evidence found on the property of the Ecomuseo de Las Minas de Abangares, an instance directed by the local government (municipality).
Several of the material remnants of this mining production are found "in situ" and with part of them the Ecomuseum of Las Minas de Abangares was created, which has a declaration of "Historic Architectural Monument" according to Law 7555 of Costa Rica. The foregoing constitutes one of the first declarations of an asset as industrial architectural heritage in the country (declared in 2001) and that offers possibilities for future research, conservation and dissemination in Costa Rica of these contexts.
Jeffrey Peytrequin Gomez, 1 Monica Aguilar Bonilla 2
1Doctor in Social Sciences, Archaeologist, Profesor and Researcher at the School of Anthropology of the University of Costa Rica, Costa Rica
2Magister Scientiae in Anthropology and Archeology, Professor and Researcher at the School of Anthropology of the University of Costa Rica, Costa Rica
Correspondence: Jeffrey Peytrequin Gomez, Doctor in Social Sciences, Archaeologist, Professor and Researcher at the School of Anthropology of the University of Costa Rica, Costa Rica, Tel (506) 84-696083, Email
Received: August 04, 2022 | Published: August 15, 2022
Keywords: Abangares, industrial archaeology, mining, gold, material culture
Introduction
In Abangares, province of Guanacaste in the Costa Rican North Pacific (see Figure 1), mining production has not only modified the mountains, but also the way in which people have settled and linked to the production process of gold extraction.
Prepared by: Marco Arce, 2015.
This place was occupied since pre-Columbian times, however, the objects that were then made of gold arrived via transaction and came mainly from the South Pacific (South of Costa Rica, Northwest of Panama) and were made from "river gold". The exploitation of this resource in the North of the country during the pre-Columbian period is not known, so the local sources of this metal were not exploited until the end of the 19th century.
In the 19th century, a migration of inhabitants from the Central Valley of Costa Rica originated towards this locality, here places such as San Ramón, Poás and Atenas (province of Alajuela) stand out.
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| http://medcraveonline.com
Between the years of 1880 and 1900 there were two important factors that attracted migratory currents to the area; precisely one of them was the opening of the industrial extraction of the Abangares mines and the other the bitter cedar forests, activities that required a large amount of labor to exploit them. 1,2
Historical context: During the 19th century and after independence, liberal governments sought to develop the vast territories outside the Central Valley (the most populated area at the time) and thus provided incentives for the "colonization of vacant land" (many of them were historical territories where indigenous populations could even continue to live and remote places whose access was limited due to the low investment and number of communication routes). The objective was for people to "open the way" and, at the same time, put the "idle" land into production, this focusing -mostly- on the agriculture of coffee, a monoculture that was exported through the port of Puntarenas in Costa Rica's Central Pacific. This general environment led to the granting of concessions to transnationals in order for them to carry out road, rail and port infrastructure works in the Caribbean; which facilitated the exit of the coffee that was exported to Europe and North America.
In this context, several concessions are offered in different parts of the country, some for the production of agriculture and livestock, among them to Germans in La Angostura (Central-Caribbean sector) or to Italians in San Vito (South Pacific), among others; as well as concessions for the construction of railway lines that would cross the country and, in this way, lower the cost of exporting coffee (since it could be sent through the Caribbean, province of Limón).
This is how foreign capital entered and in the 19th century -through several negotiations- the concession of land to Mynor Cooper Keith and companies linked to him in the Caribbean area (Central, South and North) and later in Abangares. (North Pacific), subsequently at the beginning of the 20th century also in the Central and South Pacific; Abangares being used by them for mining extraction, unlike the other places mentioned, where bananas have been produced for almost a century (and in some sectors still today). 1
It is necessary to clarify that during the colonial era in Costa Rica, mining extraction was not practiced, so the first incursions in this diligence were concentrated between 1821 and the 1840s, being the first mines (the Montes del Aguacate) discovered in a casual way. As Carolyne Hall (1972) points out: 3
Despite the frustrated efforts in the colonial period to discover any kind of precious minerals, it seems that immediately after Independence, it was mining and not agriculture that became the main resource of the new Republic, the exploitation of the Montes del Aguacate between San José and the Pacific coast and in which the English miners were the promoters and achieved greater benefits, despite the fact that they could only extract a few million pesos. (p.30)
However, it is known that said exploitation -in the Monte del Aguacate- was carried out with a rather precarious technology, which did not allow it to generate a large amount of resources; this unlike the one implemented for the hills in Abangares in later years.
It will be until the 1860s when there is greater interest in the development of mining activity in Costa Rica, due to the fact that some local businessmen invest capital. For example, in San Ramón de Alajuela "(…) 23 veins are reported to work various minerals such as silver, gold, coal and quicksilver. Also in Esparza, Puntarenas and Atenas, there were around 19 mining complaints [denuncios] from individuals who, in turn, carried out different economic activities". 2
Mining and transnational companies: In Abangares the history of gold exploitation began in 1884 when Juan Alvarado Acosta discovered a mine, which he sold in 1887 to the brothers Vicente, Paulino and Rafael Acosta; who baptized it as "Three Brothers". Two years later, this mine was sold to the Anglo American Exploration Development Company Limited, during the government of Rafael Iglesias, and later passed into the hands of Abangares Gold Fields; where Minor C. Keith was one of his main associates. 1,2,4
After obtaining the mine by said transnational mining exploration begins and new mines are created throughout the mountain range of the Sierra de Tilarán in Abangares territories. Exploitation techniques were imported that increased the productivity of gold processing. The application of cyanide, mercury and the spraying of gold-bearing material with complex machinery such as breakers or mallet boxes, filters, mills, air compressors, locomotives, lifts; determined the great development of the area (which is compared to the development that caused the gold rush in California) so much so that by the time of 1901, there was a commissariat (small market), hospital, shops, hotels, workshops, factory of ice, telegraph and an electrical substation. 4
This mining development, according to Castillo (2009) and Calvo (2011), 2,4 caused a significant flow of immigrants from different places, both within the country and throughout Central America. As an example: Italians who were brought as stonemasons to make the foundations of the Los Mazos Building (place where the gold was processed, (see Figure 2); Jamaicans, who had already carried out work with the transnationals in the construction of the railway and who served as foremen (in better working conditions than the others due to their command of the English language); Germans, English and North Americans who developed administrative and technical tasks. In the case of the Chinese, due to racist policies, they were unable to successfully enter the labor market, but they are the ones who are going to develop a strong services sector linked to commerce in the main population centers.
It is due to the above that for this location (politically denominates as "cantón") of Guanacaste, Abangares, most of the mining evidence is concentrated in the Sierra district, which derives from the mountain range that crosses the territory. The head of the "cantón" is called Las Juntas, whose name has a very particular etymology: "The old miners say that after payday they met in the nearest town to drink liquor and play poker and this activity was called 'Las Juntas '". 4
On the extractive practice of gold and related material culture: As already indicated, it was the transnationals who, at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th, dedicated themselves to building a large amount of infrastructure for the exploitation of minerals from the mountains, including: railway lines, the house (or building) of Los Mazos, the tunnels, the installation of electrical current (including inside the tunnels), the cellars for gunpowder, among other buildings. All of the above to facilitate the extraction of gold from the rocky matrix, also for this purpose they used cyanide; causing contamination in the area since the beginning of the mining activity. As time went by, various companies exploited the gold resource in the area until the 1990s, at which point they declared bankruptcy and left the country. 1,2
It is precisely the footprint of this industrial production that can be found distributed -even today- for several kilometers in the middle of various properties in the area. Although it is necessary to clarify that it is not complete, since some materials have been reused, for example, part of the Los Mazos building was transferred to Turrialba, in the province of Cartago (Antonio Castillo, historian, personal communication, 2013), and now constitutes sections of the infrastructure of a mill; as well as some rails of Abangares were used by the neighbors both in the structures of their houses and in gates, bridges, etc.
On the importance of scientific work with industrial evidence and the Las Minas de Abangares Ecomuseum: For many decades, the "canton" of Abangares was the most important mining enclave in Costa Rica, starting mining activities there around 1885 and culminating -exploitation by transnationals- until the 1990s. 1 In this area there was a development both in infrastructure, previously mentioned, and in trade and the services sector; this due to the influx of large numbers of immigrants from other regions of the country, as well as several foreigners. 4
Despite this, in Costa Rica most people are unaware that there is intensive mining production from the 19th century to the present, including - at the national level - few are aware of places of tourist visitation linked to said production, as it is the Ecomuseum of the Mines of Abangares; which was created in 1991 and is located precisely where the gold processing plant used to be. This museum seeks to rescue part of the buildings and the machinery that was used in the era of greatest development and mining exploitation.
1A clarification is made, the mining activity in Abangares continues in force these days, however; it is of an artisanal nature (not at an industrial level).
In total, the Ecomuseum has 38 hectares and belongs to the Municipality of Abangares. It offers an exhibition (in the open air) of machinery related to the mining, a room with photographs of the time when mining production was taking place and a room (or small museum) with objects typical of the production process such as: crucibles, carbon, pulleys, an oven, saws, bottles, household implements, tools of various functions, vehicles or their remains, etc.
Likewise, the Ecomuseum has immovable property, among them the stone bases carved by Italians and that constitute the foundations of the Los Mazos building; where up to 100 tons of gold-bearing material was ground daily for 30 years. At the same time, in its surroundings there is a dynamo or pelton that was used in the hydroelectric plant, as well as an air shovel or wagon loader and one of the steam railway machines called "La Tulita" (see Figure 3); this in honor of the wife of the administrator of the mines in 1904 (Kimberly Guadamuz, in charge of the Ecomuseo Las Minas de Abangares, personal communication, 2012).
a: Ecomuseum Hall; b: "La Tulita", Photographs Mónica Aguilar, 2013.
The inventory of industrial archeology in Abangares: The work carried out in the Abangares Mines Ecomuseum consisted -mainly- of several archaeological reconnaissance visits, by the authors, in order to identify the appropriate places to concentrate on data collection; as well as inquiring into the museum's own registry to find out if the goods had a previous and adequate cataloging, in addition to knowing the possible information gaps.
At the same time and as mentioned in another paper related to the National Inventory of industrial goods in Costa Rica, 5 for the actions pointed out in Abangares, it had the collaboration of a group of students from the course AT-1159 (Industrial Archaeology) that was taught in the second semester of 2013 at the University of Costa Rica. The latter were the ones in charge of inventorying part of the collection of goods present there, both in the hall itself and in some sectors on the grounds of the Ecomuseum property.
The work in the place was organized in three subgroups located in different altitudinal floors, the first directly in the Ecomuseum facilities; the second in the vicinity of it and up to the fourth floor of the Los Mazos building; and the third in the last 3 floors of said building and around it.
In the case of the work carried out in the room where the artifacts are deposited for the exhibition ("museum"), this place has an organization according to the following categories cited by Monge et al. 6 :
i. Mining tool parts.
ii. Environment pieces.
iii. Field work too/parts.
iv. Parts for domestic or everyday use tools.
v. Local crafts.
vi. Electrical and water distribution parts.
vii. Trade use parts.
viii. Parts of unknown use.
For its registration, then, this same ordering was followed; the first and fundamental task being the recording of the information in accordance with -and in- the inventory sheet built specifically for these purposes. 6
This working subgroup managed to report more than 190 artifacts distributed in the various categories indicated. At the mining level, several materials were identified from the Gyanide Supply Co. 56 New Broad Street London factory, which sold certain supplies to be used in the mines, such as cyanide, arsenic and chemical products used to treat rocks and extract gold. 6
Another material correlate in Abangares of these international relations, imports and globalized production and characteristics of these times, is the presence of an EPP NCR_reve (t/L) and SGDG 20275 watch (see Figure 4), which was manufactured by the National Manufacturing Company in Dayton, Ohio; company that specialized in producing and selling the first cash register, invented in 1879 by James Ritty. In 1884 the company and its patents were purchased by John Henry Patterson and its name was changed to the National Cash Register Company. On the other hand, of the canfin or kerosene lamps, the only one that could be identified in the Ecomuseum sample was the Butterfly trade Mark. 6
6 Photography: Monge et al., 2013; edited by Marco Arce 2015.
The tasks carried out in the immediate vicinity and up to the 4th floor of the Los Mazos building revealed porcelain objects and others, which were linked to the electrification of the building. For the bases of this building (both the carved stones and the supports on which the large machines rested) it was recorded that they were made with stones (river stones) and cement; protruding from them some thick iron screws with their respective joints.
The evidence varies depending on the floor of the Los Mazos building, due to the fact that in each of these there was a specialization (a specific part) of the gold production chain, handling the heaviest actions, such as grinding rocks, on the upper floors; while in the lower ones the ore was increasingly processed until it ended up in the form of ingots. In addition to the descriptions of the building, we proceeded with the floor plan survey -floor by floor- of this structure. 7
However, in the surroundings (between the museum and the Los Mazos building) larger objects and in a better state of conservation were recorded, mainly machinery. Among them we have: small wagons to transport rocks from the mines (see Figure 5), a box of hammers to crush rocks and whose inscription indicates that its origin is from San Francisco, California, of the Company Union Iron Works; large wheels that were used to raise and lower miners' tools or to move the miners themselves (but later as part of a mill). Another example is an air compressor in good condition, with which holes were opened in the mines (pressure air was injected) and it was also used to ventilate the interior of the mine tunnels Kimberly Guadamuz, in charge of the Las Minas de Abangares Ecomuseum, personal communication, 2013. 7
a: Lower part of the Ecomuseum; b: Los Mazos Building Sector; c: High part. Photographs Monica Aguilar, 2013.
In this sector, too, there is a pellet of electricity that is in the back part of the museum; which was in charge of moving the turbines to produce electricity by means of hydraulic force. Some of these goods were made by the Pacific Gold Mining, among them: flat, half-round, round, dotted files; machine locks, horns, saws; steel rods; saws with accessories; iron screws; potash; mineral oil; iron and steel tools (ANCR, 1892). 7
On the other hand, the work carried out in the highest sector of the Ecomuseum property provided information of various kinds about the mining locomotive ("the Tulita") and the stones used in this mining trade, which were brought from Australia (due to their great hardness and to serve as part of the abrasive that was placed inside the mallet boxes); as well as with respect to different machinery, car engines, artifacts related to the electrification of the tunnels and items of daily use of the miners such as plates, among others.
Among the machinery evidence, information was recovered from an Elmco Model 12b "Rocker Shovel" excavator, whose production dates back to the 1930s; a stationary motorcycle and deck boxes manufactured by Edward P Allis & Co. of Milwaukee. Although specifically the machines present in the Ecomuseum come from this same company, they were manufactured in Chicago. 8
Conclusion
The inventory work on industrial archeology developed in Abangares has been fruitful, these in terms of quantity and diversity of information collected. In short, it was possible to inventory more than 250 materials from large-format machinery to screws, nails and various metal sheets that were part of the mining infrastructure; as well as the lifting of plans (maps) of the various floors of the Los Mazos building.
At the level of temporality, materials that were mainly manufactured between 1880 and 1950 are observed; which coincides, directly, with the time of greatest mineral extraction in this place.
The inventory record was put to the test, several adjustments were made and, although much remains to be inventoried, it is necessary to locate other fundamental contexts related to the mining activity of the place. For example, we have to locate the ancient settlements (one located in the upper part of the mountains and close to the mines) and carry out their scientific excavation; apart from the study of the context in which several mine workers were buried, this after a strike and revolt that took place at the end of the 19th century, as well as registering more infrastructure that is in private hands and properties, some of which already were visited by the authors.
Although at the beginning it is based on the material culture, the inventory and the maps made are conceived as a very preliminary work. In this sense, it is necessary to complete them and, above all, value the history of these sites. We need to collect the stories and memories of Abangares related to mining, not only those that contemplate the magnificence of the productive and organizational boom (by the enclave), but also; those that tell us about the daily life of the miner and his life in this community.
All these data will be essential to be able to return that information to the locals, thus strengthening the identity of the Abangareños. In addition, it should be taken advantage of the fact that this place is open to public visitation (the Ecomuseum) and the importance that this research situation can enhance for the general visibility of industrial archeology in Costa Rica.
Together with the above, being able to develop this first stage of the research with a group of advanced archeology students allowed us to assess an industrial archaeological heritage that, together with the "historical" or that associated with the colonial era, is little addressed in the country. .
Thanks
To the Municipality of Abangares for allowing the research to be carried out at the Ecomuseo Las Minas de Abangares, mainly to Ms. Kimberly Guadamuz, in charge of said museum and who is always willing to collaborate.
To the archaeologist Marcos Arce Cerdas who collaborated with the images.
To the archeology group of course AT-1159: Alberto Aguilar, Luis Angulo, Yamileth Angulo, Keller Araya, Ricardo Chacón, Ignacio Díaz, Alejandro Cambronero, Andrés Esquivel, Jonathan Herrera, Cindy Monge, Diego Montero, Gueisy Mora, Natalia Pacheco, Estefanny Ramírez, Sofía Ramírez and Josebec Ureña.
To the historian Antonio Castillo for his support.
Aknowledgements
None.
Conflicts of interest
None.
References
1. Stewart W. Keith and Costa Rica. San Jose, Costa Rica: Editorial Costa Rica. 1967;243:243.
2. Castillo A. The Gold War: land and mining in Abangares 1890-1930. San José, Costa Rica: Editorial University of Costa Rica. 2009.
3. Hall C. Some effects of the spread of coffee cultivation upon the Landscape of Costa Rica in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. USA: Oxford Press; 1972.
4. Cavlo CL. Feasibility study for the establishment of a Professional Training Center in Abangares. Strategic Planning Process, Planning and Evaluation Unit, San José: National Learning Institute; 2011.
5. Aguilar M, Peytrequín J. Contexts with industrial archeology in Costa Rica: Beginnings of the first national inventory. Thematic Axis History. In: VI Conference on Research on the Costa Rican Pacific, Puntarenas. Costa Rica 2015.
6. Monge C, Ramírez E, Ureña J, et al. Industrial Archeology Ecomuseum of Abangares. Course AT-1159 Industrial Archaeology. School of Anthropology, San José: University of Costa Rica; 2013.
7. Montero D, Mora G, Diaz I, Herrera J, Angulo L. Report to Abangares September 21 and 22, 2013. Course AT-1159 Industrial Archaeology. School of Anthropology, San José: University of Costa Rica; 2013.
8. Aguilar A, Araya K, Cambronero A, et al. Inventory of floors 1, 2 and 3 of the Abangares Mines Ecomuseum. Course AT-1159 Industrial Archaeology. School of Anthropology, San José: University of Costa Rica; 2013.
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FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE
Media contact:
Gina Kirchweger [email protected] 848.357.7481
LJI scientists publish first head-to-head comparison of four COVID-19 vaccines
New investigation reveals the strength of T cell, B cell, and antibody responses over time
May 26, 2022
LA JOLLA, CA—Scientists at La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI) have published the first analysis of how four types of COVID-19 vaccines prepare the body to fight SARS-CoV-2. Their in-depth look at how T cells, B cells, antibody levels shift in the six months following vaccination is critical for understanding of how to protect people in the ongoing pandemic.
The new investigation, published in Cell, is the first study in history to compare how three different vaccine platforms trigger an immune response against the same pathogen.
"This study is important because it lets us answer how different vaccine platforms perform in terms of inducing immune responses," says LJI Professor Alessandro Sette, Dr. Biol. Sci.
The researchers studied human immune responses to an mRNA platform (Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna vaccines), a recombinant protein-based adjuvanted vaccine platform (Novavax), and a viral vector-based platform (Janssen/J&J). All four vaccines in this study were designed to prepare the immune system to fight the same target, called the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein.
"We aren't giving a vaccine scorecard," says LJI Research Assistant Professor Daniela Weiskopf, Ph.D., who co-led the study with Sette and LJI Professor Shane Crotty, Ph.D. "This kind of side-by-side analysis has never been done before with people who received different vaccines at the same time—in a real life setting. Just understanding the immune responses to these vaccines will help us integrate what is successful into vaccine designs going forward."
Key findings:
* Antibodies: After six months, those given Moderna had highest levels of neutralizing antibodies, followed by those given the Pfizer-BioNTech and Novavax vaccines. The Janssen/J&J vaccine led to the lowest neutralizing antibody levels.
* B cells: Participants given the Janssen/J&J vaccine had the highest percentage of memory B cells after six months.
* CD4+ T cells: All participants retained a similar percentage of memory CD4+ "helper" T cells against the virus.
* CD8+ T cells: The Novavax vaccine led to the lowest levels of CD8+ "killer" T cells. A higher CD8+ response was seen in those given Pfizer-BioNTech, Moderna, or Janssen/J&J vaccines. Overall, after six months, only 60 to 70 percent of participants retained memory CD8+ T cells.
"This is a very valuable, comprehensive immunological evaluation of these four different vaccines," says Crotty.
The new study confirms that most people retain some immune response to SARS-CoV-2, regardless of which vaccine they receive. The researchers caution that this immune memory may not prevent infection, but it appears to help fight severe disease.
"Even if it is difficult to maintain a high level of neutralizing antibodies long term, the presence of a stable cellular immunity shows that the immune system can be reactivated very quickly, in a matter of days, if there is an infection," says Sette.
LJI serves as a COVID-19 research hub
This research was possible thanks to the efforts of LJI's recently opened John and Susan Major Center for Clinical Investigation. The center staff and scientists drew blood from local volunteers and processed many samples sent by study collaborators. The study leaders then worked with these samples to compare the four vaccines.
"LJI is a great place for collaboration in science," adds Crotty. "We were doing fifteen kinds of immune system measurements, and there are very few places that can handle that kind of complexity and have that kind of expertise."
"With this study, we have the same people, in the same lab, using the same tests to study immune responses," says Weiskopf.
Going forward, the researchers are interested in the effects of COVID-19 vaccine booster shots on long-term immune memory. The scientists are also keeping a close eye on immune cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 variants and are currently analyzing immune responses in people who were vaccinated and experienced "breakthrough" infections.
Authors of the study, "Humoral and cellular immune memory to four COVID-19 vaccines," include first authors Zeli Zhang, Jose Mateus, Camila H. Coelho, Jennifer M. Dan, and Carolyn Rydyznski Moderbacher. Additional authors include Rosa Isela Gálvez, Fernanda H. Cortes, Alba Grifoni, Alison Tarke, James Chang, E. Alexandar Escarrega, Christina Kim, Benjamin Goodwin, Nathaniel I. Bloom, and April Frazier.
This study was supported by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (CCHI AI142742, Contract No. 75N9301900065; U01 CA260541-01 and AI135078) and by LJI Institutional Funds.
DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.05.022
About La Jolla Institute for Immunology
La Jolla Institute for Immunology is dedicated to understanding the intricacies and power of the immune system so that we may apply that knowledge to promote human health and prevent a wide range of diseases. Since its founding in 1988 as an independent, nonprofit research organization, the Institute has made numerous advances leading toward its goal: life without disease.
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Shackleton Primary School Pupil Premium Grant Expenditure
Forecast & Review 2016/2017
Shackleton Primary School is a feeder school to Bedford Academy, situated just south of the river, in the County Town of Bedford. A transition from lower to primary was completed by September 2014 and three form entry from September 2016. There are now 450 children on roll.
The school maintains a very strong commitment to working in collaboration with other schools, the local community and the wider school system. Governors actively seek out new opportunities and developments that will enhance the schools ongoing development, including the formation of a Multi Academy trust with three other local schools.
The school engages in a variety of 'self evaluation' processes and procedures including achieving a variety of national awards that demonstrate its highest aspirations across all the elements of school management. The school looks to the local, national and international community to support ongoing excellence in its core purpose – learning and teaching.
Children are admitted to Reception following their 4 th birthday with a possible date of entry in September, January and April of each year. Reception work in an open plan environment ensuring full access to the experiences – inside and out - as outlined in the Curriculum Guidance for the Foundation Stage.
In Years 1 to 6 there are two classes in each year group with no more than 30 children in each class. The school has a very diverse multi-ethnic population with currently 30 languages spoken. Over 50% of our children enter Reception with English as their second language. Approximately 30% of our children and their families are white British; the other 70% of children and families from around the world. Bangladeshi families are the predominate minority ethnic group, however the school also has pupils from Eastern Europe, Pakistan, India, Africa, the Caribbean, Poland, Somalia and Afghanistan . (A full breakdown of the ethnicity makeup of the school is included in the Census Return). 29% of the children at Shackleton Primary School are entitled to free school meals and 27% have Special Educational Needs. 63% of the children have a first language other than (or believed to be other than English). The school roll reflects a wide range of pupil ability. Inclusion remains a considerable strength at the school resulting in the award of the Inclusion Quality Mark in July 2013 and re-accreditation in 2016
Awards and recognition – Basic Skills Quality Award, International Schools Award, Inclusion Quality Mark, Investors in People, Healthy Schools, Silver Eco School Award, Gold Sing Up Award, School Games Gold Award.
When making decisions about using the Pupil Premium it is important to consider the context of the school and subsequent challenges faced. Common barriers for FSM children can be less support at home, weaker language and communication skills, lack of confidence, more frequent behaviour difficulties and attendance and punctuality issues. There may also be complex family situations that prevent children from flourishing. The challenges are varied and there is no 'one size fits all'.
Our key objective in using the Pupil Premium Grant is to close the gap between pupil groups. As a school we strive to ensure our pupils make good and some outstanding progress. For children who start school with very low attainment on entry, our aim is to ensure that they make accelerated progress in order to reach age related expectations as they move through the school.
We have analysed our data thoroughly and identified some key principles (outlined below) which we believe will maximise the impact of our pupil premium spending.
Raising Aspiration
We will provide a culture where:
- Staff believe in all children
- There are 'no excuses' for poor performance
- Staff adopt a 'solution-focused' approach to overcoming barriers
- Staff support children to develop 'growth mindsets' towards learning
- Children and staff receive intrinsic and extrinsic rewards to motivate and encourage.
- Success is celebrated explicitly.
Analysing Data
We will ensure that:
- All staff are involved in the analysis of data so that they are fully award of strengths and weaknesses across the school
- We use research to support us in determining the strategies that will be most effective
- We engage with an External Advisor to challenge and support our data analysis
Identification of Pupils
We will ensure that:
- All teaching staff are involved in the analysis of data and identification of pupils
- All staff are aware of who pupil premium and vulnerable children are
- All pupil premium children benefit from the funding, not just those who are underperforming
- Underachievement at all levels is targeted (not just lower attaining pupils)
- Children's individual needs are considered carefully so that our provision meets them
Improving Day to Day Teaching
We will continue to ensure that all children across the school receive good teaching, with increasing percentages of outstanding teaching achieved by using our team leaders to :
- Set high expectations
- Address within school variance
- Ensure consistent implementation of the non-negotiables, e.g. marking and feedback
Individualising support
We will ensure that the additional support we provide is effective by:
- Looking at the individual needs of each child and indentifying their barriers to learning
- Ensuring additional support staff and class teachers communicate regularly
- Using team leaders, with the guidance of the Inclusion Manger, to provide high quality interventions across their year group
- Working with other agencies to bring in additional expertise
- Providing extensive support for parents
- Tailoring interventions to the needs of the child
- Recognising and building on children's strengths to further boost confidence
- Introduce opportunities for children to learn a musical instrument
| | Number of pupils and pupil premium grant (PPG) received 2016/2017 – Forecast | |
|---|---|---|
| Total Number of pupils on roll | | 420 |
| Total number of pupils eligible for PPG | | 142 |
| Amount of PPG received per pupil | | £1320 |
| Total amount of PPG received | | £187,620 |
| | Activity or intervention | | Year | | Pupil | | Any | | Total | Impact |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | | | group | | Premium | | other | | cost | |
| | | | | | | | fundin | | | |
| | | | | | | | g | | | |
| KS1 Literacy intervention | | Y1/Y2 | | £6250 | | School budget | | £11465 | | |
| KS1 Numeracy intervention | | Y1/Y2 | | £6250 | | School budget | | £11465 | | |
| Non teaching DHT – supporting Y5 and Y6 to set maths groups | | UKS2 | | £26,248 | | School budget | | £25989 | | |
| Non teaching AHT – RWInc Manager | | R/KS1/ LKS2 | | £27302 | | School budget | | £27575 | | |
| Intervention teacher to support Y3/Y4 maths and other small groups to raise standards in KS2 | | Y3/Y4 | | £15,000 | | School budget | | £39,400 | | |
| RWInc Development Days | | R/KS1/ LKS2 | | £1800 | | School budget | | £2400 | | |
| RWInc training/updates | | All | | £1100 | | School budget | | £1950 | | |
| Support staff working with RWInc Manager | | R/KS1/ LKS2 | | £6200 | | School budget | | £8324 | | |
| EAL support across the school | | Whole school | | £24240 £12200 | | School budget | | £38,421 | | |
| Learning Mentor support - to develop self esteem and understanding of each other, to break down some barriers to learning and support group cooperation. | | KS2 | £7800 | | School budget | | £14543 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Behaviour Support Learning Mentor | | KS2 | £12156 | | School budget | | £18235 | |
| TA support in Literacy/Numeracy lessons | | Whole school | £20074 | | School budget | | £32455 | |
| Stunning Starts/Marvellous Middles/Fantastic Finishes | | Whole school | £10000 | | School budget | | £14898 | |
| RWInc resources / Maths Makes Sense resources | | R/KS1/ LKS2 | £1500 | | School budget | | £2000 | |
| KS2 Literacy intervention | | KS2 | £4654 | | School budget | | £9308 | |
| Reading Eggs | | Whole school | £2278 | | School budget | | £3000 | |
| Primary Matters – resourcing the creative curriculum | | Whole school | £1000 | | School budget | | £3000 | |
| Residential – Kingswood for Y6 pupils | | Y6 | £1200 | | Parental contribut ion | | £4620 | |
| ShABA | | Whole school | £300 | | School budget | | £300 | |
| School Council | | Whole school | £300 | | School budget | | £300 | |
| Speech and language Therapist | | R/KS1 | £3500 | | School budget | | £3500 | |
| Nurture Group | | KS1 | £12200 £8500 | | School budget | | £22,000 | |
| Art Therapist | | KS2 | £2000 | | School budget | | £3000 | |
| | Total Pupil Premium | | | £187,620 | | Total | | £273,239 |
| | Total Pupil Premium spend | | | £193,352 | | spend | | |
| | | | | (- £5,732) | | | | |
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sroberts on DSKD5P82C1PROD with NOTICES
Signed in Washington, DC, this 25th day of August 2009.
Elliott S. Kushner,
Certifying Officer, Division of Trade Adjustment Assistance.
[FR Doc. E9–22752 Filed 9–21–09; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 4510–FN–P
DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
Employment and Training Administration
[TA–W–64,643C; TA–W–64,643]
Chrysler LLC, Headquarters, Including On-Site Leased Workers From Aerotek, Ajilon, Argos, Bartech Group, CDI Information Services, Computer Consultants of America, Inc., Computer Engrg Services, Epitec Group, Inc., Gtech Professional Staffing, Inc., JDM Systems Consultants, Inc., Kelly Services, Inc., Preferred Solutions, Resource Technologies Corp, Spherion, Synova, and TAC Transportation, Auburn Hills, MI; Chrysler LLC, Chrysler Office Building, Including On-Site Leased Workers From Aerotek, Ajilon, Argos, Bartech Group, CDI Information Services, Computer Consultants of America, Inc., Computer Engrg Services, Epitec Group, Inc., Gtech Professional Staffing, Inc., JDM Systems Consultants, Inc., Kelly Services, Inc., Preferred Solutions, Resource Technologies Corp, Spherion, Synova, and TAC Transportation, Auburn Hills, MI; Amended Certification Regarding Eligibility To Apply for Worker Adjustment Assistance and Alternative Trade Adjustment Assistance
In accordance with Section 223 of the Trade Act of 1974 (19 U.S.C. 2273), and Section 246 of the Trade Act of 1974 (26 U.S.C. 2813), as amended, the Department of Labor issued a Certification of Eligibility to Apply for Worker Adjustment Assistance and Alternative Trade Adjustment Assistance on December 19, 2008, applicable to workers of Chrysler LLC, Headquarters, Auburn Hills, Michigan. The notice was published in the Federal Register on January 14, 2009 (74 FR 2136). The notice was amended on April 24, 2009 to include on-site leased workers. The notice was published in the Federal Register on May 18, 2009 (74 FR 23216).
At the request of the company official, the Department reviewed the certification for workers of the subject firm. The workers are engaged in activities related to the production of automotive vehicles and automotive vehicle parts. New information shows that the company official inadvertently failed to include workers at the Chrysler Office Building, an annex of the Headquarters at the Auburn Hills Complex. Information also shows that the Chrysler Office Building uses the same on-site leased workers as the Headquarters.
The Department has determined that the Chrysler Office Building workers were part of the same worker group as Chrysler LLC, Headquarters, and that the leased workers were sufficiently under the control of Chrysler LLC to be considered leased workers.
Based on these findings, the Department is amending this certification to include workers of the Chrysler Office Building and the on-site leased workers.
The amended notice applicable to TA–W–64,643 is hereby issued as follows:
All workers of Chrysler LLC, Headquarters, Auburn Hills, Michigan, including on-site leased workers from Aerotek, Ajilon, Argos, Bartech Group, CDI Information Services, Computer Consultants of America, Inc., Computer Engrg Services, Epitec Group, Inc., Gtech Professional Staffing, Inc., JDM Systems Consultants, Inc., Kelly Services, Inc., Preferred Solutions, Resource Technologies Corp, Spherion, Synova, Inc., and TAC Transportation (TA–W–64,643), and all workers of Chrysler LLC, Chrysler Office Building, Auburn Hills, Michigan, including on-site leased workers from Aerotek, Ajilon, Argos, Bartech Group, CDI Information Services, Computer Consultants of America, Inc., Computer Engrg Services, Epitec Group, Inc., Gtech Professional Staffing, Inc., JDM Systems Consultants, Inc., Kelly Services, Inc., Preferred Solutions, Resource Technologies Corp, Spherion, Synova, Inc., and TAC Transportation (TA– W–64,643C), who became totally or partially separated from employment on or after December 2, 2007 through December 19, 2010, are eligible to apply for adjustment assistance under Section 223 of the Trade Act of 1974, and are also eligible to apply for alternative trade adjustment assistance under Section 246 of the Trade Act of 1974.
Signed in Washington, DC, this 27th day of August, 2009.
Linda G. Poole,
Certifying Officer, Division of Trade Adjustment Assistance. [FR Doc. E9–22764 Filed 9–21–09; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 4510–FN–P
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DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
Employment and Training Administration
[TA–W–64,619]
Chrysler, LLC, Twinsburg Stamping Plant, Including On-Site Leased Workers From Caravan Knight Facilities Management LLC and Wackenhut Security, Twinsburg, OH; Amended Certification Regarding Eligibility To Apply for Worker Adjustment Assistance and Alternative Trade Adjustment Assistance
In accordance with Section 223 of the Trade Act of 1974 (19 U.S.C. 2273), and Section 246 of the Trade Act of 1974 (26 U.S.C. 2813), as amended, the Department of Labor issued a Certification of Eligibility to Apply for Worker Adjustment Assistance and Alternative Trade Adjustment Assistance on February 4, 2009, applicable to workers of Chrysler, LLC, Twinsburg Stamping Plant, Twinsburg, Ohio. The notice was published in the Federal Register on March 3, 2009 (74 FR 9282).
At the request of the State agency, the Department reviewed the certification for workers of the subject firm. The workers are engaged in the production of metal automotive stampings, a substantial portion of which are shipped to an affiliated plant where they are used in the assembly of automotive vehicles.
New information shows that workers leased from Caravan Knight Facilities Management LLC and Wackenhut Security were employed on-site at the Twinsburg, Ohio location of Chrysler, LLC, Twinsburg Stamping Plant. The Department has determined that these workers were sufficiently under the control of the subject firm to be considered leased workers.
Based on these findings, the Department is amending this certification to include workers leased from Caravan Knight Facilities Management LLC and Wackenhut Security working on-site at the Twinsburg, Ohio location of Chrysler, LLC, Twinsburg Stamping Plant.
The amended notice applicable to TA–W–64,619 is hereby issued as follows:
''All workers of Chrysler, LLC, Twinsburg Stamping Plant, including on-site leased workers from Caravan Knight Facilities Management LLC and Wackenhut Security, Twinsburg, Ohio, who became totally or partially separated from employment on or after December 2, 2007, through February 4, 2011, are eligible to apply for adjustment assistance under Section 223 of the Trade Act
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| | Arithmetic Problem | Answer Box | Mark |
|---|------------------------------------------|------------|------|
| 1 | $156 + 100 =$ | | 1 |
| 2 | $81 - 10 =$ | | 1 |
| 3 | $559 + 1 =$ | | 1 |
| 4 | $\frac{1}{2}$ of $48 =$ | | 1 |
| 5 | $489 - 1 =$ | | 1 |
| 6 | $44 + 4 + 4 =$ | | 1 |
| 7 | $\frac{2}{7} + \frac{1}{7} =$ | | 1 |
| | | |
|---|---|---|
| 8 | $7 \times 4 =$ | |
| 9 | $3 \times ? = 18$ | |
| 10 | $372 + 44 =$ | |
| 11 | $33 \div 3 =$ | |
| 12 | $? \div 4 = 5$ | |
| 13 | $587 + 112$ | |
| 14 | $33 + ? = 74$ | |
| 15 | $25 \times 5 =$ | |
| | | |
|---|---|---|
| 16 | $762 - 45 =$ | □ |
| 17 | $600 - ? = 450$ | □ |
| 18 | $24 \times 8 =$ | □ |
| 19 | $\frac{2}{5}$ of 25 = | □ |
| 20 | $\frac{409}{256}$ | □ |
Mr Whoops has made THREE clumsy spelling mistakes in his sentence. Can you underline them and correct them?
Yesterday during my grammar lesson, I learned how to describe nouns using expanded noun phrases. Then in my history session, I read a very interesting book.
Can you add an appropriate preposition to complete the sentence?
After preparing her diving equipment, Polly investigated the coral ________ the Red Sea.
Now, underline the subordinate clause.
How amazing that would be
Underline the imperative verb used with the command.
Write ‘a’ or ‘an’ correctly before the items on the recipe:
____ egg
____ cupful of flour
____ teaspoon of vanilla extract
____ icing bag
Tick the sentence that is a command.
Get in the bath
Would you like to wash your hands
Underline the conjunction in each sentence:
After the celebrations had finished, the balloons drifted off into the distance.
Some of them popped because they blew into the trees.
Can you think of silent letter words to match the pictures?
English Activity
Question time!
What has Geppetto created?
Why is he so surprised?
What is the puppet’s name?
What do you think Geppetto will do next?
Do you think he has made anything magical before?
Can you make a list of all the things the woodcarver would normally make?
Do you have anything that has been carved out of wood in your house?
If you could carve something to come alive, what would it be?
Wider Curriculum Activity
Use general recycling and any resources that you have around your home (e.g. lego, playdough, craft resources, toys, lollypop sticks etc) to create a diorama to show a natural disaster.
You can choose which natural disaster you find the most interesting. You could choose a volcano, an earthquake, a hurricane, a tsunami etc.
Here are some pictures of dioramas to give you some ideas.
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What he believes will play a key role in healing is received
FAITH TO BE HEALED
Thy Faith Hath Made Thee Whole
I.
Faith is a central issue in receiving healing-Acts3:2-A certain man lame from his mother's womb was carried, whom they laid daily at the gate of the temple which is called Beautiful, to ask alms of them that entered into the temple; 6 Then Peter said…In the name of Jesus Christ of Nazareth rise up and walk. 7 And he took him by the right hand, and lifted him up: and immediately his feet and ankle bones received strength. 8 And he leaping up stood, and walked, and entered with them into the temple, walking, and leaping, and praising God. 12 And when Peter saw it, he answered unto the people…why look ye so earnestly on us, as though by our own power or holiness we had made this man to walk? 16 And his name through faith in his name hath made this man strong…yea, the faith which is by him hath given him this perfect soundness in the presence of you all-CEV-He put his faith in the name of Jesus and was made strong. Faith in Jesus made this man completely well-MS-Faith in Jesus' name put this man, whose condition you know so well, on his feet–yes, faith and nothing but faith put this man healed and whole right before your eyes
A. Thy faith has made thee whole-Mk5:25-A certain woman which had an issue of blood twelve years, 26 And had suffered many things of many physicians and had spent all that she had and was nothing bettered but rather grew worse, 27 When she had heard of Jesus, came in the press behind and touched his garment. 28 For she said If I may touch but his clothes I shall be whole. 29And straightway the fountain of her blood was dried up and she felt in her body that she was healed of that plague. 34 And he said unto her, Daughter, THY FAITH hath made thee whole. He could have emphasized a lot of things, but he emphasized faith
B. According to your faith-Mt9:27-When Jesus departed thence, two blind men followed him, crying, and saying, Thou son of David, have mercy on us. 28 …Jesus saith unto them, Believe ye that I am able to do this? They said unto him, Yea, Lord. 29 Then touched he their eyes, saying, ACCORDING TO YOUR FAITH be it unto you. 30 And their eyes were opened
If faith doesn't matter in receiving healing this is an unnecessary question
C. As thou hast believed-Mt8:5-When Jesus was entered into Capernaum, there came unto him a centurion, beseeching him, 6 And saying, Lord, my servant lieth at home sick of the palsy, grievously tormented. 13 Go thy way; and AS THOU HAST BELIEVED, so be it done unto thee.
D. Believe only and she shall be made whole-Lk8:41-There came a man named Jairus, and he was a ruler of the synagogue: and he fell down at Jesus' feet, and besought him that he would come into his house: 42 For he had one only daughter, about twelve years of age, and she lay a dying… 49 there cometh one from the ruler of the synagogue's house, saying to him, Thy daughter is dead; trouble not the Master. 50 But when Jesus heard it, he answered him, saying, Fear not: BELIEVE ONLY, and she shall be made whole…
E. A lack of faith affected healing-Mk6:5-He could there do no mighty work, save that he laid his hands upon a few sick folk, and healed them. 6 And he marvelled because of their unbelief-Mt13:58-He did not many mighty works there because of their unbelief.
II. Faith to be healed-Ac14:8-There sat a certain man at Lystra, impotent in his feet, being a cripple from his mother's womb, who never had walked: 9 The same heard Paul speak: who stedfastly beholding him, and perceiving that he had FAITH TO BE HEALED
A. To receive healing by faith it requires faith specific for healing-People hear faith and think I believe in God so I should be healed
B. General Christian faith is not the same thing as faith to be healed-Faith in Jesus as savior is being confident and convinced that when you call out to him for salvation he will save you (that won't get you healed)
1. Jesus was admonishing them to have faith in God to meet their needs-Mt6
C. You can have general Christian faith and not have faith to be healed-This guy had faith to be healed, not just faith in the reality of God, or faith in Jesus as savior, but he believed God could/would heal him
D. Faith to be healed is being confident and convinced God can/will heal youMk5:23-I pray thee, come and lay thy hands on her, that she may be healed; and she shall live… 28 For she said If I may touch but his clothes I shall be whole.
Faith To Be Healed 3
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ing organizations, and many organizations know where farmers’ markets are located in their local area. However, one impediment to further expanding cooperation is the lack of information and coordination needed to strengthen ties in local areas. In other words, nonprofit food recovery and gleaning organizations need to know numbers and locations of farmers’ markets in their local areas. Conversely, donors at farmers’ markets need to know that food organizations exist in their local areas and that potential losses can be turned into useful donations. A successful relationship also depends on sufficient densities (numbers) of farmers’ markets in local areas to make it worthwhile for organizations to assemble donations in quantities that are large enough to make collections worthwhile. Large numbers of markets in close proximity keep collection costs low.
This report presents information about local areas in the United States with large numbers of farmers’ markets near local nonprofit food recovery and gleaning organizations. The report also addresses the information and coordination problem by providing information on farmers’ markets and nonprofit food recovery and gleaning organizations in these areas.
**Theoretical Construct**
Efficient food recovery must take economics into account—specifically, spatial economics. Three factors are particularly relevant here. First, there must be wholesome (edible), unsold fruits and vegetables and willing donors (supply). Second, nonprofit food recovery and gleaning organizations must use fruits and vegetables in their assistance efforts (demand). Third, these supplies and demands must be separated spatially (geographically), necessitating the collection and transporting of any donations from farmers’ markets. The latter factor is very important because transport costs increase with distance.
To illustrate this concept, we assume that supplies and demands exist in a local area, and the number of farmers’ markets are uniformly distributed within the area. We further assume equal supplies of donations at these markets. The economic relationship between recovery cost and the volume of donations in a local area can be depicted graphically (Bressler and King, 1970). Figure 1 depicts the relationship between the quantity collected and transportation costs for two different areas with different densities (numbers) of farmers’ markets.
Collection costs increase as the size of the collection area around the organization increases. In other words, the farther an organization or volunteer has to travel to pick up donated food, the higher the cost. Therefore, a higher density (number) of farmers’ markets in close proximity results in lower transportation costs. Conceptually, organizations will assemble donations from an area of such size or radius that transport costs would not exceed the cost of purchasing fruits and vegetables at local wholesale markets. From an economic efficiency standpoint, and at some distance and size of area, it is cheaper to purchase these products than to pay the costs to drive out to distant locations and collect donations.\(^1\)
Based on this rationale, organizations have a collection area with a radius determined by economic cost, and costs will be lower in areas with high densities (numbers) of farmers’ markets.\(^2\) Therefore, areas with large numbers of farmers’ markets in close proximity to
---
\(^1\) This may not be the case if collection and transportation are donated by volunteers. In this case, fuel is an out-of-pocket cost and there is no direct cost to the organization. But from an economic efficiency standpoint, minimization of transport costs is optimal.
\(^2\) There is an exception to this argument. One farmers’ market in a local area conceivably could be large enough to supply sufficient donations to a local private food organization. To date, we have not isolated an example where this is the case.
food recovery and gleaning organizations have the highest potential for successful recovery relationships. We concentrate on these local areas in this study.
**Methodology**
Numbers and locations of farmers’ markets and nonprofit food recovery and gleaning organizations were determined from several sources, including USDA publications and Internet web pages (see references). We identified over 2,812 farmers’ markets (Johnson and others, 1998) and 440 nonprofit food recovery and gleaning organizations (USDA, 1999) across the United States (table 1). These numbers may not include all farmers’ markets and nonprofit food recovery and gleaning organizations because farmers’ markets continually enter and exit markets and local areas. Also, while larger nonprofit food recovery and gleaning organizations were included in this analysis, other types were excluded. Tens of thousands of food pantries and hot meals programs that distribute food to individual families or neighborhoods were not included.
This study focuses on the larger nonprofit food recovery and gleaning organizations that collect and distribute excess food on a citywide, countywide, multicounty, or statewide basis (table 1). Spatial analysis of these data allowed us to identify areas where densities (numbers) of farmers’ markets were highest relative to local organizations. We assumed that nonprofit food recovery and gleaning organizations have collection areas within a 30-mile radius (2,826 square miles). However, no specific information exists about the size of collection areas. We selected 30 miles based on telephone conversations with a few recovery and gleaning organizations.
ArcView Geographical Information System (GIS) software was used to conduct a spatial analysis of the locations of farmers’ markets and nonprofit food recovery and gleaning organizations. ArcView organizes spatial attribute data (data concerning specific locations and geography) and presents it graphically. The software contains boundary data points for State, county, zip code, and study area boundaries, as well as latitudinal and longitudinal reference points for locations of nonprofit food recovery and gleaning organizations and farmers’ markets. Actual addresses were not used in this analysis. Zip code centroids (geographic centers) were used as the mapping reference point for all food assistance organizations and farmers’ markets contained in each zip code.
### Table 1—Numbers and locations of farmers’ markets and food organizations in the United States
| State | Farmers’ markets | Food organizations |
|----------------|------------------|--------------------|
| Alabama (AL) | 15 | 9 |
| Alaska (AK) | 4 | 5 |
| Arizona (AZ) | 13 | 12 |
| Arkansas (AR) | 20 | 10 |
| California (CA)| 301 | 51 |
| Colorado (CO) | 35 | 7 |
| Connecticut (CT)| 53 | 7 |
| Delaware (DE) | 2 | 2 |
| District of Columbia (DC) | 10 | 2 |
| Florida (FL) | 43 | 21 |
| Georgia (GA) | 9 | 9 |
| Idaho (ID) | 23 | 1 |
| Iowa (IA) | 121 | 6 |
| Illinois (IL) | 149 | 11 |
| Indiana (IN) | 61 | 13 |
| Kansas (KS) | 65 | 3 |
| Kentucky (KY) | 83 | 4 |
| Louisiana (LA) | 14 | 7 |
| Maine (ME) | 48 | 1 |
| Maryland (MD) | 66 | 10 |
| Massachusetts (MA) | 104 | 8 |
| Michigan (MI) | 68 | 15 |
| Minnesota (MN) | 48 | 7 |
| Missouri (MO) | 92 | 8 |
| Mississippi (MS) | 53 | 3 |
| Montana (MT) | 7 | 2 |
| North Carolina (NC) | 61 | 11 |
| North Dakota (ND) | 27 | 2 |
| Nebraska (NE) | 36 | 5 |
| Nevada (NV) | 4 | 3 |
| New Hampshire (NH) | 28 | 1 |
| New Jersey (NJ)| 47 | 5 |
| New Mexico (NM)| 27 | 7 |
| New York (NY) | 264 | 17 |
| Ohio (OH) | 76 | 18 |
| Oklahoma (OK) | 27 | 2 |
| Oregon (OR) | 31 | 22 |
| Pennsylvania (PA) | 172 | 25 |
| Rhode Island (RI) | 12 | 1 |
| South Carolina (SC) | 33 | 8 |
| South Dakota (SD) | 22 | 2 |
| Tennessee (TN) | 62 | 7 |
| Texas (TX) | 56 | 26 |
| Utah (UT) | 3 | 2 |
| Vermont (VT) | 35 | 2 |
| Virginia (VA) | 57 | 10 |
| Washington (WA)| 67 | 20 |
| West Virginia (WV) | 21 | 3 |
| Wisconsin (WI) | 123 | 5 |
| Wyoming (WY) | 6 | 2 |
| **Total** | **2,812** | **440** |
1Excludes Hawaii and Puerto Rico.
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Hairdressing 2020 Course Outline
Curriculum Goals:
To provide the student with an opportunity to experience working in a hairdressing salon, with a strong focus on salon standard operating procedures, the salon assistant role, providing a basic range of services, and working with clients throughout their journey in the salon.
This course is practical and experiential. Students will develop and practice basic hairdressing skills and techniques in the NMIT purpose-built hairdressing salon.
Vocational Pathway: Service Industries
Learner Goals and Outcomes: On completion of all unit standards in this course, the student will be able to:
* Demonstrate knowledge of the client journey in a salon.
* Present a personal fashion image for work in a hairdressing salon environment.
* Prepare and protect the client for hairdressing services.
* Identify a salon operator's resource requirements for the day; and maintain the operator's schedule or work and resources throughout the day.
* Maintain the cleanliness, the tidiness of reception and client areas, the level of supplies, and the laundry for a salon.
* Give information to clients and respond to enquiries in a specified workplace.
Vocational Pathways:
SR = Sector Related; R = recommended
To receive a Vocational Pathways Award, students must gain NCEA Level 2. Within the 80 credits required to achieve NCEA Level 2, 60 of these Level 2 credits must be from the recommended standards in one or more pathways, including 20 Level 2 credits from Sector Related standards.
Methods of Assessment
Assessment will include:
1. practical observation
2. written assessment
3. written report
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Version: 2018-02-03
NATIONAL CLEAN PLANT NETWORK (NCPN) Farm Bill 2014 Sec. 10007(e) – FY 2008-2017
(Formerly Farm Bill 2008 Sec. 10202)
NCPN Establishment
The Farm Bill – H.R. 6124 Food, Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008 – became law in June 2008. Section 10202 directs the USDA Secretary of Agriculture to establish the "National Clean
Plant Network" (NCPN), a program under which:
Basic to NCPN are stakeholder driven, specialty crop, clean plant governing bodies composed of interested state, university, and industry partners. By FY 2010 stakeholders representing Fruit Trees (Pomes and Stone Fruit), Grapes, Berries (Strawberries, Cranberries/Blueberries, and Cane Fruit), Citrus, and Hops formed NCPN governing bodies entrusted with harmonizing and networking clean plant activities for their crop groups under the NCPN banner.
- Partnerships of clean plant centers are organized;
- Centers focus on diagnostic and pathogen elimination services;
- Activities produce clean propagative plant material;
- Centers maintain blocks of pathogen-tested plant materials in sites throughout the United States.
Clean plant material may then be made available to States for certified clean plant programs and to private nurseries and producers.
In carrying out the NCPN, the program:
- Consults with State departments of agriculture, land grant universities, non land-grant colleges of agriculture, and industry;
- Uses existing Federal or State facilities to serve as clean plant centers to the extent practicable.
NCPN Background
At its core, the NCPN is a collaborative effort among three USDA agencies; the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) for quarantine and regulatory programs, the Agricultural Research Service (ARS) for technology and germplasm issues, and the National Institute for Food and Agriculture (NIFA) for outreach and partnership initiatives.
As a concept, however, the NCPN began in November 2006 when a steering committee, with representatives from the nursery industry, the grower community, the National Plant Board (NPB) and other state regulatory agencies, the land-grant university system, and USDA was formed to review existing "clean plant programs", prioritize a list of specialty crops for funding, and propose an NCPN implementation process.
A series of national workshops followed in FY 2007, 2009, 2010, and 2011, designed to further hone the NCPN mission, strategic plan, establish program direction, policies, and procedures, and to address critical and emerging program issues.
In FY 2010 NCPN established an Education and Outreach Working Group to develop and deliver extension materials to nurseries and growers. Additionally, in FY 2011 NCPN also established a Cross-Commodity Industry Leadership Team to help facilitate effective communication among covered specialty crops and to ensure that NCPN generated products meet the needs of industry.
In FY 2014 the Agriculture Act 2014 reauthorized NCPN under Section 10007(e). Two additional specialty crops; sweetpotato and roses, joined the network, extending coverage to 7 specialty crops.
The Network initiated the process to renew its Strategic Plan in FY 2017 which includes consideration of NCPN support for program related special initiatives.
Since its inception in 2008, NCPN, through its Cooperative Agreements Program has provided about $44,000,000 in support of 35 initiatives at 27 clean plant centers and in 19 States and U.S. Territories.
NCPN Mission
The NCPN produces and distributes asexually propagated plant material free of targeted plant pathogens and pests to ensure the global competitiveness of specialty crop producers and protect the environment.
NCPN Goals and Objectives
1. Governance: Establish, manage, and administer a national clean plant network and commodity specific national and regional governing bodies.
2. Clean Plant Service and Operations: Provide for the rapid and safe introduction, diagnostics, therapeutics, foundation plantings, and release of clean plant materials for planting from foreign and domestic sources for commercial development.
3. Facilities and Technologies: Supports improvements to facilities, clean plant technologies, and information sharing.
4. Extension and Outreach: Develop partnerships with extension/outreach services to interact with commercial nurseries, producers, and others.
NCPN Memorandum of Understanding
- Lays foundation for NCPN goals and program governance at the Federal and cooperator level.
- Signed on March 26, 2009 in Washington, DC.
NCPN Activities
- Create Commodity-Based Clean Plant Network Governing Bodies and Working Groups.
- Develop Consultative and Communications Procedures with stakeholders.
- Build Strategic and Business Plans
- Engage in needs driven Priority Setting with commodity-based specialty crop partners.
- Establish Foundation Clean Stock plantings and provide material to nurseries and growers.
- Support a network of Facilities and Expertise for pathogen testing, therapy, and associated science.
- Improve the National Plant Germplasm System by testing and cleaning plant material for industry.
.
- Set Diagnostic Guidelines and National Standards
- Advocate for industry-driven Best Management Practices in support of clean plant networks.
- Organize and deliver Education, Extension, and Outreach programs.
- Coordinate and share the use of scarce Resources to support commodity-based clean plant networks.
NCPN Governance (Through February 2018)
NCPN is governed by a Core Working Group (CWG) comprised of APHIS, ARS and NIFA. The CWG is nested in the NCPN Governing Board (NCPN-GB) composed of 5 State and Federal members (Tier 1). Currently fruit tree, grape, berry, citrus, hops, sweetpotato, and roses specialty crop networks constitute NCPN, each with their own governance at national (Tier2) level. These governing bodies have representatives from the industry, associations, state regulators, research, and extension. NCPN governance is further augmented with both a CrossCommodity Industry Leadership Team and an Education/Outreach Working Group.
NCPN Strategic/Business Plan
- Covers NCPN Mission, Goals, Performance Measures, and Funding Plan.
- Updated Strategic Plan ongoing since April 2017.
- Finalized/Ratified by stakeholders in 2009.
NCPN Farm Bill 2014 Funding – Status
- Increased in FY 2018 from $5 million to $6.5 million.
NCPN Support - Focus
NCPN Strives to Identify and Support Recognized Public Needs for Clean Plant Activities.
NCPN Cooperative Agreements Program for FY 2009-2018 – Funding Specifics
o NCPN Funding Program Funding Mechanism: o Competitive Cooperative Agreements Program
o Generally Advertised: July-October
o Request for Applications FY 2009-2018:
o Generally Provided: May-June of the following yr.
NCPN Supported Clean Plant Centers
NCPN Accomplishments 2008-2018
- Built national, regional and crop-specific NCPN governing bodies composed of governmental, university, and industry representatives nationwide.
- Supporting Fruit Tree (Pomes and Stone Fruits) Clean Plant Network Initiatives:
o California, Oregon, South Carolina, and Washington.
-
- Supporting Grape Clean Plant Network Initiatives: o California, Florida, Missouri, New York, and Washington.
SupportingCitrus Clean Plant Network Initiatives:
o Alabama, Arizona, California, Florida, Hawaii, Louisiana, Puerto Rico, and Texas.
- Supporting Berries (Strawberries, Blueberries, Cranberries, and Cane Fruit)Clean Plant Network Initiatives:
o Arkansas, North Carolina, and Oregon.
- Supporting the Hops Clean Plant Network Initiatives:
o Washington.
- Supporting Sweetpotato Clean Plant Network Initiatives:
o Arkansas, California, Hawaii, Mississippi, and North Carolina.
- Clean Plant Centers revitalized and foundation plantings expanded.
- Supporting Roses Clean Plant Network Initiatives: o California and Texas.
- Clean plants provided to nurseries and growers to ensure planting sustainability and productivity, and quality of products.
- Education, Outreach, Extension, and Economics materials and studies developed and delivered
Version: 2018-02-03
For More Information
Erich S. Rudyj David R. Prokrym Tammy Kolt NCPN Management Team USDA, APHIS, Plant Protection and Quarantine Science and Technology 1730 Varsity Drive, Suite 400 Raleigh, North Carolina 27606
Phone: (919) 855-7447
Fax: (919) 855-7480
E-Mail: [email protected]
Visit USDA's NCPN Website
https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/ourfocus/planthealth/import-information/sa_ncpn
or the Stakeholder-Driven NCPN Website
http://nationalcleanplantnetwork.org/
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July 8, 2008
xxxxxxxxxx, CPA
Chief Financial Officer
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
Austin, TX 78741
Dear xxxxxxx:
It has been a pleasure to work with you and the xxxxxxxxxxxxxx over the last three months and assist you with your Voluntary Employee Benefit Association (VEBA) questions and concerns regarding the active and retiree covered populations. I believe that we exceeded your expectations with the creative solutions and ideas that were accepted by both your Actuary and CPA starting in 2008 and going forward. The solutions that we came up with and that you have been working on for four – five years will end up generating 1.) approximately a $100,000 reduction in annual cost savings because interest can now be used to offset costs and 2.) the reduction of over $1,500,000 liabilities on your balance sheet. These results were achieved during what we both referred to as Phase I of the work necessary.
We would be happy to assist you with Phase II regarding your Voluntary Employee Benefit Association (VEBA), which is the implementation step to make all this happen for both your active and retiree populations. This would include advising you on transferring funds within your existing VEBA to a second account within your existing VEBA that would be established solely for the benefit of the current and future retiree population. There are a number of other issues that need to be addressed with this transaction and that we will be addressing them with you as we progress through Phase II. This letter is to explain what we would be engaged to do and what our fee will be. Further, we ask that you authorize us before we proceed.
INTRODUCTION
Bushnell & Company is compensated on an hourly fee plus out-of-pocket expense basis. In this way, we work only for you. Each member of our staff has a billing rate commensurate with their training, education and experience. We pride ourselves in providing services with a value in excess of our fees . . . often by a very wide margin. Currently, the billing rates for staff members who would be working on this project range from $40 to $350 per hour and are subject to change when we periodically adjust them firm wide. Further, our firm’s Principals and Senior Consultants have multiple billing rates to properly reflect the level of professional services rendered under generally accepted billing rate structures of fee for service employee benefit consulting firms. This way, for example, if a Principal is doing
Staff Consultant research work, that person’s billing rate will be reduced to the lower rate. We are transparent in this matter and that is why our invoices detail the work done by each person and at what billing rate level. We insist that our clients have an estimate of our anticipated fees before we are engaged for a substantial project, so that there are no surprises.
**SERVICES**
We would be engaged to consult with you on an “as needed” basis regarding the transferring of funds within your existing VEBA to a second account within your existing VEBA that would be established solely “for the benefit of” the current and future retiree population and could not be used for the active employee population. The scope of this study will include, but is not limited to the following:
1. Addressing questions and concerns regarding the retiree portion of your covered population under your self-funded medical/hospital plan.
2. The gathering and analyzing of Census and Demographic Data.
3. The gathering and analyzing of premium history data and reallocation of all 2008 contributions and benefit payments (split transactions).
4. Working with your existing Third Party Administrator regarding the payment of claims for exclusive benefit of retiree population. There cannot be any commingling of funds.
5. Drafting a plan document for review and consent by your legal counsel.
6. Drafting a Board of Directors Resolution for review and consent by your legal counsel.
7. Assist with the establishment of the separate account For the Benefit of Retirees.
8. Assist with the establishment of the separate account For the Benefit of Active Employees.
9. The research questions and issues as they arise in this project.
10. Work with and answer questions of and for your Actuary and CPA as they arise.
11. Work with you and your staff on an “as needed” basis
11. Meet with your Audit Committee and/or Board of Directors on an “as needed” basis.
TIMING
We anticipate having the first draft of the new VEBA Plan Document and Trusts in time for your August 13th Board meeting. In addition, we anticipate having the 2008 accounting for existing monies done by then as well.
PROJECT NAME AND NUMBER
So that you can monitor our progress, all work on this project will be billed under the project name “xxxxxxxxxxx VEBA – Phase II.” The project number is xxxx.2TM. All charges for services performed and out-of-pocket expenses incurred for this project are itemized on our invoices.
FEES
Due to the nature of this assignment, we cannot accurately estimate in advance what our total fee and out-of-pocket expenses will be; therefore, you will only be billed for the work that is actually performed, at our standard billing rates. However, we anticipate that our total fee, excluding out-of-pocket expenses, for the services described in this engagement letter will be in the $10,000 to $17,500 range. So much is going to depend on the number and length of meetings that are required and other factors over which we have no control.
Note: The rates quoted above reflect our standard 15% discount that we provide to government and not-for-profit entities.
OUT-OF-POCKET EXPENSES
Normal out-of-pocket expenses that we incur on your behalf, for such things as postage, photocopying, long-distance telephone calls, overnight and/or same day delivery service, etc., will not be billed to you as an allowance for these items is included in our staff billing rates. However, extraordinary out-of-pocket expenses (generally items in excess of $25, in the aggregate) that we incur on your behalf, for the items described above and/or such things as overnight lodging and meals, transportation, printing, temporary personnel, professional services (e.g., legal, accounting, language translation), etc., will be billed to you at our cost, plus ten percent for handling.
EXTRA SERVICES
Occasionally, you may ask us to perform special extra services and/or it may be necessary for us to perform special extra services which were not anticipated when we prepared our proposal and/or this engagement letter. These special extra services are called “non-engagement-letter services” and will be billed separately. However, so that there are no surprises and depending upon the nature and/or amount of the extra services, prior to the commencement of these extra
services, we will either prepare a separate formal engagement letter for that project or at the very least take the initiative to discuss the issue and associated fee with you, by telephone, for your authorization.
COORDINATION OF WORK
Based on our prior conversations, we have prepared this engagement letter and approached the assignment with the thought and philosophy that we would use your staff personnel wherever possible during this engagement. This approach will provide you with the opportunity to reduce your fee expense for our services. If this approach is not acceptable to you please let us know, at the outset of the assignment, so that we can discuss the workloads of the people involved.
TRAVEL TIME
All the travel time incurred by our staff will be billed to you at either fifty percent or one hundred percent of that employee’s normal hourly billing rate. If the travel time, in each direction, is less than or equal to one hour, the time incurred during the travel will be billed at one hundred percent. If the travel time incurred, in each direction, is more than one hour, then the travel time will be billed at fifty percent.
TERMS
Invoices are presented periodically and are payable in full upon receipt.
DEPOSIT
As is customary for all consulting engagements, a deposit / retainer is required prior to the commencement of the assignment. This deposit will be credited to your account and be applied toward the fees incurred. Please remit $5,000, payable to Bushnell & Company, as soon as possible.
DEFAULT
In the event that you default in your payment of our invoice(s) under the terms of this Letter of Engagement and we have to bring suit to obtain payment of our fees and/or out-of-pocket expenses, you agree to pay reasonable attorney’s fees, court costs and out-of-pocket expenses for such suit.
ACCEPTANCE
Xxx, if the above is acceptable to you, would you please sign the bottom of this letter, where indicated, and return a copy via fax or a .pdf file. I would encourage you to make a photocopy of the signed letter for your records.
Please call me if you have any questions.
Sincerely,
James E. Bushnell, CLU, CEBS
JEB/ijm
Enclosure
Accepted By: ___________________________ DATE: ____________
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COURSE SYLLABUS WELDING TECHNOLOGY II
Fall 2021
PROGRAM TITLE: Welding Technology II
DOE CODE: 5778
RECOMMENDED GRADE LEVELS: 12
PREREQUISITES: Welding Technology I
HIGH SCHOOL CREDITS: 3 per semester (6 total per school year)
ELECTIVE INFORMATION: Counts as a Directed Elective or Elective for all diplomas
HOW WCC CAN HELP MEET GRADUATION PATHWAYS:
Pathway 1 High School Diploma = Directed Electives
Pathway 2 Employability Skills = Work-Based Learning
Pathway 3 Postsecondary Ready = CTE Concentrator
Pathway 3 Postsecondary Ready = Dual Credit
Pathway 3 Postsecondary Ready = Industry-Recognized Certification
INSTRUCTOR:
Philip Bedel [email protected] (765) 825-0521 x22147
PROGRAM DESCRIPTION: Successful students in Welding Technology II complete the AWS Sense Level 1 certification. Welding Technology II builds on the skills covered in Welding Technology I. OSHA standards and guidelines endorsed by the American Welding Society (AWS) are used to emphasize safety at all times. Instructional activities emphasize properties of metals, safety issues, print reading, electrical principles, welding symbols, and mechanical drawing through projects and exercises that teach students how to weld and be prepared for college and career success. Upon completion of this program, students enter full-time employment, enter apprenticeships, and pursue 2 and 4-year postsecondary degrees such as welding technology and welding engineering.
MAJOR LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
1. Create appropriate welds on a variety of industrial metals using flux core welding and cutting processes to meet industry standards.
2. Create appropriate gas tungsten arc welds on a variety of industrial metals to meet industry standards.
3. Create appropriate manual plasma arc cutting and oxyfuel cutting on a variety of industrial metals to meet industry standards.
REQUIRED TEXT/CURRICULUM MATERIALS:
* Welding Skills; American Technical Publishers
* Welding Skills Workbook; American Technical Publishers
EARLY COLLEGE PROGRAM:
Whitewater Career Center is an Early College Career Center. Welding Technology students may earn the Ivy Tech Structural Welding Certificate by completing all dual credit courses available in Welding Technology I and II.
DUAL CREDITS AVAILABLE:
WELD 109 Oxy-Fuel Gas Welding and Cutting
Ivy Tech 3 credits
Qualifies for THD and Pathway Dual Credits.
WELD 207 Gas Metal Arc Welding
Ivy Tech 3 credits
Qualifies for THD and Pathway Dual Credits.
WELD 208 Gas Metal Arc Welding
Ivy Tech 3 credits
Qualifies for THD and Pathway Dual Credits.
WELD 272 Advanced Gas Metal Arc Welding II
Ivy Tech 3 credits
Co-requisite applies. Qualifies for THD and Pathway Dual Credits.
WELD 273 Advanced Gas Tungsten Arc Welding II
Ivy Tech 3 credits
Co-requisite applies. Qualifies for THD and Pathway Dual Credits.
INDUSTRY CERTIFICATION AVAILABLE:
AWS (American Welding Society) Sense Level 1 Certification
Testing required. Fees may apply. Qualifies for THD and Pathway Industry-Recognized Certification.
METHODS OF INSTRUCTIONAL DELIVERY:
This course will be delivered using a variety of delivery methods. Lecture, class discussion, lab work, and individual and group exercises and activities will be used to deliver the class material.
EVALUATION METHODS:
* Classroom work
* Lab work
* Dual credit course projects and exams
* Certification exams
* Participation and attendance
GRADING SCALE:
F 59% and below
REQUIRED CONSUMABLE MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT:
* Student kit
* Pocket folder with 3-prong fastener
CLASS POLICIES:
1. Attend each day.
2. Communicate with your teacher when needed.
3. Put forth a good effort each day.
4. Stay on task.
5. Work well in assigned teams.
6. Do the work assigned in a timely manner.
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Newcastle International Airport
Noise Action Plan
Approved February 2019
Foreword
We recognise the important role Newcastle International Airport plays for the North East region. The recently published draft Masterplan presents our strategy for future growth, to make the Airport better connected, and have an even greater impact on the prosperity of our region.
However, it is also important to recognise that growth of the Airport must be carried out in a sustainable manner, to minimise the impact of Airport operations on the local communities. This is a challenge and the Noise Action Plan (NAP) provides an opportunity to outline a strategic direction for noise management over the next 5 years. The NAP is a working document and as such, will be reviewed annually and new actions considered if appropriate.
The success of this plan, which aims to limit and, where possible, reduce the impact of aircraft noise on the surrounding communities, will only be achieved through collaboration with key partners such as Sustainable Aviation, Local Communities and Airspace Users. I am confident that we can achieve the actions contained in the NAP and deliver improvements.
## Contents
1. Introduction ........................................................................................................... 06
2. About Newcastle International Airport ............................................................ 07
3. Airport Masterplan ............................................................................................. 09
4. Current noise climate ......................................................................................... 11
5. Legislative and Policy requirements .................................................................. 14
6. Noise Mapping results ....................................................................................... 16
7. Consultation process .......................................................................................... 19
8. Noise Action Plan ............................................................................................... 20
9. Glossary of Terms .............................................................................................. 28
10. Appendices ....................................................................................................... 29
A Noise maps ........................................................................................................ 30
B Financial Information ....................................................................................... 35
C Standard Instrument Departure Routes ......................................................... 36
D Standard Terminal Arrival Routes ................................................................... 38
E Consultation Responses ................................................................................... 39
1. Introduction
1.0 This document has been produced to update the Newcastle International Airport Limited (NIAL) noise management programme for the period 2019 – 2024. Its purpose is to review and update the actions identified within the previous Noise Action Plan (NAP) 2013. Noise is an important challenge which NIAL takes very seriously and will seek to address through the implementation of this Plan. The impact of environmental noise can result in disruption of work/sleep, general disturbance and also physiological effects that may lead to health effects. It is critical to address these impacts and balance the needs of a growing airport.
Whilst this review has been requested by the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA), it should be highlighted that the NAP is annually reassessed, and updates provided to the Airport Consultative Committee, if required. Also, if any operational changes impact on the Plan, they will be considered and the NAP revised accordingly. The NAP provides a strategic framework for improvement however, we will continually embrace any new actions identified during the five year plan period.
The NAP has been devised to follow the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO), ‘Balanced Approach’. ICAO is a specialised agency of the United Nations, created to promote the safe and orderly development of international civil aviation throughout the world. It sets standards and regulations necessary for aviation safety, security, efficiency and regularity, as well as for aviation environmental protection.
The Balanced Approach aims to address noise management in an environmentally responsive and economically responsible way, and encompasses four key principal elements:
- Reduction of noise at source;
- Land-use planning and management;
- Noise abatement procedures;
- Operating restrictions on aircraft.
In addition to the points above, an important factor for consideration in the NAP is working with local communities. NIAL strives to be a good neighbour and will continually work to maintain good relationships with all neighbours and stakeholders.
A full breakdown of actions is detailed in section 8 of this document.
2. About Newcastle International Airport
2.0 Newcastle International Airport Limited (NIAL) is the North East’s global gateway and is the main airport for the region. The Airport has welcomed visitors and connected businesses and holidaymakers to the world for over 80 years.
The Airport is a Public Private Partnership between seven Local Authorities in the North East region and AMP Capita, 51% and 49% shareholdings respectively.
Newcastle International Airport Ltd is currently the 11th busiest airport in the UK, serving 5.4 million passengers in 2017.
The Airport is served by a good mix of low cost (50%), scheduled (31%) and charter operators (19%).
Scheduled services to destinations including Paris, Amsterdam and Heathrow provide vital business and leisure connectivity for the region. The Emirates daily Dubai service has recently (September 2017) celebrated its 10th anniversary and demand for the service continues to grow.
Budget airlines (easyJet, Ryanair and Jet2) continue to deliver a comprehensive timetable to destinations across Europe. Jet2 also offers seasonal routes to New York and Iceland.
As well as commercial operations, NIAL is designated as a ‘Co-opted Military emergency airfield’ and as such are required to accept aircraft requiring assistance. Military aircraft also use the Airport for ‘practice diversions’ to develop pilot familiarisation. Air Traffic Control meets regularly with the MoD and any concerns relating to community complaints are communicated.
2.1 Annual Movements
As described above the growth at NIAL is demonstrated in the movements table below:
| Year | Commercial | Others* | Total |
|------|------------|---------|-------|
| 2011 | 43592 | 20822 | 64414 |
| 2012 | 42412 | 18389 | 60801 |
| 2013 | 41701 | 18090 | 59791 |
| 2014 | 41616 | 17326 | 58942 |
| 2015 | 40886 | 14757 | 55643 |
| 2016 | 41320 | 15254 | 56574 |
NB: The “others” column includes Flying Club, Test and Training aircraft including military
The Environmental Noise Directive (END) applies to airports with excess of 50,000 movements (take-off or a landing), in England 17 Airports have been identified to comply with the Directive.
2.2 Location
NIAL is situated approximately six miles North West of Newcastle City centre. The airport is situated on the edge of the Tyne and Wear conurbation, which includes Newcastle upon Tyne, Sunderland and Gateshead. The Airport passenger catchment area covers as far North as Scotland and down to Yorkshire. However, the core catchment area of the North East of England has a population of around 2.4 million.
2.3 Runway Usage
NIAL operate from one runway aligned south-west to north-east. The runway can be used in either direction and is designated 25 or 07 depending wind direction. Runway 25 is the predominant runway of use with approximately 70% of operation. 2.4 Airport site
The area of land already developed at Newcastle International Airport covers 184 hectares. NIAL owns all of the land within this area, which includes all of the main activities of the Airport, including the terminal, apron, runway, car parks, freight, maintenance and other ancillary facilities. The runway lies in an approximate south west to north east alignment, with the terminal areas located to the north of the runway at the western end.
Since the previous NAP, significant investments have been made to improve the passenger experience. Notably, the baggage system has been replaced and new technology implemented in security control/immigration hall.
3.0 Airport Masterplan
Since the production of the last Noise Action Plan, NIAL have produced a draft Airport Masterplan which forecasts development up to 2035. The Masterplan will be adopted in late 2018 or early 2019 following an extensive consultation exercise.
Included in the Masterplan is passenger forecasts and in line with previous calculations, the Masterplan is based upon the higher end of the forecasting range. This provides greater certainty that sufficient land has been safeguarded to provide the Airports development needs and is included in the relevant Local Authority Development Plan allocations. It also provides the public and stakeholders with an assurance that the maximum potential impact has been considered.
In order to support the above passenger forecast, the following key development requirements have been identified;
- Safeguarding of land for a possible 700m runway extension to the eastern end of the runway;
- Additional aircraft stands and apron;
- Improvements within the terminal utilising technology to maximise the use of space currently available;
- Up to an extra 7,400 car parking spaces, based on current patterns of travel to the Airport;
- Allocation of 56ha of land for offices and warehouses to the south of the runway.
As part of the Masterplan process new noise contours have been produced to assess predicted possible noise impacts for 2025, 2030 and 2035. The Masterplan has considered the contours and put forward mitigation measures in a long term strategy to ensure sustainable growth.
4. Current Noise Climate
4.1 Noise Monitoring
NIAL operate an EMS Bruel and Kjaer ‘Noise Desk’ system. Significant investment was made in 2013, with the replacement of noise monitors and a new monitoring location. The Noise Desk system provides continuous noise levels within the local communities and reliable track keeping data to monitor aircraft compliance.
New noise monitors were installed at the following locations in 2013;
- Dinnington First School;
- Ponteland Middle School;
- Woolington (Middle Drive);
- Seaton Burn Community College;
- Heddon on the Wall library (new location 2013).
The Noise Desk system can be accessed via a web browser, which has provided opportunities for the team to demonstrate aircraft activities within the community.
Information from the system is also shared with airlines to improve track keeping performance.
4.2 Noise Complaints
Noise complaints are received through a number of different methods, including a dedicated email address ([email protected]) and telephone line 0191 214 3569 both of which are directed to the Environmental Adviser. Each complaint is investigated using the Airports Noise and Track Keeping system and through liaison with Air Traffic Services.
If the complaint can not be resolved through correspondence, the complainant is invited to the Airport to discuss their concerns with Airport Management. Also, as part of the Airport Noise and Track keeping system, a mobile noise monitor can be located within individual properties, to monitor noise levels.
A summary of noise complaints is presented at the quarterly Airline Technical Committee and at the Airport Consultative Committee. The table below details complaints received in the years 2015 to 2017.
4.2.3 Noise complaints summary
As the table below demonstrates there has been an increase in noise complaints during 2016 and 2017. The increase in complaints has mainly been received from the communities of Heddon on the Wall and Clara Vale, related to the introduction of a Precision Navigation (PRNAV) Standard Instrument Departure route (SID). In response to these complaints we have been liaising with a group of residents. The residents have formed a group known as the Aircraft Noise Action Group (ANAG), this group have been consulted in the development of the NAP.
| Year | Number of Complaints |
|------|----------------------|
| 2015 | 32 |
| 2016 | 76 |
| 2017 | 141 |
4.3 Air Traffic Control Management Role
Air Traffic Control (ATC) is managed in house by NIAL. Members of ATC work closely with the Environment team and have contributed to the NAP process. The team is conscious of the role it plays in minimising the impact of aircraft on the local communities.
This role has included:
- Ensuring Noise abatement procedures are included in the Aeronautical Information Publication (AIP), which is used as a reference tool by airlines;
- Active members of the NDDG – Northern Airspace Group and the Future Aerospace Strategy (FAS). The participation in such groups ensures the efficient use of airspace across the UK;
- ATC encourage and actively monitor the use of Continuous Descent Approaches (CDAs).
4.4 Noise Abatement Procedures
As part of the Aeronautical Information Publication (AIP), ATC have in place well established noise abatement procedures. Integral to the procedures is a requirement that ‘every operator of aircraft using the aerodrome shall ensure at all times that aircraft are operated in a manner calculated to cause the least disturbance in areas surrounding the aerodrome’.
See below the Noise abatement procedures;
(a) Every operator of aircraft using the aerodrome shall ensure at all times that aircraft are operated in a manner calculated to cause the least disturbance practicable in areas surrounding the aerodrome.
(b) Continuous Descent Approaches Subject to ATC instructions, inbound jet aircraft are to maintain as high an altitude as practicable and adopt a low power, low drag continuous descent profile, when appropriate. Turbo-jet and turbo-prop aircraft are expected to apply continuous descent, low power, low drag approach techniques at all times. ATC will provide pilots of an estimate of the track distance to run to touchdown as soon as possible after first call on the approach frequency and thereafter on request.
(c) Unless otherwise instructed by ATC, aircraft using the ILS in IMC or VMC shall not descend on Runway 07 below 2300 ft QFE (2563 ft QNH) and on Runway 25 below 1500 ft QFE (1739 ft QNH) before intercepting the glide path and shall not thereafter fly below it.
(d) Aircraft approaching without assistance from radar or ILS shall follow a descent path which will result in the aircraft not being at any time lower than the approach path which would be followed by aircraft using the ILS glide path.
(e) Aircraft must not join the final approach track to either runway at a range of less than 7 nm and at a height of less than 1700 ft QFE (2000 ft QNH), except when instructed by ATC, unless they are propeller driven aircraft with an MTWA of between 5700 kg and 12000 kg when restriction shall be to join the final approach to either runway at not less than 3.5 nm and not less than 1000 ft QFE (1300 ft QNH). Aircraft whose MTWA is less than 5700 kg must not join the final approach track to either runway at a height of less than 1000 ft QFE (1300 ft QNH).
(f) To minimise disturbance in areas adjacent to the aerodrome, Captains are requested to avoid the use of reverse thrust after landing, consistent with safe operation of the aircraft, especially between 2300–0700 (2200–0600).
(g) Noise Preferential Routings – The Noise Preferential Routings specified in the following table are compatible with ATC requirements and the tracks are to be flown by all departing jet aircraft and by all other departing aircraft of more than 5700 kg MTWA unless authorised by ATC or unless deviations are required in the interest of safety.
The noise abatement procedures are reviewed on a regular basis, by both the Environmental Adviser and ATC.
4.5 Aircraft Routing
As previously stated, an Airspace Change Proposal (ACP) consultation was carried out in 2014 for the approval of Standard Instrument Departure (SID) routes. The routes have now been implemented with improved path accuracy and providing known environments for aircraft routings.
Following the SID consultation an ACP was carried out for Standard Terminal Arrival Routes (STARs) in 2017. The design of each STAR mirrored the current arrival patterns and did not introduce aircraft into new communities. NIAL are awaiting approval from the Civil Aviation Authority.
5. Legislative and Policy Requirements
5.1 European Regulation
The EU aims to have a common European aviation policy through the European Civil Aviation Conference (ECAC). Member States are obliged to comply with EU directives and incorporate them into national legislation.
The following regulations are most relevant to aircraft noise:
- EC Directive 92/14/EEC replaced by Directive 2006/93/EC on the limitation of the operation of aeroplanes covered by Part II, Chapter 3, Volume 1 of Annex 16 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation, second edition (1988). This directive banned Chapter 2 aircraft from landing in the EU from 1st April 2002.
- Regulation (EU) No.598/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16th April 2014 on the establishment of rules and procedures with regard to the introduction of noise-related operating restrictions at union airports within a Balanced Approach and repealing Directive 2002/30/EC.
- EC Directive 2002/49 relating to the Assessment and Management of Environmental Noise, commonly referred to as the Environmental Noise Directive or END. The requirements of the END are transposed in the Environmental Noise (England) Regulations 2006 as amended.
- Directive 2014/52/EU amending Directive 2011/92/EU on the assessment of the effects of certain public and private projects on the environment, this directive extends the environmental impact assessment requirements now to also consider effects of human health.
5.2 International Regulation
In 2001 the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) endorsed the ‘Balanced Approach’, this approach states that noise problems at an airport should be analysed using the following four elements;
- Reduction at source;
- Land use planning and management;
- Noise abatement operational procedures;
- Aircraft operating procedures.
As earlier stated, the NAP has been devised around the above four elements.
5.3 National Regulation
The Civil Aviation Authority Acts of 1982, 2006 and 2012 and associated regulations grant the Secretary of State for Transport the power to limit and mitigate the effects of aircraft noise at the ‘designated’ airports. Controls at Airports include, right time restrictions, noise preferential routes and landing/take off procedures. There are no controls applied at Newcastle International Airport.
5.4 Local regulations
Whilst Local Authorities (LA’s) deal with noise issues, as defined under the Environmental Protection Act as ‘nuisance’, they do not have any direct powers relating to aircraft noise. As an airport operator NIAL works closely with local Environmental Health Officers to manage any local issues.
However LA’s do have a number of mechanisms to encourage a reduction in noise impacts. As part of the planning process, LA’s can enforce Section 106 legal agreements with any planning approval granted. There are no limits in place at the airport in terms of aircraft movements, so the Airport is able to operate on a 24hr basis.
5.4.1 Local Planning considerations
The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) supports the use of land use planning as one of three key strands of a balanced approach to aircraft noise management.
The Airport works closely with local planning authorities close to the airfield and flight paths, principally Newcastle City Council, Northumberland County Council, and North Tyneside Council, to ensure that the current and future operations of the Airport are fully considered in new developments within the vicinity of the Airport.
The Airport also actively advises both developers and local planning authorities in the development management process. We will continue to seek onsite noise monitoring over a prolonged period for all developments proposed within or close to our contours, to fully understand the present noise environment on the site.
We are also proactive in making sure that future residents of new developments are aware of the presence of the Airport and the nature of operations before they purchase a property. Where developments are granted permission close to the airfield and our flight paths, we consistently request that an informative is added to the decision notice.
This work supports the Government’s aim as set out in the Aviation Policy Framework (2013) (APF) – to limit and where possible reduce the number of people in the UK significantly affected by aircraft noise.
5.5 National Noise Policy
5.5.1 National Policy Statement for England
The Noise Policy Statement for England (NPSE) sets out the overarching and long term vision for Government noise policy, to promote good health and a good quality of life through the effective management of noise within the context of Government policy on sustainable development. This long term vision is supported by the following aims;
- Avoid significant adverse impacts on health and quality of life;
- Mitigate and minimise adverse impacts on health and quality of life;
- Where possible, contribute to improvement of health and quality of life.
Reference is made to the World Health Organisation concepts;
NOEL – No Observed Effect Level: This is the level below which no effect can be detected. In simple terms, below this level, there is no detectable effect on health and quality of life due to noise.
LOAEL – Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level: This is the level above which adverse effects on health and quality of life can be observed.
SOAEL – Significant Observed Adverse Effect Level: This is the level above which significant adverse effects on health and quality of life can be observed.
5.5.2 Aviation Policy Framework
The UK Aviation Policy Framework (APF) sets out that aviation needs to grow to support the economy whilst respecting the environment and quality of life. With respect to noise, the overall objective is to limit and where possible reduce the number of people in the UK significantly affected by aircraft noise.
The APF sets out the requirements that the Government expects in terms of noise insulation and compensation as follows;
- Assistance in the costs of moving for households exposed to levels of 69 dB,LAeq,16hr or more;
- Provision of acoustic insulation or alternative mitigation measures to noise sensitive buildings, such as schools and hospitals, exposed to levels of noise of 63 dB,LAeq,16hr;
- Financial assistance towards noise insulation to residential properties which experience an increase in noise of 3dB or more as a result of development which leaves them expose to levels of noise of 63 dB,LAeq,16hr.
6. Noise Mapping Results
6.1 Noise Mapping
The noise mapping requirement under the Environmental Noise (England) Regulations 2006 (as amended) directive, states that noise must be displayed as annual average values. As detailed under the regulations, noise levels must be shown for the following time periods;
- **Lday** 07:00 – 19:00
- **Levening** 19:00 – 23:00
- **LAeq,16hr** 23:00 – 07:00
- **L night L den** 00:00 – 24:00
The Environmental Research and Consultancy Department (ERCD) completed the 2016 noise maps, which can be seen in Appendix A. The maps also illustrate aggregations in red, this shows populations in excess of 250,000 persons. The NIAL 2016 noise maps, does not impact on any such densely populated areas. The local communities surrounding NIAL are predominantly small villages and rural areas, however as neighbours these areas are important to the Airport.
In addition to the 2016 noise maps, NIAL have recently produced forecast noise contours for 2016, 2025, 2030 and 2035. Whilst contours provide a useful tool to assess noise impact, real time data obtained from noise monitoring and complaints have also been considered in the NAP.
6.1.1 Breakdown of aircraft movements
For information purposes only, see below a breakdown of the 163 commercial aircraft movements for Friday 22nd July 2016. This information demonstrates the split of aircraft movements on a busy summer day in 2016.
| Time of Day | Departures | Arrivals |
|----------------------|------------|----------|
| Lday (07.00 - 19.00) | 59 | 51 |
| Levening (19.00 - 23.00) | 7 | 17 |
| Lnight (23.00 - 07.00) | 16 | 14 |
| Leq16hr (07.00 - 23.00) | 66 | 69 |
| Lden (00.00 - 24.00) | 81 | 82 |
The highest contour level to include dwellings was >60dB(A), the table below details the number of dwellings within the >60dB(A) contour level. 6.2.1 Dwellings contained within the >60dB(A)
| Contour | Dwellings |
|---------|-----------|
| Lday | 59 |
| Levening| 7 |
| Lden | 16 |
| LAeq16hr| 66 |
| Lnight | 81 |
The following tables provide further detail on the individual metrics;
6.2 Summary of results
The noise mapping process provides a snap shot of the noise impact for the year 2016.
6.2.3 Estimated total number of people and dwellings above various noise levels, Lday
| Noise Level dB(A) | Number of Dwellings | Number of People |
|-------------------|---------------------|------------------|
| >55 | 1100 | 2200 |
| >60 | <50 | <50 |
| >63 | 0 | 0 |
| >66 | 0 | 0 |
| >69 | 0 | 0 |
| >55 | 1000 | 1900 |
| >60 | 0 | 0 |
| >65 | 0 | 0 |
| >70 | 0 | 0 |
| >75 | 0 | 0 |
*NB Since the last NAP Royal Mail no longer operates mail flights from the Airport. Federal Express operate a nightly service Mon – Thurs, transporting small parcels. General aviation and helicopter activity has not been included in the figures above.
It is worth highlighting that out of the 16 departures between 23:00 – 07:00, 13 of those were between 06:00 – 07:00. As a regional airport, it is critical to provide key destinations during these hours, including London Heathrow, Amsterdam and Paris. This is illustrated in the following graph which shows that the highest passengers carried by destination include Heathrow and Amsterdam.
Figure 1 Passengers carried by Destination 2017
| Noise Level dB(A) | Number of Dwellings | Number of People |
|-------------------|---------------------|------------------|
| >55 | 2100 | 4250 |
| >60 | 200 | 400 |
| >65 | 0 | 0 |
| >70 | 0 | 0 |
| >75 | 0 | 0 |
| >55 | 1000 | 1900 |
| >60 | 0 | 0 |
| >65 | 0 | 0 |
| >70 | 0 | 0 |
| >75 | 0 | 0 |
6.3 Action areas
Whilst the noise mapping process is a useful tool to identify areas affected by noise levels, it is not the only information to be considered for improvement work. It is recognised that the numbers above are modelled and in reality, the tolerance of residents might vary between communities. Therefore, we work with individual communities to resolve their concerns, irrelevant of their position in the noise mapping process.
7. Consultation Process
In line with the guidance, Newcastle International Airport Consultative Committee has been involved in the revision of this Action Plan. A small focus group contributed to the draft Noise Action Plan; representatives of the following organisations were present;
- Airport Consultative Committee;
- Heddon on the Wall Parish Council;
- Darras Hall Estates Committee;
- Woolsington Residents Group;
- Aircraft Noise Action Group (ANAG);
- Northumberland County Council;
- Newcastle City Council.
The meeting provided an update on the current NAP and suggested possible future areas of action. Attendees put forward suggestions during the meeting and were encouraged to consider matters further and provide any additional actions. Comments were received after the meeting from the Airport Consultative Committee, ANAG and Woolsington Residents Association. A copy of the Draft NAP was circulated to the above organisations for further comment and presented at the full Airport Consultative Committee meeting in August 2018.
The process of revising the Noise Action Plan coincided with the public consultation on a Draft Airport Masterplan 2035 consultation running from 10th May – 13th September 2018. As part of the consultation exercise, 4 public meetings and 11 drop in sessions were held. Comments raised during this consultation that are relevant to the NAP have been fed into the process. Guidance provided by DEFRA state that Airports should consider other consultation’s which could place a burden on consultee resources and this consultation process for the NAP has been designed with this in mind.
7.1 Consultation feedback
Comments were received from the following organisations;
- Airport Consultative Committee;
- Heddon on the Wall Parish Council;
- Woolsington Residents Group;
- Aircraft Noise Action Group (ANAG);
- Northumberland County Council;
Where possible, comments made during the consultation have been incorporated or considered in the NAP. Please see Appendix E for copies of responses made.
## 8. Noise Action Plan Results
### 8.1 Reduction of noise at source
| ACTION | IMPACT | TIMESCALE | PERFORMANCE INDICATOR | ACTION STATUS |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------|
| We are supporters of the Sustainable Aviation strategy and will continue to support future aerospace technology noise reduction targets. | All communities impacted by aircraft noise. Based on the LAeq16h + 1,900 people. | Ongoing | Contribution to the Annual report on performance against key indicators. | Ongoing action |
### 8.2 Land use planning and management
| ACTION | IMPACT | TIMESCALE | PERFORMANCE INDICATOR | ACTION STATUS |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------|
| We will continue to engage closely with Local Planning Authorities and make representations to Local Authority Development Plans and on planning applications to ensure that any new developments are delivered in an appropriate manner with respect to potential noise impacts. We will promote and encourage the adoption of the principles advocated by the Professional Practice Guidance: Planning & Noise – New Residential Development. | New communities in noise impacted areas. We are unable to estimate the number of people impacted, as new development plans are not guaranteed. | Ongoing | Contribution to the Annual report on performance against key indicators. | Ongoing action |
| The latest changes in policy with regard to noise insulation and compensation do not affect us as we do not have any residential properties within the 63dB LAeq16h contour. However, we will review our noise insulation and compensation schemes in line with any future developments in aviation noise policy, and any best practice guidance issued by the Independent Commission for Civil Aviation Noise (ICCAN). | Communities most impacted by aircraft noise. There are no households currently impacted by this action, however, should the limits change we will review accordingly. | Review completed within 3 months of any policy change or best practice guidance issued by ICCAN. | Completed review and publishing of plans to revise noise insulation policy if necessary. | New action. |
### 8.3 Noise abatement operational procedures
| ACTION | IMPACT | TIMESCALE | PERFORMANCE INDICATOR | ACTION STATUS |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| We will continue to monitor aircraft adherence to Continuous Descent Approaches (CDAs). The use of CDAs reduces both noise and air emissions. | Communities under arrival flight paths. Based on the LAeq16h +1,900 people. | Targets agreed within 12 months. | Targets set and adherence reported to the Airline Technical Committee (ATC) and Airport Consultative Committee (ACC). | Updated action - monitoring will now be measured against set targets. |
| We will review the potential merits of other quieter procedures within the Sustainable Aviation roadmap with the ATC. | All communities impacted by aircraft noise. Based on the LAeq16h + 1,900 people. | Ongoing. | Completed workshops held with ATC on: steeper approaches, disposed flaps earlier, low power low drag, managed approach speeds, reduced landing flap and delayed deployment of landing gear. | New action. |
| We will continue to undertake a strategic review with Manchester NATs on the operation and efficiency of P18 – the shared airspace between Newcastle and Manchester airports. The efficient use of this airspace facilitates, amongst other things, the use of CDA. | All communities impacted by aircraft noise and particularly those under arrival flight paths. Based on the LAeq16h + 1,900 people. | Ongoing. | Update of actions to the Airline Technical Committee (ATC). | Updated action – now focusses on facilitating implementation of CDA to minimise noise impacts. |
| Since our last NAP we have established policies on training flights, general aviation and helicopter activities in our Aeronautical Information Publication (AIP) and Southside Manual. The rules for these operations are now more stringent and have been developed to minimise noise impacts on communities. We will continue to monitor the effectiveness of and adherence to these policies | Communities impacted by training flights, general aviation and helicopter activities. Based on the LAeq16h + 1,900 people. | Ongoing. | Policies have been published in the AIP and Southside manual. | Updated action – policies are now in place and their effectiveness will continue to be monitored. |
| We will continue to communicate noise and environmental issues through the Airline Technical Committee. The Committee is fully engaged on environmental issues track compliance information is regularly communicated to them. | Awareness. This action is not quantifiable. | Quarterly. | Production of minutes. | Ongoing. |
| We now have Fixed Electrical Ground Power (FEGP) installed on four of our aircraft stands. We will continue to retrofit our existing stands with FEGP and will provide FEGP for any stands built in the future. FEGP allow aircraft to get electricity straight from the local grid when it is on the ground, minimising the need for aircraft to use their Auxiliary Power Units (APU) which create noise emissions. | Ground noise – communities within close proximity to the airport. Based on the LAeq16h + 1,900 people. | Ongoing. | Number of stands with FEGP. | Updated action – FEGP has been installed on 2 stands |
| We will review any best practice guidance issued by ICCAN and reach a position on each, potentially including an update to our noise mitigation strategy where necessary. | All communities impacted by aircraft noise. Based on the LAeq16h + 1,900 people. | Each publication from ICCAN to be reviewed within 3 months of publication and a position reached on each | Number of publications reviewed and positions reached | New action |
---
Since our last NAP we have established policies on training flights, general aviation and helicopter activities in our Aeronautical Information Publication (AIP) and Southside Manual. The rules for these operations are now more stringent and have been developed to minimise noise impacts on communities. We will continue to monitor the effectiveness of and adherence to these policies.
Policies have been published in the AIP and Southside manual. Updated action – policies are now in place and their effectiveness will continue to be monitored.
We will continue to communicate noise and environmental issues through the Airline Technical Committee. The Committee is fully engaged on environmental issues track compliance information is regularly communicated to them.
Awareness. This action is not quantifiable.
We now have Fixed Electrical Ground Power (FEGP) installed on four of our aircraft stands. We will continue to retrofit our existing stands with FEGP and will provide FEGP for any stands built in the future. FEGP allow aircraft to get electricity straight from the local grid when it is on the ground, minimising the need for aircraft to use their Auxiliary Power Units (APU) which create noise emissions.
Ground noise – communities within close proximity to the airport. Based on the LAeq16h + 1,900 people.
Number of stands with FEGP. Updated action – FEGP has been installed on 2 stands.
We will review any best practice guidance issued by ICCAN and reach a position on each, potentially including an update to our noise mitigation strategy where necessary.
All communities impacted by aircraft noise. Based on the LAeq16h + 1,900 people.
Number of publications reviewed and positions reached. New action.
| ACTION | IMPACT | TIMESCALE | PERFORMANCE INDICATOR | ACTION STATUS |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------|---------------|
| We are undertaking a review of our Westerly departure routes and will continue to engage with interested stakeholders with the results of this review. Note that this is a high level feasibility review and not an airspace change proposal (see following action) | Communities under westerly departure routes. No quantifiable data is available | Review to be completed within 3 months | Completion of review and dissemination | New action |
| Following the review of our Westerly departure routes, and in consideration of a strategic review of our local and national airspace, any future proposed airspace change will only be undertaken following the latest guidance from the Civil Aviation Authority2 and the UK government.3 | All communities impacted by aircraft noise. Based on the LAeq16h + 1,900 people. | Ongoing | Adherence to CAA and UK government guidance in future airspace change proposals | New action |
| We embrace the focus on openness and transparency in this guidance and will undertake thorough optioneering and stakeholder engagement from the outset in any future airspace change proposals. | | | | |
| We will continue to apply ground engine testing restrictions which prohibit testing between 2300 and 0600, unless overriding operational requirements exist | Ground noise – communities within close proximity to the airport 400 people, as identified in the Lden as the closest residents impacts by noise | Ongoing | Number and timing of ground engine test runs | Ongoing |
2 CAP1616: Airspace Design: Guidance on the regulatory process for changing airspace design including community engagement requirements, Civil Aviation Authority, 2017
3 Air Navigation Guidance 2017: Guidance to the CAA on its environmental objectives when carrying out its air navigation functions, and to the CAA and wider industry on airspace and noise management, UK Government, 2017
8.4 Operating restrictions
| ACTION | IMPACT | TIMESCALE | PERFORMANCE INDICATOR | ACTION STATUS |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------|---------------|
| Our Noise Action Plan has been developed in line with the ICAO Balanced Approach and the Regulations which require operating restrictions to be considered only after other measures of the Balanced Approach have been exhausted and only where it is cost effective to do so. We will continue to consider noise abatement and mitigation measures in the context of the Balanced Approach to ensure that mitigation is considered in a consistent way with a view to addressing noise impacts in the most cost-effective way. | All communities impacted by aircraft noise. Based on the LAeq16h + 1,900 people. | Ongoing | Tracking of Noise Action Plan and mitigation measures | New action |
### 8.5 Working with local communities
| ACTION | IMPACT | TIMESCALE | PERFORMANCE INDICATOR | ACTION STATUS |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------|
| We will review our overall engagement strategy and including, but not limited to, membership and terms of reference of the Airport Consultative Committee and the feasibility of creating a community noise forum as a subcommittee of the ACC. | Community engagement. This action is not quantifiable. | Review complete and new engagement strategy implemented within 12 months | Completed review and implementation of engagement strategy | New action |
| In collaboration with the ACC we will consider carrying out an annual attitudes survey. | Community engagement. This action is not quantifiable. | Annually reviewed | Completed survey and information fed back to the ACC | New action |
| We will continue to operate our Noise and Track Keeping system and use the noise monitors to manage the impacts of noise. In the interest of openness and transparency, we will make the Noise and Track Keeping information publically available on our website through the WebTrak system. Consideration will be given to making noise data available via the WebTrak system. | Community engagement and monitoring information. This action is not quantifiable. | WebTrak to be made available online within 12 months | Visits to WebTrak website | Updated action – noise and track keeping information to be made public |
| In the interest of openness and transparency we will create, and publish on our website, airport operational diagrams. These will provide clearly understandable information on where aircraft are flying, and the number of aircraft flying, on a typical day on westerly and easterly operations. | Community engagement. This action is not quantifiable. | Operational diagrams to be published within 12 months | Publication of operational diagrams | New action |
| We will continue to engage with local schools to encourage the use of noise monitoring data within their studies. | Education. This action is not quantifiable. | Ongoing | Visits to local schools to demonstrate WebTrak system | Updated action - noise monitors are currently installed in three schools. Public WebTrak system will provide further opportunity for education and engagement |
| We will continue to engage with local Parish Councils. | Community Trust. This action is not quantifiable. | Ongoing | Attendance at Parish Council meetings to demonstrate WebTrak system | Updated action - Public WebTrak system will provide further opportunity for engagement |
| ACTION | IMPACT | TIMESCALE | PERFORMANCE INDICATOR | ACTION STATUS |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------|
| We will continue to report noise complaints to the Airport Consultative Committee. | Community engagement. This action is not quantifiable. | Quarterly | Production of minutes on the NIAL website. | Ongoing |
| We will continue to provide a dedicated noise monitoring telephone line and email address. | Community engagement. This action is not quantifiable. | Quarterly | Number of registered complaints. | Ongoing |
| We will review the handling of noise complaints, in particular with regard to investigations, outcome and anticipated response times. | Community engagement. This action is not quantifiable. | Quarterly | Number of registered complaints. | Ongoing |
## Glossary of terms
**Agglomeration**
Major Continuous Urban Area as set out within the Regulations
**Airline Technical Committee**
Representatives from NIAL and based airlines (easyJet/Jet2/Thomas Cook and TUI) meet twice a year.
**Aeronautical Information Publication (AIP)**
Publication which is updated every 28 days, containing information essential to air navigation.
**Airport Consultative Committee**
Community focussed group, with representatives from the local Parish Councils, Local Authorities and key organisations.
**ANAG**
Aircraft Noise Action Group
**ATC**
Air Traffic Control
**CAA**
Civil Aviation Authority
**CDA**
Continuous Descent Approach
**dB**
Decibel
**DEFRA**
Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs
**DfT**
Department for Transport
**END**
Environmental Noise Directive (2002/49/EC)
**ERCD**
Environmental Research and Consultancy Department
**FEGP**
Fixed Electrical Ground Power
**First Round Agglomeration**
An agglomeration but having a population in excess of 250,000 persons
**NIAL**
Newcastle International Airport Limited
**LAeq,T**
The A-weighted equivalent continuous sound pressure level which is a virtual continuous level that, at a given position and over the defined time period, T, contains the same sound energy as the actual fluctuating sound that occurred at the given position over the same period, T.
**LAeq,16hr**
The LAeq,16hr over the period 0700 – 2300, local time (for strategic noise mapping this is an annual average)
**Lday**
The Lday over the period 0700 – 1900, local time (for strategic noise mapping this is an annual average)
**Lden**
The day, evening and night level is a logarithmic composite of the Lday, L evening, L night levels but with 5 dB(A) weighting added to the L evening value and 10 dB(A) added to the L night value.
**Levening**
The Levening over the period 1900 – 2300, local time (for strategic noise mapping this is an annual average)
**Lnight**
The Lnight over the period 2300 - 0700, local time (for strategic noise mapping this is an annual average)
**PRNAV**
Precision navigation
**SID**
Standard Instrument Departure route
---
## Appendices
**Key Diagrams and Noise Contours**
Appendix A - Noise Maps
The Environmental Noise (England) Regulations 2006 (as amended)
Newcastle Airport (EGNT)
L_evening
Year - 2016
-80 - Noise level Contour (dB)
Agglomeration
© Crown copyright and database rights 2017
Ordnance Survey 100024198
© Environment Agency copyright and/or database rights 2017. All rights reserved.
The Environmental Noise (England) Regulations 2006 (as amended)
Newcastle Airport (EGNT)
L_Aeq, 16
Year - 2016
-80 - Noise level Contour (dB)
Agglomeration
© Crown copyright and database rights 2017
Ordnance Survey 100024198
© Environment Agency copyright and/or database rights 2017. All rights reserved.
The Environmental Noise (England) Regulations 2006 (as amended)
Newcastle Airport (EGNT)
Lden
Year - 2016
- 60 - Noise level Contour (dB)
Agglomeration
© Crown copyright and database rights 2017
Ordnance Survey 100024198
© Environment Agency copyright and/or database rights 2017. All rights reserved.
The Environmental Noise (England) Regulations 2006 (as amended)
Newcastle Airport (EGNT)
Lday
Year - 2016
- 60 - Noise level Contour (dB)
Agglomeration
© Crown copyright and database rights 2017
Ordnance Survey 100024198
© Environment Agency copyright and/or database rights 2017. All rights reserved.
### Appendix B - Financial Information
| TASK | APPROXIMATE ANNUAL COST |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------|
| Noise and Track keeping system – Noise Desk annual subscription | £33k |
---
**The Environmental Noise (England) Regulations 2006 (as amended)**
Newcastle Airport (EGNT)
$L_{night}$
---
**Year - 2016**
- **Noise level Contour (dB)**
- **Agglomeration**
© Crown copyright and database rights 2017
Ordnance Survey 100024198
© Crown copyright and/or database rights 2017. All rights reserved.
Appendix C - Standard Instrument Departure routes
Route 1 – Runway 25 SID
Route 2 – Runway 25 SID when Currock Hill Gliding Club is operational
Route 3- Runway 07 SID
Appendix D - Standard Terminal Arrival Routes – awaiting formal CAA approval
Appendix E - Consultation responses – to be omitted from published NAP
Heddon on the Wall Parish Council
I have reviewed the Draft Airport Noise Plan and it appears to be very comprehensive. With regard to Heddon, control of aircraft take-off noise on Western departures is important and anything that addresses this is welcome. Perhaps the report from the consultants looking into this will prove helpful and contribute to the final Plan. Otherwise seems a good basis to progress.
Woolington Parish Council
I raised some issues on behalf of Woolington Residents at the last Noise Action Plan Sub Group.
Following a brief discussion I was advised that I should write to you with some suggestions for inclusion in the forthcoming Action Plan:
Background:
Woolington Residents Association usually meet with Airport representatives quarterly every year via the Joint NIA/WRA Focus Group.
We are pleased to have this opportunity to share views and concerns and it works well.
As a consequence, the vast majority of residents ask the WRA to raise problems on their behalf. Therefore direct complaints about noise are a lot less than would normally be, but they do exist. The WRA have consulted residents about noise issues and we would like you to consider the following issues:
Issues:
Unlike certain areas which are directly affected by being on the flight paths, Woolington tends to be more exposed to noise at ground level. This applies to aircraft and road traffic. Early morning and late evening noise from the maintenance area can be excessive, and can cause disturbance at the south end of the village on a bad day.
Those who live at the north end are right on the front line and this is extremely distressing to residents in the vicinity. An illustration of this is that new houses built there have been made to comply with airport request to use acoustic glass triple glazed.
Similarly noise is one of the many side effects suffered as a result of increased volumes of road traffic throughout the village. Vehicles waiting at all hours are now a regular occurrence which causes noise and disturbance during the night. Speeding vehicles from the car hire services are a constant menace, noisy and dangerous. Furthermore, HGVs (particularly car transporters which are extremely noisy and cumbersome) use the B6918 to access the freight village instead of the A696, despite regular requests to have these matters addressed.
Actions:
We would like the Airport to do hard landscaping to reduce ground noise in particular.
We suggest this could be done at the freight village As we explained complaints are contained but feel that this may well change as expansion continues and the situation becomes less tolerable.
We suggest that the Airport should be contacting other residents to advise about the triple glazing, etc. Many of the homes were built before the Airport became operational, therefore the Airport should be informing residents of noise impact and advising on the ways to reduce them.
Getting helicopters to fly at a higher altitude before they move over rooftops would also be very welcome.
Stricter controls and penalties should be enforced on HGVs and any traffic violations made by Airport staff and sub-contractors. Previous attempts have never really been effective.
The WRA is responding on the situation regarding wailing vehicles and unwelcome parking via the Masterplan consultation process.
Aircraft Noise Action Group
Website: www.aircraftnoiseaction.com; email: [email protected]
Newcastle Airport Noise Action Plan 2018 draft: Comments
1. In ANAG’s view, the NAP 2018 draft is the bare minimum NIAL could have produced and called it a Noise Action Plan and it is no different in this respect from the previous 2013 version. It has significant flaws and omissions (spelt out below) which mean that, in ANAG’s view, it is of minimal use as a tool for managing noise from the Airport’s activities.
2. NIAL is being secretive around the development and finalising of the NAP. Heathrow, which faces vastly greater controversy and difficulty around the management of noise, has its Draft NAP for 2019-2023 along with supporting annexes and a consultation summary on line and available to the public (https://www.heathrowconsultation.com/NAP/). ANAG does not understand why NIAL has effectively hidden the drafting process from the public eye by restricting its consultation to a limited range of known groups and bodies and by ensuring these not to widely share the issues being debated until a final version is produced. In doing so NIAL has minimised input from the wider public, controlled and limited debate and thus compromised accountability and transparency around the NAP and reduced its value.
3. This is a key strategic document. The NAP has a 5 year lifespan and its implementation will have direct implications for the operation of the Airport and its impact on the area around the Airport for some time to come. It is not a short term proposal with limited impact. The comments below are predicated on these assumptions. If these assumptions are wrong and the plan is regarded by NIAL as non-strategic and of limited significance, ANAG can see little point in proceeding with it and certainly could not support it.
4. The NAP is focused on the airport and operators, not on people (also see 10 below). Noise is an issue for communities around the Airport and, in particular, for individuals who live in these communities. The NAP places a minimal emphasis on describing, understanding and addressing the personal, subjective experience of noise, its emphasis is on the modelling of noise profiles and
the specification of technical aviation and aircraft management issues. This subjective experience is the source of complaints to NIAL about noise intrusion and ANAG’s view is that this very personal element is given insufficient weight in the NAP in terms of understanding and insight. Without this, the plan can not be properly effective as it will not be sufficiently responsive to the concerns of residents.
5. The structure of the plan is poor. The first 7 sections comprise what is essentially background information. This could have appeared in Appendices and/or at the end of the document as key supporting information (also see 6 below). In addition, these sections comprise almost the entire the document before the key NAP actions and measures are seen in section 8 almost as an afterthought. ANAG views this as a weak substitute for a thought out plan specific to the current context with clear goals, targets, analyses and arguments.
6. Key strategic information is missing. There is no clear statement of high level strategic and operational objectives and targets anywhere in the document. This statement should have been placed at or near the start of the document. This is a plan with a 5 year life span and is therefore a strategic document and ANAG would expect these critical elements to be unambiguously specified at the outset in order to set the context for the rest of the document and for understanding its purpose and the meaning of the various elements in it.
The absence of high level objectives is a severe limitation in the setting of a framework (also missing – see 7 below) for the specification and implementation of measures and the defining of measurable outputs and performance indicators.
7. There is no options appraisal and, therefore, no framework for NAP measures and actions. ANAG would expect, in a strategic document of this importance, to see options and risk appraisals running from a do nothing scenario through to a full measures scenario encompassing a range of estimated future levels of possible activity types/mix and scales. In particular, we would have expected this to be done in some detail in relation to the new Airport Masterplan. ANAG would also expect to see a logical explanation of the rationale behind choices the NAP might make from options for noise management action defined in this way. The absence of such an appraisal and rationale does not give confidence that NIAL has thought through actions and effects, costs and benefits and therefore limits transparency and trust.
8. Performance indicators and timescales are missing or not adequately specified. Managing noise depends significantly on effective noise monitoring and data capture with analytics used to identify trends and anomalies, spikes and out of range events which can set against unambiguous performance indicators designed to enable the measurement of the effectiveness of implementation of the NAP. There are no quantified performance indicators in the NAP and neither are any timescales specified for achieving them so there is no indication of the intended direction of travel, the extent of change or any target dates by which change is to be achieved. NIAL, on the basis of the NAP as it stands, could not be held properly accountable for the noise impact of its operations, the plan is therefore effectively no use at all.
9. Noise monitoring infrastructure inadequate: The scale, scope and location of monitoring equipment used to capture aircraft noise data and its placement are critical elements in the assessment and performance management of noise impact. Since the implementation of P_RNAV technology, the configuration and noise profiles of approach and departure flight paths have changed significantly but the placement and scope of monitoring equipment is linked to a configuration which pre-dates the introduction of satnav technology. The NAP does not address this issue.
10. Routine social surveying missing from the plan (also see 4 above). Noise data from monitoring equipment can provide only a partial picture and does not necessarily align with the effects experienced by residents. The subjective experience of residents around the Airport needs to be routinely surveyed in order to understand the full extent and impact of aircraft noise and support decision making. Noise monitoring equipment and the capturing of complaints (see 11 below) are both essentially passive. NIAL also needs to be proactive in trying to understand subjective noise impact. The NAP should address this by specifying that surveying of households will be carried out by a disinterested third party on an annual basis.
11. Complaints procedures inadequately specified. The complaints process is inadequately specified in terms of content of responses, issue resolution and turnaround times – it should be subject to performance indicators and monitored accordingly. It is also not clear how the complaints process, which is one of the key elements in the monitoring of noise impact, is structured to transparently feed into NIAL decision making around respite options and into the general monitoring of the impact of aircraft noise and into policy – the NAP needs to specify this. The same section indicates that “if a complaint can not be resolved through correspondence, the complainant is invited to the Airport to discuss their concerns with Airport Management.” There is no indication of what “resolved” means or how such a discussion might lead to a resolution, whatever that might be.
The limitations and management of the complaints process as currently configured are effectively a barrier to residents making complaints to the Airport, people believe that nothing can be achieved by complaining because nobody listens and/or nothing changes and/or you get the same response each time and/or it takes a long time to get any response – so they don’t complain. Because of this, the Airport is getting a limited picture of the true extent of the impact of its operations and public resentment of the Airport is increasing. The NAP needs to specify a complete redesign of the complaints process to make it more accessible, open and responsive and to improve timely in depth, systematic reporting of complaints to the wider public. It has not done this.
12. Remedial measures minimally specified. In addressing complaints and in giving residents confidence that noise issues will be addressed in a timely way and managed systematically, the NAP needs to set out short and long term remedial measures in some detail. This has not been done. Respite options need to be fully spelled out as does the rationale for their deployment under arrange of circumstances to the west and east of the Airport (also see 13 below). Properly defined respite options are a key element in enabling effective responses to complaints.
13. Flight path reconfiguration and the effects of RNAV not addressed adequately. Passing reference to some future reconfiguration of flight paths is insufficient, the location and management of these is central to the issues the NAP is intended to address. The Airport needs to spell out its intentions for reconfiguration (and a timescale) to the east and west of the Airport in some detail in the NAP. In addition, there is insufficient attention given to addressing the negative effects of the deployment of P_RNAV satellite technology which has increased noise levels for significant numbers of residents.
14. Action plan actions list is ineffectual and consists of a number of statements of intent with performance indicators that are not quantified and/or do not have parameters attached which could support the holding of NIAL to account around the implementation of its NAP. Basically, the action list is weak and has little meaning in terms of achieving outcomes in a measurable and transparent way.
15. Consultation, accountability and reporting framework is inadequate. In developing the MAP for 2018, NIAL has consulted with known stakeholders/groups rather than the wider public and the NAP maintains this restricted approach. DEFRA used to say that consultation principles should follow those in CAP725, the airspace change policy document. This has now been replaced by CAP1616, which stipulates in depth consultation with the wider public. There is no mention of CAP1616 in DEFRA’s guide and it is indicative that NIAL is consulting with known stakeholders only, rather than the wider public. In the context of environmental objectives, including noise, the thrust of recent airspace policy changes was to increase trust and confidence in the industry and government by enhancing consultation procedures. NIAL’s somewhat hush-hush approach to the development of the NAP 2018 approach runs counter to this.
The NAP needs to specify how NIAL will be accountable for its management of noise to a wider public as well as to known stakeholders and groups with their inherent limitations in a transparent and accessible way. Currently, the NAP does not do this. Similarly, in ANAG’s experience, NIAL often hides behind the notion that it is merely doing what the government expects and requires. The NAP fits this profile – NIAL could go a lot further in addressing issues covered by the NAP while meeting government demands but it consistently chooses not to.
NEWCASTLE INTERNATIONAL NOISE ACTION PLAN, September 2018
Response by Newcastle Airport Consultative Committee
The Committee received a full presentation from the Airport’s Environmental Adviser at its September Meeting (held on the 28 August 2018), together with individual copies of the draft document and held a discussion. At that meeting a report was also given on the noise complaints received by the Airport over the previous 3 monthly periods. The Committee also received a full presentation on the current Masterplan document and members attended as many as possible of the meetings and drop-in sessions held in relation to that, at which a number of noise issues were raised by local people and general comments on noise made. It has also considered the minutes of the Noise Sub-group meeting with representatives of Aircraft Noise Action held earlier this year and the Sub-group attended a meeting on the Noise Action Plan held at the Airport together with local council representatives including environmental officers and the Head of Air Traffic Control. The Committee had been involved in discussions over the preparation of the initial Noise Plan some 5 years ago.
Members welcome the Airport Company’s acknowledgment of the challenge presented by noise, particularly that of low flying aircraft. The intention to revisit the noise challenge annually throughout the five-year period is welcome. Looking at the possible growth forecast in the Masterplan, noise will continue to be an important issue with the Airport Company for the next five years and far beyond. If it wishes to remain a good neighbour to its surrounding communities it will need to strive to maintain as quiet a situation as possible, both in the air on and on the ground.
Because the Masterplan and Noise Action Plans were cut for consultation at almost the same time, we understand the Public Meetings and Drop-in sessions were used for both. This seems sensible. There has been some criticism of a lack of publicity for these meetings and displays and although the period of time given was generous, it was held over the major holiday period. In future we recommend the Airport increases local publicity given to try to ensure everyone knows about the opportunity to visit, find out and comment. Not everyone uses social media, especially some elderly people, and more posters displayed in local public places could result in a greater attendance. Consideration could also be given to more time outside the normal ‘working day’. We realise individual letters to each household are very expensive and cannot be used for every consultation, but any plans in the future to develop different or alternative routings for aircraft do need to be publicised in this way to ensure thorough coverage. We also recommend using a spring or autumn timescale for consultation and meetings in future.
The Plan
We welcome and support the Airport Company working with the
Aviation industry to reduce aircraft noise at source. We already have most modern aircraft being significantly quieter than in the past and further improvements are possible.
We support taking measures to influence planning decisions as far as possible to avoid new housing developments in noisy areas. Where this may be unsuccessful we support measures to ensure all new residents, now and in the future, are aware of the proximity of the Airport and the flight routes utilised. The Committee itself will continue to work with the Liaison Group of UK Consultative Committees to encourage Government to put in place suitable guidance for local authorities such as that lost when PPG 23 was abandoned. We welcome the Airport’s commitment to work swiftly with any changes which may be made in noise insulation policy and compensation and urge the completion of any work or compensation necessary as soon as possible. The monitoring of Continuous Descent Approaches and a scheme of reporting track adherence to this Committee is most welcome. We wish to see a programme of penalties considered for persistent transgression against set targets should the need arise [having discounted factors outside the control of pilots and their companies such as extreme wind conditions etc]. We support the other measures outlined in this section to minimise noise impacts on the local communities affected.
The measures already developed to control and monitor all the other general aviation activities involving the Airport are welcome. In particular helicopter flights generate some criticism and need careful control, although we do support the activities of the Police helicopter, which needs to operate at night and over residential areas. We also support the activities of the Great North Ambulance, when using the Airport.
Reducing noise on the ground is as important as in the air to some local people. Fixed Electrical Ground Power is an excellent way of reducing noise and it will we hope, become available at all stands as soon as possible.
We turn now to the westerly departure route, which has recently generated a rise in noise complaints from some living under the line of the PR-NAV route, although we know this concern is not universal among residents. We are aware that work has been carried out concerning possible action, but also that the route currently used and its adoption, fully comply with Government and Civil Aviation Authority guidance. Should any changes be proposed for respite purposes, we caution that these will inevitably provoke widespread concern from affected residents not expecting aircraft noise overhead - and who may have lived in a quiet area for many years simply because it is quiet. We cannot say whether the Consultative Committee would welcome any such change, which would no doubt be subject to much concern and much debate. It could also create much more widespread concern among local people thinking that other future change could affect them. The development of any new route(s) deserves very careful consideration indeed, as well as the assured full compliance with CAA guidance.
Whilst a noise generating process, engine testing is sometimes an essential, so the continuance of ground testing time-of-day restrictions is welcome.
The creation of a Noise Forum as a sub-committee of the Consultative Committee is welcome and members will support its creation. We are open to any relevant representations that members of the public may wish to make and will consider them carefully, offering guidance to the Airport if necessary.
We also welcome making Noise and Track Keeping system information available to the public, as well as other information about aircraft flying in the local area; also continuing work with local schools. We hope publication of all this information might prove possible in less than the 12 months quoted.
The Committee will continue to consider carefully the noise reports we receive quarterly. We would wish to be involved in any review of the handling of these complaints.
In addition to the points made above and relating to the draft Plan, we wish to see the following points considered for incorporation into the Noise Action Plan:
1. We recommend that thought be given to the provision of further Noise and Track Keeping equipment in large and newly developed housing areas, such as the Great Park.
2. We will consider with the Airport providing a place on the Committee for representative organisations from these new housing areas, although it is important the Committee does not become unwieldy.
3. The Committee will continue to consider carefully and comment on the noise reports given to us quarterly. We would wish to be involved in any consideration of noise complaint procedure by the Airport.
4. Consideration and implementation of any other measures which could reduce the impact of airfield noise on communities in close proximity to the airfield would be very welcome.
5. Consideration of any measures which could make the Terminal building and in particular the Departure Lounge, quieter for passengers, as well as the development of more ‘Quiet Space’ within it. Both would reduce stress for passengers. Consideration of returning to the ‘Silent Airport’ scheme of some years ago would be welcome. There needs to be a balance between retail and catering opportunities and resting spaces for passengers.
Finally, as and when the Airport expands as envisaged in the Masterplan 2018, we trust the Airport Company will take all care possible to ensure development happens as sympathetically towards its local neighbours as possible, particularly in relation to noise. This applies to road siting and construction as well as aircraft activities. The Airport is shown a very great deal of goodwill by its neighbours towards its operations and it needs to ensure this trust remains.
Dorothy Craig
Chairman, Newcastle Airport Consultative Committee September 2018
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THE TAXPAYER
Monthly newsletter for news, tax planning & Investments
DEC-2022 | VOLUME 3
GREETINGS!
We are pleased to bring our monthly newsletter to you. We hope you find the content useful. For feedback and queries please write us at [email protected]
Visit our website www.pareshsarda.com for more reading!
www.pareshsarda.com
Highlights
Brief on Digital Rupee
GST on Rent
Belated Income Tax Return
CONTENTS
LATEST
Relevant for Individuals
E-RUPEE INTRODUCTION TO DIGITAL CURRENCY
Let us explore what is E-Rupee and how it will ease payments. Also how it is different from Crypto Currency and the UPI system.
RBI launched E-rupee from 1st Nov
Technically called : Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC).
A form of currency issued by RBI also known as Digital rupee or E-Rupee
Same as a sovereign currency. So instead of withdrawing cash from bank, you can purchase tokens from bank in your e-wallet.
Exchangeable one-to-one just like normal currency.fungible legal tender- no need of bank account
lower cost of issuance of money cheaper than printing notes or minting coins.
Is it same as Crypto Currency?
No! E-rupee is not crypto currency:
Unlike cryptocurrency, E-rupee will be centralized & controlled by RBI.
Value of E-rupee will remain same as normal currency. In case of cryptocurrency, the value changes with demand and supply.
....continued
LATEST
Relevant for Individuals
E-RUPEE INTRODUCTION TO DIGITAL CURRENCY
...Continued
How E-rupee is different from Unified Payment Interface (UPI)?
UPI transaction involves intermediation of bank.
So, when you use an UPI app, your bank account gets debited & money gets transferred to recipient's bank.
In case of E-Rupee, currency is digitally transferred from one wallet to another. There is no routing or intermediation of the bank.
E-Rupee is just like cash - only in digital form!
In paper currency, you can draw Rs 1,000 from the bank, keep it in your wallet and spend it at a shop.
Similarly, in case of E-Rupee, you will withdraw the digital currency and keep it in your wallet in your mobile.
You make a payment at a shop or to another individual, it will move from your wallet to their wallet.
Which banks provide E-Rupee?
State Bank of India | HDFC | Axis Bank | Punjab National Bank | Bank of Baroda | Canara Bank | IndusInd Bank | ICICI Bank
Currently active in Mumbai, Delhi, Bengaluru and Bhubneshwar
GST
GST ON RENT
When will GST attract on renting out? and who is required to register under GST when the property is rented out to businesses?
According to GST Act, renting out an immovable property would be treated as supply of service and would attract tax at 18%.
GST will be applicable only to certain types of rent such as
property is given out on lease, rent
any property is leased out including a commercial or residential property for business.
If total value of services provided and goods supplied by landlord < Rs. 20 Lakhs, no need to obtain GST registration
If total rent received from all the properties and total value of goods and services provided exceeds Rs. 20 Lakhs, need to obtain GST registration.
The place of supply shall be place of property.
GST does not apply in case of renting of property for residential purposes.
GST
GST ON RENT
.....continued
Landlord and Property situated in different states then: IGST shall be applicable.
Landlord & property is situated in same state then: then both CGST and SGST at 9% each would be charged.
Landlord & Property in same state but the tenant is registered in another state, then:
If the landlord has taken GST registration in the same state in which the property is situated, then it is a case of intrastate transaction. So, both CGST and SGST would be charged.
In such cases, the tenant cannot take the input tax credit of CGST and SGST if he is not registered in the same state where the property is situated.
If all the provisions to claim Input tax credit are fulfilled, ITC on GST paid on rent can be claimed.
TAX FILING
Relevant for Individuals
BELATED INCOME TAX RETURN
As you know, due date to file income tax return is 31st July (for non-audit case) and 31st October (for audit case) but is it possible to file return after the due date.
Well, Yes! you can file the return even after respective due date also known as Belated Return.
Belated return can be filed on or before 3 months before the end of the relevant assessment year.
For example, for A.Y. 2022-23 (F.Y. 2021-22) last date to file belated return is 31st December 2022.
Earlier this date used to be 31st March of relevant assessment year, but now it is 31st December.
So, if you have not filed your income tax return yet, this is the time you should.
However, while filing the belated return, one should keep following points in mind:
Interest may be applicable under section 234A, 234B and 234C.
A late fee will be levied under section 234F while filing belated return:
Gross total income is less than Rs. 2.5 Lakhs- No penalty
TAX FILING
Relevant for Individuals
BELATED INCOME TAX RETURN
Gross total income is more than Rs. 2.5 Lakhs and less than Rs. 5 Lakhs- Rs. 1,000
Gross total income is more than Rs. 5 Lakhs- Rs. 5,000.
Losses can not be carried forward except loss from house property, which can be carried forward even if you file belated return.
FCRA
Relevant for Charitable
Organizations
FCRA ANNUAL RETURN
Points to be kept in mind while filing FCRA Annual Return
Every FCRA registered organisation has to submit an Annual Return in Form FC-4 to the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA).
Organisations shall file the return online before 31st December for its foreign fund receipts for the previous financial year.
Also, if FCRA NGOs do not receives foreign contribution, filing of nil return is mandatory.
Following documents are need to be furnished along with FC-4:
Certificate from Chartered Accountant
Audited Balance Sheet, Income & Expenditure statement and the statement of Receipt and Payment account
Declaration by Chief Functionary
All FCRA Bank account statement duly certified by the officer of such bank.
The annual returns should be authenticated by the signature of the Chief Functionary and seal of the association.
FCRA
Relevant for Charitable
Organizations
FCRA ANNUAL RETURN
The delay in filing of Annual return is an offence and attracts penalty as per the provisions of section 37 of the FCRA law.
The prescribed penalty for the same is Rs.1,00,000/- or 5% of the foreign contribution received during the period of non-submission, whichever is higher.
DUE DATES
IMPORTANT DUE DATE
Third Installment of Advance Tax15th December 2022
Belated Income Tax31st Decmeber 2022
FCRA Annual Return31st December 2022
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National Governors’ Association’s Code of Conduct for School Governors
Adopted by Cayton School November 2022
This code sets out the expectations on and commitment required from governors in order for the governing board to properly carry out its work within the school and the community. This is reviewed annually at the Autumn Term FGB Meeting.
The purpose of the governing board
The governing board is the school’s accountable board. It is responsible for the conduct of the school and for promoting high standards. The governing board aims to ensure that children are attending a successful school which provides them with a good education and supports their well-being, in line with the School Mission Statement and Educational Aims (see Appendix 1).
The governing board:
- Sets the strategic direction of the school by:
- Setting the values, aims and objectives for the school
- Agreeing the policy framework for achieving those aims and objectives
- Setting targets
- Agreeing the school improvement plan which includes approving the budget and agreeing the staffing structure
- Challenges and supports the school by monitoring, reviewing and evaluating:
- The implementation and effectiveness of the policy framework
- Progress towards targets
- The implementation and effectiveness of the school improvement plan
- The budget and the staffing structure
- Ensures accountability by:
- Ratifying the school’s own self-evaluation report
- Responding to Ofsted reports when necessary
Holding the headteacher to account for the performance of the school
Ensuring parents and pupils are involved, consulted and informed as appropriate
Making available information to the community
- Appoints and performance manages the headteacher who will deliver the aims (through the day to day management of the school, implementation of the agreed policy framework and school improvement plan, and delivery of the curriculum) and report appropriately to the governing board.
For governing bodies to carry out their role effectively, governors must be:
- Prepared and equipped to take their responsibilities seriously;
- Acknowledged as the accountable board by the lead professionals;
- Supported by the appropriate authorities in that task; and
- Willing and able to monitor and review their own performance.
**The role of a governor**
In law the governing board is a corporate board, which means:
- No governor can act on her/his own without proper authority from the full governing board;
- All governors carry equal responsibility for decisions made, and
- Although appointed through different routes (i.e. parents, staff, Local Authority community), the overriding concern of all governors has to be the welfare of the school as a whole.
**General**
- We understand the purpose of the governing board and the role of the headteacher as set out above.
- We are aware of and accept the Nolan seven principles of public life: see appendix 2
- We accept that we have no legal authority to act individually, except when the governing board has given us delegated authority to do so, and therefore we will only speak on behalf of the governing board when we have been specifically authorised to do so.
- We have a duty to act fairly and without prejudice, and in so far as we have responsibility for staff, we will fulfil all that is expected of a good employer.
- We will encourage open government and will act appropriately.
- We accept collective responsibility for all decisions made by the governing board or its delegated agents. This means that we will not speak against majority decisions outside the governing board meeting.
• We will consider carefully how our decisions may affect the community and other schools.
• We will always be mindful of our responsibility to maintain and develop the ethos and reputation of our school. Our actions within the school and the local community will reflect this.
• In making or responding to criticism or complaints affecting the school we will follow the procedures established by the governing board.
**Commitment**
• We acknowledge that accepting office as a governor involves the commitment of significant amounts of time and energy.
• We will each involve ourselves actively in the work of the governing board, and accept our fair share of responsibilities, including service on committees or working groups.
• We will make full efforts to attend all meetings and where we cannot attend explain in advance in full why we are unable to.
• We will get to know the school well and respond to opportunities to involve ourselves in school activities.
• Our visits to school will be arranged in advance with the staff and undertaken within the framework established by the governing board and agreed with the headteacher.
• We will consider seriously our individual and collective needs for training and development, and will undertake relevant training.
• We are committed to actively supporting and challenging the headteacher.
**Relationships**
• We will strive to work as a team in which constructive working relationships are actively promoted.
• We will express views openly, courteously and respectfully in all our communications with other governors.
• We will support the chair in their role of ensuring appropriate conduct both at meetings and at all times.
• We are prepared to answer queries from other governors in relation to delegated functions and take into account any concerns expressed, and we will acknowledge the time, effort and skills that have been committed to the delegated function by those involved.
• We will seek to develop effective working relationships with the headteacher, staff and parents, the local authority and other relevant agencies and the community.
**Confidentiality**
• We will observe complete confidentiality when matters are deemed confidential or where they concern specific members of staff or pupils, both inside or outside school.
• We will exercise the greatest prudence at all times when discussions regarding school business arise outside a governing board meeting.
• We will not reveal the details of any governing board vote.
Conflicts of interest
• We will record any pecuniary or other business interest that we have in connection with the governing board’s business in the Register of Business Interests.
• We will declare any pecuniary interest - or a personal interest which could be perceived as a conflict of interest - in a matter under discussion at a meeting and offer to leave the meeting for the appropriate length of time.
Breach of this code of practice
• If we believe this code has been breached, we will raise this issue with the Chair and the Chair will investigate; the governing board should only use suspension as a last resort after seeking to resolve any difficulties or disputes in more constructive ways.
• Should it be the chair that we believe has breached this code, another governor, such as the vice chair will investigate.
• We understand that any allegation of a material breach of this code of practice by any governor shall be raised at a meeting of the governing board, and, if agreed to be substantiated by a majority of governors, shall be minuted and can lead to consideration of suspension from the governing board.
• We are aware of the provisions of regulation 15(1) of the School Governance (Procedures) (England) Regulations 2003, as amended, which pertain to the grounds for suspension as a school governor, Schedule 6 of the School Governance (Constitution) (England) Regulations 2007 and Schedule 4 of the School Governance (Constitution) (England) Regulations 2012, relating to the disqualifications from the role of school governor (held as a separate document).
The Governing Board of Cayton School adopted this code of practice on 9th November 2022. Governors will sign the Code at the first governing board meeting of each school year.
Undertaking:
As a member of the Governing Board I will always have the well-being of the children and the reputation of the school at heart; I will do all I can to be an ambassador for the school, publicly supporting its aims, values and ethos; I will never say or do anything publicly that would embarrass the school, the Governing Board, the Headteacher or staff.
Signed ................................................. Printed name ................................
Date: ......................................................
Appendix 1
School Mission Statement
‘To deliver the highest educational standards enabling all children and adults to grow, learn and work together in a caring atmosphere where laughter, respect, trust and harmony are highly valued.’
Educational Aims
• To help children to develop lively, enquiring and creative minds
• To foster and develop self-confidence and self-esteem
• To help children acquire knowledge, skills and understanding that will enable them to adapt to a rapidly changing world
• To provide a happy, secure, purposeful environment where learning experiences will be both challenging and stimulating
• To develop an inclusive curriculum that will foster relevant thinking, communication and information skills using supportive technologies
• To help children understand and respect religious, spiritual and moral values in a multi-cultural society showing tolerance of other groups, races, ways of life and points of view
• For adults and children to take pride in their immediate environment and to understand and contribute to the care of the community in which they live and work
• To foster friendship & respect regarding all within the school community of equal importance
• To encourage parents and school to work together to educate and care for the whole child
To build & develop positive attitudes through hard work, commitment and self discipline to maximise achievement
Appendix 2:
NGA model code of conduct
We agree to abide by the Seven Nolan Principles of Public Life:
**Selflessness**
We will act solely in terms of the public interest.
**Integrity**
We will avoid placing ourselves under any obligation to people or organisations that might try inappropriately to influence us in our work. We will not act or take decisions in order to gain financial or other material benefits for ourselves, our family, or our friends. We will declare and resolve any interests and relationships.
**Objectivity**
We will act and take decisions impartially, fairly and on merit, using the best evidence and without discrimination or bias.
**Accountability**
We are accountable to the public for our decisions and actions and will submit ourselves to the scrutiny necessary to ensure this.
**Openness**
We will act and take decisions in an open and transparent manner. Information will not be withheld from the public unless there are clear and lawful reasons for so doing.
**Honesty**
We will be truthful.
**Leadership**
We will exhibit these principles in our own behaviour. We will actively promote and robustly support the principles and be willing to challenge poor behaviour wherever it occurs.
We will focus on our core governance functions:
1. ensuring there is clarity of vision, ethos and strategic direction
2. holding executive leaders to account for the educational performance of the organisation and its pupils and the performance management of staff
3. overseeing the financial performance of the organisation and making sure its money is well spent
*NGA recognises the following as the fourth core function of governance:*
4. ensuring the voices of stakeholders are heard
As individual board members, we agree to:
**Fulfil our role & responsibilities**
1. We accept that our role is strategic and so will focus on our core functions rather than involve ourselves in day-to-day management.
2. We will develop, share and live the ethos and values of our school.
3. We agree to adhere to school policies and procedures as set out by the relevant governing documents and law.
4. We will work collectively for the benefit of the school.
5. We will be candid but constructive and respectful when holding senior leaders to account.
6. We will consider how our decisions may affect the school and local community.
7. We will stand by the decisions that we make as a collective.
8. Where decisions and actions conflict with the Seven Principles of Public Life or may place pupils at risk, we will speak up and bring this to the attention of the relevant authorities.
9. We will only speak or act on behalf of the board if we have the authority to do so.
10. We will fulfil our responsibilities as a good employer, acting fairly and without prejudice.
11. When making or responding to complaints we will follow the established procedures.
12. We will strive to uphold the school’s reputation in our private communications (including on social media).
13. *We will have regard to our responsibilities under The Equality Act and will work to advance equality of opportunity for all.
**Demonstrate our commitment to the role**
1. We will involve ourselves actively in the work of the board, and accept our fair share of responsibilities, serving on committees or working groups where required.
2. We will make every effort to attend all meetings and where we cannot attend explain in advance why we are unable to.
3. We will arrive at meetings prepared, having read all papers in advance, ready to make a positive contribution and observe protocol.
4. We will get to know the school well and respond to opportunities to involve ourselves in school activities.
5. We will visit the school and when doing so will make arrangements with relevant staff in advance and observe school and board protocol.
6. When visiting the school in a personal capacity (for example, as a parent or carer), we will continue to honour the commitments made in this code.
7. We will participate in induction training and take responsibility for developing our individual and collective skills and knowledge on an ongoing basis.
**Build and maintain relationships**
1. We will develop effective working relationships with school leaders, staff, parents and other relevant stakeholders from our local community/communities.
2. We will express views openly, courteously and respectfully in all our communications with board members and staff both inside and outside of meetings.
3. We will work to create an inclusive environment where each board member’s contributions are valued equally.
4. We will support the chair in their role of leading the board and ensuring appropriate conduct.
**Respect confidentiality**
1. We will observe complete confidentiality both inside and outside of school when matters are deemed confidential or where they concern individual staff, pupils or families.
2. We will not reveal the details of any governing board vote.
3. We will ensure all confidential papers are held and disposed of appropriately.
4. We will maintain confidentiality even after we leave office.
**Declare conflicts of interest and be transparent**
1. We will declare any business, personal or other interest that we have in connection with the board’s business, and these will be recorded in the [register of business interests](#).
2. We will also declare any conflict of loyalty at the start of any meeting should the need arise.
3. If a conflicted matter arises in a meeting, we will offer to leave the meeting for the duration of the discussion and any subsequent vote.
4. We accept that the Register of Business Interests will be published on the school’s website.
5. *We will act as a governor; not as a representative of any group.
6. We accept that in the interests of open governance, our full names, date of appointment, terms of office, roles on the governing board, attendance records, relevant business and pecuniary interests, category of governor and the body responsible for appointing us will be published on the school website.
7. We accept that information relating to board members will be collected and recorded on the DfE’s national database (Get Information about Schools), some of which will be publicly available.
*New statement added or updated in 2022*
We understand that potential or perceived breaches of this code will be taken seriously and that a breach could lead to formal sanctions.
**Adopted by:** Cayton School Improvement Committee on Wednesday 5th October 2022 and FGB on Wednesday 9th November 2022
**Signed:** C.Tindall
We agree that this code of conduct will be reviewed annually and it will be endorsed by the full governing board.
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INTERNATIONAL CLIMATE EFFORTS BEYOND 2012: A SURVEY OF APPROACHES
by
Daniel Bodansky UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA SCHOOL OF LAW
with contributions from
Sophie Chou Christie Jorge-Tresolini
PEW CENTER ON GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE
INTERNATIONAL CLIMATE EFFORTS BEYOND 2012: A SURVEY OF APPROACHES
Prepared for the Pew Center on Global Climate Change
by
Daniel Bodansky
UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA
SCHOOL OF LAW
with contributions from
Sophie Chou
Christie Jorge-Tresolini
PEW CENTER ON GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE
December 2004
The Pew Center and the authors appreciate the valuable input of reviewers Joseph E. Aldy, John Ashton, Richard Baron, and P.R. Shukla. This paper initially was prepared as input to the Climate Dialogue at Pocantico, a series of discussions among senior policymakers and stakeholders from 15 countries. The Center gratefully acknowledges The Pew Charitable Trusts, the United Nations Foundation, the Wallace Global Fund, and the Rockefeller Brothers Fund for their support of the Dialogue.
Contents
Endnotes
63
Introduction
With the prospect of new climate negotiations starting in 2005, experts, stakeholders, and governments have begun to assess a range of options for advancing the international climate change effort beyond 2012. This paper offers a broad survey of alternative approaches proposed thus far.
While not fully comprehensive, this survey encompasses more than 40 proposals either published or publicly presented in recent years. Section I provides an overview of core issues in designing and negotiating future international climate efforts. Section II suggests criteria that could be used in assessing alternative approaches. Section III describes how the different proposals seek to address the core issues identified earlier. Section IV provides summaries of each proposal, in alphabetical order. (In some cases, titles are the proponent's original. Others have been assigned for ease of description.)
Any proposal for advancing the international climate effort comes against the backdrop of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Kyoto Protocol. The 1992 Framework Convention, ratified by 189 nations, establishes the basic structure of the existing climate change regime. This includes: the ultimate objective of stabilizing greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations at safe levels; general principles such as precaution, cost-effectiveness, and common but differentiated responsibilities; obligations to report on GHG emissions and national measures to combat climate change; and commitments for assistance and technology transfer to developing countries. The Kyoto Protocol sets forth quantitative commitments by developed countries to reduce their GHG emissions. These commitments take the form of absolute emissions targets, applicable to a basket of six greenhouse gases for a five-year commitment period. The Protocol employs market mechanisms such as emissions trading and the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), and allows parties to achieve their target in part through sinks activities such as reforestation and forest management.
Some of the proposals considered here build on the basic architecture of Kyoto—for example, by extending the CDM or by articulating a pathway towards broader participation. Others depart by varying degrees from the existing architecture—for example, by articulating a different type of commitment (policies and measures rather than quantitative emissions targets); a different negotiating process (national pledges rather than internationally-negotiated commitments); or a different forum (a smaller group of countries rather than a global process).
The proposals differ widely in their scope. Some are comprehensive in nature, setting forth a complete picture of a possible future regime. Others address a particular issue in the negotiations—for example, the type of emissions target that should be used or the criteria for differentiating commitments. Although this paper does not explore ways in which different proposals might be combined, it is important to recognize that, to the extent different proposals address different issues, they could be complementary rather than mutually exclusive.
Readers should also note that:
* While Section II presents a set of criteria that can be used in assessing alternative approaches, this paper does not attempt a systematic evaluation of the proposals presented. Its aim rather is to describe the range of options that have been identified.
* Section IV (Summaries of Proposals) is meant primarily as a resource for readers seeking additional detail on particular approaches.
I. Overview Of Key Issues
In considering the design and negotiation of future international climate efforts, a number of general issues present themselves. 1
Form and Forum of Negotiations
Should international efforts continue to focus on the development of a single, comprehensive global regime and, if so, does the UNFCCC provide the most appropriate forum? Or should negotiations proceed in a more flexible, decentralized manner, involving multiple agreements and/or smaller groups of countries or private-sector parties (for example, like-minded states or companies)? If this more variable geometry is pursued, should it be in addition, or as an alternative, to the UNFCCC process?
Time Frame
What is the appropriate time frame—the Kyoto Protocol's second commitment period, a somewhat longer medium-term time frame, or the long-term evolution and development of the regime?
Mitigation Commitments
Approaches to defining commitments—Should the climate regime continue to operate in a top-town manner, involving the multilateral negotiation of commitments? Or should it proceed in a bottom-up fashion, seeking to encourage countries to make (and implement) pledges of domestic measures to mitigate climate change? Can the two be combined?
Type of commitments—What types of mitigation commitments should be included? Should the climate regime continue to emphasize quantitative emission targets and, if so, should they be fixed, national, Kyotolike targets, or some alternative form of target (dynamic, dual, sectoral, no lose, etc.)? Or are nontarget-based approaches preferable—for example, harmonized domestic policies and measures, developmentfocused approaches, financial transfers, or technology standards?
Stringency of commitments—How should the stringency of commitments be determined? Is it better to begin with relatively weak commitments, to encourage broad participation, or more stringent commitments?
Differentiation and burden sharing—How should the burden of commitments be shared among countries? For example, if a target-based approach is adopted, how should targets be allocated (for example, on the basis of population, historical responsibility, basic human needs)? What is the pathway, if any, towards global coverage? Should the differentiation in the UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol between developed and developing countries continue, or should additional categories of countries be defined and, if so, on what basis (e.g., per capita GDP, per capita emissions, total emissions)? Should criteria be developed for graduation of countries from one category to another?
Adaptation
What approach should be taken to the issue of adaptation? Can existing approaches under the UNFCCC be improved or expanded? Should a liability or insurance scheme be established to provide compensation to countries adversely affected by climate change?
Implementation and Compliance
Are new institutions or approaches needed to assure that international climate commitments are implemented and enforced?
II. Assessment Criteria2
Although this paper does not evaluate the proposals presented here, it may help to bear in mind general criteria that would apply. Alternative approaches can be evaluated from both a policy and a political perspective. It is important to note that while some assessment criteria may be complementary (for instance, a cost-effective policy may in the long run be more environmentally effective), there also may be tension between criteria (for instance, certainty on the cost of mitigation may come at the expense of certainty on environmental benefit).
Policy Criteria
Environmental Effectiveness—In addition to stringency, important factors that help determine environmental effectiveness include: controlling leakage, or the movement of emissions-generating activities from one country to another with weaker or no controls; stimulating long-term technological change; and ensuring adequate enforcement.
Cost-Effectiveness—A more cost-effective approach would reduce emissions at lower cost.
Equity—Agreement is more likely to be reached, and to be implemented, if it is perceived by all parties to be sufficiently equitable—or, at the least, not demonstrably unfair.
Dynamic Flexibility—Commitments that can be scaled up or down, or otherwise modified, will allow easier reassessment and revision in light of new scientific and economic information.
Complementarity—In the event of multiple regimes or approaches, complementarity of designs would facilitate linkages among them.
Political Criteria
What Commitments Can Be Negotiated?—Several general considerations are likely to affect the negotiability of future climate efforts:
Continuity with the UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol—Many parties favor remaining within the UNFCCC and building as much as possible on the Kyoto architecture. In the United States, however, Kyoto is likely to remain a non-starter.
Economic Predictability—Some countries may favor approaches offering greater economic predictability over those whose implementation costs depend on unpredictable variables such as economic and population growth, and the rate of technological change.
Compatibility with Development Goals—Particularly for developing countries, future climate efforts are more likely to win support if they help advance, rather than compete with, development priorities such as economic growth and poverty reduction.
What Commitments Can Be Implemented?—An approach must be compatible with the capabilities and limitations of the institutions on which implementation and compliance will depend. Important factors include ease of monitoring and predictability of compliance.
III. Review of Proposals
Form and Forum of Negotiations
The majority of proposals reviewed here do not explicitly address the "form and forum" issue, but appear to presume that international climate negotiations should continue to be conducted among governments on a global basis, with the goal of developing a single, comprehensive regime. Most proposals appear to presume that the negotiations will continue to be conducted under the auspices of the UNFCCC, and many focus on elaborating and further developing the Kyoto Protocol.
A few proposals, however, contemplate alternative approaches:
Orchestra of Treaties—This proposal envisions a variety of activities undertaken outside the UNFCCC by like-minded states, including:
* an Emissions Market Group (EMG), consisting of countries with domestic cap-and-trade systems, to coordinate domestic emissions trading markets (this is similar to the Converging Markets approach described below);
* a Zero Emissions Technology Treaty (ZETT) to foster long-term technological change through a pledge-and-review system, including commitments to R & D; and
* a Climate-Wise Development Treaty between like-minded developing and developed states to modify flows of financial assistance by embedding climate issues into development policy.
Portfolio Approach—This proposal, noting that only 21 countries account for 80 percent of global emissions, advocates breaking out of the "mega-conference mold" of the UNFCCC and instead pursuing a variety of approaches among differing constellations of like-minded states. For example, automanufacturing states could agree on vehicle fuel-economy standards, or a small harmonized carbon tax could be adopted to fund greater research and development (R & D).
Converging Markets—This proposal envisages a multistage regime, beginning with bottom-up, bilateral negotiations to integrate national emission trading schemes, and then developing into a broader regime as other countries seek to join the trading club. New entrants would progress through three stages, beginning as hosts for emission reduction projects; then assuming "candidate" status, with emission
8
caps on selected sectors or installations and partial voting rights; and finally joining the core group with a broad emissions cap and full voting rights.
Parallel Climate Policy—This proposal suggests that the United States engage China and other major developing-country emitters in a new regime parallel to Kyoto. Elements of the parallel regime would include gradual emission reduction pathways, involving modest targets initially, and full use of international emissions trading.
Time Frame
The proposals differ widely in terms of their time frame, ranging from the short-term (for example, the Kyoto Protocol's second commitment period) to the very long-term.
Short-term approaches include:
Broad but Shallow Beginning—This proposal seeks a modest, politically salable international architecture to encourage domestic measures that could be undertaken now and would reduce the costs of reducing emissions later. Like the UNFCCC, the proposal focuses on questions of institutional design rather than emission reduction targets. Its goal is to establish, in the near term, robust and flexible institutions and frameworks, capable of responding to new circumstances and information over time.
Extension of mechanisms—Proposals to extend or modify the Kyoto mechanisms—for example, by allowing policy-based CDM or creating a safety valve—represent incremental changes that could be implemented in the near term.
Growth Baselines and Dual Intensity Targets—Several proposals seek to identify types of commitments that might be attractive to developing countries in the comparatively near term. Their aim is to draw developing countries into the process and put the regime on a road towards universality.
A middle-term approach is reflected in proposals that outline a pathway for the evolution of the regime over the next several rounds of negotiations—for example, the Multistage approach envisions developing countries graduating through four, successively stronger stages of commitments. The Converging Markets approach, similarly, describes a multistage regime, beginning with a small group of core countries that have domestic emissions trading schemes and evolving outward as other states seek to join the trading group.
Finally, several proposals take a comprehensive long-term view. Some seek to identify the overarching principle that should guide the development of the climate change regime—for example, common per capita emissions (Contraction and Convergence), historical responsibility for temperature change (Brazilian Proposal), or equal economic burdens. Others set forth a long-term target—for example, a long-term technology target (Technology Backstop Protocol) or a cumulative emissions target (Long-Term Permit Program).
Mitigation Commitments
Approaches to Defining Commitments
The proposals articulate a variety of ways that emission reduction commitments could be developed for states:
Top-down multilateral negotiations—Most of the proposals would continue the approach taken in the climate negotiations to date, namely, to define commitments through multilateral negotiations. As described below, these multilaterally agreed commitments could be of many kinds: emission reduction targets, coordinated policies and measures, financial commitments, and so forth. The approaches to defining commitments fall into the following general categories:
Ad hoc—Some proposals continue the approach of the Kyoto Protocol, namely to define commitments, on an ad hoc basis, in terms of incremental changes from the status quo.
Rational design of commitments—Other proposals attempt to articulate commitments in a more comprehensive, long-term manner—for example, by starting with a long-term stabilization objective, then defining an emissions trajectory, and then allocating emissions along that trajectory among countries based on criteria such as ability to pay and historical responsibility. This is the approach taken by the Multistage proposal and Contraction and Convergence.
Menu approaches—A few proposals would define a menu of commitments from which states could choose. For example, the Dual Track proposal would allow states to choose between assuming a binding emission target or submitting a list of policies and measures aimed at achieving a non-binding target.
Bottom-up, pledge-based approaches—Several proposals would give states even more flexibility than the menu approach, allowing them not merely to pick among various multilaterally defined alternatives, but to define their commitments themselves. The Bottom-Up approach would allow states to put forward whatever climate commitments they are willing and able to implement, based on their national circumstances. The commitments could take virtually any form—domestic emissions targets, efficiency standards, carbon taxes, financial transfers, investments in R & D, or adaptation measures. As in
trade negotiations, states would then engage in a series of bilateral and multilateral bargains, putting together packages of domestic and international actions that they agree to undertake. In contrast, the Sustainable Development Policies and Measures approach is directed specifically at developing countries. It proposes that developing country "commitments" initially take the form of pledges to implement national sustainable development policies, which would be listed in a registry. The basic function of a pledge-based approach is transparency. By making a pledge, a state opens itself up to international scrutiny of the pledge's adequacy and implementation.
Mixed approaches—Finally, some proposals, such as the Broad but Shallow Beginning, combine elements of the top-down and the bottom-up approaches. They provide for both the multilateral negotiation of national emission reduction targets, as well as pledges by each state of national policies and measures (PAMs) to implement the targets. Under these approaches, compliance would be assessed not in terms of achieving the target reductions—in that sense the target would not be binding—but rather in terms of whether the PAMs pledged by a state are projected to achieve their target.
Type of Commitment
Emission Targets
Many proposals would retain the target-setting focus of the Kyoto Protocol, but propose alternative types of targets (either for all countries or only for developing countries). Examples include:
Fixed targets with a different baseline—Instead of using an historical baseline, the Graduation and Deepening proposal suggests linking emissions targets to projections of business-as-usual emissions during the commitment period. This would help address one of the problems of historical baselines, namely that the target may prove too easy (creating "hot air") or too hard.
Indexed targets—To address the issue of cost uncertainty, targets could be indexed to some other variable, such as GDP, rather than set absolutely.
Intensity targets—A number of proposals suggest that greenhouse gas intensity targets would be particularly appropriate for developing countries, since they could be set to adjust upward as the economy grows, imposing less of a constraint on economic growth than an absolute cap. An intensity target could cover CO2 emissions from fossil fuels only, or other GHGs as well.
Performance targets—Performance targets define an amount of allowed emissions relative to a unit of production (for example, tons of steel produced, or kilowatts of electricity). In essence, they are carbon intensity targets defined for a particular sector or product, rather than for the economy as a whole.
No lose targets 3 —"No lose" targets are another type of target that some have suggested for less developed countries (or possibly for all developing countries). No lose targets are non-binding and, if exceeded, do not have any compliance consequence. But if a state's emissions are below the no lose target, it would be allowed to sell the surplus emissions to other countries and thereby receive a benefit.
Dual intensity targets—Dual intensity targets combine dynamic and no lose targets in a further effort to address the problem of economic uncertainty. Under this approach, developing countries would receive two targets: a relatively weak "compliance" target and a more stringent "selling" target. Both targets would be carbon intensity targets, indexed to the country's GDP. The compliance target would be legally binding; if a country exceeded the target, it would suffer compliance consequences. In contrast, the selling target would be no lose: if a country exceeded its target, it would not suffer any compliance consequence but, if it bettered the target, then it could sell its excess allowances internationally. Because different targets would be established for compliance and emissions trading purposes, developing countries could be given a comparatively easy compliance target that does not unduly constrain economic growth or create the danger of hot air, since a more stringent target would be defined for emissions trading purposes.
Conditional targets—The Human Development Goals proposal suggests that, to the extent that a developing country target goes beyond projected business-as-usual improvements in carbon intensity, it should be made conditional on the receipt of financial assistance or technology from developed countries.
Sectoral targets—Although most target-based proposals set a target for a country's national emissions, a target could apply to a limited number of sectors—for example, energy production. The Growth Baselines and the Converging Markets proposals, for example, envision the possibility of sector-based targets. The Technology Backstop Protocol would, in effect, define long-term zero emission targets for particular sectors: fossil fuel electric power generation, synthetic fuels, and fossil fuel refining.
Safety valve—Several target-based proposals, including the Hybrid International Emissions Trading and the Dual Track approaches, include a safety valve mechanism. A safety valve allows states (and possibly individual companies or other entities) to buy additional allowances at a predetermined "safety valve" price. This makes an emissions target conditional: if the marginal cost of abatement rises above the safety valve level, then the target is relaxed through the sale of additional allowances. If the price
is set above the projected marginal cost of compliance, the safety valve serves as insurance against unexpectedly high costs. Setting a low price can effectively turn the emissions target into a tax. A safety valve could be implemented by individual countries or internationally. One design issue in either case is how the proceeds, if any, would be spent.
Long-term cumulative targets—The Long-Term Permit Program would, in effect, define a long-term cumulative emissions target, but would not define any shorter-term targets, thereby allowing complete flexibility as to the timing of emission reductions.
Harmonized Domestic Policies and Measures
Since the international climate change negotiations first began in the early 1990s, commitments relating to PAMs have been seen as the principal alternative to emission targets. PAMs commitments could supplement or serve as an alternative to emission targets. PAMs proposals include:
Coordinated carbon tax—A harmonized or coordinated carbon tax could provide greater cost certainty than a fixed emission target.
Harmonized domestic emissions trading scheme—The Domestic Hybrid Trading Schemes and the LongTerm Permit Program proposals envision harmonized domestic emissions trading programs, the former involving a safety valve at an internationally agreed price, the latter involving long-term emission permits that could be used any time during a sixty-year commitment period.
Energy efficiency standards—A proposal for International Agreements on Energy Efficiency envisions efficiency standards at the production process level in major emitting industries.
Technology approaches—Given the difficulties in negotiating and enforcing emissions targets, the Technology-Centered Approach proposes the negotiation of protocols to finance collaborative research and development, develop common technology standards, and support deployment of existing and new technologies.
Financial Commitments
Several proposals focus on financial commitments for industrialized countries as a supplement or an alternative to emissions targets.
A proposal for Two-Part Commitments for Industrialized Countries would give those countries the option of achieving part of their commitments by making financial and technology transfers to developing countries rather than by reducing their emissions.
The Purchase of a Global Public Good proposal articulates another approach to financing. Countries would make financial payments to an international authority, which would use these funds to purchase (and retire) emission allowances, thereby reducing permissible emissions.
A proposal for a Climate Marshall Plan suggests ad hoc agreements between donor and recipient countries about how to spend large grants of assistance.
Stringency of Commitment
Comparatively few proposals explicitly address the issue of stringency. Among those that do, the proposals that take a short-term perspective tend to argue for relatively weak targets, as a means of encouraging broad participation. Several proposals focus in particular on the need for developing country commitments to be set at a modest level initially, in order to make them politically acceptable. Two proposals (Broad but Shallow Beginning, Three-Part Policy Architecture) apply this same reasoning more generally, suggesting that targets for all countries should be set at a low level initially, in order to keep costs low and encourage broad participation.
The Multistage approach addresses the stringency issue systematically, beginning with a concentration objective (e.g., 550 ppm), then calculating a global emissions level for each five-year commitment period, and then allocating that global target among four groups of countries. The Long-Term Permit Program proposal also begins with an agreed concentration objective and then calculates the maximum level of cumulative emissions consistent with reaching that objective.
Differentiation and Burden-Sharing
A large number of proposals focus on the related issues of developing country commitments and burden sharing. In general, these proposals do not suggest assigning the same commitments to all countries. Instead, they accept that different types of countries should have different types and/or levels of commitments. They therefore raise the questions: What are the criteria for participating in the commitments regime and for distributing burdens? And what are different ways in which commitments could be differentiated?
Criteria for Differentiating Commitments
The proposals advance a wide variety of possible differentiation criteria, including:
* Per capita GDP
* Per capita emissions
* Emissions per unit GDP
* Population
* Historical emissions
* Total current emissions
* Membership in particular international organizations, such as the OECD or IEA.
Some proposals focus on a single criterion (most commonly wealth, as measured by per capita GDP), while others use a multi-factor approach. For example, the Graduation and Deepening proposal defines a "graduation index," calculated as a function of two equally-weighted factors: per capita GDP and per capita emissions. The Further Differentiation approach, in contrast, focuses on per capita GDP and emissions per unit GDP (as a measure of efficiency). Meanwhile, the Global Triptych/Extended Global Triptych approach defines targets at the sectoral level, looking at a wide variety of country-specific circumstances to determine each particular target.
The Human Development Goals proposal suggests distinguishing between emissions necessary for the satisfaction of basic human needs and "luxury" emissions. According to this approach, each country should be permitted to emit at the level necessary for the satisfaction of basic human needs. Countries whose emissions are below that level should not have any obligatory emission targets. The proposal suggests defining "necessary" emissions as the current level of global per capita emissions (or 120 percent of that level).
Methods of Differentiation
The proposals reflect a variety of ways in which commitments could be differentiated:
Differentiation in form of commitment—Some proposals suggest assigning different types of commitments to different types of countries. For example, the Further Differentiation proposal suggests using dynamic targets for middle-income developing countries, to help ensure that emissions targets do not become an economic straightjacket, and non-binding targets for less developed countries (reserving fixed targets for developed countries).
Differentiation in stringency of commitments—Other proposals differentiate targets in terms of stringency, the approach used in the Kyoto Protocol. For example, under the Three-Part Policy Architecture proposal, target stringency would be a function of per capita GDP. As a country's income increases, its commitments would gradually become more stringent. The Global Triptych/Extended Global Triptych approach would set the stringency of a country's target on a sector-by-sector basis, looking at a range of factors including historical emissions and population. The Graduation and Deepening proposal and the Soft Landing in Emissions Growth proposal take a more categorical approach, assigning countries to different categories and proposing specific reduction targets for each category. The Multistage proposals combine differentiation in the stringency of commitments with differentiation in the type of commitments, identifying four stages through which developing countries pass: (1) no targets, (2) a GHG intensity target, (3) a target to stabilize absolute emissions, and (4) a target to reduce absolute emissions.
Differentiation in timing of commitments—The Global Framework and the Multi-Sector Convergence proposals both include elements similar to the Montreal Ozone Protocol's approach to differentiation, namely to give developing countries more time to achieve their commitments. The Global Framework approach gives developing countries that graduate into the "Kyoto track" a grace period of 5 or 10 years before they must move from a stabilization to a reduction target. Similarly, the Multi-Sector Convergence proposal gives low-emissions countries that exceed the graduation threshold a pre-set adjustment period before they must assume emission targets. In contrast, the other differentiation proposals presume that developing country commitments should depend not merely on the passage of time, but on satisfying substantive criteria (for example, a particular level of per capita income or per capita emissions).
Graduation / Pathway to Global Participation
Implicit in the concept of differentiation is that of graduation: as a country develops, it should graduate from one category of countries to another, based on whatever differentiation criteria are being used (e.g., per capita income, per capita emissions, emissions per unit GDP).
Some of the proposals explicitly reflect this temporal dimension, setting forth a pathway for developing countries first to participate in the commitments regime and then to assume progressively more stringent commitments, as they develop economically and pass the defined differentiation/graduation thresholds. Both the Multistage approach and the Graduation and Deepening proposal define four stages through which countries would pass. The former differentiates among categories by type of target, the latter by stringency. Other proposals address only a particular period of time—for example, the Kyoto Protocol's second commitment period—and do not specify what should happen subsequently.
Allocation of Burden
Finally, several proposals suggest more comprehensive, long-term principles of distributive justice to determine the appropriate allocation of burdens among countries. These can be separated into three general categories: 4
Allocation-based approaches—These share burdens among countries according to a general principle for the distribution of emissions, such as common levels of per capita emissions (Contraction and Convergence), historical responsibility (Brazilian Proposal), or ability to pay.
Outcome-based approaches—In contrast, outcome-based approaches focus on the expected outcomes of different arrangements. For example, the Equal Mitigation Costs approach would set targets so as to equalize the expected marginal abatement costs among countries. Outcome-based approaches rely on models (which may be highly contested) to project the costs or other relevant outcomes of different burden-sharing arrangements.
Process-based approaches
—Finally, proposals such as the
Global Preference Score are process-based:
they define a procedure for deciding how to share burdens, for example, by a particular voting rule.
Adaptation
Only a few proposals address the issue of adaptation:
UNFCCC Impact Response Instrument
—This proposal calls for a new UNFCCC Disaster Relief Fund, financed by contributions from industrialized countries (apparently based on their historical responsibility
for climate change and their ability to pay).
Global Framework—This proposal includes adaptation as one of three parallel tracks (together with Kyoto and "decarbonization"), but appears to rely primarily on existing approaches to adaptation, including the Adaptation and LDC Funds created under the Marrakech Accords.
Insurance for Adaptation—This proposal would establish an insurance pool to pay for adaptation costs in developing countries, financed by a levy on emissions trading.
South-North Dialogue—This proposal addresses the adaptation issue in a comprehensive manner, including through research and development; capacity building; the provision of adequate and predictable revenue streams based on the polluter pays principle; and insurance schemes, possibly through public-private partnerships.
Implementation and Compliance
Few proposals address issues of implementation and compliance. One exception is the Safety Valve with Buyer Liability approach, which proposes a system of buyer liability as a way of creating stronger incentives for compliance. On the one hand, countries that buy allowances through emissions trading would have an incentive to ensure that these allowances represent real emission reductions; on the other hand, countries that sell allowances would have an incentive to develop internal safeguards that assure their compliance, so that the value of their allowances does not go down. The Long-Term Permit Program proposal also attempts to create incentives for compliance by creating a valuable financial asset (long-term permits) whose value would depend on the integrity of the compliance system, and whose owners would therefore constitute a strong lobby for effective compliance measures. Several proposals suggest the possibility of trade measures against non-complying or non-participating states, including the Hybrid International Emissions Trading, the Dual Track, and the Harmonized Carbon Taxes proposals. The Technology-Centered Approach seeks to address compliance through technology agreements that are self-enforcing.
IV. Summaries of Proposals5
Ability to Pay
SUMMARY / RATIONALE: Modification of the current Kyoto architecture to address the problem of burden sharing over time. Proposes three new policy elements: (1) imposition of a long-term emissions constraint to connect near-term emission reductions to the regime's long-term objective; (2) ability to pay (as measured by per capita GDP) serves as the graduation criterion for assumption of targets by developing countries and the burden-sharing formula for allocating national targets; and (3) rolling baselines for emission targets.
FORUM:
UNFCCC.
TIME FRAME: Seeks to modify the Kyoto Framework to achieve a viable long-term policy architecture.
MITIGATION COMMITMENTS
Types of Commitments:
* Targets: National emission targets, with international emissions trading. For developed countries, absolute, binding near-term emissions reduction targets with rolling baselines. For developing countries, initial targets aimed at reducing rate of emissions increase.
* Technology: R & D effort among wealthy developed states to produce new technologies to make deep emission reductions.
Differentiation: Based on ability to pay, as measured by GDP per capita.
Allocation / Burden-Sharing Approach: Targets allocated based on GDP per capita.
Graduation criteria: Developing countries graduate to binding emission targets when they reach a pre-determined per capita GDP threshold.
PROPOSED BY: Jacoby et al.
SOURCES:
(1) Jacoby, H., R. Schmalensee, and I. Wing. "Toward a Useful Architecture for Climate Change Negotiations," Report No. 49, MIT Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change, May 1999.
(2) Jacoby, H.D., R. Prinn, and R. Schmalensee. "Kyoto's Unfinished Business," Foreign Affairs 77 (July-August 1998): 54-66.
Agreed Domestic Carbon Taxes
SUMMARY / RATIONALE: Alternative type of mitigation commitment, focusing on agreed actions—in particular, an agreed domestic carbon tax—rather than on binding national emission targets.
FORUM: Not specified, but proposed as an alternative to Kyoto.
TIME FRAME: Indefinite.
MITIGATION COMMITMENTS
Types of Commitments:
* PAMs: Countries agree to a common tax on fossil fuels based on their carbon content (with possible exemptions for fossil fuel uses that do not emit CO2, such as the production of some plastics). Could be extended to include methane at a later stage. Tax rate adjustable up or down at regular intervals (e.g., 5 or 10 years), as new scientific information becomes available and as the tax's effectiveness in reducing emissions is assessed. Developing countries might be given additional time to phase in the carbon tax.
Differentiation: Applicable to all countries, although developing countries might be given more time to phase in a carbon tax.
Graduation criteria: Not applicable, assuming regime is global. If developed countries decide to go ahead with a carbon tax on their own, developing countries could join in when their income and emissions increase.
ADAPTATION: Notes the need for contingency planning about how best to adapt to more serious climate change.
INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS
New institutions: Not addressed, although implementation would be primarily at the national level.
IMPLEMENTATION
Compliance: The International Monetary Fund could help monitor compliance by examining a country's energy revenues as part of its annual consultations with countries concerning macroeconomic policies.
OTHER ELEMENTS: Some revenue from the carbon tax might go to the international community for refugee and peacekeeping operations and to developing countries for economic assistance.
PROPOSED BY: Richard Cooper
SOURCES:
(1) Cooper, R. "Toward a Real Treaty on Global Warming," Foreign Affairs 77: 66-79, 1998.
(2) Cooper, R. "The Kyoto Protocol: A Flawed Concept," Environmental Law Reporter 31: 11,484-11,492, 2001.
Bottom-Up
SUMMARY / RATIONALE: Bottom-up, country-driven approach to defining national commitments. Instead of top-down, international negotiation of national emission targets, each country would determine for itself, from the bottom-up, what might be technically, economically, socially and politically acceptable in light of its own national circumstances. In a process analogous to trade negotiations, each country would put its offer of commitments on the negotiating table and invite proposals from other countries for similar commitments. The negotiations would result in a package of commitments by each country that could include domestic or international actions of a short- or long-term nature. Components could include: a national emissions target, domestic policies and measures (PAMs), investments in emissions mitigation in other countries, technology transfer, financial contributions, adaptation measures, and so forth. Countries would seek to reach a point where the balance of commitments among all countries was generally comparable, taking into account differing national circumstances.
FORUM: UNFCCC.
TIME FRAME: Short-term. Could be utilized for the Kyoto Protocol's second commitment period (2013–2017).
MITIGATION COMMITMENTS
Types of Commitments:
* Targets: Commitments package could include a national emission target, with an illustrative package of PAMs that might reasonably be expected to meet the target.
* PAMs: Commitments package could include a package of PAMs, with a projection of the expected emission reductions resulting from these PAMs.
* Financial: Commitments package could include commitments to transfer financial or technological resources.
* Technology: Commitments package could include long-term commitments to promote technology development.
* Pledge-based: Countries would pledge a package of commitments appropriate to their national circumstances.
Differentiation: Each country's commitment would reflect its national circumstances.
Allocation / Burden-Sharing Approach: Negotiations would achieve an outcome only if all participants viewed the overall result as balanced and fair.
ADAPTATION: Commitments could be directed at adaptation.
PROPOSED BY: Robert A. Reinstein
SOURCE: Reinstein, Robert A. "A Possible Way Forward on Climate Change," in Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies 9: 295-309, 2004.
Brazilian Proposal
SUMMARY / RATIONALE: Burden-sharing approach based on historical responsibility for temperature change. As originally proposed during the Kyoto Protocol negotiations, the Brazilian proposal called on Annex I countries as a bloc to reduce their GHG emissions by 30 percent below 1990 levels by 2020, and set forth a methodology for allocating emission reduction burdens among countries based on their relative responsibility for global temperature increase. The proposal also included a new Clean Development Fund (CDF) (which became the CDM in the Kyoto Protocol), into which developed countries would be required to contribute if they did not meet their emission target (at a rate of $10/ton), and which would be used primarily to fund clean development projects in developing countries (with a small share for adaptation projects). Since Kyoto, the "Brazilian proposal" has come to refer to burden sharing based on historical responsibility for temperature change.
FORUM: UNFCCC.
TIME FRAME: Long-term.
MITIGATION COMMITMENTS
Types of Commitments:
* Targets: Emission reduction targets based on historical responsibility for existing temperature change. Not compatible with growth targets, since burden-sharing methodology yields absolute emissions reduction targets.
Differentiation: Although the Brazilian proposal originally focused only on developed country mitigation commitments, its burden-sharing methodology could potentially be applied to determine the emission reduction commitments of all countries.
Allocation / Burden-Sharing Approach: Emission allowances allocated based on historical responsibility for human-induced temperature change. Parties mutually agree to apply a particular climate model to estimate each country's historical contribution to temperature change.
ADAPTATION: Original pre-Kyoto proposal provided that up to 10 percent of the Clean Development Fund could be used to finance adaptation projects in developing countries
INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS
New institutions: Original proposal would have created a Clean Development Fund within the Global Environment Facility to fund emission mitigation activities by developing countries.
IMPLEMENTATION
Compliance: Original proposal involved financial penalty of US$10 for each ton of CO2 emissions exceeding the target, to be paid into the Clean Development Fund.
PROPOSED BY: Luiz Gylvan Meira Filho and José Domingos Gonzalez Miguez with Luiz Pinguelli-Rosa
SOURCES:
(1) Brazilian Ministry of Science and Technology. "Technical Note on the Time-Dependent Relationship Between Emissions of Greenhouse Gases and Climate Change," January 2000.
(2) Proposed Elements of a Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Presented by Brazil in response to the Berlin Mandate.
Broad but Shallow Beginning
SUMMARY / RATIONALE: The climate regime should start with a broad but shallow approach, focusing on policies that are inexpensive and poli
countrie to estab
inevitably, change."
FORUM: Not specified. Could be undertaken under the UNFCCC or as a new regime.
TIME FRAME: Focuses on short-term goal of getting a system up and running now, which can effectively address the climate change problem over the longer term.
MITIGATION COMMITMENTS
Types of Commitments:
* Targets: National emission targets, with international emissions trading. Targets not burdensome initially, in order to encourage maximum participation. Compliance with targets is evaluated ex ante in terms of whether domestic climate policies are likely to meet the target, rather than ex post by looking at actual emissions.
* PAMs: Participating states have flexibility in their choice of domestic emissions control policies, but need to demonstrate ex ante that their policies will likely meet their target.
* Pledge-based: In essence, countries pledge a set of domestic climate policies aimed at meeting their national emission target (for example, an emissions trading scheme or a carbon tax), with international review.
Differentiation: Same regime applicable to all countries.
IMPLEMENTATION
Compliance: Governments held accountable for current policies rather than for past emissions. International public opinion the main enforcement agent for the foreseeable future, so public opinion should be informed by audits of national emissions forecasts.
PROPOSED BY: Richard Schmalensee
SOURCE: Schmalensee, Richard. "Greenhouse Policy Architecture and Institutions," MIT Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Climate Change, Cambridge, MA, 1996. See http://web.mit.edu/globalchange/www/MITJPSPGC_Rpt13.pdf.
Climate Marshall Plan
SUMMARY / RATIONALE: Alternative approach to mitigation, focusing on the inputs of climate policy (policies, programs, taxes, subsidies, regulations, investments, R & D, and so forth), rather than on the outputs (emissions). Climate Marshall Plan provides a possible model for how national policies could be coordinated and burdens shared, based on "multilateral reciprocal scrutiny" among states rather than on any formal quantitative criterion.
MITIGATION COMMITMENTS
Types of Commitments:
* Targets: None. Targets are inherently flawed, since governments cannot predict the impact of their policies on emissions.
* PAMs: States should commit to actions (policies and measures) rather than to results.
* Financial: Developed countries should make financial contributions to an institution that would help finance energy-efficient and decarbonized technologies in the developing world.
* Technology: Significant increase in R & D needed.
* Pledge-based: Compatible with pledge-based approach.
Differentiation: Not addressed, although proposal seems to suggest differentiating between "rich" and other countries.
Allocation / Burden-Sharing Approach: Rather than develop quantitative allocation criteria, the climate regime should rely on more open-ended, pragmatic modes of discourse about how to share the benefits and burdens of climate regime.
IMPLEMENTATION
Compliance: A coercive compliance system is not feasible, so the regime must concentrate on how to achieve cooperation based on reciprocal scrutiny and cross-examination among states of each other's proposals.
PROPOSED BY: Thomas Schelling
SOURCES:
(1) Schelling, T.C. "The Cost of Combating Global Warming; Facing the Tradeoffs," Foreign Affairs (November/December 1997).
(2) Schelling, T.C. "What Makes Greenhouse Sense? Time to Rethink the Kyoto Protocol," Foreign Affairs (May/June 2002).
Contraction and Convergence
SUMMARY / RATIONALE: Long-term pathway for evolution of the climate regime, reflecting principle that national GHG emissions should converge at a common per capita level. Involves two steps: (1) specification of a global emissions budget leading to an agreed long-term concentration level ("contraction"); (2) sharing of emission entitlements among countries so that per capita emissions converge by an agreed year ("convergence").
FORUM: UNFCCC. Negotiations principally between regions of the world, with further negotiations within regions.
TIME FRAME: Long-term. Countries would agree on a "safe" level of atmospheric GHG concentrations (no higher than 450 ppm CO2 equivalent) and a "full-term" (100-year) emissions budget consistent with that goal.
MITIGATION COMMITMENTS
Types of Commitments:
* Targets: Each country would receive a share of the overall full-term emissions budget, in the form of tradable "entitlements" to emit. Inter-regional, international and intra-national trading of entitlements would be encouraged.
Differentiation: Applies to all countries.
Allocation / Burden-Sharing Approach: The full-term emissions budget would be allocated among regions based on a negotiated rate of linear convergence to equal shares per capita globally by an agreed date, such as 2030 or 2040. Further negotiations would be held within regions to determine national emission budgets.
OTHER ELEMENTS: Rates of contraction and convergence to be periodically revised to reflect improved scientific and economic understanding.
PROPOSED BY: Aubrey Meyer, Global Commons Institute
SOURCE:
Global Commons Institute. See "C&C text in 13 Languages" at www.gci.org.uk.
Converging Markets
SUMMARY / RATIONALE: Scenario for the emergence of a liquid international carbon market, through integration of currently fragmented national emissions trading systems. Integration would begin with bilateral negotiations, tailor-made for individual countries and sectors. Over time, states seeking to join the trading regime might first be admitted as candidate countries, with an emissions cap on selected installations or sectors and partial reporting, and eventually join the core group by assuming a broad emissions cap and national reporting.
FORUM: Bilateral negotiations among countries with domestic carbon markets as a second-tier of negotiations separate from the UNFCCC process. As more states join the international emissions trading system, it could be reintegrated into the UNFCCC process.
TIME FRAME: Short to medium-term.
MITIGATION COMMITMENTS
Types of Commitments:
* Targets: To gain full admission into the emissions trading group, countries would need to accept mandatory national emissions targets. The targets could be economy-wide or sectoral (if only certain sectors seek to participate in the emissions trading system) and could be either absolute or dynamic.
* Financial: Financial assistance might be provided to candidate countries, as part of the process by which they assume emissions targets.
* Other: Participating countries would need to establish reliable inventories and registries for sectors that participate in emissions trading.
Differentiation: Candidate countries and core countries. In contrast to top-down, one-size-fits-all global negotiations, negotiations among a smaller group of countries could result in significant differentiation in the rights and duties of individual countries, including different types and levels of targets, different reporting requirements, different compliance systems, and different voting rights.
Allocation / Burden-Sharing Approach: Not applicable. National emission targets would develop in ad hoc way, though bilateral and multilateral negotiations.
Graduation criteria: Countries could join the trading regime through a multistage process, beginning with candidate status. Accession agreements would contain schedules of commitments regarding GHG emissions reporting, reductions and trading, as well as specific rights and access to coordinated support measures.
INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS
New institutions: Not specified. As countries take on stronger commitments over time they will enjoy greater voting rights.
IMPLEMENTATION
Compliance: To participate in the international emissions trading market, states need to demonstrate that they have a strong domestic compliance system.
OTHER ELEMENTS: Participation and voting rights could be differentiated based on the stake of different actors. Countries with mandatory emission targets would have greater voting rights than candidate countries.
PROPOSED BY: Kristian Tangen and Henrik Hasselknippe
SOURCE: Tangen, K. and H. Hasselknippe. "Converging Markets," Fridtjof Nansen Institute, paper published under the FNI/CRIEPI/ HWWA/CASS Post-2012 Policy Scenarios Project (draft), 2003.
Domestic Hybrid Trading Schemes
SUMMARY / RATIONALE: Alternative type of mitigation commitment: instead of emissions targets and international emissions trading, states agree to establish harmonized domestic trading systems, each with a safety valve at an internationally negotiated price to provide greater cost certainty and to ensure that countries pay the same price for emitting carbon.
FORUM: UNFCCC. Could eventually merge with the Kyoto system, although likely to stay separate.
TIME FRAME: Characterized as an early action policy but also sets a long-term goal for emissions.
MITIGATION COMMITMENTS
Types of Commitments:
* Targets: No fixed national emission targets. Countries are given an initial allocation of emission endowments, which generate annual emission permits.
* PAMs: Domestic emissions trading system involving two tradable commodities: (1) annual emission permits, which are required to emit a unit of carbon annually; (2) emission endowments, which generate an emission permit for its owner each year. 6 Each country would receive a once-only allocation of emission endowments: Annex I countries would receive emission endowments equal to their Kyoto Protocol targets; developing countries would receive emission endowments in excess of their current emissions, reflecting their need for future emissions growth (thus ensuring that, in the short term, they have surplus emission permits and their domestic trading price is zero). Emission endowments would trade freely, at a price that reflects expectations about the future price path of emission permits. (The higher the price of emission permits in the future, the more valuable the emission endowments that generate an ongoing stream of permits over time.) In contrast, the price of emission permits would be controlled, to ensure that abatement costs at any given time are predictable and reasonable. If national emissions exceed a country's emission endowments (and hence exceed the annual emission permits generated by those endowments), the government would sell additional permits at a predetermined, internationally agreed price (as in the safety valve proposals). The UNFCCC Conference of the Parties (COP) would renegotiate the emission permit price every ten years.
Differentiation: Developed and developing countries. Developed countries would receive emissions endowments based on their K
equa in developing country emission trading markets could trade for no more than the safety valve price, but could trade for less).
INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS
New institutions: No new international institutions required. All the new institutions required would be at the national level, to administer the national trading programs.
IMPLEMENTATION
Compliance: Monitoring and enforcement takes place at the domestic level. At the international level, countries report on total emissions and sales of permits.
OTHER ELEMENTS: Reducing global emissions below the initial allocation of emission endowments would require the creation of an international mechanism to buy back and retire emission endowments.
PROPOSED BY: Warwick McKibbin and Peter Wilcoxen
SOURCES:
(1) McKibbin, W. and P. Wilcoxen. "Climate Change Policy After Kyoto: Blueprint for a Realistic Approach," Brookings Institution Press, 2002.
(2) McKibbin, W. "Moving Beyond Kyoto," The Brookings Institution Policy Brief No. 66, October 2000.
(3) McKibbin, W. and P. Wilcoxen. "Salvaging the Kyoto Climate Negotiations," Brookings Institution, Policy Brief No. 27, November 1997.
Dual Intensity Targets
SUMMARY / RATIONALE: Alternative type of target for developing countries, which would be more attractive than absolute, binding, Kyoto-style targets. Developing countries would each have two carbon intensity targets: a relatively stringent but non-legally binding "trading" target, and a relatively weak, legally binding "compliance" target.
FORUM: Not specified, but compatible with UNFCCC/Kyoto Protocol framework.
MITIGATION COMMITMENTS
Types of Commitments:
* Targets: Two carbon-intensity targets for each developing country: (1) a relatively weak "compliance" target, which a country would be required to meet for compliance purposes, and (2) a more stringent "selling" target, which would not be legally binding but would enable a country that emits below the target to sell the surplus without the danger of creating tropical "hot air." The authors note the benefits of expressing GDP in terms of domestic currency.
* Pledge-based: Compatible with a pledge-based approach, under which countries pledge their own compliance target. Differentiation: Developed and developing countries. Dual intensity targets are an option only for developing countries. Allocation / Burden-Sharing Approach: Formula for setting targets is not specified. Proposal notes that it is compatible with a
variety of allocation formulas.
OTHER ELEMENTS: As with all dynamic targets, the failure to define maximum permissible emissions ex ante creates implementation challenges for emissions trading. The authors note two ways to enable trading with dynamic targets: (1) a postverification trading system whereby transfers take place after emissions and GDP are verified, and (2) determining a country's allowable emissions just prior to the commitment period based on GDP projections that are updated annually and reconciled at the end of the period.
PROPOSED BY: Yong-Gun Kim and Kevin A. Baumert
SOURCE: Kim, Yong-Gun and Kevin A. Baumert. "Reducing Uncertainty Through Dual-Intensity Targets," in Building on the Kyoto Protocol: Options for Protecting the Climate, Kevin A. Baumert with Odile Blanchard, Silvia Llosa, and James F. Perkaus (Eds.), World Resources Institute, Washington, D.C., October 2002.
Dual Track
SUMMARY / RATIONALE: Comprehensive architecture for the post-2012 period aimed at increasing incentives to participate by allowing countries to choose between target-based approach or PAMs-based approach. Incorporates a "national interest" perspective, in which each country takes action for its own sake, as well as the "global commons" perspective of the Kyoto Protocol. Gives countries a choice between two tracks: a pledge of domestic policies and measures, aimed at achieving a non-binding emissions target (Track A) (reflecting the "national interest" perspective); or a binding emissions target with full participation in international emissions trading (Track B) (reflecting the "global commons" perspective).
FORUM: Kyoto Protocol negotiations.
TIME FRAME: Short-term (post-2012 period). Duration not specified.
MITIGATION COMMITMENTS
Types of Commitments:
* Targets: Participating states given a choice between two types of targets, (A) non-binding emission goals, which they would aim to achieve through a detailed list of PAMs; and (B) legally binding national emission targets, which would allow them to participate fully in international emissions trading. Under Track A, countries are allowed to sell allowances if they reduce emissions below their non-binding target. Under Track B, countries are able to purchase additional allowances at a "safety valve" price, with the proceeds going to an Emission Mitigation Fund to assist developing countries.
* PAMs: PAMs listed in an Annex, possibly with different levels of tax rates and standards specified for developing countries. Countries opting for a non-binding emission target under Track A must submit a list of PAMs that they would pledge to implement.
* Financial: Country contributions to an Adaptation Fund, based on historical responsibility for climate change.
* Pledge-based:
Track A PAMs essentially pledge-based.
Differentiation: Developed and developing countries.
Allocation / Burden-Sharing Approach: Emission targets based on specified reductions from business-as-usual scenarios. Reduction rates higher for developed than developing countries, but no rates or allocation formula specified.
ADAPTATION: Retains the Kyoto Protocol's Adaptation Fund, financed by a share of the proceeds of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) as well as by country contributions based on historical responsibility, determined by the Brazilian Proposal.
IMPLEMENTATION
Compliance: Penalties would apply to Track A countries only if implementation of PAMs were determined to be "excessively" (threshold undefined) insufficient to achieve the emissions goal. Track B countries subject to financial penalties for noncompliance at a rate slightly higher than the safety valve level. Participating states may impose tariffs on imported goods from non-Parties, if such goods do not fulfill the standards and policies in the PAMs list.
OTHER ELEMENTS: Double trigger for entry into force, requiring ratification by the five largest world emitters (U.S., China, Russia, Japan, and India, or EU if considered as a single party), as well as by parties accounting for 65 percent of global emissions.
PROPOSED BY: Yasuko Kameyama
SOURCE: Kameyama, Yasuko. "Maximizing Incentives Through Dual Track Approach—A Proposal for a Comprehensive Framework for Climate Regime Beyond 2012," in Climate Regime Beyond 2012: Incentives for Global Participation, National Institute for Environmental Studies and Institute for Global Environmental Strategies Joint Research Report, December 2003.
Equal Mitigation Costs
SUMMARY / RATIONALE: This approach would allocate emission reduction obligations so that they entail the same percentage reduction in GDP for all countries. Countries agree on a single economic model to calculate the inferred costs of reduction targets ex ante.
TIME FRAME: Indefinite.
MITIGATION COMMITMENTS
Types of Commitments:
* Targets:
Form of target not specified
* Other: Countries need to agree on an economic model to calculate inferred costs of the targets ex ante.
Allocation formula: Target set so as to equalize mitigation costs between countries.
PROPOSED BY: Mustafa J. Babiker and Richard S. Eckaus
SOURCE: Babiker, M. and R. Eckaus. "Rethinking the Kyoto Targets," MIT Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change, Report No. 65, August 2000.
Expanded "Common but Differentiated"
SUMMARY / RATIONALE: Allocation of national emission targets on a per capita basis with a transitional regime for Annex I countries for the period until 2025 to reduce the severity of the emission reductions required.
FORUM: Not specified. Compatible with UNFCCC / Kyoto Protocol.
TIME FRAME: Long-term allocation formula, with a transitional regime for the period until 2025.
MITIGATION COMMITMENTS
Types of Commitments:
* Targets: Absolute national emission targets for all countries.
Differentiation: During transition period through 2025, differentiation between developed and developing countries. Developing country targets determined on a per capita basis, allowing increased emissions in all developing countries except South Korea, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, and United Arab Emirates. Developed countries given specific targets—for 2010, a 5 percent reduction from 1990 levels and, for 2025, a 25 percent reduction from 1990 levels, with adjustments up or down based on a country's carbon intensity. (If an Annex I country's carbon intensity is lower than the Annex I average, its target reduction would be adjusted downward; if its carbon intensity is higher than the Annex I average, its target reduction would be increased.)
Allocation / Burden-Sharing Approach: Global emissions level for each commitment period calculated based on an agreed emission trajectory to achieve a specified atmospheric concentration level (for example, 550 ppm CO2). Global emissions allocated to countries on a per capita basis, except during transitional period. Per capita allocation would initially give most developing countries surplus allowances that they could sell to Annex I countries.
INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS
New institutions: Global regulatory agency that can impose penalties on countries that do not achieve their emissions targets.
IMPLEMENTATION
Compliance: Heavy penalties for non-compliance with emissions targets.
PROPOSED BY: Sujata Gupta and Preety Bhandari
SOURCE: Gupta, Sujata and Preety Bhandari. "An effective allocation criterion for CO2 emissions," Energy Policy 27 (1999): 727-736, Elsevier.
Further Differentiation
SUMMARY / RATIONALE: Comprehensive survey of mitigation options, suggesting pathway for evolution of Kyoto commitments into a global regime.
FORUM: Kyoto Protocol negotiations.
TIME FRAME: Focuses on short- to medium-term emissions targets (for second and third commitment periods), which keep future options open, rather than on a long-term concentration target.
MITIGATION COMMITMENTS
Types of Commitments:
* Targets: Different types of national emission targets for different groups of countries: binding, absolute targets for developed countries; binding indexed targets for wealthier developing countries; non-binding fixed (or no targets) for the least developing countries. Dynamic targets, price caps, or deferred targets could be accommodated within the Kyoto model and are viable.
* PAMs: None specified. Notes that PAMs commitments would represent a substantial departure from the Kyoto Protocol framework.
* Technology: Notes that technology standards would represent a substantial departure from the Kyoto approach.
* Pledge-based: Possibility of pledge-based, voluntary targets for least developed countries.
Differentiation: Differentiation based on wealth and opportunity to reduce emissions (as measured by carbon intensity levels). Three categories of countries in the second commitment period—developed countries, wealthier developing countries, and least developed countries—and four categories in the third commitment period.
Allocation / Burden-Sharing Approach: No single approach or indicator is likely to form the basis of a future global agreement, but per capita emissions will be a key indicator in evaluating fairness and environmental effectiveness.
Graduation criteria: None specified, but implies that graduation will be based on a combination of criteria, including opportunity (as measured by energy intensity), capacity (as measured by per capita GDP) and responsibility (as measured by historical, current or future emissions).
PROPOSED BY: Swedish Environmental Protection Agency
SOURCE: Swedish Environmental Protection Agency. "Kyoto and Beyond, Issues and Options in the Global Response to Climate Change," Naturvårdsverket, November 2002.
Global Framework: Kyoto, Decarbonization, and Adaptation
SUMMARY / RATIONALE: Comprehensive institutional architecture, involving three parallel, inter-linked commitment tracks: (1) a Kyoto track, involving legally-binding absolute emission targets; (2) a decarbonization track, financed by developed countries and involving the large, developing-country emitters, to introduce clean technologies in developing countries and allow them to follow a low carbon development path; and (3) an adaptation track, to provide resources to the most vulnerable regions. As the income and emissions levels of developing countries increase, they graduate first from the decarbonization to the Kyoto track and then, within the Kyoto track, from a stabilization to a reduction target.
FORUM: UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol.
TIME FRAME: Long-term pathway to global commitments.
MITIGATION COMMITMENTS
Types of Commitments:
* Targets: Like the Multistage approach, three levels of national emission targets: (1) carbon intensity targets for developing countries in the decarbonization track; (2) a legally binding stabilization target for developing countries when they first graduate into the Kyoto track; and (3) legally binding absolute emissions reductions targets for Annex I countries, as well as for developing countries after they have been in the Kyoto track for an agreed period of time (for example, 5 or 10 years). For the second commitment period, only a relatively small number of wealthy developing countries would graduate into the Kyoto track. Targets should be comprehensive, including all sources (e.g., bunker fuels) and gases, and should aim to keep global temperature increases below 2°C.
* PAMs: Developing countries in the decarbonization track should adopt "no regrets" measures as a matter of priority—for example, sustainable development PAMs.
* Financial: Provision of financial and technical assistance by industrialized countries for the decarbonization and adaptation tracks (including compensation to vulnerable countries for climate change damages).
* Pledge-based: Sustainable development PAMs for countries in decarbonization track essentially pledge-based.
Differentiation: Three general categories of countries: (1) Kyoto track countries (including developed countries and developing countries satisfying agreed graduation criteria); (2) decarbonization track countries (including the developing countries that are big emitters); and (3) least developed countries (these countries might be in the adaptation track, but not in the Kyoto or decarbonization tracks). For the second commitment period, Kyoto track countries would include only a relatively small number of developing countries at the upper end of the income range.
Allocation / Burden-Sharing Approach: Emission reduction targets for Kyoto track countries set with "strong reference" to the need for convergence of per capita emissions. Target levels might also take account of other equity criteria, including historical responsibility and ability to pay, as well as of specific domestic circumstances.
Graduation criteria: Graduation from the decarbonization to the Kyoto track based on a combination of criteria including per capita emissions, ability or capacity to act, and historical responsibility. Within the Kyoto track, advancement from stabilization to reduction happens automatically after an agreed number of years.
ADAPTATION: Adaptation track designed to help vulnerable countries, including small island developing states, limit the unavoidable effects of climate change, including through the provision of compensation by industrialized countries. Existing elements of the UNFCCC/Kyoto Protocol system would form part of the adaptation track, including the Adaptation, Least-Developed Countries, and Special Climate Change Funds.
OTHER ELEMENTS: To keep global temperature increases below 2°C, current Annex B countries will need to reduce emissions by 60
by the 2050s.
PROPOSED BY: Climate Action Network International
SOURCE: "A Viable Global Framework for Preventing Dangerous Climate Change," CAN Discussion paper, COP9, Milan, Italy, December 2003.
Global Preference Score
SUMMARY / RATIONALE: Procedurally based approach to burden sharing. Seeks to articulate a fair and transparent procedure to determine the formula for allocating climate change mitigation efforts. All countries would rank competing proposals about how to allocate emission targets (for example, based on population, grandfathering, or ability to pay). These country preferences would be weighted by population and then aggregated arithmetically. The result would be a compromise outcome that incorporates every country's preferences, rather than choosing winners and losers.
MITIGATION COMMITMENTS
Allocation / Burden-Sharing Approach: Based on arithmetical aggregation of individual country preferences regarding fair allocations.
PROPOSED BY: Benito Müller
SOURCES:
(1) Müller, B. "A Fair Compromise in a Morally Complex World," Pew Center Conference on Equity and Global Climate Change, April 2001.
(2) Müller, B. "Justice in Global Warming Negotiations: How to Obtain a Procedurally Fair Compromise," Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, EV26, October 1999.
Global Triptych / Extended Global Triptych
SUMMARY / RATIONALE: Sectorally and technologically oriented methodology for differentiating national emission targets. Originally developed in the context of internal EU negotiations about allocation of the EU's Kyoto target among member states. Calculates bottom-up, technological opportunities to reduce emissions in various sectors, taking into account different technological starting points of countries. The title "triptych" reflects the original proposal's focus on CO2 emissions in three broad sectors: the power sector, energy-intensive industries and the "domestic" sectors (including the residential sector and transportation). The Extended Global Triptych approach also includes methane, N2O and CO2 from forestry.
TIME FRAME: Short- to medium-term. Considers two time horizons: emission targets for 2020, and long-term sustainability targets for 2050.
MITIGATION COMMITMENTS
Types of Commitments:
* Targets: Absolute national emission targets, ranging from -30 percent to +200 percent from 1995 levels by 2020. Target levels consistent with stabilizing atmospheric concentrations of GHGs at 550 ppm CO2Eq.
Differentiation: Differentiation into thirteen world regions, including both developed and developing countries.
Allocation / Burden-Sharing Approach: Sector-based approach. National targets are determined by adding together sectoral emission allowances, which are calculated differently for each sector. For example, emissions from the domestic sector are assumed to converge at a common per capita level, based on convergence of living standards; emission targets for energyintensive industries reflect defined levels of efficiency improvements.
IMPLEMENTATION
Compliance: Only compliance with the national target is assessed, not compliance with the sectoral targets used to calculate the national targets.
PROPOSED BY:
Global Triptych: Groenenberg et al.
Extended Global Triptych
: Ecofys
SOURCES:
(1) Global Triptych: Groenenberg, Heleen, Kornelis Blok, and Jeroen van der Sluijs. "Global Triptych: a bottom-up approach for the differentiation of commitments under the Climate Convention," Copernicus Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
(2) Extended Global Triptych: Höhne, Niklas, Carolina Galleguillos, Kornelis Blok, Jochen Harnisch, and Dian Phylipsen. "Evolution of commitments under the UNFCCC: Involving newly industrialized economies and developing countries," Environmental Research of the Federal Ministry of the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety, Research Report 201 41 255, UBA-FB 000412, ECOFYS GmbH, 2003.
Graduation and Deepening
SUMMARY / RATIONALE: Ambitious scenario for the Kyoto Protocol second commitment period, involving emission targets for developing countries whose combined per capita emissions and per capita income (weighted equally) pass an agreed graduation threshold.
FORUM: Kyoto Protocol.
TIME FRAME: Focuses on second commitment period (2013–2017).
MITIGATION COMMITMENTS
Types of Commitments:
* Targets: Absolute national emission targets, with international emissions trading. Annex B countries grouped into three categories, with different reduction targets (-12 percent, -6 percent, and -3 percent). 7 Developing countries that cross defined graduation thresholds assume absolute targets (with 2012 serving as the base year), with target stringency a function of per capita emissions, per capita GDP and institutional affiliations. Developing countries that are big emitters (i.e., emit more than 50 million tons CO2) but do not graduate into absolute national targets could choose between an ex ante intensity target with emissions trading, or use of countrywide, policies and measures CDM. Targets would address six Kyoto gases as well as precursors of tropospheric ozone. In addition, intensity targets would be developed for international transport (bunker fuels).
* Financial: Financial contributions to assist LDCs adapt to negative economic, social, and ecological impacts of climate change.
* Pledge-based: Developing countries without emission targets could pledge to implement PAMs.
Differentiation: Differentiation of developing countries into "four circles," with different emission targets, based on a "graduation index" (GI) equally weighted between per capita emissions (reflecting polluter pays principle) and per capita GDP (reflecting ability to pay). Initially, GI of each Annex B country is calculated. Developing country targets depend on how their GI compares to that of Annex B countries: (1) developing countries with a GI higher than the Annex B average would receive the same reduction target as the average Annex B country, i.e., minus 6 percent, with a 2012 base year; (2) developing countries with a GI below the Annex B average but above the lowest OECD (Annex II) country would receive a target equivalent to the least stringent Annex B reduction target, i.e., minus 3 percent; (3) developing countries whose GI is below the lowest OECD country but above the lowest Annex B country would receive a stabilization target; (4) developing countries with a GI below the lowest Annex B country (or that are International Development Association (IDA) or food aid recipients) would not have any binding target. Developing countries in this last category, whose emissions are greater than 50 million tons, would be listed in a special annex and could either adopt an ex ante intensity target or engage in countrywide CDM (in essence, a no lose target).
Allocation / Burden-Sharing Approach: Stringency of national targets is a function of per capita emissions and per capita GDP, resulting in a process of contraction and convergence.
Graduation criteria: Quantitative GI based on per capita GDP and per capita emissions, supplemented by overall emissions (for big emitters) and institutional criteria. (For example, members of the EU, OECD or IEA would automatically be classified as Annex B countries, while IDA or food aid recipients would be exempt from any targets.) Developing countries would receive targets when their GI rises above the GI of the lowest Annex B country. Graduating countries that refuse to accept a target would lose any funding under the UNFCCC.
ADAPTATION: LDCs would receive funds for adaptation to negative environmental, economic and social impacts of climate change.
INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS
New institutions: Expert review teams would calculate BAU emissions for 2012 for Annex B countries that are currently sources of hot air.
IMPLEMENTATION
Compliance: Generally not addressed. If a country passes the graduation threshold without taking a target, it would be excluded from the mechanisms and from funding under the UNFCCC.
OTHER ELEMENTS: International agreement on an indicative concentration target of 550 ppm by the first half of the 21 st century, with global emissions peaking before 2030. Second commitment period targets will include intensity targets for international transport (with the International Air Transport Association and International Maritime Organisation becoming parties to Kyoto). Global warming potentials (GWP) updated to reflect IPCC Third Assessment Report values.
PROPOSED BY: Michaelowa et al.
SOURCE: Michaelowa, Axel, Sonja Butzengeiger, and Martina Jung. "Graduation and Deepening: An ambitious post-2012 climate policy scenario," Hamburg Institute of International Economics, paper published under the FNI/CRIEPI/HWWA/CASS Post-2012 Policy Scenarios Project (draft), September 2003.
Growth Baselines
SUMMARY / RATIONALE: Alternative type of emissions target for developing countries, which might be more attractive than absolute, binding Kyoto-style targets. Rather than commit to an absolute cap on national emissions, developing countries would commit to a carbon intensity target, which would require them to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions per unit GDP.
FORUM: Not specified, but compatible with UNFCCC / Kyoto Protocol framework.
MITIGATION COMMITMENTS
Types of Commitments:
* Targets: Carbon intensity targets for developing countries, specifying a required rate of improvement in emissions per unit GDP. Targets set at a level below BAU emissions but high enough so that the emission reductions could be achieved through no regrets or low cost measures. Initially, targets might be set only for emissions from industrial and utility sectors, since these are the two sectors with good emissions data and carbon intensity rates that can be strongly influenced by government policy and large capital investments emissions. Sale of unused allowances to developed countries would provide a source of revenue for developing countries.
* Financial: Proposal recognizes that developed countries will need to provide resources and technical support to ensure that developing countries can develop the institutions and capacity necessary to participate fully in emissions trading.
Differentiation: Different carbon intensity targets applicable to different groups of countries, based on their potential to make carbon efficiency improvements. COP would determine country groupings based on such factors as fuel mix, economic growth rate, and technology level. Proposal sets forth an illustrative listing of four categories of developing countries—those with a high, medium-high, medium and low no regrets potential. Initially, regime might apply only to the big emitters, i.e., the thirteen countries that account for over 90 percent of developing country emissions.
Allocation / Burden-Sharing Approach: Stricter targets for countries with greater potential to make carbon efficiency improvements.
Graduation criteria: If a big emitters approach is adopted, the COP would need to develop a graduation rule, requiring other countries to assume carbon intensity targets when their total emissions exceed a specified level.
IMPLEMENTATION
Compliance: Developing countries would need technical assistance from developed countries to develop the laws and institutions needed to participate fully in international emissions trading, including mechanisms to accurately quantify, monitor, verify and report on emissions.
PROPOSED BY: Hargrave et al.
SOURCE: Hargrave, Tim, Ned Helme, and Christine Vanderlan. "Growth Baselines," Center for Clean Air Policy, Washington, D.C., January 1998.
Harmonized Carbon Taxes
SUMMARY / RATIONALE: Alternative type of mitigation commitment, consisting of a harmonized carbon tax rather than an emissions target. Several rationales are advanced for harmonized carbon taxes over emission targets: a harmonized carbon tax would be more efficient and effective; it would provide certainty about marginal compliance costs (although the emissions reductions resulting from the carbon tax would be uncertain); and it would make those costs transparent.
TIME FRAME: Indefinite.
MITIGATION COMMITMENTS
Types of Commitments:
* PAMs: Countries agree to tax domestic carbon emissions at harmonized rates. Developing countries might receive incentives or financial transfers for adopting the harmonized tax.
Allocation / Burden-Sharing Approach: Burden sharing through financial transfers from developed to developing countries.
Graduation criteria: Countries would participate fully when they reach a per capita income threshold (e.g., $10,000).
Institutional arrangements
New institutions: Voting mechanism to set harmonized carbon price. One possible approach would be to have states vote on tax rates, weight their votes and then choose the median rate.
IMPLEMENTATION
Compliance: Modest sanctions initially for non-compliance. For example, international regime might allow states to levy countervailing duties on imports from non-complying or non-participating countries.
PROPOSED BY: William Nordhaus
SOURCES:
(1) Nordhaus, W. "After Kyoto: Alternative Mechanisms to Control Global Warming," paper prepared for a joint session of the American Economic Association and Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, 2001.
(2) Nordhaus, W. "Is the Kyoto Protocol a Dead Duck? Are There Any Live Ducks Around? Comparison of Alternative Global Tradable Emissions Regimes," revised from NBER/Yale Workshop version of August 1997, 1998.
Human Development Goals with Low Emissions
SUMMARY / RATIONALE: Aims at encouraging developing country commitments through a bottom-up, country-driven process that links climate change targets to human development goals. Sets emission targets at levels that would allow emissions to satisfy basic human needs, but would limit "luxury" or "excessive" emissions.
MITIGATION COMMITMENTS
Types of Commitments:
* Targets: Three types of targets: (1) voluntary targets (set at the national or sectoral/project level), reflecting no regrets reductions that result from autonomous rate of energy efficiency improvements; (2) conditional commitments that depend on receipt of technology or financial assistance from developed countries; (3) obligatory commitments to restrict excessive and wasteful, "luxurious" emissions. Targets set through bottom-up, country-driven process, involving an assessment of a country's development goals, specification of general socio-economic and environmental targets, and identification of low carbon technology paths.
* Financial: Progressive taxation of "excessive" emissions: the higher the emissions, the higher the tax rate. Tax revenues would be used to finance low carbon development.
* Pledge-based: Bottom-up target-setting process, reflecting a country's self-assessment and self-interest.
Differentiation: Focuses on developing country participation, but the approach appears to be applicable to all countries.
Allocation / Burden-Sharing Approach: Countries can emit to meet basic human needs and meet development objectives. Emission limitations relate only to excessive/wasteful emissions.
IMPLEMENTATION
Compliance: The verification process includes ex ante provision of information, and ex post verification of voluntary, conditional, and/or obligatory emission reductions.
PROPOSED BY: Jiahua Pan
SOURCE: Pan, Jiahua. "Commitment to Human Development Goals with Low Emissions: An alternative to emissions caps for post-Kyoto from a developing country perspective," Research Centre for Sustainable Development, The Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, paper published under the FNI/CRIEPI/HWWA/CASS Post-2012 Policy Scenarios Project (draft), 2003. See http://www.fni. no/post2012/panjiahua_paper_draft.pdf.
Hybrid International Emissions Trading
SUMMARY / RATIONALE: Variant of the Safety Valve approach. Both national emission targets and the safety valve price would be negotiated multilaterally.
FORUM: Compatible with Kyoto Protocol framework.
TIME FRAME: Safety valve approach should be implemented in the near term. Over time, could evolve into a global carbon tax or a global emission target regime.
MITIGATION COMMITMENTS
Types of Commitments:
* Targets: National emission targets, with international emissions trading. Compatible with different types of emissions targets, including fixed targets or indexed targets. Targets conditional on the price of allowances remaining below the safety valve level; if the safety valve price were reached and additional allowances issued, this would in effect relax the target. Developing country targets could be indexed or voluntary.
* Financial: Proceeds from the safety valve could be used for R & D or to assist developing countries.
Differentiation:
Compatible with various differentiation criteria.
Allocation / Burden-Sharing Approach: Emission allowances distributed based on GDP.
INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS
New institutions: Safety valve could be implemented by individual states or internationally. If the safety valve were implemented internationally, an international authority would be needed to issue the additional allowances and administer the proceeds.
IMPLEMENTATION
Compliance: Penalties for non-compliance could include social sanctions (e.g., boycotts), trade restrictions/sanctions, and withholding of financial assistance.
PROPOSED BY: Aldy et al.
SOURCE: Aldy, Joseph, Peter Orszag, and Joseph Stiglitz. "Climate Change: An Agenda for Global Action," Pew Timing Workshop, 2001. See http://www.pewclimate.org/docUploads/stiglitz%2Epdf.
Insurance for Adaptation Funded by Emissions Trading
SUMMARY / RATIONALE: Proposes establishment of mechanism for payments by emitting countries to countries that are adversely affected by climate change, in order to cover adaptation and damage costs.
FORUM: Unspecified.
TIME FRAME: Long-term.
MITIGATION COMMITMENTS
Types of Commitments:
* Targets: Decentralized national or regional systems of tradable permits. Emission permits allocated to vulnerable states, which can sell the permits to emitting states in order to finance insurance pools to cover adaptation and damage costs.
* Technology: Initiatives to develop fuel cells and improve energy storage, possibly involving provision of matching funds and rewards for meeting specific targets.
ADAPTATION: Revenues from permit trading should be used to buy insurance for adaptation costs and damage compensation.
INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS
New institutions: Insurance pools run by a private sector insurance company.
PROPOSED BY: Carlo Jaeger
SOURCE: Jaeger, Carlo C. "Climate Change: Combining Mitigation and Adaptation," in Michel, David (Ed.), Climate Policy for the 21st Century: Meeting the Long-Term Challenge of Global Warming, Washington, D.C., Center for Transatlantic Relations, 2003.
International Agreements on Energy Efficiency
SUMMARY / RATIONALE: Proposes, as part of the international climate change effort, negotiation of an international agreement on energy efficiency addressing the production process in major emitting industries. Such an agreement could complement the Kyoto Protocol and would aim at participation by the United States and major developing countries. In addition, states should develop international standards for appliance efficiency in the residential and transportation sectors.
FORUM: Not specified. Negotiations could take place under UNFCCC or separately.
MITIGATION COMMITMENTS
Types of Commitments:
* PAMs: Countries would develop energy efficiency standards for major appliances in the residential and transportation sectors, and would negotiate an international agreement establishing target efficiency levels for the production process in major emitting industries (iron and steel, petrochemicals, paper and pulp, non-ferrous metals, and non-metallic minerals).
* Establishment of a global research and development fund should be considered.
Differentiation: Not addressed, although the agreement would work even if only OECD countries, Russia and the three major developing countries (Brazil, China, and India) participated.
IMPLEMENTATION
Compliance: No penalties for non-compliance, but participating countries would have an incentive to improve energy efficiency in order to reduce their own costs.
OTHER ELEMENTS: To be effective, would require participation only by OECD countries, Russia, and the three major developing countries.
PROPOSED BY: Yasushi Ninomiya
SOURCE: Ninomiya, Yasushi. "Prospects for Energy Efficiency Improvement through an International Agreement," in Climate Regime Beyond 2012: Incentives for Global Participation, National Institute for Environmental Studies and the Institute for Global Environmental Strategies, December 2003.
Keep It Simple, Stupid (KISS)
SUMMARY / RATIONALE: Methodology for differentiating commitments, aimed at gradually involving developing countries in the c or stringency of targets, financial commitments). Only rich countries with medium and high emissions have significant obligations initially; low-income countries with emissions below a certain level have no significant obligations and instead are given priority for financial assistance.
TIME FRAME: Long-term, indefinite.
MITIGATION COMMITMENTS
Types of Commitments:
* Targets: Three types of per capita emission targets—stabilization targets, reduction targets, and limitation targets (i.e., targets limiting the growth in per capita emissions)—applicable to different categories of countries.
* PAMs: All countries obliged to implement PAMs with respect to all non-CO2 gases and sinks. Countries with high per capita emissions must spend a certain percentage annually (e.g., 0.01 percent) of total government expenditure on these PAMs. Countries in the middle emissions category have only a reporting obligation, while countries in the low emissions category do not have any reporting obligations.
* Financial: Financial obligation to provide certain percentage of GNP in assistance to lower income countries. Three levels of financial obligations, applicable to different categories of countries based on their income and emission levels.
* Technology: High and upper-high income countries with medium and high emission levels must transfer technology at a rate equivalent to a minimum percentage of national income.
Differentiation: Differentiation into 12 categories of countries, each with a different package of commitments, based on three criteria: GNP per capita (reflecting ability to pay principle), CO2 emissions per capita (reflecting responsibility principle), and Human Development Index (HDI) (reflecting vulnerability principle). Countries classified into four categories of GNP per capita (least developed, middle income, high income, and upper-high income) and three levels of CO2 emissions per capita (low, medium and high), yielding 12 combinations in total. In addition:
* HDI used to assess capacity of countries to adapt to climate change. Countries with high HDI deemed capable of taking adaptation action on their own, while those with low HDI require assistance.
* Countries with population over 75 million subject to some responsibilities for total emissions even if their per capita emissions are very low.
* Countries with total emissions of 80 million metric tons of industrial CO2 monitored more closely than others.
* Countries with total emissions below 3 million metric tons addressed only in terms of assistance for adaptation.
Seven categories of mitigating factors and extenuating circumstances are identified that would allow countries to adjust the stringency of their commitments.
Allocation / Burden-Sharing Approach: Convergence on agreed per capita emissions level. Countries with current emissions above that level have an obligation to reduce emissions incrementally until agreed per capita emissions level reached, preferably within three to fo
Graduation criteria: Countries automatically graduate from one category to another as their per capita GNP or emissions per capita pass defined thresholds.
ADAPTATION: Adaptation assistance for countries with comparatively low levels of emissions and per capita income. Adaptation Fund financed by tax on all flexibility mechanisms, not just CDM.
INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS
New institutions: An expert jury of independent technical and legal experts appointed, e.g., for five years by the UN Secretary General in collaboration with the President of the International Court of Justice, to evaluate claims by countries of mitigating factors and extenuating circumstances. Expert jury would resolve claims by countries to reduce their commitments based on objective criteria rather than bargaining power.
IMPLEMENTATION
Compliance: Countries with upper-high or high income levels and with medium or high emissions subject to fines for failure to comply with quantitative obligations. In addition, a "non-cooperation" fine on developing countries could help ensure that capacity building projects achieve results.
PROPOSED BY: Joyeeta Gupta
SOURCE: Gupta, Joyeeta. "Engaging Developing Countries in Climate Change: (KISS and Make-Up!)," in Michel, David (Ed.), Climate Policy for the 21st Century: Meeting the Long-Term Challenge of Global Warming, Washington, D.C., Center for Transatlantic Relations, 2003.
Long-Term Permit Program
SUMMARY / RATIONALE: Long-term approach aimed at reaching an agreed concentration target by a specified date (for example, 2070), through national emission trading programs in the major emitting countries. Participating countries would issue long-term tradable emission permits, which could be used at any time during the period up to the target date for achieving stabilization of GHG concentrations. Initially, permits could be traded only nationally—although over time national markets could be linked to create an international trading system. The permit price would likely be low initially, but would rise steadily over time, providing incentives for R & D. The long-term nature of the permits would allow emitters to decide when to time their emission reductions, providing maximum "when flexibility."
TIME FRAME: Long term.
MITIGATION COMMITMENTS
Types of Commitments:
* Targets: Although the proposal is framed in terms of emission permits rather than "targets" or "commitment periods," in effect, each participating country would have a long-term cumulative emissions target, consisting of its total emission permits for the agreed time period for stabilizing atmospheric concentrations of GHGs (for example, 2010–2070) (in effect, the commitment period).
* PAMs: Participating countries would establish national emission trading systems, involving long-term tradable permits. The long-term permits could be used to cover emissions any time during the commitment period. To reflect the fact that a ton of emissions early in the commitment period would be largely removed by sinks by the end of the commitment period, emission permits would include a depreciation factor, so that the amount of emissions they cover would steadily decline. To allow flexibility, countries would issue emission permits in tranches—for example, they might issue 20 years of permits initially, with additional issuances on a periodic basis. If permits were auctioned (rather than given out free), this would generate substantial funds for climate stabilization and adaptation efforts.
Differentiation: Initially would apply to seven largest emitting countries or regions (North America, Europe, Russia, China, Japan, India, and Brazil).
Allocation / Burden-Sharing Approach: Because international trading would not be allowed initially, allocation of emission permits should aim at achieving a comparable permit price in each participating country, in order to maximize economic efficiency. Equity concerns could be addressed through financial payments or other side payments.
ADAPTATION: Negotiations among a larger group of countries on financial support for adaptation, possibly from revenue generated from permit auctions.
IMPLEMENTATION
Compliance: Because long-term permits would be a valuable financial asset, permit owners would constitute a strong lobby for a well-policed system that ensures the integrity of the trading system.
PROPOSED BY:
Stephen Peck and Thomas Teisberg
SOURCE: Peck S. and T. Teisberg. "Securitizing the Environment: A Property Rights Approach to Managing Climate Change," in J. Wesseler, J., H-P. Weikard, and R. Weaver (Eds.), Risk and Uncertainty in Environmental and Natural Resource Economics, Edward Elgar, 2003.
Multi-Dimensional Structure
SUMMARY / RATIONALE: Interim report emphasizing the need for a multi-faceted approach, involving a variety of stakeholders, forums and types of commitments. Governments—and, in particular, the major emitters—might pursue not only international agreements, but also other forms of international coordination. Industries, NGOs and individuals could build their own international agreements and measures.
FORUM: Multiple forums at the global, regional and bilateral levels.
TIME FRAME:
Long-term.
MITIGATION COMMITMENTS: Multiple forms of commitments, including quantitative targets, policies and measures, technology strategies, and so forth.
Types of Commitments:
* Technology: Technology standards as well as international cooperation for technology dissemination.
* Pledge-based: Countries could pledge a variety of types of actions, including sector-specific coordinated actions, cross-border measures, voluntary industry agreements, harmonized technology standards, and coordinated research and development.
Differentiation: Major emitting countries.
IMPLEMENTATION: Implementation would occur at local, national, regional and multilateral levels.
PROPOSED BY: Ministry of Trade and Industry, Government of Japan
SOURCE: Perspectives and Actions to Construct a Future Sustainable Framework on Climate Change. Interim Report by the Global Environmental Subcommittee, Environmental Committee, Industrial Structure Council, METI, July 2003.
Multi-Sector Convergence
SUMMARY / RATIONALE: Like the Global Triptych/Extended Global Triptych approach, a bottom-up, sector-based approach to differentiating national emission targets, based on long-term convergence of national per capita emissions in seven sectors, with the possibility of adjustments for special circumstances.
FORUM: UNFCCC / Kyoto Protocol.
TIME FRAME:
Long-term.
MITIGATION COMMITMENTS
Types of Commitments:
* Targets: Absolute national emission targets.
Differentiation: High-per capita emission countries and low-per capita emission countries. High emission countries are those with base year emissions above the global per capita total emission standard (GTES) (see below). Low-emission countries are countries with emissions below the GTES. The former have emission mitigation commitments, the latter do not.
Allocation / Burden-Sharing Approach: Detailed methodology for calculating national emission targets:
* Initially, seven sectors are distinguished—power, households, transportation, industry, services, agriculture, and waste— which account for the vast majority of GHGs covered by the Kyoto Protocol.
* For each sector, an annual reduction rate in global per capita emissions is specified (based on a detailed examination of trends and technological potential for the given sector). For example, a reduction rate might be set for the power sector of 0.6 percent per year.
* These sectoral reduction rates are then used to calculate non-binding global sector emission standards (GSES), towards which per capita emissions in each country should converge by a particular year (the convergence year). For example, if we start in 2010 with per capita emissions in the power sector of 1036 kg CO2Eq., then assuming per capita emissions decrease by 0.6 percent per year, per capita emissions in 2100 would be 591 kg CO2Eq. If 2100 were chosen as the convergence year, 591 kg CO2Eq. would become the GSES for the power sector.
* The GSES are added together to obtain the GTES, which is used to determine which countries are high-emission countries (those with per capita emissions above the GTES), and which are low-emission countries (those with per capita emissions below the GTES).
* For each country, a per capita emissions pathway is calculated for each sector, starting with actual per capita emissions in 2010 and leading to the GSES in the convergence year. The emissions pathway defines a non-binding, per capita sectoral emissions level for each year.
* The sectoral emissions levels for a country are added up and multiplied by population to determine the country's national emission target.
* National emissions mitigation targets may be adjusted upward based on "allowance factors," i.e., specific circumstances that justify higher emissions than the GSES, such as climate, population density, agriculture, problems in transitioning to a market economy, and renewable energy resource endowment.
Graduation criteria: Low emission countries take on mitigation commitments when they exceed the GTES and become highemission countries. (An alternative graduation criterion could also be chosen through negotiation.) The target would apply after a defined adjustment period (for example, five years).
OTHER ELEMENTS: Excludes emissions due to land use change and emissions of HFCs, SF6, and PFCs because of lack of available, reliable data at the sector and/or national level for many countries.
PROPOSED BY: Energy research Centre of the Netherlands (ECN) and Center for International Climate and Energy Research (CICERO) SOURCES:
(1) Sijm, J., Jaap Jansen, and Asbjørn Torvanger. "Differentiation of mitigation commitments: the multi-sector convergence approach," Climate Policy 1 (2001): 481-497, Elsevier Science.
(2) Jansen, J.C., Battjes, J., Sijm, J.P.M., Volkers, C.H., and J.R. Ybema. "The Multi-Sector Convergence Approach: A flexible framework for negotiating global rules for national greenhouse gas emissions mitigation targets," ECN Report ECN-C-01007, and CICERO Working Paper No. 4, CICERO, Oslo, Norway, April 2001. See http://www.cicero.uio.no/media/1313.pdf.
(3) Jansen, J.C., Battjes, J.J., Ormel, F.T., Sijm, J.P.M., Volders, C.H., Ybema, J.R., Torvanger, A., Ringius, L., and A. Underdal. Sharing the Burden of Greenhouse Gas Mitigation—Final Report of the Joint CICERO-ECN Project on the Global Differentiation of Emission Mitigation Targets Among Countries. ECN Report ECN-C-01-009, Petten, The Netherlands, and CICERO Working Paper No. 5, Oslo, Norway, 2001. See http://www.cicero.uio.no/media/1314.pdf.
Multistage / New Multistage
SUMMARY / RATIONALE: Pathway towards a global regime in which developing countries participate in a commitments regime in several stages, involving progressively more stringent commitments. Original Multistage Approach, proposed by RIVM, outlines four stages through which developing countries would pass: (1) no commitments (i.e., BAU pathway), (2) decarbonization (GHG intensity targets), (3) stabilization of absolute emissions, and (4) reduction of absolute emissions. New Multistage Approach, proposed by Ecofys, outlines four somewhat different stages: (1) no commitments; (2) pledge for sustainable development; (3) moderate absolute target (possibly involving a growth target and/or a safety valve), to which a Stage 3 country could voluntarily commit; and (4) absolute reduction targets until sustainable per capita level reached.
FORUM: Not specified. Compatible with Kyoto Protocol framework.
TIME FRAME: Long-term pathway towards stabilization of GHG concentrations.
MITIGATION COMMITMENTS
Types of Commitments:
* Targets: Original Multistage: Three types of national emissions targets: GHG intensity targets for countries at Stage 2 (specifying a rate of reduction in carbon emissions per unit GDP); stabilization of absolute (or per capita) emissions for countries at Stage 3; and reduction of absolute emissions for countries at Stage 4, with international emissions trading. Stringency of targets in each commitment period calculated based on long-term concentration stabilization scenario. For the 2010–2020 period, all developing countries might move to Stage 2, with a GHG intensity target of -3 percent annually. New Multistage: Two types of national emission targets, with international emissions trading: moderate absolute targets (allowing emissions to increase, but at a rate lower than BAU; possibly with a safety valve); absolute reduction targets, until a sustainable per capita level is reached (for example, 20 percent reduction for each 10-year commitment period from previous level). Stage 3 target is internationally defined, but must be voluntarily accepted by a developing country.
* Financial: New Multistage: Stage 4 countries might make financial contributions to support sustainable development measures by Stage 2 countries or mitigation costs of Stage 3 countries.
* Pledge-based: New Multistage: Stage 2 involves pledge for sustainable development (for example, by phasing out inefficient equipment), with international monitoring and review.
Differentiation: Original Multistage: Countries differentiated into four categories, based on GDP per capita (or possibly some other criterion such as emissions per capita): those with (1) no commitments, (2) a GHG intensity target; (3) a GHG stabilization target; and (4) a GHG reduction target. New Multistage: Countries differentiated into four categories based on per capita emissions. All Annex I countries in Stage 4 (absolute reduction targets).
Allocation / Burden-Sharing Approach: Original Multistage: Global emission levels allocated among countries based on ability to pay (per capita GDP) and historical responsibility (Brazilian proposal). For each five-year commitment period, a global emissions ceiling is chosen, based on long-term concentration stabilization scenario. BAU emissions for countries at Stage 1 (no commitments) are calculated and subtracted from global ceiling. Emissions allowances for countries at Stage 2 (GHG intensity targets) and Stage 3 (stabilization targets) are calculated and subtracted from the global ceiling. Remaining global emission allowances are distributed among countries at Stage 4 (reduction target), possibly based on the Brazilian proposal (contribution to temperature increase) or on contribution to total emissions. New Multistage: Within each stage, targets are equal (although recognizes that targets might be differentiated within each stage to reflect national circumstances).
Graduation criteria: Original Multistage: GDP per capita (or possibly emissions per capita). New Multistage: GHG emissions per capita. Graduation operates in only one direction, towards higher level of commitments, even if per capita emissions fall below the threshold for the stage a country is in.
PROPOSED BY: Original Multistage: RIVM.
New Multistage: Höhne et al.
SOURCES:
(1) Original Multistage: "Methodology—Increasing participation," RIVM website. See http://arch.rivm.nl/fair/methodology/ increasing_participation.html.
(2 New Multistage: Höhne, Niklas, Carolina Galleguillos, Kornelis Blok, Jochen Harnisch, and Dian Phylipsen. "Evolution of commitments under the UNFCCC: Involving newly industrialized economies and developing countries," ECOFYS GmbH on behalf of the Federal Ministry of the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety, Germany, Research Report 201 41 255, UBA-FB 000412, February 2003.
Orchestra of Treaties
SUMMARY / RATIONALE: Decentralized approach, involving four building blocks: (1) a group of emissions markets (GEM), to include countries with domestic emissions trading systems; (2) a zero emissions technology treaty (ZETT), to foster long-term technological change; (3) a climate-wise development treaty (CDT), to promote development, technology transfer, and adaptation; and (4) the UNFCCC, as a focal point and forum to address issues on which all countries can cooperate. Intended to pay attention to sovereignty concerns relating to energy and to build around national interests in technology and development.
FORUM: UNFCCC serves as one building block; the other three building blocks are negotiated outside the UNFCCC. ZETT might be negotiated under the auspices of the G8; CDT might be initiated by G8 or G20 (Group of Twenty finance ministers and central bank governors) or by a regional system, or might grow out of national reviews of ODA. Eventually, GEM, ZETT and CDT could be integrated into UNFCCC.
TIME FRAME: Not specified, but intended to address not only short-term emissions but also long-term technological change. Orchestra approach envisioned as short- to medium-term, with long-term integration into UNFCCC.
MITIGATION COMMITMENTS
Types of Commitments:
* Targets: Countries participating in ZETT commit to the ultimate goal of zero energy-related CO2 emissions.
* PAMs: PAMs could be one component of the ZETT.
* Financial: ZETT could include funding commitments for research and development, as well as subsidies for zero-emitting technologies. CDT intended to modify flows of financial assistance to developing countries in order to embed climate issues into development policy.
* Technology: ZETT would focus on developing zero-emitting technologies.
* Pledge-based: GEM, ZETT and CDT are all essentially pledge-based, at least initially.
ADAPTATION: CDT could address adaptation issues.
INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS
New institutions: Institutional issues not specifically addressed.
IMPLEMENTATION
Compliance: Not specifically addressed. In general, new treaties are among like-minded states and are aimed at being facilitative rather than to create stringent obligations.
OTHER ELEMENTS: New Information Exchange Protocol under the UNFCCC, to take stock of progress under each treaty, as well as Emission Monitoring Protocol to monitor how GHG emissions are controlled.
PROPOSED BY: Sugiyama et al.
SOURCE: Sugiyama, Taishi and Jonathan Sinton with Osamu Kimura and Takahiro Ueno. "Orchestra of Treaties," CRIEPI, paper published under the FNI/CRIEPI/HWWA/CASS Post-2012 Policy Scenarios Project (draft), 2003
Parallel Climate Policy
SUMMARY / RATIONALE: Pathway for development of a regime parallel to Kyoto, involving big emitters not currently participating in the Kyoto Protocol emission targets (including the United States and China). Bottom-up approach, beginning with development of U.S. domestic cap-and-trade program and then building out to engage China, and possibly India, Brazil, Mexico, Australia, and Canada at a later date.
FORUM: Parallel regime to Kyoto, involving the United States and major developing-country emitters. Could eventually merge with Kyoto.
TIME FRAME: Short to medium-term.
MITIGATION COMMITMENTS
Types of Commitments:
* Targets: National emissions targets, with international emissions trading. Developing countries would cap only selected sectors and would receive headroom allowances that are gradually tightened over time. Schedule of updatable emissions pathways and longer-term commitment periods. Developing countries could receive revenue from sales of surplus allowances.
* Financial: Countries make contributions to a capacity building fund or existing mitigation initiatives.
Differentiation: Developing countries take on emissions targets for selected sectors with headroom allowance assignments. Targets for all countries tighten over time.
Graduation criteria:
Per capita income threshold.
IMPLEMENTATION
Compliance: Countries negotiate and agree on rules for implementation and compliance at the time of target setting. Financial penalties to be enforced by UNFCCC/Kyoto Protocol-like compliance committee.
PROPOSED BY: Richard B. Stewart and Jonathan Wiener
SOURCE: Stewart, R. and J. Wiener. "Reconstructing Climate Policy Beyond Kyoto," American Enterprise Institute Press, 2003.
Per Capita Allocation
SUMMARY / RATIONALE: Elaboration of several possible burden-sharing approaches, all based on the principle of equal per capita emissions entitlements.
FORUM: UNFCCC / Kyoto Protocol.
TIME FRAME: Long-term, through 21st century.
MITIGATION COMMITMENTS
Types of Commitments:
* Targets: Absolute national emission targets.
Differentiation: Two categories of countries: developed and developing.
Allocation / Burden-Sharing Approach: Under the Sinks approach, the oceanic sink is divided up among countries on a per capita basis; for example, the 1990 sink of 2.0 Gt would be divided by the 1990 world population of 5.3 billion to yield per capita sink availability of 0.38 tC. The Budget approach first sets a long-term concentration target, e.g., 450 ppm by 2100, and an emissions pathway, and then calculates the allowable level of per capita emissions for each commitment period. The Moving Entitlements approach involves setting a moving per capita emissions entitlement (e.g., 2.0 or 2.5 tC) that would be subject to periodic review to incorporate new scientific information.
OTHER ELEMENTS: Emissions trading restricted to projects that promote a zero carbon energy system, not the perpetuation of the current fossil fuel system. Resources from emissions trading should be used in the first commitment period to help bring the cost of renewable energy technologies to a level that is competitive with fossil fuel technologies.
PROPOSED BY: Centre for Science and Environment (CSE)
SOURCE: Agarwal, Anil. "Making the Kyoto Protocol Work," CSE Statement. See http://www.cseindia.org/html/eyou/climate/pdf/ cse_stat.pdf.
Portfolio Approach
SUMMARY / RATIONALE: Multifaceted approach to technology research, development and diffusion, aimed at promoting a technological revolution in energy production and consumption. Similar to Technology-Centered Approach.
FORUM: Parallel negotiations among differing constellations of like-minded states.
TIME FRAME: Short to medium-term.
MITIGATION COMMITMENTS
Types of Commitments:
* PAMs: Suggests two possible PAMs: fuel-efficiency standards for automobiles, negotiated among the small number of auto producing countries; and technology targets for power generation and fuel refining (for example, new power plants and refiners could be required to use renewable energy or to capture and sequester carbon byproducts).
* Financial: Carbon tax to finance public sector energy R & D. Financial assistance to developing countries to finance incremental costs of mitigation measures.
* Technology: Program to promote technology transfer to developing countries.
* Pledge-based: Compatible with pledge-based approach.
* Other: Developing country commitments could be made conditional on technology transfer and financial assistance by industrialized countries.
Differentiation: Although technology agreements could include any like-minded states, discussion of financial and technology transfers suggests differentiation between developed and developing states.
OTHER ELEMENTS: CDM should focus on energy sector rather than land use change.
PROPOSED BY: Richard Benedick
SOURCE: Benedick, R. "Striking a New Deal on Climate Change," Issues in Science and Technology Online, Fall 2001.
Purchase of a Global Public Good
SUMMARY / RATIONALE: Alternative approach to mitigation—essentially international emissions trading without a cap—involving the purchase by a new international institution of emission reductions, financed by contributions from participating states. Proposal intended primarily as a thought experiment, applying public goods theory to the climate change problem. Normally, public goods are purchased by governments, with the burden of financing this collective purchase determined separately using the tax system. In this proposal, reductions in greenhouse gas emissions are treated as a public good. A newly created international bank would, in effect, purchase emission reductions by buying and retiring emission allowances. Countries would be required to make financial contributions to the new bank to finance these purchases.
MITIGATION COMMITMENTS
Types of Commitments:
* Targets: Each country would receive emissions allowances based on its BAU emissions trajectory, plus headroom (for example, an additional 20 percent, to protect against the possibility that emissions are unexpectedly high). Because national emission targets would be above BAU emissions, all countries would be sellers in the emissions trading market (with the newly created international bank as the buyer).
* Financial: Participating countries would be required to make financial contributions to the International Bank for Emissions Allowance Acquisition to buy and retire emission allowances.
Differentiation: All states would participate.
Allocation / Burden-Sharing Approach: National emission targets based on BAU trajectory, plus headroom. Method for allocating financial contributions not specified, but could be based on per capita income, consumption levels or expected benefits from climate change mitigation.
INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS
New institutions: COP determines emission allowances for each country and number of emission allowances to buy and retire. International Bank for Emissions Allowance Acquisition created to buy and retire emission allowances.
IMPLEMENTATION: International bank receives funds to purchase emission allowances.
Compliance: Bank monitors emissions and buys emission allowances only if country has achieved reductions.
PROPOSED BY: David F. Bradford
SOURCE: Bradford, D. "Improving on Kyoto: Greenhouse Gas Control as the Purchase of a Global Good," CEPS Working Paper No. 96, January 2004.
Safety Valve
SUMMARY / RATIONALE: Hybrid approach to form of commitment, combining emission targets with a "safety valve." Safety valve addresses the problem of uncertainty about costs of complying with fixed emissions targets by allowing the issuance of additional emission allowances (either by individual governments or an international authority) at a predetermined price. The safety valve price would provide an upper bound on the marginal cost of compliance.
FORUM: Not specified, but could be undertaken as part of second commitment period Kyoto negotiations.
MITIGATION COMMITMENTS
Types of Commitments:
* Targets: National emission targets, with international emissions trading. Compatible with fixed Kyoto-like targets or indexed targets. Targets not absolute, since additional allowances could be sold at the safety valve price. Proceeds from the sale of safety valve allowances could be used for mitigation activities in developing countries.
Differentiation: Not addressed. Differentiation could relate to the safety valve price (with certain limitations on emissions trading) as well as to the emission target levels.
INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS
New institutions: Not addressed. Safety valve could be administered either by individual countries or by an international authority.
OTHER ELEMENTS: Proposal leaves open how the quantity target and the "trigger price" should evolve over time. Two possibilities: (1) raise the trigger price over time to guarantee that the quantity target is reached, and (2) choose trigger prices in line with willingness to pay to limit climate change. If used in conjunction with international emissions trading, either the trigger price must be harmonized across countries or restrictions on permit sales from countries with low trigger prices would be necessary. Alternatively, the trigger price could be set low enough to avoid the need for international trading. If the trigger price were raised rapidly, limits to banking would be necessary.
PROPOSED BY: William Pizer
SOURCE: Pizer, William. "Choosing Price or Quantity Controls for Greenhouse Gases," Climate Issues Brief No. 17, Resources for the Future, July 1999.
Safety Valve with Buyer Liability
SUMMARY / RATIONALE: Comprehensive architecture, including a target-based regime with a safety valve to provide greater economic predictability, and buyer liability to promote compliance.
FORUM: Multiple tracks, including the UNFCCC.
TIME FRAME: Not specified, but aims at building a long-term, robust architecture.
MITIGATION COMMITMENTS
Types of Commitments:
* Targets: National emission targets, with international emissions trading. Targets not absolute, since additional allowances could be issued under the safety valve. Compatible with different types of targets, although data needed to support growth or indexed targets is currently too soft to be used in an emissions trading system where underlying assets are worth trillions and cross-border transactions could amount to tens of billions of dollars.
* PAMs: As a first step in development of international cooperation, states might pledge PAMs.
* Technology: Technology strategy in parallel with UNFCCC process to promote more active international collaboration on technology development. Technology strategy should include non-binding, flexible memoranda of understanding to promote more active international collaboration on technology development, but not technology targets and timetables.
* Pledge-based: Pledges possibly useful as a first step, to allow governments to experiment with alternative policy instruments. Useful only if countries agreed on performance benchmarks and strong institutional review mechanisms to assess the effectiveness of national measures.
Differentiation: Primary differentiation between developed and developing countries, with secondary differentiation among developing countries based on income level.
Allocation / Burden-Sharing Approach: For developing countries, stringency of commitments depends on income level.
Graduation criteria: Although no binding emission targets for developing countries initially, developing countries would need to assume binding targets in the longer term. One or more threshold income levels could be set, beyond which emission controls would be required on an increasingly stringent basis.
IMPLEMENTATION
Compliance: Emphasis on domestic enforcement in advanced industrialized countries. Buyer liability will give buyers—who will generally be located in advanced industrial democracies with strong domestic enforcement—an incentive to purchase allowances only from sellers that comply with their emission targets.
OTHER ELEMENTS: Safety valve permits issued by national governments rather than an international institution.
PROPOSED BY: David Victor
SOURCE: Victor, David. "International Agreements and the Struggle to Tame Carbon," Global Climate Change: 204-229, 2001.
Soft Landing in Emissions Growth
SUMMARY / RATIONALE: Staged approach for integrating developing countries into the emission reduction process after 2010. Aims to stabilize global CO2 emissions by 2030 and atmospheric concentrations at 550 ppm.
FORUM: Kyoto Protocol negotiations.
TIME FRAME: 2010–2030.
MITIGATION COMMITMENTS
Types of Commitments:
* Targets: Fixed, binding national emissions targets, with international emissions trading. Developed countries have reduction targets; developing countries must stabilize emissions by different dates, depending on their ability to pay (as measured by their per capita income) and their causal responsibility (as reflected by their per capita emissions).
Differentiation: Primary differentiation between developed and developing countries. Secondary differentiation among three categories of developing countries: (1) high income or high emissions countries, which must stabilize emissions starting in 2015; (2) intermediate income or intermediate emissions countries, which must stabilize from 2030; and (3) low income or low emissions countries, which must stabilize from 2045.
Allocation / Burden-Sharing Approach: Developing country stabilization targets based on per capita income and per capita emissions. Emission reductions by developed countries must offset emissions growth in developing countries.
PROPOSED BY: Blanchard et al.
SOURCE: Blanchard, Odile, Patrick Criqui, Michel Trommetter, and Laurent Viguier. "Equity and efficiency in climate change negotiations: a scenario for world emission entitlements by 2030," Cahier de recherche No. 26, Institut d'Economie et de Politique de l'Energie, July 2001.
South-North Dialogue
SUMMARY / RATIONALE: Global and comprehensive approach, aimed at keeping temperature increase below 2ºC compared to pre-industrial times. Addresses both mitigation and adaptation, and covers all countries, both developed and developing. Countries would be differentiated into six groups, each with a different package of mitigation, adaptation and financial commitments.
FORUM: UNFCCC.
TIME FRAME: Not specified, potentially long-term. Envisions a series of commitment periods but duration is not defined.
MITIGATION COMMITMENTS
Types of Commitments:
* Targets: Annex I countries would continue to have Kyoto-like targets—i.e., targets that are legally-binding, quantified and absolute. Targets for Annex II countries would be more stringent than Kyoto. Newly Industrialized Countries (NICs) and Recently Industrialized Developing Countries (RIDCs) would also have quantified targets, but their targets would be conditional on all major Annex I countries (including the U.S.) taking on quantified targets. NICs would have absolute limitation or reduction targets, while RIDCs would have absolute limitation targets that would be conditional on receipt of significant financial and technological assistance from Annex II countries. Other developing countries and least developed countries (LDCs) would not have quantified emission commitments.
* PAMs: NICs, RIDCs, other developing countries (DCs) and LDCs would be required to adopt sustainable development PAMs (SD-PAMs). SD-PAMs by RIDCs, other DCs and LDCs would be co-funded by Annex II financial transfers. Other qualitative actions by NICs, RIDCs, other DCs, and LDCs include sectoral CDM and non-binding renewable energy and energy efficiency targets.
* Financial: Annex II countries would be required to transfer financial and technological resources to those non-Annex I countries with low to medium capability to mitigate.
Differentiation: Differentiation into six groups: (1) Annex II countries; (2) other Annex I countries; (3) NICs; (4) RIDCs; (5) other DCs, and (6) LDCs. Each group of countries would have a different package of mitigation, adaptation and financial commitments.
Allocation / Burden-Sharing Approach: Differentiation into groups based on three criteria: (1) historical responsibility (as measured by cumulative emissions for the 1990–2000 period), (2) capability (as measured by per capita GDP and the human development index), and (3) potential to mitigate (as measured by emissions intensity, per capita emissions and emissions growth rate).
Graduation criteria: Composition of groups would change over time. Countries would automatically graduate into a group when their indicators cross the pre-determined thresholds for that group.
ADAPTATION: Adequate and predictable revenue streams for adaptation, based on the polluter pays principle. Modification of Global Environment Facility rules to allow funding of adaptation projects with local benefits. Insurance schemes should be explored, possibly through public-private partnerships.
OTHER ELEMENTS: A 2ºC increase in global temperature is set out as the desired upper limit.
PROPOSED BY: Ott et al.
SOURCES: Ott, H., H. Winkler, B. Brouns, S. Kartha, M.J. Mace, S. Huq, A. Sari, J. Pan, Y. Sokona, P. Bhandari, A. Kassenberg, E. La Rovere, and A. Rahman. "South-North Dialogue on Equity in the Greenhouse: A proposal for an adequate and equitable global climate agreement," Eschborn, 2004.
Sustainable Development Policies and Measures (SD-PAMs)
SUMMARY / RATIONALE: Bottom-up pledge-based approach to developing country participation. Focuses on implementing nationally determined policies for sustainable development rather than setting emission targets through multilateral negotiations. Two general rationales: (1) Each developing country is unique, so top-down, one-size-fits-all approaches are inadequate. Instead, climate policies should develop from the bottom-up. (2) Developing countries, as a political reality, are much more concerned with economic development than climate change.
FORUM: UNFCCC.
TIME FRAME: Proposed as a useful interim step towards deeper developing country participation.
MITIGATION COMMITMENTS
Types of Commitments:
* Targets: None for developing countries.
* PAMs: Developing countries would commit to implementing and accelerating national sustainable development plans. Developing countries would begin by identifying policies and measures that further their development objectives. They would then quantify the effects of these policies and measures on GHG emissions, in order to determine which create synergies between development and climate objectives and which create conflicts. Initially, SD-PAMs would be voluntary and would simply be listed in an international registry. Over time, SD-PAMs might be made mandatory for a group of middle-income developing countries.
* Financial: SD-PAMs that reduce GHG emissions could be funded under the existing UNFCCC and Kyoto provisions, including the CDM (expanded to include sectoral CDM) and the GEF.
* Pledge-based: Developing countries would pledge SD-PAMs.
* Other: Developing countries would report on SD-PAMs for international review.
Differentiation: Implicit differentiation between developed countries (with mandatory emission targets) and developing countries (with SD-PAMs). Suggests identifying group of countries for which SD-PAMs might be particularly appropriate, based on their emissions intensity (emissions per unit GDP) and income (GDP per capita).
Graduation criteria: Developing countries that become "middle-income" might transition from voluntary to mandatory SD-PAMs. ADAPTATION: Not addressed, although SD-PAMs might relate to adaptation rather than mitigation.
INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS
New institutions: A special SD-PAMs reporting registry would be created within the UNFCCC.
IMPLEMENTATION: Developing countries would formulate, implement and report on SD-PAMs.
Compliance: Initially, implementation of SD-PAMs would be voluntary, so no compliance or enforcement mechanism is specified. Countries would report quantified changes in GHG emissions resulting from particular SD-PAMs. Suggests the possibility of international review of SD-PAMs.
PROPOSED BY: Winkler et al.
SOURCE: Winkler, Harald, Randal Spalding-Fecher, Stanford Mwakasonda, and Ogunlade Davidson. "Sustainable Development Policies and Measures: Starting From Development to Tackle Climate Change," in Building on the Kyoto Protocol: Options for Protecting the Climate, Kevin A. Baumert with Odile Blanchard, Silvia Llosa, and James F. Perkans (Eds.), World Resources Institute, 2002.
Technology Backstop Protocol
SUMMARY / RATIONALE: Alternative technology-based protocol that could serve as a "backstop" in case of failure of the first-best option (efficient policy instruments such as taxes or tradable permits). A technology-based protocol would set forth medium- to long-term technology targets—for example, capture and sequestration of all carbon from new power plants by 2020—in order to stimulate technology development and reduce emissions.
FORUM: Not specified. Could be undertaken under the UNFCCC or as a new regime.
TIME FRAME:
The protocol focuses on medium-term technology goals.
MITIGATION COMMITMENTS
Types of Commitments:
* Technology: International agreement on specific technology-based targets. New fossil fuel power plants installed in Annex I countries after 2020 and new synthetic fuels capacity in Annex I countries would be required to capture and store all carbon from their waste streams. In addition, if countries agreed to stabilize atmospheric concentrations of GHGs, they would need to adopt a second stage of targets, requiring new fossil fuel refining capacity after 2050 to capture and sequester carbon from fuels. These targets would not apply to non-Annex I countries until their per capita income reached the average level of Annex I countries.
Differentiation: Differentiation in timing of commitments between developed and developing countries, based on per capita income level using Purchasing Power Parity (PPP).
Allocation / Burden-Sharing Approach: The same technology targets would apply to all countries, but developing countries would not be required to achieve these targets until their income level reached that of the Annex I average.
Graduation criteria: Non-Annex I countries would be subject to the technology targets when their per capita income (in PPP terms) equaled the average for Annex I countries in 2020 (for the first stage targets) or 2050 (for the second stage targets).
PROPOSED BY: Jae Edmonds and Marshall Wise
SOURCE: Edmonds, J. and M. Wise. "Building Backstop Technologies and Policies to Implement the Framework Convention on Climate Change," Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Washington, D.C., May 1998.
Technology-Centered Approach
SUMMARY / RATIONALE: Multifaceted approach aimed at promoting a technology transition in the electricity generation and transportation sectors. Five main components: (1) an R & D protocol to "push" the development of new technologies; (2) protocols establishing technology standards to provide a "pull" incentive to commercialize new, low-emitting technologies; (3) a multilateral fund to help spread new technologies to developing countries; (4) a short-term system of pledge and review; and (5) a protocol for adaptation assistance. Similar to Portfolio Approach.
TIME FRAME: Intended to promote a long-term technology transition, but also includes short-term measures such as pledge and review.
MITIGATION COMMITMENTS
Types of Commitments:
* Targets: None. Target-based approaches cannot enforce participation or compliance.
* PAMs: Negotiation of protocols mandating open technology standards. These protocols would not require global participation since, if enough countries adopt a standard, others are likely to follow due to tipping and network effects. Both government and industry representatives would participate in picking standards.
* Financial: Financial contributions by developed countries for (1) collaborative research and development; (2) a multilateral fund to finance technology change in developing countries, and (3) adaptation assistance for developing countries.
* Technology: Collaborative research on new technologies, together with agreements on technology standards.
* Pledge-based: Short-term protocol pursuant to which states would pledge national PAMs, with international review.
Differentiation: Protocols involving financial transfers for technology diffusion and adaptation differentiate between developed donor countries and developing recipient countries.
Allocation / Burden-Sharing Approach: Financial contributions for R & D could be allocated based on UN scale of assessments, historical responsibility for climate change, or current emissions.
ADAPTATION: Adaptation Fund financed by contributions from industrialized countries.
IMPLEMENTATION
Compliance: Critique of target-based approach focuses on the compliance/participation problem. In contrast, technologyoriented protocols build in incentives to cooperate and are mainly self-enforcing.
PROPOSED BY:
Scott Barrett
SOURCE: Barrett, Scott. Environment and Statecraft: The Strategy of Environmental Treaty-Making, Oxford University Press, 2003.
Three-Part Policy Architecture
SUMMARY / RATIONALE: Modification of Kyoto architecture, consisting of three parts: (1) global participation in emission targets, (2) long-term targets, and (3) market-based instruments.
FORUM: UNFCCC. Proposed as a follow-up to or as a substitute for the Kyoto Protocol.
TIME FRAME: Addresses both the short and long term.
MITIGATION COMMITMENTS
Types of Commitments:
* Targets: National emission targets for all countries, with international emissions trading. For developing countries, individual national targets could be indexed, and could begin with a BAU target, gradually becoming more stringent as a country's wealth grows. In general, short-term targets should be firm but moderate, to keep costs low and avoid rendering large parts of capital stock prematurely obsolete. Long-term targets should be flexible but more stringent, in order to motivate technological change and bring down costs over time.
* PAMs: Countries should use market-based instruments as the chief means of reducing emissions. Options include domestic carbon taxes, a system of tradable permits, or a hybrid approach involving tradable permits and a safety valve. If there is an international trading system, its design should facilitate integration with domestic policies.
* Technology: Agreement on long-term target to motivate technological change.
Differentiation: Primary differentiation between developed and developing countries. Secondary differentiation among developing countries based on per capita GDP.
Allocation / Burden-Sharing Approach: Stringency of developing country targets based on per capita GDP.
Graduation criteria: Developing countries could voluntarily accede to binding emission targets. Developing countries would be required to take on binding emission targets once their per capita GDP reached agreed levels.
PROPOSED BY: Robert N. Stavins
SOURCE: Stavins, Robert. "Can An Effective Global Climate Treaty Be Based on Sound Science, Rational Economics, and Pragmatic Politics?" Faculty Research Working Paper Series, Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, RWP 04-020, and Resources for the Future, May 2004. See http://ksgnotes1.harvard.edu/Research/wpaper.nsf/rwp/RWP04-020/$File/rwp04_020_stavins_rev2.pdf; and http://ssrn.com/abstract=538943.
Two-Part Commitments for Industrialized Countries
SUMMARY / RATIONALE: Modification of Kyoto regime to give developed countries greater flexibility in how they achieve their commitments. Developed countries could comply either by achieving their emission reduction target or by making financial and technological transfers.
FORUM: Not specified, but implicitly under the UNFCCC/Kyoto Protocol regime.
TIME FRAME: Not specified, but implicitly aimed at the near-term (for example, the Kyoto Protocol second commitment period).
MITIGATION COMMITMENTS
Types of Commitments:
* Targets: Form of targets not specified.
* Financial: Developed countries could achieve their commitments through financial and technology transfers, rather than through emission reductions.
Differentiation: Developed and developing countries. Emission targets and financial/technology transfer commitments applicable only to developed countries.
Allocation / Burden-Sharing Approach: Not addressed. Each developed country able to determine its own mix of emission reductions and financial/technology transfers.
IMPLEMENTATION
Compliance: Developed countries could comply through either emission reductions or financial/technology transfers to developing countries.
PROPOSED BY: Chandrashekhar Dasgupta (The Energy and Resources Institute)
SOURCE: Not published in the literature, information is based on presentations in his personal capacity at COP-9.
UNFCCC Impact Response Instrument
SUMMARY / RATIONALE: Proposes an impact response instrument and creation of a new UNFCCC Disaster Relief Fund to cover the costs of international relief efforts for climate-related disasters, financed by contributions from industrialized countries based on their historical responsibilities and ability to pay. Argues that a balanced climate regime needs to focus not only on mitigation but also on the inevitable "post-disaster phase," including disaster relief, rehabilitation and reconstruction.
FORUM: UNFCCC.
Types of Commitments:
* Financial: Mandatory contributions by industrialized countries to the UNFCCC Disaster Relief Fund. Suggests that only modest additional contributions would be necessary.
Allocation / Burden-Sharing Approach: Financial contributions would be proportionate to countries' "differentiated responsibilities and ability to pay."
ADAPTATION: Emphasizes the need for disaster response measures, including relief, rehabilitation and reconstruction. Focuses in particular on disaster relief.
INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS
New institutions: New UNFCCC Disaster Relief Fund, administered by UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, under the guidance of the UNFCCC COP.
PROPOSED BY: Benito Müller
SOURCE: Müller, B. "An FCCC Impact Response Instrument as part of a Balanced Global Climate Change Regime," June 2002. See http://www.wolfson.ox.ac.uk/~mueller/iri.pdf.
Endnotes
1. For a fuller description of variables in designing mitigation commitments, see Bodansky, Daniel. "Climate Commitments: Assessing the Options," in Beyond Kyoto: Advancing the International Effort Against Climate Change, Pew Center on Global Climate Change, December 2003.
2. For a fuller description of these criteria, see Bodansky, Daniel in Beyond Kyoto: Advancing the International Effort Against Climate Change.
3. The notion of no lose targets was originally articulated by Cédric Philibert of the International Energy Agency. See Philibert, Cédric. "How could emissions trading benefit developing countries," Energy Policy Vol. 28, n°13, November 2000.
4. Jansen et al., Multi-Sector Convergence Approach (Energy research Centre of the Netherlands / CICERO, 2001).
5. Titles for the proposals summarized in this section are in some cases the proponents' originals and in some cases have been assigned for ease of description. The summaries are intended to represent as best as possible the thinking and intent of the proposals' original authors. In each summary, a category of issues is listed only if the proposal in some manner addresses it, so not all categories appear.
6. Domestic trading systems would cover only CO2, initially, on the grounds that including other gases would add enormous complexity.
7. In general, the Kyoto Protocol first commitment period targets would serve as the baseline for these reduction targets (except for countries with hot air, whose baseline would be an estimate of BAU emissions in 2012).
This paper surveys and synthesizes more than 40 proposed approaches for strengthening international climate efforts beyond 2012. It is part of a Pew Center series on Advancing the International Effort Against Climate Change. The Pew Center was established by The Pew Charitable Trusts to bring a new cooperative approach and critical scientific, economic, and technological expertise to the global climate change debate. We inform this debate through wide-ranging analyses in four areas: policy (domestic and international), economics, environment, and solutions.
Pew Center on Global Climate Change
2101 Wilson Boulevard
Suite 550
www.pewclimate.org
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| Title | Author | Page |
|--------------------------------------------|-----------------|------|
| Amenity Fund | Ross Clark | 25 |
| Articles | | |
| Advice from Cambridgeshire Fire and Rescue Service | | 9 |
| Avenue of Limes | Nick Acklam | 10 |
| Bottisham and Burwell Photographic Club | Barry Coles | 15 |
| Burwell Mill | | 8 |
| Carpet Bowls: A Proud Update | Anita Folkes | 3 |
| Community Solar Farm for Reach? | Andy Rankin | 7 |
| Meeting Jo Riches | Claire Halpin-McDonald | 26 |
| Memories: Rogation | Anita Folkes | 14 |
| More Social Care | | 9 |
| Newmarket Hat Hire | Claire Halpin-McDonald | 4 |
| Reach Fair | | 3 |
| Reunion Time | | 13 |
| Riding for the Disabled Association | | 5 |
| Shrove Tuesday Photos | | 12 |
| Spring Poem | Alison Lewis | 16 |
| Trekking the Great Wall of China | | 6 |
| Bus Timetable | | 45 |
| Church | | 47 |
| Church Services | | 44 |
| From the Vicarage: Spring is Sprung | Eleanor Williams| 43 |
| Contact Information | | 48 |
| Cookery: Rita’s Recipes | Rita Dunnett | 36 |
| Clubs Contact Information | | 47 |
| Crafts: All Things Crafty | | 34 |
| Crossword | | 33 |
| Days Gone By | David Parr | 28 |
| Diary Dates | | 46 |
| Editorial | | |
| Kids Page | Susie Tucker | 32 |
| Little Windmills | Susan Bluck | 31 |
| Parish Council | | |
| Draft Minutes | | 40 |
| Know Your Parish Council | | 25 |
| Pets Corner | | 31 |
| What’s “Growing On” at Snakehall Farm? | Maz Baker | 22 |
| Ross’s Reflections | Ross Clark | 25 |
| Title | Author | Page |
|--------------------------------------------|-----------------|------|
| Plants and Planting | | |
| Ely Cathedral Flower Festival | | 17 |
| Fantastic Fibonacci | Cambridge Botanic Garden | 19 |
| March Winds, April Showers | Janet Hall | 18 |
| Tales from a Reach Garden | Danuta Gibson | 20 |
| Sport and Recreation | | |
| Cricket | Ross Clark | 39 |
| Sports News | Juliet Vickery | 37 |
| Swaffham Prior Primary School | Hannah Curtis | 30 |
| Wicken Fen and Anglesey Abbey News | Howard Cooper | 23 |
| Wildlife | | |
| Rooks in Reach | Joss Goodchild | 16 |
St Etheldreda’s Church Reach
Eve of Reach Fair
Songs of Praise
Sunday 5th May 2013
6.00 - 6.45pm
A short service of well known hymns readings & prayers
VOLUNTEERS FOR REACH FAIR
BANK HOLIDAY MONDAY 6TH MAY 2013
Please contact Jan Tabecki (742552) or Grahame Radford (742814)
From the Editor
Newmarket Hat Hire has featured in Harpers & Queen and Hello magazine – and now the dizzy heights of Within Reach. We hope you enjoy our focus on an unusual local company. We also have a piece about the restoration of Burwell windmill and its impressive Heritage Lottery award.
Spring is Sprung is the message of this issue – though this may be a little premature after our recent snow. Alison Lewis has a poem and Eleanor Williams is looking forward to Easter and the months ahead.
In addition to her regular article, Anita Folkes has a moving piece about a special bowls tournament in memory of her grandson, Steven Folkes. The Folkes family are great bowls players and this year’s tournament proved to be an extra special occasion.
Reach Rainbow Crafts Circle is well attended and now has ten members. We focus on a couple of keen ‘crafties’ and also include a craft project. Joyce Harrison is knitting for poor babies in Africa and the range of crafts skills exhibited by Alice Lingley is remarkable.
Reach has woods, a tennis court, an orchard, a cricket pitch - and now possible a community solar farm. This issue contains details and also notification of a public meeting.
Joss Goodchild, prompted by Ron Greenhill, keeps us informed of the birds and bees - in this issue you’ll find everything you need to know about rooks. Our gardeners’ stories from Janet Hall and Danuta Gibson are tainted by the poor weather but nonetheless contain good advice.
Nick Acklam’s Avenue of Limes Project has been modified – he tells you all about it in this issue.
Read this magazine carefully and discover who gets up at 5.45am each morning.
And to get you through the recently atrocious weather, don’t forget that we have another Garden Party to look forward to – to celebrate the Royal Birth. The date is Sunday 4th August – please put it in your diary.
Finally - see you at Reach Fair!
Claire Halpin-McDonald
01638 743330
[email protected]
Cover Photos: Hannah Curtis, Claire Halpin-McDonald and Alison Lewis
Editor’s Notes
The purpose of Within Reach is to serve the whole village by circulating information and interesting articles free to every household. Additional copies are available at a charge of £2.50. Issues are published bi-monthly covering the months of Feb/Mar, Apr/May, June/July, Aug/Sept Oct/Nov and Dec/Jan.
Copies of the Minutes of Parish Council meetings and of Out of Reach and Within Reach magazines can be found on the village website www.reach-village.co.uk.
The next copy date is 15th May 2013. This magazine is approved and printed by Reach Parish Council.
Editorial Team
Editor Claire Halpin-McDonald
Production Claire Halpin-McDonald
David Parr
Advertising/Treasurer David Parr
Distribution Freda Lloyd, Grahame Radford, Rita Dunnett, Joyce Harrison
Roving Reporter Jo Riches
Roving Photographer Hugh de Lacy
Allotments/24Acres David Thomas
Bell ringing Lesley Boyle
Cookery Rita Dunnett
Cricket Ross Clark
Days Gone By David Parr
Fen Chitchat Lesley Boyle
Kids’ Page Susie Tucker
Little Windmills Susan Bluck
Memories Anita Folkes
Parish Council David Parr
Plants Janet Hall
Snakehall Farm Maz Baker
Sport Juliet Vickery
Swaffham Prior School Hannah Curtis
Tales from the Garden Danuta Gibson
Wicken Fen Howard Cooper
Wildlife Joss Goodchild
Alison Lewis
Carpet Bowls: A Proud Update
It’s nearly 15 years since my grandson, Steven Folkes and his friend, Richard Missing (boyfriend of Kelly Blunsten nee Folkes), lost their lives on the A11 coming home from the Annual English Pairs Carpet Bowls Tournament played at Hembsby, Norfolk. Ever since, a Pairs Carpet Bowls Tournament has been played at Soham Sports Centre in memory of the boys - with all profits made on the day going to MAGPAS (Mid Anglia General Practitioner Accident Service).
Amy Folkes and Paul Dalladay
This year the tournament was played on 3rd March 2013 with over 100 pairs playing and roughly £650 was raised. After winning her Group Games with bowls partner Paul Dalladay from Paston, Amy Folkes (Steven's sister) got into the Quarter Finals, then the Semi Finals and then into the Final. In the latter, Amy had to play Ian Blunsten and Simon Missing – her boyfriend (and Richard's brother). Amy and Paul scored eight points and their opponents scored three points, thus Amy and Paul won the tournament with pride, a tinge of sadness and also feeling sorry for Simon.
Each year everybody, especially family members, tries to win a silver salver with the boys name on. Over the last few years Amy has managed to win a Semi Final Runner Up and finally the Winner’s salvers and also a cup to keep for a year.
It was quite a family affair as the trophies were presented by Amy’s mother and father (Glynis and Roland). Tears were shed as this was a very personal moment and a sad reminder of two boys who are still very much loved and missed.
PS. For people new to the village, Amy Folkes lives on the Swaffham Road.
Anita Folkes
Reach Fair 2013
Quiz
This will take place on Sunday 5th May starting at 7.30pm in the beer tent. Teams should consist of a maximum of six players and the entrance fee is £1 per person. All proceeds will go to a charity of the winners’ choice.
Car Parking
We will again be using the car park on Burwell Road with a controlled one-way system for safety. Would all residents in Burwell Road please note that entry and exit from all dwellings will need extreme caution. There will also be no traffic permitted beyond the car park exit towards Fair Green between 10.30am and 5.00pm unless by prior arrangement.
Road Closures
In addition to the above, Swaffham Road, Fair Green and Great Lane will also be closed to traffic during the duration of the Fair. There will be no access through the village between 10.30am and 5.00pm.
Car Passes
There will be no car passes this year but we remind residents to be aware of the above and advise visiting friends and relatives that they need to be in position before the Fair commences unless there is an emergency. In this case, please contact Andrew Towers on 07946 893437 or Grahame Radford on 07842 126270.
Volunteers
As in previous years the success of the Fair very much depends on the help given by residents in addition to the Committee and this year will be no exception. If you can spare some time either setting up on the Sunday and/or on the day itself (to run stalls, car park admission or road closures) the Committee would be extremely grateful. Please contact Jan Tabecki (742552) and Grahame Radford (742814) with offers of help. As we progress, information will be added to the village website at: www.reach-village.co.uk/reach_fair_2013.html.
Newmarket Hat Hire
How long have you been in business?
We will have been in business 20 years at the end of this year. We moved into lovely new premises this year which seems a fitting achievement in our 20th year.
From where do you source your hats?
All the hats are made for us by top couture milliners. We have no industry-made hats, no mass production; every hat is individually made exclusively for Newmarket Hat Hire. That’s our niche. You won’t find our hats anywhere else!
Also all of our hats are British made. The majority are made using sinamay fibre which comes from the banana plant. Its characteristics are that it dyes very well and allows daylight through which has a lovely effect.
Has Jodie Halpin-McDonald got those proportions right?
How many hats do you have?
We have nearly 900 items in the summer including head pieces (fascinators). People thinking of hiring a hat should allow a budget of £22 - £55 and they will hire the hat over a weekend. The advantage of hiring is that it allows you to have a beautiful creation at a fraction of its cost. People hire hats for numerous occasions: weddings, of course, garden parties, investitures, graduations and religious festivals. Our busiest time is from mid April to mid August.
We do sell hats as well as hire them. Towards the end of the season we judge that some hats have reached their retirement age.
As well as very many hats we have a large range of exclusive jewellery to purchase and also handbags and accessories
What look will be ‘in’ for the coming season?
Large brimmed hats swept off the face are always popular, frequently for the Mother of the Bride. They are very flattering. Pill box hats are in this season. Fashion is dictated by the Duchess of Cambridge. Plate-type hats, disc-shaped worn on the side supported by a head band, are also very fashionable. Hats are coming back into fashion a lot and Kate is helping this trend most definitely. Sophie the Duchess of Wessex is also a trend setter; she wears hats very well. And Zara Phillips. All the royal ladies very much dictate the fashion. Eugenia caused her stir with her hat but I didn’t think it was so terrible. She’s young and can get away with it.
Sue Briscoe enjoying looking good in a stylish hat
What at the ‘rules’ for choosing the right hat?
Proportions are foremost. The crown of the hat must never be wider than the face, and the brim should never be wider than the shoulder. But note rules can be broken!
Definitely some people are ‘hat people’ and some are not. But there is always a shape that will suit everyone. Wearing a hat is all about confidence.
Jodie Halpin-McDonald - a future customer
I love the challenge of finding the perfect hat for someone. I like it when someone comes in and says, ‘I’m not a ‘hat person’ and I can’t wear a hat.’ I can place a hat on her head and she will know that it suits her and I will wait for the smile.
When a hat is returned, people will say how pleased they were with it and how it brought extra pleasure to the event. They received compliments and the photos look excellent. For me it’s very gratifying.
Sue Taylor happy to find the right hat for you!
Our customers are not just local. They will come up from London, north Norfolk and the east coast. We even have an international service: someone will email a photograph of the outfit and we select a hat for them.
My thanks to Sue Taylor. How lucky we are to have Newmarket Hat Hire so close to us at Fordham!
Claire Halpin-McDonald
Newmarket Hat Hire
104 Carter Street,
Fordham CB7 5JU
01638 721366
Newmarket Community Choir
We are a very friendly choir with approximately 25 members. We meet every Tuesday at The Palace House Newmarket from 7pm – 8.30pm and sing a wide variety of songs. You don’t need to have previous singing experience or be able to read music. Enthusiasm and a good sense of humour however do help!
For more details email [email protected]. Find us on Facebook, Twitter and our new web site www.newmarketcommunitychoir.co.uk
Riding for the Disabled Association
Iceni Group. South Cambs Equestrian Centre, Barrington
Can you spare the time to help us out? We urgently need more helpers for our Tuesday morning (term time only) sessions, which run from 9.45 am - 12.00 noon. It is not essential to be “horsey”. This is very rewarding – even if the progress is slow – the children love it! The group works with primary school age children with a variety of disabilities.
Please contact Diana Allen on 01638 572044
St Cyriac and St Julitta’s Church Swaffham Prior
7.30pm Sunday 7 July
CHORAL CONCERT
Cadenza
directed by Martin Gent
with Brass Tacks
motets by Josquin des Prez, Monteverdi; Vittoria; madrigals by Morley & Weelkes; part of the Byrd 4 part mass; English folksong arrangements & two of Butten’s Flower Songs
Tickets priced at £10. For further information, please email: [email protected]
in aid of the Grand Piano appeal
Bottisham Village College
Piano sketches by BVC Year 7 Students
Marie Curie Cancer Care is sending out the call for local residents to join us in a life changing trek along the **Great Wall of China in May 2014**, exploring one of the wonders of the world and experiencing the people and culture of rural China.
This nine day challenge, from 16th to 24th May, offers participants the chance to trek the 15th Century Ming Dynasty hard rock wall, before descending on local trails to experience the rural life of people in Hebei Province and discovering true Chinese culture, supported by local guides. Each night, participants will be able to camp in the wilds and enjoy eating freshly cooked food beneath the stars. On the last day, participants will have the opportunity to discover the sights and sounds of Beijing, such as the Imperial Palace amongst other breath taking sights.
Marie Curie Cancer Care Events Fundraiser Ed Turnham said, “this is the perfect trip to transform your life view and gain confidence by overcoming physical and mental obstacles in this great challenge. Our participants will work hard as a team to find self confidence and a real sense of achievement. The trek aims to raise £120,000 for Marie Curie Cancer Care whose nurses provide free care to people with terminal cancer and other illnesses in their own homes and in the charity’s nine hospices.”
Open to anyone over the age of 18, the trip has limited availability so it is advisable to register early to avoid disappointment. Registration costs £299 and everyone is asked to raise a minimum sponsorship of £3,000. The trek aims to raise £120,000 for Marie Curie Cancer Care with £180 paying for a nine hour shift for a Marie Curie nurse in a patient’s home, or £435 for the cost of caring for in-patients at our Marie Curie Hospices.
For further information, please visit our website: http://www.mariecurie.org.uk/fortune or call 01604 442310.
A Community Solar Farm for Reach?
We are looking into the possibility of building a small solar farm on land just outside of Reach - just to the north-west of Blackberry Droveway (opposite the Swan Lake Grain Stores). The 500kW solar farm would cover approximately 3 acres and should generate around 44,000 kWh of electricity per year. This is enough to meet the needs of more than 100 homes – a sizeable proportion of the village.
We would like to set this up as a community project. If we go ahead we would create a not-for-profit company to own the solar farm and we would hope to raise most of the money to build it from people in the village and surrounding area. The company would be able to pay interest on its shares (so it should be a secure financial return for people who do invest) and it would pay a lease to the Robinson family, who own the land. Although it wouldn’t be expected to make a large profit after interest and lease payments, we would hope that it would be able to contribute a small amount to a fund to be used for the benefit of the community too.
Public Meeting
A Community Solar Farm for Reach
Reach Village Centre
7.30pm Tuesday 9th April 2013
An opportunity to learn about the solar farm project, ask questions – and get involved?
There are a number of similar community-owned solar and wind schemes being created around the country. For example Gamlingay are shortly to install a community wind turbine (http://gamlingay-community-turbine.co.uk/) and near Oxford a 5MW solar farm has been built by a local Co-operative (http://westmillsolar.coop/).
We’re holding a public meeting on Tuesday 9th April at 7.30pm in the Village Centre, to which all residents of the village are invited. It’ll be a chance to present the project to the village and to give people the opportunity to have an input and to ask questions.
If the community is supportive, we would then begin the process of raising the money, applying for planning permission and obtaining permission to connect the system to the National Grid.
We hope this is a great opportunity for the village to be able to produce much of its own electricity in a clean, renewable way. However, we do realise that people will have questions and concerns, so we look forward to seeing you at the meeting!
The Reach Solar Farm project is an initiative by the Robinson family and Midsummer Energy, a local solar installation company. Call us on 01223 858414 if you have any questions.
Andy Rankin
Bottisham Village College
Adult and Community Learning
We have the following courses starting after Easter (from 22 April):
- Ceramics
- Traditional Indian Cookery Made Simple
- Counselling – Introduction (Level 2)
- The Craft of Felt Making (from 4 June)
- Life Drawing (daytime)
- Sugarcraft – ‘A Posy of Sugar Roses and Carnations’
- Sugarcraft – ‘Miniature Shoes and Handbags’ (from 4 June)
- Upholstery and Chair Caning
- French Conversation – Intermediate (daytime)
Saturday Workshops – 11 May 2013
Learn something new in a day ....
- Dressmaking
- Woodturning
- Sugarcraft
- Upholstery and Chair Caning
For full details visit our website: www.bottishamvc.org/commed or contact the Community Office on 01223 811372 Email: [email protected] Twitter: https://twitter.com/CommunityEdBott Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/pages/Bottisham-Village-College-Adult-and-Community-Learning/360377503982558
Burwell Mill
On 13th March 2013 the Burwell Mill’s cap was lifted off by crane as part of the Fresh Wind in Our Sails restoration project, funded by the Heritage Lottery Fund (HLF). For more pictures please go to page 47.
Burwell Museum has been awarded the tremendous sum of £2417.300 from the HLF towards the restoration of the Grade I* listed Stevens’ Mill and to integrate and improve the displays across the mill and museum as a whole to create an improved education resource.
Burwell Mill’s aluminium-covered cap roof was seized in position and could not be turned by the six-bladed fantail (the set of six small sails at the back of the cap). The safest method of repairing the cap was to lift it off the tower and work on it at ground level. A 65 ton mobile crane carried out the lifting operation and the cap weighs 6 ton. The operation went extremely smoothly and Jane Phillimore, project manager, said ‘The mill hasn’t been working for a very long time, about 30 or 40 years. This is very exciting’.
A temporary flat roof will protect the decapitated windmill from rainfall during the restoration project. Over the summer months the Mill will be encased in scaffolding to allow conservation builders to work on the external lime render, to re-tar the tower and to repair and re-paint the windows. It will be fully restored including the replacement of the two missing sails.
The windmill will be repaired to an authentic standard using traditional materials and techniques and it will be returned to a condition where its milling machinery can be safely demonstrated to the visiting public. The mill was integrated with the museum in the mid 1990s and this greatly increases the potential of the site. Milling days, traditional craft and workshop demonstrations, historical re-enactment days and other events are planned.
It is hoped that the mill will be open by spring 2014.
To find out more about the restoration work of Burwell Museum go to www.burwellmuseum.org.uk
History
The mill is thought to have been built c.1820 for Oliver Carter, possibly on the site of an earlier post mill. It remained in the Carter family until 1884 when it was purchased by its tenant, George Mason. From the 1920s until the 1950s it was owned and worked on by Alfred and Warren Stevens, becoming known as Stevens’ Mill. It produced flour and animal feeds and unusually became a Listed Building in 1951 while still in regular use. Warren Stevens retired in 1955 and the mill ceased working. The mill and adjacent field were sold to a local construction firm. Demolition of the mill was prevented by its listing and it was purchased from the developers for preservation by Burwell Windmill Trust in 1969. The Trust undertook some restoration work; the sails, fantail and wooden cap had all rotted badly.
At one time there were four windmills in Burwell. Two were in the Toyse Lane area but little or no trace remains. Another mill stood near Newmarket Road and when it became disused it was converted into a barn (it was reduced to two storeys and a thatched roof added to the remaining stump). The barn is part of a modern farm and is visible from the farmyard entrance (next to the Doctors Surgery).
Footnote
Swaffham Prior windmill is in private ownership and it’s a tremendous achievement to have restored and maintained the mill. Do look out for the ‘milling days’ – usually a Sunday – when flour may be purchased.
More Choice in Social Care
Social care is provided to people who have been assessed as having substantial or critical support needs with personal care, getting meals, managing medication and staying safe.
If you need social care the County Council will arrange your care for you, but they now have a duty to offer and provide Direct Payments. Direct Payments are an alternative way of getting the care and support you need. They are cash payments made directly into a Direct Payment bank account so that you can use the money to make your own social care arrangements.
With a Direct Payment you have more choice, control and independence about how your care is organised. If you would like to find out more about Direct Payments visit the Your Life, Your Choice website at: www.yourlifeyourchoice.org.uk, pick up a leaflet from your library, phone adult social care enquiries on 0345 045 5202, or contact the Cambridgeshire Direct Payment Support Service on 0845 6000 684.
Advice from Cambridgeshire Fire and Rescue Service
Put a SPRING in your step: The Fire Service has devised a simple checklist for residents to run through this Spring:
Get sweeping: Chimney’s should be professionally swept and brickwork inspected at least once a year to prevent chimney fires. Our advice is to check yours before and after the winter period.
Smoke Alarms: Everyone should have a correctly fitted, working smoke alarm in their home. You should test it at least once a week by pushing the button. If you have forgotten to do yours recently, why not test it when you turn your clocks forward?
Easter school holidays: Arson can often increase during the school holidays. Stay vigilant, call 999 if you see a crime taking place and do not attempt to put the fire out yourself. If you are a parent, speak to your child about the dangers of playing with fire.
Be hoax aware during school holidays: Making a hoax 999 call to the emergency services is a criminal offence and we are asking residents, especially parents, to make young people aware of this.
It’s DIY time: We frequently receive an increase in calls relating to homeowners getting into accidents associated with DIY. These can involve electrical equipment which has been stored in a damp shed over the winter and heavy-duty garden equipment. Be careful, read the instructions and take expert advice from a DIY store. Never attempt complex DIY electrical wiring yourself.
Escape: Practise your Home Escape Plan if a fire were to occur at night.
For free home fire safety advice, log on to www.cambsfire.gov.uk. Like our fan page on Facebook by searching Cambridgeshire Fire and Rescue, and follow us on Twitter @cambsfrs.
To find out if you are eligible for a free home fire safety check, call 0800 917 99 94.
Avenue of Limes
It won’t have escaped most readers’ notice that recently some of the lime trees planted by the village on the Swaffham Road in December 2012 have ‘disappeared’.
This is because we were obliged to remove the sixteen trees in question (between Snakehall Farm and the railway bridge) by English Heritage who considered that they posed a threat to the Roman villa that lies in the adjacent field.
We believe that we had planted outside the boundary of this Scheduled Monument, marked by the field edge, but recognised that proving this, with boundary and ownership maps that were less than precise, was going to be difficult. With the owner of the field threatening “further action” and there being no scope for moving the trees closer to the road due to BT phone cabling, it was reluctantly concluded that a replant elsewhere was needed.
Claire Halpin-McDonald approving the way the work was carried out with Andrew Trump, Nick Acklam and John Reed
The good news is that the lifted saplings in conjunction with the spares from the initial planting were sufficient to form a striking feature on the edge of the 24Acres, fringing the front boundary. They were replanted there on the 23rd February - my thanks go to John Reed, David Parr, Andrew Trump, David Thomas, Joss and Martin Goodchild, Dan Mules and Janet and Andrew Hall who braved wintry conditions to do the work. A special mention also goes to Claire Halpin-McDonald who confirmed that we had not disturbed the archaeology at the original planting.
We have not given up on restoring the Swaffham Road planting to 60 trees. The original planting was to mark the Queen’s Diamond Jubilee so the number is significant.
To do so we will need to extend the remaining planting closer to the village and to plant into the existing hedgerow - something we avoided in the original planning, when our primary aim had been to infill and link various features - the railway bridge, Snakehall Farm and the solitary ash tree on the Swaffham Road.
We already have the permission of County Highways and the adjacent landowner to extend the current planting and are working to confirm initial assessments that the hedge is not historically or ecologically ‘important’ (once bitten twice shy). The next steps will be to secure further funding and to agree an approach to the planting that avoids long term damage to the hedge, a requirement of the Parish Council. I will keep you posted.
The trees are spread across the front of the 24Acres field and look lovely
Before deciding to replant the limes on the 24Acres we examined alternative locations on the verges of the Burwell Road and Upware Road on the outskirts of the village. Both looked attractive options but we did not have enough time to talk to adjacent landowners or to establish if any cabling or pipework might get in our way. However if there is sufficient interest in the village we could develop both options in the future.
Please let me know what you think.
Nick Acklam
[email protected] or 743749
STOP PRESS . . .
The ground disturbance associated with the lifting of the limes was minimal and confined to the plough soil so the search was confined to looking for artefacts. Just one artefact – a struck flint – was found (see below). The field which is currently set aside is Scheduled principally because of the presence of a Roman building identified by aerial photography as a cropmark.
Iron Age pottery and skeletons have also been found in the field. Within the plough soil it would not have been surprising to find Roman pottery because such finds are often prolific on Roman sites. The struck flint is also a common find; several thousand fragments of struck flint debris occur during a single episode of knapping.
A single flake (3g) of struck flint was recovered, comprising a heavily patinated snapped blade. Blades such as this, with parallel dorsal scars are typical of the technology utilised in the earlier Neolithic period (c.4000-3200BC) and may have been hafted onto wooden handles to be used as simple (single blade) or composite (multiple blades) tools for cutting. The heavy white patination on the exterior of the blade is a result of weathering and re-deposition after the blade was snapped and discarded.
Archaeology has also shown itself on the 24Acre project and a small evaluation will be undertaken in advance of the planting of the woodland. The trial trench evaluation will follow up the results of the field walking which recorded a scatter of struck and burnt flint (Within Reach February/March 2012). The scatter may be indicative of a seasonal Neolithic settlement alongside a small river valley in what is now the Fens. One ten metre trial trench will be excavated over the spot where the flint scatter is most dense and co-incidental with the proposed wood planting. We may find more struck flint and archaeological features (pits, hearths and post holes). Given that the flint scatter is sparse we may find nothing at all! If you want to help or find out what is down the trench come to the 24Acre project on Sunday 21st April from 11am onwards.
Please let me know beforehand if you want to join in so I know to bring an extra shovel/trowel!
Claire Halpin-McDonald
07834 740881
Reach Pudding Club
Would you like to start a Pudding Club?
If yes – please let David Parr know on 744081
REACH
Rainbow Crafts Circle
First Tuesday of the month
2nd April 2013
7th May 2013
1.30pm to 3.00pm
The craft meetings will not be held in Reach Village Centre, they will be in someone’s house
Contact Pam King for details
01638 742924
Enjoy free tea/coffee and chat about embroidery/knitting. Learn to knit or embroider and bring your knitting, sewing or other crafts to work on and show to the group.
The VILLAGE CENTRE 100 CLUB for 2013 begins in March
Please re-new your membership or now is a good time to join to help raise money to run the Village Centre
Tickets are just £10 for a full year
We have eight draws of £20 on the third Wednesday of the month and two draws of £50 in July and December
100 CLUB WINNERS
November Tony Jordan £20
December Penny Laing £50
Please contact Joyce Harrison (742405) to be part of this year’s draw
12th February 2013 Shrove Tuesday
From Left: Elizabeth Parr (with cap), Jodie Halpin-McDonald, Hector Keutgen, Oliver Carmichael and Daisy Miller
Ever popular pancake eating. Violet Keutgen (centre) and Olivia Mules (mouth wide open)
Did you go to St Mary’s or St Andrew’s school in Burwell? These schools were closed around 1961 when a new school was built in Ness Road. We thought it would be nice for both sets of pupils to get together for an afternoon chat, cuppa and a bite to eat. Don’t worry, we have name tags so there are no embarrassing moments when you don’t recognise somebody. We would love to see you and remember the good old days: the little bottles of milk, the malt and caster oil, Miss Carter, Miss Wheeler the cane etc. If you have stories to tell feel free to come forward we would love to share your memories. If you are interested, you are welcome to join us in a reunion at The Gardener Memorial Hall, Burwell on Wednesday 16th October 2013 1.30 – 4.30pm. Tickets £10 each and partners are welcome.
Please contact David Ready (01638 741236), Barbara Turner (Kempton, 741581), Kathleen Smith (Nunn, 610820) or call in at Tina’s, 1 North Street, Burwell and buy your ticket. Look forward seeing you!
Above: St Andrew’s School c.1953. Below: St Mary’s School.
Memories: Rogation
Not many people will believe it to look at it now, but the chapel on the corner of the lower green was actually used as a chapel until about the early 1960’s (my eldest son Roland was christened there in 1958).
The chapel always held its anniversary on Rogation Sunday which falls six weeks after Easter.
This was always remembered as Reach Fair Sunday and most people had visitors to high teas and it was a very special day in the lives of Reach people.
After the anniversary service people would leave the chapel and make their way onto the green where the Burwell or Wicken bands played an assortment of tunes. Others gathered in the local pubs for a pint or two and to meet with old friends. The Burwell and District bus company would lay on extra buses to take the many people home towards Cambridge later that evening.
Reach Fair has always been opened by the mayor of Cambridge on Rogation Monday at 12 noon, when the mayoral party would throw coins to the crowds like they still do to this day. They also threw coins from their cars to schoolchildren along the route and the children were allowed out of school for this reason. The Fair would be open until 2.30pm and then again at 6pm that evening and Tuesday evening. The following weekend the Fair was at Swaffham Prior for what they called The Feast. Not many people could get to the Fair due to work commitments etc. One year, in 1994, Rogation Monday fell on May Bank Holiday and what a difference that made! Many hundreds of people arrived in Reach that morning and we had a bumper day.
This set the Village Centre Committee pondering ‘What if?’ We got in touch with the County Council at Cambridge to see what could be done and their legal team looked into seeing if we could get Reach Fair changed to Bank Holiday Mondays on a regular basis. This eventually went to parliament and two years later, in 1996, we officially had Reach Fair on May Bank Holiday and have done so ever since.
This change has made a lot of difference to the Village Centre funds and has kept the Reach Fair going from strength to strength up to the present time.
Anita Folkes
Guess Who . . .
The above picture (courtesy of the gentleman middle back row) was taken in 1950 or 1951 at the bottom of Chapel Lane near the entrance to Housden’s farmyard (now the home of Tom and Claire) – the dirt path leads to the Hythe. So who are they? Answers on page 31.
Burwell and Reach Car Scheme
If you are unable to use conventional transport the scheme can help you to travel from Burwell or Reach.
**The type of journeys you can make:**
Doctors, Dentist, Chiropodist, Opticians, village shopping or visits to relatives/friends at home or in hospital. Transport **cannot be provided for hospital Out Patient appointments**
**Contact Hours:** 8.30am – 5.00pm Monday – Friday.
Please give us at least **48 hour’s notice.**
01638 742543 answer phone.
You will be contacted after you have left your request for a journey.
Bottisham and Burwell Photographic Club
When you receive this issue of *Within Reach*, the Club’s year will be drawing to a close. Tuesday 30th April will be our last major event for this year and will be ‘Gigapixel Photography’ by local photographer Sophie Wilson. Sophie will present and demonstrate high resolution panoramic photography from across the world.
In February 2013 the club entered the East Anglian Federation of Photographic Societies (EAF) Projected Digital Image Club Championship annual competition. A total of 34 clubs entered from around the region. Bottisham and Burwell Photographic Club were placed eighth and last year we were ninth. The winning clubs were first: Beyond Group, second: Cambridge Camera Club and third: Ipswich and District Photographic Society. The judges’ favourite image of the day was ‘New Brighton Shelter’ taken by Ian Kippax AFIAP DPAGB BPE3*, one of our members and he was presented with the Martin Fry Award.
Our first meeting after the break will be: Welcome Back on Tuesday 10th September 2013 when members are asked to bring photographs/images which have been taken over the summer break. Members’ winning prints from last year will also be on display. New members are welcome and can bring any pictures that they have taken during the summer.
New members are always welcome as a guest at any meeting at our venue, Lode Chapel CB25 9EW, from 7.30 – 9.30pm, paying a fee of £2, refunded on joining the club. The annual fees are: Adult membership £30, Joint membership £50, Student £15. There is a weekly fee of 50p which includes refreshments. Alternatively further details can be obtained by contacting the Secretary, Daphne Hanson. Telephone: 01638 741106 or email: [email protected].
Visit www.bottburpc.org for our Members gallery, further details of the club and our 2013/2014 programme.
Barry Coles
Publicity Officer
*Award winning photo: New Brighton Shelter by Ian Kippax*
A Spring Poem
Spring has sprung, the grass has riz,
I wonder where the birdies is?
They say the bird is on the wing,
But that’s absurd,
I always thought the wing was on the bird!
Winter’s gone, the snowdrops too,
When will daffodils peek through?
Their petal heads still tightly wrapped,
Are hanging low,
Not long until their yellow faces show!
Grey skies fade, so too the fog,
Where can I now see a hedgehog?
Waking from sleep to hog the hedge,
A lonely lair,
Do they not know that it is cool to share!
Summer approaching, bird numbers surge,
Will many butterflies emerge?
Like flying butter Brimstones glow,
They love the sun,
But please don’t try to spread them on your bun!
Alison Lewis
Rooks in Reach!
I learnt something yesterday when, with much enthusiasm, Ron (Greenhill) telephoned to mention that a pair of rooks were residing in Reach. Not considering these birds rare, I failed to appreciate the significance of his announcement until he advised they were the first pair of nesting rooks he has seen in the village since moving here in the 70’s.
He feels sure the rooks are sitting on eggs in their recently constructed nest (twigs, grass stems, earth) high in an ash tree, among the limes, on Burwell Road.
It would appear that rooks are nomadic in that they settle in an area, leave it, then re-inhabit later. This was the case with a rookery situated in Burwell at Marsh’s property. They colonised the beech trees then left for Burwell Churchyard but are now back.
Rooks Lords Ground Farm 2013. Joss Goodchild
In the ideal world, the rooks will choose to remain in Reach. Here, therefore, are a few details: Rooks grow to 46 cms, they are similar to carrion crows but have a stronger blue gloss to their black plumage and a distinct peaked head. Adults have long bills with whitish unfeathered skin at the base. Their belly and thigh feathers are loose. They are often seen during the winter in large flocks, flying together during the evening to traditional roosts (rookeries). Their favoured habitat is woodland at the edge of open countryside or farmland. They eat beetle larvae, esp. leatherjackets (crane fly larvae), caterpillars, wire-worms, snails, mice, seeds and grain. The collective noun for a group of rooks is a ‘Parliament’.
On the subject of incoming birds, Ron also mentioned that although jackdaws are now a regular sight on Reach village roofs this has not always been the case. I learn that, forty years ago jackdaws could be seen on the chimneys of houses in Swaffham Prior but had not ventured to this village. It seems that it is only relatively recently the corvids have ‘come in’.
And so, if successful, this clutch of perhaps 3 to 6 rook eggs will incubate for 17 to 20 days with young fledging at 28 to 35 days. Rooks are colonial breeders, it will be interesting to see whether or not our village environment encourages them and others to stay. Whatever the result, this first pair are a welcome addition to the already impressive range of wildlife which resides on our doorstep.
Joss Goodchild
The Cantilena Singers Spring Concert
Saturday 20th April 7:30 pm
St. Mary's Church, High Street
Swaffham Bulbeck
Director Daniel Spreadbury
Programme selections:
Byrd - Mass for Four Voices
Harris - Faire is the Heaven
St. Saens - Ave Verum
Wood - Hail Gladdening Light
Lotti - Crucifixus
Tickets £10 and £8 (concessions) on the door; refreshments available
Rich Braun 01223 812115
This year Burwell Print will be celebrating its 25th birthday, what an achievement for this local Social Training Enterprise! To kick-off our celebrations we are having a Family Friendly Ceilidh
The ‘Parson’s Nose Ceilidh Band’ will be singing and fiddling to get us all off our chairs, or clapping along to the music while seated
Saturday 27 April 7pm - 10.30pm
Burwell Village College Primary School,
The Causeway, Burwell
We will have a licensed bar and food will be available to purchase. Tickets are now on sale or you can reserve them if you prefer to pay on the night.
Tickets £10 standard, £5 concession, £23 family (two adults and school age children)
Telephone 01638-613102 or email [email protected]
Please come and join us – it will be FUN, FUN, FUN!
CROSSWORD WINNER
No one correctly completed Crossword No.17 but Susan Bluck of Burwell Road was just one letter out!
SOLUTIONS TO CROSSWORD No. 17
ACROSS: 1. BUFF. 3. STUBBORN. 8. TAUT. 9. SUNDRIES. 11. ALTRUISTIC. 14. AKIMBO. 15. AGENDA. 17. FLAMBOYANT. 20. HARANGUE. 21. BILL. 22. WANDERER. 23. FETA.
DOWN: 1. BETRAYAL. 2. FOUNTAIN. 4. TRUISM. 5. BEDLINGTON. 6. OVID. 7. NOSE. 10. TURBULENCE. 12. INVASIVE. 13. MANTILLA. 16. IMMUNE. 18. CHEW. 19. GRIN.
March Winds, April Showers
It’s been busy despite the terrible weekend weather. Only one decent weekend in February, of which the Sunday was the best day, bringing out over 4,000 visitors to Anglesey Abbey. Sunshine was remarkably absent, and with that and the cold, it has meant that everything is very behind this year.
Its Thriplow Daffodil weekend as I write this, where I would usually be selling herbaceous plants but this year it would be mid bulb season. The weather forecast was awful (in both senses) for the weekend, but in fact after wet mornings, both afternoons have been quite nice with glimpses of sunshine. I do wonder how much attention people take of these forecasts and how much it affects the visitor numbers at these charity events, which take so much voluntary organising. Let’s hope for a lovely May Bank Holiday forecast.
The snowdrops have been brilliant this year. They have been in flower for weeks. The ones up my drive have looked lovely although the ***** deer have made a meal of the blue iris. They don’t seem to see the purple ones; the same goes for the lilac and purple crocus. These four-legged critters have eaten the cyclamen comb flowers and will shortly be enjoying the tulips and bluebells. The RSPCA have said that their numbers need reducing for their own good and I wholeheartedly agree.
We gardeners never seem happy with our plant placement and now is the best time to re-organise those herbaceous plants so that you get just the right display. Dig them out and split the clumps, discarding the old centre.
Then replant the young vigorous divisions in groups, having dug over the soil and perhaps added some manure or garden compost. I’m going to have a go at moving a couple of enormous clematis. Hopefully I will be able to get them out with a good amount of soil and drop them into a pre-prepared hole so that they grow away happily in their new home. I think I’ll need a JCB for one of them! They will need a good drink a few times during this next summer if there is a dry spell, but once their roots are growing they will be on their own. I took cuttings last summer so I do have backups if necessary.
I have decided that hardy annuals are the way forward this next year, after seeing the amazing displays at the Olympic Park. I have saved seed from poppies larkspur, cornflower, cosmos, marigold and others. I will be throwing it around the garden shortly and hopefully not weeding all of it out. I have also sown some veg, but in the greenhouse. Although the seed packets say March/April to sow it is only a guide. I think it is better to watch the trees and when the apple buds break that is a good time to start sowing. Late sowings will soon catch up but poor early ones never make for good crops. I was wondering about winter wheat, will yield be reduced because of the winter water logging?
I heard mowers out in January this year. That was very early but the grass is growing now so a light cut is in order. Little and often is much the best way, twice a week in late spring and summer and never a close shave in dry weather.
It’s raining again.
Janet Hall
BURWELL MUSEUM TRIPS
Wednesday 24 April - Kelvedon War Bunker and Brentwood £20
Saturday 1 June - Rochester for Dickens Day £15
Thursday 27 June - we board the Mississippi Paddle Boat at Horning and go on to Caister £21
Friday 9 August - Clacton £15
Sunday 22 September - Sheringham 1940's Day £15
Wednesday 9 October - Bourton on the Water and Chipping Norton £18-50
Tuesday 17 December – Brick Lane Xmas Show and meal £53
Tickets are available from Tina’s - 1 North Street, Burwell or ring Barbara 01638 741581
Fantastic Fibonacci
In late spring the Garden is bursting with life – you can practically watch the hop shoots lengthen, the chestnut leaves unfurl, the wildflowers expand in the long grass areas. The diversity and rate can appear joyously chaotic, but a closer look at many plants reveals pattern and order. One of the most prevalent mathematical manifestations in nature is the Fibonacci sequence, named after Leonard of Pisa, known as Fibonacci, whose 1202 book introduced from earlier Indian mathematics a number sequence 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21 and so on – the next number in the sequence is the sum of the previous two.
When these sequence numbers are used as the side lengths of squares which are then tiled together and the corners of each square connected by a continuous arc, a spiral shape emerges. This spiral pattern is seen in plants in all sorts of ways: tree branching, the plated armour of a pineapple, the arrangement of scales in a pinecone. At this time of year, the sequence can be seen in whorled leaf arrangements as they develop around a stem. If you look down a plant such as a sunflower from above, as a bird, you can see the leaves spirally arranged so that each gets maximum exposure to sunlight and to water. This spiral arrangement is seen too in the sunflower itself which is made up of hundreds of florets arcing out from a central point. Later in the year when the seeds develop, this arrangement provides optimal packing of the seeds – they are all uniformly packed and of an even size, not crowded in the centre and inefficiently spaced at the edges.
Looking at plants this closely will be the theme of our Festival of Plants at the Garden on 18 May. As well as the Talking Plants Tent, where you will be able to bring along your gardening dilemmas to ask our experts for help, a marquee devoted to the latest in plant science, Guides throughout the Glasshouse Range with prop boxes chock-full with things like the biggest seed in the world (the vast Coco de Mer), a plant promenade along our Main Walk featuring a boutique selection of local, independent nurseries, our Systematic Beds will be the focus for a range of activities, tours and talks designed to encourage you to look more closely at the structures and the mathematical beauty of plants and flowers. The event runs from 10am-4pm on Saturday 18 May, and we’d love to see you there. Normal Garden admission applies.
The Botanic Garden is open 10am-5pm in March and 10am – 6pm April - September. Admission is £4.50, Giftaid admission £4.95 or join the Friends, get free admission and help the Garden grow! For news and events, detailed information about the Garden or to discover this week’s Plant Picks from the Head of Horticulture, please visit the website at www.botanic.cam.ac.uk.
Juliet Day
Development Officer
REACH FAIR
Each year we publicise the Fair across a fairly wide area with posters and fliers which mention the range of activities taking place during the afternoon in the hope of attracting a wider variety of visitors to balance those who come just for the fairground.
We are currently short of people to help with poster distribution in central Cambridge and the suburbs and in part of Ely. It involves going into premises which are likely to have public or staff notice boards and asking if a poster can be displayed or some fliers left. Most places are quite happy to do it as it is not a commercial event.
If anyone can spare some time around the middle of April to help with this, please contact Jacquie Lewis for more details.
Thank you
Jacquie Lewis
742518
07866 879738
[email protected]
Blood Donor Session
7 May 1.15 – 3.15pm; 4.30 – 7pm
Burwell Community Sports Centre,
Burwell
Tales from a Reach Garden
Spring has been slow to start this year hasn’t it? I am writing this article in the middle of March and our daffodils are keeping their swollen buds tightly closed for now. We managed to plant our hedge during the one warmish weekend in February, finally deciding to plant hornbeam because, like beech, a well-maintained hornbeam hedge holds on to its leaves over winter and provides shelter. It’s a good choice for wildlife and it copes, nay enjoys, heavy, damp soils – and the soil in that part of our garden is very heavy and claggy. Even on a warmish February Sunday, the pickaxe had to be wielded to break up the sodden clods prior to planting the saplings.
A promise of warmer times? Tomato seedlings in a tray on a window sill
Over by our veggie patch the soil is very different. Years of digging and improving the soil, by which I mean adding compost and well-rotted manure (a much-appreciated by-product from the local horses) have ensured that the soil here is rich in nutrients, free-draining and easy to work. When we first arrived here in 2007, the veggie patch was essentially a tiny field on a north-facing slope. We also discovered that in places, the soil was barely a spade’s-depth deep before we hit clunch – this was a little less than ideal for growing vegetables. Nevertheless, during that first year we planted the same fruit and veg we used to grow either in grow bags on the patio, or plant in the middle of our flower borders in our previous garden in suburban Watford.
In this north-facing plot in Reach, we planted courgettes, spinach, runner beans, strawberries and a tomato variety called “Gardener’s delight” which had previously done well for us growing outdoors in Watford. We had a glut of strawberries that June, much of which was turned into ice cream and enjoyed over the rest of that summer. Keeping the veggie patch weeded seemed to be a never-ending chore which we carried out most evenings and at weekends. We did manage to go away for a long weekend in August and we looked forward to seeing the fruits of our labours on our return. It rained very heavily that weekend and we thought it was good that the plants were being watered naturally in our absence. On our return we found plenty of runner beans and spinach leaves ready for picking and several courgettes were the size of marrows, but our ripening tomatoes were brown and rotting, overwhelmed with blight, which had to be dug up and burned. We figured there had to be a better way of doing this!
Phytophthora infestans. Blight on tomatoes - a very sad sight. Photo: RHS website
We don’t like using pesticides in the garden so we try to use crop rotation which helps to reduce the build-up of pests and diseases in the soil. For instance, if you grow potatoes in the same spot year after year it’s inevitable that there will be a build-up of eelworms in the soil which burrow into the tubers, but damaged tubers will rot in storage. The soil would also be depleted of nutrients that aid growth, which would have to be added to the plot every year to help maintain the yield. However for crop rotation to be effective it’s essential to remember where things were planted from one year to the next! Add to this the fact that we also had shallow soil and it made sense to us to create some raised beds, which we did in the winter of 2007.
Creating the beds also gave us the opportunity to create horizontal growing areas, rather than a north-facing one. To minimise the effects of blight, the tomatoes would have to be grown under cover, so we also built a small polytunnel and we replace the soil in the polytunnel every year using the old soil elsewhere around the garden. Richard and I love soft fruit like raspberries, but we noticed that the local birds, like us, were also fond of anything red, sweet and juicy, so we also created a fruit cage large enough for various canes and bushes of our favourite berries and currants and protect them from opportunistic blackbirds and pigeons. Not all of our crops are rotated, however; we also grow perennial edibles like rhubarb and asparagus which have their own more permanent beds.
A happier sight - a well stocked veggie patch on a hot July day last year
This framework of beds has served us well and I’m looking forward to planting again this year. This is the time of year when seeds are sown for growing in the vegetable garden and I’ve started sowing mine. I suppose gardeners are optimists at heart. Past experience says that this long winter will end eventually and that spring really is just around the corner and summer will arrive – but will it be warm and dry or cool and wet?
Danuta Gibson
VOLUNTEERS FOR REACH FAIR
BANK HOLIDAY MONDAY 6TH MAY 2013
Please contact Jan Tabecki (742552) and Grahame Radford (742814) with offers of help.
St Etheldreda’s Church, Reach
Date for the Diary
Sunday 23rd June
St Etheldreda’s Day Celebration Service at 10am Followed by Church Barbeque Lunch
18th May 2013 7.30pm
Chocolate Bingo
At the Day Centre, Parsonage Close
Chocolate prizes
Cash Prize for the last game
First game free
Other games £1 per card
Tickets £7
to include Fish and Chip Supper From CentrePeace
Nearly New Sale
Saturday 20th Apr 2013
10.30 – 12.00
- High quality nearly new clothing for 0-5 years
- Toys
- Maternity
- Cots / Prams / Equipment
- Books / DVDs
Gardiner Memorial Hall
High Street, Burwell
CB25 0HD
Entrance 50p (donation to Happy Tots)
For more information including how to sell contact Libby Lomas 07766 335174 [email protected]
What’s “Growing On” at Snakehall Farm?
WE CONQUERED THE DRAGON AND WON
The Prospects Trust was triumphant this March, with an unexpected entrance into the VCAEC’s Dragon’s Den competition. Rhian and Maz braved some of East Cambridgeshire’s figureheads, as the local dragons, to bid for money to support our new Kindling Project, called Feeling Chipper. We were chosen as one of the top charities bidding for their support and came away clutching a cheque for £400 which we intend to put towards PPE for our Co-workers who will be learning to use the new kindling machine this spring. Watch out for the sacks of kindling for sale in the shop over the next few months.
SPRINGTIME BLOOMS FOR LITTLE WINDMILLS ON OUR EASTER SCAVENGER HUNT
As we type this editorial our Co-workers are crafting some Easter-related items to decorate our woodland walk, in eager anticipation of our first ever Easter Scavenger hunt on Snakehall Farm. When we opened up the woodland area last winter, making it more accessible for our Co-workers, we had some great ideas for more seasonal events using this new area. To date it has hosted a ghostly story teller, it will become camp base for a Scout group this summer and now the Pre-school tots from Little Windmills will be following the Easter trail, collecting bunny tails, hot cross buns and of course Easter eggs as they explore our wood. Our Co-workers won’t miss out on the fun either, they have been really eggcited about this event and are looking forward to enjoying a few of the donated chocolate eggs too.
We love welcoming new groups onto the farm, for a small donation, we are able to offer bespoke tours, farming taster days, horticultural knowledge or special interest evenings. Give Farmer Mark a call to find out more on 01638 741551.
Rotovating Polytunnels
GROWING PEOPLE AT PROSPECTS
We are full to the rafters in our barns. We are now supporting 15 placements per day at Prospects Trust and are even more proud to be supporting 41 individuals with learning difficulties, physical disabilities and varying health needs, our Co-workers.
Snakehall Farm is a real farm experience providing a very valuable place to grow for our Co-workers and we thank all our local customers and supporters. Every time you buy a few carrots or hire in our Garden Maintenance Team you are helping us to support them.
We have always welcomed volunteers onto the farm; whatever time, effort or talent you can provide is extremely valuable to us. Our volunteer team continues to grow too, with new volunteers George and Terry, joining the rest of the altruistic bunch of hard working but £0 paid heroes. They must just love the mud and the fantastic atmosphere we provide.
If you have a magic talent that you can provide for free but want to avoid weeds and mud, get in touch, we welcome all support, from legal advice to marketing and IT. We run on such a small team, any expert in the field is welcome onto our fields. You don’t have to don your wellies to really make a difference. For example Reach local, Neville, is currently crafting a new signpost, a beautiful addition to our farm site, something he can do well and something we never have time to do.
Pathway building
WOOD YOU LIKE TO LEARN?
We continue to provide accredited and non-accredited training at Snakehall Farm, working in partnership with Cambridge Regional College (CRC). This has been a very long standing and hugely beneficial partnership, especially for our Co-workers who wouldn’t want 18 acres of organic farmland as their school? Rita and our team continue to support our students on site; over the winter they have been busy doing woodwork, producing new bird boxes which have been dotted around the farm with the remainder on sale in our farm shop.
EVEN MORE SEASONAL STOCK IN THE SHOP
We have “enjoyed” all the weather this winter has thrown at us! Needless to say it has impacted upon our sowing, growing and cropping. We are anticipating a slightly delayed growing and harvesting season based on the weather to date – so we need your patience but promise our shop will be brimming again from late Spring right through to the end of the year.
In the shop now: Carrots, onions, parsnips, leeks, swede, potatoes, the previously mentioned bird boxes, walking sticks and a library of books.
In the ground, pots & polytunnels right now: all the usual staples including broad beans, tomatoes, peppers, new potatoes (due in the shop in June), mixed salad plants, spinach, chillies and hardworking Co-workers. We have had great customer feedback regarding our decision to supplement our seasonal stock grown on the farm with some staples from COFCO. Still 100% organic and still from within a very local area, the COFCO produce in the shop is clearly labelled and we do hope this gives our farm shop customers a little more variety over the winter period.
STILL LOOKING FOR OUR 25 HEROES FOR OUR 25th YEAR
We have some plans afoot, particularly focused on our 25th Year – 2014, where we will be attempting to fundraise £25,000 for our 25th Birthday. We are looking for sponsored opportunities – marathons, swimathons, bungee jumps, sky dives, Olympic efforts – we are also looking for local supporters to pledge for the Prospects in our 25th year. If you are a dare devil, a real sport, or have a hidden talent that we can turn into gold, we would love to hear from you, give Maz a call on 01638 741551 or email [email protected]. Become one of the 25 heroes in our 25th year!
We are planning a stall with a difference for the Reach Fair this year; we are looking forward to seeing you at the Fair in the shop this Spring.
From all the Co-workers, Staff and Volunteers at The Prospects Trust (oh and Tilly the Tractor too).
Marianne (Maz) Baker
01638 741551
Email: [email protected] or [email protected]
News from Wicken Fen and Anglesey Abbey
The Wicken Fen Community Liaison forum had its first, introductory, meeting at Wicken Fen on 12th February. The idea of the Community Liaison Forum is to combine Wicken Fen’s previous local consultation groups; the User forum, the Lodes Way Steering Group and the Parish Liaison Group into one Community Liaison Forum.
The original groups have reached natural end points but we did not want to lose the valuable input these groups have previously provided. The purpose of the Community Liaison Forum will be to provide a communication tool for members of the local community to discuss issues, bring forward engagement/access opportunities and help influence developments that are in tune with local desires. Present at the first meeting were Parish Councillors and representatives of user groups such as cyclists, horse riders and walkers including Hillary Fielding and Nick Acklam from Reach.
We’ve now had our first full winter since the construction of a low level earth bund around part of Burwell Fen, which was undertaken as part of a major European Union funded project looking into low cost methods of protecting vulnerable areas against the adverse effects of climate change. The bund which will retain water on the fen will eventually aid the establishment of floodplain grazing marsh and has already proved extremely successfully with large numbers of widgeon and teal overwintering on the fen. The fen should provide excellent habitat for breeding wading birds in the spring.
Construction of the access ramp for the planned new crossing over Burwell Lode (part of the Lodes Way) which was delayed by the extremely wet weather over the last few months is now underway. The ramp will be used as a viewing point complete with seating until sufficient funds are in place to complete the bridge. A small area of hard standing used by contractors will eventually be converted into a small car park on the north side of the Lode. The ramp is being financed with the remaining funds from the Sustrans Connect2 Big Lottery Grant for the construction of the Lodes Way. The money had to be spent by 31 March, so it made sense to start the work now rather than lose it.
Contractors will soon be fencing parts of Burwell Fen in preparation for the movement of some 30-40 konik ponies and highland cattle from Adventurer’s Fen to Burwell Fen during the summer months. The fencing will enable us to segregate the animals from areas of high user traffic, such as the Lodes Way cycleway. A colour brochure on our Extensive Grazing Programme is available from the Wicken Fen Visitor Centre or email your postal address to [email protected] and we will drop a copy in the post.
At Wicken, the Easter holiday fun continues with Pond Dipping & Minibeast Hunting on 2 & 9 April; Spring Time Arts & Crafts – Wed 3 April; Myths & Magic Fri 5 April; Den Building – Wed 10 April and Wildlife Detectives on Fri 12 April. Cycle hire and boat trips will also be running throughout the Easter holidays.
Looking slightly further ahead - May is the best time to catch the dawn chorus – so if you’re prepared for a very early start (4.45am) we have Dawn Chorus Walks on the 4 & 12 May – tickets £12 (including bacon roll & coffee). You can book tickets for all events at Wicken Fen by calling the Box Office on 0844 249 1895 or online by following the links from the events page on our website at www.nationaltrust.org.uk/wickenfen
Finally – we’re coming to Reach Fair so please come over and say hello.
Howard Cooper
Wicken Fen and Anglesey Abbey
April 12 2013 7.30pm
St Mary’s Church, Burwell
‘Dancing in Tetuan’
Joglaresa
Medieval music ensemble.
Joglaresa perform Celtic, Latin and Middle Eastern music including dance songs, wedding songs and romanzas.
This concert is part of the Cambridge Summer Music Festival’s Music in Quiet Places Series.
www.cambridgesummermusic.com
Tickets £14 (£12 Concessions)
From CentrePeace
For Easter weekend we have our popular Easter Trails at both Anglesey Abbey and Wicken Fen (Fri 29 March to Monday 1 April - £2). Follow the trail and hunt for clues to claim your delicious chocolate Cadbury Egghead prize (booking not required – normal admission applies). At Wicken we are also holding an Egg & Spoon Eggstravaganza on Bank Holiday Monday from 10.30 to 4pm where we will have a selection of fun egg & spoon races for all the family - including obstacle and three legged races. Bring your favourite racing spoon and we will provide the eggs.
Adopt a Tree in our new Community Orchard
Graham Lingley 742293
Ross’s Reflections
There is a rather nasty surprise on this year’s council tax leaflet. Thumb through it and you will see that the parish precept element of your council tax bill has been increased by 5.1 per cent. Given that the parish council has not increased its precept in three years – it will raise £7,150 in the financial year 2013/14, exactly the same as in 2010/11 – this comes as quite a surprise.
But then being a simple type the sophistry of local government finance does pass a little over my head. Naively I assumed that the precept – the sum which the parish council wishes to raise in any one year – is simply divided between the properties in the village, weighted for the fact that some properties are in higher council tax bands than others.
But that, it seems, would be far too simple. This is how the wizards who work in government finance are able to convert a Reach parish council spending freeze into a 5.1 per cent tax rise for Reach villagers. First, they create what they call a ‘tax base’ for the village. This is the number of properties in the village, adjusted according to the proportion of council tax they are due to pay relative to a Band D property. A band A property, for example, only counts as two-thirds of a house because it is only liable to pay two-thirds of the council tax due from a Band D property. A Band H property, on the other hand, counts as two houses.
The council then reduces its tax base to take account of the fact that it fails to collect all the council tax that is due. Next year East Cambs expects to collect 98.8 per cent of council tax that is due (to be fair to East Cambs this is higher than many authorities) and so it reduces the tax base of all parishes across the district by 1.2 per cent. You might be able to spot something a little unsatisfactory here: parishes where everyone pays their council tax end up sharing the burden with parishes where households are not so good at paying their tax. I have asked East Cambs where Reach fits in this picture – whether we are good or bad payers – and I await an answer.
East Cambs then divides the parish precept by the revised tax base in order to calculate the tax due on a Band D property. Or at least that is what it has done until now. From the coming year the village’s council tax base will be further reduce to take account of the abolition of council tax benefit. Previously, low income households have been able to claim benefits to pay part or all of their council tax. These benefits were paid by the Department of Work and Pensions – i.e. from central government funds. But starting in April there is a new scheme for excusing low income groups from paying full council tax, which is paid for through council tax. Our parish council tax base has been reduced to take account of this in the same way that it is reduced to take account of non-payers, with the result that each property becomes liable for higher council tax.
If you haven’t been able to follow that – and I don’t blame you – this is the upshot of it: the government has managed to shunt some of its welfare bill onto the parish precept. George Osborne can stand up in Parliament and boast that he has reduced part of the welfare bill – while up and down the country householders open their council tax bills and froth with rage at what looks at first sight like profligate spending on the part of bumpkin councils in the shires.
Sorry if your council tax bill has spoiled your breakfast but the parish council isn’t getting any more of your money whatsoever.
Ross Clark
01638 743725
[email protected]
Know Your Parish Council
Your councillors are:
| Name | Position | Phone |
|-----------------|----------------|---------|
| Michael Aves | Vice-Chairman | 742800 |
| Ross Clark | Councillor | 743725 |
| Rita Dunnett | Councillor | 742943 |
| Hilary Fielding | Councillor | 741853 |
| Joyce Harrison | Councillor | 742405 |
| David Thomas | Chairman | 742676 |
| Diana Ward | Councillor | 744210 |
Your Clerk is David Parr:
20 Fair Green Reach CB25 0JD
Tel: 01638 744081
Email: [email protected]
Meetings take place in the Village Centre on the first Wednesday of each month. They start at 7.30pm and all Reach villagers are welcome to attend.
In addition to their councillor duties Rita Dunnett is Play Spaces Officer and Hilary Fielding is Rights of Way Officer.
Amenity Fund
The Amenity Fund has £1,985.62 available.
The recent increase is due to the Parish Council paying money back into the fund as it sells the tea towels that were produced for the Diamond Jubilee. Indeed the two Garden Parties, for the Royal Wedding and for the Diamond Jubilee, presently, (with more tea towels left to sell), cost the Amenity Fund just £450 in total – well done to the organisers!
If you feel you have a worthwhile project that could be funded via the Amenity Fund – please get in touch with Chairman Ross Clark on 01638 743725 or [email protected]. To learn more about the fund please visit the village website at www.reach-village.co.uk/amenity_fund.html.
Meeting Jo Riches
What’s your full name?
Joanne Riches, no middle name.
Where were you born and brought up?
Born in Welwyn Garden City. I spent the first four years of my life in Ware, Hertfordshire, before moving to Puckeridge, just a few miles north along the A10. I lived there with the family until I left home and bought my first house at 19.
What schools did you go to and what can you remember of them?
I went to Roger de Clare in Puckeridge, a primary school in the three tier system – it seems just like yesterday. The outdoor pool was very similar to the one Swaffham Prior now have! Then I went up to the middle school, Ralph Sadlier, which was just next door. I remember the high tennis court cage where we used to play, at primary we used to call it the monkey cage! Then at the age of 13 we went up to Ward Freman (now Freman College) in Buntingford, a 15 minute bus journey away. Despite the short distance we had to catch the bus at 8.10am which always seemed so unnecessary for school starting at 8.45am.
What’s your career history?
After deciding I’d rather get a job than sit my A levels, I left to go to Herts Secretarial College in Ware and here I studied an intensive typing course. Armed with my new qualification I secured my first job in a double glazing company as receptionist/office junior just a few weeks later. After four long years I left here for a reception-based role for an insulation company but was soon asked by a friend to run the family business, The Stationery Cupboard, in Royston. Here my career path changed and little did I know it but this next job would shape my future! I went to work at a graphic design agency in Saffron Walden as an account and studio manager. It was here I discovered my passion for all things creative! My next job was at a Cambridge-based graphic design agency; here I developed my account management skills further and was also tasked with running the digital photographer! It was at this point, when Dylan was 18 months old, that I decided to take some time out from full time employment and become a full time mum.
The pace of life changed a little but I kept in touch with various contacts and on the very day Lily was born, I was asked to manage the design of a brochure and thus my freelance career began! Seven years on, nearly to the day, I’m running a marketing, event and PR company!
Dylan, great cap!
What do you most enjoy about your job?
I enjoy the variety. Marketing, events and PR is exciting and relatively fast paced, albeit I sometimes feel I live my life by copy deadlines! One day I might be running a social media campaign for a restaurant or organising their corporate catering packages and another creating a beautiful corporate brochure. I love it all.
How did you meet your husband Rob and where were you married?
Rob and I met at The Junction in Cambridge. My friends and I would religiously drive to Cambridge each weekend to enjoy the indie discos and gigs. Rob worked at The Junction which meant my name often used to appear on the guest list! We lived together for 10 years before we got married. We were going on holiday to Loch Ness and decided that whilst we were there we’d ‘do the right’ thing! We didn’t tell anyone our plans, but simply invited them to our celebration bbq a few weeks later. Needless to say, there were people in the family who weren’t happy! But I’d never had the big white wedding dream.
Lily, very chilled
You have two children, Dylan and Lily. What do you most enjoy doing together?
The children are so busy with their own clubs, there seems to be little time to do much as a family. But each weekend we always try and spend time together as a family, be it a walk, some gardening, baking, swimming or bike ride. We all like roller skating and ice skating so this is another popular family activity!
How did you come to live in Reach and what do you like about it?
We moved here when Lily was four months old. We previously lived in Littlebury Green, near Saffron Walden in a tiny cottage. When Lily arrived it soon became apparent more space would be useful, so we started looking for a pretty, non-drive through village, with a house that had it all (I really didn’t want to move!). There’s so much going on in the village, it’s great for the children and I feel it’s a really safe place, whilst still only being a short drive from Cambridge. I’ve always been a country girl, loving the outdoor space, peace and quiet.
What are your interests?
I love gardening and over the last few years we’ve been growing our own fruit and veg. I also enjoy baking and making all things sweet, which is a little odd as I don’t have a very sweet tooth, just a soft spot for tea and cake!
Where do you like to holiday?
Somewhere hot and sunny with crystal clear waters and large sandy beaches. I do enjoy breaks away in the UK and love discovering places I’ve never visited before, especially somewhere that has a few National Trust properties nearby!
Favourite book?
Restless by William Boyd. The story of an undercover agent during WW2.
Favourite music?
I have an eclectic mix of favourites. I love classical, jazz but my favourite at the moment is Mumford & Sons which is quite folksy and impossible not to dance to.
Favourite film?
That’s hard! I love Bugsy Malone, especially the sound track.
Can you cook? You’re vegetarian. Does that mean pulses every other meal?
I do cook although I much prefer to bake. Rob’s a much better cook than me so he tends to prepare the meals. We do eat our fair share of lentils, chickpeas, pulses and tofu, but not every meal includes them! We also cook with nuts and quorn to give us protein, so there’s plenty of choice.
Are you handy around the house?
Oh yes, I like to think so. I enjoy painting and decorating and have my father’s attention to detail, which is good but sometimes means things take a while. I really enjoyed making our log store and even though I couldn’t lift it on my own, I was determined to do it all by myself!
What is your philosophy on life?
Treat those as you wish to be treated. Be honest. Before you complain, think about those who are worse off and never dwell on something, put it behind you and move on.
Claire Halpin-McDonald
Jo’s and Tania’s New Venture
Recently, Jo has announced that her company, Jo Riches Limited is to merge with telemarketing experts Blue Warthog Marketing.
Blue Warthog was founded in 2003 by Tania Verdonk (who you may well recognise from her previous association with Little Windmills). It specialises in telemarketing, market research and telesales.
With over 20 years’ combined marketing experience, Jo and Tania are confident that the new business will benefit their current customers significantly – and attract new ones.
The new business has recently acquired new offices and later in the year a complete rebrand will be unveiled, including a new name, so watch this space!
A DATE FOR YOUR DIARY
SUNDAY 4TH AUGUST 2013
A village event to celebrate the birth of the royal baby
Days Gone By
The prominent single which topped the charts this time in 1980 was “Suicide is Painless” which as many of you might know was the theme song for the hugely successful TV show “M.A.S.H”.
M.A.S.H stood for “Mobile Army Surgical Hospital” and the shows were based on events in the Korean War.
In the outside world the big event was the SAS ending the siege of the Iranian embassy in London.
Five Iranian gunmen were killed and one was arrested. Nineteen hostages were set free but one died and two were injured in the cross-fire.
Millions of people watched the rescue live on television as bank holiday entertainment on all three channels was interrupted to show the real-life drama unfold.
More than thirty masked troops stormed the embassy building from the balcony and front and back doors throwing grenades through the windows.
Screams were heard from inside the building and some fifteen minutes later the hostages emerged and were escorted by Scotland Yard police to waiting ambulances.
The siege began five days previously when six gunmen took over the Iranian embassy in Kensington. The gunmen belonged to a dissident Iranian group opposed to Ayatollah Khomeini, the religious leader who had come to power the previous year.
The Home Secretary William Whitelaw ordered the attack on the sixth day of the siege after the gunmen shot dead Iranian press attache Abbas Lavasani and dumped his body outside the building.
Speaking through hostage PC Trevor Lock who relayed the demands from an embassy window to police officers on the ground, they then threatened to kill the rest of the hostages and blow up the embassy if their demands were not met.
It later emerged that during the SAS raid PC Lock had tackled the leader of the gunmen known as Salim and saved the life of an SAS soldier. He was awarded the George Medal for his actions.
Although Iran had supported the SAS raid, it took about thirteen years for a mutual compensation package to be agreed whereby the British government paid for the damage done to the Iranian embassy and Iran repaired the British embassy in Tehran damaged during the 1979 revolution.
In Reach, the closest we got to a siege was the occasional lock-in at the White Horse.
One of the items which preoccupied the Parish Council over this period was the proposal to build a new road across the Green (this had been contained in the 1973 Village Plan).
As you can see from the excellent aerial photograph taken by the Cambridge University Centre for Aerial Photography in 1954, there were already two “unofficial” roads across the Green. The plan was to make one of them official and remove the main road across the Green.
In the end, the work was never undertaken (obviously!) but it got very close as you can see from a Cambridge Evening News article on the 20th August 1974 (next page).
Another item at the time was Reach’s preparations for a nuclear attack! Councillors were trained on what would have to be done – I must search through the filing cabinets and see whether the Clerk got a bunker place or not – and amend as necessary.
Eleventh hour protests delay new road
The building of a road across Reach village green, due to have been started today, was deferred suddenly yesterday when the highways authority, Cambridgeshire County Council, received complaints from local residents.
The Deputy County Surveyor, Mr A. Tucker, said: “Our divisional office received at least two letters protesting at the work starting, so we decided to defer the job to find out more about it.”
He said the project, which would link two legs of the Burwell-Swaffham Priory road on either side of the green, had been passed by the parish council, the district council and the county council.
Mr. Tucker said he did not yet know how full grounds for the residents’ opposition to the road.
“The project has not been cancelled,” he said. “We just want to make sure there has been no slip-up.”
Saving
One protest was from Mr. Nicholas Hellawell, of Swaffham Prior Road.
Mr. Hellawell said yesterday he had contacted both the county council and the district council during the morning. He had found out about the roadworks starting on Saturday and he was opposed to that road being built.
The parish council, claimed Mr. Hellawell, had already decided not to have the road built to save money.
The parish council chairman, Mr. Ernest Cole, said the decision not to have the road built “for the time being” was taken in July. The council still wanted the road built eventually.
Mr. Cole said he had first heard about the work starting on Friday evening. He did not know if the parish council had taken any action since then.
Mr. Tucker said the cost of the 52-yard stretch would be about £1,000. It would be ideal for the village, he said. It would give Reach a larger green.
The District Planning Officer, Mr. Timothy Aldworth, said the new road was mentioned in the 1973 Reach Village Plan.
David Parr
[email protected] or 744081
Neptune Class visited Burwell House just after the half term holiday and had a wonderful time. They proved to be an enthusiastic group and comments were made by the staff at Burwell House about their good behaviour and their love of food! The majority of activities were based outside and ranged from learning how to read compasses and use them to follow simple routes and locate areas on a map of the grounds, to working in teams to solve team challenges.
Neptune class held their class assembly on Thursday 7 March. We were treated to powerpoint presentations about their time there and the amazing ‘Eggscape’. The children showed us willow stars that they had carefully knotted together and bags that they had decorated using the technique of batik. We found out about Tanika poems and examples based on the school grounds and the coming of spring were read to us. We were told about working in team games and the importance of working co-operatively. Extracts were also read and there was an overwhelming sense of the enjoyment that they had had and how wonderful the food was! We very much enjoyed hearing and finding out about their encounters. Mercury class assembly is following soon.
Above: George Tucker
Right: Hazel Lingley (left) and Elizabeth Parr
We have been enjoying class assemblies this term. During Mars class assembly we found out all about a special visitor to the school…a dragon! The children told us about how they had used the evidence (footprints, burnt wood and ash and silver scales) to work out that a dragon had been in our school grounds. We were treated to a model dragon fashion parade and a powerpoint presentation on how they had made them. We were read stories about dragons that they had written and two French songs were performed with actions. All in all a very pleasurable time was had by all!
On Thursday 21 February, we were treated to Saturn Class assembly. We found out about the circulatory system in the human body and parents helped demonstrate the flow of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood around the body.
We were shown pieces of artwork inspired by Picasso (during his Cubist phase) based on portraits of children in the class, which are on display in school if you wish to see them. The children have also been working on persuasive writing and we heard some very well argued opinions based on ‘Reading books, watching films’. To open and close the assembly, we enjoyed their singing. It was an informative and entertaining time.
School Council arranged a series of events to raise money for Comic Relief and the Children’s Liver Disease Foundation. Children and adults in school were asked to come dressed in an outfit whish represented what they wanted to be when they got older. We saw doctors, firemen, fashion designers, several teachers, a ballet dancer, a fairy, a paramedic, some mad scientists, explorers and a lot of red noses! A red circle with the initials CLDF written in the middle was chalked outside the school. Throughout the day children and adults covered the chalk circle and letters until they could be seen no more. The third event was a ‘Bake Off’. Children brought in biscuits which they had decorated and each class took it in turns to judge another classes biscuits. School Council then chose two overall winners. The biscuits looked fantastic and it was a difficult choice. After school they were sold. Congratulations go to School Council for organising the day.
We are now looking forward to a trip to the Big Bang Fair, a Circle choir concert and celebrating Easter!
Hannah Curtis, Head teacher
www.swaffhamprior.cambs.sch.uk
A special session at Bottisham Children’s Centre proved popular with everyone. Parents and carers enjoyed a cup of tea whilst finding out about the wide range of activities on offer to under 5’s and the children had a great time with some different toys and games to play with.
During the week leading up to World Book Day some of the children brought in their favourite books which they shared with everyone; this included stories about tractors and one where we had to look for the green sheep!
In the week of Red Nose Day we learned about Ronika, a little girl who lives in Ghana. We decorated biscuits with funny faces and had comic relief stickers and balloons to take home. A bucket collection raised £10 for children like Ronika who are less fortunate than ourselves.
At our Easter service Rev. Eleanor Williams told us the Easter story using the book ‘Guess how much I love you’.
Our rag bag collection raised £112 for our funds. If you are having a clear out of clothes, linens and accessories would you consider donating them to us for our next collection? The website www.rag-bag.co.uk outlines what can and cannot go in the bags. If you would like us to collect your donations we would be happy to pick them up. Please ring us to arrange this (07803 671200; 9.15am –12.30pm).
If anyone has any Sainsbury’s or Nestle Box top tokens they do not need please could you pass them on to us. Thank you.
If you are interested in a place for your child at Little Windmills we have an Open Week coming up during the week beginning May 13. Every day between 10am and 11.30am you are welcome to come and join us. Meanwhile take a look at our website www.littlewindmills.co.uk. If you have any questions please email: [email protected] or ring 07803 671200 between 9am and 12.30pm.
A Happy Easter break to everyone!
Susan and the Little Windmills Team
---
**Pets Corner**
**Jodie Halpin–McDonald and Teddi**
**Fluffy Folkes likes to be out at night**
---
**Photograph on page 14**
**So who are they?**
Back (left to right): Rodney Housden, Peter Johnson and Terence Rule
Front (left to right): John Cole and Dennis Millard
Thanks go to Peter Johnson who provided the picture
KIDS PAGE!!
EASTER LAMBS
GAP EAOAPOH
GLSNTAMAYI
STRTRDBPOC
EEIOESSRLK
LNNSPRINGS
DUCKLINGSK
APRILAONHA
IIKRABBITS
DAFFODILSO
Can you find any other bonus words?
Spring Anagrams (Answers on Page 43)!
Prings = ...........................................
Sateer = ...........................................
Balms = ...........................................
Faddolifs = ........................................
Gikudclns = ..........................................
Stuff to look out for in Springtime...
- Daffodils
- Lambs
- Chicks
- Ducklings
- Signets (baby swans)
- Primroses
- Crocuses
- Easter eggs!
- Rabbits
- Blossom on the trees
Spring Jokes!
Q: When do monkeys fall from the sky?
A: During Ape-ril showers!
Q: What do you get when you pour hot water down a rabbit hole?
A: A hot cross bunny!
| ACROSS | DOWN |
|--------|------|
| 1 | 1 |
| 4 | 2 |
| 8 | 3 |
| 9 | 5 |
| 10 | 6 |
| 12 | 7 |
| 13 | 11 |
| 14 | 15 |
| 17 | 16 |
| 20 | 18 |
| 22 | 19 |
| 23 | 21 |
| 24 | 22 |
| 25 | |
| 26 | |
| 27 | |
The winner and answers to the previous crossword can be found on Page 17.
Please send your entry by Friday 3rd May 2013 to:
CROSSWORD
North View House,
16 Chapel Lane, Reach
CB25 OJJ
giving your Name, Address and Telephone Number
Here is a colourful card mobile. The bright, jolly hen will cheer up your room, and everyone in it!
**What you will need:**
- 20 cm x 20 cm thin white card (for hen)
- thick coloured card, approx A4 (for eggs)
- pencil
- scissors
- paints and brush
- felt-tip pens
- thread
- invisible tape
1. Draw a chicken shape on the card. Cut it out. Paint it in simple bright colours on both sides.
2. Draw round the cover stencil on to coloured card. Draw and cut out four eggs.
3. Decorate in different patterns on both sides of the eggs.
4. Tape the eggs and the chicken together with a long length of thread. Hang up.
Extract from: *Crafty Easter Eggs* by Clare Beaton
Joyce Harrison is currently knitting hats and cardigans for Africa’s fish and chip babies – so called because they are so poor that they are wrapped in newspaper. Previously she and members of Reach Rainbow Crafts Circle, knitted squares to be made up into blankets. Pam King has agreed to sew the blanket squares together – a very big task! Joyce makes the knitted hats and tops from bits and pieces of wool – bright colours are preferred. The knitted items will help babies and children in poverty in Uganda, Kenya and South Africa. Joyce also recently made an exceptionally nice shawl for her grand daughter which is due to be born any moment.
Alice Lingley makes a wide variety of items often designed by herself. Partly she has been inspired by the textile course at Bottisham Village College which she attends. The material for the jewellery comes from necklaces which are broken up and from Beading Shops. Alice subscribes to beading magazines. A lot of the jewellery she gives away as gifts. Mum Debbie very much likes the ear rings she received. The skirt is the most difficult item Alice has made – and she has yet to insert a zip! She is able to follow sewing patterns. The mouse is cute and includes many different types of stitching including blanket stitch and chain stitching. Alice enjoys experimenting and the fish is patterned using batik. For Alice, crafts are just a hobby but maybe it will develop into something more in the future.
Happy Easter!
Chocolate and Almond Simnel Cake
Ingredients
250gms butter 400gms plain flour
500gms golden caster sugar 25gms cocoa
100gms plain chocolate 100gms ground almonds
1teasp bicarbonate of soda 2 large eggs
284ml tub of buttermilk Zest and juice of 1 orange
Method
Heat oven to 180C/160C fan/gas 4. Grease and line two deep, 23cm cake tins. Boil a kettle of water.
1. Put the butter and chocolate in a saucepan and gently heat, stirring until completely melted.
2. In a large mixing bowl put together the flour, ground almonds, cocoa, sugar and bicarbonate of soda with a pinch of salt.
3. Whisk together the eggs, buttermilk, orange zest and juice in a jug.
4. Scrape the melted chocolate mixture and egg mixture into the dry ingredients, add 150ml boiling water and whisk until the batter is lump free.
5. Divide the mixture between the tins and bake for 45 minutes. Swap the tins around after 30 minutes if on different shelves.
6. Check that cakes are cooked. Allow to cool in the tins.
For the Marzipan
Ingredients
85g golden caster sugar 100g icing sugar
200g ground almonds 50g cocoa
1 egg plus 1 yolk, beaten
Method
1. Mix sugars, ground almonds and cocoa in a bowl.
2. Make a well in the middle and tip in the egg. Mix together using an ordinary knife before kneading with your hands to make a smooth ball. Wrap in cling film. Store in fridge until ready to use.
For the Frosting
Ingredients
25g butter (softened) 250g icing sugar 2x250g tubs mascarpone cheese Zest 2 oranges and 100ml juice
Method
1. Beat the mascarpone and butter together until smooth.
2. Sift in the icing sugar; add the zest and juice then beat until combined.
Assemble the cake: Split each cake in half sandwiching together with the frosting. Place the cakes one on top of the other using the chocolate spread between the two cakes. Roll out the marzipan and using the cake tin as a template cut out a circle. Carefully brush top of cake with a little apricot jam and lift the marzipan disk into place. Make 11 balls from the remaining marzipan and stick to the top of the cake. Spread the remaining frosting around the outside of the cake and dust the top of the cake with a little icing sugar and cocoa mix.
HELP. I would also like volunteers to make cakes for REACH FAIR if you are able to help contact me on 01638 742943. Thank you!
For a village that is packed with riders, I feature the equestrian side of Reach far too infrequently. I hope this month’s sports feature will start to redress the balance by focusing on two avid young riders from ‘up the fen’ - Alice and Imogen Trump. I cannot claim any credit for the words below. Their answers to my questions were so nice to read I have left them completely unedited – they convey passion, dedication and a sense of humour – enjoy!
Interview with Imogen & Alice Trump
When and how did you start riding and what or who inspired you?
Imogen: I started riding when I was three years old on holiday in the New Forest with my family. I was really supposed to be four in order to have a ride on the pony, but I was tall for my age and very desperate and the lady let me ride. I enjoyed it so much and talked about it so much that, when we got home, my mum found a riding school that would take children from three and it all went from there!
Alice: I kind of started riding because my sister was riding and I had always looked up to her and so started riding for my own enjoyment and for my love of animals. We used to live in Wiltshire and I went to a riding school there called Hulberts Green. I haven’t been riding from such a young age as Imogen but I was still only five when I started.
What got you ‘hooked’ - what is it you enjoy most?
Imogen: I love the fact that horses are so willing to work with you and to please you. I find them really gentle yet courageous at the same time. It’s difficult to say what I enjoy most. I like being around horses so much that I like everything about them and I don’t see the jobs that I have to do for them as chores, I actually quite enjoy it, which is just as well!
Alice: It’s not just the riding that I enjoy, I also love owning my own pony and grooming and giving him lots of hugs, although riding is very fun.
Tell us about your horses and what it takes to look after them…
Imogen: We now have three horses (all with fairly dreadful names: they are called Jon, Wendy and Bella) Jon was our first pony. We have had him for three years and he was the beginning of our pony-owning days. Now we can’t remember what life was like before! Jon is very cheeky, but very cute, which is lucky for him. Wendy joined us when we went to look for a cat. The lady at the cat rescue place wondered if we’d like to have a horse too and so we came home with a cat and a horse! That was just over two years ago. She came so that my mum had something to ride rather than walking with us all the time. Very soon I grew, however and started riding Wendy. She has been a great next step up for me, but has rather been feeling her age recently and we have been trying to rest her a bit more. Just over a month ago our latest addition came: she is a 15.3hh Thoroughbred called Bella and feels a bit like a sports car after driving a land rover (and previously a mini!)
Alice: Every weekday morning the alarm goes at 5.45am. It sounds bad, but you get used to it. Winter is the worst when we have to go out when it’s still dark and it’s often VERY COLD. It’s quite a struggle having to drag yourself out of bed when you can hear the rain and the wind outside, but we do. When we get out, we do the normal routine of putting on the horses’ rugs, giving them their breakfast and then taking them out to the field. After that, we have to muck out the stables, fill the water buckets and hay nets and scrub out the feed bowls. We’re usually back in the house about 6.30am and ready to have our breakfast at 7am.
What is your most memorable day of riding?
Imogen: That’s probably got to be the day we went to camp overnight up at Holkham and took the ponies to the beach. I was riding Wendy and Alice was riding Jon, but Jon got so wildly excited and wanted to gallop so fast, that we swapped horses and I ended up careering along the sand on a madly galloping tiny pony much to the alarm of onlookers. He wouldn’t go anywhere near the sea though: much too scary!
Alice: Last year was my first year going to Junior Camp at Pony Club and I’m so glad I went; it was so worth it!!! It was certainly the best week of my life so far – every day we did riding and working towards our badges. [Like Brownies with horses – Ed]. Although it was my first camp, I was awarded the Pony Club spirit cup out of a group of about 40 other children and that made it the most amazing day of an amazing week.
Tell us a bit about pony club and your success there
Imogen: I have been a member of Littleport and District Pony Club since September 2010 and have attended many rallies and training events – firstly with Jon, then with Wendy and now with Bella. I have also entered some competitions including mini-eventer trials down at The Jays in Suffolk.
Mostly though, our pony club training is at Fenning Farm near Soham. In August 2012 I went to my first senior camp which is where we camp for six nights at Cottenham race course and so do our horses. I stayed in a tent with seven other friends and it was all quite crazy but so much fun. At the end of camp there is a prize giving and I was very pleased to be awarded the Newcomer’s Cup which is apparently given annually to the new member at senior camp who best meets all the values that Pony Club seeks to instil. I was surprised and delighted to receive it.
**Alice:** This is my second year at Pony Club and I am making new friends and most of all riding my pony with them. Pony Club is a great place to learn new skills and to build a relationship with your pony.
**What is your proudest moment?**
**Imogen:** That would probably be the show I went to in June 2012 when I entered a show jumping class on Wendy (a 15.2hh cob, not really built for athletic displays!) competing against adults on Thoroughbreds and other show jumping breeds. I was very proud of Wendy as we managed to come second, being narrowly beaten by an adult after a clear round and then a jump off. My second place rosette meant a lot!
**Alice:** Our Pony Club has an Open Show which is very friendly and last Summer I entered a class called ‘First Ridden’ which I won! Jon chose that day to be especially good, although he couldn’t resist eating some grass while the judge wasn’t looking! I have a cup at home now which I’m very proud of.
**Where around Reach do you enjoy riding most?**
**Imogen:** I enjoy all my rides around the area as we are very fortunate to have all the open spaces and bridle paths we do. In the autumn we particularly like to go along the hedgerow rides, such as up Earthworks Way or along Baston Drove where, from the advantageous height of a horse, you can pick some excellent blackberries that can’t be reached from the ground. Wendy has got particularly good at picking her own blackberries at the same time!
**Alice:** We ride most of the time on Tubney Fen. There is a little gate just beyond the wood yard by our house that we go on to the fen through and we feel that it’s basically our gate as not many people use it. I like trotting and cantering along the verges by the fen roads too. We are very lucky not to have much traffic around. Another nice place to ride is on White Fen. There’s lots of space and sometimes they cut a track around the edge of the field which is brilliant for cantering along, although the ponies sometimes think it’s a race track! Luckily Jon’s quite greedy and he often likes to stop for a snack of the grass half way round.
So look out for these two next time you venture out along Earthworks Way or Baston Drove or across Tubney or White fen. I will certainly remind myself that, while I am still slumbering at 5.45am, Imogen and Alice will already be hard at work!
**Juliet Vickery** [email protected]
---
**Cricket Fixture List for 2013**
| Date | Opponent |
|------------|-----------------------------------|
| Sun 5 May | vs Rain Men, Burwell |
| Sun 2 June | vs Fordham or Kimbolton (National Village Cricket Cup) Away |
| Sat 8 June | vs Castle Hedingham, Away |
| Sun 7 July | vs Dave Silk’s XI, Burwell |
| Sun 14 July| Vs Unemployables, Burwell |
| Sun 28 July| vs Swaffham Irregulars, Burwell |
| Sun 4 Aug | vs Grantchester, Away |
| Sun 1 Sept | vs Petersfield, Burwell |
| Sun 8 Sept | vs National Trust, **Reach!** |
| | (grass permitting) |
| Sun 15 Sept| vs Burwell, Burwell |
We are always looking out for active, lapsed or novice cricketers who would like to play. We are a multi-ability, poly-gender, all-ages team so there is no need for anyone to feel they aren’t up to it. Besides, there are always a couple of places in the team reserved for people who make the captain look good.
**Ross Clark**
01638 743725
[email protected]
DRAFT Minutes of Reach Parish Council meeting held on; Wednesday 6th March 2013
Attendance
| Name | Position | Status |
|--------------------|---------------------------|------------|
| Michael Aves | Vice Chairman | Present |
| Ross Clark | Councillor | Not Present|
| Rita Dunnett | Councillor | Present |
| Hilary Fielding | Councillor | Not Present|
| Joyce Harrison | Councillor | Present |
| David Thomas | Chairman | Not Present|
| Diana Ward | Councillor | Part Time |
| David Parr | Clerk | Present |
| Allen Alderson | District Councillor | Not Present|
| David Brown | County Councillor | Part Time |
In the absence of Chairman Councillor Thomas, Vice Chairman Councillor Aves chaired the meeting.
1. **Forum for Members of the Public**
No members of the public attended.
2. **Declarations of Interest**
There were none.
3. **Minutes of Previous Meeting**
The Minutes of the previous Parish Council meeting were reviewed and signed.
4 (1) **Amenity Fund Committee**
There was no activity during the previous month.
4 (2) **County Councillor’s Report**
Full Council met on 19th February to debate the Business Plan proposals recommended by Cabinet. Following a six hour debate the Cabinet’s proposals for the plan for the next 5 years were approved.
An extra meeting of Cabinet was held in February to consider the tender documents for rolling-out Superfast Broadband across Cambridgeshire. Cabinet agreed to award the contract to BT and the contract should be signed over the next few weeks.
A meeting was held with ECDC officers to ensure that the Burwell Masterplan and Village Vision (currently out to consultation) are using consistent figures. I arranged for the Chairman of the Fire Authority and the Chief Fire Officer to address a public meeting in Swattham Bulbeck regarding plans to merge Burwell and Swattham Bulbeck Fire Stations following the building of a new Fire Station and Training Facility on Reach Road, Burwell.
Minister for Schools, David Laws MP, visited Cambridge. I met him at CRC and took the opportunity to press our case for fairer funding for Cambridgeshire schools and also to address the thorny issue of home to school transport for those attending the planned University Technical College.
4 (3) District Councillor’s Report
No report was provided on the day. The following was subsequently provided.
The new waste collection service will be rolled out over a 10 week period from September to November 2013.
The council has decided not to introduce parking charges in Ely.
4 (4) Financial Report
The Parish Council is in a financially stable situation and expects to provide a substantial surplus over the course of the financial year.
4 (5) Neighbourhood Panels Report
No members attended any such meetings during the last month.
4 (6) Parish Council Members Meetings
Councillor Fielding attended a meeting of the National Trust and provided minutes for distribution to councillors.
4 (7) Play Spaces Officer Report
There was no activity to report.
4 (8) Rights of Way Report
There was no activity to report.
4 (9) Speedwatch
There was no activity during the previous month. A new Speedwatch Officer is being sought.
4 (10) Village Centre Report
The main focus of activity presently is on the forthcoming Fair.
4 (11) 24Acres Committee Report
The cricket pitch and orchard are now fully funded and the orchard trees have been planted. Funding for the Woodland will come from the Forestry Commission but prior to this an archaeological dig will take place in April. It is hoped that the 2,900 woodland trees will be planted towards the end of 2013 and the manege constructed during late summer 2013.
5. Buildings of Local Interest
ECDC would like to identify such buildings which currently do not have any protection (they are not listed or in a conservation area). Councillor Alderson will attend the next Neighbourhood Panel meeting and report back to the Parish Council at the April meeting when this item will be discussed again.
6. Dog Bins Requirement
Two villagers had commented on the need for dog bins. The Parish Council felt that dog owners who do not use the current bins were unlikely to use designated dog bins. It was felt that further education was needed.
7. Land Registration
This item was deferred until a subsequent meeting.
8. Salt Bin Positioning on Great Lane
The Parish Council reviewed the options and came up with a suitable location which the Clerk will communicate to Highways. The Clerk pointed out that salt bins are placed on two paving slabs and should they subsequently need to be moved, this is easily accomplished.
9. Village Sign Refurbishment
The village sign was deemed to be in need of repair. John Holmwood had a look and will carry out the necessary work during the summer months, free of charge. The Clerk was asked to contact him and put a plan in place which would include delivering the sign to his house for the work to be done. The Clerk will also look at the refurbishment of the base of the sign in due course.
10. Village Vision Plans
This item was deferred until a subsequent meeting.
11. Planning Applications
There were none.
12. Information Items
A mooring request for one day a week for a limited period was granted.
Village mowing contracts for the coming financial year ending March 2014 have been agreed and the Clerk will put these in place.
Positioning of the cricket net and surface requirements was an item deferred until the next meeting.
GOBA have proposed an annual payment to the Parish Council of £200. The Parish Council felt a higher figure was more appropriate and asked the Clerk to respond to GOBA along these lines.
It was noted that the number of deer in Reach has increased significantly and this issue will be added to the agenda of the next Parish Council meeting.
13. Payments
| Description | Amount |
|----------------------|----------|
| Suffolk Acre | £754.23 |
| EEAOP | £1,020.00|
The date of the next meeting will be Wednesday 3rd April 2013 at 7.30pm. The Agenda for the meeting will be issued by the previous Wednesday – and will also be posted in the Parish Council area of the Reach website (www.reach-village.co.uk).
---
**Triathlon**
**Vickery’s vow after returning from injury blow**
Juliet Vickery is lining up a shot at this year’s Newmarket Triathlon as she nears a full return to competitive action following a lengthy lay-off, writes Graham Clark.
The 49-year-old from Reach has now locked a shot at the sprint distance event in May in a bid to get back into the sport after spending the past 12 months recovering from an operation on her right Achilles.
“After having the operation I was initially told that I would be jogging in three months, and racing in six months, but that has not been the case,” said Vickery.
“I can just about do 20 minutes of running on it now and have been doing plenty of strength building exercises. If I did I could run 10 kilometres but not the 10 of an Olympic distance triathlon.”
Should all go well in the Newmarket event, which is made up of a 300m pool swim, 2k cycle ride and 4k run, then the former 2008 ITU World Triathlon age category winner, could take on the qualifiers for the 2013 ITU Open Distance World Triathlon Championships.
“I will see how my foot holds out at Newmarket but if it does then I would head to Northampton in June for the World Sprint Triathlon qualifiers,” said Vickery.
“Although it is not as competitive as an Olympic distance triathlon it would be good to try and reach the final as it is being held in London this year.”
While running may have been out of the equation for Vickery over the past 12 months it has not stopped the Newmarket Cycling and Triathlon Club member from getting on her bike and taking to the water.
With her increased cycling efforts it has seen Vickery sign up for the 400-mile London to Edinburgh cycle contest, along with ticking off numerous milestones she hopes to hit during time trial events throughout 2013.
“I have definitely improved on my cycling and this is because I have been able to give it more focus as I haven’t been doing the running,” said Vickery.
“This year I would like to get my 25 mile time-trial personal best down by two minutes. “I would like also to lower my 50 mile time-trial from two hours 16 minutes which I set last year.
“As for the 100 if I could get under five and a half hours that would be fantastic.”
BACK ON TRACK: Juliet Vickery who has set her sights on taking part in this year’s Newmarket Triathlon after spending a year on the sidelines.
Extract from Newmarket Journal Jan 24 2013
Letter from the Vicarage:
Spring is Sprung!
Spring is probably my favourite time of year – with all the signs of flowers starting to grow again and being able to go for a walk with the dogs without having to get kitted out as I would for a polar expedition. And being a rather late convert to the joys of gardening, now it’s a wee bit warmer, I’m enjoying being able to get started planting my veggie seeds and have a window sill of potatoes chitting, ready to be planted before too long.
And Spring means Easter. I love Easter – not just for the chocolate - but because after the solemn days of Lent and then the dark days of Holy Week, the joy of Easter Day never loses its power, as we sing the triumphant, joyful Easter hymns, about new life and hope (though I have to admit I’m probably not at my best for the early morning dawn service!) But Easter isn’t just one day a year, it affects every day, bringing the possibility of life and hope, whoever we are, wherever we are, whatever’s happening in our lives. ‘Christ is risen!’ may be the traditional greeting for Easter Day, but its powerful message continues to bring new life, for every day.
Looking ahead to the next few weeks, we have some special services coming up. The annual Eve of Reach Fair Songs of Praise will be at 6pm on May 5th – a good opportunity to come and sing your favourite hymns. Then a bit further ahead June 23rd is the Feast Day of St Etheldreda, so it’s a perfect day to have a special Celebration Service, followed by a Lunchtime Barbeque. We will be giving more information in the June/July issue of Within Reach, including more details about our future plans for the church. But put the date in your diary now!
Eleanor Williams
Vicar at St Mary’s Burwell and St Etheldreda’s Reach
[email protected] or 01638 741262
For some years there has been a display of lilies at Easter at the altar at St Mary’s in Burwell, in memory of family and friends who have died. This year we would like to offer you the chance to place a display in Reach church. If you would like a name included - please contact Eleanor Williams (741262) or Pam King (742924). There will also be a list on the table at the back of church. We usually ask for a small donation of £1.50 per lily to cover the costs.
The answers to Susie’s anagrams (on page 32) in order, are Spring, Easter, Lambs, Daffodils and Ducklings.
| Date | St Mary’s Burwell | St Etheldreda’s Reach |
|------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------|
| **April 2013** | | |
| Wednesday 3 | 9.00am Prayer Meeting
10.00am Holy Communion
11.00am Holy Communion at Ash Grove | |
| Sunday 7 | 8.00am Holy Communion
10.00am All Age Service with Baptism | |
| Wednesday 10 | 9.00am Prayer Meeting
10.00am Holy Communion | 2.00 – 4.00pm CentrePeace |
| Friday 12 | 7.30pm Music in Quiet Places Joglaresa Concert | |
| Sunday 14 | 9.55am Junior Church & Pathfinders
10.00am Parish Communion (Traditional) | 8.00am Holy Communion
7.00pm Sunday @ 7 |
| Wednesday 17 | 9.00am Prayer Meeting
10.30am Holy Communion at Ness Court | |
| Sunday 21 | 8.00am Morning Prayer
9.55am Junior Church & Pathfinders
10.00am Parish Communion (Contemporary)
11.30am Annual Parochial Church Meeting, followed by Bring and Share lunch | |
| Wednesday 24 | 9.00am Prayer Meeting
10.00am Holy Communion | |
| Sunday 28 | 8.00am Holy Communion
10.00am Parish Communion (Traditional)
4.00pm Messy Church | |
| **May 2013** | | |
| Wednesday 1 | 9.00am Prayer Meeting
10.00am Holy Communion
11.00am Holy Communion at Ash Grove | |
| Sunday 5 | 8.00am Holy Communion
10.00am All Age Service | 6.00pm Eve of Reach Fair Songs of Praise |
| Wednesday 8 | 9.00am Prayer Meeting
10.00am Holy Communion | 2.00 – 4.00pm CentrePeace |
| Saturday 11 | 7.30pm Voices in Spring – Burwell Community Choir concert | |
| Sunday 12 | 9.55am Junior Church & Pathfinders
10.00am Parish Communion (Traditional) | 8.00am Holy Communion
7.00pm Sunday @ 7 |
| Wednesday 15 | 9.00am Prayer Meeting
10.00am Holy Communion | |
| Sunday 19 | 8.00am Holy Communion
9.55am Junior Church & Pathfinders
10.00am Parish Communion (contemporary) | |
| Wednesday 22 | 9.00am Prayer Meeting
10.30am Holy Communion at Ness Court | |
| Sunday 26 | 8.00am Holy Communion
10.00am Parish Communion (traditional)
4.00pm Messy Church | |
| Wednesday 29 | 9.00am Prayer Meeting
10.00am Holy Communion | |
Reach is served by the 10/10A bus service, provided by Stagecoach.
The difference between the 10 and 10A services is that the 10 travels via Valley Way in Newmarket whilst the 10A uses Noel Murless Drive.
A summary of all buses serving Reach and/or Swaffham Prior Monday to Saturday is shown below.
Please note that there is no bus service at all on Sundays.
### Newmarket - Burwell - Reach - Bottisham - Cambridge
| Service No: | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 |
|-------------|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|
| **M-F** | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| **Sat** | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| **Newmarket (Guineas Station)** | | | | 0704 | 0719 | 0814 | 0914 | 1014 | 1114 | 1214 | 1314 | 1414 | 1424 | 1514 | 1614 | 1714 |
| **Burwell (Manchetts Ness Road)** | 0628 | 0658 | 0713 | 0728 | 0743 | 0838 | 0938 | 1038 | 1138 | 1238 | 1338 | 1438 | 1448 | 1538 | 1638 | 1738 |
| **Reach** | 0638 | 0708 | 0723 | | | 0848 | | 1048 | | 1248 | | 1448 | 1458 | 1548 | 1648 | 1748 |
| **Swaffham Prior** | 0644 | 0714 | 0729 | 0741 | 0756 | 0854 | 0951 | 1054 | 1151 | 1254 | 1351 | 1454 | 1504 | 1554 | 1654 | 1754 |
| **Cambridge (Drummer Street)** | 0727 | 0807 | 0812 | 0837 | 0842 | 0937 | 1037 | 1137 | 1237 | 1337 | 1437 | 1537 | 1547 | 1637 | 1737 | 1837 |
### Cambridge - Bottisham - Reach - Burwell - Newmarket
| Service No: | 10 | 10A | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 |
|-------------|----|-----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|
| **M-F** | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| **Cambridge (Drummer Street)** | | | | 0655 | 0755 | 0825 | 0925 | 1025 | 1125 | 1225 | 1325 | 1425 | 1525 | 1635 | 1735 | 1845 |
| **Swaffham Prior** | | | | 0959 | 1102 | 1159 | 1302 | 1102 | 1159 | 1302 | 1359 | 1502 | 1559 | 1712 | 1809 | 1919 |
| **Reach** | | | | 1002 | 1202 | 1202 | 1202 | 1402 | 1602 | 1812 | 1922 |
| **Burwell (Hawthorn Way)** | | | | 1012 | 1112 | 1212 | 1312 | 1112 | 1212 | 1312 | 1412 | 1512 | 1612 | 1722 | 1822 | 1932 |
| **Newmarket (Guineas Station)** | | | | 1040 | 1140 | 1240 | 1340 | 1140 | 1240 | 1340 | 1440 | 1540 | 1640 | 1800 |
A full timetable can be downloaded from [www.reach-village.co.uk/bus_service.html](http://www.reach-village.co.uk/bus_service.html)
Please note that the bus stops at a number of stops in Burwell - those listed are just timing points.
| April 2013 | Event | Location | Time |
|------------|-------|----------|------|
| Easter Mon 1 | Daffodils and Easter Eggs | Chipperham Park CB7 5TP 01638 721416 | 10am – 5pm |
| Tues 2 | Reach Rainbow Crafts Circle | Call Pam King on 742924 | 1.30pm – 3pm |
| Tues 2 and Wed 3 | Holiday Drop-In Session. Children all ages. Craft activities, brass rubbing and story telling. FREE | Ely Cathedral | 10am – 12pm |
| Wed 3 | Parish Council Meeting | Village Centre | 7.30pm |
| Wed 3 | Author: Harry Eastwood | Topping Bookshop, Ely CB7 4LJ | 7.15 for 7.30pm |
| Mon 8 | Reading Group | Topping Bookshop, Ely CB7 4LJ | 7.15 for 7.30pm |
| Tues 9 and Thurs 11 | Perfect Ploughing | Denny Abbey Farmland Museum Waterbeach CB25 9PQ 01223 860988 | 12pm – 4pm |
| Thurs 11 | Author: Deborah Moggach | St Peters Church, Ely CB7 4AH | 7pm for 7.30pm |
| Friday 12 | Dancing in Tetuan | St Mary’s Church, Burwell | 7.30pm |
| Wed 10 | CentrePeace | St Etheldreda’s | 2.00pm to 4.00pm |
| Thurs 11 | Recycling Day | | |
| Sat 13 and Sun 14 | Easter Family Activities | Welney Wetland Centre 01353 860711 | 9.30am – 5pm |
| Tues 16 | Mobile Library | Village Green | 12.15pm to 12.50pm |
| Tues 16 | Talk Village Gardeners | Swaffham Prior Village Hall | 8pm |
| Tues 16 | Aled Jones UK Cathedral Tour | Ely Cathedral 01353 660349 | 7.30pm |
| Wed 17 | Village Centre Committee Meeting | Village Centre | 8.00pm |
| Thurs 18 | Author: Tracy Chevalier | St Peters Church, Ely CB7 4AH | 7pm for 7.30pm |
| Sat 20 | Nearly New Sale (Burwell Happy Tots) | Gardiner Memorial Hall, Burwell | 10.30am – 12 noon |
| Sat 20 | Carnival Comedy Club | Burwell Village College Hall (Primary) | Doors open 7.30pm |
| Wed 24 | Kelvedon War Bunker and Brentwood (£20) | Burwell Museum Coach Trip | Ring Barbara on 741581 |
| Thurs 25 | Recycling Day | | |
| Sat 27 | Ceilidh | Burwell Village College Primary School | 7pm – 10.30pm |
| Sun 28 | Flower, Food and Craft Market | Ely Market Place CB7 4NT | 10am – 4pm |
| May 2013 | Event | Location | Time |
|----------|-------|----------|------|
| Wed 1 | Parish Council Meeting | Village Centre | 7.30pm |
| Wed 1 | Author: Diarmaid MacCulloch | St Peters Church, Ely CB7 4AH | 7pm for 8.00pm |
| Mon 6 | Reach Fair | Everywhere | From Noon |
| Tues 7 | Reach Rainbow Crafts Circle | Call Pam King on 742924 | 1.30pm – 3pm |
| Wed 8 | Author: Audrey Niffenegger | St Peters Church, Ely CB7 4AH | 7pm for 8.00pm |
| Wed 8 | CentrePeace | St Etheldreda’s | 2.00pm to 4.00pm |
| Thurs 9 | Recycling Day | | |
| Sat 11 | Saturday Workshops | Bottisham Village College | Details Page 7 |
| Sat 11 | Voices in Spring (Burwell Choir) | St Mary’s Church, Burwell | From 7.30pm |
| Wed 15 | Village Centre Committee Meeting | Village Centre | 8.00pm |
| Sat 18 | Chocolate Bingo | Day Centre, Parsonage Close | 7.30pm |
| Tues 21 | Mobile Library | Village Green | 2.15pm |
| Tues 21 | Talk: Village Gardeners | Swaffham Prior Village Hall | 8.00pm |
| Tues 21 | Author: Lord Browne | The Old Bishop’s Palace, Ely CB7 4EW | 7pm for 7.30pm |
| Thurs 23 | Author: Kate Humble | St Mary’s Church, Ely CB7 4HF | 7pm for 7.30pm |
| Thurs 23 | Recycling Day | | |
| Sun 26 | Flower, Food and Craft Market | Ely Market Place CB7 4NT | 10am – 4pm |
Wednesdays 7.30pm onwards **Bell ringing at Swaffham Bulbeck** - new recruits are welcome
Events with **Authors and Reading Group** are organised by Topping bookshop, Ely 01353 645005 or www.toppingbooks.co.uk
Burwell Museum website is www.burwellmuseum.org.uk Tel: 01638 605544
## Clubs Contact Information
| Club | Contact | Telephone/Email/Web |
|-------------------------------------------|--------------------------|------------------------------|
| Art Group (Burwell) | Heather Shaw | 741180 |
| Band (Wicken Coronation) | Robert Peacock | 723804 |
| Bell Ringing (Hand-bell ringing Swaffham Prior) | Sharyn Robinson | 745247 |
| Brownies (Burwell) | Heather Dean | 615521 |
| Carpet Bowls (Swaffham Prior) | David Folkes | 745551 |
| Choir (Newmarket Community Choir) | [email protected] | |
| Cubs (Swaffham Prior) | Tim Doe | 743656 |
| Cricket (Reach) | Ross Clark | 743725 |
| Cycling Club (Wicken) | Peter Rush | 07703 555711 |
| Gardeners (Village, Swaffham Prior) | Margaret Joyce | 744390 |
| History Society (Burwell) | Sylvia McKinley | 742647 |
| Lacemakers (Burwell) | Carole Morris | 742024 |
| Local History Society (Burwell) | Catherine Pearce | 741098 |
| Morris Men (Devil’s Dyke) | Randall Scott | 01223 208253 |
| Mothers Union (Burwell) | Susan Baker | 741791 |
| Photographic Club (Bottisham and Burwell) | Daphne Hanson | 741106 |
| Pony Club (Soham and District) | Tina Hall | 720989 |
| Scouts (Swaffham Prior) | Tim Doe | 743656 |
| Sewing: Young Quilters | Telephone to find your local group | 01904 613242 |
| Sports Centre (Burwell) | | 742125 |
| Swimming (Newmarket Swimming Club) | Hazel Sampher | 730348 |
| Tennis (Reach) | Philip Lewis | 742115 |
| Theatregoers (Burwell) | Pauline Fletcher | 742008 |
| Theatre: Bottisham Players | Anita | 07788 312373 |
| WI (Burwell) | Jenny | 741205 |
| Youth Club (Swaffham Prior) | Alan Badcock | 742228 |
### Burwell Windmill Removal of the Cap
         
## Contact Information
### Parish Council
| Position | Name | Phone |
|---------------------------|--------------------|---------|
| Vice Chairman | Michael Aves | 742800 |
| Councillor | Ross Clark | 743725 |
| Councillor | Rita Dunnett | 742943 |
| Councillor | Hilary Fielding | 741853 |
| Councillor | Joyce Harrison | 742405 |
| Chairman | David Thomas | 742676 |
| Councillor | Diana Ward | 744210 |
| Clerk | David Parr | 744081 |
| Play Spaces Officer | Rita Dunnett | 742943 |
| Rights of Way Officer | Hilary Fielding | 741853 |
| County Councillor | David Brown | 743283 |
| District Councillor | Allen Alderson | 741744 |
### Village Centre
| Position | Name | Phone |
|---------------------------|--------------------|---------|
| Chairman | Jan Tabecki | 742552 |
| Finance | Grahame Radford | 742814 |
| Bookings | Joyce Harrison | 742405 |
| Marquee Bookings | Andrew Hall | 743737 |
### Amenity Fund Committee
| Position | Name | Phone |
|---------------------------|--------------------|---------|
| Chairman | Ross Clark | 743725 |
| Committee Member | Rita Dunnett | 742943 |
| Committee Member | Claire Halpin-McDonald | 743330 |
| Committee Member | John Holmwood | 742969 |
| Committee Member | Andrew Towers | 742484 |
### Burwell and Reach Car Scheme
| Position | Phone |
|---------------------------|---------|
| | 01638 742543 |
### Church
| Position | Name | Phone |
|---------------------------|--------------------|---------|
| Vicar | Eleanor Williams | 741262 |
| Reader in Training | Frances Leadon | 741770 |
| Priest in Retirement | Reverend David King| 742924 |
| Parochial Church Council Member | Pam King | 742924 |
| Churchwarden at Burwell/Reach | Simon Rogers | 741205 |
| Churchwarden at Burwell/Reach | Stephen Walton | 744214 |
### Emergencies
| Emergency | Phone |
|---------------------------|---------|
| Electricity (Eastern Electric) | 0800 783 8838 |
| Police (Emergency) | 999 |
| Police (Non-emergency) | 101 |
| Water (Anglian Water) | 08457 145145 |
### Doctors, Burwell
| Position | Phone |
|---------------------------|---------|
| Appointments and Emergencies | 741234 |
| Community Nurses | 742382 |
| Doctors | Dr Andrew Wills, Dr Alex Manning, Dr Anthony Parry, Dr Maureen Birch |
| Surgery Hours | Mon 8.30am to 8.00pm, Tues to Fri 8.30am to 6.00pm |
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Government of India Earth System Sciences Organization Ministry of Earth Sciences India Meteorological Department
Press Release
Date: 26 th January, 2020
Time of Issue: 1730 hrs IST
Subject: Wet spell over Northwest, central and east India during 27 th to 30 th January 2020
- A fresh Western Disturbance (WD) seen as a trough in mid & upper tropospheric levels over Afghanistan & neighbourhood. Under its influence, an induced cyclonic circulation very likely to develop over West Rajasthan & neighbourhood in lower tropospheric levels on 27 th January, 2020.
- The system is very likely to move eastward and cause light isolated to scattered precipitation over Western Himalayan Region (Jammu & Kashmir, Ladakh, Himachal Pradesh and Uttrakhand) from 27 th January, 2020.
- Due to fresh moisture feed form the Arabian Sea at lower & upper tropospheric levels and increase in divergence at upper tropospheric levels, its intensity & spread would increase thereafter with its peak intensity on 28 th . Hence, light to moderate fairly widespread/widespread precipitation is very likely to occur over Western Himalayan region on 28 th & 29 th with possibility of isolated heavy rainfall/snowfall over Jammu & Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh on 28 th and over Uttarakhand on 29 th January, 2020.
- Light to moderate scattered/fairly widespread rain/thundershower very likely over Punjab, Haryana, Chandigarh & Delhi, Uttar Pradesh during 27 th to 29 th January; isolated over north Rajasthan & Madhya Pradesh on 27 th & 28 th January, 2020. Light to moderate isolate/scattered rain/thundershower very likely over Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha and West Bengal & Sikkim mainly on 28 th & 29 th January, 2020.
- Isolated thunderstorm along with hail & lightning is also likely over Punjab and north Rajasthan on 27 th & 28 th January; and over Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh Uttarakhand, Haryana, Chandigarh & Delhi, Uttar Pradesh on 28 th to 29 th January, 2020 with maximum intensity on 29 th January. Thunderstorm accompanied with lightning at isolated places very likely over Jharkhand, Bihar and Gangetic West Bengal on 29 th January, 2020.
- Thereafter due to favourable meteorological conditions, dense to very dense fog at some parts very likely to occur over Punjab and Haryana, Chandigarh & Delhi; and isolated parts over Uttar Pradesh in morning hours of 30 th & 31 st January, 2020.
- Detailed forecast & warnings for next 5 days are as follow:
30 Jan. 2020*
| 26 Jan. 2020* | | 27Jan. 2020* | | 28 Jan. 2020* | | | 29 Jan. 2020* | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | | | | R | ain/Snow at most places wit | h | | |
| | Rainfall at | | | | heavy falls at isolated places | | | |
| | | | Rain/snow at a few | | | | | Rain/snow at many |
| | isolated | | | | with thunderstorm | | | |
| | | | places | | | | | places |
| | places | | | | accompanied with lightning | | | |
| | | | | | and hailstorm | | | |
| | | | | R h a a p | ain/Snow at most places with | | p | Rain/snow at many |
| | | | | | eavy and thunderstorm | | | laces accompanied |
| | | | Rainfall at isolated | | | | | |
| | Dry | | | | ccompanied with lightning | | | with lightning and |
| | | | places | | | | | |
| | | | | | nd hailstorm at isolated | | | hailstorm at isolated |
| | | | | | laces | | | places |
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Phones: 24611068, 24618241-47; Fax No. 24699216, 2423220, 24643128
Rain/Snow at most places with
heavy
| | | | | | | R | ain/Snow at most places wit | h | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | | | | Rain/snow at isolated | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | thunderstorm accompanied | | |
| | | | | places | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | with lightning and hailstorm at | | |
| | | | | | | | isolated places | | |
| Dry | | | li | Rainfall at a few places | t | | | | |
| | | | | | | | Rainfall at most places with | | |
| | | | | with thunderstorm | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | thunderstorm accompanied | | Rainfall at a few |
| | | | | accompanied with | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | with lightning and hailstorm at | | places |
| | | | | ghtning and hailstorm a | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | a few places | | |
| | | | | isolated places | | | | | |
| Dry | | | | | | | | | Rainfall at a few |
| | | | li | Rainfall at a few places | t | | | | |
| | | | | | | | Rainfall at most places and | | places with |
| | | | | with thunderstorm | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | thunderstorm accompanied | | thunderstorm |
| | | | | accompanied with | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | with lightning and hailstorm at | | accompanied with |
| | | | | ghtning and hailstorm a | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | a few places | | lightning at isolated |
| | | | | isolated places | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | places |
| Dry | | | | | | | | | Rainfall at a few |
| | | | | | | | Rainfall at many places with | | places with |
| | | | | Rainfall at isolated | | | thunderstorm accompanied | | thunderstorm |
| | | | | places | | | with lightning and hailstorm at | | accompanied with |
| | | | | | | | isolated places | | hail & lightning at |
| | | | | | | | | | isolated places |
| Dry | | | | | | | | | Rainfall at a few |
| | | | | | | | Rainfall at a few places with | | places with |
| | | | | Rainfall at isolated | | | thunderstorm accompanied | | thunderstorm |
| | | | | places | | | with lightning and hailstorm at | | accompanied with |
| | | | | | | | isolated places | | hail & lightning at |
| | | | | | | | | | isolated places |
| | | | p | Rainfall at isolated | m | | | | |
| | | | | laces with thunderstor | | | | | |
| is | Rainfall at | s | | accompanied with | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | Rainfall at isolated places | | Dry |
| | olated place | | | lightning & hailstorm at | | | | | |
| | | | | isolated places over | | | | | |
| | | | | northern parts | | | | | |
| Dry | | | p | Rainfall at isolated | m | | | | |
| | | | | | | | Rainfall at isolated places with | | |
| | | | | laces with thunderstor | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | thunderstorm accompanied | | |
| | | | | accompanied with | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | with lightning & hailstorm at | | Dry |
| | | | | lightning & hailstorm at | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | isolated places over northern | | |
| | | | | isolated places over | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | parts | | |
| | | | | northern parts | | | | | |
| Dry | | | p | Rainfall at isolated | m | | | | |
| | | | | laces with thunderstor | | w | Rainfall at isolated places with | s | |
| | | | | accompanied with | | | thunderstorm accompanied | | |
| | | | | lightning at isolated | | | ith lightning at isolated place | | Dry |
| | | | | places over East | | | over Madhya Pradesh & | | |
| | | | | Madhya Pradesh & | | | Chhattisgarh | | |
| | | | | Chhattisgarh | | | | | |
| Dry | | | | | | | | | Rainfall at many |
| | | | | | | | | | places with |
| | | | | | | | | | thunderstorm |
| | | | | | | w | Rainfall at a few places with | s | |
| | | | | | | | | | accompanied with |
| | | | | | | | thunderstorm accompanied | | |
| | | | | Dry | | | | | lightning at isolated |
| | | | | | | | ith lightning at isolated place | | |
| | | | | | | | | | places over |
| | | | | | | | over Odisha | | |
| | | | | | | | | | Gangetic West |
| | | | | | | | | | Bengal, Bihar, |
| | | | | | | | | | Jharkhand |
isolated places
Note: * Rainfall till 0830 IST of next day.
Legends: Green: No warning , Yellow: Be updated, Orange- Be prepared; Red- Take action,
Heavy rain: 64.5-115.5 mm/day; isolated rain (≤25% of stations gets rain), scattered or at a few places rain (26 to 50% of stations gets rain), at many places or fairly widespread rain (51–75% of stations gets rain) and at most places or wodespread rain (>75% of stations gets rain)
For further details and forecast updates kindly visit websites of IMD, New Delhi:
http://www.imd.gov.in/pages/allindiawxfcbulletin.php
For district level warning, kindly visit website of Meteorological Centres/Regional Meteorological Centres of IMD at state levels.
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2019 Scotiabank Toronto Waterfront Marathon Scotiabank Charity Challenge Participant Registration Guide
Giant Steps is participating in the Scotiabank Charity Challenge at the STWM.
There are 2 parts to registering– event registration, and fundraising registration (which is call the Scotiabank Charity Challenge).
You can register for the event and create your fundraising profile page at the same time during this registration process. Please follow each step as shown below, particularly item #13!
Registration for the Event:
1. Go to the STWM website: http://www.STWM.ca
2. Click on REGISTER on the top menu bar
3. Click on Canadian Runners REGISTER >
4. Click 'Register' on the left menu bar
5. Create a Race Roster account by entering your email address and creating a password. YOU MUST REGISTER HERE FOR THE RACE BEFORE SIGNING UP TO FUNDRAISE. Note:
If you have participated in the STWM before using the same email address, you'll already have an account and will need to log in with your previous password (if you don't remember it, click on FORGOT PASSWORD). If you have a new email address you can set up a new account.
6. Select a Sub-event (5k, half marathon or full marathon). Disregard the registration fees shown here, you will receive a discounted rate using our pin codes (shown later in the registration).
7. I would like to register…
Choose Myself even if you have other participants joining you.
Each runner should be registered separately to receive the Charity discount.
8. Complete all the following sections (All mandatory fields marked with a *).
Note: At the section that asks "How did you learn about this event? *" you should choose "Affiliated Charity" from the pull-down menu, and type in "Giant Steps Toronto/York Region" in the following box that asks you to "Please Specify *".
9. SKIP the 'Enter Promo Code' field. THE CHARITY PIN CODE DOES NOT GO HERE. IT CAN BE ENTERED AT A LATER TIME IN THE SCOTIABANK CHARITY CHALLENGE SECTION
10. Select CONTINUE to WAIVER and additional terms
11. On the Wavier screen, please read and check the box beside 'I Agree to Scotiabank Toronto Waterfront Marathon Waiver – Release Waiver And Indemnity. Select CONTINUE.
12. Scotiabank Employee Verification section – Respond to 'Are you a Scotiabank Employee?' NOTE: If you are a Scotiabank Employee, you must select yes to participate in the Employee Program, and to receive the associated program benefits.
13. Important! Scotiabank Charity Challenge section – YOU MUST SELECT 'YES' to the question 'Do you want to participate in the Scotiabank Charity Challenge as a fundraiser or make a donation?
14. Choose a Charity – SELECT GIANT STEPS TORONTO/YORK REGION from the drop-down menu.
15. Once Giant Steps has been selected, you must enter your discount Charity Pin Code:
* Marathon or ½ marathon ($80) – M19GIANTSTEPS
* 5k ($40) – 5K19GIANTSTEPS
* 5k with stroller ($50) – 5ST19GIANTSTEPS
NOTE If you do not enter the discount code here, you will not be able to claim the discount at a later date.
16. Create your fundraising account-
Under 'I would like to create a fundraising account or make a donation' select 'Create a Scotiabank Charity Challenge Fundraising Account (via Artez). Create a new username and password (KEEP THIS INFORMATION RECORDED FOR FUTURE REFERENCE).
Note:
If you have participated in the STWM Charity Challenge before, there may be a previous 'Preferred Artez Username' already in that field. Please disregard this and create NEW username and password.
17. If you do not wish to make a donation during registration, skip this step.
18. Select 'Continue to Payment'
19. Verify Order details (on the right hand side of the screen).
This will include your Event Distance, Registration Fee, & Charity discount (Ensure the discount has been applied as you cannot claim it later – the cost should be $80 for marathon/half marathon, $40 for 5k, $50 for 5k with stroller).
20. Complete payment information and click Submit order. Important! Click the button ONCE ONLY; it will look like it's not processing but in fact there is a slight
delay before transaction is complete.
Result: Thank You! Confirmation Number screen
21. NOW SET UP YOUR PERSONAL FUNDRAISING PAGE-
Transfer over to your Personal Online Fundraising Account by clicking on the "Giant Steps Toronto/York Region" button in the Scotiabank Charity Challenge window.
(screenshot may not be exactly as shown)
Fundraising for the Event:
Once you click on your Charity on the Confirmation screen, you will automatically be transferred over to your fundraising page in Artez.
The 'Home' tab shows the message that will appear on your personal fundraising page. Please edit and personalize this message! Click 'Edit Message' below the text content. To add photos and videos, select 'Add Media'.
To remove the generic photo that is already there, click on it and deselect 'Display Image'. To access images that can be used on your page (ie, Giant Steps' logo, a group photo), click on our Dropbox link 2019 STWM materials for GS participants
The 'Fundraising' tab will allow you to change your fundraising goal, email potential sponsors, see donations made to you, manually enter cash and cheque donations and more!
To edit any of your personal information on your fundraising page, select 'Profile' Note- this does not change the information on your race registration, only the information on your fundraising page.
The 'Registration' tab is NOT your race registration – it is stating that you are registered in Artez for fundraising.
Important! To log back into your fundraising account, use the steps below (save the link for easy access):
Click https://secure.e2rm.com/registrant/startup.aspx?eventid=277862
Enter the username and password created in Step #13 (setup of fundraising account).
ONCE BOTH REGISTRATIONS ARE COMPLETED, you will receive two confirmation emails
YOU MUST SAVE BOTH EMAILS!
This contains a .pdf of your race registration confirmation & number. You will need this email to pick up
* Race Registration from Race Roster your race packet prior to race day.
* Charity Fundraising Registration from your Charity This contains a link to your personal fundraising page, and how to log back into your account.
For help with registration, setting up your fundraising page, or with any questions, please contact Julia Fabrizio at [email protected] or 416-528-0855
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June 6, 2006
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission
ATTN: Document Control Desk
Washington, DC 20555-0001
SUBJECT: Entergy Nuclear Operations, Inc.
Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station
Docket No. 50-293, License No. DPR-35
Request For Use of ASME Code Case N-623 and Withdrawal of Pilgrim Relief Request No. PRR-12 (TAC No. MC 8295)
REFERENCES:
1. Entergy Letter No. 2.05.045, ASME Section XI Fourth Interval Inservice Inspection Program Plan and the Associated Relief Requests for NRC Approval, PNPS-RPT-05-001, Revision 0, dated June 29, 2005
2. ASME Code Case N-623, “Deferral of Inspections of Shell-to-Flange and Head-to-Flange Welds of a Reactor Vessel Section XI, Division 1, dated February 26, 1999
3. U.S. NRC Regulatory Guide 1.147, Inservice Inspection Code Case Acceptability, ASME Section XI, Division 1”, Revision 13 (January 2004) and Revision 14 (August 2005)
LETTER NO. 2.06.033
Dear Sir or Madam:
By Reference 1, Entergy submitted Pilgrim Relief Request (PRR) No. 12 for NRC review and approval for the 4th ISI interval that began on July 1, 2005. The relief requested included provisions that were incorporated in ASME Code Case N-623. This code case is acceptable for use as stated in NRC approved Regulatory Guide 1.147, Revisions 13 and 14. It has subsequently been annulled since its provisions were incorporated into the 2001/2003 version of the ASME Code Section XI, Division 1.
Regulatory Guide 1.147, Revision 13, which lists Code Case N-623 as acceptable for use was the approved Guide in place at the time Entergy submitted the Pilgrim ISI program and associated PRR-12 for NRC review and approval in June 2005 (Ref. 1). The use of Code Case N-623 is referenced on page 1-25 of Reference 1.
Since Code Case N-623 was acceptable for use at the time Reference 1 was submitted, Entergy withdraws PRR-12 and will continue to use the ASME Code Case N-623 for the 4th ISI interval as an acceptable alternative pursuant to 10 CFR 50.55a(a)(3)(i). It was authorized in R.G. 1.147, Revision 13 pursuant to 10 CFR 50.55a (a)(3) and stipulated in 10 CFR 50.55a. This use of ASME Code N-623 is consistent with the NRC guidance cited in the third paragraph (page 3) of R. G. 1.147, Rev. 14.
There are no commitments contained in this letter.
If you have any questions on this transmittal, please contact Mr. Bryan Ford, Licensing Manager at 508-830-8403.
Sincerely,
Stephen J. Bethay
SJB/wgl
cc: Mr. James Shea, Project Manager
Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation
Mail Stop: 0-8B-1
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission
1 White Flint North
11555 Rockville Pike
Rockville, MD 20852
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission
Region 1
475 Allendale Road
King of Prussia, PA 19406
Senior Resident Inspector
Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station
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SubDrive Solar
Installation Manual
Franklin Electric
# SUBDRIVE SOLAR INSTALLATION MANUAL TABLE OF CONTENTS
| Section | Page |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------|------|
| Overview | 5 |
| Descriptions and Features | 5 |
| How it Works | 6 |
| Features | 8 |
| Installation | 12 |
| Controller Location Selection | 13 |
| Mounting Procedure | 14 |
| Wiring Connections | 14 |
| Gland Plate Terminal Location Template | 15 |
| DC Wiring Connections | 16 |
| AC Wiring Connections (Optional) | 17 |
| Flow Switch Wiring Connections | 17 |
| Flow Switch Installation and Operation | 18 |
| Pump/Motor Wiring Connections | 19 |
| Run Control Switch Wiring Connections (Optional) | 19 |
| Control Switch Operation | 20 |
| Start-Up and Operation | 21 |
| User Definable Parameters | 22 |
| Generator Sizing for SubDrive Solar | 24 |
| Generator Selection Information | 24 |
| Three-Phase Motor Specifications | 25 |
| Fault Codes and Troubleshooting | 26 |
| SubDrive Solar Specifications | 29 |
| Solar Array Specifications | 30 |
| Solar Panel Wiring Configurations | 31 |
| SubDrive Solar Dimensions | 33 |
| SubDrive Solar Mounting Dimensions | 34 |
| Addendum: Registry Values for RS485 Port Connection | 35 |
ATTENTION
IMPORTANT INFORMATION FOR INSTALLERS OF THIS EQUIPMENT!
THIS EQUIPMENT IS INTENDED FOR INSTALLATION BY TECHNICALLY QUALIFIED PERSONNEL. FAILURE TO INSTALL IT IN COMPLIANCE WITH NATIONAL AND LOCAL ELECTRICAL CODES, AND WITHIN FRANKLIN ELECTRIC RECOMMENDATIONS, MAY RESULT IN ELECTRICAL SHOCK OR FIRE HAZARD, UNSATISFACTORY PERFORMANCE, AND EQUIPMENT FAILURE. FRANKLIN INSTALLATION INFORMATION IS AVAILABLE FROM PUMP MANUFACTURERS AND DISTRIBUTORS, AND DIRECTLY FROM FRANKLIN ELECTRIC.
WARNING
SERIOUS OR FATAL ELECTRICAL SHOCK MAY RESULT FROM FAILURE TO CONNECT THE MOTOR, CONTROL ENCLOSURES, METAL PLUMBING, AND ALL OTHER METAL NEAR THE MOTOR OR CABLE TO A PROPER EARTH GROUND IN ACCORDANCE WITH LOCAL CODES, USING WIRE NO SMALLER THAN MOTOR CABLE WIRES. TO REDUCE RISK OF ELECTRICAL SHOCK, DISCONNECT POWER BEFORE WORKING ON OR AROUND THE WATER SYSTEM. DO NOT USE MOTOR IN SWIMMING AREAS.
CAUTION
Use the SubDrive Solar controller only with Franklin Electric 4-inch submersible motors as specified in this manual (see Table 6, pg. 28). Use of this unit with any other Franklin Electric motor or with motors from other manufacturers may result in damage to both motor and electronics.
WARNING
High voltages (both AC and DC) capable of causing severe injury or death by electrical shock are present in this unit. More than one disconnect switch may be required to de-energize the equipment before servicing. This unit should only be installed or serviced by technically qualified professionals.
Anytime working on or near the SubDrive Solar controller, or system:
- Securely cover the solar array with an opaque tarp.
- Turn OFF the external DC rated disconnect from the solar array to the SubDrive Solar controller.
- Ensure AC power has been disconnected from the SubDrive Solar controller (if used).
- Wait a minimum of 5 minutes after removing power from the SubDrive Solar controller before servicing.
WARNING
Solar panels that have been exposed to full solar insolation for an extended period of time can achieve high temperatures and could be a potential source of burns to exposed skin if contacted. Use caution when working around solar arrays.
Overview
The SubDrive Solar controller is a variable speed motor drive designed to run a Franklin Electric three-phase submersible induction motor. The SubDrive Solar provides water to remote locations by converting high voltage, direct current from a solar array into alternating current to run a standard AC submersible motor. When solar power is not available, the controller can automatically switch to an alternate single-phase AC input such as a generator or inverter from battery, if available. The controller provides fault detection, motor soft start, and speed control. The SubDrive Solar is designed to provide these features with the plug and play ease of installation similar to a single-phase control box.
The SubDrive Solar is designed with the high standard of reliability expected of Franklin Electric products. The controller attempts to drive the pump and motor to deliver water even under adverse conditions, reducing output as necessary to protect the system components from damage, and only shutting down in extreme cases. Full operation is restored automatically whenever abnormal conditions subside.
Inspection
Before you begin, receive and inspect the SubDrive Solar unit. Verify that the part number is correct and that no damage has occurred during transit.
Descriptions and Features
The SubDrive Solar system controller is based on a standard SubDrive platform controlling a Franklin Electric 4-inch three-phase motor driving a 4-inch submersible centrifugal pump powered by a DC solar array or an optional AC generator back-up.
The SubDrive Solar controller continuously monitors system performance and incorporates a number of features for pump system protection. In the event of a fault, the SubDrive Solar will indicate the type of fault through the three seven segment displays.
The SubDrive Solar system is optimized for pumping under adverse input power conditions unique to solar arrays.
- Internal diagnostics will tolerate a lower input voltage.
- Whenever possible, the controller attempts to regulate the pump load in a manner that optimizes for maximum power transfer from the solar array.
- The drive automatically switches to AC back-up power (when available) if the DC primary source is unable to support pump operation.
The controller construction is ruggedized for hostile environmental conditions.
- The case is constructed of heavy-gauge zinc plated steel to resist rain, animal intrusion and prolonged direct exposure to sunlight.
- The seals are designed for NEMA 3 (IEC rating IP55), (dust tight, withstands directed jets of water).
- For maximum protection against dust, there is no external cooling fan or other external moving parts.
An easy to use interface is provided to enhance configurability and enable remote system monitoring.
- A three-digit seven-segment display provides a detailed indication of system status.
- A small keypad offers flexibility for selection of user options.
- A continuous data connection for remote telemetry is made available via an RS-485 port.
- If using remote telemetry, follow the register information found in the RS-485 addendum.
Protection Features
Electronic monitoring gives the controller the capability to monitor the system and automatically shut down in the event of:
- Dry well conditions – with smart pump monitoring
- Bound pump – with auto-reversing torque
- High Voltage Surge
- Low Input Voltage
- Open motor circuit
- Short circuit
- Over heat
- Dead-head/no flow conditions
NOTE: This drive provides motor overload protection by preventing motor current from exceeding SFA and by limiting the duty cycle in the event of no water flow. This drive does not provide over temperature sensing of the motor.
How it Works
The SubDrive Solar system serves to provide water in remote applications where electrical grid power is either unreliable or unavailable. The system pumps water using a high-voltage DC power source such as an array of solar panels. Since the sun is only available during certain hours of the day and only in good weather conditions, the water is generally pumped into a storage tank. Two level switches can be installed inside the tank to regulate the water level. A flow switch detects if flow is below critical levels while the pump is still running. This serves as an indication that the well has run dry, or that insufficient power is available to continue pumping. The system will shut down to protect the pump and motor until the well, or adequate electric power, has recovered.
The SubDrive Solar controller runs at variable speed to match the changing power available from the PV solar array. Variable speed operation means there is no in-rush or surge of energy during the pump/motor start-up, helping to eliminate wear on the motor and pumping system. A leading cause of pump motor failure is the stress applied to the motor during a full voltage start-up. The SubDrive Solar variable speed operation ramps up the speed smoothly, which eliminates starting stress. This feature enhances long-term motor reliability (pg 8).
The Franklin Electric SubDrive Solar is designed to be part of a system that consists of:
A. Solar Pump and Motor
B. SubDrive Solar Controller
C. Solar Array (not included)
D. Flow Switch (with sensor cable)
E. Control Switches (optional, not included)
F. AC Generator (optional, not included)
G. DC Rated Disconnect - Per applicable codes
H. Line Reactor (not included)
**Figure 1: SubDrive Solar System**
**Pump Check Valve Requirements**
**NOTICE**
In order to ensure maximum system reliability and water delivery, check valves must be installed in the drop pipe. The first check valve must be installed at the pump (the 18-70 LPM [5-25 USGPM] pumps have a built in check valve in the pump discharge) and additional check valves should be installed every 30m (100 ft) of vertical pipe after the pump. See the pump owner’s manual for additional information.
Features
System Diagnostics
The SubDrive Solar controller continuously monitors system performance and can detect a variety of abnormal conditions. In many cases, the controller will compensate as needed to maintain continuous system operation; however, if there is high risk of equipment damage, the controller will protect the system and display the fault condition. If possible, the controller will try to restart itself when the fault condition subsides. See Troubleshooting section for a list of Fault Codes and corrective actions.
Motor Soft-Start
Normally, when there is a demand for water and power is available, the SubDrive Solar will be operating. Whenever the SubDrive Solar detects a need for water, the controller always “ramps up” the motor speed through a gradual increase of motor voltage, resulting in a cooler motor and lower start-up current compared to conventional water systems. In cases where the demand for water is low, the system may cycle on and off. Due to the controller’s soft-start feature this will not harm the motor.
Over Temperature Foldback
The SubDrive Solar controller is designed for full power operation from a DC solar array in ambient temperatures up to 122 °F (50 °C). Under extreme thermal conditions, the controller will reduce output power in an attempt to avoid shutdown. Full pump output is restored when the controller temperature cools to a safe level.
Pressure or Level Control Switch
A pressure or level control switch can be wired into the SubDrive Solar controller for water level or pressure control. This is optional and is not required to run the SubDrive Solar controller. The controller can be used with none, one, or two control switches. This provides the user maximum adjustability when using the SubDrive Solar controller. See INSTALLATION section for more information on installing and using control switches.
Automatically Switching to Back-up AC Power
The SubDrive Solar controller includes a secondary input power terminal that may be used with a back-up 230 V AC power source. If there is sufficient voltage measured from the primary source (Solar Array), the drive will attempt to draw from it to run the pump. The controller will automatically switch to the alternate backup supply input if:
1. The PV (Photovoltaic) Solar Array input cannot provide sufficient Vdc after a number of attempts to successfully start the motor; AND
2. Generator back-up power is available at the AC back-up terminals.
When the system is running on back-up AC power, the drive will shut down for a few seconds every 30 minutes to check the primary DC input terminals for sufficient power. If the primary DC power is available, it will switch sources and attempt to run on DC. If the primary power is still insufficient during this check, it will resume running on back-up AC power.
**Call For Generator Dry Contacts**
The SubDrive Solar controller has a set of dry contacts that can be used as a “Call for Generator” function. There are three flag terminals inside the controller, two of which must be used. NO – normally open; NC – normally closed (choose NO or NC based upon switch being used or common state desired) and COM which is the common. These flag terminals are located in between the AC terminal connections and the RUN/STOP/TRIP terminal connections.
When the drive no longer has adequate DC power it will then look for power at the AC terminal block. At the same time, the state of those contacts changes (one will open, the other will close based upon which contact terminal is used). This can then be read by an external switch. This is not a powered contact, it only either opens or closes a circuit. In order to recognize this change a switch controller with an independent power source must be utilized (for example an external battery that can be charged once a generator is turned on).
Shown below is the state of each of the dry contacts (NO, NC) in the two operating modes.
Adequate DC Power
NO = Closed
NC = Open
Inadequate DC Power
NO = Open
NC = Closed
To start a back-up AC generator through a closed circuit, use the NC (Normally Closed) and the COM (Common) dry contact flag terminals.
Underload Smart Reset
Dynamic (Factory Setting)
If a motor underload fault condition occurs, the most likely cause is an over pumped or dry well. The underload trip level is defined as a percentage of rated load at rated speed, the default being 50%, which can be adjusted via the COMM Board user interface. Once tripped, the timeout applied before a restart attempt varies according to the Dynamic Smart Reset schedule. The intent is to adjust the “Off Time” as a function of the level of water in the well using the formula: Off Time = Rule Time – Run Time. (Figure 2)
For wells having a slower recovery rate, an extendable Rule Time that adjusts automatically is used. The Rule Time is initially set to 5 minutes when the drive is first activated. However, if after restarting from an underload, the drive quickly trips again (arrow 1), the Rule Time is extended. This process continues until the Rule Time grows long enough to keep the Off Time near the center range (arrow 2), up to a maximum of 80 minutes. If later on the well begins to recover more quickly, the system runs longer between trips and the Rule Time is gradually reduced in 5 minute increments (arrow 3). This adaptive process allows for seasonal changes in well behavior.
Fixed
The SubDrive Solar controller can be set to a fixed “Off Time” rule via the COMM Board user interface. It is factory preset to a fixed time of 5 minutes. In this mode, the controller will wait 30 seconds to 5 minutes, determined by duration of the previous run time, before restarting the motor. For example, the first time the fault occurs, the controller will wait 30 seconds before attempting to restart the pump. If the system would then run for one minute and an underload fault recurs, the controller will wait four minutes before attempting to restart the pump. This schedule allows for the minimum off-time possible based on the recovery time of the well. The fixed “Off Time” can be set from five to 80 minutes in five minute increments. NOTE: The fixed “Off Time” will only take effect if Parameter 3 is set to 1 = Fixed. (Figure 3)
**Figure 3: Fixed Reset Model**
Flow Switch
A flow switch comes with the SubDrive Solar package to detect low flow or no flow conditions and prevent damage to the pump, motor, and plumbing. At times of limited sunlight, a point will be reached where there is not enough solar power available to provide adequate flow. The pump will reach a deadhead condition meaning the pump is spinning, but no water is moving. Continuous operation in a deadhead condition may overheat the pump, motor, and subsequently the plumbing, since no moving water carries away the heat. This flow switch overrides the “RUN” command from any other control switches.
The flow switch detects adequate flow, permitting continuous operation; or detects zero or low flow, enabling a “deadhead” operation mode which alternates a run-time interval and a cool-down interval, to avoid overheating the motor and pump (See pages 17 & 18 for more information on Flow Switch Operation). After a certain run time duration, if the flow switch does not detect flow it will present an E4 fault code. The durations of the run-time and cool-down intervals depend on the power being supplied by the controller: the more power going to the motor, the shorter the on-time and longer the cool-down. The controller will operate indefinitely in “deadhead mode”, until available power either increases sufficiently to move adequate water or it decreases sufficiently that the controller is no longer able to spin the motor. The SubDrive Solar controller will not operate with the flow switch bypassed or jumpered. The controller is required to see “no flow” before attempting to start the motor or a fault will occur.
Installation
**WARNING**
High voltages (both AC and DC) capable of causing severe injury or death by electrical shock are present in this unit. This unit should only be installed or serviced by technically qualified professionals.
Anytime working on or near the SubDrive Solar controller, or system:
- Securely cover the solar array with an opaque tarp.
- Turn OFF the external DC rated disconnect from the solar array to the SubDrive Solar controller.
- Ensure AC power has been disconnected from the SubDrive Solar controller (if used).
- Wait a minimum of five minutes after removing power from the SubDrive Solar controller before servicing.
**READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS COMPLETELY BEFORE INSTALLATION.**
Note: During installation, if a conflict arises between this manual and local or national electrical codes, the applicable local or national electrical codes should prevail.
- The longevity and performance of the SubDrive Solar package may be adversely affected by improper installation.
- The solar PV array structure, modules, and wiring harness must be properly assembled according to the manufacturer’s installation instructions before installing the SubDrive Solar controller.
- Wiring Requirements: Use 75 °C rated wire sized for a maximum voltage drop of 3% per local electric codes.
**Installation Preparation and Requirements**
When installing the SubDrive Solar controller, be aware that:
- High voltage is present in the SubDrive when powered on; use caution when live DC power is on.
- Do not allow any unauthorized persons near the solar array and connection sites while power is applied.
- It is strongly recommended that a DC rated disconnect box be used to disconnect the incoming DC power from the SubDrive Solar controller during installation and maintenance. Use a Volt Meter to confirm the absence of voltage in the line before proceeding with installation or maintenance.
- The DC disconnect should be sized to be capable of adequately disconnecting the output open circuit voltage (Voc) and short circuit current (Isc) of the solar array.
- Keep all flammable materials away from the assembly site, including dry brush and vegetation.
- For optimal performance, avoid placing the PV solar array around any objects that can cast shadows or reduce sunlight to the array.
- Install the SubDrive Solar controller out of direct sunlight to prevent overheating and reduced performance. The optimum location is on the mounting pole for the PV Solar Array underneath the array for protection from the sun, heat, and weather elements.
- Keep the surrounding area clear of vegetation.
- Do not block airflow around the SubDrive Solar controller heat sink.
- Limit access of animals to the system.
- Protect wires from damage from wildlife and weathering by using conduit. For additional protection, bury the conduit in the ground.
Controller Location Selection
The SubDrive Solar controller is intended for operation in ambient temperatures up to 122 °F (50 °C). The following recommendations will help in the selection of the proper location for the SubDrive Solar controller (Figure 4):
**CAUTION:** When using an alternate AC power source, the ambient temperature is limited to 104 °F (40 °C) for full power delivery.
1. The unit should be mounted on a sturdy supporting structure such as a wall or supporting post. Please take into account the weight of the unit.
2. The electronics inside the SubDrive Solar are air-cooled. As a result, there should be at least 45.7 cm (18 inches) both above and below to allow for air flow and proper cooling. If the SubDrive Solar is mounted under the PV solar array, make sure that it is at least 45.7 cm (18 inches) beneath the array.
3. The SubDrive Solar should be mounted with the wiring end oriented downward. The controller should not be placed in direct sunlight. Placing the controller in direct sunlight or high ambient temperatures could result in reduced performance due to temperature foldback protection. For optimum performance, maximize the shading of the controller.
Additional Considerations for NEMA 3 (IP55) Enclosures
To ensure maximum weather protection, the unit must be mounted vertically with the cover properly aligned and secured with all lid screws. Strain relief fittings, or IP55 rated liquid tight conduit fittings, should be used to bring the wires inside the enclosure.
Mounting Procedure
1. Disconnect all electrical power supply.
2. Install the unit to a secure post using 1/4” (6 mm or M6) mounting screws (not included). The top mounting holes are slotted in order to hang the drive in place, while the bottom fasteners are inserted to secure the unit from ever sliding up.
3. If the mounting surface is narrower than the outer mounting slots, use the top center and bottom center mounting holes and secure using 3/8” (8 mm or M8) mounting screws (not included).
Wiring Connections
**WARNING**
Serious or fatal electrical shock may result from failure to connect the ground terminal to the motor, the SubDrive Solar controller, metal plumbing and all other metal near the motor, or cable to a proper earth ground in accordance with local codes, using wire no smaller than motor cable wires. To minimize risk of electrical shock, disconnect power before working on or around the SubDrive Solar system. Do not use motor in swimming areas.
CAPACITORS INSIDE THE SUBDRIVE SOLAR CONTROLLER CAN STILL HOLD LETHAL VOLTAGE EVEN AFTER POWER HAS BEEN DISCONNECTED. ALLOW FIVE MINUTES FOR DANGEROUS INTERNAL VOLTAGE TO DISCHARGE BEFORE REMOVING SUBDRIVE SOLAR COVER.
The SubDrive Solar controller is not protected against a “bolted” short to ground at the motor cable terminals. Ensure that the motor leads have been checked for a possible short to ground BEFORE operating the drive.
1. Verify that the power has been shut off.
2. Remove the SubDrive Solar lid.
3. Remove the bottom gland plate from the SubDrive Solar enclosure and drill or punch the necessary sized holes for the appropriate cord grips or conduit fittings to feed through. (Do not attempt to drill holes with the gland plate on the enclosure. Damage could occur to internal electronics, or metal shavings could short out electronics inside the drive).
4. Use appropriate strain relief or conduit connectors. For NEMA 3 (IP 55), Type B liquid-tight fittings are recommended for maximum weather protection.
5. Make the appropriate wiring connections in the following instructions and install per all applicable local and national codes.
a. Select wire gauge based on code recommendations for the maximum operating currents listed in Table 7, page 29. Verify that any protection devices, such as fuses or circuit breakers, are appropriately sized and installed per local and national code.
6. Replace the gland plate on the bottom of the enclosure. Do not over-tighten the screws.
a. Torque screws to 1.7 N-m (15 in.-lbs.)
7. Replace the cover. Do not over-tighten the screws.
a. Torque screws to 1.7 N-m (15 in.-lbs.)
b. NOTE: DO NOT SHIFT, CUT, OR DAMAGE THE SEALS WHEN REPLACING THE GLAND PLATE AND COVER. DOING SO WILL RESULT IN LACK OF WEATHER PROTECTION AND LOSS OF NEMA AND IP RATINGS.
NOTE: Ensure that the system is properly grounded. Improper grounding may result in the loss of voltage surge protection and interference filtering.
Use the template as a guide for locating where to drill holes in the gland plate.
**WARNING:** Do not drill holes that extend into the shaded area. This will diminish the seal integrity of the enclosure.
DC Wiring Connections
1. Make sure that the external disconnect switch is off.
2. Make sure that AC power is disconnected (if installed)
3. Make sure that all wires are properly identified and marked:
- the cable from the PV to the external DC disconnect switch
- the cable from the external DC disconnect to the SubDrive Solar controller
4. Connect the cables from the external DC disconnect to the terminal block labeled “Solar Primary DC” and marked +, - and GND. (Figure 5) (Torque specification: 15 in-lbs/ 1.7 N-m).
**CAUTION**
Only connect a photovoltaic solar array to the DC input of the SubDrive Solar controller. This controller is suitable for use on a PV circuit capable of delivering not more than 50 DC amps short circuit current.
In this drive, the integral solid state short circuit protection of motor wiring does not provide circuit protection of wiring for input power. Input wiring protection must be provided in accordance with all applicable national and local electrical codes. In addition, follow any manufacturer’s recommendations for protection of a photovoltaic (PV) array and protection of a generator, if used.
AC Wiring Connections (Optional)
The SubDrive Solar Controller has AC wiring connections for use with a generator when Solar DC power is not available.
1. Make sure the generator is powered off.
2. Make sure the external DC disconnect switch is off.
3. Connect the cables from the generator to the Terminal Block labeled “Back-up AC” and marked L1, L2, and GND. (Figure 6) (Torque specification: 15 in-lbs/ 1.7 N-m).
Flow Switch Wiring Connections
The SubDrive Solar Controller makes use of a flow switch to protect the controller and motor when there is not enough power to generate proper flow. The flow switch and sensor cable is included with the SubDrive Solar QuickPAK and is required on all installations.
1. Connect the cables from the Flow Switch terminals NO and COM, and to the SubDrive Solar terminal block labeled “TRIP” (Figure 7).
CAUTION
Failure to properly install the included flow switch will result in reduced system performance and may result in system damage.
Flow Switch Plumbing Installation
**WARNING**
Hazardous Pressure Present: Pressure at the flow switch must be limited according to the water temperature that the flow switch will see in service. Note that this includes the temperature that the water could reach due to heating by the surrounding environment. Pressure at the flow switch must be limited according to the following table.
| Maximum Water Temperature (°C) | Gauge Pressure (bar) | Gauge Pressure (psi) |
|-------------------------------|----------------------|----------------------|
| 20 | 18 | 261 |
| 25 | 15.75 | 228 |
| 30 | 13.5 | 196 |
| 35 | 11.25 | 163 |
| 40 | 9 | 131 |
| 45 | 6.75 | 98 |
| 50 | 4.5 | 65 |
| 55 | 2.25 | 33 |
| 60 | 0 | 0 |
Table 1: Flow Switch Pressure
NOTE: Pressure at the flow switch can be reduced by eliminating plumbing restrictions including reductions in pipe diameter downstream of the flow switch.
On the F21 paddle style flow switch, the paddle must be trimmed to allow it to fit into the plumbing. The paddle should be trimmed so that it is as long as possible, but not closer than 4 mm (.160"), to the pipe walls when installed. A longer paddle length will increase flow switch sensitivity and therefore water delivery at low power conditions. Additional installation instructions including mounting orientation, paddle trimming, other plumbing requirements, etc. are included with the flow switch. Follow the installation instructions included with the packaging of the flow switch for installation and maintenance information.
**Flow Switch Operation**
At start-up, the flow switch naturally detects no flow. If the flow switch detects flow before the controller starts the motor, then the flow switch wiring is faulty or the paddle is stuck and the controller stops, displaying an E4 error. The state of the switch must show no flow in order for the drive to attempt to start. After the controller starts the motor, it expects the flow switch to detect flow within an interval that depends on power being delivered. If the flow switch detects flow within that interval, then the controller operates normally. If the flow switch does not detect flow, the controller enters a deadhead mode, displaying E4, and alternately runs the motor and pump, then allows them to cool.
The time intervals during deadhead mode depend on the power being provided by the controller. For power less than 1200 Watts, the overall repeat time interval is approximately 11 minutes. For power greater than 1200 Watts, the repeat time interval is approximately 14 minutes. The run-time and cool-down portions within each repeat time interval are controlled to limit the total energy supplied to the motor/pump within each interval, and are thus dependent on the controller output power.
Pump/Motor Wiring Connections
1. Connect the cables from the Pump/Motor Assembly to the Terminal Block labeled “MOTOR” and marked BLK, RED, YEL, and GND (Figure 8). (Torque specification: 15 in-lbs/ 1.7 N-m).
2. Motors with international leads use Table 2 for motor lead color information to ensure correct installation.
| US | Black (BLK) | Red (RED) | Yellow (YEL) | Ground (GND) |
|----------|-------------|-----------|--------------|--------------|
| International | Gray (GRY) | Black (BLK) | Brown (BRN) | Ground (GND) |
Table 2: US and International Wire Color Chart
Figure 8: Motor Wiring Connection
**CAUTION**
For retrofit application, make sure to check integrity of power and motor leads. This requires measuring the insulation resistance with the suitable megohmmeter. Reference the Franklin Electric AIM for correct measures. (See Table 4. Motor Specifications, pg. 25)
**Control Switch**
**Wiring Connections (Optional)**
The SubDrive Solar Controller can be operated with control switches to control the ON/OFF pumping range. Use a normally closed low-voltage control switch with a contact rating suitable for instrumentation use (i.e. Max: 24 V 15mA)
1. Connect the cables from the “STOP” control switch to the Terminal Block labeled “STOP”.
2. Connect the cables from the “RUN” control switch to the Terminal Block labeled “RUN” (Figure 9).
2 Control Switch Operation
The SubDrive Solar is designed to utilize up to two control switches for operation. When both switches are installed, the controller starts to pump and waits to shut off until both switches read “OPEN”. Once it shuts off, the controller then waits to run again until both switches read “CLOSED”. An example application (Figure 10) is to use separate level switches to indicate high and low water levels. Two pressure switches, one with a high pressure cut-out in the “STOP” input terminal, and a second low pressure cut-in switch in the “RUN” input terminal can also be used to manage the system in applications that do not have an open discharge. Parameter 1 should be changed to “2” in the menu controls. SEE USER DEFINABLE PARAMETERS in operation section of manual for instructions.
1 Control Switch Operation
Alternatively, the SubDrive Solar controller may be configured to control water level by using a single input switch. Once properly configured for a single active input with a control switch installed, the controller starts to pump and waits to shut off until the active switch reads “OPEN”. Once it shuts off, the controller then waits to run again until the switch reads “CLOSED”. An example application (Figure 10) would be to use a single-contact level-switch that keeps the storage tank as full as possible without overflowing. A single pump control pressure switch can be used to control the pressure range between an adjustable range (i.e. 30/50 psi pressure switch). For single level switch control, use only the “RUN” terminal connections. Parameter 1 should be changed to “1” in the menu controls. SEE USER DEFINABLE PARAMETERS in operation section of manual for instructions.
0 Control Switch Operation
Lastly, the SubDrive Solar controller may be configured to not use a control switch. The SubDrive Solar controller is default to parameter 1 setting of 0 control switch inputs. In this configuration the SubDrive Solar will always try to run the motor and pump water as long as there is sufficient power from the solar array or alternate AC power source.
Figure 10: Control Switch Operations
NOTE: All control switch configurations are superseded by the “Flow Switch”. If the flow switch detects low flow it will “OPEN” and override the run signals sent by the control switches to protect the motor and drive.
Start-Up and Operation
After all appropriate connections have been made, apply power to the controller. A steady green light in the “Power/DC Polarity” location indicates that the SubDrive Solar controller has either AC or DC power connected. A red light in the “Power/DC Polarity” location indicates that the positive and negative connections have been reversed. The seven segment display will power on shortly after power is applied to the controller. It will flash the current software version of the main controller, then the software version of the COMM board processor, and finally to the normal operating display. The display will show an E2 fault on the display if the polarity is reversed.
By default the seven segment display shows motor frequency during operation. The display can also show the system power in kW, or a rotating segmented graphic signifying the pump/motor is running. These different display modes can be cycled through using the up and down soft buttons. While running on DC power, approximately every eight minutes the system will shut down for a few seconds and then restart. This is normal operation and is used to look at the system open circuit voltage to derive a max power point.
While running on AC generator power, the drive will shut down approximately every 30 minutes for a few seconds and restart. This is normal operation; the drive is just attempting to find adequate DC power input. As soon as DC power becomes available, the system will then change over to the array power. If DC power is not available or is not adequate, the system will continue to run on AC power.
CAUTION
The SubDrive Solar controller’s display is protected by a sliding metal shield. After reading the display, ensure that the shield covers the display. Failure to do so could result in damage and will result in yellowing of the view pane and can eventually render the display unreadable.
NOTE: For optimal operation results, it is recommended to flush the bore well system until the water being discharged is clear and free of debris. This will reduce the chances of the flow switch being clogged by sediment and debris during initial start-up.
User Definable Parameters
The following explains the menu structure and User Defineable Parameters that are effective on SubDrive Solar controllers with software versions 1.4.4 (COMM Board), 2.11 and 2.12 (main controller) and later versions.
Pressing the “Menu” button from the normal operating display enters the User Defineable Parameters menu. Pressing the up and down arrows will cycle through the parameter list.
To enter a parameter, press the “Select” button on the desired parameter. The display shows the last saved value. Use the “Up/Down” arrows to change the parameter to the desired value. Confirm the selection by pressing the “Select” button.
The display will then alternately flash between the new selected value and the parameter number three times and ultimately return to the normal operating display.
Factory default settings are shown as BOLD.
| Description | Parameter | Values |
|------------------------------------|-----------|------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Factory Reset | rSt | yes - Restores User Defineable Parameters to factory default settings |
| | | no - Flashes “no” after “yes” is selected |
| | | no - Indicates this value, as well as others, has been reset to factory default |
| # of Control Switch Inputs | P1 | 2 - Sets number of control switches if used |
| | | 1 - If only one switch is required it must go in the “Run” terminal |
| | | 0 - Count should include only run/stop control switches, but not the flow switch |
| Underload Trip Sensitivity (%) | P2 | 100 - Sets the underload trip sensitivity (%) |
| | | 50 - Up/Down 30-100% by 1 |
| | | 30 - Up/Down 30-100% by 1 |
| Select Reset Rule Type | P3 | on - Fixed Reset Rule ON |
| | | off - Dynamic Reset Rule OFF Turns on/off fixed reset rule |
| Select Fixed Reset Rule Time | P4 | 80 - Only effects operation if P3 = ON |
| | | 5 - Up/Down 5-80 by 5 minutes |
| Enable Minimum Off Time | P5 | on - “on” selection enables user to select a minimum |
| | | off - “off” time of the system |
| Select Minimum Off Time Interval | P6 | 1 - Only effects operation if P5 = ON |
| | | 10 - 1, 10-60 by 10 minutes |
| | | 60 - 1, 10-60 by 10 minutes |
Figure 11 shows the layout of the user interface on the COMM Board. Using the soft buttons and the seven segment display, the user defined parameters can be changed.
**NOTE:** The COMM Board User Interface is the only piece in the SubDrive Solar controller that can be touched while power is applied to the drive. The COMM board is low voltage and electrically isolated from the high voltage portions of the drive.
**WARNING**
Do NOT touch any other piece inside the SubDrive Solar controller while power is applied. To service any other areas of the drive, disconnect ALL power sources and wait five minutes before continuing.
Example process for changing Software Parameters:
| Display Reading: | Run Status (kW) | Parameter Number | Value Now | New Value | Parameter Number | Run Status (kW) |
|------------------|-----------------|------------------|-----------|-----------|------------------|-----------------|
| 999 | 898 | 850 | 869 | 898 | 999 |
Button: MENU DN (3X) SELECT UP (3X) SELECT MENU
The previous example changes the fixed underload time-out setting from 50 minutes to 65 minutes and demonstrates how to change any of the listed parameters.
Generator Sizing for SubDrive Solar
Table 3 lists minimum generator sizes based on typical 80 °C rise continuous duty generators, for Franklin’s three-wire, single- or three-phase motors. This is a general chart. The generator manufacturer should be consulted whenever possible, especially on larger sizes.
Follow generator manufacturer’s recommendations for de-rating at higher elevations or using natural gas.
| MOTOR RATING | MINIMUM RATING OF GENERATOR |
|--------------|-----------------------------|
| | EXTERNALLY REGULATED |
| | KW | KVA |
| 0.75 | 0.55 | 2.5 | 3.1 |
| 1.5 | 1.1 | 5 | 6.25 |
| 3 | 2.2 | 10 | 12.5 |
Table 3: Generator Sizing
Generator Selection Information
Not all AC generators will perform sufficiently with the SubDrive Solar product. Always consult the generator manufacturer for application-specific information.
In a SubDrive Solar controller, AC input current flows directly through the input rectifier into a storage capacitor, with no active power-factor-correction (PFC) circuitry. Because of variation of generator performance when connected to an input circuit like this, it is recommended that a suggested minimum kVA rating be obtained from the generator supplier for this type of application (input rectifier to capacitor, no PFC).
The AC input of a SubDrive Solar controller draws current only near the peaks of the sine-wave generator voltage. This pattern of current peaks may distort an input sine-wave voltage, limiting the generator’s ability to maintain the voltage level required by the drive. This behavior is typical for equipment without dedicated power-factor-correction circuits. A generator’s ability to provide low-distortion voltage during such operation is limited by a generator parameter called “sub-transient output reactance”. The lower the sub-transient output reactance, the better the generator can maintain a low-distortion sine wave output voltage.
Generators with the following ratings are expected to be capable of providing adequate voltage to SUBDRIVE Solar drives at rated power of the drives.
For SubDrive Solar Model 5870300553: 3.1kVA, less than 25% sub-transient reactance
For SubDrive Solar Model 5870301113: 5.5 kVA, less than 25% sub-transient reactance
For SubDrive Solar Model 5870301223: 9 kVA, less than 20% sub-transient reactance
The above information is a guideline for selecting a generator based on best known practice. Not all AC generators will perform satisfactorily with the SubDrive Solar product and can result in, but not limited to, nuisance tripping, unsatisfactory performance, or drive damage. Always consult the generator manufacturer for best-use practices.
Generator Line Reactor Specifications
A single-phase line reactor is recommended when using a back-up generator source, located between a generator and the controller for both 1.1 kW and 2.2 kW units. Without a line reactor, the drive can experience excessive heating and will reduce performance or stop to protect itself.
- Minimum 0.4 mH inductance, rating of 25 ampere rms current, continuous, for 2.2 kW
- Minimum 0.4 mH inductance, rating of 15 ampere rms current, continuous, for 1.1 kW
- Minimum 0.4mH inductance, rating of 10 ampere rms current, continuous, for 0.55 kW
Line reactors are typically available as three-phase line reactors. Follow the manufacturer’s instructions for use in single-phase application. The reactors can be mounted at the generator, using the proper enclosure rating determined to be adequate for the generator.
Three-Phase Motor Specifications
| MOTOR MODEL | RATING | FULL LOAD | MAXIMUM LOAD | LINE TO LINE RESISTANCE OHMS | KVA CODE |
|-------------|--------|-----------|--------------|-----------------------------|----------|
| | HP | KW | VOLTS | HZ | S.F. | AMPS | WATTS | AMPS | WATTS | | |
| 2349029204 | 0.75 | 0.55 | 100 | 60 | 1.5 | 6.9 | 830 | 8.6 | 1185 | 1.1 – 1.4 | N |
| 2345049203 | 1.5 | 1.1 | 200 | 60 | 1.3 | 5.8 | 1460 | 6.8 | 1890 | 2.5 – 3.0 | K |
| 2343062604 | 3 | 2.2 | 200 | 60 | 1.15 | 10.9 | 2920 | 12.5 | 3360 | 1.3 – 1.7 | K |
Table 4: Motor Specification Data
Maximum Motor Cable Length (in feet)
| Drive Model | Motor HP | AWG Copper Wire Size, (75 °C Insulation) |
|---------------------|----------|------------------------------------------|
| | | 14 | 12 | 10 | 8 | 6 | 4 |
| SD Solar 0.55KW N3 | 0.75 | 130| 220| 340| 530| 830| |
| SD Solar 1.1KW N3 | 1.5 | 310| 500| 790| 1000| | |
| SD Solar 2.2KW N3 | 3.0 | 180| 290| 470| 740| 1000| |
Maximum Motor Cable Length (in meters)
| Drive Model | Motor KW | Square Millimeter Copper Wire Size, (75 °C Insulation) |
|---------------------|----------|--------------------------------------------------------|
| | | 1.5 | 2.5 | 4 | 6 | 10 | 16 |
| SD Solar 0.55KW N3 | 0.55 | 20 | 40 | 70 | 110 | 190 | 300 |
| SD Solar 1.1KW N3 | 1.1 | 70 | 120 | 190 | 290 | 305 | |
| SD Solar 2.2KW N3 | 2.2 | 30 | 60 | 100 | 160 | 260 | 305 |
Table 5: Wire Sizing Charts
* Maximum cable length from the drive to the motor is 1000 ft (305 m). External filtering is required for motor cable lengths exceeding this maximum distance or nuisance tripping might occur.
Motor Lead Installation
NOTE: The included motor in the SubDrive SolarPAK does come with a factory installed individual conductor lead. To replace or install a new lead, please follow these steps:
1. Remove the plastic bag from the lead connector and spread the lubricant evenly around the lead prong.
2. Align the orientation key on the lead connector with the slot in the motor end bell, and press the lead connector firmly into the socket.
3. Start the jam nut into the connector threads, ensuring that the threads are properly engaged.
4. Using a 19 mm (3/4”) open ended wrench, tighten the jam nut until it is snug. Recommended torque 20-27 N-m (15-20 lb-ft). DO NOT OVER TORQUE.
Fault Codes and Troubleshooting
The SubDrive Solar controller will attempt to operate the pump to deliver water even under adverse conditions. To ensure years of reliable service, it must also protect the system components from conditions that might result in equipment damage. When adverse conditions arise, the controller will continue to deliver as much water as possible at a reduced output if necessary, and will shut down only in extreme cases. Full operation will resume automatically whenever abnormal conditions subside.
Error conditions may suspend certain features, reduce output, or shut down operation of the system for varying amounts of time depending on the nature and severity of the error. Problems that merely reduce features or performance generally restore full operation when the trouble condition subsides without stopping the pump or flashing an error code. If an error requires stopping the motor, a stop delay of at least 30 seconds will accompany the fault. The error code is shown on the seven-segment display.
If the drive has stopped to indicate a fault code on the display, the associated time-out delay will vary depending on the nature of the fault. The number following the “E” symbol corresponds to the error code for the offending condition.
Undervoltage (E2)
The SubDrive Solar controller displays an E2 fault when the input voltage is at an unacceptable level. However, measuring the input voltage may reveal a voltage well within the normal operating range, yet the drive still displays the E2 fault. This is commonly due to the characteristics of the solar PV array. Virtually any illumination (solar) intensity will result in the array producing full or near full open circuit voltage when under no electrical load. However, with low illumination when the drive begins to draw power to run the motor, the voltage on the array will fall quickly due to a lack of available current from the PV array. The current capacity of the PV solar array is affected much more by solar intensity than voltage. Once the current demand exceeds or nears the current available, the voltage drops quickly along the flat portion of the amp - Volt (IV) curve (see example array curves on the following page). This drop in voltage then causes an E2 fault condition and will stop the motor. After approximately one minute, the drive will power up again to check if illumination is sufficient enough to run the motor.
This cycling of E2 fault conditions is normal during the morning and evening hours and other times of non-peak illumination. Measuring the open circuit voltage alone is not always a good indication of the suitability of sufficient solar power since the voltage will change when the motor begins to run. The SubDrive Solar controller will operate the motor in the widest possible range of power from the PV array.
Example Solar PV Array Curves
Displaying Diminishing Solar Light Intensity
Current-Voltage and Power-Voltage curves for a PV array containing six generic 180 Watt PV panels in series.
Each panel having the following values at standard test conditions (STC of 1000 W/m², 25 deg C panel temp): Isc = 5.0 A, Voc = 50 Vdc, Imp = 4.6 A, Vmp = 40 Vdc
Curves calculated for five different light levels: 200 to 1000 W/m² in 200 W/m² steps, at constant 25 deg. C panel temperature
| Display | Fault | Possible Causes | Corrective Action |
|---------|------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| E1 | Motor Underload | Air-locked pump. Overpumped or dry well. Worn pump, damaged shaft or coupling, blocked pump or pump screen. | Wait for well to recover and auto restart to occur. (See description of Underload Smart Reset). If the problem persists, check pump and motor. |
| E2 | Undervoltage | Misconnected or loose input leads. Low sunlight to PV array. Generator voltage too low. | Tighten any loose input connections. Wait for more intense sunlight. Follow generator troubleshooting guide. |
| E3 | Locked Pump | Motor/pump misaligned. Pump bound up with sand or abrasive. Dragging motor or pump. | Unit will attempt to free a locked pump. If it is unsuccessful, check the motor and pump. |
| E4 | External Trip | Water flow too low to adequately cool pump and motor. Flow switch miswired. | Check that “trip” terminal is correctly wired to flow switch. Check that flow switch is properly installed in pipe discharge. Check that pipe discharge is not blocked. Wait for sufficient solar power to pump adequate water. |
| E5 | Open Circuit | Loose or open connection to motor. Defective motor or cable | Check motor cable connections. Cycle input power* to reset. If problem persists, check cable and motor. |
| E6 | (a) At power-up: Short Circuit
(b) While running: Over Current | (a) short in motor connections at terminal or within motor cable.
(b) debris in pump. | (a) check motor connections at terminal.
(b) Check pump.
Cycle input power* to reset.
If problem persists, check motor cable and pump. |
| E7 | Overheated Controller | Unit in direct sunlight. High ambient temperature. Obstruction of air flow. | Shade unit. Clean any debris from heat sink fins on rear of enclosure. This fault automatically resets when temperature returns to safe level. |
| E9 | Internal Error | Controller internal processing has encountered an incorrect value. | Cycle input power.* |
Table 6: Fault Code / Troubleshooting
* “Cycle input power” means disconnecting PV and generator power (if used) for at least five minutes, then re-connecting power.
SubDrive Solar Specifications
Absolute maximum input voltages
PV, DC 410 V, open circuit
Back-up generator 260 VAC, rms
NOTE: Suitable for use on a photovoltaic circuit capable of delivering not more than 50 DC amps short circuit current, or on a backup AC generator capable of delivering not more than 5000 amps symmetrical rms current.
| Controller Model No. | 0.55 kW model* | 1.1 kW model** | 2.2 kW model** |
|----------------------|----------------|----------------|----------------|
| **Output** | | | |
| Output voltage, max | 100 V AC, 3-phase | 200 V AC, 3-phase | 200 V AC, 3-phase |
| Max Amps (RMS) | 8.6 A, each phase | 6.8 A, each phase | 12.5 A, each phase |
| Output Frequency | 30-60 Hz | 30-60 Hz | 30-60 Hz |
| Efficiency at Max Power | 96% | 96% | 96% |
| **PV source** | | | |
| Input Voltage, at mpp| 95 – 330 V DC | 190 – 330 V DC | 190 – 330 V DC |
| Max Amps Input | 8.7 A DC, continuous | 7 A DC, continuous | 12 A DC, continuous |
| Power at mpp | Up to 1400 watts | Up to 2000 watts | 2000 – 3500 watts |
| **Alternate AC Generator** | | | |
| Input voltage | 230 V AC, single-phase | 230 V AC, single-phase | 230 V AC, single-phase |
| Max Amps (RMS) | 9.7 A DC, continuous | 16 A | 25 A |
| Power and VA capability | Follow Instruction Manual for proper Generator Sizing Data | Follow Instruction Manual for proper Generator Sizing Data | Follow Instruction Manual for proper Generator Sizing Data |
| **Controller Size** | | | |
| Centimeters | 53.34 X 25.87 X 21.87 cm | 53.34 X 25.87 X 21.87 cm | 53.34 X 25.87 X 26.31 cm |
| Inches | 21.00” X 10.19” X 8.61” | 21.00” X 10.19” X 8.61” | 21.00” X 10.19” X 10.36” |
| **Operating Conditions** | | | |
| Temperature Range | -25 °C to 50 °C (40 °C max when using AC generator)
-13 °F to 122 °F (104 °F max when using AC generator) | -25 °C to 50 °C (40 °C max when using AC generator)
-13 °F to 122 °F (104 °F max when using AC generator) | -25 °C to 50 °C (40 °C max when using AC generator)
-13 °F to 122 °F (104 °F max when using AC generator) |
| Relative Humidity Range | 0 to 100% Condensing | 0 to 100% Condensing | 0 to 100% Condensing |
*The 0.55 kW drive will attempt to start the pump/motor with input voltage as low as 95 V, and attempt to continue to run the pump/motor as low as 75 V input voltage. However, 75 Vdc should not be interpreted as an adequate rated PV array output voltage for any installation. The recommended Vmpp minimum for the system’s solar PV array is 110 Vmpp. Maximum open circuit voltage input to the controller is 410 Voc. See the PV Solar Array Specifications and System Sizing program for indication of adequate array voltage to provide useful pumping capability.
**The 1.1 and 2.2 kW Drive will attempt to start the pump/motor at 190 V DC, and attempt to continue operation down to 150 V DC. The recommended Vmpp minimum for the system’s solar PV array is 225 Vmpp. Maximum open circuit voltage input to the controller is 410 Voc.
Table 7: SubDrive Solar Drive Specifications
Electrical Diagram
PV Solar Array Specifications
Absolute maximum array voltages
- $V_{mpp} = 330$ Vdc: maximum operating voltage at max power point of PV source
- $V_{oc} = 410$ Vdc: maximum open-circuit voltage
Minimum array voltage at minimum array peak power
(provides max of 25% of rated system pumping power at STC)
| System size | Minimum PV array voltage | Minimum PV array power |
|-------------|--------------------------|------------------------|
| 0.55 kW | 95 Vdc | 250 Wp |
| 1.1 kW | 190 Vdc | 500 Wp |
| 2.2 kW | 190 Vdc | 875 Wp |
Array voltage and power for full system capability
(provides 100% of rated system pumping power at STC)
| System size | Target PV array voltage | PV array power* |
|-------------|-------------------------|-----------------|
| 0.55 kW | 150 Vdc | 1400 Wp |
| 1.1 kW | 300 Vdc | 2000 Wp |
| 2.2 kW | 300 Vdc | 3500 Wp |
*See Solar Array Specification Software for target PV array power for specific design requirements
STC – Standard Test Conditions
Solar Panel Wiring Configurations
Solar Panels Wired in Series:
When solar panels are wired in series, the positive terminal of one solar panel is wired to the negative terminal of the next solar panel.
When panels are connected in series:
- Voltage accumulates (adds) for each panel in series
- Wattage accumulates (adds) for each panel in series
- Current (Amps) remains the same as a single panel in the series
Solar Panels Wired in Parallel:
When solar panels are wired in parallel, the positive terminal of one solar panel is wired to the positive terminal of the next solar panels. Likewise, the negative terminals are connected together to the negative terminals of the next solar panels.
When panels are connected in parallel:
- Voltage remains the same as a single panel in the parallel connection
- Wattage accumulates (adds) for each panel added
- Current (Amps) accumulates (adds) for each panel wired in parallel
Solar Panels Wired in Combination:
Series/parallel combination wiring requires that at least two sets (or strings) or panels wired in series are connected in parallel.
When panels are connected in combination:
- Voltage accumulates (adds) for each panel in a single series circuit, but does not accumulate for additional strings wired in parallel.
- Wattage accumulates (adds) for each panel in a single series string AND each string in parallel circuit (all panels in the array contribute additively to the total wattage).
- Current (Amps) remains the same for single panels in a series, but accumulates (adds) for additional strings connected in parallel.
Figure 12: SubDrive Solar Controller Line Drawing
| SubDrive Solar Dimension | A | B | C | D | E | F | G.1* | G.2* |
|--------------------------|-----|------|------|------|------|------|------|------|
| Inches | 10.20 | 18.30 | 21.00 | 20.00 | 6.00 | 3.00 | 8.70 | 10.40 |
| Centimeters | 25.80 | 46.40 | 53.30 | 50.80 | 15.25 | 7.60 | 22.00 | 26.50 |
*G.1 = 0.55 & 1.1 kW SubDrive Solar; G.2 = 2.2 kW SubDrive Solar
NOTE: All dimensions are approximate
Table 8: SubDrive Solar Controller Dimensions
Figure 13: SubDrive Solar Controller Mounting Hole Drawing
| SubDrive Solar Dimension | a | b | c,f | d,e |
|--------------------------|-----|-----|-----|-----|
| Inches | 0.63| 0.75| 0.40| 0.28|
| Centimeters | 15.9| 19.1| 10.3| 7.1 |
NOTE: All dimensions are approximate
Table 9: SubDrive Mounting Hole Dimensions (Diameter)
RS-485 Communication Addendum
Solar Panels Wired in Series:
When solar panels are wired in series, the positive terminal of one solar panel is wired to the negative terminal of the next solar panel.
When panels are connected in series:
1. Make sure the unit is disconnected from the power
2. Connect the wires from the communication device to the Terminal Block on the COMM board labeled “RS-485” to terminals B-, A+, and GND. (Figure 1) (Torque specification: 15 in-lbs/ 1.7 N-m)
Figure 14: RS-485 Wiring Connections
## System Information Registers
The following registers are used for reading or setting the SD-XXXX for system information. This includes information needed to uniquely identify the drive, Modbus address, and the RTC.
| H. # | Register Description | Data Range | R/W Factory | R/W Public |
|------|-----------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------|-------------|------------|
| 000 | Device type “SD” | 0x5344 | R | R |
| 001 | Serial Number | 1-XXXXX | R | R |
| 002 | Month Manufactured | ‘A’ = January
‘B’ = February
‘C’ = March
‘D’ = April
‘E’ = May
‘F’ = June
‘G’ = July
‘H’ = August
‘J’ = September
‘K’ = October
‘L’ = November
‘M’ = December | R | R |
| 003 | Year Manufactured | XXXX (2010) | R | R |
| 004 | Communications software version
Version 2.1 = 0x0201 | 1.1 - 99.99 | R | R |
| 005 | Drive software version
Version 2.1 = 0x0201 | 1.1 - 99.99 | R | R |
| 006 | Drive part number | ASCII | R | R |
| 007 | Modbus address
(unit also responds to address 222) | 1-127
57 - Default 1 | R | R/W |
| 008 | RTC absolute time in seconds since Jan 1, 1970
(UINT_32 lower-order 2 bytes)
Time is lost when power removed | 0 - 0xFFFFFFFF | R/W | R/W |
| 009 | RTC absolute time in seconds since Jan 1, 1970
(UINT_32 lower-order 2 bytes)
Time is lost when power removed | | | |
| 010 | Drive part number 1st character | ASCII | | |
| ... | ... | | | |
| 021 | Drive part number 12th character | ASCII | | |
## Current Status Registers
The following registers are used for the SD-XXXX for current operational status.
| H. # | Register Description | Data Range | R/W Factory | R/W Public |
|------|-----------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------|-------------|------------|
| 100 | Buss Power / Daily (uint 16) | 0 - 9999 kwh | Read | Read |
| 101 | Buss Power / Cumulative (uint 32) lower word | 0 - 999,999 kwh | Read | Read |
| 102 | Buss Power / Cumulative (uint 32) upper word | | | |
| 103 | Buss Power / instantaneous (uint 16) | 0 - 9999 watts | Read | Read |
| 104 | Drive State (uint 16) | 0 = Standby
1 = Running
2 = Error | | |
| 105 | Error State (uint 16) | 0 = None
1 = Underload
2 = Under voltage
3 = Locked rotor
4 = Miswired
5 = Open phase
6 = Short phase
7 = Over temp
8 = Internal error | Read | Read |
| 106 | Motor speed (uint 16) | 0 - 9999 Hz | Read | Read |
| 107 | Buss Voltage (uint 16) | 0 - 999 Vdc | Read | Read |
| 108 | Smart Reset Rule Time Method (uint 16) | 0 = Dynamic
1 = Fixed | R/W | R/W |
| 109 | FIXED_RULE_TIME (uint 16) | 5 - 80
Increments of 5 | R/W | R/W |
| 110 | UNDERLOAD_TRIP_LEVEL (uint 16) | 30 - 100% | R/W | R/W |
| 111 | Demand input mode | 0 = Dual input
1 = Single input | R/W | R/W |
| 112 | Current (uint 16) | 0 - 99.9 amps | Read | Read |
| 113 | Run time (uint 32) lower word | Minutes | Read | Read |
| 114 | Run time (uint 32) upper word | | | |
| 115 | Drive status flags (uint 16) | B3 = DC power
B4 = AC power
B5 = Flow switch
B6 = Stop switch
B7 = Run switch | Read | Read |
LIMITED WARRANTY*
THIS WARRANTY SETS FORTH THE COMPANY’S SOLE OBLIGATION AND PURCHASER’S EXCLUSIVE REMEDY FOR DEFECTIVE PRODUCT.
Franklin Electric Company, Inc. and its subsidiaries (hereafter “the Company”) warrants that the products accompanied by this warranty are free from defects in material or workmanship of the Company.
The Company has the right to inspect any product returned under warranty to confirm that the product contains a defect in material or workmanship. The Company shall have the sole right to choose whether to repair or replace defective equipment, parts, or components.
The buyer must return the product to an authorized Franklin Electric Distribution outlet for warranty consideration. Returns to the place of purchase will only be considered for warranty coverage if the place of purchase is an authorized Franklin Electric Distributor at the time the claim is made. Subject to the terms and conditions listed below, the Company will repair or replace to the buyer any portion of this product which proves defective due to materials or workmanship of the Company.
The Company will consider products for warranty for 12 months from the date of installation or for 24 months from the date of manufacture, whichever occurs first.
The Company shall IN NO EVENT be responsible or liable for the cost of field labor or other charges incurred by any customer in removing and/or affixing any product, part or component thereof.
The Company reserves the right to change or improve its products or any portions thereof without being obligated to provide such change or improvement to previously sold products.
THIS WARRANTY DOES NOT APPLY TO products damaged by acts of God, including lightning, normal wear and tear, normal maintenance services and the parts used in connection with such service, or any other conditions beyond the control of the Company.
THIS WARRANTY WILL IMMEDIATELY VOID if any of the following conditions are found:
1. Product is used for purposes other than those for which it was designed and manufactured;
2. Product was not installed in accordance with applicable codes, ordinances and good trade practices;
3. Product was not installed by a Franklin Certified Contractor; or
4. Product was damaged as a result of negligence, abuse, accident, misapplication, tampering, alteration, improper installation, operation, maintenance or storage, nor to an excess of recommended maximums as set forth in the product instructions.
NEITHER SELLER NOR THE COMPANY SHALL BE LIABLE FOR ANY INJURY, LOSS OR DAMAGE, DIRECT, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES FOR LOST PROFITS, LOST SALES, INJURY TO PERSON OR PROPERTY, OR ANY OTHER INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL LOSS), ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR THE INABILITY TO USE THE PRODUCT, AND THE BUYER AGREES THAT NO OTHER REMEDY SHALL BE AVAILABLE TO IT.
THE WARRANTY AND REMEDY DESCRIBED IN THIS LIMITED WARRANTY IS AN EXCLUSIVE WARRANTY AND REMEDY AND IS IN LIEU OF ANY OTHER WARRANTY OR REMEDY, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, WHICH OTHER WARRANTIES AND REMEDIES ARE HEREBY EXPRESSLY EXCLUDED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY IMPLIED WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, TO THE EXTENT EITHER APPLIES TO A PRODUCT SHALL BE LIMITED IN DURATION TO THE PERIODS OF THE EXPRESSED WARRANTIES GIVEN ABOVE.
DISCLAIMER: Any oral statements about the product made by the seller, the Company, the representatives or any other parties, do not constitute warranties, shall not be relied upon by the buyer, and are not part of the contract for sale. Seller’s and the Company’s only obligation, and buyer’s only remedy, shall be the replacement and/or repair by the Company of the product as described above. Before using, the user shall determine the suitability of the product for his intended use, and user assumes all risk and liability whatsoever in connection therewith.
Some states and countries do not allow the exclusion or limitations on how long an implied warranty lasts or the exclusion or limitation of incidental or consequential damages, so the above exclusion or limitations may not apply to you. This warranty gives you specific legal rights, and you may also have other rights which vary from state to state and country to country.
Franklin Electric, in its sole discretion, may update this limited warranty from time to time. Any conflicting information relating to warranty procedures, whether in a user manual or otherwise, is hereby superseded by this document. Nonetheless, all references to the term, or length of a warranty term, will remain consistent with the warranty in place at the time of purchase.
*Contact Franklin Electric Co., Inc. Export Division for International Warranty.
NOTES
FE Australia Submersible Service Hotline
1.300.FRANKLIN
1.300.372.655
FE USA Submersible Service Hotline
1.800.348.2420
Franklin Electric
9255 Coverdale Road, Fort Wayne, IN 46809
Tel: 260.824.2900 Fax: 260.824.2909
www.franklinwater.com
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Methods to Price Your 11 eBook
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TENTATIVE AGENDA Arkansas Blue Ribbon Committee on Highway Finance
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
A. Call to order
B. Comments from Chairman and Vice Chairman
1. Senator John Paul Capps
2. Representative Allen Maxwell
C. Consideration to approve Minutes of June 25, 2009
D. Status of requested report on the cost of deferring highway spending
− Mr. Dan Flowers, Director, Arkansas Highway and Transportation Department
E. Funding for County Roads and Bridges
− Mr. Eddie Jones, Executive Director, Arkansas Association of Counties
F. Funding for Municipal Streets
− Mr. Don Zimmerman, Executive Director, Arkansas Municipal League
G. Three Mil Tax Allocation
1. Mr. Eddie Jones, Executive Director, Arkansas Association of Counties
2. Mr. Don Zimmerman, Executive Director, Arkansas Municipal League
H. Report on Revenue Options
− Mr. Richard Wilson, Assistant Director, Research Services, Bureau of Legislative Research
I. Other business
J. Set next meeting date and location
K. Adjournment
Notice: Silence your cell phones. Keep your personal conversations to a minimum. Observe restrictions designating areas as "Members and Staff Only"
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Energous Corporation
Third Quarter 2016 Earnings Conference Call
Monday, November 07, 2016, 04:30 PM Eastern
CORPORATE PARTICIPANTS
Steve Rizzone- Chief Executive Officer
Brian Sereda -Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Laurie Berman- Investor Relations
PRESENTATION
Operator
Good day, everyone, and welcome to the Energous Corporation Third Quarter 2016 Earnings Conference Call. All participants will be in listen-only mode. Should you need assistance, please signal a conference specialist by pressing the "*" key followed by "0." After today's presentation, there will be an opportunity to ask questions. To ask a question, you may press "*" then "1" on your touchtone phone, to withdraw your question, please press "*" then "2." Please note that this event is being recorded.
I would now like to turn the conference over to Laurie Berman. Please go ahead.
Laurie Berman
Thank you, William, and welcome, everybody. I am Laurie Berman, Investor Relations for Energous.
Before we begin, I need to remind everyone that during today's call the company will make forward-looking statements. These statements whether in prepared remarks or during the Q&A session are subject to inherent risks and uncertainties, which are detailed in the company's filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission.
Except as otherwise required by Federal Securities Laws, Energous disclaims any obligation or undertaking to publicly release updates or revisions to forward-looking statements contained herein or elsewhere to reflect changes and expectations with regard to those events, conditions, and circumstances.
Also, please note that during this call, Energous will be discussing non-GAAP financial measures as defined by SEC regulation G. Reconciliations of these non-GAAP financial measures to the most directly comparable GAAP measures are included in today's press release which is posted on the company's website.
Now, I would like to turn the call over to Steve Rizzone, CEO of Energous. Please go ahead, Steve.
Steve Rizzone
Thank you, Laurie. I would like to welcome everyone to the Energous third quarter conference call and update.
Joining me today is Brian Sereda, our Chief Financial Officer. I will begin the call with several comments about the very significant announcement that was made this morning regarding our strategic partnership with Dialog Semiconductor, which includes a $10 million dollar investment through a common stock purchase.
I will follow these comments with a review of our Q3 milestone achievements and progress the company has made since our last update. I will then turn the call over to Brian, who will review the financial results for the third quarter. Following Brian, I will close with an update on the company's progress against the corporate goals we set for the year and then we will open the session to questions.
Moving straight to the Energous Dialog partnership announcement, as most of you are aware, Dialog is a multibillion dollar semiconductor company headquartered in the United Kingdom.
Their product portfolio and customer base is synergistic to ours, as Dialog develops integrated circuits or ICs that are highly innovative and industry-leading in the areas of integrated power management, power conservation and connectivity, serving the markets of portable consumer devices and IoT applications.
Essentially, in these overlapping markets of consumer devices and IoT applications; Energous's ICs interact with Dialog's ICs. Our partnership with Dialog is a long term relationship that will combine all of the components associated with wireless power, power management and Bluetooth Low Energy or BLE connectivity under a single industry-leading umbrella.
By combining our sales, marketing, customer support and manufacturing efforts, the result will be a technically and commercially compelling integration that will yield cost advantages for our common customers leading to the acceleration of the WattUp product integration and ecosystem build out, as well as the creation of significant barriers to any current or potential future competitors.
Clearly, this strategic relationship and Dialog's investment in Energous is a major milestone for us, and advances the company to a new level. The relationship is advantageous for both companies, as we will equally share in the benefits and synergies as together we build a new standard for true wire free mobile power.
Energous's board of directors and executive management team are excited about the Dialog partnership, and believe it represents a tremendous validation of our company and our technology by a top tier semiconductor company. While there are challenges that still need to be overcome, both Energous and Dialog are dedicated to realizing the vision of a WattUpenabled ecosystem and are jointly committed to achieving success. The partnership and investment do much more than validate our company and technology. We anticipate the partnership will significantly accelerate the adoption of WattUp technology.
Let me give you some examples of how we believe this will happen. First off, the partnership with Dialog has the potential to play a vital role with our largest top tier consumer electronics and IoT customer opportunities, which all require master supply agreements in order to begin shipments of mass quantities of silicon ICs.
For background purposes, master supply agreement requirements are extremely difficult to meet, time consuming and expensive to put in place. Many of our top tier companies we are actively engaged with are now reaching the level of product integration, commercialization and product launch decisions where discussions surrounding master supply agreements with them have begun.
Our partnership with Dialog essentially eliminates this issue, as Energous is either able to leverage an existing Dialog master supply agreement or partner with Dialog to create a new one. This will save Energous months of effort, potential lost business and significant associated expenses. Because we cannot sell mass quantities of chip sets to a company that requires a master supply agreement until one is in place, the relationship with Dialog provides Energous with a great advantage in that we can accelerate this phase of the customer engagement which in turn will accelerate our path to meaningful shipment of mass quantities of silicon chips.
Another significant advantage of our partnership with Dialog is that most, if not all, of Energous's early adopters are existing Dialog customers. Working in conjunction with a well established, highly regarded company like Dialog increases customer confidence in the WattUp technology, ecosystem roll out and potential supply chain concerns.
These companies which typically engage with just a single product or SKU as an introductory release of a new technology like WattUp may now consider multiple products or SKUs for WattUp integration given our relationship with Dialog. We believe this change in customer dynamic and accessibility will accelerate the overall WattUp adoption rate, thereby accelerating our sales growth especially in the initial years of product rollout.
Finally, under the terms of the partnership, Energous and Dialog will jointly market and sell the WattUp technology. Common reference designs are being developed which integrate WattUp chipsets, software and antennas with Dialog BLE and power management chips, creating a plug and play design for wire free power, connectivity and power control.
As part of the agreement to jointly sell WattUp technology, Dialog will take the sales lead with Energous taking the technical support lead from design end through design win phases. Dialog has a global sales force and worldwide distribution partners, all of whom will be trained on the WattUp technology product line.
Given this natural synergy and the scope of Dialog's sales presence, the effective reach of the combined Energous Dialog reference designs will be dramatically increased. Dialog's sales presence allows Energous to focus its resources on support and engineering services, which translates into faster expansion of the WattUp customer base contributing to the acceleration of WattUp adoption.
In addition to these three key strategic benefits, there are also several natural synergies resulting from the partnership. One of the most significant involves semiconductor operations. Those of you who follow Dialog know they have a world-class operation team with processes in place that will benefit Energous.
Under the terms of the partnership, Energous will continue to develop the WattUp technology maintaining ownership of all of its intellectual property. Energous will take the silicon through the initial qualification phase after which Dialog will assume responsibility and control of the process.
Dialog will become the exclusive component supplier for all WattUp ICs and will be responsible for all post development and qualification logistics including wafer forecasts, foundry management, chip inventory and RMA's resulting in considerable annual cost savings to Energous.
Energous will also be able to take advantage of Dialog's significant wafer purchasing power leading to substantially reduced cost of goods sold. The net result to Energous is a much improved P&L without the need to invest capital in inventory and processes associated with traditional fabless semiconductor companies.
As we now have begun working with Dialog's operation team under this new partnership, there is an expected 30 to 45 days of transition, which we anticipate will impact our schedule for shipments of commercial chipsets. We will have better visibility to this in the next few weeks but first shipments of commercial silicon will now likely begin in January 2017, as our combined efforts ramp up.
The Energous management team and board are especially pleased with the investment element of our partnership as it represents both a tremendous validation as noted earlier, but equally important, it represents a level of commitment on the part of both companies to devote the necessary resources and attention to ensuring the partnership's success. It is our strong belief that the Dialog Energous partnership will aggressively accelerate WattUp adoption and bring the vision of a ubiquitous WattUp ecosystem closer to reality.
One final note regarding the partnership. On Friday November 11, I will be joining the Dialog executive team in London at a Dialog-sponsored investor conference where we will be jointly discussing the details of the partnership and the investment.
Turning to our third quarter progress, it was highlighted by the successful completion of a very, very difficult and significant milestone for our key strategic partner, which resulted in the recognition of an additional $1 million in engineering services revenue.
As we have previously discussed at great length, we are contractually precluded from commenting on any details of this strategic relationship. But we can tell you at the core of this milestone were innovative new antenna designs, an accelerated tape out, a successful bring up of four ICs with radically new architectures which were originally scheduled for tape out in the first quarter of 2017. These new development efforts had such a significant impact on efficiency and miniaturization of the WattUp technology that they also yielded several additional patent applications.
In addition, we also recognized revenue for engineering services from a second customer that is evaluating our full sized transmitter and network management system. While a large part of our development resources were focused on milestones for our strategic partner during the quarter, Energous was also able to advance our development efforts along a number of additional fronts.
A special priority was continuing progress towards our 2017 forecast of shipping mass quantities of semiconductor ICs with the expectation of generating significant revenues from the sale of chipsets from product shipping to consumers, and reaching cash flow breakeven late in the third quarter of 2017.
Based on our joint sales approach with Dialog, we will now be reporting customer progress consistent with a fabless semiconductor company. Specifically, we will track our customers as they progress through four phases of sales progress, phase one, opportunity, phase two, design-in or evaluation, phase three, design-win where WattUp has been selected as part of a product of record, and phase four, production where WattUp-enabled products are shipping in volume.
Based on this progression, during the last quarter our application engineering team was actively engaged in design-in phases with 12 consumer products and IoT companies. This level of activity is consistent with our goal of adding at least one new customer actively integrating the WattUp technology into a consumer product per month. The first products from these efforts will be on display at the CES show in Las Vegas in early January.
We have confirmed that we will have a minimum of four fully integrated and fully commercialized WattUp enabled products from four different licensees on display and for demonstration at our suite. It is our expectation that these products which are receivers coupled with mini WattUp contact based transmitters will reach the consumer in Q1 of 2017 depending on how quickly we can transition our operations over to Dialog and the final products can receive certification from the FCC. Also at this show, we will have three separate commercially viable transmitters from an efficiency cost and footprint perspective.
A mini WattUp transmitter, a mid-sized and a full sized transmitter with a common receiver that can be charged by all three transmitters ranging from zero separation with a mini WattUp transmitter all the way up to 15 feet with the full size WattUp transmitter. This year's show will also be very special for us as we will be jointly participating in a number of different ways with our new partner Dialog. The specifics of this joint participation are in the process of being finalized, but we do know that we will be well represented in each other's demo suites.
Another priority for the company was our continued investment in the regulatory approval process. During the quarter we expanded our world class regulatory team to allow us to begin to focus attention on international certifications.
Based on progress to date, during the quarter Energous built and tested a fully commercialized ready for the consumer transmitter and receiver system that we believe meets all of the current FCC requirements for RF exposure and emissions. At the appropriate time and through the appropriate process it is our intent to submit this system for certification by the FCC.
While there are additional steps to be take, all indications are that Energous is making significant progress on the path to achieve certification of a commercially viable power at a distance system, and we believe we will receive approval in time to meet our goals of WattUp enabled mid-sized transmitters, shipping to the consumer in late third quarter to fourth quarter of 2017 and full-size WattUp enabled transmitters in the first quarter of 2018.
Intellectual property continues to be a major focus for Energous, given our licensing model. Protecting our intellectual property has always been a top priority for the company.
The wire free charging ecosystem is made up of a number of key technologies including, semiconductors, antennas, hardware, firmware and algorithms which all combine to enable what we believe is a fundamentally disruptive offering for electronic devices.
As many of you know, we have filed over 250 patent applications to-date. And we are now starting to see some of those first applications being awarded. As of today, we have a total of 20 patents awarded or being allowed and expected to issue shortly.
We also recently were challenged on one of our patent awards. It is a minor patent and is not core to any of our current applications of technology. However, as an industry leader it is important that our intellectual property and our ownership is respected. So we are preparing an appropriate response to the challenge which will be announced in the next few weeks.
I would now like to make a few comments on our expenses, as a precursor to Brian's comments on the company's financial performance for the quarter. During the last quarterly conference call, we commented that it was our expectation that operating expenses beginning in Q3 would be reduced quarter-to-quarter because of an expected reduction in spending on semiconductor development, due to three development related reasons we were not able to accomplish this goal.
First, in order to meet our key milestone with our key strategic partner which was expanded from the original PRD, we advanced our semiconductor roadmap and brought in four tape outs, from Q4 of 2016 and Q1 of 2017. This semiconductor roadmap acceleration is significant in and of itself. However, it did require additional investment in the quarter.
Second, given the timing of the milestone, several hundred thousands of dollars were spent on accelerated sub-contractor deliverables, rushed orders, specialty shipments et cetera. These increased costs were necessary to deliver the milestone on time for our strategic partner.
Finally, we had to convert all of our reference designs to support the Dialog ICs in anticipation of our partnership and joint reference design developments which were another unaccounted expense for the quarter. Because of these three development-related expenses and higher than expected expenses related to our intellectual property, our non-GAAP expense was approximately $300,000 higher than Q2, the bulk of which again was tied to engineering. It is our expectation that cash expenses in Q4 will remain at a similar level to the third quarter, and we will not see relief until we enter the first quarter of 2017.
Also in conjunction with our continuing efforts with our strategic partner, a key milestone originally scheduled in November has been delayed until early next year. This delay will result in a rollover of the majority of our engineering services revenue originally forecast for the fourth quarter of this year to Q1 of 2017, thus impacting our revenue forecast for the 2016 calendar year. Having said this, the executive management of Energous remains focused on the continuing execution across a broad front of milestones, objectives and partners.
As we have said from our very first conference call, we believe we have a very special and significant opportunity to fundamentally change a major consumer paradigm and build a very significant, very relevant and very valuable business. We will continue to make our decisions with a clear intent and focus on this substantial goal.
In short, Energous continues to aggressively move forward. Our vision of a WattUp enabled ecosystem spanning a broad spectrum of devices, markets and technology remains on track, and it is now in fact accelerated through our partnership with Dialog.
I will now turn the call over to Brian for comments on the company's financial results for the third quarter.
Brian Sereda
Thanks Steve. Before I get started, as you saw at the close of the market today, we issued a press release announcing our operating and financial results for our fiscal 2016 third quarter ended September 30.
I am pleased to say that in addition to the Dialog partnership and independent $10 million investment we announced this morning, we recognized $1 million in engineering services revenue during the quarter. This compares to approximately $182,000 last quarter and $2.1 million in the same period last year.
As in previous quarters and in the prior year, revenue in this year was derived for meeting certain milestones with our tier one strategic customer. However, in the third quarter we also recognized a small amount of revenue tied to engineering services from another major commercial products customer focused on applications requiring our far-field technology.
I'd remind you that comparing revenue progress year-over-year at this stage is not necessarily a good indicator of progress with our tier one customer. As you know, the deliverables are complex, constantly changing and span quarters within and across fiscal years.
Although, we believe, we are making good progress towards commercialization, the timing and predictability of future project completion is a challenge as the project definitions change. This complicates estimating the timing of revenue recognition due to the rules surrounding this area of accounting.
As discussed during the last quarter's call, we expect the revenue associated with engineering services from our tier one partner to follow our forecast and plan of record co-developed with them. Our current outlook now has most of our Q4 engineering services pushed into Q1 2017. During the same timeframe we expect to add product based revenues, allowing us to forecast top line growth in the coming quarters, leading us to a cash flow breakeven point in late Q3 of 2017.
Moving on to expenses and net operating results. Third quarter GAAP operating expense totaled $11.1 million, an increase of $663,000 over the second quarter. Stock compensation and increased engineering expenses were the main drivers, and I will drill down on that in my non-GAAP discussion.
On a year-over-year basis GAAP operating expense increased by $3.4 million. This was due in part to a 38% increase in headcount year-over-year to 65 people at the end of Q3, mainly in engineering, as well as the associated costs relative to our investment in next-generation chips designs for the reasons Steve highlighted in his discussion.
Our GAAP operating loss for Q3 was $10.1 million, approximately $160,000 better than the second quarter as the higher spend was offset by the $1 million of engineering services recognized year-over-year. Year-over-year our operating loss increased by $4.5 million, primarily due to $3.4 million higher in engineering driven expenses and lower revenue.
Net of other income and expense, our GAAP net loss for the third quarter was also $10.1 million versus $10.3 million last quarter and $5.6 million in Q3 last year. On a per share basis this translates to a $0.57 loss in Q3, versus a $0.62 loss per share in Q2, and a $0.43 loss per share in Q3 of last year. Weighted average shares outstanding increased in Q3 to 17.9 million, from 16.7 million in Q2, mainly due to the $20 million private placement from Ascend Capital completed in early August which added approximately 1.6 million shares to our un-weighted outstanding share count.
Now, let me switch over to a non-GAAP year-over-year results for the quarter, as we believe adjusted or non-GAAP EBITDA provides a usual tool to investors, especially when used in conjunction with GAAP information.
Excluding stock compensation and depreciation, totaling $2.1 million for the third quarter, on a non-GAAP basis the adjusted EBITDA loss was $8 million, approximately $500,000 better compared to an $8.5 million loss in the second quarter and $4.1 million higher than the $3.9 million loss in the third quarter of last year, all on a similar non-GAAP basis. Total non-GAAP operating expense for Q3 was $9 million, compared to $8.7 million in Q2 and approximately $6 million in Q3 of last year.
As I discussed in our Q2 earnings call, we had expected the transfer of costs from our external engineering and development sources to internal teams, the main expense driver beyond headcount to occur in the beginning of second half of this fiscal year, but for the three main reasons Steve mentioned. Advancement of our chip roadmap and resulting tape-outs, expediting cost related to the deliverables to meet milestones with our tier one partner, and acceleration of reference designs in anticipation of our partnership with Dialog, our non-GAAP cost structure will remain in this range through the end of the year, after which we do foresee the opportunity to reduce our design cycle intensity, beginning in Q1 of fiscal 2017 and transfer the work back to our internal design teams.
Moreover and once underway the Dialog partnership will allow us to somewhat flatten our expense structure as our business ramps by us foregoing replicating operations capabilities and inventory management associated with fabless semiconductor companies.
For additional granularity, on a non-GAAP basis, engineering expense for Q3 rose by only $235,000 over Q2, but increased by approximately $2.8 million on a year-over-year basis. Our consistent quarter-over-quarter spending on engineering reflects the reasons I just spoke about, and includes increased headcount from recent hires that will eventually allow us to transition most of the chip development work back inside.
On a year-over-year basis the variance is also due to increased headcount and expanded chip roadmap that we have discussed, and additional expenditures on patent administration as our patent portfolio has grown significantly due to the ongoing filing of core patents to protect our intellectual property.
With regard to headcount, this time last year the company was approximately 47 people, and has now grown to 65 at the end of Q3, with most of these new hires in the area of engineering, as I mentioned earlier. We anticipate they will expand to approximately 70 to 75 people by year end.
The remainder of our cost structure, again on a non-GAAP basis was relatively flat compared to last quarter, with sales and marketing increasing approximately $70,000, as we've built up our applications engineering capabilities, and G&A increasing by only $17,000
Year-over-year sales and marketing grew by $82,000 and G&A on the other hand grew by approximately $183,000 compared to last year as our legal expenses and other corporate overhead grew along with the company size and complexity.
Reviewing our balance sheet, we ended September with $25 million in cash and cash equivalents. This reflects the $20 million private placement in August, net of Q3 operating cash cover of $9.2 million. I do want to emphasize that this does not include the $10 million from Dialog.
Although much of the engineering service revenue we expect to occur in the third and fourth quarter are now expected to be recognized in Q1 2017, the $10 million investment from Dialog combined with our expected future revenues from chip shipments beginning in Q1 of 2017 continue to support our view of attaining cash flow breakeven in late third quarter 2017.
Timing aside the company continues to execute and attract the attention of some of the most prominent companies in the world in their respective markets. As evidenced by our partnership announcement today with Dialog semiconductor. This is bringing us closer to proving that the new paradigm of delivering power to everyday devices through a WattUp enabled ecosystem will be a reality beginning in 2017.
I will now turn it back to Steve for his closing comments.
Steve Rizzone
Thank you, Brian. Before we turn the call over to the operator for questions, as has been our practice in past conference calls, I would like to update our investors on the progress of the company as it relates to our primary goals we have set for 2016.
Goal number one is to have WattUp enabled consumer products shipping late 2016 early 2017, even with the transition of operations to Dialog and the corresponding coordination of our efforts. We are still anticipating that a number of our partners who will be demonstrating at CES will begin to ship their products to consumers in Q1 of 2017.
Goal number two is to have multiple licensees displaying WattUp enabled consumer products in their respective booths at the CES show in 2017. As noted earlier, we will be demonstrated in four fully integrated WattUp consumer products at CES in January. So this goal will be met.
Goal number three is to obtain the required regulatory approval for our WattUp implementation. We have obtained the necessary approvals for the release of our first implementations of the WattUp technology, the mini WattUp transmitter. Our early adopters will be going through their respective certification processes which are by reference in early Q1 in order to ship WattUp enabled products to the consumer.
As noted earlier, we believe we are on track to receive FCC approval for our first power at a distance transmitter and have the system built and are ready to begin the process at the appropriate time. We remain optimistic that we will have the necessary approvals in time for the currently rescheduled first release of the mid-size WattUp transmitter late Q3 to Q4 2017.
Goal number four is to successfully transition from a development company to a fabless semiconductor company, this goal will be met as our chipsets have been qualified for mass production and we will be receiving our first revenues from the sale of chipsets for mass production purposes before the end of the quarter.
Goal number five is to maintain our current momentum with our top tier strategic partner while expanding our base of customers. As announced we delivered a very important and difficult milestone to our strategic partner in the third quarter and we are on track to deliver our fourth quarter milestone.
The specifications for the fourth quarter milestone have mutually agreed changes from the original PRD which will cause the milestone to be delivered later in the fourth quarter than originally planned. The result is that some portion of the $2 million in engineering services revenue allocated for this milestone will be delayed until the first quarter of 2017 as our partner has 30 days from delivery to review and accept the milestone before the revenue can be invoiced.
As mentioned earlier, Energous is considerably ahead of our goal of engaging at the product integration level with one new customer per month, as we are actively working on 12 separate and distinct WattUp enabled products, at least four of which we expect to be shipping to the consumer within the first few months of 2017. Given our newly announced partnership with
Dialog, we expect to see a number of companies and the number of products within these companies moving forward with WattUp enabled products to increase at an accelerated rate.
Goal number six is to maintain adequate fiscal control, liquidity and run rate to meet our objectives and demands of our technology. The company remains on target with respect to our financial elements of the accelerated annual operating plan we announced at the last earnings call taking into consideration the fact that in Q3 we pulled in the semiconductor roadmap by taping out four new chips early.
We also have been increasing our engineering headcount to reflect the expanded requirements we have to support both our key strategic partner and our new partner Dialog, as well as new customers being brought on board at a rate of greater than one per month.
Having said this, we have an additional $10 million of committed cash and hold firm on our belief that we will begin generating revenues from the sale of chipsets from production purposes supported by seven-figure engineering services revenue leading to a run rate of cash flow breakeven in September of 2017.
In summary, Energous continues to accelerate and to execute at a high level, and it is on track to meet or exceed all of the aggressive goals that we have set for the company in 2016. The partnership with Dialog adds a firmer foundation to all of these efforts.
Operator, we will now take questions.
QUESTION AND ANSWER
Operator
Thank you. We will now begin the question-and-answer session. To ask a question, you may press "*" then "1" on your touchtone phone. If you are using a speakerphone, please pickup your handset before pressing the keys, to withdraw your question, please press "*" then "2." At this time, we will pause for a moment to assemble our roster.
And our first questioner today is William Gibson from Roth Capital Partners. Please go ahead.
William Gibson
I would like a little bit of detail, if I could or as much as you can share, on the business relationship with your new partner. Is this…are we going to be seeing chip revenue coming through the company or is it licensing royalty revenue, or exactly how does that work and how do we model it?
Brian Sereda
Bill, you are going to see some details come out later this week, as we file the 8-K. But it could go both ways, and I want to be…I don't want to sound wishy-washy or cagey, but primarily the revenues will flow through Dialog, and we'll recognize a portion of those, whether they'd be recognized as royalty or royalties license and/or chip components sales is TBD.
William Gibson
Okay, and then given its dominance with one of its customers, I assume the strategic relationship you talked about how to accelerate your path to market, but is that the confidence on the part of the tier one partner that speeds that up?
Steve Rizzone
Not sure, we understand the question.
William Gibson
Yes, I think, I was maybe just regurgitating what you said. I was trying to understand the acceleration, that it gives people confidence that you can deliver large quantities of chips?
Steve Rizzone
Well, I mean, I think that's the basis of it, maybe we didn't articulate it that well. But as a small company when you are engaged, especially when you are engaged with a top tier consumer electronics company, there is always a level of nervousness in our ability to meet their requirements from a supply chain perspective. Our relationship with Dialog now eliminates that concern because Dialog will be essentially providing the supply chain. And so all of those issues…they basically disappear. The other, I think element to this that becomes clear, and I was hoping to articulate, is that we are engaged with a number of common customers.
For the most part, we have an identical customer base, and whereby customers have been looking at Energous for inclusion in perhaps one of their products. Now that there is this partnership with a very credible and a top-tier company like Dialog, we believe that the same customers will now look to actually accelerate their consideration of the integration of the WattUp technology into multiple products because the risk factor has been significantly reduced. A company like Dialog is not going to enter into a partnership with Energous if the technology is not real, if there is not clear path to next generation's technology, if the path the FCC approval is not there, if the supply chain can't be maintained, so on and so forth. So a number of the risks that have been associated with the company, I think have been…are no longer called into question based on the relationship that is now brought out with Dialog.
William Gibson
Thanks, Steve.
Operator
Our next questioner today is Andrew Uerkwitz from Oppenheimer & Company. Please go ahead.
Andrew Uerkwitz
Gentlemen congratulations on the Dialog announcement, that's big news I think. I just want to make sure I understood this correctly. You are kind of going through your OPEX trajectory, and it sounded like there is a bit of work on your part to try to contain OPEX growth. I want to push back on that if that's true, it seems to me you have enough positive things going on, you guys would kind of just you know, open up the wall here and try to move as fast as possible to get these customers lined up and not to worry too much about OPEX the next couple of quarters. Can you help me out there?
Brian Sereda
Well, Andrew this is Brian. I think it is key to point out that the bulk of our spending is all engineering. And as you could see the other areas are relatively flat quarter-over-quarter, yearover-year. We will continue to spend as necessary. I mean this is brand new technology. As we get deeper in the relationship with Dialog and additional customers, other discoveries may come out of this and require us to develop entirely new chipsets to meet the demand. So we are going to be careful, we are going to be measured about where we spend the money. We are squeezing every nickel into our engineering spend and that will be the bulk of the expenses.
I don't think there is a need to build out a worldwide sales force now essentially after this deal has been signed, we will leverage a lot of the operational and business capabilities of Dialog.
Steve Rizzone
I think it's also important to…so that we are clear since we have the opportunity to comment on this. As we went into the quarter, I think we had pretty clear visibility as Brian said that we were going to be able to lower our expenses because we had…we thought that the bulk of our silicon development was behind us, and that it was going to level off. As we got into the details of this absolutely critical development for our key strategic partner, it became very, very clear that the only way we were going to be able to meet this requirement was for us to bring in four tape outs.
And I think it's important to point out that for a company our size to be able to tape out and bring up four silicon chips in a quarter is a tremendous testament to the capabilities of the company in and of itself. But that obviously did impact our expense line. And it was unforeseen going into the quarter, but we had to do that. Now, those were brought in from the fourth quarter and the first quarter and we don't anticipate obviously that we will have to repeat that, but we do have some additional expenses based on the change in the PRD for the fourth quarter milestone, that are brought in from PRDs that were scheduled for the first and second quarter of 2017.
So while we are accelerating the expenses, the good news is that the PRD is accelerating for our key strategic partner. And so, again, I think that overall the news is positive and we are meeting these objectives. But going into the quarter, we were not aware of the need for us to do those. And as Brian said, we think that after the fourth quarter we will then start to see the release come into play because we'll have brought in a great deal of the roadmap from what was anticipated. Q4 and Q1 will be brought in at least one to two quarters early.
Andrew Uerkwitz
Alright, I appreciate that, I really appreciate that color. Moving to my follow-up just quickly, when we think about the tier one, it seems like milestone payments, it's like a moving goal post here. Could you give us some color on why that is, is it just…they are still learning about the technology and seeing what they can do with it and kind of flexing the contract as they see fit or what's kind of the underlying the motivation to some of these changes? Thank you.
Steve Rizzone
Well, I think that…I mean, I am not sure I would characterize it that way. I think there is still a process. We are testing the bounds and the limits of the technology, and we are exploring how it can be applied. And as we understand and they are learning how it can be applied internally to their product lines and so things change. And we think it is in our best interest to be as responsive to their needs as possible. So we still maintain that this represents a tremendous opportunity long-term for the company and so we intend to be as flexible as we can. And I think overall that we also have to recognize that in working with this customer, although it has…it's been difficult at times and while they've stretched us, the bulk of our acceleration is because of the developments that they've pushed us towards.
I mean, the efforts or the success that we've had in our miniaturization, in our efficiencies, in our cost reduction, all of these can be directly put back to our efforts here. And so, while it's focused…all these efforts are focused on our key strategic partner, they do play out across all of the company and impact our overall development. So the point is that, yes, we continue to invest a great deal and some of these change, some of their requirements change and there is a level of un-predictableness as it relates to the requirements and payments, but we maintain that we will be as responsive as we can and we'll continue to do that.
Andrew Uerkwitz
Thank you, gentlemen for answering my questions so candidly. I appreciate it. Thank you.
Operator
Our next questioner today is Ilya Grozovsky from National Securities. Please go ahead.
Ilya Grozovsky
Thanks, guys. Can you just walk me through the actual mechanics of the investment of the $10 million that Dialog is making? I think you had said in your prepared remarks that they are buying shares in the open market. Just…can you just clarify that?
Brian Sereda
No. It's a typical private placement type investment and details will be out this week on the 8-K, but it's a straight common at market.
Ilya Grozovsky
Okay, got it. And then just looking at Dialog Semi, is it correct that 70% to 80%, and I've seen different numbers on this, but say…roughly 70% of their business is Apple.
Steve Rizzone
Perhaps not sure.
Ilya Grozovsky
Okay. And as far as the relationship with Dialog, were you looking at any other potential companies that Dialog came up ahead of them, or were you…have you guys been in conversation with them for some time. Can you just walk me through how long this has been going on and the process?
Steve Rizzone
We've been engaged with Dialog for some period of time and we believe that Dialog represents an ideal fit for us. They are a market leader in virtually every market that we look to participate in they have their chipsets interact with our chipsets. And so, it was…while there are other silicon companies out there, we believe that they are an ideal fit for us. I think we also complement them very well. They now have all of the pieces of the puzzle so to speak, as it relates to wireless and wire free power. And so, we think it's a very natural agreement and it's a quality company and it's a very well-managed company. And we are very, very pleased to be associated with them.
Ilya Grozovsky
Okay, thank you.
Operator
And our next questioner today is Jon Hickman from Ladenburg. Please go ahead.
Jon Hickman
Hi, could you comment maybe in a little more detail the expense acceleration due to the reference designs associated with Dialog?
Steve Rizzone
I mean we can, it's not substantive. It was part of the expense. Reference designs of course are what we provide our customers and what they use to integrate our technology into their products. And initially our reference design contained components from another silicon company. And we changed all of our reference designs to contain only those components from Dialog.
Jon Hickman
Yes, okay. That makes sense. Is that…I thought you said that that was still ongoing?
Steve Rizzone
No.
Jon Hickman
Is that going to affect you in Q4 too?
Steve Rizzone
No. I mean the reference designs are complete. What is happening now is that there is a combined…our reference design, so I'm very specific, our reference design that we are presenting to our customers is complete, it has only Dialog components on it. What we are doing now is there is a combined reference design with Dialog components, their Dialog power management chip and their Dialog BLE chip and the WattUp chips from Energous are being combined into a single design that will be made available to the combined Dialog Energous customer base.
Jon Hickman
Okay. So just so I understand. If you are telling us that customers are going to have your chipsets in products to ship to consumers early in Q1, does that mean that you are going to ship chipsets maybe in late Q4 to those customers?
Steve Rizzone
I'm sorry. I'm not sure…
Jon Hickman
Okay. That's okay. So if you are going to…if consumers are…if there is going to be product on the shelf for consumers in Q1 of next year, does that mean you are going to be shipping chipsets or Dialog is going to be shipping chipsets in the fourth quarter of this year?
Steve Rizzone
No, we are going to be shipping…chipsets will ship in the first quarter of next year.
Jon Hickman
Okay. Thank you. And then one last question, with this new relationship with Dialog, how does that interface with or relate to your Tier-1 strategic partner? Is there any change in that and I mean those two things co-habitat nicely together.
Steve Rizzone
Our relationship with our key strategic partner is our relationship with our key strategic partner.
Jon Hickman
And the Dialog thing doesn't affect that in anyway shape or form.
Steve Rizzone
Our relationship as I said is with our key strategic partner. And we wouldn't comment beyond that.
Jon Hickman
Okay, thanks. That's it for me.
Operator
Our next questioner today is Lou Basenese from Disruptive Tech Research. Please go ahead.
Lou Basenese
Congrats on the quarter, guys, and thanks for taking my questions. Just with the choppy trading in the stock there has been some questions about the CTO's remaining ownership. Can you just shed any light on the situation for shareholders?
Steve Rizzone
Hello, Lou. Yes, and excuse me, if I get on my soap box here for a minute. Yes, I can. This is…first of all; let me make it clear that Michael Leabman did not sell 90% of his holdings. That's yet another example of a statement that was taken completely out of context. Michael Leabman, what he did was transfer ownership of a portion of his holdings to his children. And it was filed and in conjunction with that, it was completely misinterpreted. Michael is still a major holder in the company.
And this is all part of a continuing process by a number of persons that are very, very focused for their own I think self interest in attacking the company. And I think that it's probably going to accelerate. There is a very, very large short position in the company right now. And so, I would assume that this is a part of…what we'll see is another effort and quite frankly, our investors are going to have to make some decisions. I would assume that there will be more attacks like this, because the shorts are going to have to get desperate at some particular point in time. But I would ask our investors…I would make some very clear points. All of these people that are socalled experts have absolutely no visibility whatsoever as to what's going on within this company. None of them have come forth with any kind of special information from inside Energous or any ex-employee or anything like that that can give them any details as to what's happening or what we are doing or what approaches we are taking.
Anyone that publishes these kinds of pieces is just guessing. And they are guessing for their own benefit. And what they are attempting to do is to cause a level of uncertainty, again for their own benefit. But we now have multiple data points by knowledgeable people and knowledgeable companies that in fact, Energous is a viable company moving forward in a very aggressive way to fundamentally change a paradigm. You have Ascend Capital; you have very knowledgeable investors from the very beginning of Energous, who have put $20 million of their own money into the company. And have held firm throughout this period. You now have Dialog, one of the top tier semiconductor companies in the world entering into an exclusive relationship, making a $10 million investment, after working with Energous for over a year. And so, you have data points that have…I think the level of basis that in fact everything that we are seeing is true and viable. And so, you have to ask yourself, who do you want to believe?
Do you want to believe these so-called experts who only make these comments for their own self-interest or do you want to believe individuals and companies that have a good understanding of the technology and the company, and I think it's an important consideration, because as I said, it's probably not the end of these things. But in reality the fact is the company is executing, it is moving ahead and we are building a very, very significant and a very valuable business. So thanks for the question, but again just to answer it, no, Michael did not sell all of his shares, he simply transferred them.
Lou Basenese
I appreciate the clarity, that's not evident in the filings. One more question and I hopefully won't prompt a soap box response. So just…I do agree with you that Dialog validates the technology. Can you just give us any color in terms of what type of diligence they've done before they entered into this strategic investment, I know that they have been partners with you since at least August of 2014.
Steve Rizzone
Well, I mean, we've been working with them together for quite some time. They've had their engineers in here, we've worked together on a number of joint…actually, I guess, it's inappropriate for me to get into too much detail. I will tell you that we've been together for over a year, we know each other well, we know our customers well, and we wouldn't have engaged with each other, if weren't comfortable with each other.
Lou Basenese
Fair enough. Thanks guys. I appreciate it.
Operator
Ladies and gentlemen, due to time constraints, this will conclude our question and answer session. I would now like to turn the conference back to Stephen Rizzone for any closing remarks.
CONCLUSION
Steve Rizzone
I'd like to thank everybody for participating in this call. Again, the company continues to progress forward. I think we will have a number of additional positive things to say at our next conference call. And we'll look forward to talking to you then. Thank you very much.
Operator
The conference has now concluded. Thank you all for attending today's presentation. You may now disconnect your lines.
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THE EFFECT OF BENZENE HEXACHLORIDE AND DDT DUSTS ON THE GERMINATION OF SUGARCANE
By J. DICK.
In Natal, cane setts are sometimes damaged in the soil by Dynastid beetles belonging to the genera *Temnorrhynchus* and *Heteronychus*. These insects destroy the eyes, or buds, of the cuttings, occasionally necessitating a considerable amount of replanting. Up to the present, infestation has not been sufficiently severe to justify the use of insecticides, but it has been thought advisable to prepare against a possible increase in the importance of these insects by collecting information on their control.
In Australia, where beetles of this family are among the major pests of sugarcane, soil treatment with benzene hexachloride or DDT has been stated to be effective against them. These materials can be placed in the furrows before planting or applied to the setts themselves. There does not, however, appear to be sufficient information on their possible effect on the germination of the setts. An experiment was therefore planned to test whether germination would be affected by treatment with either of these substances.
**Materials and Methods.**
Sticks of cane were cut into single-budded cuttings, 3\(\frac{1}{2}\) inches long. These were dipped in water, allowed to drain for a few minutes, and then shaken up with either Bexadust, a powder containing 0.5 per cent. of the gamma isomer of benzene hexachloride, or a 2.5 per cent. DDT agricultural dusting powder. The setts were then gently tapped, to remove excess powder, and planted. This method left the setts covered with a fairly uniform, thick coating of the powder, containing more of the insecticide than would normally be required. Weighing showed that the average amount of powder that adhered to the setts was 0.68 gm. for the Bexadust, and 0.53 gm. for the somewhat lighter DDT powder. The control setts were simply dipped into water, drained and planted.
The cuttings were planted in flat tins, 15 setts in each, and covered as uniformly as possible with soil.
The experiment consisted of four replications for the control and each treatment, repeated for two different varieties, Co.281 and N:Co.310. It was intended to treat this as a single experiment, but the slower germination of the Co.281 made it advisable to separate the results into two series, one for each variety.
**Results.**
Buds of the N:Co.310 series started to come through the soil five days after planting, and were counted every two days until no more emerged. The numbers of buds which had germinated by the seventh and seventeenth days, respectively, are shown in Tables I and II.
**TABLE I.**
N:Co.310.—Number of shoots 7 days after planting.
| Tin No. | Control | Bexadust | DDT |
|---------|---------|----------|-----|
| 1 | 6 | 6 | 4 |
| 2 | 8 | 7 | 4 |
| 3 | 7 | 7 | 4 |
| 4 | 8 | 11 | 3 |
| Totals | 29 | 31 | 15 |
Significant difference between totals: 9.8 at 19 to 1 14.8 at 99 to 1
**TABLE II.**
N:Co.310.—Number of shoots 17 days after planting.
| Tin No. | Control | Bexadust | DDT |
|---------|---------|----------|-----|
| 1 | 14 | 15 | 14 |
| 2 | 15 | 15 | 15 |
| 3 | 15 | 13 | 14 |
| 4 | 15 | 15 | 14 |
| Totals | 59 | 58 | 57 |
Significant difference between totals: 4.7 at 19 to 1 7.2 at 99 to 1
The figures in these tables show that the insecticides had no significant effect on the total germination, but that the setts treated with DDT were slightly retarded. When the plants were examined some weeks later no difference between them was apparent.
In the Co.281 series, shoots started emerging from the soil on the tenth day after planting. The numbers of shoots which had emerged by the fourteenth and twenty-fourth days, respectively, are shown in Tables III and IV.
**TABLE III.**
Co.281.—Number of shoots 14 days after planting.
| Tin No. | Control | Bexadust | DDT |
|---------|---------|----------|-----|
| 1 | 4 | 7 | 7 |
| 2 | 7 | 4 | 5 |
| 3 | 5 | 5 | 4 |
| 4 | 6 | 4 | 6 |
| Totals | 22 | 20 | 22 |
Significant difference between totals: 10.4 at 19 to 1 15.7 at 99 to 1
TABLE IV.
Co.281.—Number of shoots 24 days after planting.
| Tin No. | Control | Bexadust | DDT |
|---------|---------|----------|-----|
| 1 | 12 | 14 | 15 |
| 2 | 14 | 11 | 13 |
| 3 | 14 | 13 | 12 |
| 4 | 12 | 12 | 14 |
| Totals | 52 | 50 | 54 |
Significant difference between totals: 9.8 at 19 to 1
14.8 at 99 to 1
As far as Co.281 is concerned, these figures show that neither Bexadust nor DDT had any significant effect on germination.
Summary.
Tests showed that dusts containing 2.5 per cent. DDT or 0.5 per cent. gamma benzene hexachloride had no significant effect on the germination of two varieties of sugarcane.
REFERENCES.
1 Mungomery, R. W. (1946): Report of the Division of Entomology and Pathology. Rep. Bur. Sugar Exp. Stas, Queensland, 46, 31.
2 Wallace, C. R. (1946): Tests with Benzene Hexachloride and DDT incorporated in the Soil for the Protection of Crop Plants from Black Beetle. J. Aust. Inst. Agric. Sci., 12, no. 3, 96.
Experiment Station,
South African Sugar Association,
Mount Edgecombe.
March, 1949.
The President stated that the paper had resulted from the question asked the previous year as to whether these insecticides had an effect on the germination of cane. Dr. Dick, after thorough investigation, had found that after some time germination was unaffected, but D.D.T. seemed to delay the germination of N:Co.310 but not that of Co.281. He wondered if Dr. McMartin could explain this.
Dr. McMartin said that it was true that there was a difference in sensitivity between varieties of cane, but the explanation was not known to him.
Mr. Sinclair enquired if cane suffered through the depredations of white ants in South Africa. In Rhodesia, cane was severely attacked by these termites, and mercurial fungicidal dips did not seem to kill them.
Dr. Dick replied that he understood experiments were being carried out to study the effects of D.D.T. and benzene hexachloride on white ants. These tended to destroy setts, but did very little damage to growing cane in South Africa. In Australia, at least one species of white ant attacked growing cane.
As far as he was aware, fungicides were not insecticidal, but Dr. McMartin, in a paper a few years ago, had related that one grower had tried calcium arsenate as a fungicidal dip and had thus improved germination. It was just possible that in this case, some insect which was attacking the setts had been destroyed.
The President asked if Dr. Dick would say how long the insecticides would be effective.
Dr. Dick replied that D.D.T. is claimed to be effective for at least a month, while benzene hexachloride is supposed to decompose much quicker. In either case, however, he thought the effect would be long enough to protect the cane setts until they had germinated.
Dr. Bates pointed out that it was fortunate that sugarcane was resistant to many of the new chemicals now being used in agriculture, including the week-killing hormone. Benzene hexachloride had caused him some trouble in Rhodesia, for when tobacco farmers used it at a rather delicate stage in growth, the plants no longer looked like tobacco. He would like to warn that there is a tendency for manufacturers to push such chemicals without adequate testing on a wide enough range of plants.
Dr. Dick said that similar remarks last year had given rise to the present paper. Petty and other Government entomologists were now working on this question, and a lot of work had been done on the effect of D.D.T. on insects, together with the effect on the plant and on the soil.
Mr. Christianson asked if Dr. Dick had tried the effect on the germination of cane setts infested with mealie bugs. This pest was causing some people concern.
Dr. Dick replied that the two insecticides studied were said to kill the mealie bug, but he had done no work to prove this.
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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT EASTERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK
----------------------------------------------------------------------X
JAMES M. MALONEY,
Plaintiff,
- against -
KATHLEEN M. RICE,
Defendant.
Case No. 03-CV-786 (PKC) (ARL)
----------------------------------------------------------------------X
MEMORANDUM OF LAW IN FURTHER SUPPORT OF PLAINTIFF'S POST-REMAND RULE 56 MOTIONS FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT IN WHOLE OR PART AS TO THE FIRST AND THIRD CAUSES OF ACTION AND IN OPPOSITION TO DEFENDANT'S CROSS-MOTION
James M. Maloney (JM-5297) Plaintiff pro se 33 Bayview Avenue Port Washington, New York
TABLE OF CONTENTS
COUNTER-STATEMENT OF FACTS
Defendant states, in a statement that is neither relevant nor flattering to Plaintiff, that Plaintiff possessed "numerous legal and illegal firearms," thereby encouraging the reader's imagination to picture a disturbing collection of per se "illegal" firearms such as machine guns, weapons with their serial numbers defaced, and/or guns that were purchased by means of nefarious "street" transaction(s). Such briefing is, unfortunately, consistent with the prior ad hominem briefing that led to the Third Cause of Action now before this Court.
By way of "reputational damage control," Plaintiff wishes to assure the Court that the only possibly "illegal" firearm in his possession was one of three ordinary revolvers that Plaintiff had purchased legally from licensed gun stores in New Jersey and Florida years before, while a resident of those states. All three revolvers were secured in a locked safe in Plaintiff's home, unloaded and with no corresponding ammunition stored in the same space, and were seized by the Nassau County Police without a warrant by the use of explosives to open the safe (to which only Plaintiff had the combination) in August 2000. Plaintiff had rendered two of the revolvers inoperable immediately upon bringing them into New York, and thus his possession of them was not "illegal." In January 2003, Plaintiff pled guilty in state court to a charge of disorderly conduct, a violation,
solely in connection with his possession in that locked safe within his home of the single revolver that, due to its design, he had not been able to render inoperable. These factual matters, although not germane to the pending cross-motions, are addressed here because failure to do so would be at Plaintiff's own peril, allowing the implication to stand that he is or was a "hoarder" of illegal weapons, with a particular interest in "dangerous and unusual" weapons of exceptional destructive capacity (a category into which machine guns, for example, reasonably fit, and into which Defendant wishes to place nunchaku as well). These factual matters accordingly are not referenced in any corresponding 56.1 statement, but further details and supporting documents are provided in the Declaration of James M. Maloney executed February 27, 2014, and submitted herewith.
Defendant's Brief at 3 (second line from bottom), in the context of a discussion of the closed case CV-03-4178, refers to events of "August 23-24, 2010" (emphasis added), but this is obviously an error and should refer to the year 2000. 1 More substantively, in discussing the same case, Defendant's Brief at 15
1 The same paragraph also states the "fact that the CV-03-4178 case sought damages against named defendants from the New York State Office of Children and Family Services ('OCFS') and the New York State Central Register," Brief at 3 (emphasis added), but no such damages were ever sought. See Document 3 (amended complaint filed December 12, 2003) in CV-03-4178 at ¶¶ 86-95 (seeking only declaratory judgment and related relief such as an implementing Order and attorneys' fees as against those State defendants). Clearly, Eleventh Amendment immunity would have prevented the award of any such damages, but stating that Plaintiff sought them anyway is consistent with Defendant's approach throughout this litigation.
goes on to state that at the time Defendant Rice made the complained-of statement in her Second Circuit brief in this case (October 24, 2007), the statements in Judge Townes's September 24, 2007, opinion in CV-03-4178 (Document 99 in that case) relating to Plaintiff's "indicated" status "had already been stated in a published decision from this court." Brief at 15 (emphasis added). But Defendant is well aware that that decision remained unpublished and unreported until 2009. See Document 102 herein (Declaration of September 15, 2010), at ¶ 7 (citing 623 F. Supp. 2d (published in or about June 2009), and showing that the cases before and after the then-reported opinion in Maloney v. County of Nassau (CV-03-4178) are all from mid-2009 (e.g., Hubbard v. Total Communications, Inc., 623 F. Supp. 2d 270 (D. Conn., June 10, 2009); Brown v. City of Syracuse, 623 F. Supp. 2d 272 (N.D.N.Y., June 10, 2009); New York v. Gutierrez, 623 F. Supp. 2d 301 (E.D.N.Y., March 9, 2009); Del Turco v. Speedwell Design, 623 F. Supp. 2d 319 (E.D.N.Y., March 31, 2009)).
It is thus disingenuous, and quite misleading to this Court, to claim, as Defendant does in her Brief at 15, that her complained-of statement "cited directly to that decision," id., after falsely stating that it had already been published, when in fact the complained-of statement was made in 2007 but the publication did not occur until 2009.
ARGUMENT
POINT I
NUNCHAKU ARE NOT "DANGEROUS AND UNUSUAL WEAPONS"
In District of Columbia v. Heller, 554 U.S. 570 (2008), the Supreme Court wrote: "Miller said, as we have explained, that the sorts of weapons protected were those 'in common use at the time.' . . . We think that limitation is fairly supported by the historical tradition of prohibiting the carrying of 'dangerous and unusual weapons.'" 554 U.S. at 627 (citations omitted).
Defendant argues, Brief at 5, that nunchaku amount to such "dangerous and unusual weapons" (and that not only the carrying of them but even the possession of them in one's home may therefore be constitutionally prohibited) because: (1) "only a small subset of the population even attempts to use nunchaku for martial arts related purposes"; (2) "nunchaku 'cannot be used in any realistically simulated combat competition as the risks are too great,'"; (3) "nunchaku has frequently been used in crimes that have resulted in serious physical injury and even death for the victim"; and (4) "[n]unchaku is patently a device with enormous destructive capacity." But each of these propositions is applicable with equal or vastly greater force to handguns, the very weapon that the Court in Heller found to be "the quintessential self-defense weapon . . . that a citizen may prefer . . . for
home defense," 554 U.S. at 629: (1) notwithstanding the "popularity" of handguns, only a small subset of the population, particularly in New York, even attempts to use them for home defense; (2) the risks of using handguns with live ammunition in "simulated combat competition" are so great as to make such a proposition ridiculous; (3) handguns have been used in crimes that have resulted in serious physical injury and even death for the victim far more than nunchaku ever have; and (4) the idea that nunchaku have a destructive capacity even remotely approaching that of handguns, let alone exceeding them, is ludicrous.
In the Declaration of James M. Maloney executed February 27, 2014, submitted herewith, Plaintiff has explained some of his rationale for a preference of nunchaku over handguns as weapons for home defense. That rationale relates not to any greater efficacy of nunchaku over handguns (quite the opposite is the case), but rather to such factors as the potential for accidental injury and the capacity to be used without resort to lethal force. It would be paradoxical indeed if such socially beneficial considerations were to be swept aside by a finding that the nunchaku may be constitutionally excluded from the weapons that citizens may choose for home defense because it is a "dangerous and unusual weapon," whereas handguns, which are frequently associated with accidental fatalities and which often leave the user little choice but to kill or be killed, may not.
POINT II
THE VIABILITY OF THE SECOND CAUSE OF ACTION SHOULD NOT BE CONSIDERED BY THE COURT AT THIS JUNCTURE
At the conference before this Court of October 24, 2013, the question arose whether the Second Cause of Action even remained viable after the vacatur and remand by the United States Supreme Court. This Court, on the one hand, posited that, since the vacatur had been on the basis of intervening Second Amendment cases (Heller and McDonald), the dismissal of the unenumerated-rights claim (now the Second Cause of Action) was unaffected. Plaintiff, for his part, posited that "vacatur is vacatur," and that the viability of that claim was thus restored, but agreed not to seek summary judgment in connection with that claim, and indeed not to brief it at all. Defendant, who remained silent on that point during the conference, now (somewhat surprisingly) cross-moves for the very relief that Plaintiff agreed not to seek: summary judgment in connection with the Second Cause of Action. Insofar as the question remains open whether those claims even remain viable following remand (that question having been tabled at the conference), it would be a waste of judicial economy (and also somewhat unfair to Plaintiff) to engage in briefing and decision on the merits-based analysis that Defendant now proffers. Accordingly, Plaintiff respectfully declines to respond to Point II of Defendant's Brief (pages 10-13).
POINT III
THE VIABILITY OF THE THIRD CAUSE OF ACTION REMAINS EVEN IF SUMMARY JUDGMENT IS NOT GRANTED IN PLAINTIFF'S FAVOR
In Point III of her Brief, Defendant opposes Plaintiff's motion for summary judgment on the Third Cause of Action, and cross-moves for summary judgment on her own behalf, based on three arguments: (1) the "stigma-plus" element has not been satisfied; (2) Plaintiff had already openly sought relief in federal court for having been wrongly placed on the Register, making the subsequent disclosure putatively inconsequential; and (3) subdivision 12 of § 422 of the New York Social Services Law, a criminal provision, does not provide for a private cause of action. 2
Addressing this last argument first, arguably a private right of action would exist under subdivision 12 of § 422 of the New York Social Services Law ("SSL 422(12)") under the standards set forth in Sheehy v. Big Flats Community Day,
2 Defendant goes on to suggest that "if anyone connected with this action would be liable under section 422(12) it would be Maloney himself," Brief at 17, making yet another veiled threat of further criminal prosecution (of which there have been several in this action), although presumably the statute of limitations would by now have run on Plaintiff's "crime" of seeking relief in the CV-03-4178 case. Still, if that action could have been the basis for such prosecution, so could this one, and clearly the statute of limitations has not yet run here, as Plaintiff's publicforum attempt to seek redress through this Third Cause of Action remains ongoing. Without belaboring the point, it is a bit unnerving, and arguably more than a bit improper, that the District Attorney would speculate publicly, even if somewhat hypothetically and through counsel, about Plaintiff's potential criminal liability in connection with his activities in a federal civil case. Cf. Document 115 at 5 (pdf page 7 of 9), complaining of a similar veiled threat and impropriety.
Inc., 73 N.Y.2d 629 (1989), namely: (1) whether the plaintiff is one of the class for whose particular benefit the statute was enacted; (2) whether recognition of a private right of action would promote the legislative purpose; and (3) whether creation of such a right would be consistent with the legislative scheme. Here, all three enumerated conditions are present: (1) Plaintiff was, after having been listed on the SCR, exonerated, and is therefore among the persons for whose protection the ban on disclosure was enacted; (2) the purpose of the criminal provision was to punish such disclosure (but the very prosecutor who had the discretion whether to punish the disclosure was here the perpetrator herself, and her office has finally determined that the "matter does not warrant any criminal prosecution by the Nassau County District Attorney's Office," see Document 102-4 herein); and (3) under these circumstances, enforcing the statutory prohibition by means of a civil action would be consistent with the legislative scheme because, absent a civil action, the legislative protection of innocent persons from such unlawful disclosure would be illusory.
That having been said, Plaintiff nonetheless does not (and could not in good faith) advance the specific argument that the Third Cause of Action is directly based on a private right of action under SSL 422(12), simply because an additional cause of action so based was expressly rejected by this Court (Judge Spatt, at the
Order to Show Cause hearing of October 15, 2010) on the basis that no Notice of Claim had been filed. Rather, as specifically pleaded at paragraphs 58-59 of the Third Cause of Action as set forth in the Second Amended Complaint (Document 116):
58. This cause of action is brought pursuant to the provisions of 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and is not brought pursuant to state law.
59. Notwithstanding the foregoing, a state statute [SSL 422(12)] prohibiting the disclosure described in paragraph 54, supra, bears upon Plaintiff's claim for deprivation of due process and Defendant's lack of qualified immunity [and] is accordingly referenced in this pleading.
The manner in which SSL 422(12) bears upon Plaintiff's claim for deprivation of due process is as follows: that "permitting or encouraging" 3 a disclosure such as that which the District Attorney made in her Second Circuit brief has been defined as a crime, and that it indisputably has been so defined in order to protect persons such as Plaintiff from the harmful consequences of precisely such disclosures, should inform this Court regarding the scope and severity of the deprivation of due process at issue here. As Plaintiff has argued in his Main Brief, see id. at 9-10, the sui generis nature of the situation at hand, in
3 SSL 422(12) provides (emphasis added) that "[a]ny person who willfully permits and any person who encourages the release of any data and information contained in the central register to persons or agencies not permitted by this title shall be guilty of a class A misdemeanor.
which a public servant charged with enforcing the criminal law has engaged in conduct that itself is arguably in violation of a criminal provision in order to advance her position in a civil matter, should mandate a finding that that public servant acted in a manner at odds with fundamental principles of due process.
Whether Defendant's conduct was or was not technically a violation of SSL 422(12), and whether SSL 422(12) gives rise to a private cause of action, are not the important questions. That such a provision exists, and that it is indisputably in place to protect the due process rights of those who have been listed on the SCR (especially those who, like Plaintiff, had yet to receive a fair hearing), is the point. Even after having been placed on formal notice, Defendant failed to retract the disclosure, leaving it in a public document to be widely disseminated in electronic perpetuity. The important questions are whether that amounts to a per se deprivation of due process, and whether the applicability of the "stigma-plus" standard that has evolved in the context of less egregious situations involving public servants and reputational harm is even appropriate.
Turning to the "stigma-plus" consideration (corresponding to enumerated argument (1) at page 7, supra), Defendant argues, Brief at 14, that because "Maloney himself ultimately made the decision not to continue teaching the course due to concerns about a background check," the allegations at ¶¶ 72-78 of the
Second Amended Complaint can never form the basis of a "stigma-plus" claim. But this inquiry turns on questions of material fact, and indeed Defendant both sought discovery on this very issue in her letter of October 15, 2013 (Document 129), and has utterly failed to include any statement of corresponding undisputed material facts in her January 27, 2014, Rule 56.1 Statement. Accordingly, the issue should not be decided in Defendant's favor on summary judgment.
Turning finally to Defendant's "cat-out-of-the-bag" argument (enumerated argument (2) at page 7, supra), it is respectfully submitted that disclosing one's own "indicated" status by seeking redress in federal court in one's own name, as over against ruining the good name of someone else by unnecessarily making the same disclosure in order to advance one's own position in a civil matter, are so radically different as to make any comparison between the two repugnant. Even assuming that the former civil action made the information publicly available, the subsequent disclosure undeniably made it more widely publicly available, thereby causing harm, albeit without the countervailing hope of obtaining justice that had motivated Plaintiff to proceed with the suit in the first instance. And, as Plaintiff wrote in a prior brief before this Court:
Plaintiff notes that, in having proceeded openly in his own name, he is in the company of an entire class of individuals (although he is not a member of the defined class, which consists of child care providers) in a class action brought subsequent to Maloney v. Nassau County et al., CV-03-4178, seeking similar relief, and currently proceeding in the Southern District of New York, Finch v. New York State Office of Children and Family Services, Docket No. 04-Civ1668 (SAS). The lead plaintiffs are all proceeding openly in their own names.
Document 115 at 5 (pdf page 7 of 9). The question arises: would those plaintiffs, and any others in comparable civil actions, be "fair game" should anyone, whether a District Attorney, another state actor, or a private citizen, wish to "out" them further? Should such persons be able to do so with impunity simply because those plaintiffs had chosen to seek redress and had done so in their own names?
POINT IV
NEITHER IMMUNITY NOR COLLATERAL ESTOPPEL PROTECTS THE DISTRICT ATTORNEY FROM THE THIRD CAUSE OF ACTION
Defendant is not entitled to qualified immunity for making the complainedof disclosure, because the provisions of SSL 422(12) of the New York Social Services Law are unambiguous, and Defendant, a District Attorney, could not reasonably have believed that such disclosure would not deprive Plaintiff of due process even if she reasonably believed her actions to be non-prosecutable. Defendant was served with a formal demand that the brief containing the complained-of disclosure be withdrawn, but the brief was never withdrawn, substituted or modified, and now remains a permanent public statement to the
effect that Plaintiff "was listed on the New York State Child Abuse and Maltreatment Register," etc. Defendant maintained those statements not in her capacity as District Attorney, but as a litigant in a civil action. Immunity in any form is unavailable.
Defendant also argues that the failure of the Second Circuit to strike the complained-of brief upon Plaintiff's motion amounts to "collateral estoppel" and protects her conduct. To accept such an argument would be both illogical and unfair. The motion to strike was brought pursuant to the Second Circuit's former Local Rule 28(1), which provided:
Briefs must be compact, logically arranged with proper headings, concise, and free from burdensome, irrelevant, immaterial, and scandalous matter. Briefs not complying with this rule may be disregarded and stricken by the court.
The new Local Rule 28.1(a), which superseded the foregoing Local Rule 28(1) effective January 1, 2010 (after the motion to strike had been fully and finally denied), now provides:
(a) Form of Brief. A brief must be concise, logically arranged with proper headings, and free of irrelevant matter. The court may disregard a brief that does not comply with this rule.
Notably, both the reference to "scandalous matter" and the provision for striking a brief (in addition to merely disregarding it) have been removed, and this undoubtedly reflects a policy both of retaining filed briefs and of avoiding the need to adjudge what is or is not "scandalous." But such policies, whether adhered to before or after the recent rule change, should not in any way immunize or protect a party whose brief contains a disclosure such as that made by Defendant from a separate civil action. Indeed, the issues and policies to be decided and implemented, respectively, in the motion to strike the brief, on the one hand, and in the subsequent civil action, on the other, are entirely different, making collateral estoppel inapplicable.
Interestingly, authority higher than the Second Circuit long ago recognized the duty of federal courts to redact "allegations wholly aside from the charges made [below], and bearing reproachfully upon the moral character of individuals, which are clearly impertinent and scandalous, and unfit to be submitted to the court." That authority was none less than the Supreme Court of the United States:
We regret that we find ourselves compelled to add something further. The printed argument of plaintiff in error contains many allegations wholly aside from the charges made in his complaint, and bearing reproachfully upon the moral character of individuals, which are clearly impertinent and scandalous, and unfit to be submitted to the court. It is our duty to keep our records clean and free from scandal. The brief of the plaintiff in error will be stricken from the files, and the writ of error dismissed, and it is so ordered.
Green v. Elbert, 137 U.S. 615, 624 (1891) (emphasis added).
In the nearly 120 years that have passed since those words were written, and the untold scandalous matter in the subject brief in Green thereby ordered stricken, the world has changed in many ways. Government agencies have implemented means of managing huge amounts of data such as are contained in the New York State Child Abuse and Maltreatment Register, and legislatures have developed means of safeguarding the interests of private individuals, such as persons awaiting adjudication while being listed in databases maintained by agencies for the protection of the public whose information is kept in those databases. Relatedly, the advent of electronic information technology, with such phenomena as computers, email, the Internet, Google®, and Westlaw®, has made it possible for what once would have been only a paper document buried in a filing cabinet in some courthouse or agency headquarters to be located, replicated repeatedly and virtually instantaneously, and sent around the nation or the world in seconds, all with little more than a few clicks of a mouse and several strokes on a keyboard.
Accordingly, if the duty to "keep . . . records clean and free from scandal" existed as to the Supreme Court of the United States in 1891, any breach of the same duty justified by policy considerations of a Circuit Court of the United
States Court of Appeals as applied in 2009 should not be entertained as a basis for depriving this Court of its power to administer justice as to parties before it,
nor as a basis for preventing this Plaintiff from seeking justice.
CONCLUSION
For all of the foregoing reasons, the application of the New York statutes to criminalize simple possession of nunchaku in one’s home should be declared
unconstitutional and of no force and effect, and this Court should either find: (a)
that the District Attorney violated Plaintiff's due process rights as a matter of law by disclosing, or permitting to be disclosed, that “Plaintiff was listed on the New
York State Child Abuse and Maltreatment Register," and by failing to retract that disclosure after she was formally put on notice that it had been made and that it
was statutorily confidential under threat of criminal penalty; or (b) that material issues of fact preclude summary judgment on that Third Cause of Action.
Dated: February 27, 2014
Port Washington, New York
-16-
/s
James M. Maloney (JM-5297)
pro se
Plaintiff
33 Bayview Avenue
Port Washington, New York
(516) 767-1395
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© Town of Bethany
1. Call to Order
2. Approval of Minutes –
a. October 5, 2021 – Regular Meeting
3. Discussion & Possible Action – Tax Refund(s)
4. Discussion & Possible Action – Hopp Brook/Beacon Falls Development Update
5. Discussion & Possible Action – Affordable Housing Plan – Update
6. Discussion & Possible Action – Status of Airport Hangar – Update
7. Discussion & Possible Action – Simpson Property – Update
8. Discussion & Possible Action – Textile Recyclables Collection
9. Discussion & Possible Action – Revitalization of Bethany Economic Development Commission - Update
10. Adjournment
TOWN OF BETHANY
Town Hall – 40 Peck Road Bethany, Connecticut 06524-3378 Telephone: (203) 393-2100 Ext. 1100
Selectmen's Office
OCTOBER 19, 2021 7:00 P.M.
**** IN PERSON ****
AGENDA
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ACN 109 200 900
AUSTRALIAN SECURITIES EXCHANGE ANNOUNCEMENT 24 January 2020
US Patents Allowed for EdenCrete® and EdenPlast ®
Eden Innovations Ltd (Eden) (ASX: EDE) is pleased to announce that the US Patent and Trademark Office has issued one application and allowed another application that were lodged in 2017. Details of these two US patents are as follows:
* US patent application no. 15/597,198 has been allowed and includes 24 claims directed to the production of the EdenCrete® family of products; and
* US Patent No. 10,472,240 has issued and includes 16 claims directed to the production of the EdenPlast® family of products.
In addition, corresponding patent applications have been lodged in the US that include claims directed to the composition of the EdenCrete® and EdenPlast® family of products. Corresponding patent applications have also been lodged in five other countries pursuant to the Patent Convention Treaty.
These two US patents are both broad in their scope, covering in each case the use of a wide variety of carbon nanoparticles in the manufacture of concrete and plastic products including carbon nanotube particles, carbon nanofiber particles, graphene particles, graphite particles, carbon black, polycrystalline carbon particles, nanodiamonds and fullerene particles.
The two US patents are intended to provide significant protection in the USA for the considerable intellectual property that Eden has developed over the past 10 years in relation to the EdenCrete® and EdenPlast® family of products.
Eden now holds ten US patents protecting its technologies in different areas, along with corresponding patents in a number of other countries. Eden also holds three other current US patent applications that are still being considered.
Gregory H. Solomon
Executive Chairman
For further information please contact Aaron Gates on +61 8 9282 5889
Eden Innovations Ltd | Telephone +61 8 9282 5889
Level 15, 197 St George's Terrace, Perth, Western Australia 6000, Australia |
edeninnovations.com
|
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CC-MAIN-2020-45
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https://asx.api.markitdigital.com/asx-research/1.0/file/2924-02195242-6A963048?access_token=83ff96335c2d45a094df02a206a39ff4
|
2020-10-29T02:23:37+00:00
|
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| 214,702,301
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| 0.992588
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Date: 7/28/2016 US ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS JACKSONVILLE DISTRICT ATTN: CESAJ-OD-SN PO Box 4970 JACKSONVILLE, FL 32232-0019 863-983-8101
NOTICE TO NAVIGATION INTERESTS
NOTICE NUMBER: 007
LOCAL NUMBER: 2016728
WATERWAY: OKEECHOBEE WATERWAY, ORTONA LOCK
EFFECTIVE: 07/28/2016 00:00 thru 10/14/2016 24:00 EST
POC
: http://www.saj.usace.army.mil/Missions/CivilWorks/Navigation/NoticestoNavigation.aspx
OKEECHOBEE WATERWAY ORTONA LOCK APPROACH WALL CONSTRUCTION CLOSURE EXTENSION
REFERENCES:
a. 33 CFR Navigation and Navigable Waters
b. NTN 2015-18 Ortona Lock Approach Wall Construction Closure
1. Notice to Navigation
Notice is given that Ortona Lock approach wall construction has experienced delays requiring the Monday through Friday lock closures to be extended to 14 October 2016. This approach wall replacement project is necessary for public and vessel safety. During construction barges, cranes, pile driving equipment and divers will be working in the lock entrance requiring operations will be restricted for safety. Vessel operators are advised to use minimal speed and caution operating in the area of barges and floating cranes. Normal Lock hours are 7 AM to 5 PM with planned closures between 7:30 AM to 11:30 AM and 12:30 PM to 4:30 PM Monday through Friday, additional locking hours may be available based on the contractors work. Call theOrtona Lock shift operator at 863-675-0616 between 7 AM and 5 PM for current information.
//signed//
Digitally signed by WILLIAMS.CARL.MABRY.IV.1091240960
DN: c=US, o=U.S. Government, ou=DoD, ou=PKI, ou=USA,
cn=WILLIAMS.CARL.MABRY.IV.1091240960
WILLIAMS.CARL.MAB
Date: 2016.07.28 08:50:18 -04'00'
RY.IV.1091240960
Chief Navigation & Flood Risk Management South Florida Operations
|
<urn:uuid:4ab9c254-7bec-468e-af31-753855e8d10e>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-22
|
http://www.offshoreblue.com/assets/oww/ortona-lock-closures.pdf
|
2017-05-29T22:53:27Z
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463613135.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20170529223110-20170530003110-00434.warc.gz
| 742,638,207
| 514
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Plunger Brew Guide
1. Remove the plunger and clean thoroughly.
2. Put a kettle of water on to boil.
3. Weigh out coffee beans or medium course grind as follows:
18g coffee for
1 cup or
290g of water | 26g coffee
for
2 cups or
415g of water
33g coffee for 3 cups or 525g of water | 50g coffee for 4 cups or 800g of water
4. Preheat the plunger with boiling water and decanting vessels (carafes, jugs or mugs, etc.). After pouring out preheating water, place the plunger on the scale and set / tare to zero.
5. Add ground coffee, check to see that the coffee weight hasn't changed, then tare to zero.
6. Start the timer (set for 5 minutes) as you begin to pour the hot water.
7. After a minute give the brew a quick stir & replace the lid and plunger without plunging.
8. When the timer runs out, press the plunger down slowly and carefully, making sure coffee particles do not spurt out the sides.
9. Once the plunger is pressed down fully, immediately decant all brew and serve.
|
<urn:uuid:0b8299d4-a081-492f-9aa5-246a715d0a35>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
http://thelittlemarionette.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/4_plunger_brew_guides_the_little_marionette_a5.pdf
|
2017-06-28T10:33:41Z
|
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| 402,966,657
| 265
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|
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| 0.997293
|
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| 0.997293
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rolmOCR
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LKTR79A02 (INTERNAL TEST-2)
| ENROLMENT NO. | BATCH CODE | STUDENT NAME | CHEMISTRY | Mathematics | PHYSICS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | | | Marks out of 65 | Marks out of 65 | Marks out of 65 |
| 1151221790145 | LKTR79A02 | Shikhar Saxena | 30 | 33 | 27 |
| 1151221790150 | LKTR79A02 | Ishita Cahuhan | 27 | 20 | 22 |
| 1151221790092 | LKTR79A02 | Devanshu Chatterjee | 23 | 11 | 33 |
| 1151221790112 | LKTR79A02 | Ujjwal Rastogi | 32 | 12 | 19 |
| 1151221790078 | LKTR79A02 | Sanchit Hajela | 22 | 22 | 18 |
| 1151221790042 | LKTR79A02 | Manas Vardhan | 27 | 14 | 17 |
| 1151221790165 | LKTR79A02 | Mouli Jain | 26 | 16 | 12 |
| 1151221790026 | LKTR79A02 | Shreyansh Jain | 23 | 15 | 15 |
| 1151221790143 | LKTR79A02 | Ravi Kumar Singh | 29 | 8 | 8 |
| 1151221790094 | LKTR79A02 | Yash Kapoor | 20 | 10 | 14 |
| 1151221790201 | LKTR79A02 | Yuvraj Ranjan B. | 20 | 13 | 11 |
| 1151221790085 | LKTR79A02 | Priyanshi Bhakuni | 9 | 15 | 11 |
| 1151221790030 | LKTR79A02 | Dipti Patel | 20 | 5 | 9 |
| 1151221790084 | LKTR79A02 | Mudita Sivastava | 26 | 4 | 3 |
| 1151221790019 | LKTR79A02 | Sarvottam Kumar Mishra | 8 | 10 | 14 |
| 1151221790013 | LKTR79A02 | Arpit Gupta | 14 | 0 | 16 |
| 1151221790098 | LKTR79A02 | Anchit Sinha | 10 | 6 | 9 |
| 1151221790151 | LKTR79A02 | Vaibhav Shikhar | 9 | 4 | 11 |
| 1151221790095 | LKTR79A02 | Brahmneet kaur Narula | 13 | 2 | 1 |
| 1151221790081 | LKTR79A02 | Rishank Mehrotra | 18 | -2 | 0 |
| 1151221790014 | LKTR79A02 | Manasi Krishna | 2 | 1 | 6 |
| 1151221790193 | LKTR79A02 | Jyoti Ranjan | 6 | 2 | -4 |
| 1151221790018 | LKTR79A02 | Nitya Katiyar | 0 | 3 | 1 |
| 1151221790149 | LKTR79A02 | Adarsh Pandey | AB | AB | AB |
| 1151221790199 | LKTR79A02 | Anshul Yadav | AB | AB | AB |
| 1151221790102 | LKTR79A02 | Ayush Agarwal | AB | AB | AB |
| 1151221790159 | LKTR79A02 | Faraz Alam | AB | AB | AB |
| 1151221790058 | LKTR79A02 | Hardik Srivastava | AB | AB | AB |
| 1151221790005 | LKTR79A02 | Kushagra Chandra | AB | AB | AB |
| 1151221790109 | LKTR79A02 | Paavan Mishra | AB | AB | AB |
| 1151221790099 | LKTR79A02 | Piyush Singh | AB | AB | AB |
| 1151221790056 | LKTR79A02 | Pranjal Singh | AB | AB | AB |
| 1151221790071 | LKTR79A02 | Shashi Shekhar Yadav | AB | AB | AB |
| 1151221790072 | LKTR79A02 | Shivam | AB | AB | AB |
| 1151221790160 | LKTR79A02 | Sujal Gupta | AB | AB | AB |
- Please Visit:- www.fiitjeelucknow.com & then click on
To Check Result online:
"NOTICE" Tab & then select the Batch code of the student to see the Result.
|
<urn:uuid:4a940a78-59c0-40df-a848-af471ecd8b2e>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-43
|
http://fiitjeelucknow.com/LKTR79A02_Internal%20Test-2.xlsx.pdf
|
2017-10-21T10:33:30Z
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187824733.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20171021095939-20171021115939-00595.warc.gz
| 124,671,038
| 1,134
|
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|
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| 0.641743
|
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| 0.641743
|
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|
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|
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] |
SGI
UV
Revolutionary x86 Performance and Scalability
Key Features
Scales to 2,560 cores in Single System Image Up to 16TB Global Shared Memory Open Platform Based Processors on Intel ® Xeon ® and Linux ® or Windows ® OS
Solving the World's Most Data Intensive Problems
SGI ® UV scales to truly extraordinary levels — up to 2,560 cores (256 CPUs) with architectural support to 327,680 cores (32,768 sockets). One of its most attractive features is its support for up to 16TB of global shared memory in a single system image (SSI). This enables UV to remain highly efficient at scale for applications ranging from in-memory databases to a diverse set of data- and compute-intensive HPC applications. Supporting these powerful capabilities are the fifth-generation NUMAlink ® interconnect and integrated MPI Offload Engine (MOE) technology from SGI — so while UV offers world-leading capabilities to support shared memory applications, it also delivers features that optimize MPI communication for superior performance on cluster applications. The versatility and high performance of UV allows it to solve the world's toughest computational challenges, whether deployed as an "analysis supernode" in conjunction with a large, scale-out SGI ICE cluster or used as an independent, standalone system.
Scalable System Size
The SGI UV family consists of three models that enable users to optimally size their systems, achieving the correct balance of compute, memory and storage capability. SGI UV 10 is one of the most capable quad-socket rackmount servers available, with up to 32 processing cores (64 threads), 64 DIMM slots and rich I/O expansion capabilities. SGI UV 100 and SGI UV 1000 enable scaling a single system image to a maximum of 2,560 cores or 4,096 threads. This is possible because of their innovative NUMAflex ® , blade-based architecture.
With UV configurations starting with as few as four sockets (16 cores), UV is well positioned to scale up as performance requirements grow, preserving the initial investment along the way.
A Truly Open Platform
One of the groundbreaking aspects of SGI UV is that the hardware platform derives from open standards. The system's x86 architecture leverages up to ten-core Intel ® Xeon ® processor 7500 series or E7 family. This allows for the use of unmodified SUSE ® Linux ® Enterprise Server, Red Hat ® Enterprise Linux or Microsoft ® Windows ® Server 2008 R2 operating systems. But the impact only grows from there, as the x86 application ecosystem is unrivaled by any other. This makes UV as ideal for running custom codes as it is for running off-the-shelf ISV applications. SGI accelerates time to results by providing a complete HPC solution software stack, ensuring that customers can maximize the performance capability of the UV platform.
Flexible System Expansion and Storage Capabilities
Industry-standard PCI Express expansion slots open up countless possibilities for system configurations with seamless support for industry-standard networking, storage and graphics/GPU cards. It also means full support for the entire SGI InfiniteStorage line of EBOD, RAID, SAN, NAS and tape storage solutions – along with a rich set of InfiniteStorage software, including its clustered file system CXFS ® and Data Migration Facility (DMF). Taking all of these advantages into account, it is clear why SGI UV is such a versatile solution for shared memory applications of any scale.
SGI® UV
SGI UV System Specifications
Global Sales and Support
North America +1 800.800.7441
Latin America+55 11.5185.2860
Europe +44 118.927.8000
Asia Pacific+61 2.9448.1463
Japan+81 3.5488.1811
sgi.com/uv
|
<urn:uuid:26cb6ba5-c8f0-4281-bd13-5543285c1002>
|
CC-MAIN-2021-04
|
https://moodle.risc.jku.at/pluginfile.php/5594/course/section/1077/AltixUV_datasheet.pdf
|
2021-01-16T23:21:32+00:00
|
s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/crawl=CC-MAIN-2021-04/subset=warc/part-00097-364a895c-5e5c-46bb-846e-75ec7de82b3b.c000.gz.parquet
| 482,534,712
| 787
|
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|
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| 0.588732
|
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| 0.990357
|
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|
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AS series
A New Sense of Mobility
Smart, harmonious, space-saving, and cleverly flexible... The AS Series of nesting chairs and tables leaves room for all imaginable purposes.
Masterminded by award-winning designer Andreas Störiko, the idea of the series is that you are free to rearrange furniture and settings in any possible way.
With the AS100 chairs and the AS400 + AS500 tables at the ready, you can transform a workspace to a conference room or to a dining room and back again in moments – with unmatched rearranging ease.
The AS series simply allows for operational efficiency and a new sense of mobility every day.
Moving Sustainability
At HOWE we believe good design is design that moves you – just as we believe good design contributes to a more sustainable future.
The AS Series is FSC-certified, and its production complies with HOWE’s comprehensive code of conduct for sustainability.
|
d4113d71-5f5a-4b8a-921b-759b4fd5ddd3
|
CC-MAIN-2023-14
|
https://www.howe.com/media/cwyekhyn/as_series_flyer_072022_north_america.pdf
|
2023-03-30T09:09:01+00:00
|
s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/crawl=CC-MAIN-2023-14/subset=warc/part-00192-39c03058-7d78-443d-9984-102329513e3d.c000.gz.parquet
| 886,641,533
| 185
|
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|
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| 0.997448
|
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| 0.998447
|
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|
docling
|
[
628,
906
] |
THIS AMENDMENT is made and entered into between Airport Plaza, LLC.
whose address is: 110 Lynwood Blvd, Nashville,TN 37205-2904
hereinafter called the Lessor, and the UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, hereinafter called the Government:
WHEREAS, the parties hereto desire to establish the annual rent and the amount of actual Tenant Improvement Cost.
NOW THEREFORE, these parties for good and valuable consideration, the receipt and sufficiency of which is hereby acknowledged, covenant and agree that the said Lease is amended, effective March 31, 2015 as follows:
RENT COMMENCEMENT DATE: Hereby wish to establish the commencement and termination dates of this Lease, for Suite #204 ( ), Suite#205 ( ), Suite#206 ( ),Suite#301 ( ).
1.01 THE PREMISES (JUN 2012)
The premises are described as follows:
A. Office and Related Space: 6,719 rentable square feet (RSF) yielding at 5,999 ANSI/BOMA office area (ABOA) square feet (SF) of office and related space located on the 2nd and 3rd floor(s) known as Suite(s) 301, 204, 205, and 206 of the building as depicted on the floor plan(s) attached and hereto as exhibit A. The Lessor is to provide 1-parking spaces as shown on the Exhibit A, reserved for the exclusive use of the Government (Suite #205) of which 1-parking space shall be structured/inside parking space, and C-shall be surface outside parking spaces. In addition the Lessor shall provide such additional parking spaces as required by the applicable code of the local government entity having jurisdiction over the property.
B. The term of the lease of the premises, together with the rental payments is hereby established to commence April 1, 2015, to March 31, 2025 for Suites #301,#204, #205 & #206.
This Lease Amendment contains 4 pages.
All other terms and conditions of the lease shall remain in force and effect.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties subscribed their names as of the below date.
FOR THE LESSOR:
Signature:
Name: Partner
Title:
Entity Name: Airport Plaza, LLC
Date: 4-1-15
FOR THE GOVERNMENT:
Signature: Marcus Schmier
Name: Marcus Schmier
Title: Contracting Officer
GSA, Public Buildings Service
Date: 4/19/15
WITNESSED FOR THE LESSOR BY:
Signature:
Name: Partner
Title:
Date: 4-1-2015
1.03 RENT AND OTHER CONSIDERATION (SEP 2012)
THE GOVERNMENT SHALL PAY THE LESSOR ANNUAL RENT FOR SUITE#204 [ ], SUITE #205 [ ], SUITE #206 [ ] AND SUITE #301 [ ], PAYABLE IN MONTHLY INSTALLMENTS IN ARREARS AT THE FOLLOWING RATES.
| Suite# | Firm Term 4/1/2015 - 3/31/2020 | Non-Firm Term 4/1/2020- 3/31/2025 |
|--------|-------------------------------|----------------------------------|
| | Annual Rent | Annual Rent |
| Shell Rent | $34,871.16 | $40,759.16 |
| Tenant Improvements | $16,753.19 | $0.00 |
| Operating Costs | $10,988.84 | $10,988.84 |
| Building Specific Amortized Capital | $0.00 | $0.00 |
| Parking | $0.00 | $0.00 |
| Total Annual Rent | $62,413.19 | $51,748.00 |
1. SHELL RENT (FIRM TERM) CALCULATION: $11.39 PER RSF, MULTIPLIED BY 3,044 (RSF), NON FIRM TERM CALCULATION: $13.39 MULTIPLIED BY 3,044 (RSF).
2. THE TENANT IMPROVEMENT COST OF $72,214.03 IS AMORTIZED AT A RATE OF 6 PERCENT PER ANNUM OVER 5 YEARS.
3. OPERATING COSTS CALCULATION: $3.61 PER RSF MULTIPLIED BY 3,044 (RSF).
4. BUILDING SECURITY COSTS: $0.00 PER RSF.
| Suite# | Firm Term 4/1/2015 - 3/31/2020 | Non-Firm Term 4/1/2020 - 3/31/2025 |
|--------|-------------------------------|----------------------------------|
| | Annual Rent | Annual Rent |
| Shell Rent | $15,353.72 | $18,049.72 |
| Tenant Improvements | $8,727.84 | $0.00 |
| Operating Costs | $4,866.28 | $4,866.28 |
| Building Specific Amortized Capital | $0.00 | $0.00 |
| Parking | $0.00 | $0.00 |
| Total Annual Rent | $28,947.84 | $22,916.00 |
1. SHELL RENT (FIRM TERM) CALCULATION: $11.39 PER RSF, MULTIPLIED BY 1,348 (RSF), NON FIRM TERM CALCULATION: $13.39 MULTIPLIED BY 1,348 (RSF).
2. THE TENANT IMPROVEMENT COST OF $37,620.97 IS AMORTIZED AT A RATE OF 6 PERCENT PER ANNUM OVER 5 YEARS.
3. OPERATING COSTS CALCULATION: $3.61 PER RSF MULTIPLIED BY 1,348 (RSF).
4. BUILDING SECURITY COSTS: $0.00 PER RSF.
| Suite# | Firm Term 4/1/2015 - 3/31/2020 | Non-Firm Term 4/1/2020 - 3/31/2025 |
|--------|-------------------------------|----------------------------------|
| | Annual Rent | Annual Rent |
| Shell Rent | $2,619.70 | $3,079.70 |
| Tenant Improvements | $1,907.04 | $0.00 |
| Operating Costs | $830.30 | $830.30 |
| Building Specific Amortized Capital | $0.00 | $0.00 |
| Parking | $0.00 | $0.00 |
| Total Annual Rent | $5,357.04 | $3,910.00 |
1. SHELL RENT (FIRM TERM) CALCULATION: $11.39 PER RSF, MULTIPLIED BY 230 (RSF), NON FIRM TERM CALCULATION: $13.39 MULTIPLIED BY 230 (RSF).
2. THE TENANT IMPROVEMENT COST OF $6,270.26 IS AMORTIZED AT A RATE OF 6 PERCENT PER ANNUM OVER 5 YEARS.
3. OPERATING COSTS CALCULATION: $3.61 PER RSF MULTIPLIED BY 230 (RSF).
4. BUILDING SECURITY COSTS: $0.00 PER RSF.
INITIALS Lessor & Gov't
| Suite# 301 (______) | Firm Term 4/1/2015 - 3/31/2020 | Non-Firm Term 4/1/2020 - 3/31/2025 |
|---------------------|---------------------------------|----------------------------------|
| | Annual Rent | Annual Rent |
| Shell Rent | $23,884.83 | $28,078.83 |
| Tenant Improvements | $4,806.96 | $0.00 |
| Operating Costs | $7,570.17 | $7,570.17 |
| Building Specific Amortized Capital | $0.00 | $0.00 |
| Parking | | |
| Total Annual Rent | $36,261.96 | $35,649.00 |
1. SHELL RENT (FIRM TERM) CALCULATION: $11.39 PER RSF, MULTIPLIED BY 2,097 (RSF), NON FIRM TERM CALCULATION: $13.39 MULTIPLIED BY 2,097 (RSF).
2. THE TENANT IMPROVEMENT COST OF $20,720.08 IS AMORTIZED AT A RATE OF 6 PERCENT PER ANNUM OVER 5 YEARS.
3. OPERATING COSTS CALCULATION: $3.61 PER RSF MULTIPLIED BY 2,097 (RSF).
4. BUILDING SECURITY COSTS: $0.00 PER RSF.
| Total Annual Rent Rates Suites #301,#204, #205 and #206 | Firm Term 4/1/2015 - 3/31/2020 | Non-Firm Term 4/1/2020 - 3/31/2025 |
|--------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------|----------------------------------|
| | Annual Rent | Annual Rent |
| Shell Rent | $76,529.41 | $89,987.41 |
| Tenant Improvements | $32,105.03 | $0.00 |
| Operating Costs | $24,255.59 | $24,255.59 |
| Building Specific Amortized Capital | $0.00 | $0.00 |
| Parking | $0.00 | $0.00 |
| Total Annual Rent | $132,980.03 | $114,223.00 |
1. SHELL RENT (FIRM TERM) CALCULATION: $11.39 PER RSF, MULTIPLIED BY 6,719 (RSF), NON FIRM TERM CALCULATION: $13.39 MULTIPLIED BY 6,719 (RSF).
2. THE TENANT IMPROVEMENT COST OF $39,775.33 IS AMORTIZED AT A RATE OF 6 PERCENT PER ANNUM OVER 5 YEARS.
3. OPERATING COSTS CALCULATION: $3.61 PER RSF MULTIPLIED BY 6,719 (RSF).
4. BUILDING SECURITY COSTS: $0.00 PER RSF.
1.04 BROKER COMMISSION AND COMMISSION CREDIT (JUN 2012)
A. DTZ AMERICAS, INC (Broker) is the authorized real estate Broker representing GSA in connection with this Lease transaction. The total amount of the Commission is ________ and is earned upon Lease execution, payable according to the Commission Agreement signed between the two parties. Only ________ of the commission will be payable to DTZ Americas, Inc. with the remaining ________, which is the Commission Credit, to be credited to the shell rental portion of the annual rental payments due and owing to fully recapture the Commission Credit. The reduction in shell rent shall commence with the first month of the rental payments and continue until the credit has been fully recaptured in equal monthly installments over the shortest time practicable.
B. Notwithstanding the “Rent and Other Consideration” paragraph of this Lease, the shell rental payments due and owing under this Lease shall be reduced to recapture fully this Commission Credit. The reduction in shell rent shall commence with the first month of the rental payments and continue as indicated in this schedule for adjusted Monthly Rent:
Month 1 Rental Payment $11,081.67 minus prorated Commission Credit of ________ equals ________ adjusted 1st Month’s Rent.
Month 2 Rental Payment $11,081.67 minus prorated Commission Credit of ________ equals ________ adjusted 2nd Month’s Rent.
INITIALS: ___________________________ & ___________________________
1.05 TERMINATION RIGHTS (AUG 2011)
The Government may terminate this Lease, in whole or in part at any time effective after March 31, 2020 of this Lease, by providing not less than 120-days prior written notice to the Lessor. The effective date of the termination shall be the day following the expiration of the required notice period or the termination date set forth in the notice, whichever is later. No rental shall accrue after the effective date of termination.
*SUBJECT TO CHANGE BASED ON ADJUSTMENTS OUTLINED UNDER THE PARAGRAPH “RENT AND OTHER CONSIDERATION”
ALL OTHER TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF THIS LEASE SHALL REMAIN IN FORCE AND EFFECT.
|
<urn:uuid:f41fab29-1a72-41b8-a661-9869e6fd388a>
|
CC-MAIN-2021-49
|
https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/Real_Estate_Acquisitions/LTN62657-SLA-2-_Z.pdf
|
2021-11-29T21:06:21+00:00
|
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| 2,662
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| 0.78992
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India's Fruit Exports on a Rise
India exported USD 100 million worth of fresh bananas in 2020, growing by about 32 per cent over 2019. While exports to Iran, UAE, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Qatar and Afghanistan grew during this period, exports to Oman, Nepal, Kuwait and Bahrain declined, among other countries.
India exported USD 95 million worth of mango pulp in 2020, growing by about 13 per cent over 2019. While exports to Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Oman, China, Germany and Canada increased during this period, exports to Netherland, Kuwait, USA and UK declined, among other countries.
India exported USD 56 million worth of oranges in 2020, growing by about 112 per cent over 2019. Exports to Bangladesh constituted about 88 per cent of India's exports of oranges to the world in 2020 and exports to Nepal constituted another 10 per cent. While exports to Bangladesh grew by 129 per cent in 2020 over 2019 and exports to Nepal grew by 38 per cent, exports to UAE, Kuwait, Egypt, Saudi Arabia and Bahrain also increased during this period.
India exported USD 15 million worth of fresh apples in 2020, growing by about 39 per cent over 2019. Exports to Bangladesh constituted about 57 per cent of India's exports of fresh apples to the world in 2020 and exports to Nepal constituted another 40 per cent. While exports to Bangladesh grew by 93 per cent in 2020 over 2019 and exports to Nepal grew by 4 per cent, exports to UAE, Oman and Saudi Arabia also increased during this period.
| | | Jan- | Jan- |
|---|---|---|---|
| HS Code | Commodity Description | Dec 2019 (R) | Dec 2020 (F) |
| | | (USD Million) | (USD Million) |
| 8039010 | BANANAS, FRESH | 75.81 | 99.91 |
| 8045040 | MANGO PULP | 84.54 | 95.35 |
| 8051000 | ORANGES FRESH OR DRIED | 26.65 | 56.38 |
| 8134010 | TAMARIND DRIED | 20.58 | 21.97 |
India also witnessed a rise in exports of dried tamarind, and lemons and limes. The following table highlights growth in India's fruit exports in 2020.
Notifications
PIB
India's Organic food products exports rise by more than 50 per cent in 2020-21
https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1714373
Australia-India-Japan Launch of Supply Chain Resilience initiative https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1714362
Gujarat Plans to Provide 10 Lakh Tap Connections in 2021-22 https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1714340
CBIC
Anti-dumping duty on imports of Toluene Di-isocyanate (TDI)
https://www.cbic.gov.in/resources//htdocs-cbec/customs/cs-act/notifications/notfns-2021/csadd2021/csadd28-2021.pdf;jsessionid=60B6CD0A504CEDB51C2C2149B085B883
Anti-dumping duty on import of 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-Pyrazolone https://www.cbic.gov.in/resources//htdocs-cbec/customs/cs-act/notifications/notfns-2021/csadd2021/csadd26-2021.pdf;jsessionid=66BC021FB54C71B8DB0CE79A29AE0EF3
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Trade name:
R290- Propane 2.5; Tegan®290, Propane 2.5
Product no.: R290
Current version : 1.1.0, issued: 13.05.2020
Replaced version: 1.0.0, issued: 20.02.2019
Region: GB
SECTION 1: Identification of the substance/mixture and of the company/undertaking
1.1 Product identifier
Trade name
R290- Propane 2.5; Tegan®290, Propane 2.5
Substance name
propane
REACH registration no.
01-2119486944-21
Identification numbers
CAS no.
74-98-6
EC no.
200-827-9
Index no.
601-003-00-5
1.2 Relevant identified uses of the substance or mixture and uses advised against
Relevant identified uses of the substance or mixture
Industrial Use
Professional use
Formulation of mixtures
Fuel
Pure chemical aerosol
propellant
Consumer use
Refrigerant
Uses advised against
No other use is recommended.
1.3 Details of the supplier of the safety data sheet
Address
TEGA - Technische Gase und Gasetechnik GmbH
Werner-von-Siemens-Straße 18
97076
Würzburg
Telephone no.
+49 931 2093-220
Fax no.
+49 931 2093-180
e-mail
[email protected]
Advice on Safety Data Sheet
[email protected]
1.4 Emergency telephone number
For medical advice (in German and English):
+49 (0)551 192 40 (Giftinformationszentrum Nord)
SECTION 2: Hazards identification
2.1 Classification of the substance or mixture
Classification in accordance with Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (CLP)
Flam. Gas 1; H220
Press. Gas liq.; H280
Full text for the notes: pls. see section 16 "Notes relating to the identification, classification and labelling of substances ((EC) No 1272/2008, Annex VI)".
Classification information
This product is assessed and classified using the methods and criteria below referred to in Article 9 of Regulation
Trade name: R290- Propane 2.5; Tegan®290, Propane 2.5
Product no.: R290
Current version : 1.1.0, issued: 13.05.2020
Replaced version: 1.0.0, issued: 20.02.2019
Region: GB
(EC) n° 1272/2008:
Physical hazards: determined through assessment data based on the methods or standards referred to in part 2 of Annex I to CLP
Health hazards and environmental hazards: determined through toxicological and ecotoxicological assessment data based on the methods or standards referred to in Part 3 and 4 of Annex I to CLP.
2.2 Label elements
Labelling according to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (CLP Regulation)
Product identifier
74-98-6 (propane)
Hazard pictograms
GHS02
Signal word
Danger
Hazard statement(s)
H220
Extremely flammable gas. Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated.
H280
Precautionary statement(s)
P210
Keep away from heat, hot surfaces, sparks, open flames and other ignition sources. No smoking.
P377
Leaking gas fire: Do not extinguish, unless leak can be stopped safely.
P381
In case of leakage, eliminate all ignition sources.
P403
Store in a well-ventilated place.
2.3 Other hazards
Contact with the liquid can cause cold burns or frostbite.
PBT assessment
The product is not considered to be a PBT.
vPvB assessment
The product is not considered to be a vPvB.
SECTION 3: Composition/information on ingredients
3.1 Substances
Chemical characterization
Substance name
propane
Formula
C3H8
Molecular weight
44.09
Identification numbers
CAS no.
74-98-6
EC no.
200-827-9
Index no.
601-003-00-5
3.2 Mixtures
Not applicable. The product is not a mixture.
SECTION 4: First aid measures
4.1 Description of first aid measures
General information
In high concentrations may cause asphyxiation. Symptoms may include loss of mobility/consciousness. Victim may not be aware of asphyxiation. Remove affected person from danger area, lay him down. Seek medical advice
GHS04
Trade name:
R290- Propane 2.5; Tegan®290, Propane 2.5
Product no.: R290
Current version : 1.1.0, issued: 13.05.2020
Replaced version: 1.0.0, issued: 20.02.2019
Region: GB
immediately.
After inhalation
Remove affected persons from dangerous area by observing suitable respiratory protection measures. Ensure supply of fresh air. Irregular breathing/no breathing: artificial respiration. Call a doctor immediately.
After skin contact
In case of contact with skin wash off immediately with soap and water. In case of frostbite, rinse with plenty of water. Do not remove clothing.
After eye contact
Remove contact lenses. Rinse eye thoroughly under running water keeping eyelids wide open and protecting the unaffected eye (at least 10 to 15 minutes).
After ingestion
Rinse mouth thoroughly with water. Do not induce vomiting. Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
4.2 Most important symptoms and effects, both acute and delayed
Symptoms
Shortness of breath; Frostbite; respiratory arrest. Unconsciousness
Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed
4.3
Treat symptomatically.
SECTION 5: Firefighting measures
5.1 Extinguishing media
Suitable extinguishing media
Extinguishing powder; Water spray jet; Water mist; Foam
Unsuitable extinguishing media
High power water jet; Carbon dioxide
5.2 Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
In the event of fire, the following can be released: Carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide; May explode if exposed to heat. Liquefied gas: Spilled liquid can cause cold burns. This gas is heavier than air and may accumulate in low areas.
5.3 Advice for firefighters
Use self-contained breathing apparatus. Wear full protective suit. Containers close to fire should be transferred to a safe place. Cool closed containers exposed to fire with water. Pressure increase, bursting and explosion hazard during heating. Fire residues and contaminated firefighting water must be disposed of in accordance with the local regulations.
SECTION 6: Accidental release measures
6.1 Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
For non-emergency personnel
Refer to protective measures listed in sections 7 and 8. Ensure adequate ventilation. Keep away from ignition sources. Do not breathe gas. Cordon and mark contaminated area. Remove persons to safety. Risk of explosion.
For emergency responders
No data available. Personal protective equipment (PPE) - see Section 8.
6.2 Environmental precautions
Avoid release in the environment. Suppress gases/vapours/mists with water spray jet.
6.3 Methods and material for containment and cleaning up
Ensure adequate ventilation. Dispose of absorbed material in accordance with the regulations.
6.4 Reference to other sections
Information regarding safe handling, see chapter 7. Information regarding personal protective measures, see chapter 8. Information regarding waste disposal, see chapter 13.
Trade name: R290- Propane 2.5; Tegan®290, Propane 2.5
Product no.: R290
Current version : 1.1.0, issued: 13.05.2020
Replaced version: 1.0.0, issued: 20.02.2019
Region: GB
SECTION 7: Handling and storage
7.1 Precautions for safe handling
Advice on safe handling
Only qualified and trained persons are authorised to handle. Provide good ventilation at the work area (local exhaust ventilation, if necessary). To be used only according to instructions for use. Do not pressurize, cut, weld, braze, solder, drill, grind, or expose containers heat or sources of ignition. In case of accidental release: danger due to low temperature of the liquid product. The product should only be used in areas from which all naked lights and other sources of ignition have been excluded. Prevent the creation of flammable or explosive concentrations of vapour in air and avoid vapour concentration higher than the occupational exposure limits. Pressurized container: protect from sunlight and do not expose to temperatures exceeding 50 °C. Do not pierce or burn, even after use. Comply with the health and safety at work laws.
General protective and hygiene measures
Wash hands before breaks and after work. Do not inhale gases. Do not eat, drink or smoke during work time. Keep away from foodstuffs and beverages. Have emergency shower available.
Advice on protection against fire and explosion
Vapours can form an explosive mixture with air. Isolate from sources of heat, sparks and open flame. Take precautionary measures against electrostatic loading (earthing necessary during loading operations). Use explosionproof equipment/fittings and non-sparking tools. Electrical equipment should be protected to the appropriate standard.
7.2 Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities
Technical measures and storage conditions
Keep container tightly closed in a cool, well-ventilated place, open and handle carefully. Protect from heat and direct sunlight.
Recommended storage temperature
Value
<
50
*C
Requirements for storage rooms and vessels
Containers which are opened must be carefully closed and kept upright to prevent leakage. Always keep in containers of same material as the original.
Incompatible products
Do not store together with: combustible materials; oxidizing agents; oxidizing substances; spontaneously combusting substances; explosive substances
7.3 Specific end use(s)
No data available.
SECTION 8: Exposure controls/personal protection
8.1 Control parameters
No parameters available for monitoring.
8.2 Exposure controls
Appropriate engineering controls
Ensure adequate ventilation, local exhaust at the work station if necessary. If these are not sufficient to maintain concentrations of particulates and solvent vapour below the OEL, suitable respiratory protection must be worn.
Personal protective equipment
Respiratory protection
Self-contained breathing apparatus. In case of insufficient ventilation or long-term effect use breathing apparatus. Respiratory filter (gas) : AX
Eye / face protection
Tightly fitting safety glasses (EN 166).
Hand protection
Low-temperature-resistant gloves (EN 511). Sufficient protection is given wearing suitable protective gloves checked according to i.e. EN 374, in the event of risk of skin contact with the product. Before use, the protective gloves should be tested in any case for its specific work-station suitability (i.e. mechanical resistance, product compatibility
Trade name: R290- Propane 2.5; Tegan®290, Propane 2.5
Product no.: R290
Current version : 1.1.0, issued: 13.05.2020
Replaced version: 1.0.0, issued: 20.02.2019
Region: GB
and antistatic properties). Adhere to the manufacturer's instructions and information relating to the use, storage, care and replacement of protective gloves. Protective gloves shall be replaced immediately when physically damaged or worn. Design operations thus to avoid permanent use of protective gloves. Appropriate Material Leather
Other
Chemical-resistant work clothes. Fire-resistant antistatic protective clothing. Protective shoes.
Environmental exposure controls
No data available.
SECTION 9: Physical and chemical properties
9.1 Information on basic physical and chemical properties
-42.1
-187.6
650
472
40
40
953.25
with 1907/2006/EC
Trade name: R290- Propane 2.5; Tegan®290, Propane 2.5
Product no.: R290
Current version : 1.1.0, issued: 13.05.2020
Replaced version: 1.0.0, issued: 20.02.2019
Region: GB
Comments
Air = 1
1.56
0.5853
75
1.8
Evaporation rate
No data available
Density
No data available
Solubility(ies)
No data available
9.2 Other information
Lk.17248
SECTION 10: Stability and reactivity
10.1
Reactivity
Dangerous reactions are not expected if the product is handled according to its intended use.
10.2 Chemical stability
Stable under recommended storage and handling conditions (See section 7).
10.3 Possibility of hazardous reactions
May ignite when exposed to strong oxydising agents. Risk of formation of explosive gas mixtures in air.
10.4
Conditions to avoid
T > 48 °C; Heat, naked flames and other ignition sources.
10.5 Incompatible materials
Oxidizing agents; humidity
10.6 Hazardous decomposition products
None, if handled according to intended use.
SECTION 11: Toxicological information
11.1 Information on toxicological effects
Acute oral toxicity
No data available
Acute dermal toxicity
No data available
Trade name:
R290- Propane 2.5; Tegan®290, Propane 2.5
Product no.: R290
Current version : 1.1.0, issued: 13.05.2020
Replaced version: 1.0.0, issued: 20.02.2019
Region: GB
Lk.8903
Lk.3661
Skin corrosion/irritation
No data available
Serious eye damage/irritation
No data available
Respiratory or skin sensitisation
No data available
Carcinogenicity
No data available
STOT - single exposure
No data available
Aspiration hazard
No data available
SECTION 12: Ecological information
12.1 Toxicity
Toxicity to fish (acute)
No data available
Toxicity to fish (chronic)
Lk.3661
Lk.3661
Lk.3661
Trade name: R290- Propane 2.5; Tegan®290, Propane 2.5
Product no.: R290
Current version : 1.1.0, issued: 13.05.2020
Replaced version: 1.0.0, issued: 20.02.2019
Region: GB
No data available
Toxicity to Daphnia (acute)
No data available
Toxicity to Daphnia (chronic)
No data available
Toxicity to algae (acute)
No data available
Toxicity to algae (chronic)
No data available
Bacteria toxicity
No data available
12.2 Persistence and degradability
U_906
12.3 Bioaccumulative potential
4
12.4 Mobility in soil
No data available.
12.5 Results of PBT and vPvB assessment
Lk.1610
Lk.1611
12.6 Other adverse effects
Other adverse effects
Global Warming Potential: 3
Lk.32783
12.7 Other information
710
SECTION 13: Disposal considerations
13.1 Waste treatment methods
Product
dispose of in accordance with local regulation.
Allocation of a waste code number, according to the European Waste Catalogue, should be carried out in agreement with the regional waste disposal company.
Packaging
Compressed gas packaging under pressure. Do not open by force. Do not heat above 50°C. Dispose of compressed
1.8
Trade name: R290- Propane 2.5; Tegan®290, Propane 2.5
Product no.: R290
Current version : 1.1.0, issued: 13.05.2020
Replaced version: 1.0.0, issued: 20.02.2019
Region: GB
gas packagings only if completely discharged. Do not burn empty compressed gas packagings. Do not pierce, cut or weld uncleaned containers.
SECTION 14: Transport information
14.1 Transport ADR/RID/ADN
Class
2
Classification code
2F
Hazard identification no.
23
UN number
UN1978
Proper shipping name
PROPANE
Tunnel restriction code
B/D
Label
2.1 RID: (+13)
14.2 Transport IMDG
Class
2.1
UN number
UN1978
Proper shipping name
PROPANE
EmS
F-D, S-U
Label
2.1
14.3 Transport ICAO-TI / IATA
Class
2.1
UN number
UN1978
Proper shipping name
Propane
Label
2.1
14.4 Other information
No data available.
14.5 Environmental hazards
Information on environmental hazards, if relevant, please see 14.1 - 14.3.
14.6 Special precautions for user
To be transported always in closed, upright and safe containers. Make sure that persons handling these containers are aware of the rules of conduct in case of incident or spillage.
14.7 Transport in bulk according to Annex II of Marpol and the IBC Code
Not relevant
SECTION 15: Regulatory information
15.1 Safety, health and environmental regulations/legislation specific for the substance or mixture EU regulations
Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (REACH) Annex XIV (List of substances subject to authorisation)
In accordance with the Reach regulation (EC) 1907/2006, the product does not contain any substances that are considered as subject to listing in annex XIV, inventory of substances requiring authorisation.
REACH candidate list of substances of very high concern (SVHC) for authorisation
In accordance with article 57 and article 59 of the Reach regulation (EC) 1907/2006, this substance is not considered as subject to listing in annex XIV, inventory of substances requiring authorisation ("Authorization list").
Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (REACH) Annex XVII: RESTRICTIONS ON THE MANUFACTURE, PLACING ON THE MARKET AND USE OF CERTAIN DANGEROUS SUBSTANCES, PREPARATIONS AND ARTICLES
The product is considered being subject to REACH regulation (EC) 1907/2006 annexe
No 40
XVII.
Other regulations
Trade name: R290- Propane 2.5; Tegan®290, Propane 2.5
Product no.: R290
Current version : 1.1.0, issued: 13.05.2020
Replaced version: 1.0.0, issued: 20.02.2019
Region: GB
Adhere to the national sanitary and occupational safety regulations when using this product.
15.2 Chemical safety assessment
A chemical safety assessment has been carried out for this substance.
SECTION 16: Other information
Sources of key data used to compile the data sheet:
Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (REACH), 1272/2008 (CLP) as amended in each case.
EC Directives 2000/39/EC, 2006/15/EC, 2009/161/EU
National Threshold Limit Values of the corresponding countries as amended in each case.
Transport regulations according to ADR, RID, IMDG, IATA as amended in each case.
The data sources used to determine physical, toxic and ecotoxic data, are indicated directly in the corresponding chapter.
Notes relating to the identification, classification and labelling of substances and mixtures ((EC) No 1272/2008, Annex VI)
U
When put on the market gases have to be classified as 'Gases under pressure', in one of the groups compressed gas, liquefied gas, refrigerated liquefied gas or dissolved gas. The group depends on the physical state in which the gas is packaged and therefore has to be assigned case by case.
Department issuing safety data sheet
UMCO GmbH
This information is based on our present knowledge and experience.
The safety data sheet describes products with a view to safety requirements.
It does not however, constitute a guarantee for any specific product properties and shall not establish a legally valid contractual relationship.
Alterations/supplements:
Alterations to the previous edition are marked in the left-hand margin.
Document protected by copyright. Alterations or reproductions require the express written permission of UMCO GmbH.
Prod-ID
753969.
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Abstract
Graduation Level of Proficiency Paper
(Bachelor´s degree)
Subject matter: LINGUISTILISTIC FEATURES OF SPORTS DISCOURSE ON THE BASE OF SPANISH AND RUSSIAN LANGUAGES MATERIAL
Author: Magomedova Suvar Khizrievna
Supervisor of studies: Candidate of Philological Sciences, associate professor A.S. Potapenko
Research initiator: Federal State Budget Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education «Pyatigorsk State University»
Information about customer organization:
Topical importance: In linguistic literature there is no generally accepted understanding of the term "sports discourse" and, moreover, there are practically no clear definitions of this concept. Also, the stylistic aspects of sports discourse still hasn´t been studied well.
Goals: The study of the stylistic features of sports discourse of Russian and Spanish languages.
Tasks: -consider the characteristics of sports discourse and its features;
- to study the genres of sports discourse;
- analyze the specifics of the Russian sports discourse;
- to analyze the characteristics of material supply in the Spanish national sports newspapers.
Theoretical value and practical applicability: To summarize the material on the problem of sports discourse and others factors that are related to this problem and also use of the results in the practice of teaching Spanish stylistics, when translating news and writing sports discourse.
Implementation advice: In this final qualifying work, we only made a modest attempt to study the stylistic features of sports discourse of Russian and Spanish languages., as well as the development of a glossary. A further prospect of research is the study of the linguistic and stylistic features of sports reporting.
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The goat farming management for arid and desert zones: a technical approach to produce high quality milk during all the year
El manejo en la crianza de cabra en zonas áridas y desérticas; un enfoque técnico para producir leche de alta calidad durante todo el año
Juan Scopinich-Cisternas 1 , Erwin Strahsburger 1 *
ABSTRACT
The maximum milk yield of dairy goats depends of its genetics and managements procedures. If dairy goats come from Template or Mediterranean weather and are introduced in a similar environment, their managements seem not so relevant, being highly produc tive even including the grazing goats. Meanwhile, if these dairy goats are introduced in a desert and arid zones, probably they will be not well adapted to this new environment and their milk production will be more dependents of their management procedures. Therefore, considering a desert zones as a general stress factor in goat farming, in this review we analyzed and discuss diverse managements procedures related with goat milk production, like control of mating season, prolificacy, length of lactation period and maturity of doe at time of first lactation, to suggest a general managements procedures of goat farming to produce goat milk with economic interest. Following the present managements proposal, would be possible to produce high quality goat milk during all the year and if goat type is well adapted to arid or desert zones, the goat rancher will obtain economic earns from this activity.
Keywords: Saanen, Creole, Casein, Lactation, Mating, Photoperiod.
RESUMEN
La máxima producción de leche en cabras lecheras depende de su genética y de los procedimientos de manejo. Si la cabra lechera proviene de un clima templado o mediterráneo y son introducidas en un ambiente similar, su manejo parece ser no tan relevante, siendo altamente productivas incluso las cabras de pastoreo. Mientras que si estas cabras lecheras son incorporadas en zonas áridas o desérticas, probablemente ellas no se adaptarán bien a este nuevo ambiente, y su producción lechera sería más depen diente de sus procedimientos de manejo. Por lo tanto, considerando una zona desértica como un factor de estrés general en la ganadería caprina, en esta revisión analizamos y discutimos diversos procedimientos de manejo relacionados con la producción de leche de cabra como el control del periodo de apareamiento, la prolificidad, la duración del período de lactancia y la madurez de la hembra al momento de la primera lactancia, para sugerir un procedimiento de manejo general en la ganadería caprina para producir leche de cabra con un interés económico. Si se siguen estas propuestas de manejo, sería posible producir leche de cabra de alta calidad durante todo el año, y si el tipo de cabra está bien adaptado a las zonas áridas y desérticas, el ganadero caprino obtendrá ganancias económicas con esta actividad.
Palabras Claves: Saanen, Criolla, Caseína; Lactancia, Cruza, Fotoperiodo.
Introduction
Goat farming is a family activity with a significant social role in arid and desert zones. Its aim is pro duce goat milk with high content of protein and fats, through the selection of best herd animals for crossbreeding. A high efficiency in energy conversion is expected in these selected animals, transforming efficiently food in milk. This take the opportunity of obtain all nutrient from foods sometimes scare or which are not so enriched in nutrients, when are produced in desert and arid zones. Therefore, goat farming with economic interest has two mains components; the goat in trinsic factors which is genetically defined and the extrinsic factors which did not belong to the ani mal, instead is related with its managements and can be adjusted according to the environmental
1 Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory, Faculty of Renewable Natural Resources, Universidad Arturo Prat, Iquique, Chile.
* Corresponding author: [email protected]
Fecha de Recepción: 5 de Junio, 2017.
Fecha de Aceptación: 31 de Marzo, 2018.
conditions and the own goat traits. Among these extrinsic factors we can mention it; age of calving, lactancy state, prolificacy, dry period and corporal condition (Salvador y Martínez, 2007). The im pact of each extrinsic factor on milk production has to be studied independently and statistically to avoid misinterpretation with the natural variance of each goat genotype. From this statistics analysis is possible to establish management programs driven to improve goat milk yield in goat farming (Bedoya et al., 2012). Considering the social rele vance of goat milk production in families located in arid and desert zones, is necessary to promote local studies aimed to determine the effect of each extrinsic factors on goat milk yield and its adjustment to sustain this rancher activity with a commercial purpose.
Extrinsic factors that affect lactation
Lactation is the period that the doe naturally feed its baby with its milk. In that period their production is related with the ecology and physiological response of the animal against all those factors that could cause distress. In productive managements, usually the baby is separated from its mother, although still is fed with a portion of the total volume of her extracted milk. On that productive period the wellness of the dairy goat has to be carefully supervised to avoid infections that produce mastitis among other diseases, as well as, a continuously verification of the quality of their food and freshwater administrated to the productive herd. In this review these cares including the sanitary conditions of the goat farm and the milk extraction system will be considered under acceptable standard conditions to perform milk production. Therefore, our analysis and discussion will be focused mainly on the effects on milk production due to: the length of lactation period, prolificacy, dry period, morphological traits of the animal and photoperiods. All these factors have to be controlled and measured to establish an appropriate management of goat milk production in arid and desert zones, besides of the minimal standards condition mentioned above.
Lactation periods
In goat farming the lactation period could be divide in three stages; an initial period of milk production, a stage of maximum volume of milk produced that not necessarily correspond to the middle of the total length of the period and a final stage marked by a gradually daily decay in milk production until reach the end. Then, the lactation curve could be expressed in terms of lactation days and kilograms of milk produced during the total period. After the end of lactation curve, the doe usually rest for a period of time before to be crossed again to get pregnant and give a birth to begin another lactation period. In this productive management the doe age is defined according to the numbers of complete lactation periods instead of their biological age. The first calving is usually associated with low milk production because their body is still in development and possesses juvenile udders that still not reach a maximum productive rate (Goetsch et al., 2011). In general, between the third and fourth lactation periods a maximum milk production is reached (Cofre, 2001). Then, during fifth and sixth lactation period the milk production begin to decay as the natural results of physiological weathering (Goetsch et al., 2011). Therefore, in productive terms the lactation period will be productive according to the total volume of milk produced, and not by the length of the periods expressed as totals of days. That means that a good productive goat will produce more milk in a certain period of time in comparison with others not productive goats that will produce less total volume of milk even considering a longer lactation period. Thus, the analysis of lactation period contributes to establish the main milk productive period of each goat avoiding its anticipated discarding and clarifying the right moment to refresh the herd.
The lactation period and milk production are different between diverse goat breeds (Table 1). In double purpose breeds (meat and milk) Red Sokoto, Sahel y West African Dwarf, a progressive increase in milk production occurs between 1st and 3rd lactation (Zahradeen et al., 2009), meanwhile, in Saanen and Alpine breeds occurs at 4th lactation period (Mioc et al., 2008). In Murciano-Granadinas goats, the maximum milk yield observed at first, second and third lactation period was the half (around 1.78 Kg·d –1 ) of those produced by French-Alpine, American-Alpine, Saanen half-breed, Toggenburg and British-Alpine goat breed (around 3.1 Kg·d –1 ) (Leon et al., 2007). Hence, from lactation curve the production of
Table 1. Differences in milk yield and milk compositions between diverse goat breeds.
maximum volume of milk can be deduced. That depends of genetic and external factors like calving season, the length of lactation period and the total volume of milk produced. If is known the genetics factors, the lactation curve can give the potential of milk production shortly after the delivery, being an important tool to be included in goat farming strategies in arid and desert zones (Espinosa et al., 2016). For example, a study about lactation curve in several flocks of Beetal goat breed in Pakistan showed a sharped curve of lactation. That means that total volume of milk produced at initial, pick and the end of lactation period was similar. Besides, they showed that type of birth and age of the doe affected the lactation curve, but not the parity and the sex of the kids. In fact, they proposed that from lactation curve is possible to evaluate the performance of each doe, take decision about the renewal of the herd or make changes in the management procedures to improve milk production (Waheed and Khan, 2013).
fact, the date of lowest fat content was registered one day before the maximum milk production was observed. After that period, the fat content remains stable and milk production start to decay (Peris, 1997). In this sense, the lowest fat content was an indirect measurement of the start of decaying of milk production, and can be used as an indirect marker in lactation curve.
The establishment of length of lactation period is frequently done according to the physiological and histological characteristic of the mammary gland. However, local goat ranchers lack of research instruments to perform histological analysis, being necessary others parameters like fat content to be used or demanded by them. In a study with Murciano-Granadinas goats under sucking and milking machine treatments, they showed that in both cases the fat content decay meanwhile milk production was increasing. In
The length of lactation period and the total volume of milk produce will change according to the goat breed (Table 2). Chilean creole goat reaches a maximum production of 103.7 Kg per lactation during the second lactation period (Table 2). However, any studies has defined if others creole goat across Chile, which possess different environments though all this thin land, has the same genetic background and same traits in goat milk production. Therefore, we suggest that more studies are needed to determine the milk productivity of Chilean creole goats present in arid and desert zones and if some parameters like fat contents are also related with the lactation curve.
Prolificacy
A recurrent belief among farmers is that multiple birth goats usually are more productive than single birth. However, in literature that is not so conclusive. In Murciano-Granadinas breeds the prolificacy does not affect milk yield (Peris et al., 1997), but in Payoya breed, animals with two offspring produced a total of
Table 2. Milk yield and length of lactation period in diverse goat breed.
129.7 liters of milk, meanwhile, goats with one offspring produced a total of 96.3 liters of milk (Delgado-Pertiñez et al., 2009). Similar results were observed in Mexican creole, Nubian and Celtiberic breed, where goats with twins produced 1.036 Kg of milk·d –1 in comparison with 0.742 Kg of milk·d –1 produced by goats with only one offspring (Sanchez de la Rosa et al., 2006). These results apparently suggest that goats with multiple births are more productive than single birth, because a higher volume of milk is produced. However, in a study with Greece goats (Capra prisca), the milk quality (protein, lactose and fats content) was lower in goat with twins than in goat with single kid, explaining the smaller size of twins (Zygoyiannis, 1994). That suggests about prolificacy, that more milk volume not necessary involve more volume of high quality milk.
Weight, body condition and size
There are two mains theories that explain the high volume of milk produced by goats with twins. One suggests a high secretion of placental lactogen during gestational periods of multiple births, which promotes lactogenesis in mammary gland (Goetsch et al., 2011). Meanwhile, the second explanation is attributed to an excess of sucking by twins, which produce an over stimuli on mammary gland inducing a higher milk secretion (Sanchez de la Rosa et al., 2006). Although both theories seem reasonable, the former seems more plausible because in absence of sucking, multiple births goats still produce more milk volume than single births goats (Crepaldi et al., 1999).
Goats breeders tend to select animals for dairy production according to their height and body condition, although not always a well corporal condition is synonymous of been the best milk producer. The energy efficiency in milk production is defined as the volume of milk produced per unit of body weight of the goat. That means that goats with a high basal metabolic rate will be more efficient in milk production, independently of their total size (Haenlein, 1996). In fact, the animal has to mobilize the corporal fat to recovery the weight lost during the last lactation period, so thinner goats could be more efficient in sustain a high quality milk production (Morand-Fehr, 2005). Therefore, is not recommended to categorize an animal as high or low milk produced just according to its corporal treats. Regression models have to be used to correlate the genotype with its corporal features and therefore, establish a good correspondence between its appearance and milk yield production (McLaren, 2016). Besides although the goat has a good corporal condition, if the goat is not well adapted to the new environment, their milk production could be restricted.
Dry Period
The pause between lactation periods is an important subject for goat farmers, especially to determine the right moment to begin a new lactation period without affecting the animal
wellness. In general is recommended a dry period of 50 days to allow a rest of mammary gland, promoting the renewal of gland tissue. This dry period is essential in cow cattle but in goats seems not necessary. Apparently, in goat the involution of old cells and proliferation of new cells occurs at the same time after the delivery, reaching even a better milk yield in goats in absence or with shorter dry period. In MurcianoGranadinas goats the absence of a dry period reduce its milk yield (1.73 L·d –1 ), meanwhile in goats with dry period of 27 and 56 days the milk production was of 2.68 and 2.53 L·d –1 . In this case a shorter dry period does not affect milk yield and increase the productivity of the herd starting earlier (Caja et al., 2006). Therefore, is important to establish an optimal dry period to each goat breed according to its own traits and its goat farming management conditions.
Photoperiod
The photoperiod is the main environmental factor that regulates the mating behavior of goats. During shorts light days its reproductive behavior is increased, meanwhile in long light days this response is repressed. That comportment is evolutionary set to reach the calving season and the start of lactation period on that year season where food is available and weather conditions are better for the kid growing. Nevertheless, in a productive goat farming, this natural response forbid their continuously milk production. Even although foods are in abundance and environmental factors are well controlled by the goat rancher. However, photoperiods can be controlled artificially. Although hormones treatments based on sexual hormones or circadian clock hormones to induce a favorable goat mating response in a year season not expected for natural goat. The artificial control of photoperiod is less invasive, cheaper and easily to perform, because consist in storage the herd early at the end of the day using darkness corrals to simulate a short period of light. The photoperiod treatments affect females and males and have good results, as well as, melatonin treatments using under-skin implants to release this circadian hormone directly to the blood. In addition, the "male effect" is totally complementary to the photoperiod managements if male are sexually active during the mating process.
In this way, is totally possible to produce goat milk during all the year, controlling the photoperiod of the herd and using the male effect to obtain a productive mating season, which means lately a productive dairy herd after the calving season (Gatica et al., 2012).
Conclusion
In conclusion and according to the literature we propose a general managements practice to produce goat milk during all the year and with an economic purpose in arid and desert zones (Figure 1). In summary the goat has to be efficiently in convert food in milk and that not necessary involve an animal with extraordinary corporal conditions or the preference of goat with twins births. The analysis of lactation period controlling milk quality and total volume of milk produced could suggest if the selected goat type for goat milk production is the most appropriate. Changes in goat diet or other management procedures, like stabbed or semi-stabbed regimens, also will be reflected on lactation curve, showing the efficiency of the respective changes. In addition, the analysis of each lactation period will shows the productive rate of each animal, determining the period to renewal the herd. The use of mature goat to start the lactation period is also recommended for arid and desert zones, with the aim of obtain a better milk production since the first lactation period. About the dry period, this factor has to be determined for each particular goat breed breeding on that respective farming condition.
Therefore, to perform a lactation period analysis in goat farming with economic interest, an initial collaboration with academic institution could improve the incorporation of these technical procedures in the management of local herd. The technical transference of the management knowledge about the control of goat extrinsic factor from academic laboratory to local goat ranchers is almost a social responsibility where government institution and political agricultural statements has also to be involved. Otherwise, the good intention without the respective support will would not allowed the necessary transformation of goat farming from auto-subsistence activity toward an economic and productive activity with social and economic impact on those families linked to goat farming in arid and desert zones.
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2006. Omitting the dry-off period negatively affects colostrum and milk yield in dairy goats. Journal of Dairy Science, 89: 4220-4228.
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Crepaldi, P.; Corti, M.; Cicogna, M.
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Delgado-Pertíñez, M.; Guzmán-Guerrero, J.L.; Caravaca, F.P.; Castel, J.M.; Ruiz, F.A.; González-Redondo, P.; Alcalde, M.J. 2009. Effect of artificial vs. natural rearing on milk yield, kid growth and cost in Payoya autochthonous dairy goats. Small Ruminant Research, 84: 108-115.
Espinosa, A.P.; Fundora, D.G.P.; Iglesias, D.G.; Villavicencio, J.L.E.; Pérez, R.O.; Trujillo, A.G.; Serrano, N.Á.
2016. Curvas de lactancia individuales en vacas Siboney de Cuba. Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Pecuarias, 7: 15-28. Frau, S.; Togo, J.; Pece, N.; Paz, R.; Font, G.
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Gatica, M.C.; Celi, I.; Guzmán, J.L.; Zarazaga, L.A. 2012. Utilización de fotoperiodo e implantes de melatonina para el control de la reproducción en caprinos Mediterráneos. REDVET, 13: 1-15
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McLaren, A., Mucha, S., Mrode, R., Coffey, M., Conington, J. 2016. Genetic parameters of linear conformation type traits and their relationship with milk yield throughout lactation in mixed-breed dairy goats. Journal of Dairy Science, 99: 5516-5525.
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2007. Factores que afectan la producción y composición de la leche de cabra: Revisión bibliográfica. Rev. Fac. Cs. Vets, 48: 61-76.
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2013. Lactation curve of Beetal goats in Pakistan. Archiv Tierzucht, 56: 892-898.
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Social Media Guidelines
Updated July 14, 2021
Introduction
Social media provides platforms for departments and offices across campus to interact with the Volunteer community. Social media has become a central part of much of our audiences' lives, offering new opportunities to share and new challenges in effective communication.
The primary goal of this document is to provide guidelines and best practices for university employees representing the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, in a professional manner through official university social media accounts. Guidance will often evolve over time due to the ever-changing nature of the social media landscape, and we will update this guide as needed.
Need More Information?
If you have questions that aren't addressed in this guide or if you need additional information or support, reach out to your unit communicator or contact the social media team in the Office of Communications and Marketing at [email protected].
Why Social Media?
The heart of social media, and what makes it social, is the two-way communication, interaction, and sharing of information that take place between users. Social media is not about talking at people; it's about talking with people. For organizations, social media platforms are, first and foremost, communications channels that connect us directly with members of our audience.
Creating social media accounts for your department or unit is a strategic decision, and you should be able to identify goals for your social media program that support the mission of your office and the university as a whole. There are a few questions your office should address:
* What are your communication goals, and are there needs that aren't currently being addressed by your website, newsletter, or other properties?
* Who is your audience and what do they need?
* Does your office have the resources to consistently maintain a social presence? Is there someone who can write, create, and curate content on a regular basis, respond to questions in a timely manner, etc.?
* Which social platform or platforms are you interested in joining and why?
Establishing Official Social Media Accounts
An official UT social media account is one that represents a university office, unit, initiative, or administrative position (for example, @UTProvost). A comprehensive list of current official accounts is located at utk.edu/social.
University accounts are used to communicate messages from and on behalf of the university. Our audiences perceive university accounts as representing the official perspectives, decisions, positions, and voice of the institution, and these accounts should be managed carefully with that in mind.
Official UT social media accounts must be administered by a university faculty or staff member. Students may serve as active contributors to the account, but credentials must be maintained by an employee. The university retains control and final approval authority over the content of messages conveyed on official accounts.
Before creating a new account, university employees should read the "Why Social Media?" guidance above and consult with their unit communicator or the university's social media team. If the decision is made to open a new account, the faculty or staff administrator should send an email with information about the account handle and administrator contact information to [email protected] so the account can be added to the list of official channels.
Branded university social media icons (or profile photos) are available to all academic and administrative units with official social media accounts. This is the only way to include the Power T in your social media icon. Contact your unit's logo liaison for your social media icon.
Administering Official Social Media Accounts
Official UT social media accounts should be registered to a shared or general email address accessible by more than one person in the department or office. Email addresses already established for customer service are preferred (for example, [email protected]).
Passwords and logins should be known and securely maintained by page administrators as well as their direct leadership. This practice prevents departments from finding themselves in a position where only one person has access to a social media account.
Official accounts are expected to maintain UT's brand identity, integrity, and reputation by maintaining an appropriate voice, sharing and liking appropriate content, and being a productive, supportive member of the university's social community.
All university policies, brand guidelines, social media best practices, and communications guidelines must be followed. Official university accounts must also follow the respective terms of service for social media platforms, applicable state and federal laws, and NCAA regulations.
Official account administrators have the following responsibilities:
* Create, maintain, and monitor content on respective social media sites and engage with users.
* Moderate content that violates hosting terms of service or is of a threatening or harassing nature.
* Contact representatives of the social media team or the news and information team ([email protected]) in a timely manner to communicate pending or predicted crisis communication or emergency response needs. All content related to an emergency or
event impacting the university at large is to be disseminated using established UT policies.
* Ensure that all content is relevant to the goals and objectives of the pertinent unit while upholding the standards and brand identity of the university.
* Respond to inquiries and postings using official approved accounts. Do not use nonuniversity (personal) accounts to respond to inquiries or postings.
* Deliver timely responses to inquiries or postings on official accounts. All replies should use professional, conversational language that encourages comments and engages follow-up conversation but should steer clear of engaging in debate.
Official accounts are prohibited from the following:
* Posting content that violates city, state, or federal laws and regulations
* Commenting on or posting anything related to legal matters, litigation, or contract negotiations without appropriate approval
* Using the university brand or name to endorse any product, private business, cause, or political candidate
* Representing personal opinions as university-endorsed views or policies
Moderating User-Generated Content
Social media platforms provide the opportunity for two-way conversation, and moderating usergenerated posts, comments, and replies is an important part of managing social media accounts.
Official university social media accounts should use an energetic, friendly, and conversational voice fitting of the department or unit, recognizing that various departments may approach conversations differently. While remaining professional as representatives of the university, it's OK to have fun on social media.
Be responsive, be factual, and be courteous. In every social media interaction, remember that you are speaking for the university.
Sometimes comments from users are negative, critical, or require careful customer service. It is important to acknowledge concerns and provide support whenever possible. Take a few minutes to identify a campus resource that might be able to help and direct the person there. Better yet, pick up the phone to a colleague and connect them to the person that needs support.
If the question or concern includes private or sensitive information, ask them to DM you and take the conversation into a private space. If negative comments persist after support has been provided, do not continue to engage with the user.
Page administrators may not remove or hide individual user comments simply because they are negative in nature, disagreeable, or otherwise unsavory.
As a public institution, the university is bound to comply with federal and state laws that protect individuals' rights to freedom of expression. If a page administrator is unsure whether a comment or post meets the qualifications for deletion (see below), they should contact the social media team for further discussion.
When necessary, page administrators may use great care and judgment to remove usergenerated posts, comments, or replies only if they do one or more of the following:
* Use threatening language or language that incites threats or violence
* Disclose information that is confidential or otherwise protected by state or federal law or regulation
* Violate copyright or trademarks
* Contain solicitations
* Are duplicative in nature, such as one or more user repeating the same comment
* Violate the terms of service of the hosting platform
If a user-generated post or comment is threatening in nature, record the content via screen shot or screen recording and report it immediately to the UT Police Department ([email protected]) and the social media team.
Maintaining Personal and Professional Accounts
Faculty and staff may maintain personal and professional social media accounts. However, an individual who identifies themselves as an employee of the university does not necessarily speak for the university or its values.
Faculty and staff who disclose their university affiliation in their public personal social media accounts should specify that their expressed opinions are theirs alone.
Staff members who must use social media accounts within their professional areas of responsibility should be mindful of how they are representing the university in the social media space.
Accessibility
Use the tools provided within each platform to make sure your social media content is accessible to users. Be sure to caption videos, optimize graphics for color contrast, and use alt text image descriptions.
Find tips and tools for accessibility on social media at thehill.utk.edu/accessibility/socialmedia.
Managing Social Media Takeovers
A social media takeover is when you allow a student or other individual to lead the content of your social media account for a set time period. A takeover is a great way for your audience to see an authentic slice of life at UT.
Content posted during the takeover represents your account and is shared on behalf of the university. As with all content on official social media accounts, posts made during a takeover will be perceived as representing the official perspectives, decisions, positions, and voice of the institution. As such, page administrators have the following responsibilities related to managing social media takeovers:
* Make a plan. Why is this person doing the takeover? What topics or event will they discuss? What information do you want your audience to come away with? Will they be asking and answering questions from the social audience, and if so, do they know what to
do when they don't know an answer? Discuss the plan with the person doing the takeover in advance.
* Ensure that the following types of content—and any other inappropriate content—are avoided:
o Drinking or drug use
o Hate speech or bullying (this includes putting down other individuals or institutions)
o Nudity or sexually provocative posts
o Promotions of businesses or anything outside of the university (unless formally agreed upon ahead of time)
The university's social media team maintains takeover guidelines, which highlight some do's and don'ts for people conducting takeovers. That document also includes the university's social media takeover agreement template, which should be completed by you and signed by the person conducting the takeover in advance of the event. Contact the social media team at [email protected] for a copy of the takeover guidelines and agreement.
Best practices for managing takeovers include the following:
* Make sure the person conducting the takeover understands the university's expectations for appropriate content and has agreed to terms of use for the takeover.
* Agree on beginning and end times for the takeover, provide log-in information immediately before the takeover, and change the account password after it's over. Encourage the person conducting the takeover to save the content they've posted to their devices before logging out.
* Ask the person doing the takeover to start with a video introduction—who they are, where they're from, what they're studying, etc., and to end their takeover with a farewell photo or video.
* Encourage them to show off their day and to be creative with stickers, filters, etc., as they normally would, but to keep in mind that they are representing the university and to use good judgment.
* Communicate other considerations to the person doing the takeover:
o Don't share photos or videos of others without their knowledge (large groups out in public are OK)
o Don't share photos or video after your agreed-upon end time
o Don't follow or unfollow any users while you are logged on to the account without approval of the account owner
o Don't change any account settings or information
The university's social media team is more than happy to provide information or consultation with page administrators planning a social media takeover.
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Directing Technical Change
from Fossil-Fuel to Renewable Energy Innovation:
An Empirical Application Using Firm-Level Patent Data
Jo¨elle Noailly a,b, ∗ and Roger Smeets c a CIES, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva, Switzerland b CPB Netherlands Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis, The Hague, The Netherlands c
Rutgers Business School, Newark, USA
December 2012
Abstract
This paper investigates the determinants of directed technical change in the electricity generation sector. We use firm-level data on patents filed in renewable (REN) and fossil fuel (FF) technologies by about 7,000 European firms over the period 1978-2006. We separately study specialized firms, that innovate in only one type of technology during the sample period, and mixed firms, that innovate in both technologies. We find that for specialized firms the main drivers of innovation are fossil-fuel prices, market size, and firms' past knowledge stocks. Also, prices and market size drive the entry of new REN firms into innovation. By contrast, we find that innovation by mixed firms is mainly driven by strong path-dependencies since for these firms past knowledge stock is the major driver of the direction of innovation. These results imply that generic environmental policies that affect prices and energy demand are mainly effective in directing innovation by small specialized firms. In order to direct innovation efforts of large mixed corporations with a long history of FF innovation, targeted R&D policies are likely to be more effective.
Keywords: Directed technical change; Energy; Patents; Firms’ dynamics.
∗ Corresponding author: Jo¨elle Noailly, [email protected], Tel: +41 22 908 42 25. Address: Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, CIES, P.O. Box 136, 1211 Geneva 21, Switzerland. Roger Smeets: [email protected], We thank Helene Dernis for providing us access to the HAN database. We greatly acknowledge the work and efforts provided by Ivan Hascic, Elena Verdolini, Eliza Lanzi and Nick Johnstone in identifying the relevant IPC codes for the patent searches. We are also grateful to Rob Aalbers, Paul Koutstaal, Herman Vollebergh and participants at a 2011 FEEM workshop in Venice, the 2012 SEEK conference on the 'Green Growth Challenge' in Mannheim and the 2012 Annual EAERE Meeting in Prague for useful comments and suggestions.
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1 Introduction
Today about 70% of world electricity is produced from highly carbon-intensive fossil fuels, namely coal, oil and gas. Some countries such as Australia, China, India and Poland even produce between 70% and 95% of their electricity through the combustion of coal only (IEA, 2010). This large reliance on fossil fuels explains why the sector of electricity generation is by far the largest producer of carbon emissions. Electricity production generates 41% of worldwide carbon emissions – twice the share of the transport sector – and emissions are expected to increase sharply in the future due to increasing electricity demand, notably from developing countries. In light of this, achieving substantial emission reductions will imply de-carbonizing the electricity generation sector and thus moving away from the dominance of fossil fuel technologies.
Renewable energy such as solar, wind, renewable combustibles and hydropower, can provide a clean alternative for electricity production. Yet despite rapid recent developments, renewable energy represents only 18% of world electricity (IEA, 2010). Price competitiveness is the most obvious barrier to the development of renewable energy. Accelerating technological innovation in renewable technologies can contribute to lower the costs of renewables so that they can compete on a level playing field with conventional fossil fuel energy sources. Specifically, directing technological innovation away from fossil fuel technologies and towards renewable ones might be particularly effective in this respect.
Recent theoretical work on directed technical change in environmental economics has studied the factors affecting technological choices by firms (Smulders and Nooij, 2003; Di Maria and van der Werf, 2008; Acemoglu et al., 2012). These models aim to explain why firms keep on investing in dirty rather than in clean technologies, and how government policy might help to redirect technical change. A recent contribution by Acemoglu et al. (2012) emphasizes the role of three factors affecting the direction of technical change: first, the price effect, encouraging innovation in the sector with higher prices; 1 second, the market size effect, encouraging innovation in the sector for which there is a bigger market (i.e. demand); third, the direct productivity effect, which pushes innovation towards technologies with a higher productivity or existing stock of knowledge. This latter force results from the ability to "build on the shoulders
1 In this case, high fossil fuel prices will tend to encourage energy-saving innovation in the dirty sector. However, if there is a high degree of substitution between the clean and dirty inputs, high fossil fuel prices will also encourage innovation in the clean sector.
of giants": future innovations are building on the existing stock of knowledge or technology, thereby generating path-dependencies in knowledge creation.
This paper investigates the determinants of directed technical change in the sector of electricity generation. We use firm-level data on patents filed in renewable (REN) and fossil fuel (FF) technologies by about 7,000 European firms over the 1978-2006 period. We conduct separate estimations for specialized firms, which innovate in only one type of technology over the period 1978-2006, and mixed firms, which innovate in both technologies over the same period. This distinction is conceptually important. By construction, specialized firms conduct innovation in only one type of technology and do not switch between these different technologies over the sample period. In that case, the replacement of FF by REN technologies may occur via the entry of relatively more firms specialized in REN than in FF innovations. By contrast, mixed firms may switch between technologies over time and substitute FF for REN technologies, thereby redirecting their innovation efforts within the firm.
We find that for specialized firms the main drivers of innovation are energy prices, market size, and firms' past knowledge stocks. Also, prices and market size drive the entry of new REN firms into innovation. By contrast, we find that innovation by mixed firms is mainly driven by strong path-dependencies since for these firms past knowledge stock is the major driver of the direction of innovation. These results imply that generic environmental policies that affect prices and energy demand are mainly effective in directing innovation by small specialized firms. In order to direct innovation efforts of large mixed corporations that have a long history of FF innovation, targeted R&D policies are likely to be more effective.
Our study relates to the empirical literature on the determinants of environmental innovation using patent data. Much of this literature has been initiated by Popp (2002), who uses U.S. patent data in 11 energy-related technologies from 1970 to 1994 to study the effect of energy prices and knowledge stocks on energy-efficient innovations. He finds strong evidence for a positive effect of both energy prices and the quality of the stock of knowledge available to inventors on the share of successful energy patent applications. In particular, the price elasticity is estimated at 0.06 and that of the (instrumented) knowledge stock at 0.84. Taking into account average within-sample changes, this adds up to an average 2.1% increase in patent activity due to price increases, versus a 24.3% increase due to knowledge stock increases. Johnstone et al.
(2010) provide an analysis of how energy prices and various policy instruments affect innovation in different renewable energy technologies. They find that price-based policies, such as feed-in tariffs, can effectively increase innovative activities in the more costly renewable technologies, such as solar power. The common feature of the studies by Popp (2002) and Johnstone et al. (2010) is that they focus only on clean or energy efficient technologies and they cannot therefore provide evidence on whether innovation is actually directed away from dirty sectors. By contrast, an important contribution of our study is to focus on the determinants of relative innovation, i.e. on what explains a shift towards clean technologies away from dirty ones.
Our paper shares many features with Aghion et al. (2010), who also study relative innovation at the firm-level, although they focus on another sector, namely the automobile industry. They study how carbon taxes and firms' past knowledge stocks induce firms to invest more in clean (e.g. electric and hybrid) than in dirty (e.g. internal combustion engine) technologies. They find evidence for path-dependency in the sense that firms that have conducted more clean innovation in the past also conduct more clean innovation today. Fuel taxes can stimulate clean technologies, but exactly how much depends on a firm's innovation history, with the effect being stronger for firms with a past history of dirty innovation. In contrast to their study, we conduct separate estimations for specialized and mixed firms, which allows us to study the factors affecting the replacement of FF innovations by REN ones via the entry of new specialized firms and via within-firm substitution by mixed firms. In addition, we also analyze the impact of (REN and FF) market size on innovation, which has been argued to be an important driver of directed technical change (Acemoglu et al., 2012).
The rest of this paper is organized as follows. Section 2 describes the data that we use in this paper. Section 3 presents a number descriptive statistics and patterns regarding the patent and firms' dynamics in our sample. Section 4 presents the empirical strategy and the main results. Finally, Section 5 concludes.
2 Data
In the framework of Acemoglu et al. (2012), incentives to engage in either REN or FF innovation are driven by three forces: first, there is the price effect. This effect mirrors Hicks' (1932) intuition that when a factor's price increases, firms will develop technologies that aim to reduce the use of this factor. In particular, when fossil fuel prices go up, we can expect innovations to be directed at REN technologies at the expense of FF technologies. However, as indicated before, to the extent that FF innovations improve the efficiency of FF technologies, an increase in fossil-fuel prices might also induce more FF innovation. The second effect is the market size effect, which pushes research towards applications for which there is a potentially large market. That is, if the market for renewable energy increases relative to the market for fossil fuels, we would expect innovation to be increasingly directed towards REN technologies, ceteris paribus. The third and final effect is the direct productivity effect, which pushes innovation towards technologies with a higher productivity or existing stock of knowledge. This force results from the ability to "build on the shoulders of giants": future innovations are building on the existing stock of knowledge or technology, i.e. current innovation levels depend on past innovation levels.
In this section, we describe the data that we will use to investigate how these three factors – prices, market size and knowledge stocks – affect directed technical change in the electricity sector.
Patents We use patent data to measure innovations in renewable and fossil-fuel technologies. The advantages and limitations of patents as a measure of innovation, have been discussed at length in the literature. 2 Since the pioneering work of Popp (2002), patents data have been widely used to study innovation in environmental technologies (Dekker et al., 2012; Verdolini and Galeotti, 2011). For our purpose the main advantage of using patent data is that these data are highly disaggregated and are available at the firm and technology level. Patents are extracted from the EPO/OECD World Patent Statistical Database (PATSTAT). Building on previous work by Lanzi et al. (2011) and Johnstone et al. (2010), we use International Patent Classification (IPC) codes to select patents in two different fields, namely: renewable energy generation, and fossil fuel energy generation. 3
REN technology classes are aimed at creating and improving the generation of renewable energy. In particular, we consider innovations in six different technological classes: wind, solar,
2 A main caveat of working with patents is that not all inventions are patented, as for strategic reasons firms may prefer not to disclose some valuable information in a patent. Also, the value of patents is very heterogeneous: only few patents will lead to successful commercial applications, while many will in the end never be used. Yet, patents have a close (if not perfect) link to invention and are strongly correlated with other indicators of innovative activity such as R&D expenditures or new product introductions (Griliches, 1990).
3 The IPC codes for REN and FF patents are borrowed from Johnstone et al. (2010) and Lanzi et al. (2011), respectively.
hydro, biomass, geothermal and waste. Regarding FF innovations, we consider the following technologies: production of fuel gases by carburetting air, steam engines plants, gas turbines plants, hot-gas or combusion-product positive displacement engine, steam generation, combustion apparatus, furnaces and improved compressed-ignition engines. 4 The definition of these general classes of fossil-fuel technologies is described in more detail in Lanzi et al. (2011). The authors started the classification by identifying energy efficient fossil-fuel patent classes (e.g. improved steam engines, cogeneration) and by eliminating restrictions on the technology's orientation towards efficiency improvement. By selecting hierarchically superior IPC classes, they were able to identify IPC classes that in general refer to fossil combustion technologies. Subclasses containing irrelevant patents (e.g. motor vehicle-related inventions within the improved compressed-ignition engines category) and classes that are generic and applicable to energy generation using a wide range of fuels (not only fossil) are not included (e.g. heat exchange technologies).
Using the OECD HAN (Harmonised Applicants Names) database, we can link patent applications to firms. This database provides a dictionary with applicants' names, corrected for variations in spelling, which might in turn be linked with business register data. The HAN database covers applicants' names for patents filed at the EPO and via the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT). We focus on a sample of approximately 7,000 European firms that we could match with the HAN database and that have filed at least one renewable or fossil-fuel patent over the 1978-2006 period. We count the number of patent applications filed by these firms at the European Patent Office (EPO) and at 17 national patent offices of the EU-15 countries, Switzerland and Norway. 5 In order to select the most valuable patents, we only select 'claimed priorities', i.e. patent applications that have been registered in at least two offices. Our dataset is thus biased towards highly valuable inventions, worthwhile to patent in at least two countries.
Knowledge stock We use cumulative patent counts to construct firm-specific knowledge stocks. At the same time, we have to account for the fact that knowledge becomes obsolete as
4 In the remainder, we coin the REN technologies as follows: wind, solar, hydro, geo, waste/biomass, respectively, and the FF technologies as: coal, engines, turbines, hotgas, steam, burners, furnaces and ignition, respectively.
5 We focus on these 17 European countries since, even though firms and inventors worldwide can apply for patents at the EPO, we expect that non-EU applicants are more likely to (first) file patents at their domestic or regional patent offices. Restricting the analysis to European firms should limit the possibility that we miss out on a substantial part of a firm's patent applications.
time progresses, for example due to the creation of new knowledge. We assume that knowledge stocks depreciate annually by 15%. We also assume that the pre-sample growth of the knowledge stock was 15% and also depreciated at the same rate. That is, we compute the knowledge stock at t = 0 as KS0 = P0/(g + δ) where KS is knowledge stock, P is the patent count, g is the pre-sample growth rate, and δ is the depreciation rate. Subsequent knowledge stocks are then computed using the perpetual inventory method as KSt = (1 − δ)KSt−1 + Pt.
In addition, we have data on the pre-sample knowledge stock of every firm. This is the total count of all patents (not only renewable or fossil-fuel) filed over the 1950-1978 period. We will use this information in our estimations to control for unobserved firm heterogeneity as in Blundell et al. (1995). Although the period before 1978 is prior to the existence of EPO, we are able to track our firms in the other 17 European patent bureaus for this period. Again, we only count claimed priorities, i.e. highly valuable inventions filed in at least two patent offices before 1978.
Energy prices The Energy Prices and Taxes database of the IEA contains data on countrylevel prices of the different fossil-fuel energy sources oil, gas and coal. These prices correspond to the prices paid at the power plant for electricity generation, i.e. prices paid by electricity facilities for a certain type of fuel. Unfortunately, price data for energy generation for the various fuel sources, coal, gas and oil, are subject to a large number of missing values. Since the price of gas and oil tend to be highly correlated 6 and since coal prices have been relatively stable over the whole period as shown in Figure 1, in the remainder of the analysis we will focus on the impact of oil prices.
In order to make fossil-fuel prices firm-specific, we take into account the fact that firms might be exposed to both domestic and foreign prices to different degrees as in Aghion et al. (2010). As an illustration, we have to capture the extent to which a Dutch firm is influenced by German prices. Arguably, this impact will be bigger, the more important the German market is for the Dutch firm's innovations. To capture this, for each patent in a firm's portfolio we consider in which different countries this patent has been validated 7 . For each firm i we compute a weight wik which captures the share of country k in the firm's overall patent validation portfolio. In
6 In our sample, the correlation between oil and gas prices is of 0.75.
7 Once granted by the European Patent Office, a European patent is a bundle of national patents, which must be validated at the national patent office of the designated states.
addition, we weight the different countries' prices with their FF market size in order to make sure that small countries do not have a disproportionate impact on computed prices.
Taken together, this implies that the fossil-fuel price faced by firm i at time t is computed as:
where pkt is the oil price in country k in year t, wik = Pik ×MkF F k P ik × M kF F , where P ik is the total number of patents filed by firm i in designation country k and MkFF is the country's FF average market size. 8
Market size To proxy market size, we use data on electricity output from renewable and fossil-fuel energy sources. These data are derived from the Energy Statistics database from the IEA and are expressed as the total number of GWh generated by power plants. Regarding FF energy, we have separate data on electricity output by three different types of fuel sources,
8 Our weights are fixed, i.e. we compute total patent counts Pik and average market sizes MkF F during our sample period. If changes in FF prices affect the country mix of the patent portfolio or the size of the FF market, not fixing the weights might feed back into the prices, causing potential endogeneity.
namely coal, gas, and oil. Renewable electricity output breaks down into geothermal, heat, hydro, waste, wind and solar. Market size variables are also likely to capture demand-pull policies (e.g., guaranteed tariffs, investment and production tax credits) aiming to increase the market demand for renewables.
As with prices in (1), we use fixed firm-specific country weights wik to construct firm-level FF and REN market sizes. However, we now also introduce fixed firm-specific technology weights wis to account for the fact that e.g. a firm innovating mainly in solar power will be mostely concerned with the market size for solar energy. Hence we compute:
with wik = Pik k P ik and w is = Pis s P is . To compute FF technology weights w is we use a correspondence between the FF technological areas and oil, gas or coal fuels as provided in Lanzi et al. (2011). For instance, technologies in the field of production of fuel gases by carburetting air are assigned to the market size of electricity output from coal. 9 For those FF innovations without such a correspondence, we assign the weighted average market size of all three fuel sources. Finally, we also compute firm-specific REN market sizes for firms innovating only in FF technologies. To do so, we assign country-level market size averaged across all REN technologies, also using the relevant country-weights (wik). We proceed in a similar manner to assign FF market sizes to (specialized) REN firms.
3 Descriptive statistics
Our analysis focuses on a sample of 26,269 patents filed by 6,934 firms. The REN and FF patents represent 18% and 82% of the patents, respectively. As shown in Figure 2a, the total number of patents applied for by the firms in our sample generally increases up until 2000, after which it decreases. This overall trend is mainly driven by patent applications in FF technologies. REN patents experienced a small peak in the early '80s, an acceleration between 1995-2000, after which the count stabilizes somewhat.
We make a distinction between so-called 'specialized' versus 'mixed' firms. Specialized firms 9 See Table 1 on p.6 of Lanzi et al. (2011).
are firms that patent in one technology (e.g REN) in the 1978-2006 period and do not patent in the other technology (i.e. FF) over the same period. Mixed firms are firms that patent in both REN and FF technologies over the 1978-2006 period. We classify firms after observing expost their innovation activities over the sample period. Our sample contains 361 mixed firms (5%), 2,009 (30%) specialized REN and 4,202 (65%) specialized FF firms. Figure 2b counts the number of firms that applied for patents in each sample year, and breaks them down into specialized firms and mixed firms. The development in the number of REN firms mirrors the developments of the corresponding patent count in Figure 2a. To a lesser extent this also holds for the FF firm count, although the dip around 1995 is not present in the FF patent count. The number of patenting mixed firms is relatively constant over time.
Since we are also concerned about relative innovation, i.e. how REN patents replace FF patents over time, Figure 3 gives the evolution of REN and FF patents and the evolution of the ratio of REN over FF patents by mixed firms, respectively. As shown in Figure 3a, mixed firms patent much more in FF than in REN technologies. The number of REN patents by mixed firms has been slowly increasing since the mid 1990s but remains far below the level of FF innovations. Figure 3b shows that the ratio of REN over FF innovation by mixed firms decreased sharply between 1980 and the beginning of the 1990s and has been increasing slowly afterwards, suggesting that mixed firms increasingly conduct relatively more REN innovation, in particular after 2000.
Figure 4a gives the evolution of REN and FF patents by specialized firms only. From 2004 on, REN firms file more patents than FF firms. In the case of specialized firms a relative increase
in REN innovation, i.e. the replacement of FF by REN patents, can only occur via the entry of new firms. Figure 4b plots the number of new REN entrants over time. The trend closely follows the number of REN patents, suggesting that REN firms file relatively few patents per firm.
As suggested above, the patents are not equally distributed among the different types of firms. Specialized firms account for 78% and 64% of REN and FF patents, respectively. Mixed firms comprise approximately 5% of the total firm sample, yet they account for approximately 22% of REN patents, and for 36% of FF patents. Figure ?? illustrates how these shares develop over the sample period. Each panel in the figure distinghuishes between mixed versus specialized firms, where we also split both firm types into those that innovate only once during the sample period ('single'-innovators) and those that innovate multiple times ('multi'-innovators). 10 The
10 Since we define single innovators ex post as firms that have innovated only once over the 1978-2006 period,
Table 1: Years of innovation by different firm and technology types
bars in the graphs denote the share of total patents of a particular technology type that have been applied for by a particular firm type.
Panel a in the figure demonstrates that specialized firms are responsible for the big majority of REN patents, and increasingly so over time. Within the group of specialized firms, a notable shift has occurred from single innovators – that dominated the REN patent count during the first half of our sample – to multiple innovators. Panel b shows a somewhat different pattern for FF technologies. Here mixed firms apply for a substantially bigger share of patents, yet this has been relatively stable over time. Moreover, within the group of specialized FF firms, the shares of single and multiple innovators have also been rather stable, with single innovators being much less important compared to their REN counterparts. Unsurprisingly, mixed single innovators are much less important in both panels, which testifies of the fact that they are relatively large.
Table 1 illustrates the differences in innovation frequency. The top panel shows the years of active innovation for the different firm types, i.e. the years in which they had a positive number of patent counts. Mixed firms have an average of 6.2 active innovation years, relative to 1.8 and 1.2 years for specialized FF and REN firms, respectively. 11 The bottom panel of Table 1 decomposes mixed firms' innovation into FF and REN technologies. This shows that mixed firms spend most of their time innovating in FF technologies.
To identify possible complementarities between REN and FF patents in the technology portfolio of mixed firms, we compute pairwise correlations between each pair of REN and FF
firms that entered at the end of the period are more likely to be a single innovator compared to firms that entered early in the period.
11 These results mirror those reported for UK firms in Geroski et al. (1997), who show that between 70% and 87% of their sample of firms innovate only once.
Table 2: Pairwise correlations between REN and FF technologies (mixed firms)
Note: The number of mixed firms active in a particular REN-FF combination is shown within parentheses.
technologies. The results are reported in Table 2. In particular, each cell depicts the Pearson correlation coefficient, as well as the number of firms that engage in a particular combination of FF and REN innovation (within parentheses). We find that a large proportion of mixed firms combine FF technologies in burners with REN technologies in waste/biomass (correlation coefficient of 0.28, N=113), suggesting complementarities between these technologies, as indeed burners can not only be used for oil, coal and gas but also for biomass. Generally speaking, the correlation coefficients between waste and biomass and many of the FF technologies are relatively high. Many mixed firms also combine solar energy technologies with burners, furnaces, and ignition technologies.
Next we investigate whether the patterns of innovation by specialized and mixed firms are affected by technology characteristics. According to Table 3, solar is the largest category and represents 43% of REN patents, followed by wind (41%) and waste and biomass (10%). Looking at the distribution of the different types of firms across REN technologies in Table 3, we find that mixed firms file 49% of their REN patents in solar energy, 21% in waste and biomass and 16% in wind. Instead, specialized firms file 42% of their patents in wind, 36% in solar and 7% in waste and biomass. Mixed firms tend thus to be more specialized in solar and waste and
Table 3: Specialized and mixed firms per REN technology type
Table 4: Specialized and mixed firms per FF technology type
biomass technologies than specialized firms, which instead tend to innovate more in wind and marine technologies.
Over the 1978-2006 period, Table 4 shows that burners and furnaces represent 38% and 31% of all FF patents, respectively. Looking at the distribution of specialized versus mixed firms in FF innovation shown in Table 4, it appears that the patterns of technology specialization are similar for specialized and mixed firms in FF technologies. The two largest FF technology groups are burners and furnaces for both specialized and mixed firms, with mixed firms innovating relatively more in turbines than specialized firms.
In summary, we observe that FF patents make up the lion share of our total energy patent counts, whereas REN patents have been less important. Only from the mid 1990s onwards do we observe a relatively rapid increase in REN patents. Moreover, small and specialized firms are mainly responsible for REN innovations, whereas specialized firms with multiple innovations and mixed firms account for substantial shares in FF innovations. We have also demonstrated that mixed firms are much larger than specialized firms, and that they are more frequent and persistent innovators. Given their revealed comparative advantage in FF technologies, this might imply that their technological paths are already firmly locked into these technologies, and that directing research away from FF and towards REN technologies might be rather difficult for these firms. We now turn to a more formal analysis of these issues.
4 Empirical strategy and results
4.1 Empirical strategy
Building on the framework described in Acemoglu et al. (2012), the first empirical question that we aim to answer deals with the factors affecting the rate of REN and FF innovations by firms. We measure the rate of innovation by means of firm-level patent counts in FF and REN technologies as described in Section 2. This means that we have to rely on count data-techniques in our empirical strategy, since the number of patents are nonnegative integers. As is standard, we assume that patent counts follow a Poisson distribution, so that we can estimate a log-linear Poisson regression:
where i, j, k and t index firm, technology (REN or FF), country, and time respectively. P is the annual firm-level patent count, p is the fossil-fuel price, M is market size, proxied by REN and FF electricity consumption, A is productivity proxied by the existing knowledge stock, and η, υ and ν capture unobserved firm, country and time-specific heterogeneity, respectively. As demonstrated by the subscripted beta coefficients, we will add REN and FF explanatory variables simultaneously to the RHS of (3) to already probe their effects on the direction of technical change. Since the number of patents is a nonnegative integer, we use count data estimation techniques. Yet, the presence of unobserved firm heterogeneity in model (3) introduces additional complexity. Hausman et al. (1984) suggest to use conditional ML estimation so that the β's can be estimated directly without estimating individual firm fixed effects. 12 However, consistency of this estimator hinges on the (strict) exogeneity of the RHS variables. In our case, in particular market size M and knowledge stocks A are unlikely to be strictly exogenous. Blundell et al. (1995) suggest an alternative estimator, in which they interpret the unobserved firm heterogeneity to reflect entry level innovation. Specifically, they use the pre-sample mean of
12 In particular, this requires a sufficient (observed) statistic, conditioning on which eliminates the dependence of a firm's likelihood contribution on the (unobserved) firm-specific effect. In the case of a Poisson model, this statistic is a weighted average of a firm's average values on P and X, with weights λit/λi.
innovations for each firm to control for unobserved firm heterogeneity. We adopt this approach in our estimation, while controlling for unobserved country and time heterogeneity through the use of country and year dummies.
A final issue concerns the very high incidence of zero patent counts in our sample. In all of our estimation samples, the incidence of zeroes ranges between 70%-90%. The standard Poisson model can generate biased estimates in the presence of such a high number of zeroes in the dependent variable. Therefore, we estimate the model in (3) using a zero-inflated Poisson model (ZIP). This model decomposes the estimation in two stages, one which estimates the probability of observing zero patent counts (the "inflation equation"), and one estimating the standard Poisson model. We include knowledge stocks variables in the inflation equation as we expect larger knowledge stocks to reduce the probability of zero patents. 13
In terms of expectations, we expect energy prices to have a positive impact on REN patent counts. The impact of prices on FF innovation is ambiguous. On the one hand if FF innovations aim to improve the fuel efficiency of technologies, we should expect that higher prices would lead to more innovation in these technologies. On the other hand, higher energy prices might lower the incentives to innovate in FF technologies, in particular if these can be easily substituted by REN technologies. An increase in the market size for REN inputs is expected to increase the rate of REN innovation due to increased demand. The market size for FF inputs should have a positive impact on FF innovations. Finally, REN knowledge stocks should have a positive impact on REN innovation, and similarly for FF knowledge stocks on FF innovations. We estimate (3) for both specialized and mixed firms. For mixed firms, we can in addition estimate "cross-technology" impacts of knowledge stocks (i.e. the impact of REN stocks on FF innovation and vice versa) since by definition mixed firms have built a knowledge stock in both technologies, which is not the case for specialized firms.
The second empirical question that we aim to answer relates to the factors influencing not only the rate but also the direction of innovation. In this case, we are concerned about the factors inducing a shift away from FF towards REN innovation, i.e. how REN innovation can replace FF innovation. By construction, we only observe within-firm substitution between REN and FF innovation for mixed firms, which conduct both types of innovation. 14 For specialized
13 We tested the inclusion of additional additional variables in the inflation equations but these always turned out insignificant.
14 Recall that we qualify firms as specialized or mixed ex post, i.e. after having observed them throughout the
firms, substitution from FF by REN innovation only occur between firms: a relative increase in REN innovation can only occur via relatively more entry and more patenting by REN firms compared to FF firms. To study the factors affecting entry into REN innovatin, we estimate for specialized firms the probability to be a new innovator in REN technologies (versus a new innovator in FF) as follows:
where, as before, i and k index firms and countries, T denotes the first year of innovation of a specialized firm, and Φ is the cumulative normal distribution. REN is a binary variable taking the value 1 if the new innovator is a REN firm and 0 if the new innovator is a FF firm. Thus note that the sample underlying model (4) in principle is a cross-section. However, because different firms innovate for the first time in different years T , we also have to account for (unobserved) heterogeneity over time. As before, p is the fossil-fuel price and M is market size. Since we consider the innovation entry-decision of REN innovators (versus FF innovators), these firms have not innovated in REN of FF technologies in the past and hence we cannot include knowledge stock variables in the model.
Equation (4) is estimated as a probit model with robust standard errors clustered at the country level, and includes a full set of year and country dummies. Even though the crosssectional nature of this particular model does not allow us to properly control for unobserved firm heterogeneity (ηi), we include as before the average number of pre-sample patent applications of the firm as a control Blundell et al. (1995). 15 We expect to find that the probability to be a new REN innovator is positively associated with high energy prices (α1 > 0) and a larger REN market size (α2,REN > 0), but is negatively associated with FF market size (α2,FF < 0).
For mixed firms, substitution between REN and FF technologies within the firm may occur, so that we can directly estimate the factors affecting relative innovation, i.e. the ratio of REN
sample period. Therefore, we only observe that specialized firms have not switched technologies. That is, apart from their relatively small size (cf. Section 3) there is nothing that we can observe which might prevent these firms from switching between technologies. They just have not done so.
15 Note that we are considering innovation-entry into either REN or FF activities. Hence, these firms may already have innovated in the past and hence have pre-sample patent applications.
Table 5: Summary statistics and pairwise correlations
| | Mean St. Dev. | 1 2 3 4 5 6 |
|---|---|---|
| 1 P REN 2 P FF 3 p FF 4 Marketsize REN 5 Marketsize FF 6 Pre-sample patents | 0.02 0.55 0.11 0.92 5.06 0.29 6.44 2.40 11.1 1.40 0.00 0.00 | 1 0.03 1 0.01 0.01 1 0.01 -0.06 0.11 1 -0.01 0.04 0.00 0.02 1 0.01 0.21 0.01 -0.12 -0.00 1 |
| 1 Prob REN 2 p FF 3 Marketsize REN 4 Marketsize FF 5 Pre-sample patents | 0.29 0.45 5.06 0.27 6.57 2.14 11.2 1.31 0.13 0.63 | 1 0.1 1 0.34 0.09 1 -0.27 0.02 0.04 1 -0.07 -0.02 -0.08 -0.02 1 |
The top panel is based on N=183,666. The bottom panel is based on N=5,907.
over FF innovation. We estimate the following model for mixed firms:
where the indices and independent variables are as before. The dependent variable (PREN /PFF ) measures the (log) ratio of REN over FF patents. Accordingly, the estimated γ's tell us something about the direction of technical change. For instance, if γ1 > 0, we know that an increase in the price of FF energy induces an increase in the innovation rate of REN technologies relative to FF technologies. That is, innovation in REN technologies increases faster than innovation in FF technologies, which implies that technical change is indeed directed. A similar reasoning applies to the other coefficients. We estimate the model in (5) by means of a (feasible) GLS FE estimator, including year dummies to account for unobserved time heterogeneity. 16
Table 5 presents some summary statistics and pairwise correlations for the different variables in our sample. The top panel presents statistics and correlations for the Poisson models and the linear model, whereas the bottom panel give statistics for the probit model. Due to the significantly higher number of observations in the top panel (N=183,666 vs. N=5,907) these correlations are substantially smaller than those in the bottom panel.
16 As the firms in our sample never switch countries k applying the FE transformation also takes care of the unobserved country-level heterogeneity.
4.2 Baseline results
In Table 6 we present our baseline results. In columns (1) and (2) we study the rate of REN innovation, in columns (3) and (4) the rate of FF innovation, and in columns (5) and (6) the direction of innovation between REN and FF patenting activities. The first four columns are all estimated using zero-inflated Poisson, with standard errors clustered at the firm-level. Column (5) is estimated using the probit model, and column (6) is estimated using the FE GLS specification, clustering standard errors at the country-level in both cases.
In column (1), we give the results on the rate of REN innovation for specialized firms. Fossilfuel prices have a positive significant effect on patenting by REN firms. A 1% price increase is associated with a 0.98% increase in the number of patents by REN firms. The stock of REN patents also has a positive significant effect on patenting activities by REN firms. A 1% increase in the stock yields 0.76% more patents by REN firms. At last, a larger market for renewable energy also has a positive significant effect on patenting by REN firms, although the effect is small (0.09%). The market size of fossil-fuel energy has no significant impact on the level of innovation by specialized REN firms. Results are somewhat different for mixed firms in column (2). The most important determinants of REN innovation in this case are past REN and FF knowledge stocks, which both have a positive and significant impact on REN patenting activities. A 1% increase in the FF knowledge stock is associated with a 0.16% increase in REN patenting activities by mixed firms. This suggests complementarity between past FF innovation and future REN innovation in mixed firms, a result already found in Table 2 that showed for instance that mixed firms innovating in burners also tend to innovate in waste and biomass technologies. Further, the market size for FF energy has a moderately negative impact on REN innovation by mixed firms. Finally, the coefficients on knowledge stocks in the inflation equations always have the expected negative signs. Increased knowledge stocks tend to reduce the probability of zero REN patents, but only significantly so for mixed firms.
Columns (3) and (4) In Table 6 show the estimation results of similar models for FF innovation. We find that prices have a positive significant effect on patenting activities by specialized FF firms in column (3). A 1% increase in the past fossil-fuel price is associated with a 0.64% increase in innovative activities by FF firms. Regarding the effect of the past knowledge stock, we find that a 1% increase in the firm's past FF knowledge stock is associated with 0.66% additional patenting activities by FF firms. In addition, we find that the size of the market for fossil-fuel energy has a small positive effect on FF innovation (0.09%), but the REN market size coefficient is insignificant. For mixed firms in column (4), results are again somewhat different. As in column (2), past knowledge stocks are the main factors driving current FF innovation. A 1% increase in past FF knowledge stocks is associated with a 0.74% increase in FF patenting activities by mixed firms. In this case however, an increase in REN knowledge stocks reduces the expected level of FF innovation, suggesting substitution. A 1% increase in past REN knowledge stocks is associated with a 0.23% decrease in FF patenting activities by mixed firms.
The estimates in columns (5) and (6) in Table 6 pertain to relative innovation, i.e. to whether innovation is not only towards REN innovation but also away from FF innovation. The probit model in column (5) applies to specialized firms, and analyzes the likelihood that a firm files its first innovation in REN rather than in FF technologies, capturing between-firm substitution of REN and FF innovation at the industry level. We focus on a cross-sectional sample of 5,907 specialized firms innovating for the first time over the 1978-2006 period. Fossil-fuel prices show the expected positive effect, indicating that a 1% increase increases the likelihood of REN versus FF innovation entry by 0.37%-points. REN market size is positive and significant, indicating that a 1% increase in REN market size increases the probability of a REN vs. a FF innovation entry by 0.23%-points. For FF market size this is exactly the reverse, since a 1% increase reduces this probability by 0.46%-points.
Finally, column (6) shows how the ratio of REN over FF patent applications, capturing within-firm substitution of REN and FF innovation, in mixed firms is affected. We find that fossil-fuel prices have no significant effect on relative innovation. A higher FF knowledge stock on the other hand is significantly associated with a lower ratio of REN over FF patents. The impact of REN knowledge stocks and REN and FF market sizes are not significant.
Summarizing, we find that prices, knowledge stocks, and market size are all important determinants of the rate of innovation in specialized (REN and FF) firms. For mixed firms on the other hand, only knowledge stocks are of key importance. Here we also find that the rate of REN
| REN/FF patents (5) Specialized (6) Mixed Probit GLS | 0.374*** 0.091 (0.142) (0.065) -0.017 (0.015) -0.191*** (0.041) 0.230*** -0.005 (0.043) (0.007) -0.458*** 0.021 (0.110) (0.029) -0.163*** (0.039) 0.770 -0.636* (0.958) (0.325) 5907 9501 -2791 0.22 0.072 |
|---|---|
| FF patents (3) Specialized (4) Mixed ZIP ZIP | 0.636*** -0.321 (0.183) (0.823) -0.230*** (0.072) 0.663*** 0.747*** (0.026) (0.069) 0.002 -0.014 (0.014) (0.019) 0.093*** 0.122 (0.014) (0.096) -0.050*** -0.054** (0.018) (0.022) -6.050*** -0.044 (1.094) (4.930) 0.002 (0.121) -0.648*** -0.790*** (0.030) (0.064) 2.112*** 1.870*** (0.043) (0.159) 117175 9501 -34952 -7835 |
| REN patents (1) Specialized (2) Mixed ZIP ZIP | 0.983*** 0.316 (0.356) (0.671) 0.761*** 0.258*** (0.029) (0.087) 0.161** (0.070) 0.085*** 0.031 (0.013) (0.022) -0.019 -0.096* (0.045) (0.051) 0.071 -0.038 (0.060) (0.031) -7.257*** -1.742 (1.929) (3.993) -0.049 -0.362*** (0.199) (0.133) -0.220*** (0.056) 1.816*** 2.187*** (0.143) (0.115) 50070 9501 -10393 -2803 |
| | FF price REN knowledge stock FF knowledge stock REN market size FF market size Presample patent stock Constant Inflation equation: REN knowledge stock FF knowledge stock Constant Observations Log Likelihood (Pseudo) Rsq |
innovation is positively affected by past FF knowledge stocks, suggesting complementarities between REN and FF activities, whereas the rate of FF innovation is negatively affected by past REN knowledge stocks, suggesting that mixed firms with past experience in REN innovation are less likely to file FF patents in the future. Regarding the direction of innovation, we find that lower FF market size, and higher FF prices and REN market size stimulate entry into REN innovation vis-a-vis FF innovation (between-firm substitution). (Re)directing innovation within mixed firms appears much harder, as only a decrease in FF knowledge stocks stimulates a relatively more important increase in REN than in FF activities. In other words, mixed firms with a large existing stock of FF patents will find it more difficult to substitute FF by REN innovations.
4.3 Robustness analysis
In order to test the robustness of our baseline results in Table 6 we conduct a number of robustness tests. First, we consider the possible non-linear effect of fossil-fuel prices. As we explained above, the effect of prices on FF innovation is ambiguous. On the one hand, an increase in prices might stimulate more FF innovation that is aimed at a more efficient use of FF energy. On the other hand, it might also redirect innovation towards REN and away from FF innovation, as REN energy becomes relatively cheaper.
Table 7 repeats the analyses in Table 6 while adding a quadratic term for prices. In columns (1) and (2), we find that the quadratic price term has no significant effect on REN patenting activities by specialized and mixed firms. 17 On the other hand, in column (3) we find evidence of a significant non-linear effect of prices on FF innovation by specialized firms. 18 Hence, when fossil-fuel prices are low, an additional increase in prices is associated with a rise in innovation by FF firms. Firms will innovate in order to save on the expensive fossil-fuel factor of production. Yet, when fossil-fuel prices are high, an additional price increase will be associated with lower patenting activities by FF firms. There is thus a threshold price beyond which FF innovators
17 Due to the addition of a quadratic term, the coefficients in Table 7 cannot be directly interpreted and compared to the ones in Table 6.
18 A likelihood ratio test rejects the null hypothesis that the model in column (3) of Table 6 is to be preferred to the model in column (3) of Table 7 at p<0.01.
| FF patents (3) Specialized (4) Mixed ZIP ZIP | 15.681*** 1.738 (3.478) (16.715) -1.490*** -0.203 (0.342) (1.615) -0.230*** (0.072) 0.666*** 0.748*** (0.026) (0.069) -0.003 -0.014 (0.014) (0.019) 0.092*** 0.122 (0.014) (0.096) -0.051*** -0.055** (0.018) (0.022) -43.173*** -5.169 (8.728) (42.732) 0.002 (0.121) -0.646*** -0.790*** (0.030) (0.064) 2.107*** 1.869*** (0.043) (0.159) 117175 9501 -34936 -7834 |
|---|---|
| REN patents (1) Specialized (2) Mixed ZIP ZIP | 9.130* 12.909 (5.467) (11.652) -0.800 -1.250 (0.530) (1.166) 0.765*** 0.258*** (0.029) (0.087) 0.162** (0.070) 0.084*** 0.030 (0.013) (0.022) -0.024 -0.093* (0.044) (0.050) 0.072 -0.036 (0.060) (0.031) -27.570** -32.747 (13.992) (28.582) -0.045 -0.360*** (0.199) (0.133) -0.219*** (0.056) 1.807*** 2.182*** (0.141) (0.117) 50070 9501 -10390 -2803 |
| | FF price FF price sq REN knowledge stock FF knowledge stock REN market size FF market size Presample patent stock Constant Inflation equation: REN knowledge stock FF knowledge stock Constant Observations Log Likelihood (Pseudo) Rsq |
do not find it profitable anymore to innovate in these technologies. 19 Interestingly, we also find a non-linear impact of FF prices on the entry of specialized firms in column (5). This implies that as prices increase, specialized firms tend to enter initially into FF rather than REN innovation, but as prices pass a threshold 20 new innovators tend to enter into REN rather than FF innovation. We do not find for a non-linear effect of prices on relative innovation by mixed firms in column (6). Finally, the effects of the other variables in the regressions remain robust.
A second robustness test that we conduct considers the possible impact of knowledge spillovers external to the firm. While so far, we assumed that firm's innovation only builds up on the firm's past knowledge stock, there is a large literature that emphasizes that firms can (partly) appropriate knowledge spillovers from other firms and use them as inputs in their own innovation efforts. The fact innovation, research and development create externalities to other firms is due to the public good nature of knowledge. (e.g. Romer, 1990; Keller, 2004). In order to test whether the firms in our sample also benefit from knowledge spillovers, we construct sector-wide knowledge stocks of REN and FF technologies. We again account for the fact that firms may be active in multiple countries, and hence that all these countries' knowledge stocks might affect a firm's innovation. Hence external knowledge stocks are computed similarly as prices in (1), except that pkt now becomes K REN kt or K FF kt . Table 8 presents the results. We include the external knowledge stocks both in the level equations, as well as in the inflation equations (for the Poisson models).
Columns (1) and (2) in Table 8 show that sector-wide REN knowledge stocks do not have any impact on REN patenting activities, neither for specialized firms nor for mixed firms. However, the results in the inflation equation show that increased external REN knowledge stocks decrease the likelihood of zero REN patents, whereas the opposite is the case for external FF knowledge stocks in column (2). Columns (3) and (4) show the impact of external knowledge stocks on FF patenting. For specialized firms in column (3), there appears to be a positive spillover effect of the external FF knowledge stock on the rate of innovation by FF firms. For mixed firms in
19 The coefficient estimates imply that the "ceiling" price is approximately US$ 192. The marginal effect of a variable in the Poisson model is given by ∂E(yi |xi)/∂xik = βk exp(x ′ i β ). Hence, in this case, ∂E(Pijkt |Xijkt)/∂ ln pijkt = (15.681 − 2 × 1.49 × ln pijkt) exp(X ′ ijkt β ). Equating this to 0 yields ln p ijkt = 5 . 26, or pijkt = 192.
20 (i.c. US$ 137)
| REN/FF patents (5) Specialized (6) Mixed Probit GLS | 0.198 0.090 (0.223) (0.067) -0.019 (0.017) -0.190*** (0.042) 0.221*** 0.018 (0.049) (0.036) -0.486*** -0.008 (0.126) (0.034) 0.241 -0.005 (0.217) (0.007) 0.081 0.020 (0.137) (0.029) -0.157*** (0.036) 0.677 -0.659* (1.281) (0.314) 5907 9501 -2766 0.22 0.072 |
|---|---|
| FF patents (3) Specialized (4) Mixed ZIP ZIP | 0.627*** -0.241 (0.185) (0.750) -0.257*** (0.073) 0.663*** 0.758*** (0.026) (0.070) -0.013 -0.012 (0.015) (0.019) 0.082*** 0.151* (0.014) (0.078) 0.323 (0.200) 0.130** -0.270 (0.061) (0.179) -0.051*** -0.054*** (0.018) (0.021) -6.481*** -0.694 (1.165) (4.611) -0.049 (0.130) -0.646*** -0.774*** (0.030) (0.064) 0.363*** (0.126) -0.021 -0.331** (0.030) (0.146) 2.241*** 2.343*** (0.204) (0.575) 117175 9501 -34940 -7809 |
| REN patents (1) Specialized (2) Mixed ZIP ZIP | 1.020** -0.128 (0.399) (0.748) 0.772*** 0.325*** (0.035) (0.093) 0.192*** (0.066) 0.082*** 0.029 (0.014) (0.022) -0.045 -0.123** (0.051) (0.054) 0.085 -0.421 (0.109) (0.330) 0.460 (0.286) 0.059 -0.045 (0.060) (0.031) -7.489*** 0.161 (2.188) (4.712) -0.025 -0.262** (0.199) (0.129) -0.219*** (0.054) -0.118** -0.776*** (0.055) (0.237) 0.608*** (0.218) 2.369*** 1.754*** (0.306) (0.637) 50070 9501 -10382 -2783 |
| | FF price REN knowledge stock FF knowledge stock REN market size FF market size REN external knowledge stock FF external knowledge stock Presample patent stock Constant Inflation equation: REN knowledge stock FF knowledge stock REN external knowledge stock FF external knowledge stock Constant Observations Log Likelihood (Pseudo) Rsq |
column (4), we do not find any significant effect of the sector-wide FF knowledge stocks on FF patenting activities. Also, external REN knowledge stocks increase the probability of zero FF patenting by mixed firms. Finally, there is no significant impact of external knowledge stocks on the direction of innovation in columns (5) and (6). Moreover, the other results are rather robust. The two notable changes are that FF market size becomes marginally significant in column (5), and the energy price loses significance in column (5). Overall, these results suggest that external knowledge stocks are not very significant drivers of REN and FF innovation, in particular compared to the firm's own knowledge base. The external REN knowledge stocks increase the likelihood of innovating in REN but their impact is not large enough to influence the level of REN innovation. 21
We conducted two other robustness tests for which we will briefly summarize the results. 22 First, we dropped single (i.e. one-time) innovators in our sample. The main change relative to the baseline estimates in Table 6 is that the positive effect of fossil-fuel prices only shows up on REN patents by specialized firms (column (1)), whereas it becomes insignificant in columns (3) and (5) in Table 6. Including the non-linear price term as in Table 7 does not change this result. The effect of fossil-fuel prices on FF patenting activities appear thus to be mainly driven by single FF innovators.
Second, we split our sample period in two: 1978-1993 and 1994-2005. The reason is that, as we demonstrated in the previous section, the market for renewable energy and the related innovations only started to gain momentum during the second part of the 1990s. Hence, our results might be mainly driven by developments during the latter period. We indeed find that this is the case. In particular, the impact of prices and FF market size on patenting activities is more pronounced after 1994. Our main conclusions still hold.
5 Conclusion
In this paper we have investigated the determinants of directed technical change in the electricity generation sector, a sector particularly relevant for policymaking. We focused on three main
21 A potential problem with the analyses in Table 8 is the fact that external knowledge stocks for REN and FF are strongly correlated with each other (0.88 in the total sample). This could yield problems when including them simultaneously in the mixed firm regressions. In order to investigate this further, we also ran the models in columns (2), (4) and (6) while including only external knowledge stocks (results are available upon request).
This did not affect our results.
22 The results tables are available from us upon request.
factors inducing energy innovation as described by Acemoglu et al. (2012): a price effect, a market size effect, and a productivity effect. The price effect implies that innovation will be directed towards innovation which saves on the use of the higher priced inputs. The market size effect predicts that innovation takes place in areas where the (potential) market is large. Finally, the productivity effect entails that innovation mainly builds on earlier innovations, and hence takes place in areas where there already is a large body of established research.
We use firm-level data on patents filed in renewable (REN) and fossil fuel (FF) technologies by about 7,000 European firms over the period 1978-2006 to test these effects. We also distinguish between (small) specialized firms – that only innovate in REN or FF technologies – and (large) mixed firms – that innovate in both REN and FF technologies. We find that for specialized firms the main drivers of REN and FF innovation are energy prices, market size, and firms' knowledge stocks. A differential impact arises for prices however, which has a positive and linear effect on REN innovation, but an inverted U-shaped effect on FF innovation. Second, prices and market size drive the entry of new REN firms (relative to new FF firms) into the industry. Third, we find that innovation by mixed firms is characterized by strong path-dependencies. Past knowledge stocks are the major driver of the direction of innovation. Mixed firms with a large existing stock of FF patents will find it more difficult to substitute REN innovations by FF innovations (and vice versa). Fourth, we do not find much evidence of knowledge spillovers from outside the firms' knowledge base. Sector-wide REN knowledge stocks mainly increase the probability of REN innovation, but not its level.
Our results have a number of policy implications. First, a short-term policy goal may be to increase FF innovations (to the extent that these also lower CO2 emissions). Given the responsiveness of FF innovations to prices and market size, as well as its huge existing knowledge base, such a policy can be highly effective. In the longer term, however, a major policy question is how to break the path-dependency towards ever-increasing innovation in FF technologies. Our results suggest that policies are not likely to be "one size fits all".
The general impression that arises from our analyses is that it will be difficult to steer large mixed firms' innovations away from FF and towards REN technologies, as they have already specialized quite heavily in FF technologies. Our results show that innovation incentives by mixed firms, which are large and persistent innovators, are largely path-dependent. In this case, R&D policies specifically targetted to increase innovation in renewable energy may be useful to rebalance firms' R&D towards REN innovation. It will take time before sufficient critical mass has been accumulated that can match the existing expertise in FF innovation.
We also find that stimulating entry of new firms specialized in REN innovation can be effective in driving innovation towards REN technologies and away from FF technologies. Higher fossil fuel prices (or an equivalent carbon tax) and other policies aiming to increase the (relative) market for REN technologies, can encourage entry of new REN firms over FF firms and have a positive impact on the rate of innovation of these firms. Since the entry of small specialized REN firms has been key in driving REN innovation after the mid-1990s, policies should be cautiously designed not to deter entry and to enhance competition in this sector.
References
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Aghion, P., Dechezlepretre, A., Hemous, D., Martin, R. and Van Reenen, J. 2010. 'Carbon taxes, path dependency and directed technical change: Evidence from the auto industry'. Working Paper Centre for Economic Performance.
Blundell, Richard, Griffith, Rachel and van Reenen, John. 1995. 'Dynamic count data models of technological innovation'. Economic Journal 105, 333–344.
Dekker, T., de Vries, F.P., Vollebergh, H.R.J. and Withagen, C. 2012. 'Inciting protocols'. Journal of Env 64(1), 45–67. Unpublished Working Paper, VU University Amsterdam.
Di Maria, C. and van der Werf, E. 2008. 'Carbon leakage revisited: Unilateral policy under directed technical change'. Environmental and Resource Economics 39(2), 55–74.
Geroski, Paul A., van Reenen, John and Walters, C.F. 1997. 'How persistently do firms innovate?'. Research Policy 26, 33–48.
Griliches, Z. 1990. 'Patent Statistics as Economic Indicators: A Survey'. Journal of Economic Literature 28(4), 1661–1707.
Hausman, J., Hall, B. and Griliches, Z. 1984. 'Econometric models for count data with an application to the patents – RD relationship'. Econometrica 52, 909–938.
IEA. 2010. Electricity information 2010. Technical report. International Energy Agency.
Johnstone, N., Hascic, I. and Popp, D. 2010. 'Renewable Energy Policies and Technological Innovation: Evidence Based on Patent Counts'. Environmental and Resource Economics 45(1), 133–155.
Keller, W. 2004. 'International technology diff'. Journal of Economi 42(3), 752–782.
Lanzi, E., Verdolini, E. and Hascic, I. 2011. Efficiency improving fossil fuel technologies for eletricity generation: Data selection and trends. Technical report. FEEM Nota Di Lavoro 10.2011.
Popp, D. 2002. 'Induced innovation and energy prices'. American Economic Review 92(1), 160– 180.
Romer, P. 1990. 'Endogenous technological change'. Journal of Poli 98(5), 71–102.
Smulders, S. and Nooij, M. 2003. 'The impact of energy conservation on technology and economic growth'. Resource and Energy Economics 25, 59–79.
Verdolini, E. and Galeotti, M. 2011. 'At home and abroad: An empirical analysis of innovation and diffusion in energy technologies'. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 61(2), 119–134.
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Sybil Priebe
Associate Professor English, Communications, and Performing Arts Department North Dakota State College of Science [email protected] @ihaveabug on Twitter
NDSCS acknowledges that we occupy the sacred ancestral lands of the First Nations cultures. Without them, we would not have access to our gathering,
dialogue, and learning spaces.
"OER & Ungrading: The Blasphemous Quest for Ultimate Student Control."
OPEN EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES (#OER):
Openly licensed materials that, if offered digitally, cost students nothing. OER can include the same public domain pieces publishing companies use while ALSO showcasing teachers' knowledge and voices. OER improves accessibility, inclusivity, and flexibility for all. Click here for a folder of resources.
OPEN EDUCATIONAL PEDAGOGY (#OEP):
This is the pedagogy (or "P" might stand for Practices) of Open Education; OEP embraces student-centered teaching practices that "enable students to shape the public knowledge commons of which they are a part." OEP might include remixing texts with your students or creating new ones. OEP might include students writing the outcomes for the course, etc. Click here for a folder of resources.
bit.ly/sybil-owi21
Control over voice, language, and names.
BEFORE: The textbook is full of white authors and their perspectives and their stories. NOW: My OERs are less white-washed. FUTURE: Student-created OER (the ultimate in OEP).
* Whose writing are they reading? Why?
* What does a textbook filled with student voices say to students who struggle with writing?
* What does a book about writing written by non-writers look like?
Control over how they digest the information.
BEFORE: This textbook doesn't have an audio version.
NOW: I create audio versions and make sure my formats (Google doc, Word, PDF) are screen-reader friendly. They can listen, read it digitally for free, or buy a cheap Amazon copy.
* Accessibility like this doesn't just help those with disabilities, but it helps all students by giving them multiple ways to digest info.
#UNGRADING:
Ungrading is the theory that grading causes harm and linking grades to feedback undermines the feedback. It asks teachers to undo any of the hurdles they put in front of student learning. Any use of the theory increases student learning and decreases student stress/anxiety. Grades are arbitrary and subjective and do not reflect student learning. Click here for a folder of resources.
Control over who populates the Gradebook.
BEFORE: I'm a grader. I'm sorting and ranking students. I'm the sage on the stage.
NOW: Students assess themselves with self-assessment/declaration quizzes. I'm the guide on the side. I give oodles of feedback.
* They have control over the points in the gradebook. I give feedback and mark the activity as complete or incomplete.
FUTURE: I'd like to ditch the LMS altogether, but then I realize that that can cause more anxiety for students when they don't know where they stand in the course. This is the reason I have kept the “overall” percentage in the gradebook - for their mental health.
BEFORE: I'm a grader. I'm sorting and ranking students. I'm the sage on the stage.
NOW: Students assess themselves with self-assessment/declaration quizzes. I'm the guide on the side. I give oodles of feedback.
* They have control over the points in the gradebook. I give feedback and mark the activity as complete or incomplete.
FUTURE: I'd like to ditch the LMS altogether, but then I realize that that can cause more anxiety for students when they don't know where they stand in the course. This is the reason I have kept the “overall” percentage in the gradebook - for their mental health.
Control over where they learn, when they learn, what they learn, etc.
BEFORE: Attendance policy. NOW: I know they learn outside the classroom.
BEFORE: No late work allowed. NOW: Flexible deadlines.
BEFORE: SafeAssign. NOW: Trust.
BEFORE: No redos. NOW: Unlimited redos.
BEFORE: One-attempt quizzes. NOW: Multiple-attempt quizzes.
BEFORE: Some group work. NOW: Optional group work.
BEFORE: Detailed instructions. NOW: Open instructions (see example from the Creative Commons Certification course to the right).
What does ALL THIS STUDENT CONTROL look like in Sybil's Classes?
ENGLISH 110 HYBRID.
* 7 Groups of Activities
- Students self-assess each group.
- Flexible deadlines.
* 3 Reflections
- Beginning, Middle, End.
* 3 Large Projects
- Choices.
- Students self-assess.
- Peer Workshops utilize a Feedback Bootcamp
ENGLISH 120 FULLY ONLINE.
* Weekly Discussion Boards.
- Choices & students don't have to respond to classmates.
* A few quizzes that are multiple-attempt.
* 5 Large Projects
* 3 Reflections, similar to English 110.
Links to these pieces are on this handout.
RESOURCES:
* Web Site: Open Pedagogy Notebook
* Book: Ungrading edited by Susan Blum
* Book: Hacking Assessment by Starr Sackstein
* Hashtag: #ungrading on Twitter
* Hashtag: #OER or #OEP on Twitter
* The handout for this presentation - click here.
* Sybil's Slides of Student Reflection on #OER and #Ungrading.
Presenter: Sybil Priebe North Dakota State College of Science
THANK YOU!
Email: [email protected] Twitter: @ihaveabug
This presentation was created using the Google Yearbook Template.
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PUBLIC NOTICE
In Reply Refer to: Christina Comeau
Email: [email protected]
Phone: (978) 318-8705
Navigation Section
Date: 5/29/2024
Comment Period Closes: 6/12/2024
ALTERATION OF A U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS CIVIL WORKS
MYSTIC, CONNECTICUT
PROJECT PURSUANT TO 33 USC 408: CONSTRUCTION OF A TIDAL DOCKING STRUCTURE MYSTIC RIVER FEDERAL NAVIGATION PROJECT (FNP)
Interested parties are hereby notified that the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, New England District (USACE) is evaluating plans under 33 U.S.C. 408 (Section 408) to allow construction of a tidal docking structure in the Mystic River by the Mystic Seaport Museum. The proposed pier will partially sit within the 3:1 setback of the USACE maintained Mystic River FNP. Setbacks are designated to ensure that no structures encroach beyond the top edge of the navigation channel, including appropriate side slopes, and that there is sufficient clearance for dredging the navigation channel to its full width and depth, including slide slopes. Setbacks are defined as the sum of the project depth times three (3). The new pier will consist of an 8' by 252' floating dock with associated pilings and a 3' by 18' access ramp. The direct impact on the FNP offset is the installation of approximately eight (8) 12" timber pilings.
This Notice is being issued pursuant to 33 U.S.C. 408, USACE Engineering Circular (EC) 1165-2-220, Executive Order 11988 – Floodplain Management, and Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) regulations (40 Code of Federal Regulations [CFR] 15001508) for implementing the procedural provisions of the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) (42 U.S.C. 4321 et. seq.) and the USACE Procedures for Implementing NEPA (33 CFR 230). Section 408 allows USACE to grant permission for the alteration, occupation, or use of a USACE civil works project if it is determined that the activity will not be injurious to the public interest and will not impair the usefulness of the Federal project. A decision on a Section 408 request is a Federal action, and therefore subject to NEPA and other environmental compliance requirements. USACE has made the preliminary determination that the construction of the tidal docking structure will not have a negative impact on public interest, use, or our ability to maintain the Mystic River FNP. The public is invited to provide comment associated with this Section 408 evaluation. To request more information contact: Christina Comeau, New England District, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 696 Virginia Road, Concord, MA 01742, (978) 318-8705, [email protected]. The comment period will end on June 12, 2024. Letters should be postmarked by this date.
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Modification of PTFE Flat Sheet Film via Radiation Induced Grafting Polymerization with Acrylic Acid
(Modifikasi Filem Kepingan Rata PTFE melalui Kaedah Pempolimeran Cangkuk Sinaran dengan Asid Akrilik)
FAEZEAH ABD GHANI, KHAIDZIR HAMZAH*, NOR HASIMAH MOHAMED & WAN NORHARYATI WAN SALLEH
ABSTRACT
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) flat sheet film was modified with acrylic acid (AAC) by radiation induced grafting polymerization (RIGP) method using electron beam. The adsorbed doses were varied from 10 to 50 kGy, time of grafting from 1 to 3 h and monomer concentration and temperature were kept constant at 30 wt. % and 40°C. The degree of grafting ($D_g$) and equilibrium degree of swelling (EDS) of the grafted films were then determined. The films were further characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), atomic force microscope (AFM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and optical water contact angle. $D_g$ within the range of 17% to 210% were obtained for doses from 10 to 50 kGy within time of grafting from 1 to 3 h. The grafted film (PTFE-g-AAC) showed increased hydrophilicity leading to an increase in EDS. The successful grafting process was confirmed by FTIR results that showed characteristics peaks for carbonyl and hydroxyl group and a decrease in crystallinity for the PTFE-g-AAC film. SEM images showed that PTFE-g-AAC films had less fibrillar compared to PTFE film and was consistent with the decrease in roughness for the PTFE-g-AAC film. This study indicated that modifying PTFE film by grafting AAC could significantly improve the hydrophilicity of PTFE film. The PTFE-g-AAC films has potential as a heavy metal adsorbent as it can remove at least 75% of Fe ion and 50% of Pb ion from competitive media.
Keywords: Acrylic acid; adsorbent; polytetrafluoroethylene; radiation grafting
ABSTRAK
Filem kepingan rata politetrafluoroetilena (PTFE) telah diubah suai dengan asid akrilik (AAC) melalui kaedah pempolimeran cangkuk sinaran (RIGP) menggunakan alur elektron. Dos terserap diubah daripada 10 sehingga 50 kGy, masa cangkukan dari 1 sehingga 3 jam manakala kepekatan monomer 30% pada suhu 40°C. Darjah pencangkukan ($D_g$) dan darjah keseimbangan pengembangan (EDS) filem ditentukan. Seterusnya filem dianalisis menggunakan spektroskopi transformasi Fourier inframerah (FTIR), mikroskopi pengimbas elektron (SEM), mikroskopi tenaga atom (AFM), pembelauan sinar-X (XRD) dan sudut sentuhan optik. Keputusan diperoleh menunjukkan $D_g$ berada pada jultat antara 17% sehingga 210% untuk dos 10 hingga 50 kGy pada masa cangkukan antara 1 sehingga 3 jam. Filem yang dicangkuk (PTFE-g-AAC) menunjukkan peningkatan sifat hidrofilik yang memberi kesan kepada peningkatan EDS. Keberhasilan pencangkukan dapat disahkan melalui FTIR iaitu kewujudan puncak bagi kumpulan berfungsi karbonil dan hidroksil serta penurunan sifat hablur filem PTFE-g-AAC. Imej SEM membuktikan filem PTFE-g-AAC mempunyai kurang fibril berbanding filem PTFE dan konsisten dengan penurunan darjah kekasaran untuk PTFE-g-AAC. Kajian ini menunjukkan dengan mengubahsuai filem PTFE dengan AAC secara pempolimeran cangkukan sinaran dapat meningkatkan sifat hidrofilik filem PTFE. Filem PTFE-g-AAC mempunyai potensi sebagai penjerab logam berat sebagaimana ia dapat menyingkirkan 75% ion Fe dan 50% ion Pb daripada media yang kompetitif.
Kata kunci: Asid akrilik; pengrafan radiasi; penjerab; polytetrafluoroetilena (PTFE)
INTRODUCTION
Polytetrafluorethylene (PTFE) has been widely known as one of fluorocarbon polymers that has strong bonds exist between fluorine and carbon atoms. This specific molecular structure gives PTFE good combination of chemical, physical, and electrical properties (Qian et al. 2016). Due to low PTFE surface energy, its surface properties such as hydrophilicity, adhesivity and printability tend not to meet the requirements for industrial applications (Sun et al. 2018). In order to tackle these drawbacks, various enhancements have been made to modify its surface properties such as crosslinking (Wang et al. 2019), laser ablation (Qin et al. 2019) and (Yin et al. 2018), atomic layer deposition (Krumpolec et al. 2016), co-deposition (Li et al. 2019) and (Song et al. 2017), plasma treatment (Cheng et al. 2019) and radiation induced grafting polymerization (López et al. 2019; Park et al. 2016a).
RIGP is an advantageous method of modifying base polymers because grafting may result in the superimposition of properties related to the backbone and grafted chain.
However, PTFE films will undergo degradation by exposure to radiation hence the tolerance dose has been reported to be between 5 and 60 kGy, depending on the irradiation condition (Martinez et al. 2018). By using the right choice of monomers with exclusive functional group, new molecular functionalities can be impregnated onto base polymer by RIGP (Taimur et al. 2018). Figure 1 shows the mechanism of RIGP of polymer by pre-irradiation method. Briefly, the trunk polymer PTFE was irradiated by electron beam in vacuum or inert gas to produce stable free radicals. These stable free radicals were then reacted with monomer within the required time.
There are numerous variety of graft copolymers that can be formed by RIGP. The monomer used for grafting will determine the type of copolymer formed. The classification is either neutral or ionic copolymer. Examples of neutral monomers are perfluoroacrylate and acrylamide (Magaña et al. 2015). Ionic copolymer may be divided into anionic, cationic and bipolar. Example for anionic monomers are polystyrene-divinylbenzene (PS/DVB) (Kaltz et al. 2018) and glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) followed by reaction with triethyl amine (Mahmoud et al. 2016). Meanwhile acrylic acid (Jiang et al. 2019), poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) (PSS) (Chen et al. 2018) and GMA followed by reaction with sodium sulphite (Shin et al. 2017) resulted in cationic copolymer. Example of bipolar monomer is GMA then followed by reaction with amino acid (Selin & Emik 2018).
There are two types of monomers; functionalized monomers and non-functionalized monomers. Functionalized monomers are the monomers that provide the desired properties when copolymerized on polymer substrate. As an example, perfluoroethyl alkyl acrylate produces highly fluorinated graft side chains which result in a very hydrophobic copolymer (Gengec et al. 2016) while acrylamide results in hydrophilic copolymer (Sh et al. 2018). Meanwhile, non-functionalized monomers are another option to subject the copolymer to post grafting reaction where side chain is chemically converted to give desired functionality. GMA is one of the examples that produces epoxy functional side chain groups (Kim & Lee 2017). The epoxy group can then be reacted with other materials including imidazole (Selambakkannu et al. 2018), ammonium 12-molybdophosphate (AMP) (Seko et al. 2018) and amines (Gao et al. 2017).
Functionalized monomers that offer carboxylic group to the trunk polymer will modify the hydrophilic properties of the graft PTFE copolymer. The electronegative carboxyl and hydroxyl group anchored on the film surface will lead copolymer to become potential metal ion adsorbent (Wang et al. 2018). In this study, acrylic acid (AAC) was chosen as the grafting monomer to introduce carboxylic acid groups onto the surface of PTFE film via radiation grafting. The effect of radiation dose and time of grafting on $D_s$ and swelling behaviour were investigated through various characterization techniques including FTIR, SEM, AFM, XRD and optical water contact angle measurement. Moreover, the efficacy of the grafted sample was discovered for the removal of metal ions from aqueous media.
**Materials and Methods**
**Materials**
PTFE polymer in the form of aqueous dispersion (FR301B) was purchased from 3F New Materials Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China. Ethylene glycol (6207) additive was supplied by...
Merck. Sodium benzoate (144.11) salts was provided by Riedel-de-Haen. AAC and methanol were purchased from Merck and used without purification. Cations standard solutions 1000 ppm (BDH Chemicals) were obtained from Bahagian Alam Sekitar (BAS) Agensi Nuklear Malaysia.
**PREPARATION OF PTFE FLAT SHEET FILM**
PTFE flat sheet film was prepared by casting and sintering technique as described in the previous study (Ghani et al. 2017). Briefly, sodium benzoate was dissolved in the mixture of PTFE and ethylene glycol solution and then casted on glasGhanis plate. The film was then sintered at 385°C in an oven and was leached by immersing in hot water. The resulted PTFE flat sheet film was used as substrate for irradiation and grafting process.
**PREPARATION OF RADIATION INDUCED GRAFT POLYMERIZATION OF PTFE FLAT SHEET FILM**
*Irradiation of PTFE Flat Sheet Film* PTFE flat sheet film was cut into 2.5 cm × 2.5 cm sized pieces. The film was then washed with acetone and dried in a vacuum oven (1 torr) at 50°C for 1 h. PTFE film was purged with nitrogen gas in polyethylene bag and sealed. The film was placed on dry ice and irradiated with an electron beam (EB). Parameters of the EB and irradiation conditions are given in Table 1. After irradiation, the film was quickly stored at -80°C.
**TABLE 1. Electron beam parameters and irradiation conditions of PTFE flat sheet film**
| Irradiation parameter | Conditions |
|-----------------------|------------|
| Energy | 2 MeV |
| Current | 3 mA |
| Dose | 10-50 (10,20,30,40,50) kGy |
| Dose per pass | 10 kGy |
| Atmosphere | Nitrogen |
*Copolymerization of PTFE with AAC* AAC monomer solution was prepared by adding 30 wt. % of AAC to distilled water. The monomer solution was stirred at room temperature with magnetic stirrer for 10 min followed by stirring with high speed homogenizer for 15 min and de-aerated with nitrogen gas. The monomer was sucked into an evacuated glass ampoule in which the irradiated PTFE film was transferred. The glass ampoule was placed in water bath to initiate graft polymerization of AAC onto PTFE film. The grafting reaction was then allowed to react from 1 to 3 h at 40°C. After the reaction, the grafted film was recovered from the ampoules and washed repeatedly with hot water and methanol to remove homopolymer. The grafted film was dried overnight at 40°C. $D_g$ was calculated by gravimetric method using (1):
$$D_g(\%) = \frac{(W_g - W_o)}{W_o} \times 100$$
(1)
where $W_o$ and $W_g$ represent the weights of initial and grafted film, respectively. The PTFE grafting reaction is schematized in Figure 2.
**POTENTIAL ADSORPTION STUDY OF PTFE-G-AAC FILM**
Metal ions adsorption of the grafted PTFE films were performed by batch adsorption to study the potential use as an adsorbent of heavy metal. Several cations which commonly exists in waste water were selected namely cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn) and zirconium (Zr). Fifty mg of adsorbent weight were soaked in 20 mL cation solution with 10 ppm of metal solutions for 4 h at pH6. The experiment were carried out at room temperature. Cations concentration were measured by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectometry (ICP-MS) Perkin-Elmer NexION 350x (United States). The removal efficiency was calculated by the following equation:
$$\text{Removal efficiency} (\%) = \frac{(C_o - C_e)}{C_o} \times 100$$
(2)
where $C_o$ and $C_e$ are initial and final cations concentrations, respectively.
**CHARACTERIZATION OF PTFE-G-AAC FILM**
The grafting monomers was confirmed by ATR-FTIR Tensor II, Bruker (United State). The spectra were measured in a wavenumber range 4000-500 cm$^{-1}$. Crystalline structures of the grafted PTFE (PTFE-g-AAC) film was analysed by XRD Panalytical X’Pert Pro MRD (Netherlands) equipped with a Cu Kα radiation source (40 kV, 30 mA). The sample was scanned in the range of diffraction angle 2θ from 5° to 90°. Crystallinity index (CrI) was calculated using the intensity values corresponding to the diffraction of the crystalline structure and the amorphous fraction following Segal method (Singha et al. 2014).
$$\text{CrI}(\%) = \frac{(I_{100} - I_{am})}{I_{100}} \times 100$$
(3)
where $I_{100}$ is the intensity of the crystalline peak at the maximum; and $I_{am}$ is the intensity at the minimum. The changes in terms of hydrophilicity of PTFE-g-AAC film were assessed based on the measurement of the static contact angle of water using Attension Optical Tensiometer Contact Angle Meter (Theta, Biolin Scientific., Stockholm, Sweden) at 25°C and at 40-50% relative humidity. The average of five measured values for each sample were taken as its optical contact angle. EDS was determined gravimetrically. The PTFE-g-AAC film was immersed in distilled water for 24 h at room temperature. The sample was removed from the distilled water and filter paper was used to remove any surface water before the weight of sample was determined. The EDS was calculated using the following equation:
\[ \text{EDS}(\%) = \frac{(W_s - W_g)}{W_g} \times 100 \]
(4)
where \( W_s \) and \( W_g \) represent the weights of the initial and swollen grafted PTFE flat sheet films. The surface topography of the PTFE and PTFE-g-AAC films were studied using a SEM Phenom, G2 Pro (Eindhoven, The Netherlands). Surface roughness of the PTFE films were analysed at room temperature by AFM JPK NanoWizard II (Germany) in 5 \( \mu \)m \( \times \) 5 \( \mu \)m scanning field.
**RESULTS AND DISCUSSION**
**EFFECT OF IRRADIATION DOSE AND GRAFTING TIME ON D\(_g\)**
The radiation induced grafting of AAC onto PTFE film was carried out at two different conditions: irradiation dose from 10 to 50 kGy on D\(_g\), and grafting time from 1 to 3 h. Figure 3 shows the D\(_g\) obtained with different irradiation dose and grafting time. It can be seen that the D\(_g\) increases gradually with increasing irradiation dose and time of grafting. At 2 h of grafting, D\(_g\) increased from 36% to 98% when the irradiation dose increased from 10 kGy to 50 kGy. This can be explained by the fact that with increasing irradiation dose, the production of radicals on the PTFE film increased. Thus, more radicals were available to take part in the grafting polymerization reaction hence the increase in D\(_g\). This results is supported by Hegazy (2012) that grafted AAC onto non-woven polypropylene sheet. Meanwhile at 10 kGy, D\(_g\) increased from 16% to 57% when the grafting time increased from 1 to 3 h. As the time of grafting increased, the number of monomer molecules that diffused onto PTFE chains increased. Furthermore, the monomer also reacted with grafted AAC to form longer chains thus resulted in higher D\(_g\). Similar trend was reported for grafting of poly(methyl methacrylate) and poly(vinyl imidazole) onto PTFE films (López et al. 2019).
**FTIR ANALYSIS OF PTFE-G-AAC FILM**
Figure 4 indicates FTIR spectra of the PTFE and PTFE-g-AAC films. FTIR spectra for PTFE film shows strong absorption bands at 1200 cm\(^{-1}\) and 1146 cm\(^{-1}\) due to stretching vibrations of CF\(_2\) in PTFE film. New bands were observed in the FTIR spectra for PTFE-g-AAC film. Most noticeably, peak at 1712 cm\(^{-1}\) which is assigned to carbonyl band C=O of the carboxylic acid. Furthermore, the PTFE-g-AAC film displays a very broad band at 3000-3750 cm\(^{-1}\) attributed to O-H stretching vibration, while a C-H stretching vibration observed at 2850-2970 cm\(^{-1}\) and the C-H bending vibration at 1470 cm\(^{-1}\). These new bands observed after grafting confirmed the successful introduction of AAC onto PTFE flat sheet film. Similar findings was reported by Essawy et al. (2017).
**CRYSTALLINITY ANALYSIS OF PTFE-G-AAC FILM**
XRD analysis of PTFE and PTFE-g-AAC films were performed to clarify the changes in their crystallinity as presented in Figure 5. The PTFE film shows an intense peak centered at 17.9° corresponding to the diffraction from (1 0 0) planes with a spacing of 4.9 Å in semicrystalline PTFE that consists of lamellar crystal. It can be seen that the intensity of the PTFE-g-AAC diffractogram, representing the crystallinity decreases after grafting polymerization with AAC. This decrement is also proven by the decrease of CrI from 99.8% for PTFE to 98.6% for PTFE-g-AAC film. This is due to the dilution of the crystalline region of PTFE by incorporation of grafting polymerization hydrophilic AAC chains. This finding is supported by Moawia et al. (2016). The interaction of the hydrogen bond...
that exist in COOH groups of AAC thus enhanced the permeability of water throughout the amorphous layer of the film as supported by Wang et al. (2010). Furthermore, the diffraction peaks display a noticeable right-shift after grafting polymerization with AAC. This indicates that the unit cell parameters or interlayer space of PTFE was slightly expanded due to AAC grafting polymerization as supported by Xu et al. (2012).
**HYDROPHILICITY ANALYSIS OF PTFE-G-AAC FILM**
The hydrophilicity of PTFE and PTFE-g-AAC film are presented in Figure 6. The optical water contact angle of PTFE film is $147^\circ$, which is greater than $90^\circ$, indicating PTFE film is super-hydrophobic. This is due to the fluorine atoms in the external layer of the chemical structure $[-(CF_2-CF_2)-]$ that possessed high electronegativity and have strong interaction with carbon. After grafting polymerization with AAC, the contact angle was reduced to $104^\circ$. This decrement was due to the existence of hydrophilic group such as carboxyl and hydroxyl group in PTFE-g-AAC film. This findings was supported by Yang et al. (2013) that modified PVDF films by radiation induced grafting.
**SWELLING BEHAVIOUR OF PTFE-G-AAC FILM**
Figure 7 indicates the increase in the EDS of PTFE-g-AAC film with increasing $D_g$. This is due to the increase of the
hydrophilic groups introduced into the grafted film with the increase of $D_g$. Moreover, the crystalline-amorphous changes in the film were another important factor influencing the water uptake. Once the crystallinity of the grafted film decreased, the water molecules could easily penetrate the non-crystalline region. As a result, the water uptake increased with an increasing grafting level and decreasing crystallinity. These results suggested that the degree of swelling depends mainly on the degree of grafting, amount of the hydrophilic groups in the PTFE-g-AAC film. Similar trend was reported by Abdel et al. (2014).
**SURFACE ROUGHNESS ANALYSIS OF PTFE-G-AAC FILM**
Figure 8 presents the AFM images and surface roughness parameter for the PTFE and PTFE-g-AAC films. It showed that the average roughness ($R_a$) decreased from 102.2 nm to 88.17 nm. The root mean square roughness ($R_q$) showed similar trends which was slightly down from 125.5 nm to 111.7 nm. These results are supported by Wu et al. (2019) that stated hydrophilic side chains could decrease the roughness of the surface. Furthermore, these changes of roughness parameters agree well with changes of hydrophilicity of the films, proposing that hydrophilicity may play a vital role in the surface roughness of the films. This findings is supported by Li et al. (2018) that enhancing water permeability of polyvinylidene fluoride membranes with carboxylated nanodiamonds.
**FIGURE 8.** AFM images and surface roughness parameter of (a) PTFE and (b) PTFE-g-AAC flat sheet films
[Ra: average roughness, Rt: peak to valley roughness, Rq: RMS roughness]
**FIGURE 9.** SEM images of the surface of (a) PTFE (b) PTFE-g-AAC at 5000 magnification; (c) PTFE (d) PTFE-g-AAC at 10000 magnification
to valley roughness ($R_v$) increased from 738.8 nm to 862.6 nm after PTFE film grafted with acrylic acid.
**MORPHOLOGY OF PTFE-G-AAC FILM**
The surface morphology of the PTFE and PTFE-g-AAC were examined by SEM as presented in Figure 9. The PTFE film was observed to contain fibrils interconnecting nodal region in the matrix (Figure 9(a) and 9(c)). The fibrils connecting the islands were randomly oriented in the film. This finding was supported by Hidzir et al. (2015) that grafted acrylic acid-co-itaconic acid onto ePTFE. Figure 9(b) and 9(d) shows less fibrillar regions meanwhile the islands region are clearly discernible correspond to grafting polymerization of AAC compared to Figure 9(a) and 9(c). This finding was consistent with Mohd et al. (2012) that grafting AAC onto expanded PTFE films.
**TABLE 2. Ionic properties, free energy of hydration and electronegativity of the metal ions**
| Metal ions | Ionic radius (Å)$^a$ | Hydrated radius (Å)$^b$ | Hydration-free energy (kJ/mol)$^a$ | Electronegativity$^c$ |
|------------|----------------------|------------------------|-----------------------------------|-----------------------|
| Cd | 0.95 | 4.26 | -1755 | 1.83 |
| Cu | 0.73 | 4.19 | -2010 | 1.87 |
| Fe | 0.78 | 4.28 | -1840 | 1.90 |
| Ni | 0.69 | 4.04 | -1980 | 1.33 |
| Pb | 1.18 | 4.01 | -1425 | 1.69 |
| Zn | 0.74 | 4.30 | -1955 | 1.65 |
| Zr | 0.72 | - | -6790 | 1.91 |
$^a$ The ionic radius and the hydration-free energy were obtained from Marcus (1994) $^b$ The hydrated radius was obtained from Nightingale (1959) $^c$ The electronegativity was obtained from Pauling (1960)
**FIGURE 10. Removal efficiency of PTFE-g-AAC film towards metal ions**
A preliminary study was done to investigate the potential use of the PTFE-g-AAC film as heavy metal adsorbent in competitive media. Several metal ions which commonly exist in waste water were selected namely Cd, Fe, Ni, Pb, Zn and Zr. Figure 10 shows the removal efficiency of the grafted film towards metal ions. Obviously, the PTFE-g-AAC films show highest removal efficiency for Fe (75.8%) followed by Pb (53.1%) and Cu (33.9%). While only 20-25% for Cd and Zr, and below 10% for Ni and Zn ions can be removed by PTFE-g-AAC films. Therefore, the removal efficiency observed can be ordered in the following way: Fe > Pb > Cu > Zr > Cd > Zn > Ni.
There are some factors that could contribute for this selectivity of adsorption such as the size of the hydrated ion, hydrated-free energy, activity and electronegativity of...
the metal ions (Jain et al. 2016; Liu et al. 2018). The hydrated radius, free energy of hydration and electronegativity data are shown in Table 2. The order of the hydrated radius is Zn > Fe > Cd > Cu > Ni > Pb and the free energy of hydration is Zr > Cu > Ni > Zn > Fe > Cd > Pb. Meanwhile, the order of heavy metal reactivity is Zn > Fe > Cd > Ni > Pb > Cu and electronegativity is Ni > Cu > Pb > Fe > Cd > Zn > Zr. The affinity of the metal ions is dependent on the electronegativity and the size of the hydrated ion. The smaller the radius and higher electronegativity lead to the higher affinity (Park et al. 2016b). Meanwhile, higher hydration of free energy may cause the metal ion to remain in the aqueous hence reduced the possibility of being adsorbed. According to the order of the hydrated radius, electronegativity and free energy hydrated, Pb should be the most favorable ion to be adsorbed. Nevertheless, it is noted that the removal efficiency of Fe is higher than Pb that may be due to reactivity of the Fe ion is higher than Pb. The adsorption of metal ions is probably due to hydroxyl and carbonyl groups present in the PTFE-g-AAC film which endowed it with strong affinity towards metal ions and form complexes, consistent with Xu et al. (2019).
**CONCLUSION**
This study has demonstrated the successful radiation induced grafting polymerization of AAC onto PTFE flat sheet film. The $D_g$ was found to be dependent on the irradiation dose and the time of grafting. The higher the irradiation dose and longer reaction time, the higher the $D_g$. The surface of PTFE-g-AAC films showed significant changes from hydrophobic surface to hydrophilic surface that was demonstrated by optical water contact angle and swelling behaviour. XRD, ATR-FTIR, SEM and AFM were able to demonstrate the overall physicochemical changes including crystallinity, functional groups, morphology and surface roughness the film. In addition, PTFE-g-AAC film has the potential to be an adsorbent for metal ion removal from aqueous solutions. It was shown that at least 75% of Fe ion can be removed in competitive media.
**ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS**
The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support from the Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia and Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) under MyBrain Fellowship and Fundamental Research Grant Scheme, FRGS (R.J130000.7826.4F752) and (Q.J130000.2546.18I90). The authors would also like to acknowledge technical and management support from Radiation Processing Technology Division, Malaysian Nuclear Agency and Research Management Centre (RMC), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.
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Faezeah Abd Ghani & Wan NorHaryati Wan Salleh
Advanced Film Technology Research Centre (AMTEC)
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
81310 Skudai, Johor Darul Takzim
Malaysia
Faezeah Abd Ghani, Khaidzir Hamzah* & Wan NorHaryati Wan Salleh
UTM-MPRC Institute for Oil and Gas
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
81310 Skudai, Johor Darul Takzim
Malaysia
Khaidzir Hamzah*
Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering (FCEE)
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
81310 Skudai, Johor Darul Takzim
Malaysia
Nor Hasimah Mohamed
Radiation Processing Technology Division
Malaysian Nuclear Agency
43000 Kajang, Selangor Darul Ehsan
Malaysia
*Corresponding author; email: [email protected]
Received: 25 February 2019
Accepted: 15 October 2019
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| Registration # | Name | MGT405 | | | | | ACT304 | | | | | ACT314 | | | | ACT404 | | | | | ACT414 | | | | | ECO412 | | | | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | | Principles of Management | | | | | Principles of Accounting-I | | | | | Principles of Accounting-II | | | | Advance Accounting | | | | | Business Taxation | | | | | Economic Development of Pakistan | | | | |
| | | Obtained Grade GP Credits Product | | | | | Obtained Grade GP Credits Product | | | | | Obtained Grade GP Credits Product | | | | Obtained Grade GP Credits Product | | | | | Obtained Grade GP Credits Product | | | | | Obtained Grade GP Credits Product | | | | |
| IS/B.Com/A-16/M/060 | Azizullah | 50 | D | 1.5 | 3 | 4.5 | - | | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 71 | B | 3.0 | 3 | 9.0 | 61 | C | 2.0 | 3 | 6.0 | 46 | F | - | 3 | - |
| IS/B.Com/A-16/M/136 | Shah Faisal | 66 | C+ | 2.5 | 3 | 7.5 | - | | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | | - | - | - | 50 | D | 1.5 | 3 | 4.5 | - | | - | - | - |
| IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/101 | Abdul Aziz Shah | 58 | C | 2.0 | 3 | 6.0 | - | | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 63 | C | 2.0 | 3 | 6.0 | 50 | D | 1.5 | 3 | 4.5 | 70 | B | 3.0 | 3 | 9.0 |
| IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/102 | Adeel Ali | 39 | F | - | 3 | - | - | | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 51 | D | 1.5 | 3 | 4.5 | 28 | F | - | 3 | - | 60 | C | 2.0 | 3 | 6.0 |
| IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/103 | Afifa Rehman | 80 | A | 4.0 | 3 | 12.0 | - | | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 77 | B+ | 3.5 | 3 | 10.5 | 75 | B+ | 3.5 | 3 | 10.5 | 82 | A | 4.0 | 3 | 12.0 |
| IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/104 | Anum Bibi | 70 | B | 3.0 | 3 | 9.0 | - | | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 83 | A | 4.0 | 3 | 12.0 | 60 | C | 2.0 | 3 | 6.0 | 70 | B | 3.0 | 3 | 9.0 |
| IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/106 | Asif Javed | 30 | F | - | 3 | - | - | | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 68 | C+ | 2.5 | 3 | 7.5 | 51 | D | 1.5 | 3 | 4.5 | 59 | C | 2.0 | 3 | 6.0 |
| IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/107 | Ateeq Khan | 65 | C+ | 2.5 | 3 | 7.5 | - | | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 76 | B+ | 3.5 | 3 | 10.5 | 70 | B | 3.0 | 3 | 9.0 | 70 | B | 3.0 | 3 | 9.0 |
| IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/108 | Bakht Buland | 50 | D | 1.5 | 3 | 4.5 | - | | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 52 | D | 1.5 | 3 | 4.5 | 33 | F | - | 3 | - | 58 | C | 2.0 | 3 | 6.0 |
| IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/109 | Daniyal Aslam | 34 | F | - | 3 | - | - | | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 63 | C | 2.0 | 3 | 6.0 | 21 | F | - | 3 | - | 50 | D | 1.5 | 3 | 4.5 |
| IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/110 | Farhan Asghar | 65 | C+ | 2.5 | 3 | 7.5 | - | | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 82 | A | 4.0 | 3 | 12.0 | 50 | D | 1.5 | 3 | 4.5 | 70 | B | 3.0 | 3 | 9.0 |
| IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/111 | Ghulam Habib | 83 | A | 4.0 | 3 | 12.0 | - | | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 87 | A | 4.0 | 3 | 12.0 | 76 | B+ | 3.5 | 3 | 10.5 | 80 | A | 4.0 | 3 | 12.0 |
| IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/113 | Hamid Nazeer | 75 | B+ | 3.5 | 3 | 10.5 | - | | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 83 | A | 4.0 | 3 | 12.0 | 55 | C | 2.0 | 3 | 6.0 | 70 | B | 3.0 | 3 | 9.0 |
| IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/114 | Hamza Tariq | 75 | B+ | 3.5 | 3 | 10.5 | - | | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 63 | C | 2.0 | 3 | 6.0 | 50 | D | 1.5 | 3 | 4.5 | 75 | B+ | 3.5 | 3 | 10.5 |
| IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/116 | Hasnain Riaz | 50 | D | 1.5 | 3 | 4.5 | - | | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 56 | C | 2.0 | 3 | 6.0 | 33 | F | - | 3 | - | 66 | C+ | 2.5 | 3 | 7.5 |
| IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/117 | Hassan Raza | 50 | D | 1.5 | 3 | 4.5 | 65 | C+ | 2.5 | 3 | 7.5 | - | - | - | - | 53 | D | 1.5 | 3 | 4.5 | 50 | D | 1.5 | 3 | 4.5 | 50 | D | 1.5 | 3 | 4.5 |
| IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/118 | Hussain Ali | 23 | F | - | 3 | - | - | | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 16 | F | - | 3 | - | 25 | F | - | 3 | - | 26 | F | - | 3 | - |
| IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/119 | Iltaf Sohail | 55 | C | 2.0 | 3 | 6.0 | - | | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 56 | C | 2.0 | 3 | 6.0 | 50 | D | 1.5 | 3 | 4.5 | 71 | B | 3.0 | 3 | 9.0 |
| IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/120 | Iqra Saleem | 80 | A | 4.0 | 3 | 12.0 | - | | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 82 | A | 4.0 | 3 | 12.0 | 76 | B+ | 3.5 | 3 | 10.5 | 75 | B+ | 3.5 | 3 | 10.5 |
| IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/121 | Jamshed Wali | 50 | D | 1.5 | 3 | 4.5 | - | | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 50 | D | 1.5 | 3 | 4.5 | 50 | D | 1.5 | 3 | 4.5 | 60 | C | 2.0 | 3 | 6.0 |
| IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/122 | Khurshid Ahmad | 38 | F | - | 3 | - | - | | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 53 | D | 1.5 | 3 | 4.5 | 18 | F | - | 3 | - | 37 | F | - | 3 | - |
| IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/123 | Mehwish Waris | 70 | B | 3.0 | 3 | 9.0 | - | | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 87 | A | 4.0 | 3 | 12.0 | 80 | A | 4.0 | 3 | 12.0 | 70 | B | 3.0 | 3 | 9.0 |
| IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/124 | Muhammad Ahsan | 65 | C+ | 2.5 | 3 | 7.5 | - | | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 50 | D | 1.5 | 3 | 4.5 | 60 | C | 2.0 | 3 | 6.0 | 66 | C+ | 2.5 | 3 | 7.5 |
| IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/126 | Muhammad Asfand Bilal lodhi | 80 | A | 4.0 | 3 | 12.0 | - | | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 72 | B | 3.0 | 3 | 9.0 | 76 | B+ | 3.5 | 3 | 10.5 | 76 | B+ | 3.5 | 3 | 10.5 |
| IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/128 | Muhammad Faizan Abbasi | 75 | B+ | 3.5 | 3 | 10.5 | - | | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 76 | B+ | 3.5 | 3 | 10.5 | 70 | B | 3.0 | 3 | 9.0 | 71 | B | 3.0 | 3 | 9.0 |
| IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/129 | Muhammad Furqan Alam | 50 | D | 1.5 | 3 | 4.5 | - | | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 52 | D | 1.5 | 3 | 4.5 | 50 | D | 1.5 | 3 | 4.5 | 50 | D | 1.5 | 3 | 4.5 |
| IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/130 | Muhammad Haroon Khan Sabir | 59 | C | 2.0 | 3 | 6.0 | - | | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 56 | C | 2.0 | 3 | 6.0 | 56 | C | 2.0 | 3 | 6.0 | 65 | C+ | 2.5 | 3 | 7.5 |
| IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/131 | Muhammad Muneeb Khan | 80 | A | 4.0 | 3 | 12.0 | - | | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 84 | A | 4.0 | 3 | 12.0 | 85 | A | 4.0 | 3 | 12.0 | 80 | A | 4.0 | 3 | 12.0 |
| IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/132 | Muhammad Mushahid Hussain | 70 | B | 3.0 | 3 | 9.0 | - | | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 60 | C | 2.0 | 3 | 6.0 | 50 | D | 1.5 | 3 | 4.5 | 71 | B | 3.0 | 3 | 9.0 |
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| | | HRM306 | | | | | IT316 | | | | | MGT312 | | | | MGT402 | | | | | QNT305 | | | | QNT315 | | | | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | | Human Behavior / Introduction to Psychology | | | | | Orientation to Computer Concepts | | | | | Business Communication | | | | Business and Industrial Law | | | | | Business Mathematics | | | | Business Statistics | | | | |
| | | Obtained Grade GP Credits Product | | | | | Obtained Grade GP Credits Product | | | | | Obtained Grade GP Credits Product | | | | Obtained Grade GP Credits Product | | | | | Obtained Grade GP Credits Product | | | | Obtained Grade GP Credits Product | | | | |
| IS/B.Com/A-16/M/060 | Azizullah | 50 | D | 1.5 | 3 | 4.5 | 66 | C+ | 2.5 | 3 | 7.5 | - | - | - | - | 58 | C | 2.0 | 3 | 6.0 | - | - | - | - | - | | - | - | - |
| IS/B.Com/A-16/M/136 | Shah Faisal | - | | - | - | - | - | | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 50 | D | 1.5 | 3 | 4.5 |
| IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/101 | Abdul Aziz Shah | 50 | D | 1.5 | 3 | 4.5 | - | | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 58 | C | 2.0 | 3 | 6.0 | - | - | - | - | - | | - | - | - |
| IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/102 | Adeel Ali | 50 | D | 1.5 | 3 | 4.5 | - | | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 50 | D | 1.5 | 3 | 4.5 | - | - | - | - | - | | - | - | - |
| IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/103 | Afifa Rehman | 80 | A | 4.0 | 3 | 12.0 | - | | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 75 | B+ | 3.5 | 3 | 10.5 | - | - | - | - | - | | - | - | - |
| IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/104 | Anum Bibi | 65 | C+ | 2.5 | 3 | 7.5 | - | | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 58 | C | 2.0 | 3 | 6.0 | - | - | - | - | - | | - | - | - |
| IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/106 | Asif Javed | 50 | D | 1.5 | 3 | 4.5 | - | | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 21 | F | - | 3 | - | - | - | - | - | - | | - | - | - |
| IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/107 | Ateeq Khan | 65 | C+ | 2.5 | 3 | 7.5 | - | | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 65 | C+ | 2.5 | 3 | 7.5 | - | - | - | - | - | | - | - | - |
| IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/108 | Bakht Buland | 56 | C | 2.0 | 3 | 6.0 | - | | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 43 | F | - | 3 | - | - | - | - | - | - | | - | - | - |
| IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/109 | Daniyal Aslam | 50 | D | 1.5 | 3 | 4.5 | - | | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 45 | F | - | 3 | - | - | - | - | - | - | | - | - | - |
| IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/110 | Farhan Asghar | 65 | C+ | 2.5 | 3 | 7.5 | - | | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 57 | C | 2.0 | 3 | 6.0 | - | - | - | - | - | | - | - | - |
| IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/111 | Ghulam Habib | 70 | B | 3.0 | 3 | 9.0 | - | | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 83 | A | 4.0 | 3 | 12.0 | - | - | - | - | - | | - | - | - |
| IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/113 | Hamid Nazeer | 65 | C+ | 2.5 | 3 | 7.5 | - | | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 34 | F | - | 3 | - | - | - | - | - | - | | - | - | - |
| IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/114 | Hamza Tariq | 60 | C | 2.0 | 3 | 6.0 | - | | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 50 | D | 1.5 | 3 | 4.5 | - | - | - | - | - | | - | - | - |
| IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/116 | Hasnain Riaz | 51 | D | 1.5 | 3 | 4.5 | - | | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 45 | F | - | 3 | - | - | - | - | - | - | | - | - | - |
| IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/117 | Hassan Raza | 50 | D | 1.5 | 3 | 4.5 | - | | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 50 | D | 1.5 | 3 | 4.5 | - | - | - | - | - | | - | - | - |
| IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/118 | Hussain Ali | 17 | F | - | 3 | - | - | | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 25 | F | - | 3 | - | - | - | - | - | - | | - | - | - |
| IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/119 | Iltaf Sohail | 50 | D | 1.5 | 3 | 4.5 | - | | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 45 | F | - | 3 | - | - | - | - | - | - | | - | - | - |
| IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/120 | Iqra Saleem | 75 | B+ | 3.5 | 3 | 10.5 | - | | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 81 | A | 4.0 | 3 | 12.0 | - | - | - | - | - | | - | - | - |
| IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/121 | Jamshed Wali | 33 | F | - | 3 | - | - | | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 53 | D | 1.5 | 3 | 4.5 | - | - | - | - | - | | - | - | - |
| IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/122 | Khurshid Ahmad | 31 | F | - | 3 | - | - | | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 50 | D | 1.5 | 3 | 4.5 | - | - | - | - | 26 | F | - | 3 | - |
| IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/123 | Mehwish Waris | 72 | B | 3.0 | 3 | 9.0 | - | | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 61 | C | 2.0 | 3 | 6.0 | - | - | - | - | - | | - | - | - |
| IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/124 | Muhammad Ahsan | 50 | D | 1.5 | 3 | 4.5 | - | | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 31 | F | - | 3 | - | - | - | - | - | - | | - | - | - |
| IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/126 | Muhammad Asfand Bilal lodhi | 70 | B | 3.0 | 3 | 9.0 | - | | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 61 | C | 2.0 | 3 | 6.0 | - | - | - | - | - | | - | - | - |
| IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/128 | Muhammad Faizan Abbasi | 60 | C | 2.0 | 3 | 6.0 | - | | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 59 | C | 2.0 | 3 | 6.0 | - | - | - | - | - | | - | - | - |
| IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/129 | Muhammad Furqan Alam | 50 | D | 1.5 | 3 | 4.5 | - | | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 55 | C | 2.0 | 3 | 6.0 | - | - | - | - | - | | - | - | - |
| IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/130 | Muhammad Haroon Khan Sabir | 50 | D | 1.5 | 3 | 4.5 | - | | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 55 | C | 2.0 | 3 | 6.0 | - | - | - | - | - | | - | - | - |
| IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/131 | Muhammad Muneeb Khan | 82 | A | 4.0 | 3 | 12.0 | - | | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 84 | A | 4.0 | 3 | 12.0 | - | - | - | - | - | | - | - | - |
| IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/132 | Muhammad Mushahid Hussain | 65 | C+ | 2.5 | 3 | 7.5 | - | | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 67 | C+ | 2.5 | 3 | 7.5 | - | - | - | - | - | | - | - | - |
Errors and omissions excepted. University has right to revise the results.
Prepared By:
Checked By:
Rechecked By:
Abid Mahmood
Asst. Controller of Exams
Muhammad Sohail Akbar Superintendent
Controller of Exams
Page 1 of 2
| IS/B.Com/A-16/M/060 | Azizullah | 1.79 | 1.94 |
|---|---|---|---|
| IS/B.Com/A-16/M/136 | Shah Faisal | 1.83 | 1.89 |
| IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/101 | Abdul Aziz Shah | 2 | 2.36 |
| IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/102 | Adeel Ali | 1.08 | 1.81 |
| IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/103 | Afifa Rehman | 3.75 | 3.78 |
| IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/104 | Anum Bibi | 2.75 | 3.08 |
| IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/106 | Asif Javed | 1.25 | 1.94 |
| IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/107 | Ateeq Khan | 2.83 | 3.03 |
| IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/108 | Bakht Buland | 1.17 | 2.06 |
| IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/109 | Daniyal Aslam | 0.83 | 1.33 |
| IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/110 | Farhan Asghar | 2.58 | 2.89 |
| IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/111 | Ghulam Habib | 3.75 | 3.72 |
| IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/113 | Hamid Nazeer | 2.5 | 3.17 |
| IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/114 | Hamza Tariq | 2.33 | 2.92 |
| IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/116 | Hasnain Riaz | 1.25 | 2.19 |
| IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/117 | Hassan Raza | 1.64 | 1.83 |
| IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/118 | Hussain Ali | 0 | 1.44 |
| IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/119 | Iltaf Sohail | 1.67 | 2.44 |
| IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/120 | Iqra Saleem | 3.75 | 3.64 |
| IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/121 | Jamshed Wali | 1.33 | 2.33 |
| IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/122 | Khurshid Ahmad | 0.43 | 1.56 |
| IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/123 | Mehwish Waris | 3.17 | 3.19 |
| IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/124 | Muhammad Ahsan | 1.67 | 2.22 |
| IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/126 | Muhammad Asfand Bilal lodhi | 3.17 | 3.11 |
| IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/128 | Muhammad Faizan Abbasi | 2.83 | 2.89 |
| IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/129 | Muhammad Furqan Alam | 1.58 | 1.97 |
| IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/130 | Muhammad Haroon Khan Sabir | 2 | 2.14 |
| IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/131 | Muhammad Muneeb Khan | 4 | 3.78 |
| IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/132 | Muhammad Mushahid Hussain | 2.42 | 2.75 |
Prepared By:
Checked By:
Rechecked By:
Abid Mahmood
Asst. Controller of Exams
Muhammad Sohail Akbar Superintendent
Controller of Exams
IS/B.Com/A-16/M/060
Azizullah
1.79 1.94
IS/B.Com/A-16/M/136
Shah Faisal
1.83 1.89
IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/101
Abdul Aziz Shah
2.00 2.36
IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/102
Adeel Ali
1.08 1.81
IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/103
Afifa Rehman
3.75 3.78
IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/104
Anum Bibi
2.75 3.08
IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/106
Asif Javed
1.25 1.94
IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/107
Ateeq Khan
2.83 3.03
IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/108
Bakht Buland
1.17 2.06
IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/109
Daniyal Aslam
0.83 1.33
IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/110
Farhan Asghar
2.58 2.89
IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/111
Ghulam Habib
3.75 3.72
IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/113
Hamid Nazeer
2.50 3.17
IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/114
Hamza Tariq
2.33 2.92
IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/116
Hasnain Riaz
1.25 2.19
IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/117
Hassan Raza
1.64 1.83
IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/118
Hussain Ali
0.00 1.44
IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/119
Iltaf Sohail
1.67 2.44
IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/120
Iqra Saleem
3.75 3.64
IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/121
Jamshed Wali
1.33 2.33
IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/122
Khurshid Ahmad
0.43 1.56
IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/123
Mehwish Waris
3.17 3.19
IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/124
Muhammad Ahsan
1.67 2.22
IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/126
Muhammad Asfand Bilal lodhi
3.17 3.11
IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/128
Muhammad Faizan Abbasi
2.83 2.89
IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/129
Muhammad Furqan Alam
1.58 1.97
IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/130
Muhammad Haroon Khan Sabir
2.00 2.14
IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/131
Muhammad Muneeb Khan
4.00 3.78
IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/132
Muhammad Mushahid Hussain
2.42 2.75
Prepared By:
Checked By:
Rechecked By:
Errors and omissions excepted. University has right to revise the results.
Abid Mahmood
Page 1 of 2
| Registration # | Name | MGT405 | | | | | ACT304 | | | | ACT314 | | | | | ACT404 | | | | | ACT414 | | | | | ECO412 | | | | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | | Principles of Management | | | | | Principles of Accounting-I | | | | Principles of Accounting-II | | | | | Advance Accounting | | | | | Business Taxation | | | | | Economic Development of Pakistan | | | | |
| | | Obtained Grade GP Credits Product | | | | | Obtained Grade GP Credits Product | | | | Obtained Grade GP Credits Product | | | | | Obtained Grade GP Credits Product | | | | | Obtained Grade GP Credits Product | | | | | Obtained Grade GP Credits Product | | | | |
| IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/133 | Muhammad Raza | 65 | C+ | 2.5 | 3 | 7.5 | - | - | - | - | - | | - | - | - | 56 | C | 2.0 | 3 | 6.0 | 60 | C | 2.0 | 3 | 6.0 | 71 | B | 3.0 | 3 | 9.0 |
| IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/134 | Muhammad Taimoor | 75 | B+ | 3.5 | 3 | 10.5 | - | - | - | - | - | | - | - | - | 76 | B+ | 3.5 | 3 | 10.5 | 60 | C | 2.0 | 3 | 6.0 | 65 | C+ | 2.5 | 3 | 7.5 |
| IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/135 | Muhammad Zubair | 65 | C+ | 2.5 | 3 | 7.5 | - | - | - | - | - | | - | - | - | 65 | C+ | 2.5 | 3 | 7.5 | 65 | C+ | 2.5 | 3 | 7.5 | 60 | C | 2.0 | 3 | 6.0 |
| IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/136 | Muhammad Zubair | 58 | C | 2.0 | 3 | 6.0 | - | - | - | - | - | | - | - | - | 70 | B | 3.0 | 3 | 9.0 | 50 | D | 1.5 | 3 | 4.5 | 50 | D | 1.5 | 3 | 4.5 |
| IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/137 | Nida Arshad | 84 | A | 4.0 | 3 | 12.0 | - | - | - | - | - | | - | - | - | 77 | B+ | 3.5 | 3 | 10.5 | 88 | A | 4.0 | 3 | 12.0 | 82 | A | 4.0 | 3 | 12.0 |
| IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/138 | Raja Muhammad Shaeel Bakht | 50 | D | 1.5 | 3 | 4.5 | - | - | - | - | 65 | C+ | 2.5 | 3 | 7.5 | 50 | D | 1.5 | 3 | 4.5 | 27 | F | - | 3 | - | 61 | C | 2.0 | 3 | 6.0 |
| IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/139 | Raja Nabeel Irfan | 50 | D | 1.5 | 3 | 4.5 | - | - | - | - | - | | - | - | - | 50 | D | 1.5 | 3 | 4.5 | 33 | F | - | 3 | - | 59 | C | 2.0 | 3 | 6.0 |
| IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/140 | Rizwan Hussain | 37 | F | - | 3 | - | - | - | - | - | - | | - | - | - | 62 | C | 2.0 | 3 | 6.0 | 50 | D | 1.5 | 3 | 4.5 | 61 | C | 2.0 | 3 | 6.0 |
| IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/141 | Sana Ullah | 65 | C+ | 2.5 | 3 | 7.5 | - | - | - | - | - | | - | - | - | 63 | C | 2.0 | 3 | 6.0 | 65 | C+ | 2.5 | 3 | 7.5 | 55 | C | 2.0 | 3 | 6.0 |
| IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/144 | Talha Asghar | 80 | A | 4.0 | 3 | 12.0 | - | - | - | - | - | | - | - | - | 86 | A | 4.0 | 3 | 12.0 | 97 | A | 4.0 | 3 | 12.0 | 82 | A | 4.0 | 3 | 12.0 |
| IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/145 | Talha Bin Riaz | 70 | B | 3.0 | 3 | 9.0 | - | - | - | - | - | | - | - | - | 62 | C | 2.0 | 3 | 6.0 | 55 | C | 2.0 | 3 | 6.0 | 65 | C+ | 2.5 | 3 | 7.5 |
| IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/146 | Talha Tariq | 65 | C+ | 2.5 | 3 | 7.5 | - | - | - | - | - | | - | - | - | 50 | D | 1.5 | 3 | 4.5 | 19 | F | - | 3 | - | 52 | D | 1.5 | 3 | 4.5 |
| IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/148 | Tayyab Khalid | 60 | C | 2.0 | 3 | 6.0 | - | - | - | - | - | | - | - | - | 55 | C | 2.0 | 3 | 6.0 | 50 | D | 1.5 | 3 | 4.5 | 50 | D | 1.5 | 3 | 4.5 |
| IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/149 | Usama Iqbal | 65 | C+ | 2.5 | 3 | 7.5 | - | - | - | - | - | | - | - | - | 17 | F | - | 3 | - | 58 | C | 2.0 | 3 | 6.0 | 70 | B | 3.0 | 3 | 9.0 |
| IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/151 | Wajahat Zafar | 65 | C+ | 2.5 | 3 | 7.5 | - | - | - | - | - | | - | - | - | 57 | C | 2.0 | 3 | 6.0 | 55 | C | 2.0 | 3 | 6.0 | 71 | B | 3.0 | 3 | 9.0 |
| IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/152 | Waqas Ali Shah | 71 | B | 3.0 | 3 | 9.0 | - | - | - | - | - | | - | - | - | 66 | C+ | 2.5 | 3 | 7.5 | 50 | D | 1.5 | 3 | 4.5 | 75 | B+ | 3.5 | 3 | 10.5 |
| IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/153 | Zeeshan Ahmed | 50 | D | 1.5 | 3 | 4.5 | - | - | - | - | - | | - | - | - | 21 | F | - | 3 | - | 28 | F | - | 3 | - | 50 | D | 1.5 | 3 | 4.5 |
| IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/154 | Zeeshan Ashraf | 65 | C+ | 2.5 | 3 | 7.5 | - | - | - | - | - | | - | - | - | 60 | C | 2.0 | 3 | 6.0 | 55 | C | 2.0 | 3 | 6.0 | 61 | C | 2.0 | 3 | 6.0 |
| IS/B.Com/A-17/M/C/209 | Bilal Saeed | 50 | D | 1.5 | 3 | 4.5 | - | - | - | - | - | | - | - | - | 50 | D | 1.5 | 3 | 4.5 | 50 | D | 1.5 | 3 | 4.5 | 60 | C | 2.0 | 3 | 6.0 |
| IS/B.Com/S-17/M/102 | Abdul Wahab | 15 | F | - | 3 | - | - | - | - | - | - | | - | - | - | - | F | - | 3 | - | 19 | F | - | 3 | - | - | F | - | 3 | - |
| IS/B.Com/S-17/M/121 | Jahanzeb | 55 | C | 2.0 | 3 | 6.0 | - | - | - | - | - | | - | - | - | 70 | B | 3.0 | 3 | 9.0 | 60 | C | 2.0 | 3 | 6.0 | 52 | D | 1.5 | 3 | 4.5 |
| IS/BBA/A-15/M/059 | Hafiz Muhammad Usman Rashid | - | | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | | - | - | - | 82 | A | 4.0 | 3 | 12.0 | 70 | B | 3.0 | 3 | 9.0 | 80 | A | 4.0 | 3 | 12.0 |
CC: 1. Incharge Islamabad Campus, 2. Controller of Exams, Karachi, 3. HOD, 4. Accounts Section, 5. Office File, 6. Notice Board
Prepared By:
Checked By:
Rechecked By:
Errors and omissions excepted. University has right to revise the results.
Abid Mahmood
Asst. Controller of Exams
Muhammad Sohail Akbar Superintendent
Controller of Exams
| | | HRM306 | | | | | IT316 | | | | MGT312 | | | | | MGT402 | | | | | QNT305 | | | | | | | | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | | Human Behavior / Introduction to Psychology | | | | | Orientation to Computer Concepts | | | | Business Communication | | | | | Business and Industrial Law | | | | | Business Mathematics | | | | | | | | |
| | | Obtained Grade GP Credits Product | | | | | Obtained Grade GP Credits Product | | | | Obtained Grade GP Credits Product | | | | | Obtained Grade GP Credits Product | | | | | Obtained Grade GP Credits Product | | | | | Obtained Grade GP Credits Product | | | |
| IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/133 | Muhammad Raza | 56 | C | 2.0 | 3 | 6.0 | - | - | - | - | - | | - | - | - | 55 | C | 2.0 | 3 | 6.0 | - | | - | - | - | - | | - | - |
| IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/134 | Muhammad Taimoor | 61 | C | 2.0 | 3 | 6.0 | - | - | - | - | - | | - | - | - | 54 | D | 1.5 | 3 | 4.5 | - | | - | - | - | - | | - | - |
| IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/135 | Muhammad Zubair | 70 | B | 3.0 | 3 | 9.0 | - | - | - | - | - | | - | - | - | 60 | C | 2.0 | 3 | 6.0 | - | | - | - | - | - | | - | - |
| IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/136 | Muhammad Zubair | 61 | C | 2.0 | 3 | 6.0 | - | - | - | - | - | | - | - | - | 43 | F | - | 3 | - | - | | - | - | - | - | | - | - |
| IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/137 | Nida Arshad | 80 | A | 4.0 | 3 | 12.0 | - | - | - | - | - | | - | - | - | 85 | A | 4.0 | 3 | 12.0 | - | | - | - | - | - | | - | - |
| IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/138 | Raja Muhammad Shaeel Bakht | 30 | F | - | 3 | - | - | - | - | - | - | | - | - | - | 38 | F | - | 3 | - | - | | - | - | - | 27 | F | - | 3 |
| IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/139 | Raja Nabeel Irfan | 34 | F | - | 3 | - | - | - | - | - | - | | - | - | - | 40 | F | - | 3 | - | 65 | C+ | 2.5 | 3 | 7.5 | - | | - | - |
| IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/140 | Rizwan Hussain | 50 | D | 1.5 | 3 | 4.5 | - | - | - | - | - | | - | - | - | 53 | D | 1.5 | 3 | 4.5 | - | | - | - | - | - | | - | - |
| IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/141 | Sana Ullah | 50 | D | 1.5 | 3 | 4.5 | - | - | - | - | - | | - | - | - | 58 | C | 2.0 | 3 | 6.0 | - | | - | - | - | - | | - | - |
| IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/144 | Talha Asghar | 70 | B | 3.0 | 3 | 9.0 | - | - | - | - | - | | - | - | - | 86 | A | 4.0 | 3 | 12.0 | - | | - | - | - | - | | - | - |
| IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/145 | Talha Bin Riaz | 55 | C | 2.0 | 3 | 6.0 | - | - | - | - | - | | - | - | - | 50 | D | 1.5 | 3 | 4.5 | - | | - | - | - | - | | - | - |
| IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/146 | Talha Tariq | 41 | F | - | 3 | - | - | - | - | - | - | | - | - | - | 50 | D | 1.5 | 3 | 4.5 | - | | - | - | - | - | | - | - |
| IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/148 | Tayyab Khalid | 30 | F | - | 3 | - | - | - | - | - | - | | - | - | - | 52 | D | 1.5 | 3 | 4.5 | - | | - | - | - | - | | - | - |
| IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/149 | Usama Iqbal | 58 | C | 2.0 | 3 | 6.0 | - | - | - | - | 48 | F | - | 3 | - | 50 | D | 1.5 | 3 | 4.5 | - | | - | - | - | - | | - | - |
| IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/151 | Wajahat Zafar | 65 | C+ | 2.5 | 3 | 7.5 | - | - | - | - | - | | - | - | - | 55 | C | 2.0 | 3 | 6.0 | - | | - | - | - | - | | - | - |
| IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/152 | Waqas Ali Shah | 75 | B+ | 3.5 | 3 | 10.5 | - | - | - | - | - | | - | - | - | 62 | C | 2.0 | 3 | 6.0 | - | | - | - | - | - | | - | - |
| IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/153 | Zeeshan Ahmed | 33 | F | - | 3 | - | - | - | - | - | - | | - | - | - | 45 | F | - | 3 | - | - | | - | - | - | - | | - | - |
| IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/154 | Zeeshan Ashraf | 55 | C | 2.0 | 3 | 6.0 | - | - | - | - | - | | - | - | - | 51 | D | 1.5 | 3 | 4.5 | - | | - | - | - | - | | - | - |
| IS/B.Com/A-17/M/C/209 | Bilal Saeed | 50 | D | 1.5 | 3 | 4.5 | - | - | - | - | - | | - | - | - | 30 | F | - | 3 | - | - | | - | - | - | - | | - | - |
| IS/B.Com/S-17/M/102 | Abdul Wahab | 4 | F | - | 3 | - | - | - | - | - | - | | - | - | - | 17 | F | - | 3 | - | - | | - | - | - | - | | - | - |
| IS/B.Com/S-17/M/121 | Jahanzeb | 55 | C | 2.0 | 3 | 6.0 | - | - | - | - | - | | - | - | - | - | | - | - | - | - | | - | - | - | - | | - | - |
| IS/BBA/A-15/M/059 | Hafiz Muhammad Usman Rashid | 75 | B+ | 3.5 | 3 | 10.5 | - | - | - | - | - | | - | - | - | 75 | B+ | 3.5 | 3 | 10.5 | - | | - | - | - | - | | - | - |
Prepared By:
Checked By:
Rechecked By:
Errors and omissions excepted. University has right to revise the results.
Abid Mahmood
Asst. Controller of Exams
Muhammad Sohail Akbar Superintendent
Controller of Exams
IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/133
Muhammad Raza
2.25 2.64
IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/134
Muhammad Taimoor
2.50 2.78
IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/135
Muhammad Zubair
2.42 2.81
IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/136
Muhammad Zubair
1.67 2.33
IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/137
Nida Arshad
3.92 3.78
IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/138
Raja Muhammad Shaeel Bakht
0.94 1.72
IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/139
Raja Nabeel Irfan
1.07 1.83
IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/140
Rizwan Hussain
1.42 2.19
IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/141
Sana Ullah
2.08 2.61
IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/144
Talha Asghar
3.83 3.78
IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/145
Talha Bin Riaz
2.17 2.14
IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/146
Talha Tariq
1.17 1.83
IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/148
Tayyab Khalid
1.42 2.17
IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/149
Usama Iqbal
1.57 2.11
IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/151
Wajahat Zafar
2.33 2.67
IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/152
Waqas Ali Shah
2.67 2.75
IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/153
Zeeshan Ahmed
0.50 1.64
IS/B.Com/A-17/M/B/154
Zeeshan Ashraf
2.00 2.25
IS/B.Com/A-17/M/C/209
Bilal Saeed
1.33 1.81
IS/B.Com/S-17/M/102
Abdul Wahab
0.00 1.33
IS/B.Com/S-17/M/121
Jahanzeb
2.10 2.26
IS/BBA/A-15/M/059
Hafiz Muhammad Usman Rashid
3.60 2.45
Prepared By:
Checked By:
Rechecked By:
Errors and omissions excepted. University has right to revise the results.
Abid Mahmood
Asst. Controller of Exams
Muhammad Sohail Akbar Superintendent
Controller of Exams
Page 2 of 2
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LIS NEW STUDENT CHECKLIST
https://lis.catholic.edu/
Congratulations! Welcome to the Library and Information Science Department at The Catholic University of America. We are happy that you have joined us. This checklist has been provided to help navigate your journey.
START WITH CARDINAL STATION https://cardinalstation.catholic.edu/
1. Read and accept the "Statement of Financial Responsibility" via the Student Account tile of your Student Homepage in Cardinal Students (How to use Cardinal Station: https://enrollment-services.catholic.edu/cardinal-students/ )
2. Set-up Authorized Payer in CardinalPay, through the Direct Deposit section of your Student Homepage in Cardinal Students.
(https://enrollment-services.catholic.edu/billing/index.html) .
3. Access your cua.edu email by logging into mail.google.com. If you encounter a problem, contact TechSupport at 202-319-4357.
4. Use and check your email through Cardinal Mail https://www.catholic.edu/inside-catholicu/index.html
ENROLLMENT – HOW TO REGISTER
https://lis.catholic.edu/academics/courses/how-to-register/
1. Plan your studies & register for classes via Cardinal Students by selecting the Manage Classes tile on the Student Homepage https://cardinalstudents.cua.edu
2. Check important dates on the Academic Calendar https://enrollment-services.catholic.edu/academic-calendar/
3. View course schedules: https://lis.catholic.edu/academics/courses/course-schedules/
4. Questions about what courses to take? Contact your assigned faculty advisor. If you do no know who your faculty advisor is, this information can be found in Cardinal Students, by selecting the Academic Progress tile.
5. Issues with course enrollment? Contact [email protected]
6. Issue with your student account? Contact [email protected]
LOG INTO BLACKBOARD – blackboard.cua.edu
1. Visit Blackboard and create your Student Profile in the LIS Student course
2. View your classes and announcements
NOW YOU ARE READY TO BEGIN YOUR STUDIES IN LIS! - https://lis.catholic.edu/
1. Main Admin Office Location
– Columbus School of Law, Suite 314; 202-319-5085
2. Official Transcripts – If you have a previous advanced degree make certain the school has an official transcript on file to waive your 6 credits.
VISIT THE PRYZBYLA CENTER – https://pryzbyla.catholic.edu/about/offices.html
1. Parking - https://transportation.catholic.edu/ , Pryz Center – Room 242
2. Cardinal Card. Upload your photo and pick up your Student I.D. Card, Room 242
3. Disability Services – Room 127 https://dss.catholic.edu/
VISIT THE MULLEN LIBRARY http://libraries.catholic.edu/
1. The Writing Center -https://english.catholic.edu/writing-center/
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George W. Tetler, Chair (2022)
Worcester, MA
Russell Carey, Vice Chair (2023)
Brown University
Eleanor Baker (2021) Falmouth, ME
Peter L. Ebb (2021)
Trustee Member, Boston, MA
Gregory W. Fowler (2021)
Southern New Hampshire
University
Dennis M. Hanno (2021)
Wheaton College
Ellen L. Kennedy (2021)
Berkshire Community College
David Quigley (2021)
Boston College
Abdallah A. Sfeir (2021) Lebanese American University
John M. Sweeney (2021) Providence College
Elaine Collins (2022)
Northern Vermont University
Harry E. Dumay (2022) College of Our Lady of the Elms
P. Michael Lahan (2022)
Norwich, CT
Jeffrey J. McMahan (2022) Burlington, VT
Peggy Newell (2022)
Harvard University
Francesco C. Cesareo (2023)
Assumption University
F. Javier Cevallos (2023) Framingham State University
Rick Daniels (2023) Cohasset, MA
Matthew Derr (2023)
Sterling College
Pam Y. Eddinger (2023)
Bunker Hill Community College
Kimberly M. Goff-Crews (2023)
Yale University
James Herbert (2023)
University of New England
Susan D. Huard (2023)
Community College System of NH
Scott Jordan (2023)
University of Connecticut
Todd Leach (2023) University System of New Hampshire
Jean MacCormack (2023) Trustee, Bridgewater State University
David Proulx (2023)
Rhode Island School of Design
Andrew Shennan (2023) Wellesley College
Michaele Whelan (2023) Emerson College
President of the Commission
Lawrence M. Schall [email protected]
Senior VP of the Commission Patricia M. O'Brien, SND [email protected]
Vice President of the Commission
Carol L. Anderson [email protected]
Vice President of the Commission
Laura M. Gambino [email protected]
Vice President of the Commission
Paula A. Harbecke [email protected]
Vice President of the Commission
Aaron Perkus [email protected]
January 8, 2021
Dr. Howard Purcell President The New England College of Optometry 424 Beacon Street Boston, MA 02115-1129
Dear President Purcell:
I am pleased to inform you that at its meeting on November 20, 2020 the New England Commission of Higher Education considered the distance education expedited review report submitted by New England College of Optometry and took the following action:
that the report submitted by New England College of Optometry be accepted and the institution be granted approval to offer its current courses and academic programs via distance education through Spring 2023;
that the institution be reminded that any plans to offer new programs 50% or more online need to be submitted to the Commission for approval prior to implementation;
that the comprehensive evaluation scheduled for Fall 2022 be confirmed;
that, in addition to the information included in self-studies, as well as the matters specified in our letters of January 17, 2018, and January 22, 2019, the self-study prepared in advance of the Fall 2022 comprehensive evaluation include an update on the institution's success in delivering and assessing the outcomes of its current courses and academic programs offered via distance education.
The Commission gives the following reasons for its action.
The distance education expedited review report submitted by New England College of Optometry was accepted and the institution granted approval to offer its current courses and academic programs via distance education through Spring 2023 because the Commission finds the proposed activity to be in compliance with the Standards for Accreditation and relevant Commission policies.
The Commission thanks New England College of Optometry (NECO) for its detailed distance education expedited review report that documents the transition of NECO courses to an online format by incorporating Zoom and Panopto recording technology into the already-used Moodle platform and
3 Burlington Woods Drive, Suite 100, Burlington, MA 01803-4514
Toll Free: 855-886-3272 I Tel: 781-425-7785 I Fax: 781-425-1001
employing ExamSoft and Turning Point interactive polling tools. For instruction, NECO included virtual learning environments and live roundtable clinical discussions, and we particularly note with approval that, in addition to increasing bandwidth, NECO provided one-on-one sessions to train faculty and established a culture of faculty sharing best practices. Lastly, NECO adjusted student schedules to allow for more flexible experiences, and we are gratified to note the College's dedication to servicing its students through training sessions and additional supports including biweekly town halls and student meetings with the Dean of Academic Affairs.
Given NECO's limited experience in offering courses and programs via distance education, we remind you that any plans to offer new programs 50% or more online need to be submitted to the Commission for approval prior to implementation, in keeping with the Commission's Policy on Substantive Change.
The Commission confirms the comprehensive evaluation scheduled for Fall 2022 and asks that, in addition to the matters specified in our letters of January 17, 2018, and January 22, 2019, the institution provide an update on its success in delivering and assessing the outcomes of its current courses and academic programs offered via distance education. We are guided here by our standards on The Academic Program and Educational Effectiveness:
The institution offering programs and courses for abbreviated or concentrated time periods or via distance or correspondence learning demonstrates that students completing these programs or courses acquire levels of knowledge, understanding, and competencies equivalent to those achieved in similar programs offered in more traditional time periods and modalities. Programs and courses are designed to ensure an opportunity for reflection and for analysis of the subject matter (4.45).
The institution defines measures of student success and levels of achievement appropriate to its mission, modalities and locations of instruction, and student body, including any specifically recruited populations. These measures include rates of progression, retention, transfer, and graduation; default and loan repayment rates; licensure passage rates; and employment (8.6).
We remind you that the Standards for Accreditation have undergone the mid-course review, and the new Standards went into effect on January 1, 2021. Therefore, all reports submitted after that date, including the self-study prepared for NECO's Fall 2022 comprehensive evaluation, should reference the 2021 Standards.
The Commission expressed appreciation for the report submitted by New England College of Optometry and hopes its preparation has contributed to institutional improvement. We appreciate your cooperation with the effort to provide public assurance of the quality of higher education in New England.
You are encouraged to share this letter with all of the institution's constituencies. It is Commission policy to inform the chairperson of the institution's governing board of action on its accreditation status. In a few days we will be sending a copy of this letter to Pano Yeracris. The institution is free to release information about the evaluation and the Commission's action to others, in accordance with the enclosed policy on Public Disclosure of Information about Affiliated Institutions.
Dr. Howard Purcell January 8, 2021 Page 3
If you have any questions about the Commission's action, please contact Lawrence M. Schall, President of the Commission.
Sincerely,
George W. Tetler
GWT/sjp
Enclosure
cc: Pano Yeracris
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EFFECT OF PRODUCTION ENVIRONMENT ON YIELD AND QUALITY
OF WINTER RAPESEED IN THE U.S.A.
K.A. Mahler(1), D.L. Auld(1), B. Shafii(1), W.J. Price(1)
(1) University of Idaho, College of Agriculture
Moscow, Idaho USA 83843
INTRODUCTION
During the 1986-87, 1987-88, and 1988-89 growing seasons, six cultivars of winter rapeseed were grown at 12, 16, and 17 locations across the U.S., respectively. Seed was harvested to determine seed yield and oil content. Self-pollinated seed was used to determine fatty acid composition and open-pollinated seed used to determine glucosinolate content. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of genotype and environment on seed yield, oil content, fatty acid composition, and total glucosinolate content.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
In the fall of 1986, 1987, and 1988 the National Winter Rapeseed Variety Trial was seeded at 12, 16, and 17 locations across the U.S., respectively (Mahler et al. 1986; Mahler, et al. 1987; Mahler et al. 1990) (Fig. 1). This trial contained six cultivars which were grown at each location to allow comparisons of seed yield, oil content, fatty acid composition, and glucosinolate content. Open-pollinated seed harvested in 1987, 1988, and 1989 was used to determine seed yield in kg ha\(^{-1}\). Open-pollinated seed from these plots was used to measure both oil and glucosinolate content. Oil content was determined by standard NMR procedures. Glucosinolate concentrations were analyzed for six cultivars using the trimethylsilyl (TMS) procedure used by the Canadian Grain Commission (Daun and McGregor 1983). This gas chromatography procedure uses allyl-glucosinolate as the internal standard. Fatty acid composition was determined by using self-pollinated seed grown at each location. The average of each cultivar across locations was calculated. Analysis of variance was used to estimate the effect of cultivar, production environment, and their interaction.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Average seed yield of the six cultivars of winter rapeseed grown at the 27 locations ranged from 728 to 6247 kg ha\(^{-1}\) (Table 1). Analysis of variance indicated that production environment and cultivar X environment significantly influenced seed yield while cultivar differences did not (Table 2). Generally greater differences were detected between cultivars in those environments producing seed yields greater than 3000 kg ha\(^{-1}\).
Average oil contents of the six cultivars grown at 25 locations ranged from 33.6 to 45.5% (Table 1). Analysis of variance indicated that cultivar, environment, and the interaction of cultivars with production environments significantly influenced oil content (Table 2). The oil content of the six cultivars differed more in the production environments in the Southern U.S. where oil contents were often below 38.0%.
Average glucosinolate content of the six cultivars grown at 18 locations ranged from 56.8 to 113.5 \(\mu\)moles g\(^{-1}\) (Table 1). Analysis of variance indicated that cultivars, production environment, and their interaction had significant effects on total glucosinolate concentration (Table 2). The glucosinolate concentrations of the cultivars averaged over...
all production environments ranged from 22.8 to 148.1 μmoles g⁻¹ for Cascade and Jet Neuf, respectively. The cultivars selected for reduced levels of glucosinolates were less sensitive to environmental conditions.
The average oleic acid concentration of the Low Erucic Acid Rapeseed (LEAR) cultivars at 11 locations ranged from 50.1 to 57.6% of the methyl esters derived from extracted oil (Table 1). Cultivar, environment, and their interaction all had a significant influence on oleic acid concentration (Table 2). The oleic acid concentration of the LEAR cultivars ranged from 40.1 to 60.6%. Average oleic acid concentration of the two High Erucic Acid Rapeseed (HEAR) cultivars at these locations ranged from 5.8 to 17.9%.
The average erucic acid content of the two HEAR cultivars across the 11 locations ranged from 42.5 to 51.7% (Table 1). Cultivar and production environment did not statistically influence erucic acid concentration but their interaction was significant (Table 2). At those locations with low levels of erucic acid, Bridger had slightly higher levels of erucic acid than Dwarf Essex. The early maturing cultivar, Bridger, apparently was able to accumulate higher levels of erucic acid at the warmer locations.
**CONCLUSIONS**
Seed yield at the 27 location years analyzed ranged from 728 to 6247 kg ha⁻¹ while oil content at 25 location years ranged from 33.6 to 45.5%. Fatty acid composition was determined at 11 location years for five of the cultivars. Oleic acid content of the LEAR cultivars ranged from 40.1 to 60.6% and erucic acid content for the HEAR cultivars ranged from 42.5 to 51.7%. Total glucosinolate content was analyzed for the six cultivars for 18 location years. Total glucosinolate content ranged from 9.0 μmoles g⁻¹ for the cultivar Cascade at New York in 1989 to 190 μmoles g⁻¹ for Dwarf Essex at Idaho in 1987.
The cultivars X environment interaction had a significant impact on the yield and quality of rapeseed grown across the United States. No single cultivar produced the highest yield, the highest oil content, or had the best quality factors across all of the production environments evaluated in this study. Optimum yield, oil content, and quality factors will require the development of specific cultivars adapted to individual production environments. Private industry and public researchers must work together in the development of these cultivars to ensure Canola and industrial rapeseed become a viable industry for United States agriculture.
**REFERENCES**
DAUN, J.K. and MCGREGOR, D.I. 1983. Glucosinolate analysis of rapeseed (Canola). Method of Canadian Grain Commission Grain Research Laboratory (2nd ed.). Agriculture Canada, Winnipeg. 32 p.
MAHLER, K.A., AULD, D.L., FIKE, W.T., HAIRSTON, J.E., HANG, A.N., HYERDAHL, R.H., JOHNSON, L., KARLEN, D.L., KAROW, R., MCBEE, G.G., RAYMER, P.L., STARNER, D.E. and WELTY, L. 1986. National winter rapeseed variety trial 1986-87. Idaho Ag. Exp. Stn. Misc. Ser. No. 113.
MAHLER, K.A., AULD, D.L., HAIRSTON, J.E., HANG, A.N., HYERDAHL, R.H., KAROW, R., LAWLESS, J., MCBEE, G.G., PUTNAM, D., RAYMER, P.L., STARNER, D.E., UNDERSANDER, D.L. and WELTY, L. 1987. National winter rapeseed variety trial 1987-88. Idaho Ag. Exp. Stn. Misc. Ser. No. 120.
MAHLER, K.A., AULD, D.L., CHRISTENSEN, N.L., FIKE, W.T., FRIBOURG, H.,
HAIRSTON, J.E., HANG, A.N., HILL, J., KAROW, R., MCBEE, G.G., RAYMER, P.L.
and STARNER, D.E. 1990. National winter rapeseed variety trials 1988-89.
Idaho Ag. Exp. Stn. Misc. Ser. No. 130.
Figure 1. Forty-six locations of the National Winter Rapeseed Variety Trial across the U.S. during the 1986-87, 1987-88, and 1988-89 growing seasons.
- 1986-87 NVT locations
- 1987-88 NVT locations
- 1988-89 NVT locations
Table 1. Average seed yield, oil content, glucosinolate levels, and selected fatty acid concentrations of six cultivars of winter rapeseed grown at 27 locations across the U.S. from 1987 to 1989.
| Location | Year | Seed Yield kg ha\(^{-1}\) | Oil Content % | Total Glucosinolate \(\mu\)mole g\(^{-1}\) | Four LEAR Oleic Acid Content % | Two HEAR Erucic Acid Content % |
|----------------|------|---------------------------|---------------|---------------------------------------------|-------------------------------|---------------------------------|
| Idaho | 1988 | 6247 | 39.6 | 74.7 | 50.1 | 48.7 |
| Idaho | 1989 | 5393 | 39.3 | 65.1 | 57.6 | 49.6 |
| Washington | 1987 | 4417 | 45.5 | ---- | ---- | 45.7 |
| Washington | 1988 | 4045 | 42.8 | ---- | ---- | 47.3 |
| Oregon | 1987 | 3626 | 41.9 | 86.3 | 51.6 | 42.5 |
| Montana | 1987 | 3130 | 37.8 | 101.1 | 57.0 | 51.7 |
| Washington | 1989 | 3122 | 44.4 | ---- | ---- | ---- |
| Virginia | 1988 | 3087 | 39.3 | 77.0 | 54.1 | 49.6 |
| New York | 1989 | 3066 | 43.6 | 61.0 | ---- | ---- |
| Oregon | 1988 | 3030 | 42.7 | 90.0 | 52.8 | 45.2 |
| Mississippi | 1988 | 2485 | 40.6 | ---- | ---- | ---- |
| Tennessee | 1989 | 2471 | 39.8 | 71.2 | ---- | ---- |
| South Carolina | 1987 | 2461 | 41.2 | 96.2 | 54.5 | 43.6 |
| South Carolina | 1989 | 1813 | 35.2 | 56.9 | ---- | ---- |
| Georgia (G') | 1989 | 1687 | 38.8 | 70.5 | ---- | ---- |
| Virginia | 1989 | 1685 | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- |
| Kansas | 1988 | 1401 | 39.3 | ---- | ---- | ---- |
| Georgia (G) | 1987 | 1396 | 34.2 | 85.3 | ---- | ---- |
| Georgia (T') | 1987 | 1352 | 37.6 | 98.7 | ---- | ---- |
| North Carolina | 1989 | 1254 | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- |
| South Carolina | 1988 | 1183 | 37.6 | 73.2 | ---- | ---- |
| North Carolina | 1987 | 1121 | 41.0 | 84.9 | ---- | ---- |
| Idaho | 1987 | 1012 | 35.4 | 113.5 | ---- | ---- |
| Texas | 1987 | 998 | 33.6 | ---- | 51.8 | 44.2 |
| Georgia (T) | 1988 | 976 | 36.6 | 77.9 | ---- | ---- |
| Georgia (T) | 1989 | 757 | 33.7 | 56.8 | ---- | ---- |
| Texas | 1988 | 728 | 35.4 | ---- | ---- | ---- |
LSD\(_{(0.05)}\) = 276
1 - Georgia (G) - Griffin, GA; Georgia (T) - Tifton, GA.
Table 2. Analysis of variance of six cultivars of winter rapeseed grown at 27 locations during the 1986-87, 1987-88, and 1988-89 growing seasons.
| Source | Seed Yield | Oil Content | Glucosinolates | Oleic Acid | Erucic Acid |
|-----------------|------------|-------------|----------------|------------|-------------|
| | df | F Value | df | F Value | df | F Value |
| Cultivars | 5 | 1.1ns | 5 | 36.6** | 5 | 211.3** | 4 | 658.4*** | 1 | 2.3ns |
| Envir. | 26 | 54.0** | 24 | 49.9** | 13 | 3.6** | 10 | 6.0** | 10 | 2.8ns |
| Cultivar X Envir.| 130 | 4.0** | 120 | 3.7** | 65 | 5.1** | 40 | 2.9** | 10 | 2.6* |
ns, *, ** - Nonsignificant and significant at the 0.05 and 0.01 levels, respectively.
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Ms. Gonzalez,
After we spoke on Monday of this week, I asked you to e-mail me the relevant facts, which you have sent me in the following e-mail. I understand from our conversation and your e-mail that you work in the Aviation Department and wish to know whether your flower deliveries to individuals working at the Airport would be considered outside employment. You further state these deliveries are not done on County time -- you take annual leave when you deliver these flowers and you are doing this for your parents' business (Marta and Tony Flowers, Inc.) and you are not paid for this work.
Please realize the opinion I am giving you is based on the facts you have presented me and is limited to these facts. In order for a County employee to be engaged in outside employment, the employee must derive income from the outside activities. If an employee generates no income for such work, then the Ethics Commission takes the position that there is no need for an employee to submit a request for outside employment, as such activities do not amount to outside employment. Therefore, delivering flowers for your parents' business when you are off-duty and not getting paid for your deliveries does not constitute outside employment.
If you have any additional questions, please do not hesitate to contact me at your convenience.
Sincerely,
Robert Meyers, Executive Director
Miami-Dade Commission on Ethics and Public Trust
-----Original Message-----
From: [email protected] [mailto:[email protected]]
Sent: Monday, July 17, 2006 6:36 PM
To: Meyers, Robert (COE)
Subject: outside employment procedures
In advance thank you so much for your time and attentive attitude towards this issue. As I stated in our conversation via telephone I am on occasions volunteering to help out my parents with their flower deliveries. I on occasions deliver flowers to the airport by the Flamingo parking lot located below on the ground level of the Flamingo garage at Miami International Airport. This is done on my own time and on my days off from work. My mother Marta Mila along with my father Antonio Mila own a corporation called, Marta and Tony Flowers Inc. Customs and border protection employees as well as Miami Dade Police Department officers have been purchasing flowers from my mothers business for about 2 years now. On occasions when my mom is not able to make the delivery, I help her out by delivering the flowers from time to time. I was told that an Outside Employment Application MUST be submitted to Bldg 5A. If this is in fact true then of course I am more than willing to follow those procedures. I want to protect myself and of course follow the procedures. That's why I write to you in hopes of clarifying this matter.
As I explained to you in our conversation an anonymous letter was sent to the Aviation Department Director (Bruce Drum) stating that I am conducting off-duty flower selling at the Airport. They also stated that I was in violation of Chapter 25, section 25-3 (25-3.1) and section 2-11 code of Miami Dade County. If based on what I have explained to you, you feel that I need to fill out an Outside Employment form then please advise me and I will do so. Again, this is not my business. It belongs to my parents.
Mr. Meyers again thank you for taking your time in clarifying this. Your reply will be
greatly appreciated. Your attention to the matter was exceptional and I would like to take the time and write an accommodation for your immediate response. Thank you once again.
Is there an email of the head of your department that I am able to commend you on your work? If so please provide it for me. My division managers email address is [email protected]
Thanks again
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Cleddau Reach VC Primary Key Dates 2019-2020
Please find below a list of key dates for this school year. Closer to events more detailed information will be provided in the form of a letter. Copies of this and other school letters / information are available on our school website. The address of our website is: http://www.cleddaureachschool.org.uk
Monday 16
th
| Tuesday 24th September |
|---|
| Wednesday 25th September |
| Thursday 26th September |
| Friday 27th September |
| Mon 30th September to Friday |
| 4th October |
| Tuesday 1st October |
| Wednesday 3rd October |
| Tuesday 8th October |
| Tuesday 15th October |
| Tuesday 15th October |
| Wednesday 16th October |
| Thursday 17th October |
| Monday 21st October |
| Tuesday 22nd October |
| Wednesday 23rd October |
| Thursday 24th October |
| Friday 25th October |
| Monday 28th October – Friday |
| 1st November |
| Monday 4th November |
| Tuesday 5th November |
| Sunday 10th November |
| Tuesday 12th November |
| Wednesday 13th November |
| Friday 15th November |
| Monday 18th – Friday 22rd |
| November |
| Friday 22nd November |
| Tuesday 26th November |
| Monday 2nd December |
| Wednesday 4th December |
| Friday 6th December |
| Monday 9th December |
| Wednesday 11th December |
| Thursday 12th December |
| Friday 13th December |
| Friday 13th December |
| Monday 16th December |
| Tuesday 17th December |
| Tuesday 17th December |
September
Reception Class Hogsital Visit at School
| Tuesday 17th December |
|---|
| Wednesday 18th December |
| Wednesday 18th December |
| Friday 20th December |
| Friday 20th December |
| Monday 23th December – Friday |
| 3rd January |
Key Dates for the Spring and Summer Terms
| Monday 6th January |
|---|
| Tuesday 7th January |
| Wednesday 10th February |
| Monday 17th February – Friday |
| 21st February |
| Monday 24th February |
| Wednesday 26th – Friday 28th |
| February |
| Friday 28th February |
| Monday 2nd March |
| Thursday 5th March |
| Tuesday 10th March |
| Thursday 12th March |
| Thursday 19th March |
| Friday 27th March |
| Monday 30th March |
| Tuesday 30th March – Friday 3rd |
| April |
| Wednesday 1st April |
| Friday 3rd April |
| Monday 6th April – Friday 17th |
| April |
| Monday 20th April |
| Tuesday 21st April |
| Tuesday 28th April to 5th May |
| Friday 1st May |
| Friday 8th May |
| Monday 25th May – Friday 29th |
| May |
| Friday 12th June |
| Wednesday 1st July |
| Wednesday 8th July |
| Tuesday 14th July |
| Thursday 16th July |
| Friday 17th July |
| Monday 20nd July |
| Monday 21st July – Monday 31 |
|---|
| August |
| Tuesday 1st September |
| Wednesday 2nd September |
Additional Information
The following points apply throughout the school year and allow the school to operate in a safe and positive way.
- If your child is absent please inform the school office between 8.15am - 9.30am.
- All family holidays taken during term time are discouraged and for children from Year 1- Year 6 recorded as unauthorised absences unless there are exceptional circumstances.
- The school car park is extremely busy, especially after school finishes. Please show patience and courtesy. The safety of the children and adults using it should be the most important factor at all times.
- The start and end of each school day are key points in the learning day. It is important that all our children are in school and ready for the bell at 9am. Children not attending Breakfast Club can arrive and be supervised from 8.45am. If for any reason you are delayed in collecting your son/daughter please inform the School Office.
- If you have any concerns about your son/daughter which you wish to discuss with staff please contact the school office so that they can arrange an appropriate time for the meeting.
- The school office is staffed from 8.15am - 4.15pm.
|
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JMU completes mega container ship, NYK BLUE JAY
Japan Marine United Corporation (JMU) delivered NYK BLUE JAY, a mega container ship, to Rindou Ship Holding S.A. at its Kure Shipyard on February 22, 2016.
This is the first vessel of a series of 15 vessels, which are being newly constructed by JMU based on its expertise and experience, and on data and information obtained from actual operation of the Far East - Europe route.
The vessel can load containers in 18 rows and 11 tiers in the cargo holds, and 20 rows and nine tiers on the deck, with a total capacity of 14,000 TEUs (including 1,120 reefers).
The vessel achieves high propulsion efficiency through its sophisticated lower resistance hull form and JMU’s original energy saving devices such as the Surf-Bulb (Rudder Fin with Bulb) and L.V. fin (Low Viscous resistance Fin).
The vessel is designed to operate with minimum ballast water under loading conditions, due to the superior stability and hull strength. The hull construction uses the structural brittle crack arrest design for ultra large container ships developed by JMU and JFE Steel Corporation.
The main engine is a Diesel United Wartsila W9X82, which is electronically controlled with the common rail system and contributes to reducing the fuel oil consumption in various speed ranges.
**Principal particulars**
| Specification | Details |
|------------------------|--------------------------|
| Length (o.a.) | 364.15m |
| Breadth (mld) | 50.6m |
| Depth (mld) | 29.5m |
| Draught (mld) | 15.75m |
| DWT | 139,335t |
| GT | 144,285 |
| Main engine | WARTSILA W9X82 diesel x 1 unit |
| Speed | 22.5kt |
| Complement | 30 |
| Classification | NK |
For further information please contact:
JAPAN SHIP EXPORTERS' ASSOCIATION
15-12, Toranomon 1-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0001
Tel: (03) 6206-1661 Fax: (03) 3597-7800 E-Mail: [email protected]
Website: http://www.jsea.or.jp
Imabari delivers Aero-Citadel bulker mounted with Japan’s first EGCS SO\textsubscript{x} scrubber
Imabari Shipbuilding Co., Ltd. has become the first shipyard in Japan to successfully install a SO\textsubscript{x} Scrubber on a bulk carrier. The SO\textsubscript{x} Scrubber, manufactured by Fuji Electric Co., Ltd., has been installed on the NADESHIKO, an 84,000DWT bulk carrier, which was completed on March 24, 2016 for a domestic ship owner.
This installation is a joint research support project together with Class NK called the “Main Engine Exhaust Gas Cleaning System (EGCS) installation on operating newbuilding vessel, and closed loop practicing test.” The Fuji Electric SO\textsubscript{x} Scrubber adopts the cyclone system and can be installed without changing the dimensions of the superstructure thanks to its compact size.
The main engine EGCS is a system that reduces SO\textsubscript{x} in exhaust gas even if high sulfur content fuel is used. Installation is necessary to satisfy IMO EGCS guidelines and to obtain approval from relevant authorities. After its completion, the vessel will conduct data collection and verification on the system, maintenance and operation.
Sulfur Oxides (SO\textsubscript{x}) emission control regulations of the IMO require the sulfur content upper limit to be 0.1% and have already been implemented since 2015 in the Emission Control Area (ECA). The regulation will be tightened in 2020 or by 2025 outside the ECA, and the present upper limit of 3.5% will become 0.5%.
Imabari Shipbuilding Co., Ltd. is now positively involved in developing such environmental measures, and will emphasize safer and environment-friendly shipbuilding.
Kawasaki delivers 82,200m\textsuperscript{3} LPG carrier, SUMIRE GAS
Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Ltd. delivered the LPG carrier SUMIRE GAS (HN: 1721) to Astomos Energy Corporation on March 30, 2016. This vessel is the third 82,200m\textsuperscript{3} SEA-Arrow LPG carrier developed by Kawasaki.
This vessel design expanded the cargo section of the conventional 80,000m\textsuperscript{3} LPG carrier hull to increase cargo tank capacity to 82,200m\textsuperscript{3}. Despite the expansion, the propulsion performance has also been improved. This vessel adopts Kawasaki’s uniquely developed bow shape called SEA-Arrow which significantly improves propulsion performance by minimizing bow wave resistance.
The main engine powering the vessel is an energy-efficient, electronically-controlled, ultra-long stroke, two-stroke low speed diesel engine. In addition, the Kawasaki rudder bulb system with fins (RBS-F), and the semi-duct system with contra fins (SDS-F) contribute to reducing fuel consumption.
Four independent cargo tanks are installed in the cargo holds for carrying liquefied petroleum gas. The tanks are designed to provide optimal thermal insulation and absorb low-temperature contraction. The cargo tanks are made with special cryogenic steel for loading LPG with a minimum temperature of -46°C. The tanks are wrapped in urethane foam for thermal insulation. The vessel is designed to be fully compliant with the New Panamax requirements and will be able to navigate the new Panama Canal once it opens this year.
**Principal particulars**
| Specification | Details |
|------------------------|----------------------------------------------|
| L (o.a.) x L (b.p) x B x D x d: | 229.90m x 226.00m x 37.20m x 21.00m x 11.20m |
| DWT/GT: | 54,243t/46,796 |
| Hold capacity: | 82,416m\textsuperscript{3} |
| Main engine: | Kawasaki-MAN B&W 7S60ME-C8.2 diesel x 1 unit |
| Complement: | 30 |
| Registry: | Panama |
| Classification: | ABS |
| Delivery: | March 30, 2016 |
MHI completes 986GT training vessel, SHINYO MARU
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. (MHI) completed construction of the training vessel SHINYO MARU (HN:1193) and delivered the vessel to Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology at the port of Tokyo on March 31, 2016.
This vessel was built for the contemporary requirements of Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology and also other universities and institutes, which desire to promote education and research in a wide range of fields including fisheries, ocean resources, marine biology, and marine vessel operations. This ship is the fourth SHINYO MARU since the completion of the first ship in 1937.
The SHINYO MARU is an on-the-job ocean-going training facility for the next-generation of undergraduate and graduate students. The students will become highly-trained experts educated with modern knowledge and skill in fisheries including trawling, squid jigging and long-line tuna fishing, as well as qualifications in marine work, and will be important in the future of fisheries and the oceans not only of Japan but of the world.
As the ocean-going research facility, the SHINYO MARU is equipped with up-to-date instruments with advanced capabilities, such as underwater structure survey using a 2-D seismic reflection profiling seafloor survey using acoustics. The extensive equipment will allow leading studies on the oceans including scientific investigations on resources and marine life.
**Principal particulars**
| Length (b.p.): | 58.00m |
|----------------|---------|
| Breadth: | 12.10m |
| Depth: | 7.00m (from superstructure deck) |
| Design draft: | 4.50m |
| GT (Domestic): | 986t |
| Main propulsion system | Electric motor 800kW x 2 units |
| | Controllable pitch propeller x 2 units |
| Speed, service: | 12kt |
| Cruising range: | about 7,000n.m. |
| Complement: | 76 |
| Classification: | JG |
MES achieves 3.28 mil. HP marine diesel engine production for FY2015
Mitsui Engineering and Shipbuilding Co., Ltd. (MES) has announced production volume of 181 MAN B&W low-speed diesel engines manufactured at the Tamano Works Machinery Factory in fiscal 2015, representing 3.28 million horsepower (results in the previous fiscal year were 181 engines and 3.54 million horsepower).
Since MES formed a technical tie-up with the Denmark-based B&W (now known as MAN Diesel & Turbo) on diesel engines in 1926, it has built a production track record as one of the world’s leading manufacturers, with cumulative horsepower production of over 90 million horsepower. MES plans production volume of 3.8 million horsepower during the current fiscal year, and expects increases due to the production of super-large engines for large container vessels.
In addition, a four-cylinder test engine with 500-mm diameter cylinders has been installed at the Tamano Works Machinery Factory, and MES is currently developing products aimed at the Tier III NOx restrictions advocated by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) as well as products that will lead to reduced CO₂ emissions.
Moreover, to develop a framework that better meets the demands of the market moving forward, MES plans to make capital investments in super-large engines and gas-fired diesel engines at the Tamano Works Machinery Factory, as well as equipment that accommodates Tier III NOx restrictions.
MES will leverage its track record of orders for gas-fuelled diesel engines to expand orders moving forward, while continuing its focus on receiving orders for a wide range of engines for bulk carriers, tankers, car carriers, LPG carriers and other vessels.
**Production record of Mitsui-MAN B&W diesel engines**
| Year | Units | HP |
|------|-------|------|
| FY2008 | 214 units | 4.7 mil. HP |
| FY2009 | 218 units | 4.37 mil. HP |
| FY2010 | 221 units | 4.18 mil. HP |
| FY2011 | 220 units | 4.31 mil. HP |
| FY2012 | 187 units | 3.83 mil. HP |
| FY2013 | 164 units | 3.57 mil. HP |
| FY2014 | 181 units | 3.54 mil. HP |
| FY2015 | 181 units | 3.28 mil. HP |
| FY2016 | 180 units | 3.8 mil. HP |
*Figures for FY2016 are planned.*
Sanoyas completes Handy Cape bulker, CIELO D’EUROPA
Sanoyas Shipbuilding Corporation completed the 117,000DWT Handy Cape bulk carrier, CIELO D’EUROPA, which had been ordered by Mitsui & Co., Ltd. for d’Amico Dry Limited, at the Mizushima Shipyard and delivered on March 17, 2016.
This is the second vessel of the new version of Sanoyas 117,000DWT Handy Cape bulk carrier. The vessel with large deadweight and cargo hold capacity has improved fuel consumption by 10% compared with the previous version of the 120,000DWT type.
For improvement of propulsion efficiency, the vessel is equipped with a low-speed, ultra-long-stroke, electronically controlled main engine combined with a high-efficiency propeller and associated energy saving devices such as the Sanoyas developed “STF” (Sanoyas-Tandem-Fin (patent): max. 6% energy saving) on the stern shell and highly efficient appendages on the rudder, which also contribute to the reduction of CO₂ emissions.
Various eco-friendly features such as the main engine compliant with the NOₓ emission Tier II limit for prevention of air pollution, and The Ballast Water Treatment System and fuel oil tank protection for the protection of the marine environment, are incorporated. In addition, independent holding tanks for accommodation discharges, dirty hold bilge and rainwater on upper deck are provided.
For efficient cargo handling, cargo hatches are widened as much as possible and have the same width from No. 1 to No. 7 hatch. Dedicated fresh water tanks are provided for storing hold washing water generated by a large-capacity fresh water generator. For improvement of the vessel’s maintenance, access trunks are arranged to make it possible to gain access from upper deck to double bottom even under the laden condition.
**Principal particulars**
| L (o.a.) x B x D x d | 245.00m x 43.00m x 21.60m x 15.626m |
|----------------------|-------------------------------------|
| DWT/GT | 117,378t/63,087 |
| Cargo hold capacity | 135,644m³ |
| Main engine | MAN B&W 6G60ME-C9.2 diesel x 1 unit |
| MCO | 11,010kW |
| Speed, service | about 14.5kt |
| Complement | 25 |
| Registry | Panama |
| Classification | ABS |
| Delivery | March 17, 2016 |
Naikai completes car carrier, TOYO MARU NO 3, for domestic owner
Naikai Zosen Corporation completed construction of the TOYO MARU NO 3, a RO-RO-type car carrier with a carrying capacity of 630 units, for the owner Santoku Senpaku Co., Ltd. of Osaka, Japan, at its Setoda Works on February 24, 2016. The carrier is now engaged in coastal car transport service between Hiroshima, Uno, Sakaide, Kinuura, and Chiba.
The car carrier has a stern shore ramp at the portside. The cargo vehicles embark, or disembark, through the shore ramp and travel to each cargo bay on the car decks via inboard ramps. The bow and stern thrusters are installed to improve ship maneuverability in a narrow port, so the vessel can enter and leave safely and smoothly. Similarly, berthing and unberthing can be easier.
The upper structure of the ship hull is raised for the boarding gate with a higher opening to allow trucks to pass smoothly. The new ship hull form has superior speed performance, which has been developed based on a theoretical calculation technique, and hull performance has also been confirmed with tests in a water tank.
**Principal particulars**
| Length (o.a.): | 125.00m |
|--------------------|-----------------------------------|
| Breadth: | 20.60m |
| Depth: | 14.36/11.80 at upper and boarding decks |
| Draught: | 5.55m |
| DWT/GT: | 2,888t/3,990 |
| Transport capacity | |
| Passenger cars: | 631 |
| Trucks (medium size): | 7 |
| Trucks (large size): | 6 |
| Crew members: | 14 |
| Main engine: | Hitachi Zosen-MAN B&W 6S35MC-C9.2 diesel x 1 unit |
| MCO: | 5,220kW x 167.0min⁻¹ |
| NCO: | 4,437kW x 158.2min⁻¹ |
| Speed, service: | 18.0kt |
| Classification: | NK (Limited to coastal areas) |
JSEA to Participate in SMM 2016 International Maritime Exhibition
The Japan Ship Exporters’ Association (JSEA) will participate in the SMM 2016 (Shipbuilding, Machinery & Marine Technology - International Trade Fair Hamburg), the biggest maritime exhibition in Europe, to be organized by Hamburg Messe und Congress GmbH at Hamburg Messe for four days from September 6 through 9, 2016. JSEA will exhibit in the event for the second time, following the last SMM.
JSEA intends to emphasize the technical excellence of the Japanese shipbuilding industry with the main focus on new ship types, eco-ships and other fuel-efficient vessels of the new generation developed by its members participating in this event, which will enhance the presence of Japanese shipbuilders in the single world market.
JSEA will have a 74m² area for its booth to display audiovisual images and photographic panels focusing on the most popular and newly developed ship types, products and technological features of each exhibiting member of JSEA. Ship models will also be displayed with displays of promotional images on liquid crystal monitor screens or other attractive media, all of which will stress the excellence of Japanese shipbuilding.
Participating shipbuilders
Japan Marine United Corporation
Namura Shipbuilding Co., Ltd.
Oshima Shipbuilding Co., Ltd.
Sanoyas Shipbuilding Corporation
Above photo shows the JSEA’s first participation in SMM 2014
25th POSIDONIA 2016 held successfully
The Japan Ship Exporters’ Association (JSEA) participated in the 25th International Shipping Exhibition Posidonia 2016 held at the Metropolitan Expo Centre in Greece for five days from June 6 to 10. 22,366 people visited Posidonia 2016 that attracted 1,825 companies and organizations from 90 countries. The number of visitors was a 14 percent increase compared with the previous record-breaking attendance.
Mr. Alexis Tsipras, the Greek Prime Minister, together with guests was welcomed to the Japan pavilion by Mr. Masuo Nishibayashi, Japanese Ambassador to Greece, Mr. Kazuo Tsukuda, JSEA president, and Mr. Motoyoshi Nakashima, chairman of the Japan Ship Machinery & Equipment Association (JSMEA).
On June 7, the Japanese Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (MLIT), and JSMEA jointly held the Japan-Posidonia 2016 Seminar - Introduction to Japanese advanced technologies for efficiency, safety and environment with over 180 participants focused on shipowners in Greece.
In the evening of June 8, Japanese Ambassador and Mrs. Nishibayashi, and JSEA president and Mrs. Tsukuda co-sponsored a reception at the Athenaeeum Inter-Continental Hotel with 897 guests including government officials and participants involved with the shipping and shipbuilding industries.
The JSEA consisting of 10 Japanese shipbuilders participated with the financial support of The Nippon Foundation and in cooperation with The Shipbuilders’ Association of Japan. The JSEA and the JSMEA contributed to the national exhibition stand presenting Japanese shipbuilding technology. The expertise of each shipbuilder was demonstrated, and expert delegates from the shipbuilders received visitors to provide further explanations. PR videotapes of 10 firms were digitized for a 120-inch screen with the support of the Nippon Foundation. This collaborative exhibition procedure was a great success in demonstrating the entire shipbuilding industry.
**AUDREY-TRACY**
Owner: Lavender Maritime S.A.
Builder: Namura Shipbuilding Co., Ltd.
Hull No.: 389
Ship type: Bulk carrier
L (o.a.) x B x D x d (ext.): 179.96m x 30.00m x 14.05m x 9.80m
DWT/GT: 34,874t/21,545
Main engine: MAN B&W 6S46ME-B8.3 diesel x 1 unit
Speed, service: about 14.0kt
Classification: NK
Complement: 24
Delivery: February 18, 2016
**ADA**
Builder: Oshima Shipbuilding Co., Ltd.
Hull No.: 10778
Ship type: Bulk carrier
L (o.a.) x B x D x d (ext.): 228.99m x 32.26m x 20.01m x 14.486m
DWT/GT: 81,841t/43729
Main engine: Kawasaki-MAN B&W 6S60ME-C8.2 diesel x 1 unit
Speed, service: 14.30kt
Registry: Malta
Classification: DNV GL
Completion: February 9, 2016
**PRIMERO**
Owner: Lundquist Shipping Company Limited
Builder: Sumitomo Heavy Industries Marine & Engineering Co., Ltd.
Hull No.: 1383
Ship type: Tanker
L (b.p.) x B x D: 224.64m x 42.00m x 21.45m
DWT/GT: 106,200t/57,312
Main engine: Mitsui MAN B&W 6S60ME-C8 diesel x 1 unit
Speed, service: about 15.0kt
Classification: LR
Completion: February 26, 2016
**AFRICAN SPOONBILL**
Owner: Cardinal Maritime S.A.
Builder: Onomichi Dockyard Co., Ltd.
Hull No.: 707
Ship type: Bulk carrier
L (o.a.) x B x D x d (ext.): 199.90m x 32.26m x 18.60m x 13.00m
DWT/GT: 60,033t/34,806
Main engine: MAN B&W 6S50ME-B9.3 diesel x 1 unit
Speed, service: 14.5kt
Registry: Panama
Classification: NK
Completion: February 23, 2016
**GLOBAL HIGHWAY**
Owner: Kawasaki Kisen Kaish, Ltd.
Builder: Shin Kurushima Dockyard Co., Ltd.
Hull No.: S-5875
Ship type: Car carrier
L (o.a.) x B x D x d (ext.): 199.96m x 38.00m x 14.65m x 10.227m
DWT/GT: 20,686t/75,036
Main engine: 7UEC60LSE-Eco-A2 diesel x 1 unit
Speed, service: about 20.0kt
Classification: NK
Completion: March 16, 2016
**EPIC BORINQUEN**
Owner: Epic Borinquen Pte. Ltd.
Builder: Sasaki Shipbuilding Co., Ltd.
Hull No.: 691
Ship type: LPG carrier
L (o.a.) x B x D x d (ext.): 113.08m x 19.00m x 9.10m x 6.80m
DWT/GT: 7,182t/6,220
Main engine: Hitachi MAN B&W 5L35MC Mk6.1 diesel x 1 unit
Output: 2,750kW x 178min⁻¹ (100%)
Speed, service: 13.5kt
Registry: Singapore
Classification: BV
Completion: February 29, 2016
|
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Download Garmin Instruction Manual Nuvi 40
Stay on track wherever you go with the Garmin nuvi 50 5" Portable GPS. With a 5" touchscreen, More than 6M Points of Interest vs. 8M POI's, and spoken turn-by-turn directions, this Garmin nuvi GPS navigator makes finding directions easier.View and Download Garmin GTM 60 instructions manual online. Garmin GTM 60 Digital Traffic Receiver Instructions. GTM 60 GPS pdf manual download.View and Download Garmin 300 owner's manual online. Garmin Personal Travel Assistant Owner's Manual. 300 GPS pdf manual download. Also for: Nuvi nuvi tm 300/350, Nüvi 300, Nüvi 350.GPS Information on Garmin, Lowrance, Magellan and other CONSUMER receivers
|
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The MarkLogic Mentorship Service
The MarkLogic Mentorship Service is designed to provide direct consulting support to new or current MarkLogic partners or customers, who are focused on knowledge transfer, technical Q&A, or direct development for hard problems.
Simply put, MarkLogic Mentorship is designed to provide pre-packaged direct expert consulting support for a variety of purposes. From knowledge transfer to direct coding support, requirements and use case analysis to simple Q&A, MarkLogic Mentorship provides as-needed support on an on-demand basis.
MarkLogic Mentorship Gives You
* Ad Hoc Q&A – an on-demand ability to discuss in detail any challenges you are encountering with your technology environment. Each Q&A session is specifically focused on a particular set of problems or questions, and dramatically decreases the time required for researching.
* Direct Coding Support – short-term, direct support for extending or updating existing MarkLogic applications.
* Performance Tuning Support – focused performance analysis and recommendations for specific performance related issues.
* Requirements Analysis and Project Planning – detailed examination of potential use cases for additional functionality in an existing MarkLogic application or project planning for developing a new MarkLogic application.
MarkLogic Mentorship is designed to accelerate resolution of any potential adoption challenges that may arise in a MarkLogic solution deployment. Having an expert consultant available to provide training, answer questions as they arise, and quickly respond to customer needs dramatically improves customer success with existing implementations and decreases time to market for new applications.
Get Started Today
Allow our highly skilled MarkLogic consultants and instructors to support your project with product training and expert technical guidance. The Mentorship Service includes MarkLogic product knowledge transfer and mentoring, as well as onsite customized implementation. Continue your MarkLogic partnership with support from the experts!
To get started, contact your account representative, give us a call at 1-877-992-8885, or email us at [email protected].
About MarkLogic
For more than a decade, MarkLogic has delivered a powerful, agile and trusted Enterprise NoSQL database platform that enables organizations to turn all data into valuable and actionable information. Organizations around the world rely on MarkLogic's enterprise-grade technology to power the new generation of information applications. MarkLogic is headquartered in Silicon Valley with offices in Boston, Chicago, Frankfurt, London, Manila, Munich, New York, Paris, Singapore, Stockholm, Sydney, Tokyo, Utrecht, and Washington D.C. For more information, please visit www.marklogic.com.
© 2015 MARKLOGIC CORPORATION. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. This technology is protected by U.S. Patent No. 7,127,469B2, U.S. Patent No. 7,171,404B2, U.S. Patent No. 7,756,858 B2, and U.S. Patent No 7,962,474 B2. MarkLogic is a trademark or registered trademark of MarkLogic Corporation in the United States and/or other countries. All other trademarks mentioned are the property of their respective owners.
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The aim is to manage people ill with possible COVID-19 while continuing other essential care and prevention - including NCDs such as hypertension, diabetes and chronic lung diseases.
Introduction
This module is for health workers in healthcare facilities. There is also a clinical deskguide being developed. This is based on COVID-19 guidelines from WHO, China, UK and other countries. Please send your comments and proposed edits (in track changes) so we can improve this guideline to Drs [email protected] of COMAHS and the RUHF project of QMU, Edinburgh, and [email protected] of the Nuffield Centre for International Health, Leeds, UK. Details will change as the epidemic progresses further in the country and more scientific and public health evidence emerges. The aim is to manage and investigate ill people with possible COVID-19 while continuing other essential care and prevention.
1. **Key points on COVID-19**
The COVID-19 ('COVID') epidemic is now spreading, everyone is susceptible and needs education about the virus. Children and young adults may not know they have the disease, but can still spread it. Adults over 40 are more likely to get very ill. About 20% require oxygen etc. in hospital – usually the elderly or those with chronic diseases such as diabetes. There is now a steep climb in cases and deaths. After a few months the numbers stop rising and slowly decline, but later another epidemic can follow – until a vaccine is developed and provided.
- **Know the risk of disease severity:**
- 100% are susceptible to getting infected.
- Of 100 people infected, 98 will recover. Half or more have no or mild symptoms – especially children and young people. Out of 100 of adults who are ill, 15 or 20 will develop severe difficulty breathing, during week two of symptoms, needing hospitalisation and oxygen. Some will need intensive care on ventilators.
- Of all ill COVID patients, 2 out of a 100 die – generally older people and/or with cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, diabetes, chronic kidney or lung diseases.
- **Prevention** includes community engagement and dialogue on:
Reducing risk by stopping smoking, less salt (high BP) and fat and sugar – lose weight. Also on regular hand washing, keeping 2 metres away from others, not touching your face with unwashed hands, covering coughs with tissues, isolating those with symptoms.
- **Continue services for non-COVID diseases** to avoid preventable death and illness eg Maternal and Child health programs, Family Planning, Immunisations, Malaria, HIV and TB test and treat services. Severe disease related to COVID is higher in those with chronic health conditions such as diabetes and heart disease, therefore it is even more important to detect, monitor and treat these conditions.
- **Communicate** to patients clearly what the patient pathway for suspected COVID involves, to reduce confusion and stress, they will feel when coming to the health centre.
- **Separate** patients with symptoms of COVID from others. This is done through screening and directing to separate parts of the health centre. In 'suspected COVID'
areas, strictly enforce 2 meter distancing and IPC measures, to prevent infecting those that are not yet confirmed COVID positive. Treat all as possible COVID until otherwise proved. Testing may take about 4 days. Also look for other, non COVID infective causes of their symptoms eg bacterial pneumonia or TB. Continue to detect and treat chronic disease eg CVD, hypertension, diabetes and COPD in these patients.
- In the non COVID areas everyone must still be 2 meters apart as there may be patients who have COVID that are asymptomatic or have mild symptoms. Diagnose and treat as usual, using standard treatment guidelines.
- **Educate** staff, patients and relatives to keep 2 meters (m) apart at all times in **all** places in the health facility. Use visual aids eg posters and 2m marks on the floor. Restrict visitors and relatives access to hospital to reduce their infection risk.
- **Enforce** strict hygiene: Follow the WHO “my five moments of hand hygiene”, including washing hands with soap and water before and after seeing each patient.
- **Allocate** staff at high risk of complications from COVID (older age, chronic diseases) to do roles not involving contact with possible COVID patients, preferably in a well ventilated space, and strictly social distancing 2m at all times.
- **COVID test.** Patients and staff who develop symptoms are to be tested and home isolated, and their contacts home quarantined, call the helpline number 117.
- **Provide clear guidance**, in your facility, on infection prevention and control (IPC), isolation, management of possible COVID separately from regular diseases.
2. **Screening and Isolation Area Management**
Read the following:
Identify all COVID suspects immediately! At the first point of entry into the health facility all patients who may have COVID should be separated from those who are unlikely to have COVID.
1) Identify a separate waiting area for people with *any* COVID symptoms
- Waiting area should be well ventilated (open windows)
- Patients should be able to sit 2 metres apart from each other
- This can be a temporary structure like a tent, or repurposing of a room
2) Establish a system to identifying patients with symptoms *before* they see a healthcare worker:
- Use signs to direct patients to waiting area ‘A’ (non COVID ‘cold’) and B possible COVID ‘hot’
- Have a staff member to triage patients before entering the health centre. The staff member should wear a mask, and remain more than 2 metres away from patients at all times, ideally they should work behind a plastic/glass screen.
3) Limit the number of entrances to the health facility to ensure that *all* patients are triaged and no patient with COVID symptoms is missed
4) Use signs and tell patients they are being separated to prevent the spread of COVID
5) Once screened, keep patients with suspected COVID symptoms separate from those without COVID symptoms at all points of care.
6) Patients with COVID symptoms should be provided with a mask (if enough available) to be worn whilst in the health centre. If masks are in short supply, save for staff use.
7) When reviewing patients with COVID symptoms, staff should wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), ie, mask etc. as below.
The Reception
At the reception screeners ask patients and visitors entering if they have any of: fever, cough, difficulty breathing, loss of smell or taste, and take the temperature (>37.6C?)
- If any of the above, (or close contact with someone with COVID) then provide a face mask and direct the patient to desk B ('hot' area) for further assessment.
Separate patients with suspected COVID symptoms from those with non-COVID symptoms throughout the entrance, reception, waiting and consultation rooms.
In area A the 'cold' non-COVID patients are triaged and consulted as usual, however staff still observing social distancing and transmission precautions. Educate on signs of possible COVID and told who to phone call if they develop symptoms.
However, some patients may not report COVID symptoms but later mention symptoms of possible COVID or are found to have signs (eg fever, rapid pulse, low oxygen saturation or chest signs) – if so manage as possible COVID, transfer to a COVID observation room (and if feasible arrange for a COVID sample for testing). Allocate your younger staff to the possible COVID 'hot' areas. Allocate your older staff, and those with obesity or Non Communicable Diseases eg hypertension to the area A non-COVID 'cold' areas, as they are more likely to get severely ill with COVID.
Designated COVID rooms
Any patients that attend the facility as an outpatient who has possible COVID symptoms (of any severity) should be seen in a separate consultation rooms to those who have no symptoms. This room needs to be equipped with PPE, a sink (or alcohol gel), and an infectious waste bin. It should have windows that can be opened.
Consider how many staff members and rooms need to be assigned to this purpose. Remember, not all of these patients will have COVID, but anyone with flu like symptoms should be seen in these rooms to prevent possible COVID spread.
Designated COVID Isolation Area
This is an room, building or tent for interim care and monitoring of possible COVID patients with **moderate symptoms**, or severe prior to transfer to hospital. Monitor for:
- Increased difficulty breathing
- Can’t easily speak in sentences without taking extra breaths
- Can’t manage basic things like eating and washing
- Monitor patients for vital signs and record: respiratory rate, cyanosis or a low oxygen saturation <95% on a pulse oximeter, pulse, blood pressure and temperature. Inform the CHO or Doctor urgently if abnormal vital signs - eg a high respiratory rate >25/ minute
(3) Enforce a strict no visitor policy and confine patient’s activity to the isolation area
(4) Educate patients on use of masks, washing hands etc. Note wearing a mask may not always be possible, especially if the patient is having difficulty breathing.
Decide if they need to go urgently to hospital (where oxygen etc. care is available).
Layout
The isolation area needs to be separate from spaces where patients with no COVID symptoms may be. This may require re-purposing of existing space or erecting a temporary structure (tent). This area should:
- Be physically separated from non-COVID patients by walls/doors/tent sides
- Be well signposted and have a clear entrance
- Be equipped with medical supplies needed to care for COVID patients such as beds, pulse oximeters, PPE and infectious waste bins
- Provide patients with their own room however, but if required, ‘cohort’ together those with similar symptoms, and don’t mix possible with confirmed cases.
- Ensure COVID patients can wash/toilet separately from non-COVID patients
- Provide space for staff to work/monitor patients outside of the patient’s room
- No visitors should be allowed in the COVID isolation area
- COVID patients to be strictly confined to the isolation area
Contaminated items to be stored separately and disposed of carefully.
Have adequate infection control procedures in place.
Prepare now.
As the epidemic progresses the numbers of ill patients may overwhelm the hospital/treatment unit capacity. The moderately ill patients (i.e., without very difficult breathing), but with chronic disease such as diabetes/hypertension, may need to be monitored and cared for at the health facilities.
Pause a moment, think and write a few notes about how you could implement these changes in your health facility. Who do you need to meet with? Where and what needs to be done?
3. **Clinically assess, diagnose, care and educate**
The Deskguide in the context of COVID is to be used alongside other (pre COVID) guides for the treatment of common illnesses, and with your Deskguides for noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). If a suspected COVID case arrange to get a test, also diagnose and treat the most likely regular illness. Eg another cough or cough or difficult breathing; and if fever do a rapid diagnostic test (RDT) and if positive treat for malaria.
Read the clinical ‘Deskguide in COVID’ pages 1 and 2 ‘Assess, diagnose and care’.
Think about this case, while reading through the deskguide.
**Scenario:** Emmanuel is 50 years old and has a small shop. He presents to your health facility. You’ve seen him recently and you found him to be overweight, have high blood pressure and diabetes - not as yet controlled.
He complains of a mild fever, dry cough and is concerned he no longer tastes or smells his food. He is tired, but not breathless. The symptoms started a couple of days ago. He is worried because his brother had similar symptoms starting a week ago, and is now breathless.
What should you do now? (think, write a note, then read again the Health Facility Deskguide in COVID-19’). Then read on:
Children and young adults often have no or mild symptoms. Severe COVID is rare under 40 years of age, while people over 65 are most at risk. Most adults experience fever (90%), cough (70%), fatigue and/or anorexia (60%), loss of taste/smell (50%), shortness of breath (35%) and muscle ache (20%). Other non-specific symptoms, such as sore throat, nasal congestion, headache, diarrhoea, nausea and vomiting also may occur.
Older people and immunosuppressed patients in particular may present with atypical symptoms such as fatigue, reduced alertness, reduced mobility, diarrhoea, loss of appetite, delirium, and absence of fever.
Underlying noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) contribute to higher mortality: diabetes, hypertension, cerebrovascular disease (CVD), COPD, kidney disease, unsuppressed HIV.
Education of patients
Education of patients and family members on COVID, home isolation and infection prevention is very important. Read the Deskguide section on the deskguide to Educate the patient and family members on the COVID illness and home isolation.
As you read, think about how you would counsel Emmanuel on these points. Think how he might respond, and what questions he might ask, and how you would reply.
Consider how you would warn the Emmanuel or other patients about the 1 in 5 patients that develop very difficult breathing in the second week of the illness – and where to go if this occurs. Read again the ‘Education’ in the ‘Health Facility Deskguide in COVID-19’.
Think about how you best communicate with your patients about hand washing, home isolation, and quarantine of their contacts – in the context of their life circumstances and beliefs.
Continue reading:
4. **Maintaining other essential services during COVID**
Continue regular essential services, otherwise more people will die due to excess deaths from these conditions (perhaps even more than by COVID). High-priority categories includes:
- Common acute presentations eg pneumonia and malaria, as above
- Child health care, including vaccination
- Maternal health, including family planning and care during pregnancy and childbirth
- Chronic disease care in adults, including TB, diabetes/ hypertension, COPD and other chronic conditions. Arrange for patients to continue to get re-fills of their drugs.
- Give patients and their treatment supporters a telephone number to call if there are symptoms (treatment side effects, Covid or other) for advice
Sign post/ screen/ triage for possible COVID-19 symptoms, so keeping them separate from other ill patients and those eg with diabetes attending for prevention - while maintaining hand hygiene and social distancing of 2m in all areas.
**Maternity, surgery and COVID:**
Patients with suspected COVID may present with more than one problem, for example, a woman may be in labour, or have an injury while also have possible COVID symptoms. It may not always be immediately possible to isolate these patients in a COVID isolation area. Establish protocols in your key areas e.g. maternity and operating theatres, with packs of PPE etc. Ensure that non-essential staff stay clear of the area whilst the COVID patient is there. Also consider:
a) how to separate COVID suspects from other patients eg keeping them 2 m, in a separate room or temporary screen, moving non-COVID patients elsewhere.
b) providing masks to other patients in the area
c) Educating staff to ensure they know how to act in the case of this scenario.
5. **Healthcare Staff Management**
Support all health workers to continue to deliver regular services. For example, the nurse-midwife to continue antenatals and family planning and child health services. She may continue to link with CHWs eg by a WhatsApp group.
Support to the health facility staff from the district health office will continue to be important, but travel difficult. So this maybe done on zoom meetings. These may involve the CHO/in-charges or nurses being in ‘peer groups’ with their counterparts from other health facilities. The meetings can be telementoring meetings over zoom on their smart phones. The aim being to share problems, experiences, solutions and support each other through these difficult times. For example, sharing experience on continuing to provide the regular services - while as well changing the flow of patients that have symptoms of possible COVID.
**Mental health of staff**
It is normal to feel sad, stressed or overwhelmed when faced with a crisis. Some of these things can help:
- Maintain a healthy lifestyle: proper diet, sleep, exercise and contact with friends and family; don’t use tobacco, alcohol or other drugs to deal with your emotions.
- If you have concerns, talk with your supervisor or talk with a trusted counsellor.
- If you start feeling unwell tell your doctor immediately (go home, or phone in sick).
- If possible COVID symptoms eg cough or fever, then home isolate for 7 days and follow the guidance on the Deskguide page ‘Educate on COVID and home isolation.’
Assigning staff according to health risks:
- Some staff are at risk for severe COVID. This includes older staff and those with chronic heart, lung and other chronic diseases. They should work on prevention eg follow up care of NCDs, and acutely ill patients with symptoms unlikely COVID.
Training on Guidance on:
- for medical staff on fever and respiratory symptoms, and possible COVID
- COVID IPC in the health facility eg in outpatient rooms and corridors
- Maternity, antenatal, family planning etc. care in the COVID context
- How to screen for fever, cough, sore throat, loss of taste or smell and difficulty breathing, and direct patients to either non or possible COVID consultation areas.
Who else should you need to discuss these issues?
Do you need a meeting with the health facility staff to pass on key points on COVID, and discuss what needs to be done?
Read on about infection prevention and PPE.
6. Infection Prevention and Control (IPC) for COVID
See the national IPC standard operating procedures for COVID.
Minimise crowding
To ensure that staff and patients can maintain physical distance (of 2 metres) you should consider minimising crowding at the facility. There are multiple ways this can be achieved:
- Providing stable chronic disease patients with prescriptions and appointments for longer eg 3 months time - where safe to do so eg for stable hypertensive patients
- Conduct some follow up appointments by telephone
- Erect tents/shade for additional waiting room space to allow patients to sit 2 metres apart
- Restrict the number of visitors entering the facility (1 per patient, or essential only to bring food or provide care).
Patient Instructions
(1) Give a ‘suspected COVID’ patient a medical mask and direct patient to an isolation area
(2) Keep at least 2 m distance between all other patients
(3) Instruct all patients to cover nose and mouth during coughing or sneezing with tissue, or at least a flexed elbow, and wash hands with soap straight away
(4) All visitors should perform hand hygiene whenever indicated
(5) Limit patient movement and ensure patients wear masks when outside their rooms
Healthworker instructions
(1) Health Care Workers should apply the WHO’s My 5 Moments for Hand Hygiene approach as above, with soap and water or with alcohol based hand rubs/ gel.
(2) If possible, in the COVID isolation area use equipment (e.g. stethoscopes, blood pressure cuffs, pulse oximeters and thermometers) dedicated to that area. Clean and disinfect shared equipment between each patient use.
WHO’s 5 points of hand hygiene - keep safe and not spread infections, so:
Wash hands with soap and water (or alcohol rub)
1. Before touching a patient
2. Before engaging in clean/aseptic procedures
3. After body fluid exposure risk
4. After touching a patient
5. After touching patient surroundings
The Levels of Protection:
Level 1: Patients with no symptoms of COVID
- Wash hands regularly
- Encourage patients to practise cough hygiene
- Apply standard precautions as usually needed to deliver care
Level 2: Patients with symptoms of COVID (non-touch care)
When you do not touch a patient or their environment, for example talking:
- Wear a medical mask
- Wear a goggles/eye shield
- Wear clothes such as uniform or scrubs that are washed at the end of each day.
- Wash hands regularly
Level 3: Patients with symptoms of COVID (touch care)
When you need to touch a patient or their environment including physical examination and taking COVID test swabs
- Wear a medical mask
- Wear goggles/eye shield
- Wear a long sleeved gown
- Wear gloves (1 pair)
How to safely use PPE and prevent wastage when resources are scarce
Always wash your hands before and after putting on or taking off PPE.
Medical/surgical Masks:
- Can extend use of mask for up to 6 hours
- Remove if wet, damaged, soiled or if it becomes difficult to breathe
- If you touch front of the mask accidentally - wash hands immediately
- Do not reuse medical masks
- Remove touching only the straps/string as shown. Dispose immediately.
Eye protection (goggles or a face shield)
- One pair of goggles or a single eye shield can be worn all day
- If you touch the front of the goggles/shield, wash hands immediately.
- Remove if it becomes difficult to see clearly
- Can be decontaminated after use and reused
- Remove touching only the straps (as shown)
Long sleeved gown
- Cotton gowns can be washed and re-used
- Plastic aprons are an alternative
- Cotton work clothes an alternative if washed each day
- Wear only when touching patients with suspected COVID
- Do not touch the outside of the gown/clothing when removing
Gloves
- Gloves should be changed between patients
- Only wear when touching a patient or their environment
- Do not re-use gloves. Double gloving not required
- Remove first. Remove and dispose immediately.
7. **Disinfection Procedures for COVID Isolation Areas**
*Disinfection for Floor and Walls*
(1) Visible pollutants e.g. blood and bodily fluid spills should be completely removed before disinfection and handled in accordance with disposal procedures.
(2) Disinfect the floor and walls with 1000 mg/L chlorine-containing disinfectant through floor mopping, spraying or wiping.
(3) Make sure that the disinfection and cleaning procedure lasts for at least 30 minutes.
(4) Disinfect three times a day and repeat the procedure whenever there is contamination.
*Disinfection of Object Surfaces*
(1) Visible pollutants should be completely removed before disinfection.
(2) Wipe the surfaces of objects with 1000 mg/L chlorine-containing disinfectant or wipes wait for 30 minutes and then rinse with clean water. Perform disinfection procedure daily. Repeat at any time when contamination is suspected.
(3) Wipe cleaner regions first, then more contaminated regions: first wipe infrequently touched object surfaces, and then wipe more frequently touched object surfaces. (Once an object surface is wiped clean, replace the used wipe with a new one).
As above, follow your national IPC guidelines or see the more detailed WHO IPC guide.
8. **Management Supplies**
Supply, procurement and management is critically important during the COVID pandemic and other healthcare emergencies. The COVID epidemic evolves rapidly with a steep climb in cases and deaths, to peaking in the number of cases to eventual decline. Getting supplies takes time, and needs advance planning and procurement.
*Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)*:
- Gloves (examination, surgical)
- Goggles, protective or face shield
- Gown, protective
- Surgical masks.
*Diagnostic Equipment*
- Pulse oximeter
- BP machine, etc.
9. **Managing Change**
There are multiple changes you may need to make at your facility to ensure staff and patients remain safe during the COVID pandemic – better start soon to make the changes. Consider having health facility team meetings to help plan and implement this change. This team can meet regularly, eg weekly, to plan and undertake actions to make the health facility a safer place.
It is helpful to give each person in the team to take a lead on specific job/duties. You should ensure that tasks assigned to that person are undertaken promptly. Potential roles include:
- screening and triaging for COVID
- clinical care for COVID
- continuity of the regular/ essential services.
- infection control and PPE
- logistics and supplies
**Conclusion**
Use this guide together with Health Facility Deskguide in COVID-19’ and other clinical guidelines and your judgement. Please send comments and proposed edits to improve this guideline to [[email protected]](mailto:[email protected]) of COMAHS and the RUHF project of QMU Edinburgh and [[email protected]](mailto:[email protected]) of the Nuffield Centre for International Health, Leeds. These are difficult times, but we need to tackle the COVID epidemic, while maintaining the essential other services at our health facilities. Patients with cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes and COPD are at particular risk from COVID. So there has never been a better time to advise on stopping smoking, to reduce salt, fat and sugar, and so lose weight.
Start soon. Discuss with your in-charge and other health workers. Do actions such as provide soap and water, put up signs, screen for possible COVID symptoms, separate from other patients, and in other ways prepare for when the epidemic gets worse. Look after the health of yourselves as well as your patients.
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LANESVILLE COMMUNITY SCHOOL CORPORATION
2725 Crestview Ave. Lanesville, IN 47136 (812) 952-2555
EFFECTIVE June 20, 2022
K-12 MUSIC/BAND Teacher
School Year: 2022-2023
184 Days
Requirements
* Bachelor's degree or higher from an accredited institution
* Hold or be eligible to hold a valid Indiana teaching license
* Licensed in P-12 Instrumental or Vocal & General Music, or able to obtain licensure by start of 2022-2023 school year
Responsibilities
* Teach general music grades 1-7
* Choral Director grades 9-12
*
Band Director grades 7-12
* Coordinate concerts
* Direct pep-band at high school basketball games (no marching band)
* Other related assigned tasks by Lanesville Community School Corporation administration
Benefits
* Salary commensurate with experience and education attainment
* Insurance and other benefits outlined in the Lanesville Community School Corporation Master Teacher Contract
If interested, please contact:
Mr. Steve Morris, Superintendent Lanesville Community School Corporation [email protected] (812) 952-2555 ext. 363
or
Ryan Apple, Principal Lanesville Jr.-Sr. High School [email protected] (812) 952-2555 ext. 203
or
Jeff Smitley, Principal Lanesville Elementary School [email protected] (812) 952-3000 ext. 155
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SMILE SOLUTIONS
PATIENT INFORMATION RECORD
Date: _______________________
PATIENT INFORMATION:
Name: ___________________________________________ Date of Birth: ________________ Age: ___________
Home Address: __________________________________ City: __________ State: ______ Zip: ________
Home Ph #: __________________ Work Ph #: __________________ Cell Ph#: _________________________
Email: __________________________________________ Driver’s License Number: __________________
Company/Employer Name: __________________________ Occupation: ___________________________
Work Address: __________________________________ City: __________ State: ______ Zip: ________
SPOUSE:
Spouse’s Occupation: _____________________________ Spouse Ph #: ___________________________
Spouse’s Work Address: __________________________ City: __________ State: ______ Zip: ________
Who will be financially responsible for this account? _____________________________________________
INSURANCE INFORMATION:
Primary Dental Insurance: ________________________________________________________________
Dental Insurance Primary Subscriber Name: _________________________________________________
Dental Insurance Primary Subscriber ID/Social Security Number: _______________________________
Dental Insurance Primary Subscriber Date of Birth: ______________ Group #: ______________________
Primary Medical Insurance: ________________________________________________________________
Medical Insurance Primary Subscriber name: ________________________________________________
Medical Insurance Primary Subscriber ID: _________________________________________________
Medical Insurance Primary Subscriber Date of Birth: ______________ Group #: ______________________
Have you or any member of your family been a patient of our office? □ Yes □ No
If Yes, name of prior patient: _____________________________________________________________
Name of regular dentist: __________________________ Dentist’s Ph #: _________________________
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FOR WOMEN ONLY
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Signature: _____________________________________________ Dr.’s Initials: __________________
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User Guide
Mini DigiDrive IV (AESDDNU3)
www.addonics.com v7.1.11
Technical Support
If you need any assistance to get your unit functioning properly, please have your product information ready and contact Addonics Technical Support at:
Hours: 8:30 am - 6:00 pm PST
Phone: 408-453-6212
Email: http://www.addonics.com/support/query/
Note: Drive activity LED only lights up when a flash card is inserted.
Hardware Installation: Plug and Play for Windows 2000, XP, Vista & 7
1. Plug in the USB 3.0 cable of the Mini Digidrive IV to a USB 3.0 port on the system.
2. Windows will detect a new hardware and will install all required driver for the Mini Digidrive IV.
3. Go to My Computer and you should see four removable drive letter icons.
Note: The maximum number of flash cards you can simultaneously use on the digidrive is 4.
Supported Flash Memory Cards:
Micro SD, Sony M2, Secure Digital (SD) and SDHC (SD 2.0), miniSD, Multi Media Card (MMC & MMC Plus 4.2), Reduced Size MMC (RS-MMC)(adapter needed), Memory Stick (MS)(Magic Gate), Memory Stick Pro (MS Pro 4bit), Memory Stick Duo (MS Duo), Memory Stick Pro Duo (MS Pro Duo), Compact Flash Type I (CF I), Compact Flash Type II (CF II), MicroDrive, Smart Media, xD
CONTACT US
Phone: 408-573-8580
Fax: 408-573-8588
Email: http://www.addonics.com/sales/query/
www.addonics.com
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REVIEW ARTICLE
Surgical Apgar Score in Hepatobiliopancreatic Surgery and Liver Transplantation — An Integrative Review
Lorena Nascimento Paiva¹ ,* , Olival Cirilo Lucena da Fonseca Neto²
1. Centro Universitário Maurício de Nassau – Faculdade de Medicina – Recife (PE) – Brazil.
2. Hospital Universitário Oswaldo Cruz – Serviço de Cirurgia Geral e Transplante de Fígado – Recife (PE) – Brazil.
*Corresponding author: [email protected]
Section editor: Ilka de Fátima Santana F Boin
Received: Mar 19 2024 | Accepted: Mar 29 2024
ABSTRACT
The Apgar score was created to assess newborns' risk of death and complications. The surgical Apgar score (SAS) was created to adapt this index to determine mortality and postsurgical morbidity. This scale ranges from 0 to 10, with the highest value corresponding to the patient with the lowest risk. Its use may be more widely disseminated to avoid and evaluate possible postoperative complications in specific surgeries. Objectives: This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of the SAS and its implication in postsurgical risk assessment in patients undergoing hepatobiliopancreatic surgery and hepatic transplantation. Methods: Integrative literature review developed through searches in the PubMed database. To compose this review, six articles were selected after analyzing and applying the criteria defined by the authors. Results: The use of the SAS has good statistical evidence as a scale for assessing the risk of complications and death in the postoperative period of hepatobiliopancreatic surgeries and hepatic transplantation. In addition to proving valuable and efficient in pancreatic surgeries, the SAS was also considered helpful in indicating complications after hepatic surgery and hepatic transplantation. Conclusion: The SAS can be clinically useful to guide decisions on rapid post-transplant and perioperative risk screening for general surgeries or the allocation of intensive care, given that it proves to be efficient as a strategy that can predict the chance of morbidity and mortality of a particular patient who underwent surgery.
Descriptors: Prognosis; Liver Transplantation; Pancreas; Bile Ducts.
RESUMO
Índice de Apgar Cirúrgico Na Cirurgia Hepatobiliopancreática e no Transplante Hepático – Uma Revisão Integrativa
O índice de Apgar foi criado com o objetivo de avaliar o risco de morte e de complicações em recém-nascidos. Para adaptar esse índice à avaliação de mortalidade e morbidade pós-cirúrgicas, foi criado o índice de Apgar cirúrgico (IAC). Essa escala varia de 0 a 10, sendo o maior valor correspondente ao paciente com menor risco, e sua utilização pode ser mais amplamente difundida para evitar e avaliar possíveis complicações pós-operatórias em cirurgias específicas. Objetivos: Este estudo visa investigar a efetividade do IAC e sua implicação na avaliação de riscos pós-cirúrgicos em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia hepatobiliopancreática e a transplante hepático. Métodos: Revisão integrativa da literatura desenvolvida por meio de buscas na base de dados PubMed. Para compor esta revisão, após análise e aplicação dos critérios definidos pelos autores, foram selecionados seis artigos. Resultados: O uso do IAC apresenta bons indícios estatísticos como escala para avaliação de risco de complicações e morte no pós-operatório de cirurgias hepatobiliopancreáticas e transplante hepático. Além de se mostrar útil e eficiente em cirurgias pancreáticas, o IAC foi considerado útil para indicar complicações após a cirurgia hepática e a transplante hepático. Conclusão: O IAC pode ser de utilidade clínica para orientar as decisões sobre o rastreamento rápido de risco pós-transplante – e perioperatório de cirurgias em geral – ou para atribuir cuidados intensivos, visto que se mostra uma estratégia eficiente que pode predizer morbidade e mortalidade de determinado paciente submetido à cirurgia.
Descritores: Prognóstico; Transplante de Fígado; Pâncreas; Ductos Biliares.
INTRODUCTION
The creation of the Apgar score by Virgínia Apgar 1 in 1953 was an important milestone for neonatal assessment. This 10-point scale became essential in assessing the risk of death and complications in newborns.
Based on the index created by Virgínia Apgar and the idea of transforming subjective impressions into a numbered risk scale, a group of researchers implemented the Apgar score to evaluate major postoperative complications and mortality in patients undergoing vascular and general surgery 2 .
The description of the surgical Apgar score (SAS) was pioneered in the An Apgar Score for Surgery study 2 , published by the American College of Surgeons. The study used three cohorts evaluated over 30 days after vascular surgeries, mainly colonic resections. The scale was created to be a predictive score for postoperative mortality and morbidity and includes only three intraoperative variables in the calculation: estimated blood loss in mL, lower mean arterial pressure in mmHg, and lower heart rate in beats per minute (bpm). Adding the scores attributed to these three variables, we obtain a risk value of 0 to 10 for the patient (Table 1), with 0 being the worst postoperative risk prognosis and 10 being the best prognosis 2 .
Table 1. Original SAS – 10-point score for surgical outcomes.
Source: Gawande et al. 2 Sum of points for each category throughout the procedure. *Occurrence of pathological bradyarrhythmia, including sinus arrest, atrioventricular block or dissociation, junctional or ventricular escape rhythms, and asystole also receives 0 points for the lowest heart rate.
As a result of this initial study validated by Gawande et al. 2 , the significance of the score as a predictor of significant complications or death was well-known and proven. Such outcomes were significantly associated with a reduced surgical score. Differences in outcomes between patients with different scores were also statistically significant. Among 29 patients with a surgical score ≤ 4 after general or vascular surgery, 17 patients suffered substantial complications or death within 30 days, in contrast to the 220 patients with a score of 9 or 10, of whom only eight (3.6%) presented complications or death within 30 days. 2 Contudo, nesse estudo, um dos critérios de exclusão utilizados foi em relação a pacientes submetidos a transplante, casos de interesse para a revisão em questão.
SAS in liver transplantation
Liver transplantation is the only option for curing and improving the quality of life of patients with chronic liver disease. Patients undergoing this procedure, which is high-risk and one of the most complex in modern surgery, are constantly monitored postoperatively in transplant-specific intensive care units (ICU).
The indication for liver transplantation is based on the Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) scale. Although this scoring system effectively assesses pre-transplant mortality, it is not a great predictor of postoperative complications and outcomes 3 .
SAS in liver transplants can be used, as described by Gawande et al. 2 , based on a 10-point scale with three criteria restricted to intraoperative variables. However, liver transplantation was considered an exclusion criterion in this study. In 2017, a retrospective study carried out in the United States of America suggested modifying the SAS variables to improve the achievement of significant postoperative results, specifically in liver transplants 4 .
METHODS
The method chosen for this study was the integrative review (IR). The work was conducted based on the elaboration of a guiding question, search in the literature of primary studies, evaluation of the studies included in the review, analysis and synthesis of results and presentation of the IR 5 .
The guiding question of the IR was based on the PICO strategy, an acronym for Patient (patients undergoing hepatobiliopancreatic surgery and liver transplant), Intervention (use of SAS), Context (mortality and postsurgical morbidity) and Outcome, resulting in the following question: "Is the use of SAS efficient and objective to predict the risks of postsurgical morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing hepatobiliopancreatic surgery and liver transplantation?"
For the bibliographic survey, a search was carried out in the PubMed database. The following descriptors and their combinations in English were used to search for articles in the literature: "Surgical Apgar Score," "Liver Transplant," "Hepatobiliary Surgery," and "Pancreatic Surgery" (Fig. 1).
PubMed
Surgical apgar score AND liver
transplant
15 Results
2 Incluídos
2 Incluídos
3 Incluídos
3 Incluídos
6 Included
after removing
duplications
12 Results
7 Results
57 Results
PubMed
surgical apgar score AND liver
surgery
PubMed
surgical apgar score AND
hepatobiliary surgery
PubMed
surgical apgar score AND
pancreatic surgery
Source: Elaborated by the authors.
Figure 1. Articles included in this study.
The inclusion criteria for selecting articles were articles published in Portuguese or English, full articles on the subject of IR and articles published and indexed in these databases without limitation on publication date.
The initial selection occurred by reading the title and abstract. Subsequently, the articles were read in total, and those that met the inclusion criteria were attached to the IR sample (Fig. 2).
Source: Elaborated by the authors
Figure 2. Flowchart for identification, selection and inclusion of studies in the IR.
A script was used to extract the data, and a table was created with the data from each selected study, including information identifying the article, as well as its location and methodological characteristics (Table 2).
Table 2. Characteristics of primary studies according to authors, study location, design and authorship.
Source: Elaborated by the authors.
The terminology used by the research authors themselves was adopted to identify the design of the primary studies. When the type of study was not identified, the design analysis was based on concepts from specialized literature.
Data analysis and synthesis were carried out descriptively, allowing the reader to summarize each study included in the IR. In this way, new studies on SAS in different types of surgery were identified, seeking to answer questions that are still unknown.
RESULTS
The use of SAS presents good statistical evidence as a scale for assessing the risk of complications and death in the postoperative period of hepatobiliopancreatic surgeries and liver transplantation. Concerning liver transplantation, creating a Pearson et al. 4 modified SAS promoted a simple and specific way to calculate post-transplant risks 4 .
The most significant limitation of this review was the small number of published studies reporting the use of SAS in specific surgical procedures. However, despite this restriction, support for using the index in medical practice to predict and treat possible complications in patients previously categorized by the score was notable. In all six studies analyzed (Table 3), SAS was reduced in patients with complications compared to those without complications.
Table 3. Summary of primary studies according to authors, objective, method and main results.
Continue...
Table 3. Continuation.
Source: Elaborated by the authors
DISCUSSION
SAS in pancreatic surgeries, whether pancreaticoduodenectomy 6,7 followed or not by chemotherapy, whether pancreatic resection due to periampullary adenocarcinoma 8 (neoplasia around the ampulla of Vater), was presented as a significant, simple, immediate and objective perioperative predictor (from pre-surgical preparation to discharge) of morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing these surgical procedures.
Pancreaticoduodenectomy is historically associated with high mortality rates, and pancreatic cancer is one of the most lethal 6,7 . For this type of cancer, surgical resection is the only option for curing or extending the patient's life expectancy. However, advances in modern surgery have decreased the number of deaths. In contrast, postoperative morbidity rates remain high, with the most frequent complications being delayed gastric emptying, pancreatic fistula, surgical site infection and cardiopulmonary events 6 .
Surgical scores help stratify risk factors that can lead to adverse perioperative outcomes. Some algorithms, such as APACHE (Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation) and POSSUM (Operative Severity Score for the Enumeration of Mortality), are used as predictors. Still, they are tools with complex calculations and many variables. APACHE was developed with 34 parameters and updated to APACHE II with 12 parameters; POSSUM was designed with 12 biological factors as variables. Both are very complex and difficult to apply compared to SAS, which has only three accessible variables to apply 6 .
In addition to being helpful and efficient in pancreatic surgeries, SAS was considered proper for indicating post-liver surgery complications. 9,10 , more specifically, hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) 10 , the most common malignant liver cancer with high prevalence in Asia and Western countries. Liver resection is one of the curative methods for this pathology, along with the indication of liver transplantation if the nodules meet the Milan criteria. In this context, both surgeries imply probable postoperative complications.
Regarding SAS in liver transplantation, the study carried out by Pearson et al. 4 aimed to propose a change in the SAS, creating the surgical Apgar score for liver transplant (SAS-LT). In the original SAS, the three variables are estimated blood loss in mL, lowest mean arterial pressure in mmHg, and lowest heart rate in bpm (Table 1). In SAS-LT, the three variables remain. However, the estimated blood loss is replaced by the volume of packed red blood cells in milliliters during surgery with lower mean arterial pressure in mmHg and lower heart rate (Table 4) 4 .
The SAS can be adapted to evaluate patients undergoing liver transplantation specifically since the SAS-LT has advantages compared to other scores that evaluate perioperative morbidity, such as MELD and APACHE 3. The data are easy to obtain, the calculation is simple, does not require sophisticated monitoring, has few variables, and the postoperative assessment is immediate, facilitating decision-making 4 .
Table 4. Modified SAS for Liver Transplantation (SAS-LT).
4
Source: Pearson et al.
CONCLUSION
The SAS can be widely used to identify a high risk of significant complications and death after surgical procedures, characterized in this study as hepatobiliopancreatic surgeries and liver transplantation. Furthermore, it may help optimize the use of postoperative intensive care beds. For example, suppose the patient has a SAS of 1 to 4. In that case, they will be referred for monitoring in a surgical ICU, with the assessment of vital signs every hour, frequent laboratory evaluation and intensive care, unlike what happens with a patient who has a SAS of 8 to 10, who may recover in an intermediate care unit with less intensive care.
SAS is an efficient strategy for improving perioperative survival rates. It can predict the chance of morbidity and mortality of a given patient undergoing surgery. Another attribute of this score is objectivity, as it has only three variables: uncomplicated calculations, ease of use and ability to predict the risk of adverse outcomes. The same qualities are attributed to the specific score for liver transplantation (SAS-LT).
Such a scoring system may be of clinical utility to guide decisions on rapid post-transplant and perioperative risk screening of general surgeries or the assignment of intensive care. Therefore, it is noted that the results demonstrated in all the studies analyzed in this review are good. However, more studies are necessary to elucidate the efficiency and objectivity of SAS in specific types of surgical procedures.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
Nothing to declare.
AUTHOR'S CONTRIBUTION
Substantive scientific and intellectual contributions to the study: Fonseca Neto OCL, Paiva LN; Conception and design: Fonseca Neto OCL, Paiva LN; Data analysis and interpretation: Fonseca Neto OCL, Paiva LN; Article writing: Fonseca Neto OCL, Paiva LN; Critical revision: Fonseca Neto OCL, Paiva LN; Final approval: Fonseca Neto OCL, Paiva LN.
DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
All dataset were generated or analyzed in the current study.
FUNDING
Not applicable.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Special thanks to all professionals and patients at the Unidade de Transplante de Fígado de Pernambuco.
REFERENCES
1. Apgar V. A proposal for a new method of evaluation of the newborn infant. Anesth Analg [periódicos na Internet] 2015 [accessed on 15 Feb 2023];120(5):1056-9. Available at: https://journals.lww.com/anesthesia-analgesia/Fulltext/2015/05000/A_ Proposal_for_a_New_Method_of_Evaluation_of_the.22.aspx
2. Gawande AA, Kwaan MR, Regenbogen SE, Lipsitz, SA, Zinner MJ. An Apgar score for surgery. J Am Coll Surg 2007;204(2):2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2006.11
3. Klein KB, Stafinski TD, Menon D. Predicting survival after liver transplantation based on pre-transplant MELD score: a systematic review of the literature. PLoS One 2013;8(12):e80661. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0080661
4. Pearson, ACS, Subramanian A, Schroeder DR, Findlay JY. Adapting the surgical Apgar score for perioperative outcome prediction in liver transplantation: a retrospective study. Transplant Direct 2017;3(11):e221. https://doi.org/10.1097/ TXD.0000000000000739
5. Mendes KDS, Silveira, RCCP, Galvão CM. Revisão integrativa: método de pesquisa para a incorporação de evidências na saúde e na enfermagem. Texto Contexto Enferm 2008;17(4):758-64. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-07072008000400018
6. Assifi MM, Lindenmeyer J, Leiby BE, Grunwald Z, Rosato EL, Kennedy EP, et al. Surgical Apgar score predicts perioperative morbidity in patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy at a high-volume center. J Gastrointest Surg 2011;16(2):275-81. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11605-011-1733-1
7. Aoyama T, Kazama K, Murakawa M, Atsumi Y, Shiozawa M, Kobayashi S, et al. The surgical Apgar score is an independent prognostic factor in patients with pancreatic cancer undergoing pancreatoduodenectomy followed by adjuvant chemotherapy. Anticancer Res. 2016 [accessed on 25 Feb 2023];36(5):2497-503. Available at: https://ar.iiarjournals.org/ content/36/5/2497.long
8. La Torre M, Ramacciato G, Nigri G, Balducci G, Cavallini M, Rossi M, et al. Post-operative morbidity and mortality in pancreatic surgery. The role of surgical Apgar score. Pancreatology 2013;13(2):175-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. pan.2013.01.011
9. Mitsiev I, Rubio K, Ranvir VP, Yu D, Palanisamy AP, Chavin KD, et al. Combining ALT/AST values withsurgical APGAR score improves prediction of major complications after hepatectomy. J Surg Res 2021;4(4):656-70. https://doi.org/10.26502/ jsr.10020179
10. Tomimaru Y, Takada K, Shirakawa T, Noguchi K, Morita S, Imamura H, et al. Surgical Apgar score forpredicting complications after hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma. J Surg Res 2018;222:108-14.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2017.10.013
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ANNOUNCEMENT
July 18, 2022
Human Services Department encourages partners to help amplify the message about the new 988 crisis support line
Dear Partners,
The New Mexico Human Services Department (HSD) has worked to ensure New Mexicans across the state are aware that the three-digit 988 crisis support line will be available to them beginning Saturday.
The 988 crisis support line is a new, free and easy to remember helpline for emotional, mental or substance use crises. The crisis support line is for people in distress to have someone to call, someone to come and somewhere to go. New Mexico residents will be able to call, text or chat 988, the 24/7 crisis support line to connect with compassionate behavioral health professionals.
We developed the attached toolkit with several resources to assist you, partners, health providers, coalitions, educators, and non-profits throughout New Mexico, spread the word about 988 across their own platforms. We want to ensure accurate messaging is being shared about 988. The crisis support line beyond serving as a suicide line, it offers mental health support for all New Mexicans to utilize.
HSD encourages all partners to help spread the word about this new resource for New Mexico’s diverse communities. You can access all downloadable resources at [988NM.org](http://988NM.org), or in the attached PDF. Thank you in advance for sharing these valuable materials and serving New Mexicans across the state.
People who call 988 are given three options:
Choose Option 1) to connect with the veterans crisis line,
Choose Option 2) to connect with the Spanish subnetwork,
Choose Option 3) to remain on the line and be connected to a local crisis center.
The crisis support line will be connected to crisis centers equipped to respond to text messages for those who choose to text the word “TALK” to 988 instead of calling. Chat will also be available through the Lifeline’s website: [http://suicidepreventionlifeline.org/chat](http://suicidepreventionlifeline.org/chat)
Please call, text or chat 988 if you are:
1. Feeling sad, confused or angry
2. Worried about your safety or someone you know
3. Worried about alcohol or drug misuse
4. Need information or referrals for local community services
5. Just need someone to talk to
If the caller speaks a language other than Spanish or English, then the call centers use a language line to support the caller with an interpreter.
For more information visit 988nm.org,
If you have any questions, please contact Marina I Piña, HSD Communications Director, at [email protected] or Elizabeth Glantz, 988 Project Manager at [email protected]
###
Partner Toolkit
Help & Hope in New Mexico
988
24/7 Lifeline for Emotional, Mental or Substance Use Distress
To reach your communities’ audiences most effectively, we developed a toolkit with a number of resources to help partners, health providers, coalitions, educators, non-profits and others to use this campaign. You can access all downloadable resources at 988NM.org.
Hope is Coming to New Mexico
988: The 24/7 Lifeline for Emotional, Mental or Substance Misuse Support Starts July 16
Reasons to Call 988:
- Worried about your safety or someone you know;
- Having a hard time managing strong emotions;
- Feeling hopeless, confused, or angry;
- Worried about alcohol or drug use (substance use);
- Need information or referrals for local community services:
- Have something on your mind that you want to talk over with someone outside of current situation;
- Service member or veteran and their families in need.
Find information on 988 workshops on our calendar.
Access downloadable flyers, graphics, and more at 988NM.org. Support for multiple languages is available.
Call, Text, or Message 988 for Mental Wellness
Reasons to call 988:
- Need information or referrals for local community services?
- Feeling sad, confused, or angry?
- Worried about your safety or someone you know?
- Service member or veteran & their families in need.
- Worried about alcohol or drug use or abuse.
- Have something on your mind that you want to talk over.
Native American resources are available under the Resources tab.
Next 4 Pages
Flyers and Infographic for Printing
Or download here:
Download 988 NM English Flyer
Download 988 NM Spanish Flyer
Download 988 NM Infographic
Download 988 NM Spanish Infographic
Help & Hope in New Mexico
988
24/7 Lifeline for Emotional, Mental or Substance Use Distress
How it works
CALL
People who call 988 are given three options:
Press 1
to connect with the Veterans Crisis Line
Press 2
to connect with the Spanish Subnetwork
Remain on the line
to connect to a local crisis center; if local crisis center is unable to answer, the caller is routed to a national backup center
TEXT OR CHAT
People who Text “TALK” to 988 are connected to crisis centers equipped to respond to texts.
Chat is available through the Lifeline’s website https://suicidepreventionlifeline.org/chat
Visit 988NM.org for more info
Reasons to Call 988
- Worried about your safety or someone you know?
- Having a hard time managing strong emotions?
- Feeling hopeless, confused or angry?
- Worried about alcohol or drug use?
- Need help finding local community services?
How is 988 different from 911?
A behavioral health crisis needs a behavioral health response.
988 improves access for all New Mexicans who may be in emotional, mental health or substance use distress. 988 provides easier access to local network resources, which are different from 911.
988 is
Someone to Talk to
Free & Confidential
More Than A Suicide Hotline
About Breaking Down Stigma
Giving You Real Time Access
A Transformative Moment for New Mexico’s Behavioral Health Crisis Now Care System
Ayuda y Esperanza en Nuevo México
988
Ayuda 24/7 para el sufrimiento emocional, mental o por consumo de sustancias
Cómo funciona
LLAME
Las personas que llamen al 988 tienen tres opciones:
Presione 1 para conectarse con la Línea de Crisis para Veteranos (en inglés)
Presione 2 para conectarse con la red en español
Permanezca en la línea para conectarse con un centro local de crisis; si el centro local de crisis no está disponible para contestar la llamada, esta será transferida a un centro nacional de respaldo
TEXTO O CHAT
Las personas que envíen la palabra “TALK” por mensaje de texto al 988 son conectadas con un centro de crisis equipado para responder a mensajes de texto.
El chat está disponible a través de la página de internet de Lifeline en https://suicidepreventionlifeline.org/chat
Visite 988NM.org para más información
Razones para llamar al 988
- ¿Estás preocupado por tu seguridad o la de alguien que conoces?
- ¿Tienes problemas controlando emociones fuertes?
- ¿Te sientes desesperado, confundido o enojado?
- ¿Estás preocupado por tu consumo de alcohol o drogas?
- ¿Necesitas ayuda para encontrar servicios comunitarios en tu localidad?
¿Cuál es la diferencia entre el 988 y el 911?
Una crisis de salud mental necesita una respuesta de salud mental.
El 988 brinda un mejor acceso para todos los Nuevo Mexicanos que estén pasando por una crisis emocional, mental o de uso de sustancias. El 988 hace que el acceso a recursos locales sea más fácil, los cuales son diferentes a los que proporciona el 911. Tienes acceso al 988 sin importar tu estatus migratorio.
El 988 es
Alguien con quien hablar
Gratis y confidencial
Más que una línea contra el suicidio
Rompiendo estigmas
Brindar acceso en tiempo real
Un momento transformador para el sistema de atención contra las crisis de salud mental de Nuevo México
Help & Hope in New Mexico
988
24/7 Lifeline for Emotional, Mental or Substance Use Distress
3 Ways to Connect
1. CALL
CALL 988
Dial 1: veterans crisis line
stay on the line for your local crisis center
Dial 2: Spanish subnetwork
2. TEXT
“TALK”
TEXT “TALK” TO 988
3. CHAT
Connect to your local crisis center via the internet
https://suicidepreventionlifeline.org/chat
Visit 988NM.org for more info
Behavioral Health Services Division
HUMAN SERVICES DEPARTMENT
Ayuda y Esperanza en Nuevo México
988
Línea de ayuda 24/7 para el sufrimiento emocional, mental o por consumo de sustancias
3 Maneras de Conectarte
1. LAMADA
LLAMA 988
Marca 1: Línea de crisis para veteranos
quédate en la línea para conectarte a un centro local de crisis
Marca 2: Red en español
2. TEXTO
“TALK”
manda la palabra “TALK” al 988
3. CHAT
Conéctate a tu centro local de crisis por internet
https://suicidepreventionlifeline.org/chat
Visita 988NM.org para más información
Behavioral Health Services Division
HUMAN SERVICES DEPARTMENT
Wherever possible the Behavioral Health Services Division of the Human Services Department logo should be used in conjunction with the 988 logo.
Logo tagline: “Hope & Help in New Mexico” and Campaign tagline: “24/7 Lifeline for Emotional, Mental or Substance Use Distress” should also be included in all materials.
Download 988 NM Brand Guide and Logos Here
988 NM Brand Guide
Main Colors
988 Teal
C75 M0 Y50 K0
988 Yellow
C5 M9 Y90 K0
Secondary Color
988 Terra Cotta
C14 M52 Y99 K1
Fonts
Circular Book, Circular Book Italic and Circular Bold
988 NM Collateral
988 Wallet Card AND 2x2” Sticker or Magnet
for emotional or substance use crisis
CALL / TEXT / CHAT 988
988nm.org
Help & Hope in New Mexico
988
24/7 Lifeline for Emotional, Mental or Substance Use Distress
Download Wallet Card Here
Download Sticker/Magnet Here
988 NM Animations in English & Spanish
Animation One: Youth and LGBTQIA+ focused
Animation Two: Middle-aged and Substance Misuse focused
988nm YOUTUBE
988 is a new, free, 24/7 confidential lifeline that is now available if you or someone you know is experiencing mental health distress or worried about alcohol or drug use. Call, text or chat 988, to be connected to trained professionals who will compassionately listen and connect you to local resources. Hope is 3 numbers away. Learn more at 988NM dot org.
El 988 es una nueva línea telefónica de ayuda confidencial y gratuita, disponible las 24 horas del día en caso de que usted o alguien que conozca esté sufriendo problemas de salud mental o esté preocupado por su consumo de alcohol o de drogas. Llame al 988, o envíe un mensaje de texto o un chat para conectarlo con profesionales capacitados que lo escucharán y lo ayudarán con recursos locales. La esperanza está a 3 números de usted. Obtenga más información en 988NM punto org.
988 NM Collateral
988 Typical Digital Ad - Click through to 988NM.org
Download Typical Digital Ad Here
for emotional or substance use crisis
CALL / TEXT / CHAT 988
Help & Hope in New Mexico
988
24/7 Lifeline
Reasons to Call 988
- Worried about your safety or someone you know?
- Having a hard time managing strong emotions?
- Feeling hopeless, confused or angry?
- Worried about alcohol or drug use?
- Need help finding local community services?
Visit 988NM.org for more info
@988NewMexico
Download Typical Print Ad Here
for emotional or substance use crisis
CALL / TEXT / CHAT 988
988nm.org
988 NM Social Media
@988NewMexico
Facebook Instagram YouTube TikTok
Call • Text • Chat
24/7 Lifeline
Call • Text • Chat
24/7 Lifeline
Photo Frame (transparent background)
Call • Text • Chat
988
Call • Text • Chat
988
24/7 Lifeline
Free & Confidential
Call • Text • Chat
www.988NM.org
Hashtags to Adopt
#988NM #988NewMexico #CallTextChat988
Download Social Media Template Here
988 NM Social Media
@988NewMexico
Video assets exist on all platforms and are meant to be shared by partners.
HOPE IS COMING TO NEW MEXICO
Worried about alcohol or drug use (substance use)?
Download Social Media Graphic Here
During the launch of 988 we encourage partners to update their e-mail signatures
Natalie Rivera
NM Behavioral Health Planning Council Liaison
NM Human Services Department
Behavioral Health Services Division
Email: [email protected]
Cell: 505-490-3926
www.nmprevention.org
www.doseofreality.com
Do you or someone you know, need help now? Call, Text or Chat 988
988 is a new, free, 24/7 confidential lifeline that is now available if you or someone you know is experiencing mental health distress or worried about alcohol or drug use. Call, text or chat 988, to be connected to trained professionals who will compassionately listen and connect you to local resources. Hope is 3 numbers away. Learn more at 988NM.org.
Next 2 Pages
Campaign Talking Points in English for Printing
Or download here:
Download 988 NM Talking Points
See 988 NM Talking Points in Spanish Here
What is 988?
988 is a new, free and easy to remember nationwide helpline for emotional, mental or substance use crisis. It’s part of a larger initiative to build out a behavioral health infrastructure for people in distress to have someone to call, someone to come and somewhere to go, also referred to as the Crisis Now model.
988 calls, texts and chat is answered by trained, compassionate behavioral health professionals who know community mental health and substance use resources. They will listen, offer support and work together with the caller to develop a plan for safety and recovery.
988 can open the door for all New Mexicans to seek mental well-being or substance use help, while sending the message that healing, hope, and help are happening every day to respond to them, and a place to go for safe and effective diagnosis and treatment.
988 is an important first, but not final step, in reimagining New Mexico’s behavioral health crisis system to respond to anyone in need. HSD/BHSD believes New Mexicans deserve to have mental health within reach. The 988 Lifeline would be akin to an air traffic control system: a single entity smoothly helping people to a safe landing. Building the Crisis Now Continuum of Care model is about meeting people where they’re at when they need it most. This transformation will take time and requires resources from federal, state, and local levels to prepare the crisis system to better meet these needs.
988 is the result of National Suicide Designation Act of 2020. States have had two years to prepare.
When is 988 available?
988 is available now in real-time for call, text, and chat. Spanish speakers are available.
When should I call 988?
- Worried about your safety or someone you know.
- Having a hard time managing strong emotions.
- Feeling hopeless, confused or angry.
- Worried about alcohol or drug use (substance use).
- Need information or referrals for local community services.
- Have something on your mind that you want to talk over with someone outside of current situation.
- Service member or veteran and their families.
Who answers my call?
When you call, text or chat 988 a trained behavioral health professional will answer. Many have a background in mental health or social work, but all are trained. They are there to listen non-judgmentally and help you process your feelings, think through your problem or situation and explore your options or what comes next and help figure out what you want to do, if anything. Currently, calls to 988 from New Mexico area codes are automatically routed to the New Mexico Crisis and Access Line, which will be the call center hub for the new expanded crisis response network.
What happens when I call, text, or chat 988?
When calling 988, callers first hear a greeting message while their call is routed to the local network crisis center (based on the caller’s area code).
You will also be given three options. Press 1 to connect to the Veterans Crisis Line or Press 2 to connect with the Spanish network.
Trained behavioral health professional will answer the phone, listen to the caller, understand how their problem is affecting them, provide support, and share resources if needed. If the local crisis center is unable to take the call, the caller will be automatically routed to a national backup crisis center.
**Text**
People who text “TALK” to 988 are currently connected to crisis centers equipped to respond to texts. This service will expand over the next few years to increase local and state-level response. Once connected, a behavioral health professional will listen to you, work to understand how your problem is affecting you, provide support, and share resources that may be helpful.
**Chat**
**What happens when I chat via 988?**
Chat is available through the Lifeline’s website https://suicidepreventionlifeline.org/chat
People seeking chat services are provided a pre-chat survey before connecting with a counselor that identifies the main area of concern. If there is a wait to chat with a crisis counselor, a wait-time message will appear. If demand is high, individuals can access the 988 “helpful resources” while waiting or call 988. Once connected, a behavioral health professional will listen to you, work to understand how your problem is affecting you, provide support and share resources that may be helpful.
**How is 988 different from 911?**
988 will improve access for all New Mexicans who may be in emotional, mental health or substance use distress. 988 provides easier access to local network resources, which are different from 911. 988 changes the perception of what do in a mental health crisis. It is as important as having a physical emergency. It is an alternative to law enforcement as the primary intervention for mental health.
**How do 988 and 911 work together?**
The 988 and 911 systems will need to be closely coordinated to seamlessly allow referral of callers for appropriate care or response that addresses the unique circumstances present with each crisis encounter. HSD/BHSD is actively working with local 911 counterparts to plan for smooth coordination between the two services.
**If I call 988 will first responders (like the police or EMS) be automatically dispatched?**
The primary goal of 988 is to provide support for people in crisis or mental health-related or substance use distress in the moments they most need it and in a manner which is person-centered. The vast majority of those seeking help from the Lifeline do not require any additional interventions at that moment. Currently, fewer than 2% of the existing Lifeline calls involving immediate risk to someone’s life require connection to emergency services like 911. The 988 coordinated response is intended to promote stabilization and care in the least restrictive manner.
**Will 988 calls be referred to 911?**
A small percent of calls requires the 911 system when there is immediate risk to someone’s life that cannot be reduced during the 988 call. In these cases, the crisis counselor shares information with 911 that is crucial to saving the caller’s life.
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Renault Parts Catalogue
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Odbball fast cars you've (probably) forgotten all about 'The Intellectual Johnny Appleseed of the Counterculture'
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Renault Parts Catalogue
Renault parts distribution centre, Swindon, Wiltshire
GMA T.50 commences body-on testing – XP2 is go
How Many Parts In A Triumph Herald Heater?
BMW M4 now available with xDrive
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Renault Parts Catalogue
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AINSLEY KENDAL
Volkswagen Beetle – The Most Hackable Car Renault Parts CatalogueCoronavirus update: Our printing service continues to operate as usual, with framed and unframed prints available for delivery in normal timescales. We would like to reassure our customers that we are ...Renault parts distribution centre, Swindon, WiltshireThe downside is that since this 'bar is fatter than the stock, you'll have to purchase the bar-end weights from RE's accessory catalog too. This will set you back by another Rs 1,200.Top 5 Must-have Accessories For The Royal Enfield HimalayanA. what product you cover? Our product cover: voltage regulators, rectifiers and ignition modules, they can replace KIA,BOSCH, DELCO, FORD, GM,VALEO, LUCAS, HITACHI ...valeo peugeot alternator voltage regulator GW-P125,auto parts for renault volvoFrom 1968 to 1971, he published the Whole Earth Catalog, which quickly became a ... It will be more multi-leveled and fragmentary, with some parts going very well, some parts going badly, and ...'The Intellectual Johnny Appleseed of the Counterculture'By then, 147bhp from its turbocharged 1.5-litre engine wasn't much compared to fast Renault Clios ... of the millennium given its sporting back catalogue. Starting with the drab Almera was ...Odbball fast cars you've (probably) forgotten all aboutBut I loved it, tended it, and when it finally died irreparably I broke it for parts. Since then I've had four other Heralds of various different varieties, and the current one, a 1960 Herald ...How Many Parts In A Triumph Herald Heater?But as just another diesel in an ever-expanding catalogue, it feels like a joke in slightly bad taste these days.Retro review: the bonkers Audi Q7 V12 TDI (2008-2009)In fact, the median price of a home in this well-to-do village is well over double what it is in other parts of the province ... hauled from a Cadbury's catalog and stand out amidst an inky ...SUV Review: 2021 Buick EnvisionAll of the parts – both styling tweaks and performance upgrades - can be retrofitted or equipped directly onto a new model from the factory. At £1,760 the new performance pack is a pricey ...MINI reveals new John Cooper Works tuning optionsthe eclectic Karmann Ghia, and the Types 3 and 4. Parts of the Type 1 were used to build the Volkswagen 181, commonly referred to as "the Thing". Ferdinand Porsche also used design elements ...Volkswagen Beetle – The Most Hackable Car50 has a lot to live up to when it eventually does hit the road, but with a model like the McLaren F1 in the back catalogue Gordon ... the internal moving parts have been shorn of as much weight ...GMA T.50 commences body-on testing – XP2 is goCSL is one of the most evocative badges in Munich's back catalogue, standing for Coupe Sport Lightweight, and bosses wouldn't sanction its use on anything that didn't live up to that promise.BMW M4 now available with xDriveChina has landed a spacecraft on Mars for the first time in the latest advance. China says its Mars probe and accompanying rover are expected to land on the red planet sometime between Saturday ...Technology NewsIt has quite a lot of different internal parts that are dedicated to making ... quick shifter from the Triumph's accessory catalogue. Triumph features. LED lighting all around was a given ...
The downside is that since this 'bar is fatter than the stock, you'll have to purchase the bar-end weights from RE's accessory catalog too. This will set you back by another Rs 1,200.
Top 5 Must-have Accessories For The Royal Enfield H
ima la
yan
But as just another diesel in an ever-expanding catalogue, it feels like a joke in slightly bad taste these days.
Retro review: the bonkers Audi Q7 V12 TDI (2008-2009)
All of the parts – both styling tweaks and performance upgrades - can be retrofitted or equipped directly onto a new model from the factory. At £1,760 the new performance pack is a pricey ...
Related with Renault Parts Catalogue:
© Renault Parts Catalogue Ns Stock Price History
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ts
© Renault Parts Catalogue Nremt Paramedic Psychomotor Exa m Scen
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China has landed a spacecraft on Mars for the first time in the latest advance. China says its Mars probe and accompanying rover are expected to land on the red planet sometime between Saturday ...
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Coronavirus update: Our printing service continues to operate as usual, with framed and unframed prints available for delivery in normal timescales. We would like to reassure our customers that we are ...
By then, 147bhp from its turbocharged 1.5-litre engine wasn't much compared to fast Renault Clios ... of the millennium given its sporting back catalogue. Starting with the drab Almera was ...
'The Intellectual Johnny Appleseed of the Counterculture'
A. what product you cover? Our product cover: voltage regulators, rectifiers and ignition modules, they can replace KIA,BOSCH, DELCO, FORD, GM,VALEO, LUCAS, HITACHI ...
Technology News
It has quite a lot of different internal parts that are dedicated to making ... quick shifter from the Triumph's accessory catalogue. Triumph features. LED lighting all around was a given ...
valeo peugeot alternator voltage regulator GW-P125,auto parts for renault volvo
CSL is one of the most evocative badges in Munich's back catalogue, standing for Coupe Sport Lightweight, and bosses wouldn't sanction its use on anything that didn't live up to that promise.
Renault Parts Catalogue
In fact, the median price of a home in this well-to-do village is well over double what it is in other parts of the province ... hauled from a Cadbury's catalog and stand out amidst an inky ...
Renault parts distribution centre, Swindon, Wiltshire
50 has a lot to live up to when it eventually does hit the road, but with a model like the McLaren F1 in the back catalogue Gordon ... the internal moving parts have been shorn of as much weight ...
GMA T.50 commences body-on testing – XP2 is go
Renault Parts Catalogue
How Many Parts In A Triumph Herald Heater?
From 1968 to 1971, he published the Whole Earth Catalog, which quickly became a ... It will be more multi-leveled and fragmentary, with some parts going very well, some parts going badly, and ...
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the eclectic Karmann Ghia, and the Types 3 and 4. Parts of the Type 1 were used to build the Volkswagen 181, commonly referred to as "the Thing". Ferdinand Porsche also used design elements ...
MINI reveals new John Cooper Works tuning options
But I loved it, tended it, and when it finally died irreparably I broke it for parts. Since then I've had four other Heralds of various different varieties, and the current one, a 1960 Herald ...
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ASHBURN, VA CAMPUS OVERVIEW
Vantage offers unique value through our commitment to exceptional customer service. We engineer our data center solutions to meet the unique requirements of enterprises, technology companies and service providers.
Vantage Data Centers is well underway with construction on a massive 146MW campus in Northern Virginia - bringing our expertise and skill to the largest data center market in the U.S.
VANTAGE IS A LEADER IN HIGHLY SCALABLE, FLEXIBLE AND EFFICIENT DATA CENTER SOLUTIONS.
Vantage Has Big Plans in Virginia
Vantage Data Centers is bringing our expertise, operational excellence and a planned $1 billion 146MW campus to the largest data center market on the planet, Northern Virginia. We are committed to large-scale development to support our customers’ needs now and into the future.
Campus Overview
Vantage’s brand-new 42-acre Ashburn campus includes modern data center designs, class-A amenities and a superior in-house operations team dedicated to supporting you every step of the way. Vantage Ashburn is located less than two miles from MAE-east, the densest interconnection point on the east coast.
The first facility will include 30MW of IT capacity with 14MW now online.
CAMPUS DETAILS
- 5 planned buildings on 42 acres
- 720,000 sq.ft of planned data center space
- Two-story data centers maximizing space and efficiency
- N+1 electrical and mechanical redundancy at a minimum
- Building 1 is 30MW
- Building 2 is 36MW
- Buildings 3-4 are 32MW each
- Building 5 is 16MW
- 200W/sq.ft. average densities across campus with the capability to support high-density applications
- Sustainable features include solar and wind energy sources onsite, the first of its kind in Northern Virginia, as well as EV charging stations and an industry-leading water usage effectiveness (WUE)
- Lower TCO through tax incentives
An Efficient and Reliable Technology Plan
Mechanical Overview
Vantage’s Ashburn Campus uses a highly efficient closed-loop chilled water system generated through air-cooled chillers located on the roof. The cooling system also includes an integral economizer capability that allows reduced compressor energy based on outside ambient temperature. Each data module has its own Computer Room Air Handling (CRAH) units located in two galleries on opposite sides of the module.
Concurrent Maintainability
We designed the chilled water system to include multiple redundant chillers, pumps and CRAHs. Concurrent maintainability extends all the way from system components like chillers and CRAHs to isolation valves and independent sections of piping. Isolation valves allow us to service any piece of equipment without impacting the overall cooling capacity of the system.
Critical Mechanical System Redundancy
- Chillers – N+2
- CRAH Units – N+2 per data module
Electrical Overview
Vantage’s Ashburn Campus will be able to support 142MW of IT load. Our standard electrical block is 60MW of critical IT load. The systems deployed are some of the most efficient UPSs and transformers available on the market while still utilizing double conversion at the UPS. LED lighting further provides energy savings.
Concurrent Maintainability
Every capacity component and element in the distribution paths can be removed from service on a planned basis without de-energizing any of the computer equipment or the required mechanical equipment.
Critical Electrical System Redundancy
- IT UPS – N+1 distributed redundant for critical IT Loads
- House UPS – N+1 System Block for House and MMR Loads
- PDU – 2N to enable critical load to be dual corded
A Multi-Layered Security Approach
Vantage uses a multi-layered approach to security so our customers and facilities are secure 24x7. Our standard security systems include:
- On-site Security Operations Center with patrols 24x7x365
- Perimeter security gates and fencing
- CCTV on all access control and fire doors
- PTZ and fixed Axis cameras with 90-day video archiving
- Visitor Management System with controlled and monitored access points and stringent access control policy
- Physical access badges required via Lenel access control system and LNVRs
- RK40 card/pin readers
- Dual authentication (access badge/PIN and biometric readers) for customer and critical infrastructure areas
- The external campus perimeter, building perimeter, and plant are all monitored 24x7x365
Vast Connectivity Options
There is no other place like NOVA (Northern Virginia) on earth, at least when it comes to data centers, cloud providers and the infrastructure that supports them. Vantage is well positioned with its new campus to tap into the fiber network to provide its customers multiple options in managing their network with the new Vantage Ashburn campus.
- There are more than 20 fiber-based service providers operating within 2 miles of the Vantage campus
- Most of the infrastructure in the area utilizes underground deployment topologies
- Vantage will operate multiple MMRs throughout the campus, allowing for diverse paths and multiple connectivity options
- There will be four points of entry (POEs) for the campus ensuring maximum path diversity for inbound carriers
- All major carriers will be available within the Vantage campus, with our carrier neutrality allowing for others to be added as needed
- Diverse conduit pathways into the campus from Pacific Blvd. and Waxpool Rd.
We Don’t Outsource Operations and Support
Our Operations Team has developed the best procedures and plans in the business. Plus, our team is built in-house, not outsourced, so you’re guaranteed to have knowledgeable, fast service on campus at all times. We pride ourselves on being easy to work with, communicative every step of the way and ceaselessly responsive to customer needs. We treat you like the data center co-creator you are. You’ll work together with an operations team dedicated to you at our campus. You stay in control of your infrastructure while we provide on-premises support so you can focus on your business. Let us worry about the data center while you concentrate on your job.
We’re Obsessive About Transparency
With quarterly client reviews and tools like the customer portal, we give you all the data and insights relevant to your space, and we’ll work with you to resolve issues.
We Give Expert Guidance 24x7
From architecture and engineering to design, security and maintenance, our industry-leading team of operational experts will work with you day or night.
We Keep Raising the Bar
Continuous improvement is our ethos. We always look for ways to enhance data center performance and increase efficiency.
A Data Center You Love to Be In
One reason Vantage is a leader in the data center space is our commitment to providing a superior environment for our customers. We know that our customers spend a lot of time in the data center, and having space to work, relax and recharge is essential. Vantage Ashburn includes offices and conference rooms to keep teams working efficiently, as well as extensive break room facilities to relax and unwind.
Vantage Ashburn is close to local amenities as well, including:
• Proximity to the airport (Less than 10 minutes from IAD)
• 30 minutes to Washington, DC
• Reston Town Center
• One Loudoun (shops and restaurants)
• Several hotels
Want to see how Vantage can help you customize and support your Ashburn data center space? Contact us today.
www.vantage-dc.com
[email protected]
+1.855.878.2682
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Implement the planned actions for improvement and meet regularly to monitor your impact by answering the question ‘Are we making progress towards our improvement goals?’ Adjust your actions as required to maximize the impact on student learning.
Enter in the tables below the dates of your monitoring meetings, your assessment of progress towards implementing the actions for improvement, evidence of impact on student learning against success criteria, and next steps. The Quality School Improvement Planning Handbook explains how to do this.
### Goal 1 Increase R-2 student achievement in Reading
| Meeting date | Implementation (are we doing what we said we would do?) | Impact (are we improving student learning?) | Next steps |
|--------------|--------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------|-----------|
| Enter meeting date | Enter your overall assessment of progress towards implementing actions for improvement. Green is ‘on track’, orange is ‘needs attention’ and red is ‘not on track’. | Enter the evidence of impact of your actions on student learning against success criteria. | Enter your next steps. |
| Term 1 | ● Staff PD
- InitialLit decodables/THRASS alignment roll out
- LP teachers visit school in Adelaide using decodables
● Parent information session held
● Consistency in RR – Rec (decodables, not RR)
yr 1-2 RR – develop consistency
At least termly review of student progress (data wall update every 5 weeks), | InitiaLit – implemented in R/1, 1/2 classes, teachers visited Blakeview PS re decodables
Teachers building confidence, reporting that students were enjoying the new readers.
Clear visible progressions established for students so they know what they are learning at each stage and where to next. | Extend InitiaLit into yr 2/3. InitiaLit F/1/2 PD booked for 5-7 staff in wk 1 term 1, 2020 in Adelaide (inc. SSOs)
Deputy Principal (literacy) supporting InitialLit extension.
Review RR and alignment to Decodables. Will we go to RR? Use only REC decodable benchmark, level 3 |
| Term 2 | ● Data: Wks 3 & 4: Traffic Light data against SIP goals/targets analysed at Impact Team mtgs | Students below and at high challenge identified, specific strategies implemented Waves 1-3. Monitor individual and class level through Scorelink, PDP meetings. Progress evident | Intensive support for students with specific gaps – more reading, more intensive THRASS |
| Term 3 | Wk 1: Surveyed teachers on the impact of Impact Teams
Teachers provide Traffic Light data against SIP goals and evaluate against SIP SC. | Yes, teachers value time to plan, analyse, share good practice | Reconsider structure and focus of ITs to maximize opportunities to strengthen Reading pedagogy.
New staff – THRASS PD early 2020? TBA
DP will work with yr 1-2 teachers on InitialLit F/1/2
Specific data for Traffic Light – Rec decodable level, THRASS letter and names. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 8-9/8 (Student Free Day) | THRASS PD – all staff
Wk 5, 7: SIP focus, Traffic Light data against SIP goals/targets
Monitor progress through Scorelink data | Immediate impact in classrooms re THRASS strategies, more targeted, allocated time. Students becoming more proficient in phonemes, graphemes, GCA and applying to writing, linked to InitialLit. Can verbalise aspects of the chart and strategies. | Explicit THRASS in Spelling, applied cross curricular
Shared THRASS strategies |
| | MultiLit, Minilit SSO support, 1: 1, small groups
Oral Narrative groups (Speech Pathologist and SSOs) | Progress evident in data and anecdotal, observations of high impact. | 2020 – no MultiLit. 2x0.2 inclusion teachers support identified students, working with class teacher
Continue Oral Narrative |
| Term 4 | Discussion of R-2 PDP Reading goals/evidence of progress
Monitor progress also through Scorelink data | Decodable levels – **67% at level 3 or above (at Rec level 3)**
19% (EALD, NEP, learning needs)
2019 target achieved. | Literacy Guarantee Coach to assist implementation and evaluation of pedagogy/resources. Identify students for extra support, ensure infrastructure to provide that ie 0.2 Inclusion teacher |
| Meeting date | Implementation (are we doing what we said we would do?) | Impact (are we improving student learning?) | Next steps |
|--------------|--------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------|-----------|
| As per term 1 PD schedule | ![Orange circle] | | |
| 5/2/19 | ● Reciprocal Reading staff PD as a comprehension strategy yr 3-7. Introductory and invitation to trial. Teachers who trialled, shared their successes and implementation in classroom. | Very successful in majority classes. Several classes were not as successful due to time applied to difficulty with particular cohorts so an alternative was used more successfully. Strengthened pedagogy during the year More independent and focused students using comprehension strategies language. | 2020: Literacy Guarantee Coach to support implementation of consistent high yield comprehension cross curricular. Explicit comprehension strategies cross curricular, in planning documents Determine suitable termly formative assessment tool/s |
| 2/4/19 | | | |
| 16/5 | ● Staff meeting – Traffic Light data for Reading, Comprehension (Goals) | Greater pedagogical focus on comprehension based on traffic light data. Identified groups received extra support (to raise achievement and high challenge). Staff discussions re comprehension strategies across the curriculum, multimodal texts. | |
| Term 3 | ● Surveyed teachers on the impact of Impact Teams where SIP work | Reconsider the structure and focus of ITs. | |
| Term 4 | ● Evaluation and discussion re 2020. | 2018: 37% year 5s achieved SEA Reading (NAPLAN) 2019: 73.5% year 5s achieved SEA Reading (NAPLAN) | Maintain focus and close monitoring of students below SEA and High Bands for specific strategies. |
| Goal 3 Decrease % year 3-5 students in low progress and increase % students in high progress in NAPLaN numeracy |
|---|
| **Meeting date** | **Implementation (are we doing what we said we would do?)** | **Impact (are we improving student learning?)** | **Next steps** |
| Term 1 26/3 & 28/3 Staff PD sessions | ● Maths – Visible Learning
● Data analysis (PAT, NAPLAN) to identify the achievement levels and gaps for students and apply targeted intervention.
● Too Smart intervention for yr 2-3 students, trained teacher and SSO x3 week | New information and sharing practice, introducing new pedagogy esp around problem solving. Has had an increasingly positive impact on pedagogy and students becoming more aware of their next steps, ie LI and SC clear. | 2020 - more focused reflection and review of Maths planning esp around LI, SC and knowing where students are and their next steps
- Ongoing Maths PD re Number (BIN) and Problem solving, esp task design and formative assessment; scheduled into termly PD planners
- In class: build on problem solving and levels of challenge
- TooSmart, 2 x 0.2 Inclusion teachers
- Band B1 0.4 coordinator in Teaching and Learning for Assessment Capable Learners (pedagogy); observations, challenge, feedback, support planning (given time). Intentional Impact Team realignment to Maths task design.
- LDAM and working with SLLIP
- Connect BIN, Secret Code and Number/Algebra AC together as a focus in term 1. |
| Term 2 | ● Traffic Light data against Number and Problem solving | | |
| Term 3 | ● Impact Coach - Maths Student Survey results – focus on student voice in reflecting and reviewing progress and mindset.
● Traffic Light data against Number and Problem solving | Shows that students are self-assessing themselves as successful learners, what, why, confidence, teacher’s role. More student voice.
Teacher feedback – focus areas in that will develop student understanding of Maths (see teacher survey data) | |
| Orbis R-3 Numeracy each term | ● R/1 and 2/3 teacher. | Sharing new learning and ideas at staff meeting. Teachers implemented to varying degrees new strategies | |
| Date | Event | Description |
|------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Term 1 | BIN PD | Teachers from various year levels attended every session, and shared at staff meetings. Clarity around individual student achievement, identify gaps and high challenge students. Expectation – that teachers can articulate and demonstrate they are differentiating for improvement. |
| | PD- Staff attended TthC, PV, MTh, and Partitioning. Shared at staff meeting | |
| | SIP staff meeting, traffic light Numeracy. Identifying students and strategies | |
| Term 3 | Surveyed teachers on the impact of Impact Teams re SIP work | Reconsider the structure and focus of ITs. Supports task design and consistent A-E grading |
| | LDAM Moderation, across partnership | |
| Term 4 | Maths/Visible Learning PD | |
Review the impact and effectiveness of your actions for improvement and answer the questions, ‘Have we met our improvement goals? What have we learned? What are our next steps?’
Summarize your responses to these questions in the table below. The Quality School Improvement Planning Handbook explains how to do this.
| Year | Comments |
|------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| 2019 | Enter summary of your responses to the key questions here.
We have met Goal 1 target based on decodables (not RR), very close to our target for Goal 2 and not yet met targets for Goal 3. We have learned that identifying the specific support/challenge required for students is key, that direct support (feedback, observations, collaboration) to implement high yield consistent and explicit pedagogy in every class is essential, that targeted PDP goals and strategies are embedded into the work of every educator. Also, focus deeply and not spread ourselves too thinly. |
| 2020 | Enter summary of your responses to the key questions here. |
| 2021 | Enter summary of your responses to the key questions here. |
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The purpose of this 2 + 2 agreement is to provide Garden City Community College students the opportunity to transfer coursework from Garden City Community College (Garden City CC) to Wichita State University (WSU) in pursuit of a baccalaureate degree, with a major in Early Childhood Unified and Elementary Education, Birth-6th grade (online- TAP Program) OR Elementary Education, K-6th grade (face-to-face main campus program).
The 2 + 2 articulation agreement identifies requirements, options, equivalencies, and parameters, which will benefit many students for years to come. This document also includes a program of study with a list of equivalent Garden City CC and WSU courses by term for the first two years at Garden City CC; and a list of WSU courses to complete upon transfer to the four-year institution.
**Teacher Apprentice Program (Online Program):**
The agreement is for Garden City CC students who have:
- Earned an Associates of Arts (A.A.) or Associates of Science (A.S.) degree
- Achieved a minimum cumulative GPA of 2.0
- Employed as a para educator at the ECU-6th grade level with instructional responsibilities within an interrelated or regular education classroom at a building accredited by KSDE (Kansas State Department of Education) or licensed by KDHE (Kansas Department of Health & Environment) or a similar setting
- Applied for admission to WSU as a transfer student or adult learner
- Completed program admission requirements ([www.wichita.edu/tap](http://www.wichita.edu/tap)) to the Teacher Apprentice Program
Students considered an adult learner or transfer student based on WSU admission requirements have the option to be dual enrolled in the TAP Program within teacher education courses and completing their general education course requirements at Garden City CC in pursuit of their A.A. or A.S. degree following the TAP degree plan outlined at this link. [www.wichita.edu/tap](http://www.wichita.edu/tap).
Garden City Community College students meeting the above requirements for the TAP program will:
- Be guaranteed admission to WSU with completion of application requirements and receipt of transcripts
- Enter with junior status towards a baccalaureate degree
- Meet WSU General Education Policy or KBOR policy
- Be guaranteed to transfer credits (100 level and higher) up to but not exceeding 60 credits with an earned grade of C- or better for general education foundation coursework, D- or higher for the other general education coursework, and B- or higher for specific teacher education coursework as designated on the program of study
**OR**
**Elementary Education, K-6th grade (On Campus Program):**
The agreement is for Garden City CC students who have:
- Earned an Associates of Arts (A.A.) or Associates of Science (A.S.) degree
- Achieved a minimum cumulative GPA of 2.5
- Applied for admission to WSU
Garden City CC students meeting the admission requirements for the on-campus program will:
- Be guaranteed admission to WSU with completion of application requirements and receipt of transcripts
- Enter with junior status towards a baccalaureate degree
- Meet WSU General Education Policy or KBOR policy
- Be guaranteed to transfer credits (100 level and higher) up to but not exceeding 60 credits with an earned grade of C- or better for general education foundation coursework, D- or higher for the other general education coursework, and B- or higher for specific teacher education coursework as designated on the program of study
- Earn 131 credit hours if they choose to complete the on-campus Elementary Education, K-6th degree program. The Elementary Education, K-6th degree program at WSU requires a minimum of 120 credit hours, but because of degree requirements at both institutions this agreement will result in 131 credit hours earned
**Scholarship/Financial Aid:** Students can inquire about academic and participation scholarships, financial aid, and grants by contacting the WSU Financial Aid office (316) 978-3430 or Garden City CC’s Financial Aid Office (620) 276-9650 or [email protected]. Students may also visit
the College of Applied Studies Scholarship page for information on scholarships specific to the college and teacher education, www.wichita.edu/casscholarship.
**Admission to WSU:** To apply for admission, students may contact the WSU Admission office by calling: (316) 978-3085. Information and applications are located online at https://www.wichita.edu/admissions/index.php.
Students transferring to WSU from Garden City Community College who have completed an A.A. or A.S. must meet the necessary requirements for admission to WSU, and will have their transcript evaluated on an individual basis.
**Graduation Requirements:** For graduation from WSU Teacher Apprentice Program with an Early Childhood Unified/Elementary Education degree **OR** the on-campus Elementary Education, K-6 program, students will need to fulfill transfer coursework from Garden City Community College along with all WSU general education requirements, degree requirements, and must meet all requirements for graduation as outlined by WSU.
All students, including those transferring from a two-year college, must complete at least 60 hours of four-year college work including 45 hours of upper-division work in order to qualify for graduation from Wichita State.
This agreement is subject to revision or cancellation by either WSU or Garden City Community College if necessary.
Wichita State University
Signature
Richard D. Muma, PhD, MPH
Printed Name
Provost
Title
6-17-19
Date
Garden City Community College
Signature
Ryan J. Ruda, Ed.D.
Printed Name
President
Title
6-17-19
Date
Signature
Shirley Lefever
Printed Name
Dean, College of Applied Studies
Title
6-17-19
Date
Program of Study
Garden City Community College
Coursework Completed @ Garden City Community College – 60 total credit hours
| Year 1 Summer – June Session – 7 credit hours |
|-----------------------------------------------|
| **Wichita State University Requirement** | **Garden City Community College Equivalent** | **Hours** |
| WSU Elective | PCDE 101 College Success | 1 |
| MUSC 160 What to Listen for in Music (A1, KSTC) | MUSC 108 Music History & Appreciation | 3 |
| POLS 121 American Politics (B2, KSTC) | POLS 105 American Government | 3 |
| Year 1 Summer – July Session – 6 credit hours |
|-----------------------------------------------|
| **Wichita State University Requirement** | **Garden City Community College Equivalent** | **Hours** |
| HIST 132 US Since 1865 (A2, KSTC) | HIST 104 American History Since 1865 | 3 |
| COMM 111 Public Speaking (A, BASC,KSTC) | SPCH 111 Public Speaking | 3 |
| Year 1 Summer – June and July Session – 3 credit hours |
|--------------------------------------------------------|
| **Wichita State University Requirement** | **Garden City Community College Equivalent** | **Hours** |
| PC 105 Intro Computers and App (3) (C2, KSTC, LAB) or BADM 161 Business Software: Word (1) B, and BADM 162 Business Software: Excel (1) B, and BADM 163 Business Software: Access and PowerPoint (1) B | CSCI 110 Intro Computer Concepts & Apps | 3 |
| Year 1 Fall semester – 12 credit hours |
|----------------------------------------|
| **Wichita State University Requirement** | **Garden City Community College Equivalent** | **Hours** |
| ENGL 101 College English I (A, BASC, KSTC) | ENGL 101 English I | 3 |
| MATH 111 College Algebra (BASC, C, KSTC) | MATH 108 College Algebra | 3 |
| PSY 111 General Psychology (B2, KSTC) | PSYC 101 General Psychology | 3 |
| ANTH 102 Cultural Anthropology (B2, KSTC) | SOCI 105 Intro to Cultural Anthropology | 3 |
| Year 1 Winter Session - 3 credit hours |
|---------------------------------------|
| **Wichita State University Requirement** | **Garden City Community College Equivalent** | **Hours** |
| ARTH 103 Art Appreciation (A1, KSTC) | ARTS 120 Art Appreciation | 3 |
| Year 1 Spring Semester – 14 credit hours |
|------------------------------------------|
| **Wichita State University Requirement** | **Garden City Community College Equivalent** | **Hours** |
| ENGL 102 College English II (A, BASC, KSTC) | ENGL 102 English II | 3 |
| PHYS 2000 WSU General Education – Natural Sconce (C2, Lab) | PHSC 105 General Physical Science | 5 |
| CI 270 Introduction to the Education Profession (B, KSTC) | EDUC 105 Foundations of Education | 3 |
| SOC 111 - Introduction to Sociology (B2, KSTC) | SOCI 102 Introduction to Sociology | 3 |
| Year 2 Summer Semester – 10 credit hours |
|------------------------------------------|
| **Wichita State University Requirement** | **Garden City Community College Equivalent** | **Hours** |
| ENGL 230 - Exploring Literature (A2, KSTC) | LITR 210 Introduction to Literature | 3 |
| BIOL 210 - General Biology I OR BIOL 106 Human Organism (4) and BIOL 107 Human Organism Lab (1) (C2, KSTC, LAB) | BIOL 105 Principles of Biology | 5 |
| HPS 425 Methods PE & Health | EDUC 203 Health/Movement Methods/Elementary Class | 2 |
| Year 2 Winter Semester – 5 credit hours |
|-----------------------------------------|
| **Wichita State University Requirement** | **Garden City Community College Equivalent** | **Hours** |
| PSY 325 - Developmental Psychology (B4, KSTC) or CESP 334 Intro Diversity Hum Growth and Development (B4) | EDUC 110 Developmental Psychology | 3 |
| HPS 124 - Health/Wellness Concept (B) | HPER 121 Lifetime Fitness | 1-2 |
> 60 total credit hours completed at Garden City CC transfer as general education courses
> Teacher Apprentice Program does not require specific general education courses as long as it fulfills the requirements for the WSU Policy or the KBOR Policy
# Program of Study
**Wichita State, Teacher Apprentice Program (TAP Program)**
Birth-6th grade teacher preparation program (Early Childhood Unified & Elementary Education)
Coursework Completed @ Wichita State, Online
| Academic Year 1, Fall - 14 credit hours | |
|-----------------------------------------|--|
| CI 314 Principles of Effective Mentoring (Pre-session – 1st 2 weeks of semester)¹ | 1 |
| CI 326 Engaging & Motivating the Learner (1st 8 weeks)¹ | 3 |
| CESP 433 Learning, Assessment, & Evaluation Theory (1st 8 weeks)¹ | 3 |
| CI 317 Content Literacy(2nd 8 weeks)¹ | 2 |
| CI 415 Differentiated Instruction for Diverse Learners (2nd 8 weeks)¹ | 3 |
| CI 605 Internship I (16 weeks)¹ | 2 |
| Academic Year 1, Spring -- 13 credit hours | |
|-------------------------------------------|--|
| CI 313 Reading & Writing Exceptionalities (1st 8 weeks)¹ | 2 |
| CI 402E Instructional Strategies, Assessment, & Management (ISAM) Elementary Teaching Early Literacy (1st 8 weeks)¹ | 3 |
| CI 796 Family Collaboration/Teaming (2nd 8 weeks)¹ | 3 |
| CI 604 ECU: Assessment & Methods (2nd 8 weeks)¹ | 3 |
| CI 606 Internship II (16 weeks)¹ | 2 |
| Academic Year 1, Summer - 4 credit hours | |
|------------------------------------------|--|
| CI 345 Integrating Learning through the Arts (June, 1st 4 weeks of Summer session) | 2 |
| CI 320 Introduction to Diversity: Exceptionalities (July, 2nd 4 weeks of Summer session) | 2 |
| Academic Year 2, Fall - 13 credit hours | |
|----------------------------------------|--|
| CI 414 ISAM: Elementary Social Studies (1st 8 weeks)¹ | 3 |
| CI 402I ISAM: Intermediate Literacy (1st 8 weeks)¹ | 2 |
| CI 504 Special Ed Law (2nd 8 weeks)¹ | 3 |
| CI 402M ISAM: Elementary Mathematics (2nd 8 weeks)¹ | 3 |
| CI 607 Internship III (16 weeks)¹ | 2 |
| Academic Year 2, Spring - 12 credit hours | |
|------------------------------------------|--|
| CI 324 Linguistics for Elementary Teachers (1st 8 weeks)¹ | 3 |
| CI 323 Technology Seminar in Elementary Education (1st 8 weeks)¹ | 1 |
| CI 502 Math for Exceptionalities (2nd 8 weeks)¹ | 3 |
| CI 427 Philosophy, History, & Ethics of Education¹ | 3 |
| CI 608 Internship 4 with Kansas Performance Teaching Portfolio (KPTP) (16 weeks)¹ | 2 |
| Academic Year 2, Summer - 4 credit hours | |
|-----------------------------------------|--|
| CI 458 Inquiry Based Learning (Science Methods) (full 8 week course)¹ | 2 |
| CI 416 Classroom Management, Pedagogy (2nd 4 weeks)¹ | 2 |
¹ Required grade of B- or higher
120 total credit hours for degree
60 credit hours transferred from Garden City Community College
60 hours from Wichita State University
This plan of study is for students who choose to transfer and complete the Elementary Education, K-6 teacher preparation program offered on the main Wichita State Campus after completing the Garden City Community College program of study on page 6.
**Program of Study**
**Wichita State, Elementary Education**
K-6th grade
**Coursework Completed @ Wichita State, On-campus**
| Junior – 1st Semester - 17 credit hours | |
|----------------------------------------|---|
| Math 501 Elementary Mathematics (C or better) | 5 |
| CI 520 Physical Science in the Elementary Classroom | 4 |
| CI 317 Literacy Strategies in the Content Areas¹ | 2 |
| GEOL 125 Principles of Human Geography or GEOG 210 Introduction to World Geography | 3 |
| BIOL 370 Introductory Environmental Science or GEOL 300 Energy, Resources, and Environment | 3 |
| Junior – 2nd Semester - 13 credit hours | |
|----------------------------------------|---|
| CI 311 Introduction to Diversity: Field Experience¹ | 1 |
| CI 320 Introduction to Diversity: Exceptionalities | 2 |
| CI 321 Introduction to Diversity: Cultural Issues¹ | 2 |
| CI 323 Technology Seminar in Elementary Education | 1 |
| CI 416 Classroom Management¹ | 2 |
| CI 519 Mathematical Investigation (Must be taken after Math 501 and before Core IIB, 2.0 or better required) | 3 |
| CI 345 Integrating Learning through the Arts | 2 |
| Junior – 3rd Semester – 14 credit hours | |
|----------------------------------------|---|
| **Core IIa Method Courses & Field Experience** | |
| CESP 433 Learning, Assessment and Evaluation Theory¹ | 3 |
| CI 402E Instructional Strategies, Assessment, & Management (ISAM) Elementary Teaching Early Literacy¹ | 3 |
| CI 402J ISAM: Elementary Social Studies¹ | 3 |
| CI 411A Pre-teaching Internship: Elementary Core IIa¹ | 2 |
| CI 324 Linguistics for the Elementary Teacher¹ | 3 |
| Senior – 1st Semester – 14 credit hours | |
|----------------------------------------|---|
| **Core IIb Method Courses & Field Experience** | |
| CI 402I ISAM: Teaching Intermediate Literacy (3-6)¹ | 2 |
| CI 402M ISAM: Elementary Mathematics¹ | 3 |
| CI 402S ISAM: Elementary Science¹ | 4 |
| CI 411B Pre-teaching Internship: Elementary Core IIB¹ | 2 |
| CI 427 Philosophy, History and Ethics of Education¹ | 3 |
| Senior – 2nd Semester – 13 credit hours | |
|----------------------------------------|---|
| **Core III: Teaching Internship** | |
| CI 446 Elementary Teaching Internship and Classroom Management Seminar¹ | 2 |
| CI 447 Elementary Teaching Internship (student teaching)¹ | 11 |
¹Required grade of B- or higher
131 total credit hours for degree
60 credit hours completed/transferred from Garden City Community College
71 hours completed at Wichita State University
Note: The Elementary Education, K-6th degree requires a minimum of 120 credit hours; because of degree requirements at both institutions this agreement will result in 131 credit hours earned.
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Language training
Press release
The language training group Monceau Langues taken over by teaching specialists
Language training
acquired a majority stake in
COUNCIL OF SELLERS
About Monceau Langues
[x] Founded in 2004, Monceau Langues group is a leading player in high-end professional foreign language training.
[x] Since 2013, the Group has been co-directed by Marine LECLERCQ and Katherine ORTMAN.
[x] Monceau Langues offers different types of tailor-made training courses :
- Individual or collective classical language courses (about 15 different languages),
- Specific language courses, specific to a given professional world,
- Workshops and seminars on a specific company theme, intensive immersion stays abroad.
[x] The Group meets the growing requirements of its clients by being certified OPQF, Dadatock, Ecovadis and Qualiopi.
[x] Monceau Langues has developed a diversified portfolio of 150 prestigious active clients (luxury, cosmetics, fashion, media, sport, etc.).
About Monceau Education Group
[x] The Monceau Education Group is represented by a group of individuals specialised in education and training led by Grégoire ORFANOS.
[x] Passionate about the education sector, teachers for many years in higher education institutions, and owners and founders of fast-growing companies specialising in education, they share a real industrial vision and a huge interest in education and training.
www.societex.fr
Language training
Press release
The project
[x] Now the buyers wish to capitalise on their respective experiences and combine their know-how to develop the activity of Monceau Langues and make it the bridgehead of a "build-up" in the professional language training sector.
[x] Their approach is entrepreneurial, long-term, aiming to capitalize on the success and the Monceau Langues brand to develop the company.
Societex Approach
Societex was exclusively commissioned by the shareholders of Monceau Langues to assist them in identifying buyers, negotiating and setting up the transaction.
Societex Team
Benoit CAUCHARD Partner [email protected]
Clément MATELOT Associate [email protected]
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STATE BOARD OF EQUALIZATION
November 4, 1964
H--- and S--Certified Public Accountants XXX --- Street --- ---, California XXXXX
- - XXXXXX
K--- S--- and E--- Co.
Gentlemen:
Last July 22, 1964, you requested us to render an opinion in connection with sales tax on certain charges which you described as in the nature of development and design of an invention, namely, an automatic packaging line.
We first express our regret for not earlier acknowledging your request but find upon reviewing the file of K--- S--- & E--- Company that an audit is in progress by our San Francisco district office. This audit has evidently not been completed as we have not received a report of the results of the audit in this office up to the present time. We shall not, however, delay longer in answering your letter, but our answer will be subject to any findings of the audit that might be contrary to the factual basis upon which our views in this letter are expressed.
K--- S--- & E--- Company holds seller's permit number - - XXXXXX and is engaged in business as a seller of tangible personal property. Upon the basis of your statement that the receipts in question are for design and engineering services in connection with the development and improvement of an invention, there being no actual end product of a tangible nature called for by the contract, we will express the opinion that these receipts do not constitute receipts from sales of tangible personal property and, therefore, would not be subject to the tax. This conclusion appears consistent with Article 7 of the Agreement as quoted in your letter.
We note, however, your statement that not only has not California sales tax been billed or collected on any of K---'s charges, but also, "nor has any tax been paid by K--- to the Sales Tax Division." You state, however, that "Outside purchases of the items subject to sales tax have been made under 'resale certificates'." We assume from this that no tax reimbursement was paid to the outside vendors. If this is the case, tax is clearly due from K--- with respect to these outside purchases of taxable items made under resale certificates.
- - XXXXXX
We have been unable to locate the Sales Tax Counsel rulings cited by you on page 4 of your letter because you mention only the dates, and not the paragraph numbers of the services in which you found these rulings. We have, generally, ruled, however, and these Sales Tax Counsel rulings are probably in line with such a ruling, that the rendition of engineering and design services where no tangible product is required to be delivered, represent charges for services only and not sales of tangible personal property. The basic test is whether at the time of commencing the work required there is an obligation to deliver an end product. If so, the receipts are taxable, unless the sale of the end product is for some other reason exempt.
On the other hand, if the contract for design, engineering, etc., precedes any contract for the delivery of an end product, the amounts received prior to the contract for the end product are receipts from services but the party rendering the services is the consumer of all of the tangible personal property which he uses in the rendition of such services. Thus, the tax applies to the sale of such property to him.
When the audit of K--- S--- & E--- Company is received from the district office, we will review it in the light of the problem as set out in your letter.
Very truly yours,
E. H. Stetson Tax Counsel
EHS:fb
cc:
San Francisco – District Administrator
|
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|
CC-MAIN-2021-21
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https://www.cdtfa.ca.gov/lawguides/annotations/515-0480.pdf
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2021-05-07T01:14:46+00:00
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s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/crawl=CC-MAIN-2021-21/subset=warc/part-00226-2bb1ba05-1421-4b90-a3f4-bbc46b4a29a5.c000.gz.parquet
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Congratulations to Pinckneyville Community Hospital for your outstanding achievement in Breakthrough Awards at the 23rd Annual HealthCare Service Excellence Conference, presented on November 15th, 2023 in Orlando, Florida.
Brian Lee CSP HoF, Founder
HCSEC
HealthCare Service Excellence Conference
## PATIENT EXPERIENCE
| ACHIEVEMENT | 2023 | NATIONAL TOP BOX |
|-------------|------|-----------------|
| HCAHPS | EMERALD | Recommend the Hospital | 70.51% (69.31%) |
| | RUBY | Communication with Doctors | 85.09% (79.27%) |
| | RUBY | Hospital Environment - Quiet | 65.79% (59.44%) |
| | RUBY | Discharge Information | 91.45% (86.37%) |
| | DIAMOND | Communication with Nurses | 89.03% (78.93%) |
| | DIAMOND | Response of Hospital Staff | 83.86% (63.61%) |
| | DIAMOND | Communication about Medicines | 72.35% (60.27%) |
| | DIAMOND | Hospital Environment - Clean | 89.74% (72.13%) |
| | DIAMOND | Rate Hospital (9-10) | 81.01% (70.24%) |
| ED CAHPS | EMERALD | During Emergency Room Visit | 86.23% (85.76%) |
| | EMERALD | Overall Experience | 71.28% (68.74%) |
| CG CAHPS | EMERALD | How Well Providers Communicate with Patients | 86.64% (84.88%) |
| | EMERALD | Helpful, Courteous, and Respectful Office Staff | 89.49% (85.51%) |
| | EMERALD | Patient Rating of the Provider | 91.99% (88.57%) |
| | RUBY | Getting Timely Appts, Care & Info | 87.41% (81.67%) |
| OAS CAHPS | EMERALD | Before Your Procedure | 96.98% (94.14%) |
| | EMERALD | About the Facility and Staff | 98.66% (97.39%) |
| | EMERALD | Communications about Your Procedure | 94.33% (93.22%) |
| | RUBY | Your Recovery | 88.52% (83.29%) |
| | RUBY | Your Overall Experience | 89.95% (83.07%) |
## Breakthrough Awards Summary
### Patient Experience
| Category | Level | Metric | 2023 | 2022 |
|-------------------|--------|---------------------------------------------|--------|------------|
| **Improvement** | | | | |
| HCAHPS | BRONZE | Communication about Medicines | 72.35% | (64.90%) |
| | BRONZE | Hospital Environment - Clean | 89.74% | (84.29%) |
| | SILVER | Rate Hospital (9-10) | 81.01% | (69.57%) |
| ED CAHPS | BRONZE | Overall Experience | 71.28% | (65.71%) |
| CG CAHPS | BRONZE | Getting Timely Appts, Care & Info | 87.41% | (82.28%) |
| OAS CAHPS | BRONZE | Your Overall Experience | 89.95% | (84.77%) |
### Patient Satisfaction
| Category | Level | Metric | 2023 | 2022 |
|-------------------|--------|--------|--------|------------|
| **Improvement** | | Inpatient | 88.35 | (85.63) |
| **Achievement** | | Inpatient | 81st Percentile | |
|
7e76f83b-78e3-4faf-a2c3-386eaf05c5dd
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CC-MAIN-2024-30
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https://summit-awards.hcsecawards.com/uploads/2023/2023_Breakthrough_Pinckneyville.pdf
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[...]ENTREFORMAS presents a new survey of Puerto Rican art based on works in which the language of Abstraction prevails. It is a reflection on the importance of rethinking the historiographic narratives of Puerto Rican art. Through the years, many historians and academics in Puerto Rico have considered Abstract art to be inappropriate with respect to the political agendas to which artists in Puerto Rico should be committed; that is, art in Puerto Rico should, according to these professionals, be an art of social commitment characterized by figuration and the exaltation and defense of a Puerto Rican identity.
In Puerto Rico, Abstraction emerged during the 1950s due to the influence of foreign artists who came to the island and the dialogues initiated by the growing migration of Puerto Ricans to the U.S. mainland, Spain, and Mexico. During the sixties and seventies, approaches to Abstraction multiplied, creating a varied repertory of idioms in which difference and the critical analysis of art itself was a central concern.
This exhibition is the result of ongoing research that proposes a non-linear dialogue between Puerto Rican artists who live on the island, those who live in the diaspora, and artists who come from other countries and have worked in Puerto Rico. The intersections that occur as part of this exchange invite new readings of the relations that exist between Abstract art and the historical and social experience in Puerto Rico.
ABSTRACTION AS AN ARTISTIC LANGUAGE
Abstraction emerged in Europe in the early twentieth century. The artists who took part in this movement approached the creative process through an affirmation of ideas and concepts that did not seek to reproduce the world around them. Following the currents of European avant-garde art, much of the Abstract art we know by artists who adopted abstraction as an artistic language chose to use the most basic forms of artistic language —form, line, and color— as a way to, among other things, produce a new language.
Having spilled into other fields such as architecture and the scenic arts, Abstraction has manifested itself in a range of intensities, from partial, in works in which figurative traits can still be perceived, to a total and absolute abstraction. But it is in artists’ creativity and their selection of visual languages that a reconceptualization of the image and of the ways in which we relate to it occurs.
The works in this exhibition employ Abstraction to comment on aspects of our socio-political situation and events that impact society, not alone from the standpoint of the visual arts, but also from practices of movement, dance, and performance, in which the body is the principal tool in producing the images.
SYSTEM OF LEGENDS IN ARTWORKS CAPTIONS
Considering this exhibition as a work of research in progress, a system of legends has been created that invite viewers to think about, and travel through, the exhibition from several points of view (according, that is, to the thematic axes, the decade of the work’s creation, the artist’s birthplace —Puerto Rico or the diaspora, or tendencies in public or private art collecting), so that visitors may also make their own associations as they view the works.
[...ENTREFORMAS] has been conceived to suggest to viewers a web of relationships among the works in the exhibition based on the works’ affinities to one another in terms of formal characteristics, subjects, and the processes employed by their artists. This grouping strategy does not aim to classify the works in categories by style or chronology. Instead, these common denominators or, as we have called them, thematic axes, serve to help us approach their content, and act as a strategy for debating the hegemonic discourses that have inscribed Abstraction on the margins.
**Geometric: Science and Spirituality**
The artists and works in this group are characterized by their use of geometry and the study of form. Most of the works are distinguished by the cleanness of their finishes, the use of flat and highly contrasting colors, and the importance of the form and material of their supports. The artists’ analytical drive and methodological rigor evidence their interest in searching for new forms of pragmatism, or at least for ways of synthesizing processes, beliefs, and ideologies able to question the traditional strategies of representation in the West.
**Painting: Point of Departure and Site of Reflection**
This axis groups together works that demonstrate a kinship to the Abstract art popular in the United States and Europe from the 1940s through the 1960s. They are linked to an aesthetic marked by gestural brushstrokes (or their equivalent), the size of the surfaces painted, and the spontaneity of their compositions. Although at first glance one might say that these works maintain a connection to the aesthetics of Expressionism and Art Informel, they respond to a material reality different from that of post-war American and European artists.
**EVELYN LÓPEZ DE GUZMÁN** (New York, USA, 1947)
*The Scarab*, 1975. Acrylic on canvas, Collection of El Museo del Barrio, New York, Museum purchase through gifts from the Aguirre Family Fund and Boricua College and a grant from the National Endowment for the Arts
**OLGA ALBIZU** (Ponce, PR, 1925 – New York, NY, 2005)
*Tema invernal II* (Winter Subject II), 1955. Oil on canvas, Collection of the Institute of Puerto Rican Culture
Materiality: Expansion and Deconstruction
The artists grouped in this thematic axis are marked by an attitude of reflection that explores materials and the political, poetic, and formal implications involved in the process of selection and production of the art object. In the execution of their exercise, there is an affirmation of the elasticity of the pictorial medium (at both the physical and conceptual level) and of the artists’ ability to propose critical revisions of the universalist gaze and those perspectives that have insisted on constraining art within canonical boundaries. These works allow us to approach the field of painting and its modern history through critical reflection on its production (both material and discursive) and the symbolic value that both the market and institutions have invested in it.
The Political: Intention and the Current Moment
Although it might seem unnecessary to make this distinction, given that all art is political, what differentiates this group of works from others is precisely the artists’ intention to comment on aspects of the social situation and events impacting society. These works exist in a way that is directly connected to important events and issues in society (migration, race, class, gender, etc.). The artists working in this register propose approaches to Abstraction that are often directly informed by current events and the issues that affect citizens’ daily lives. And through their works, they position themselves politically; they employ an aesthetic that allows them to address the present and question it.
IVELISSE JIMÉNEZ (San Juan, PR, 1966)
*Detour 21* (Restauración Post-huracán) [Detour 21 (Post-Hurricane Restoration)], 2013. Oil, acrylic, and enamel on canvas, vinyl, and Plexiglas, Collection of the artist
NAYDA COLLAZO-LLORENS (San Juan, PR, 1968)
*Geo Dis/connect 5*, 2020. Paper and framed printed maps, Collection of the artist
(non-binary) Body: Movement and Spaces
This axis brings together the work of artists who approach painting and Abstraction from practices related to the body, movement, and performance, as well as the study of space and organic forms. In some cases, painting is a kind of sideline from which to investigate the physical and metaphorical space occupied by the body in relation to the act of painting. In others, painting is the result of movement itself, and in yet other cases it is a kind of annotation that translates elements of movement to the field of pictorial image. In all, the dialogue between practices and disciplines is complemented by a site of reflection in which the body is both producer and object of study, simultaneously.
ARTISTS:
Olga Albizu, Andrea Alegria, Zuleyka Alejandro, Eli Barreto, Tony Bechara, Tari Beroszi, José Roberto Bonilla Ryan, Javier Bosques, Osvaldo Budet, Verónica Cabrera, Paul Camacho, Amanda Carmona Bosch, Wilfredo Chiesa, Nayda Collazo Llorens, José “Tony” Cruz, Lope Max Díaz, División de Diseño, Rafael Ferrer, Edgardo Franceschi, Frances Gallardo, Luis Hernández Cruz, Vanessa Hernández Gracia, Karlo Andrei Ibarra, Carlos Irizarry, Marcos Irizarry, Ivelisse Jiménez, Edgardo Larregui, Evelyn López de Guzmán, Domingo López, Ulrik López, Héctor Madera, Sofía Maldonado, Yuiza Turey Martínez, Melvin Martínez, Natalia Martínez, Rafael J. Miranda, Antonio Navia, Jesús “Bubu” Negrón, Nora Maité Nieves, María de Mater O’Neill, Livia Ortiz, Ángel Otero, Paulina Pagán Picó, Marili Pizarro, Melissa Raymond & René Sandín, Estefanía Rivera, Elizabeth Robles, Guillermo Rodríguez, Julio Rosado del Valle, Chemi Rosado Seijo, Noemí Ruiz, Diane Sánchez, Zilia Sánchez, Alexandra Santos Ocasio, Kristine Servià, Chaveli Sifre, Maria Emilia Somoza, Awilda Sterling-Duprey, Julio Suárez, Roberto “Yiyo” Tirado, Adán Vallecillo, Sebastián Vallejo, Ángel Rafael Vázquez Concepción y Rafael Vega.
[… ]ENTREFORMAS is possible thanks to the collaboration of the artists, private collections and institutions that have provided artworks from their collections, as well as the support of the National Endowment for the Arts and the CECFL (Joint Special Commission of Legislative Funds for Impact community).
© 2021, Museo de Arte de Puerto Rico. All rights reserved.
Museo de Arte de Puerto Rico
299 De Diego Avenue, Stop 22, Santurce
San Juan, PR 00909
@MuseoMAPR
facebook twitter instagram soundcloud youtube
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CC-MAIN-2024-22
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ANDROID APP
OPERATION INSTRUCTION
INDEX
ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................. 3
FEATURES .................................................................................................................. 3
A. ANDROID APP Installation Steps ........................................................................... 3
B. Device Setting Instruction ....................................................................................... 5
B.1 IPCAM Setting ..................................................................................................... 5
B.2 DVR/ NVR/ HYBRID DVR Setting .................................................................... 9
C. Live View Connection .............................................................................................. 9
C.1 IPCAM .................................................................................................................. 9
C.2 DVR/ NVR/ HYBRID DVR ............................................................................... 10
D. PLAYBACK ............................................................................................................. 12
D.1 IPCAM PLAYBACK ............................................................................................ 12
D.2 DVR/ NVR/ HYBRID DVR PLAYBACK .......................................................... 13
ABSTRACT
IProSecu A.M. V2 is one of the mobile application which is published on Android platform to monitor the live view within DVR, NVR, Hybrid DVR, IPCAM and Video Server.
This application, iProSecu A.M. V2, not only could monitor the live view of connected devices, but also could reveal the quad view in IPCAMs (i.e. more than 2 IPCAMs) or DVR, NVR and Hybrid DVR. Furthermore, playback the reserved data among the connected devices is one of the other vital features in this application.
User can also snapshot the live view image and save as to the specified path.
FEATURES
1. New "LOOK and FEEL" on user interface.
2. H.264 video streaming via RTSP supported.(IPCam)
3. Auto discovery installed devices, including IPCam, NVR and DVR in LAN/WLAN.
4. Log/Image search by event type/time trigger.
5. Time shift recording and playing remotely
A. ANDROID APP Installation Steps
1. Firstly, please confirm the Android mobile has been connected to the Internet.
2. Click the button to entry “All apps” page.
3. Search the android market icon and click it.
4. In the first page of “Android Market”, please click the icon and then insert “iprosecu a.m. V2” to surf.
5. After found the application, please following the bellow steps to complete the installation
6. After finish installation, please click the app to activate it.
B. Device Setting Instruction
B.1 IPCAM Setting
1. Please click button to entry IPCAM setting page.
2. After entry IPCAM setting page, there are four buttons displayed in the bottom of the page.
| ICON | INSTRUCTION | RESPONSE ACTION/ IMAGE | NOTE |
|------|-----------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------|
| | PRESENT SEQUENCE|  | |
| | ADD DEVICE |  | |
| | SEARCH DEVICES |  | 此功能手機的網路連線需在 LAN 底下方可產生動作。 |
| | QUAD VIEW |  | 四分割所顯示的畫面依序為清單中所建立的裝置之順序。 |
2.1 ADD NEW IPCAM Site
Entry to the IPCAM setting page, click button to add the new IPCAM site.
【name】: Please insert the name of the site
【ip】: Please setup the ip address of the device
【port】: Please setup the port of the device. The default value is 80
【account】: Please setup the username of the device.
【password】: Please setup the password of the device.
After finish the related setting, please click button to create the connection.
NOTE: If the connection device is not IPCAM, the warning dialog box will pop-up to remind the user.
2.2 SEARCH DEVICE
Click button can research all the IP devices within the same subnet.
NOTE: This function only can be activated when the network setting of the mobile device is setup under the same LAN with the IP devices. Press button could refresh the searching.
2.3 PRESENT SEQUENCE
After setup multi-site of the devices, press this button can sequence the setup sites. Currently, there are three varieties can be switched, “Sort By IP”, “Sort By Name” and “Sort By Status” (Connected or Dis-Connected).
2.4 QUAD VIEW
Click can display quad view after setup multiple sites.
NOTE: The display sequence of the quad view will follow by the sequence of the setup devices.
B.2 DVR/ NVR/ HYBRID DVR Setting
1. Please click button to entry DVR setting page
2. After entry to DVR setting page, there are three buttons displayed in the bottom of the page, the related settings and controlling instruction will refer to the B.1 2.1~2.3.
C. Live View Connection
C.1 IPCAM
After complete all the settings of the IPCAM sites, please click the specified site to see the live view of the IPCAM.
Instruction of IPCAM control:
| ICON | INSTRUCTION | RESPONSE/IMAGE | ACTION/NOTE |
|------|-------------------|----------------|-------------|
| | SITE SWITCH | | |
| | ENABLE/ DISABLE IPCAM AUDIO | | |
| | PTZ CONTROL | | PTZ IPCAM is connected. |
C.2 DVR/ NVR/ HYBRID DVR
Click the setup DVR site and then the quad view will be revealed in the following. Currently, all the quad view images come from one DVR site. If the channel number of connected DVR is exceed 4 channels, please use one finger to swipe left the mobile touch panel to the second quad view page. In contrast, swipe right will back to the previous page.
8 Channels DVR site:
Click single channel:
**Instruction of DVR single channel control:**
| ICON | INSTRUCTION | RESPONSE IMAGE | ACTION/NOTE |
|------|-------------|----------------|-------------|
| ![ICON] | CHANNEL SWITCH | ![RESPONSE IMAGE] | Switch to the different channel |
| ![ICON] | PTZ CONTROL | ![RESPONSE IMAGE] | PTZ analog camera is connected to DVR |
| ![ICON] | SNAPSHOT | ![RESPONSE IMAGE] | The storage path could be selected for the snapshot image. |
D. PLAYBACK
D.1 IPCAM PLAYBACK
Click the button on the bottom of the live view can playback the IPCAM recorded data.
IPCAM Playback Note:
1. SD card has to be installed into IPCAM device;
2. Video format and single image format within SD Card has to be Motion-JPEG.
D.2 DVR/ NVR/ HYBRID DVR PLAYBACK
Firstly, click the single channel while connecting to the DVR. Among the live view of the single channel, and are “Time Search” and “Event Search” playback buttons. After selecting the specified time point or event item, the live view will switch to the playback view.
1. TIME SEARCH
Time Search Note in Playback:
a. The time point to perform playback;
b. The video format to playback has to be Motion-JPEG;
c. The channel to perform playback is the single channel to play the live view.;
d. Currently, only support single channel to playback at one time.
2. **EVENT SEARCH**
Event Search Note in Playback:
a. The event items to playback;
b. The video format to playback has to be Motion-JPEG;
c. The revealed event list contains the latest fifty event items;
d. Refresh the latest event items in event list page by clicking ;
e. Currently, only support single channel to playback at one time.
|
<urn:uuid:25f06179-cbf6-476b-b696-4e80bf5ad146>
|
CC-MAIN-2019-26
|
http://www.hiview.co.th/private_folder/documents/User_manual/Mobile/android_iProSecu_A.M.V2_ENG.pdf
|
2019-06-17T23:05:57Z
|
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During this period of lockdown, many are turning to free online courses to develop new skills, gain further qualifications, and enhance their employability. With hundreds of online education providers and tens of thousands of courses, however, it can be difficult to know where to begin.
Fortunately *Careers Spotlight* has some tips to help you get started!
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3. **Take the course seriously and you will get the most out of it.** Find a quiet place where you can study online without distractions. You are more likely to stay motivated and finish the course if you schedule time each week when you will study for it.
---
**SPOTLIGHT ON: ONLINE COURSE OF THE WEEK**
**What?**
Accenture Digital Skills Courses
**Where?**
https://www.futurelearn.com/career-advice/grow-your-digital-skills
**Why?**
Choose from courses on Artificial Intelligence, social media, and web analytics to develop a range of digital skills
**How much?**
Free
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All courses are 1-2 hours per week for 2-3 weeks
---
**OTHER PROVIDERS**
https://www.open.edu/openlearn/
https://alison.com/
---
In each newsletter, we will be providing advice and guidance for parents and carers on how you can best support your child with preparing for their next steps.
---
**ADVICE VIDEOS**
It can sometimes feel overwhelming to know where to look for reliable guidance to effectively support your child at the important transitional points in their lives.
Designed with parents and carers in mind, Careerpilot’s short informative videos cover essential topics such as your child’s choices at 14, 16, and 18. The catalogue also includes videos on apprenticeships and supporting your child to choose the right university course.
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---
**WHO TO FOLLOW**
This week *Careers Spotlight* recommends checking out @NationalCareers for their live careers advice and guidance Q&A every Wednesday between 6-9pm - don’t miss it!
OUR TOP TIPS FOR REMOTE INTERVIEWS
Until a few months ago, remote job interviews were uncommon. However, during this lockdown period companies and apprenticeship providers are turning to video conferencing technology to interview potential candidates. While it may be slightly unnerving not to have the face-to-face interview you expected, you should not let the virtual nature of your interview throw you off balance.
Follow these top tips to make a great first impression remotely!
- Find somewhere in your house which is well lit and tidy with an uncluttered background
- Let your family know when your interview is taking place so they can stay quiet during it
- Test the technology in advance of your interview to make sure it will work on the day
KEEPING YOU WORK READY: JOIN LinkedIn
With 90% of recruiters regularly using LinkedIn to headhunt potential applicants, it has never been more important to have a professional online presence. Now is a fantastic opportunity for Year 12 and 13 students to create a LinkedIn profile, here’s why…
- LinkedIn allows you to research potential employers and apply for jobs
- Your easy-to-create profile can supplement your CV
VIRTUAL EXPERIENCES
The wealth of virtual open days and work experience opportunities that have sprung up over the last few weeks mean that there is no need to put your future on hold during lockdown! Check out our selection…
- Register for the June virtual open days at Bracknell and Wokingham, Reading, City of Oxford, and Banbury and Bicester Colleges https://www.activatelearning.ac.uk/events
- Visit Norland College’s virtual open event for presentations, Q&As, and campus tours https://info.norland.ac.uk/norland-virtual-open-event
- Gain virtual work experience in medicine with Brighton and Sussex Medical School https://bsmsoutreach.thinkific.com/courses/VWE
CURRENT OPPORTUNITIES
Search for apprenticeships with the largest provider in Berkshire, Oxfordshire, Buckinghamshire, and Surrey https://activateapprenticeships.co.uk/become-an-apprentice/apprenticeship-vacancies/
Use the Apprenticeship Support and Knowledge Company’s (ASK) ‘Vacancy Snapshot’ tool to discover opportunities in a wide range of industries https://amazingapprenticeships.com/vacancies/
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Blighted Property Criteria
All properties selected for demolition must meet the definition of "blighted property". As such a blight resolution from the Municipality where the structure(s) are located must be included with the application.
Blighted Property is defined as a property which meets at least three (3) of the criteria under the Abandoned & Blighted Property Conservatorship Act listed below. Please choose applicable conditions for demolition:
_____1. The building or physical structure is a public nuisance.
_____2. The building is in need of substantial rehabilitation and no rehabilitation has taken place during the previous 12 months.
_____3. The building is unfit for human habitation, occupancy or use.
_____4. The condition and vacancy of the building materially increase the risk of fire to the building and to adjacent properties.
_____5. The building is subject to unauthorized entry leading to potential health and safety hazards and one of the following applies:
a. The owner has failed to take reasonable and necessary measures to secure the building.
b. The municipality has secured the building in order to prevent such hazards after the owner has failed to do so.
____6. The property is an attractive nuisance to children, including, but not limited to, the presence of abandoned wells, shafts, basements, excavations and unsafe structures.
____7. The presence of vermin or the accumulation of debris, uncut vegetation or physical deterioration of the structure or grounds has created potential health hazard and safety hazards and the owner has failed to take reasonable and necessary measures to remove the hazards.
____8. The dilapidated appearance or other condition of the building negatively affects the economic well-being of residents and businesses in close proximity to the building, including decreases in property value and loss of business, and the owner has failed to take reasonable and necessary measures to remedy appearance or the condition.
____9. The property is an attractive nuisance for illicit purposes, including prostitution, drug use and vagrancy.
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AGREEMENT BETWEEN SIERRA CLUB AND DTE ENERGY COMPANY AND DETROIT EDISON COMPANY
The Parties to this Agreement ("Agreement") are Sierra Club on the one hand and DTE Energy Company and Detroit Edison Company (collectively, "Detroit Edison") on the other.
RECITALS
WHEREAS, the United States of America ("United States"), on behalf of the United States Environmental Protection Agency ("EPA"), filed a complaint against Detroit Edison on August 5, 2010, and Sierra Club subsequently intervened. United States, et al. v. DTE Energy Company, et al., No. 2:10-cv-13101-BAF-RSW (E.D. Mich.).
WHEREAS, the United States and Sierra Club were later granted leave to amend their complaints ("Complaints") and thereafter filed amended complaints ("Amended Complaints"), which alleged violations of the Clean Air Act ("CAA" or "the Act") against Detroit Edison. Sierra Club, however, was denied leave to assert certain additional claims in its Amended Complaint.
WHEREAS, Detroit Edison does not admit any liability arising out of the transactions or occurrences alleged in the Complaints.
WHEREAS, the United States, Sierra Club, and Detroit Edison have executed and are lodging a Consent Decree (hereinafter "US Consent Decree").
WHEREAS, in light of this and other ongoing matters in which Sierra Club and Detroit Edison have been involved, they desire to foster a spirit of cooperation and to work together for the benefit of the local community by undertaking the projects as described in Appendix A to the Agreement. They therefore have separately agreed to the terms of this Agreement as further consideration to resolve certain disputes between Sierra Club and Detroit Edison under federal
law, including but not limited to claims that the Court denied Sierra Club leave to assert in its Amended Complaint, as described further herein.
WHEREAS, the Parties recognize that this Agreement has been negotiated in good faith and that their settlement will avoid the expense and uncertainty of continued or potential litigation.
NOW, THEREFORE, without admission of any violation of law or liability by Detroit Edison, the Parties agree to the following:
APPLICABILITY
1. The provisions of this Agreement shall apply to and be binding upon the Sierra Club and upon Detroit Edison and their respective successors, assigns, or other entities or persons otherwise bound by law. This Agreement may be assigned by Detroit Edison to another entity in connection with the sale or transfer of the River Rouge, Trenton Channel, or St. Clair power plants, and Detroit Edison shall be relieved of its obligations hereunder with respect to River Rouge, Trenton Channel, or St. Clair power plants if any of those plants are sold, transferred, or assigned, on and after such sale, transfer, or assignment provided that the purchaser, transferee, or assignee executes an assignment agreement as a condition of the sale, transfer, or assignment and agrees in writing to be bound by and liable for all of Detroit Edison's requirements in this Agreement being assumed. This Agreement is not assignable by the Sierra Club.
2. Detroit Edison shall expressly condition the sale or transfer of its River Rouge, Trenton Channel, or St. Clair power plants on any current or future buyer's or transferee's express acceptance of the retirement requirements set forth in this Agreement.
DEFINITIONS
3. The Definitions and other provisions set forth in Section III of the US Consent Decree are hereby incorporated herein as if fully set forth in (and shall be deemed to be part of) this Agreement.
COMPLIANCE REQUIREMENTS
4. By no later than the specific dates set forth below, Detroit Edison shall Retire the following Units:
5. Notwithstanding the deadlines in Paragraph 4 above, if the Retrofit, Refuel, Repower deadlines set forth in Paragraph 7 of the US Consent Decree for River Rouge Unit 3, St. Clair Units 2-3 and 6-7, or Trenton Channel Unit 9 are extended pursuant to that Paragraph or pursuant to the Force Majeure provisions of the US Consent Decree, the Retirement dates of these Units shall be extended to the same extent.
6. The provisions set forth in Section V (Prohibition on Netting Credits or Offsets) of the US Consent Decree apply to the emission reductions that result from Detroit Edison's compliance with the requirements of Paragraph 4 above, and such provisions are hereby incorporated herein as if fully set forth in (and shall be deemed to be part of) this Agreement.
ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATION PROJECTS
7. Detroit Edison shall implement the Environmental Mitigation Projects ("Projects") described in Appendix A to this Agreement.
8. Detroit Edison shall maintain, and present to Sierra Club upon request, documents to substantiate the completion of the Project described in Appendix A, and shall provide these documents to Sierra Club within 30 Days following such request.
9. Detroit Edison shall use good faith efforts to secure as much environmental benefit as possible for each of the Projects, consistent with the applicable requirements and limits of this Agreement.
10. Within 60 Days following the completion of each Project required under this Agreement (including any applicable periods of demonstration or testing), Detroit Edison shall submit to Sierra Club a report that documents the date that the Project was completed and the Project Dollars expended by Detroit Edison in implementing the Project.
11. In connection with any communication to the public or to shareholders regarding Detroit Edison' actions or expenditures relating in any way to the Environmental Mitigation Projects set forth in Appendix A, Detroit Edison shall include prominently in the communication the information that the actions and expenditures were required by this Agreement.
REMEDIES
12. The Parties agree that neither Party will be responsible or liable for monetary damages (direct, indirect, consequential, etc.) as a result of any breach of this Agreement. The Parties acknowledge and agree that monetary damages are not available as a remedy in the event the obligations of this Agreement are breached. The Parties agree that monetary damages would
not be an adequate remedy for material breach of this Agreement, and that no adequate remedy at law exists for noncompliance with the terms of this Agreement.
13. Accordingly, the Parties expressly agree that an award of injunctive relief is the appropriate remedy for a material breach of the obligations under this Agreement, provided the reviewing court has followed appropriate procedures for issuing injunctive relief. The Parties also agree that should either Party commence any legal action to enforce this Agreement, that neither Party will seek any remedy except specific performance.
RELEASE
14. In consideration of the terms of this Agreement and other good and valuable consideration, receipt of which is hereby acknowledged, Sierra Club hereby remises, releases, and forever discharges Detroit Edison, its successors, assigns, subsidiaries, and affiliates, and each of their respective employees, representatives, officers, directors and shareholders of and from any and all claims that Sierra Club made or could have made against Detroit Edison that arose, directly or indirectly, from any modifications commenced at any System Unit prior to the Effective Date of this Agreement, including but not limited to those set forth in its Amended Complaint and related to the System Units and those that the Court denied Sierra Club leave to include in its Amended Complaint, under any or all of the following federal CAA provisions: (a) Part C or D of Subchapter I of the CAA, 42 U.S.C. §§ 7470-7492, 7501-7515, and the implementing PSD and Nonattainment NSR provisions of the Michigan SIP; (b) Section 111 of the CAA, 42 U.S.C. § 7411, and 40 C.F.R. Section 60.14; and (c) Title V of the CAA, 42 U.S.C. §§ 7661-7661f. Notwithstanding any foregoing provisions to the contrary, Sierra Club reserves its rights to enforce Detroit Edison's obligations under this Agreement pursuant to paragraphs
12, 13, 15, and 21 of this Agreement, and under the US Consent Decree pursuant to the terms of that Consent Decree.
DISPUTE RESOLUTION
15. Before commencing any legal action to enforce this Agreement for a Party's material breach of this Agreement, a Party must: i) notify the other Party in writing of such material breach providing details regarding the nature of the breach, so that the other Party could explore whether it could cure such material breach through diligence and ii) take at least 30 days before filing any such action, during which period the Parties will undertake all reasonable efforts to resolve the matter, provided, further, if the non-performing Party is working to diligently cure the material breach, and the non-performing Party cannot reasonably cure in 30 days, such Party, provided it exercises diligence to cure the breach, will be given more time to cure the breach before an action is filed.
SALES OR TRANSFERS OF OPERATIONAL OR OWNERSHIP INTERESTS
16. At least 60 Days prior to any transfer of ownership or operation of any System Unit, Detroit Edison shall provide a copy of this Agreement to the proposed transferee and shall simultaneously provide written notice of the prospective transfer to Sierra Club. No transfer of ownership or operation of a System Unit, whether in compliance with the procedures of this Paragraph or otherwise, shall relieve Detroit Edison of the obligation to ensure that the terms of this Agreement are implemented, unless and until:
a. the transferee agrees, in writing, to undertake the obligations required by this Agreement with respect to that System Unit(s);
b. Sierra Club consents, in writing, to relieve Detroit Edison of its Consent Decree obligations applicable to such System Unit(s); and
c. the transferee becomes a party to this Agreement with respect to the System Unit(s), pursuant to Paragraph 20 below (Modification).
17. Any attempt to transfer ownership or operation of any of the System Units or any portion thereof, without complying with Paragraph 16 above constitutes a breach of this Agreement.
NOTICES
18. Notices to Sierra Club or Detroit Edison related to this Agreement shall be made as follows:
As to the Sierra Club:
Shannon Fisk Earthjustice 1617 John F. Kennedy Blvd. Suite 1130 Philadelphia, PA 19103 [email protected]
As to Detroit Edison:
DTE Energy Company Office of the General Counsel One Energy Plaza Detroit, MI 48226
Attn: DTE Electric General Counsel
With copy to:
DTE Energy Company Environmental Management & Resources One Energy Plaza 2455 WCB Detroit, MI 48226
Attn: Vice President
EFFECTIVE DATE
19. The effective date of this Agreement shall be the date following the date on which the District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan enters the US Consent Decree and dismisses the Amended Complaints filed by the United States and Sierra Club.
MODIFICATION
20. The terms of this Agreement may be modified only by a subsequent written agreement signed by the Parties to this Agreement.
CHOICE OF LAW
21. This Agreement will be construed and governed in all respects by the laws of the State of Michigan, without regard to the principles of conflicts of law. A Party seeking to resolve a dispute arising over the terms and conditions contained in this Agreement must seek relief from a court of competent jurisdiction located in Wayne County, Michigan.
SIGNATORIES AND SERVICE
22. The undersigned representative of Detroit Edison and Sierra Club certifies that he or she is fully authorized to enter into the terms and conditions of this Agreement and to execute and legally bind to this document the Party he or she represents.
23. This Agreement may be signed in counterparts, and such counterpart signature pages shall be given full force and effect.
FOR SIERRA CLUB
By its Counsel:
_______________________________
______5/11/20___
Date
Shannon Fisk Managing Attorney Earthjustice 1617 John F. Kennedy Blvd. Suite 1130 Philadelphia, PA 19103
FOR DTE ENERGY CO. AND DETROIT EDISON CO.
________________
______________________________
Date
Randall L. Rutkofske
Vice President & Deputy General Counsel DTE Energy General Counsel DTE Electric Company One Energy Plaza, 2335 WCB, Detroit MI 48226
055788.0000042 EMF_US 79893973v10
APPENDIX A
ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATION PROJECTS FOR AGREEMENT BETWEEN PLAINTIFF SIERRA CLUB AND DEFENDANTS DTE ENERGY COMPANY AND DETROIT EDISON COMPANY
1. Defendants shall comply with the requirements of this Appendix and Paragraphs 7 through 11 (Environmental Mitigation Projects) of the Agreement to implement and secure the benefits of each of the projects described in this Appendix.
A. Bus Replacement Project - Electrification
2. For purposes of carrying out the Bus Replacement Project set forth in Appendix A to the US Consent Decree, Defendants shall propose and implement a plan to replace school buses and/or municipal transit buses with electric buses and related electrification infrastructure. Defendants shall seek and prioritize making such bus replacements in Ecorse, River Rouge, the 48217 zip code, and/or other non-attainment and/or environmental justice areas within Wayne County.
B. Community Based Environmental Projects (no less than $ 2 million)
3. DTE will establish, within 120 days of the effective date of the Agreement, a Community Environmental Action Committee ("Committee") that will assist DTE in selecting and implementing projects within Ecorse, River Rouge, and the 48217 zip code.
4. The Committee will be made up of five members: One DTE representative; one representative from an academic institution with a focus on public health and/or the environment; and three community members who reside in Ecorse, River Rouge, or the 48217
zip code. DTE shall consult with Sierra Club to identify a list of community members to serve on the Committee.
5. DTE is responsible for convening the committee as necessary, but no less than once a quarter for the first year after its establishment, to consider and recommend community based environmental projects. The projects recommended by the Committee will seek to maximize public health and environmental benefits in Ecorse, River Rouge, and/or the 48217 zip code, and may include urban solar arrays, installation of air filtration systems in public schools and homes, urban forestation, health and safety retrofits for low-income customers, and reducing energy use and overall energy cost burden. The Committee will make project recommendations by majority vote of all members. The Committee may recommend projects on a rolling basis, and shall recommend projects totaling at least $2 million no later than June 30, 2021.
6. The Committee shall not propose, and DTE will not fund, any project that would provide a direct financial benefit to any Committee member, or for which the entity or entities that selected such members would be the primary beneficiary of a project. DTE will not be deemed the primary beneficiary of a project solely because it is the owner, operator, seller, or purchaser of electricity or renewable energy credits from projects recommended by the committee, or because of good will generated as a result of DTE funding such projects.
7. Committee members filling the three "community member" seats on the committee will be eligible for a per-meeting stipend of $300 for all in-person meetings, and a $100 stipend for all meetings conducted through remote participation. DTE will pay the stipends from funds outside the settlement. The stipend does not create a legal, financial, or fiduciary relationship between DTE and the community members of the Committee, and should not be used as any evidence of a conflict of interest.
8. DTE shall fund and/or implement one or more of the projects recommended by the Committee and complete such project or projects no later than June 30, 2023. DTE shall spend no less than $2 million on these projects.
9. DTE will inform the Committee of progress on the projects on a semi-annual basis after each project is selected.
10. In all communications to the public or shareholders about the projects recommended by the Committee and formally selected by DTE, Defendants shall include prominently in the communication that the projects were required by the Agreement and the Committee's role in selecting the project.
C. Energy Efficiency Improvement Project at Kemeny Recreation Center
11. DTE will work with Kemeny Recreation Center, located at 2260 S. Fort St., in the Boynton community in Detroit, Michigan, to improve energy efficiency and reduce overall energy use at the facility, DTE will fund at least one project to advance such energy efficiency and use goals at the Center.
12. DTE will inform Sierra Club when DTE selects a project and when it has completed the project. Such project shall be selected within one year, and completed within three years, of the effective date of the Agreement.
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THE PORTLAND, GRESHAM/MULTNOMAH COUNTY CONTINUUM OF CARE
2023-2024 ACTION PLANNING
The following Action Plan was approved by the Continuum of Care Board on June 15, 2023. This is a living and responsive document. Some elements of this document are subject to change based on community need and strategic planning.
A Roadmap for Action: OR-501 Continuum of Care's Comprehensive Plan to Address Homelessness and Related Issues
This action plan is intended to be a living document, updated frequently to reflect the evolving needs and priorities of the Continuum of Care (CoC) and the communities it serves. The plan was completed between January and June 2023, with extensive input and collaboration from the CoC Board. With the goal to provide a clear and actionable roadmap for implementing the recommendations outlined in the CoC's strategic goals, with a particular focus on addressing homelessness and related issues. The plan includes specific steps and timelines for achieving each of the strategic goals, as well as measurable indicators of progress.
The development of this action plan was a collaborative effort, involving input from a broad range of stakeholders, including members of the CoC Board, service providers, community advocates, and people with lived experience of homelessness. The plan reflects the diverse perspectives and priorities of these stakeholders and seeks to incorporate their feedback and ideas.
One of the key principles guiding the development of this action plan was the recognition that it is a living document that will require ongoing updates and revisions as new issues and challenges arise. To this end, the plan includes a mechanism for regular review and revision, with a designated committee responsible for monitoring progress and making updates as needed.
Another important principle guiding the development of this action plan was the need for transparency and accountability. The plan includes specific mechanisms for tracking progress and reporting on outcomes, as well as opportunities for public input and feedback.
Overall, this action plan represents a critical step forward in the CoC's efforts to address homelessness and related issues in a comprehensive and collaborative manner. It reflects the commitment and dedication of the CoC Board and its partners to working together to create a more just and equitable community for all.
Amanda Esquivel (she/her) - True Colors Recovery
Cammisha Manley (she/her) - Community Member
Brandi Tuck (she/her) - Path Home
Christina McGovney (she/her) - Volunteers of America
Drew Grabham (he/him) - Central City Concern
Elise Cordle Kennedy (she/her) - Oregon Housing and Community Services
Hannah Studer (she/her) - Bridges to Change
Katie Cox (they/she) - The Equi Institute Patrick Reynolds (he/him) - Community Member
Ian Slingerland (he/him) - Home Forward
Justin Barrieault (he/him)- Community Member
Sherrelle Jackson (she/her) - OR Dept. of Human Services
Jamar Summerfield (he/him) - Community Member Laura Golino de Lovato (she/her) -
Dr. Stuart Zeltzer (he/him) - Physician, Kaiser Permanente
NW Pilot Project
Jennifer Chang (she/her) - Portland Housing Bureau Lizzie Cisneros (she/her) - Vancouver Housing Authority.
Xenia Gonzalez (she/her) - Community Member
Jessica Harper (she/her) - City of Gresham Mark Morford (he/him) - Community Member
I. SCOPE AND GOVERNANCE
IDENTIFIED RECOMMENDATIONS
Develop framework for how CoC board can and should advocate/make recommendations for homeless policy beyond CoC funding, identifying specific bottlenecks in the poverty infrastructure as it relates to housing and homelessness
Develop positions on issues and strategies, even if those issues or strategies are outside the control of the CoC board
STRATEGY 1.1: Developing Guiding Principles for the CoC Board's Voice to the Community
HOW WILL YOU MEASURE SUCCESS FOR THIS STRATEGY?
- COC BOARD IS VIEWED AS A VOICE, BUT NOT THE VOICE ON THE ISSUE OF HOMELESSNESS
- AGREE UPON GUIDING PRINCIPLES AROUND THE COC BOARD'S BREADTH AND LIMITATIONS SURROUNDING THE ISSUE OF HOMELESSNESS, AS WELL AS MECHANISMS BY WHICH THE COC BOARD MAY OR MAY NOT VOICE THESE PRINCIPLES IN THE COMMUNITY.
| Action Steps | | Responsible Parties | Timeline |
|---|---|---|---|
| | Lead: CoC Board Partners: | | |
STRATEGY 1.2: Understand factors contributing to homelessness in the community and impediments to achieving solutions for individuals and families experiencing homelessness
HOW WILL YOU MEASURE SUCCESS FOR THIS STRATEGY?
- THE BOARD MEMBERS EXPRESS THEIR SATISFACTION WITH THE IDENTIFICATION OF KEY CONTRIBUTING FACTORS AND IMPEDIMENTS IN OUR COMMUNITY.
- THE BOARD UTILIZES THE KNOWLEDGE OF CONTRIBUTING FACTORS AND IMPEDIMENTS IN ITS PLANNING PROCESS
| | Responsible | Timeline |
|---|---|---|
| | Parties | |
| Lead: Partners: | | |
II. LEARNING AND FUTURE PLANNING
IDENTIFIED RECOMMENDATIONS
Utilize 'big picture' policies and programs across funding sources to guide best utilization of CoC resources – frame the CoC work in the context of the broader work on homelessness and low-income housing
Conduct a comprehensive equity analysis to identify gaps in housing/services – review who's served by the system of care, which organizations are providing housing/services, and the geographic availability of housing/services
STRATEGY 2.1: Gain comprehensive understanding of funding streams across Multnomah County and how they contribute to homeless services in the region
HOW WILL YOU MEASURE SUCCESS FOR THIS STRATEGY?
- INCREASED UNDERSTANDING ON LOCAL FUNDING STREAMS
- DEVELOPMENT OF PRIORITIES AND STRATEGIES FOR BEST USE OF COC FUNDS IN THE COMMUNITY
| | Responsible | Timeline |
|---|---|---|
| | Parties | |
| Lead: Partners: | | |
STRATEGY 2.2: Understanding and incorporating current equity and gaps analyses into decision making
HOW WILL YOU MEASURE SUCCESS FOR THIS STRATEGY?
- UNDERSTANDING OF CURRENT AND ONGOING EQUITY ANALYSIS
- OPERATIONALIZING FRAMEWORK FOR INCORPORATING EXISTING EQUITY ANALYSIS INTO BOARD DECISION MAKING
| | Responsible | Timeline |
|---|---|---|
| | Parties | |
| Lead: Partners: | | |
III. OPERATIONS
IDENTIFIED RECOMMENDATIONS
Increase emphasis on project performance through the annual competition, including by increasing accountability, identifying areas for improvement, and providing assistance
Prioritize focus of new CoC funding opportunities to respond to BIPOC and LGBTQIA2S+ that are disproportionately impacted by homelessness
STRATEGY 3.1: Develop and track CoC project performance measures to evaluate the effectiveness of our entire system of care and how its components impact overall system performance. Performance measurement will help us understand how our system functions, what works, what doesn't work, and the gaps and challenges.
HOW WILL YOU MEASURE SUCCESS FOR THIS STRATEGY?
- IMPROVEMENT ON HUD SYSTEM LEVEL PERFORMANCE MEASURES
- IMPROVEMENT OF OUTCOMES BY PROJECTS IDENTIFIED AS NEEDING ASSISTANCE
| | Responsible | Timeline |
|---|---|---|
| | Parties | |
| Lead: Partners: | | |
| Lead: Partners: | | |
| Lead: Partners: | | |
As part of this work Develop a comprehensive plan for enhancing system performance, with a particular emphasis on addressing the CoC's system performance score from HUD. This score from HUD has been consistently lower compared to other criteria, and it is crucial to address the contributing factors and improve upon the identified deficiencies.
1. Implement the plan for improving project performance. This will require working with grantees, staff, and other stakeholders.
2. Place a special focus on the system performance scoring criteria within the Identified Recommendations. Acknowledge the significance of this aspect and incorporate strategies aimed at gaining a deeper understanding of the reasons for falling short and implementing measures to overcome the challenges.
3. Monitor the progress of the plan and adjust as needed.
STRATEGY 3.2: Develop strategy to prioritize funding for BIPOC and LGBTQIA2S+ culturally specific organizations to support communities that are disproportionately impacted by homelessness in our region
HOW WILL YOU MEASURE SUCCESS FOR THIS STRATEGY?
- PRIORITIZING FUNDING FOR ORGANIZATIONS AND PROGRAMS THAT SERVE BIPOC AND LGBTQIA2S+ INDIVIDUALS AND ENSURING THAT HOUSING AND SERVICES ARE ACCESSIBLE AND WELCOMING TO ALL.
Action Steps
Responsible Parties
Timeline Supporting Resources
Issue: In Portland, BIPOC and LGBTQIA2S+ individuals face disproportionate rates of homelessness due to systemic issues such as racism, discrimination, and economic inequality. BIPOC individuals experience higher rates of poverty and housing discrimination, while LGBTQIA2S+ individuals often face conflict from family members and discrimination in employment and housing. Transgender individuals are particularly vulnerable and overrepresented among the homeless population. To address these issues, equity and anti-discrimination efforts are needed, along with targeted resources and services for these populations. This includes prioritizing funding for organizations and programs that serve BIPOC and LGBTQIA2S+ individuals and ensuring that housing and services are accessible and welcoming to all.
2a. Selecting Responsible Parties
Select an individual, ad-hoc committee, standing committee, or CoC Board member to lead these efforts. The board strongly advises that those who are be leading this work and who are at the table are disproportionately impacted by homelessness as well as people with lived experience. The Board reserves the right to dictate how much of the leadership composition must come from those populations. Ensure the representation holds power and is not exploitative.
Lead:
Partners:
2b. Review current prioritization strategies for prioritizing new CoC funding opportunities to respond to BIPOC and LGBTQIA2S+ communities that are disproportionality impacted by homelessness
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| Title | Author | Page |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------|------|
| Diminishing Benefits from Large Hydro Projects | SANDRP | 2 |
| BBMB made crisis in North India: BBMB became political tool? | SANDRP | 3 |
| The changing nature of Bihar floods; An Interview | SANDRP | 5 |
| The World Bank's Incredibility Gap: UP Sodic Lands Reclamation Project | SANDRP | 7 |
| Thirsty Warangal collects every drop of rain | Sunita Dubey | 7 |
| Weakening of the Environmental Clearance Process | Sunita Dubey | 8 |
| Restoring Sanity in Water Use | SANDRP | 9 |
| River Link News: Sharda-Yamuna Link Problems | | 13 |
| Why the BGM water cannot be transferred to South India | J R Rao | 14 |
| Proceedings of the National Seminar on ILR in Kolkata | Kalyan Rudra & A Raychoudhury | 15 |
| 'Tehri would be the last big dam in Uttaranchal' says the Chief Minister (misleadingly as usual) | | 16 |
| Jurala Dam: Submergence without Resettlement | | 17 |
| NHPC's Loktak continues to damage | | 18 |
| 'Big Dams could spell Disaster' says Assam Minister | | 19 |
| Brahmaputra Board questions usefulness of NHPC dam proposals | | 20 |
| Can Pagladiya Dam control Floods? | Praful Bidwai | 21 |
| Bhakra: Residents demand 20% Pandoh water | | 22 |
| Allain Duhangan: IFC board approves even as affected people protest | | 23 |
| People boycott public hearing on Pala Maneri HEP: Demand EIA documents in Hindi | Vimalbhai | 23 |
| NEEPCO to pull out of Turial HEP | | 24 |
| NHPC: Large-scale embezzlements alleged | | 25 |
| NHPC: Workers trapped in Parbati HEP, Pollution Board stops work | | 26 |
| Disaster due to SSP Main Canal Breach | | 27 |
| Myth and Facts about Narmada Sagar Project R&R | | 28 |
| BBMB violates Forest Conservation Act and says it has right to do it | | 29 |
| J & K Lakes news: | | 30 |
| Centre pushes for Water Privatisation | | 31 |
| Choked UP Canals cause drought | | 32 |
| Women bring change in Bundelkhand | | 33 |
| Coalfield effluents contaminate groundwater with Arsenic | | 34 |
| Trees hold answer to floods menace: Lessons from UK | | 35 |
| W Bengal dams cause floods and erosion | | 36 |
| Pareechu lake developments | | 37 |
| Misreporting of flood area in Bihar | Dinesh Kumar Mishra | 38 |
| Per Capita food availability declines | | 39 |
| Farmer Suicide News from Maharashtra, Punjab, Gujarat | | 40 |
| Power Options: SHP in HP, Bihar, Solar Power in California | | 41 |
| Pakistan: World Bank questions viability of new dams | | 42 |
| Environment flows accepted: IUCN | | 44 |
| Mexico Dam proposal opposed | | 45 |
| Yacyreta Dam problems accepted by Inter-American Development Bank | | 46 |
| Karcham Wangtoo Public Hearing on Nov 9, 2004 | | 47 |
| Publications available with SANDRP | | 48 |
CONTACT INFORMATION: Himanshu Thakkar, Bipin Chandra, Ganesh Gaud, South Asia Network on Dams, River and People, C/o 86-D, AD Block, Shalimar Bagh, Delhi 110 088. India. Ph: 2748 4654. Email: [email protected] Web: www.narmada.org/sandrp
DIMINISHING BENEFITS FROM LARGE HYDRO PROJECTS
In recent years there has been a big push for more hydropower projects, mostly big hydro projects. In fact, over the last ten years, hydropower installed capacity in India has gone up by over 8000 MW. Installed Hydropower capacity was 20833 MW in 1994-5, which has gone up to 28925.2 MW by March '04. (All figures are from the Central Electricity Authority of GoI.)
The main rationale given for pushing for more big hydro projects has been two-fold: More Power Generation and More Peaking Power. Let us see what benefits this additional capacity has yielded. The Power Generation from Hydro projects in 1994-5 was 82712 Million Units. The Generation in 2003-4 was lower at 73775 MU, almost 9000 MU lower than in '94-5.
This sounds surprising. In the second graph we have plotted the Power Generated per MW of Installed Hydro capacity for the last ten years and one can see the generally declining trend. The trend is more or less the same over the last 15 years. The MU generated per MW installed hydro capacity has been the lowest ever in the last four years when for the first time generation in a year has gone below 3 MU per MW. (If a MW of installed capacity were to run at full capacity throughout the year, it would produce 8.76 MU.)
What this clearly means is that the benefits from Large Hydro projects are declining.
It would be argued that per MW installed large hydro generation is likely to be dependent on rainfall in that year. Let us compare the rainfall figures with the hydropower generation for a few years.
- Though in 2003 the rainfall was 102% of normal, the power generated per MW Hydro installed capacity was LOWER than the figures for 1999, 2000 and 2001 when the rainfall was 96%, 92% and 92% of normal.
- Rainfall in 1992-93 was 93% of normal and in 1995-96 was normal and yet per MW hydro generation in 1992-93 was higher than that in '95-96.
- Rainfall in 1991-92 was 91% of normal and in 1993-94 it was normal, and yet per MW hydro generation in 1991-92 was higher than that in '93-94.
So the annual all India rainfall alone is not good enough indicator to explain the above trend. One is likely to see closer relationship between rainfall in specific areas with the hydro generation in those areas.
Climate change related predictions generally predict higher hydropower generation in short term, but this is not borne out by the trend we are seeing.
Several other explanations are possible for this trend. This kind of trend is possible if the new hydro capacities being added are more in the form of run of the river projects rather than storage based dams. Another possible explanation could be that the aging of dams and machines is reducing the generation. The silting of dams could be another possible reason for this trend. The increased installed capacity in a basin, beyond its hydrological capacity would also reduce the generation per MW installed capacity. This could be seen for example in Krishna basin in South India where due to the coming up of the World Bank funded Upper Krishna project in Karnataka, the generation at downstream Nagarjunsagar and Srisailam projects is suffering. Similar situation prevails in Cauvery basin.
However, most important conclusion one can draw from this trend is that is that benefits from Large Hydro projects reduce with time. Clearly, Large Hydro Projects are not sustainable options.
BBMB made crisis in North India?
Bhakra Level depleted last summer to generate extra power?
As screaming headlines (e.g. The Tribune, a leading newspaper of North India gave front page top headlines to this effect on Sept 12 and again on Sept 14, 2004) have been telling us, next few months in North India are going to be quite bad from the point of view of availability of water and Power. The newspapers tell us that this is due to low water storage in Bhakra Beas system managed by Bhakra Beas Management Board (BBMB). We are told that this is due to natural phenomena of low rainfall in the catchments of the dams.
There are many stories within this story. Over-dependence on Bhakra Beas Dams, steep decline of groundwater levels, destruction of local water systems, big demands and polluting rivers are some important stories within this story.
And yet the lowest water level at Pong dam this year was lowest in sixteen years. Almost 14 ft below the lowest level in the previous year.
How did the water level at Bhakra Dam went down this year is revealed by the chart where side by side, the level of water at Bhakra dam on the same dates the previous year are also plotted to show the comparison. It is clear from the chart that though the year started with Bhakra level much higher than corresponding date last year, by April 15, the water level at Bhakra in 2004 was already lower than the figure the level on the same date last year. The gap thereafter kept increasing. By Sept 13, 2004, the gap had grown to over 71 ft, ringing the alarm bells as Bhakra filling period for this year comes to close by Sept 15.
This clearly shows that during the first four months of 2004, for some reason the level of water in Bhakra was allowed to go down much lower than it should have been.
Why are these levels so important? For one, the North India today is hugely dependent on these dams. The irrigation and hydropower generation of North India, particularly Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan is significantly dependent on these dams today. Significant proportion of drinking water requirements of N India, including that of Delhi comes from Bhakra system. THEN, Why did the level go so low when we started with such high water levels in both Bhakra and Pong reservoirs? Why was the Bhakra and Pong levels allowed to go so low this year?
One possible reason could be seen if we look at the power generated at the Bhakra’s 1250 MW installed capacity hydropower station during January to April 2004 and compare them with the figures of the previous year. We find the following figures:
| Power Generation, MU | 2004 | 2003 |
|----------------------|------|------|
| January | 413 | 359 |
| February | 352 | 240 |
| March | 386 | 289 |
| April | 246 | 208 |
Source of data for this article: www.ceai.nic.in and www.bhakra.nic.in
What is clear from above table is that Power Generation at Bhakra was higher in 2004 compared to 2003 in all the first four months of Jan-April 2004 and simultaneously level of water in Bhakra was depleting, even below the 2003 level when at the beginning of 2004 the level of water in Bhakra was higher than what was found in 2003.
However, one question that is most relevant here to ask is, if this situation is entirely due to natural reasons as is made out to be. Let us look at a few facts.
- Last year’s high water level at Bhakra dam reached on Sept 27, 2003 was the highest for last five years, 13 ft higher than the highest level reached in the previous year.
- And yet the lowest water level at Bhakra dam this year was lowest for nineteen years. 44 ft below the lowest level of previous year.
- Last year’s high water level at Pong dam was over 26 ft higher than the corresponding level in previous year.
This trend is also reflected if we see the average outflows figures from Bhakra Dam for Jan-April 2004 and 2003 as seen in the table below.
**Outflows from Bhakra Dam**
| Outflows, cusecs | 2004 | 2003 |
|------------------|--------|--------|
| January | 17560 | 16474 |
| February | 16860 | 13331 |
| March | 19415 | 14876 |
| April | 14112 | 11914 |
We can clearly see that outflows from Bhakra dam has been higher in each of the four months of January to April in 2004 compared to the figures in 2003.
**Pong** Let us see what was happening at another big dam of the Bhakra Beas system, the Pong Dam. The lowest level of Pong dam was reached on July 3, 2004, at 1275.12 ft, the lowest level it reached for the last sixteen years. This is despite the fact that in the beginning of 2004, the Pong dam level was at 1341.13 ft, much higher compared to the level of 1316.62 on January 2, '03.
Why did this happen? Let us see at the generation figures for Pong Dam during January to April 2004 and compare with the figures for 2003.
**POWER GENERATION AT PONG DAM**
| Power Generation, MU | 2004 | 2003 |
|----------------------|------|------|
| January | 120 | 39 |
| February | 78 | 32 |
| March | 146 | 67 |
| April | 73 | 47 |
We can see that generation during January to April 2004 has been more than double the generation during corresponding period in 2003. Let us now see the outflows from Pong Dam during the same period:
**OUTFLOWS FROM PONG DAM**
| Outflows, Cusecs | 2004 | 2003 |
|------------------|--------|--------|
| January | 9123 | 3018 |
| February | 6404 | 2945 |
| March | 12121 | 5341 |
| April | 6302 | 3952 |
Predictably, the outflows from Pong reservoir during January to April 2004 were much higher, mostly double the outflows in corresponding period during 2003. The result of these huge outflows is that the lowest level of water at Pong reservoir in 2004 was at 1275.12 ft, reached on July 3, 2004, which is the lowest for sixteen years. Consequently, the level of water at Pong on September 13, 2004 was 1342.37 ft, over 20 ft lower than the level on the same date last year.
Another obvious factor that decides the level of water in these reservoirs is inflows during these months. Here the inflows during January and February 2004 into both Bhakra and Pong reservoir were higher than the inflows during the previous year. It is true that inflows during March 2004 and April 2004 were lower than the inflows for corresponding months last year. But if that was the case, why did the outflows from these reservoirs continue to remain so high during those months. In fact SO HIGH that today there is a perception of impending crisis? The impact of those decisions is being felt now.
The Bhakra Water level is at its lowest for many years. This is inspite of the fact that releases from Bhakra during June, July and August 2004 were at the lowest level for a decade. It is true that rainfall in Bhakra-Pong catchment has been below normal this season. But had the water level in Bhakra and Pong not been allowed to go down so much during the first four months of this year, the water level today could have been much higher than what they are today.
BBMB (since Bhakra-Beas dams are managed by BBMB) and Union Govt (since BBMB is operating under the Union Ministry of Power) are clearly responsible for this. Why did they do this? Why were the outflows from these reservoirs so high during the early months of this year? And how did those releases continue to the point that we now face and impending crisis? The answer may lie in what happened between April 2004 and now - the elections!
The India Shining and Bharat Uday campaigns earlier in the year were specifically designed to provide a false sense of widely-shared prosperity, and hundreds of crores of taxpayer funds were spent on an overtly political campaign. In that scenario, state-controlled assets are an even more tempting asset; the BBMB and the Power Ministry were perhaps only too willing to provide a boost in power and water in the run-up to the elections, even if doing so put those resources at risk later. Transparency and accountability are generally weak at the agencies responsible for projects such as these. They are supposed to operate in the public interest and not in response to political considerations, but the typical state of operations - where things happen without scientific explanation or consideration - makes this virtually impossible.
Given our over-dependence on such large projects, to the exclusion and almost destruction of all other options, it is enormously vital that BBMB and other water management bodies function well. Their secrecy, or supplication to political objectives, might temporarily win them points with their political masters, but such actions would be plainly not in the nation's interest, not to forget unlawful as well.
Himanshu Thakkar (A slightly different version of this has been published at http://www.indiatogether.org/2004/oct/env-flowpol.htm)
The Changing nature of Bihar floods
Q: What in your opinion causes floods to recur in Bihar every year?
The floods are natural phenomena and inevitable part of the natural cycle. It should be remembered that flooded rivers do not carry only water, but also large amount of silt, particularly in the case of Himalayan Rivers. It is part of the geological flood plains building process that the floods and silt spread in the plains. The floods should be a boon for the flood plains, as the fertile silt would spread with the floods along the plains, making them agriculturally productive.
However, the nature of floods has been changing and annual average damages due to floods are increasing. The poorest are the hardest hit by the floods.
Q: Many Indian rivers are known to get flooded during monsoon. But in Bihar flooding always causes a huge amount of devastation and misery.
I am not sure if it is right to say "in Bihar flooding always causes a huge amount of devastation and misery". That was not always the case. Due to various human interventions, the nature of floods has been changing over the years and it seems now that annual average damages due to floods are increasing.
The nature of floods has been changing due to the embankments. The beds of the embanked rivers have been rising over the years due to deposition of silt. Thus their carrying capacity has been reducing. When the embankments ultimately give way, as they must due to rising riverbeds, due to improper designs and construction standards and due to inappropriateness of the interventions, they create more damages as the communities staying outside have been made to believe that they have been flood proofed and they become complacent. They also are ill prepared, as their earlier coping mechanisms are no longer available. Moreover, the suddenness and unexpectedness of the floods create more damages. When embankments break, they spread huge amounts of sand collected over the riverbed over the years onto surrounding fields. This is mostly sand and not the fertile silt that used to come with floods earlier, rendering the sand cast fields uncultivable.
The floods that come this way are also slow in receding as the river channels that are supposed to take away the floodwaters have higher bed levels and lower capacity. Moreover they are depending on the downstream river to drain before they can drain. The longer the floods remain, more damaging the floods become, it is well known.
Secondly, the deforestation & destruction of local water systems in the catchments have increased the frequency and intensity of floods in the plains. The rainfall thus quickly ends up in the rivers and also brings greater amounts of silt due to greater erosion.
Thirdly, the inappropriate construction of roads, railway lines, canals and habitations in the flood plains have increased the drainage congestion. It is nobody's case that such interventions should not be done. However, while building these structures it is important to include appropriate drainage systems, which is usually not done in an attempt to cut costs. The increased congestion leads to greater chances and duration of floods and thus greater damages.
Q: Over the past several years, governments have taken many protective measures against floods, such as constructing embankments, barrages etc. But these clearly do not work too well. Why?
Embankments failed due to many reasons. Firstly, because Himalayan rivers carry a lot of silt along with water. Earlier when embankments were not built, that silt would be spread over large area, along with the floods. The water column height in such flooded areas was low because the floods were spreading over large areas. With the building of embankments the silt was trapped in the riverbeds and with the deposition of silt in the riverbed levels went up, reducing the carrying capacity of the entrapped river.
Secondly at many places the embankments failed as they were not appropriately designed or constructed keeping in view the probable flow rates of the water and silt in the rivers.
Thirdly, with the building of the embankments, the land of lakhs of people between the embankments was taken away. Indian state is known to heap injustices over such victims of 'developments'. This process has lead to impoverishment of lakhs of people in Bihar, as elsewhere. Over the years, with the reduction in capacity of the embanked river and destruction of first generation embankments, new embankments have been built farther away from the river to increase the capacity of the embanked river.
However, this has meant taking away of more lands from people without proper resettlement and rehabilitation. Such people have been known to stay on the embankments or near the embankments with having interests in seeing that their land that now is between the embankments open up as soon as possible. Many times they are forced to break the embankments at vulnerable places so that the embankments do not break where they are staying.
Fourthly, it may be recalled that many tributaries meet the river along its embanked portions. Now if the river is kept unembanked at such places, then the water of the embanked river would escape along such tributaries.
And if the river is embanked at such points of confluence with tributaries than the tributaries cannot meet the river and would flood the area around such tributaries. Over the years, some of the tributaries are also embanked, but then there are so many tributaries and sub tributaries. It is impossible to embank every one of them, creating fresh hazards. Moreover it must be remembered that even where tributaries are embanked, the points where the tributaries meet the rivers would remain vulnerable.
Q: Political parties have raised the demand of a high dam in Nepal to do away with floods. Do you think this can work?
I do not think any large dams can flood proof Bihar or any river basin of Bihar. Firstly it must be remembered that Himalayan rivers bring with them large amounts of silt and this silt would also be stored behind such dams, rapidly reducing their capacities.
Secondly, none of such dams are likely to be built only for flood protection. More compelling reasons for building such dams is generation of hydropower. Now it should be noted that maximisation of hydropower production requires highest possible water level in dam at any point of time. However, for flood protection it is necessary that dams are kept as empty as possible in monsoon so that when floods come, the dam has the capacity to store the floodwaters and not transfer floods to downstream areas. So there is clear conflict between these two roles of the dams. Now Hydropower production leads to revenue generation, unlike flood protection. Dam engineers invariably chose to keep the water level high in the dam so that flood protection takes a back seat, as has been the experience over the years. The Dam Engineers have got away with such priorities as the information about the operation of the dams is state secret and people have no access to it to hold the engineers accountable for the floods in the downstream areas.
Similarly, when the downstream areas are flooded or likely to be flooded, flood protection objective demands that water is not released in downstream areas at such times. However, the dam operating engineers, in their quest to generate more hydropower, ignore such concerns and add to the floods in the downstream areas. Here again lack of transparency means that the dam engineers can never been nailed for such acts.
Fourthly, the nature of floods in the downstream regions changes with dams. The floods in such portions of rivers are more destructive due to release of sudden and large quantities of water in the downstream areas. This has been experienced in several dams in India including Bhakra, Hirakud, Damodar dams and also the Narmada Valley dams. The engineers operating such dams do not warn the downstream areas about the quantity and timing of release of waters in the downstream areas.
Moreover, in Himalayan region, a flood proofing dam will need to have such huge storage capacity and such huge social, environmental and financial costs that they won’t make economic sense. Moreover there would be very significant safety concerns about such dams, particularly in geologically fragile and tectonically active Himalayan region.
Q: Many speak of the river-linking project as the ultimate solution. Do you feel this project, that envisages transporting water from flooded rivers to drier areas, can work as a solution?
Riverlinking proposals are one of the most mindless proposals. Particularly when propagated as solutions to flood problems. Incidentally, it may be remembered that the proposals include one of transferring water from Brahmaputra basin to Ganga basin during monsoons. Why would Ganga basin, when itself flooded in monsoon, accept water from another basin? The riverlinking proposals have many fundamental pitfalls and are impractical. Believe it or not, but after 23 years of work and after spending hundreds of crores of rupees, the National Water Development Agency has not produced a single study that it is confident of putting in public domain.
Q: There are also some who feel coexisting with floods is the only way out. This group of people has advocated for removing embankments and other obstructions. What is your view on this?
I agree that acknowledging the inevitability of the floods and trying to adjust the life around it is the least problematic option. That does not mean status quo. It would involve a lot of things including putting in place flood warning systems, flood coping mechanisms, flood preparedness measures. It would also involve removing the embankments that are creating more harm that good. It would mean removing drainage congestions, making the existing infrastructure including roads, railway lines, canals, habitations more in line with the floods and drainage needs and putting in place stringent norms and confidence inspiring mechanisms in place to make future interventions less problem causing. It would involve being more careful about what is going on in the catchment, arresting and reversing deforestation, maintenance of local water system in the entire river basin and creating more of them, adopting appropriate cropping patterns, and so on.
Epilogue: DK Mishra, well known expert on Bihar flood issues says, “Only addition that I could suggest is that not an inch has been added to Bihar embankments in the past 14 years, ever since the present regime has taken over. They have lost 11 kms of length to erosion.”
(From an Interview of SANDRP Coordinator by ActionAid)
The World Bank’s incredibility Gap
Summary of Project Performance Assessment Report of the WB’s UP Sodic Lands Reclamation Project June 2004
The Sodic Lands Reclamation Project (1993-2001) was the first World Bank support for reclamation of sodic soils in India. The project was to be implemented over a 7-year period in 10 districts of UP with three objectives:
(i) Develop models for environmental protection & improved agricultural production through large-scale reclamation of such lands;
(ii) Strengthen local institutions to manage such schemes;
(iii) Contribute to poverty alleviation.
The Operations Evaluation Dept of the World Bank has done an Assessment of the project. The project was highly praised by the Bank Management on several public platforms as an example of excellent Bank project. The Project Outcome was described as satisfactory by the Implementation Completion report, but the Project Performance Assessment Report grades it lower at moderately satisfactory. Shockingly, the ICR rated the project sustainability as likely, but PPAR’s conclusion is unambiguous: Unlikely.
PPAR says, “Intensive irrigation and the package of agricultural inputs from the Green Revolution brought about a major increase in foodgrains production in the state between 1960-61 and 1995-96. Unfortunately, the expansion of the canal network was not accompanied by adequate soil and water management practices. Consequently, large tracts of agricultural land in the command areas of major canals became increasingly waterlogged, saline, and alkaline.” Actual total project costs at US$103.7 million were 29% higher than appraisal estimates. This was because the area of land reclaimed was 52% higher and the number of beneficiaries was nearly double the appraisal estimates.
WEAKNESSES The PPAR says that the project had several significant weaknesses.
➢ The project gave inadequate attention to several critical systemic issues, among others economic incentives for use and management of water, resources for operation and maintenance of drainage, that are essential to developing a long-term program for improving agricultural productivity in areas with high concentration of sodic lands and deteriorating environment conditions.
➢ Since the improvement in the quality of soil has been marginal in several areas, and drainage and institutional issues related to soil fertility management haven’t received enough attention, there is considerable risk that the reclaimed land will revert to its former state.
➢ Monitoring of environmental impact has not been adequate. The latest monitoring technology is available to the Remote Sensing Application Center, but the data being generated is not being used effectively.
➢ The implementation of the participatory process was given inadequate attention. Hence instead of putting the communities in a position of decision-making and control, the process appears to have created a sense of dependency.
➢ The project efficiency was rated modest after adjusting downwards the unduly optimistic assumptions about future crop yields and maintenance of drainage, which hadn’t properly accounted for the risk that the reclaimed land could revert to its former state.
The assessment rates sustainability as unlikely for several reasons. The most serious threat to sustainability is continuing inadequate attention to drainage issues. Moreover, institutional constraints related to soil fertility management have not been addressed. These factors leave the reclaimed land at risk of resodification. Further, lack of coordination between govt depts undermines project achievements.
The performance of the project is marred by two factors. The first is the inattention to critical systemic issues in the project design. The other was policy issue like the frequent transfer of concerned officers.
Just two years ago the senior-most WB officials in charge of water resources were praising this project in most eloquent poetry. We have just seen that assessments by one of the Bank’s own dept has shown the reality of their claims. This once again shows the increasing credibility gap between what the Bank officials claim and the reality.
SANDRP
Thirsty Warangal collects every drop of rain
People collected rainwater in tumblers as the rain gods answered the prayers of desperately thirsty Warangal on Sept 4 when it rained in all the 50 divisions of Warangal town whose citizens had been making do with a few pitchers of water once every 10 days. As soon as the clouds began dripping, townspeople put vessels of every description under their awnings to collect the precious liquid. The scene was the same in all localities—slum and posh—in the three sister towns of Warangal, Hanamkonda, and Kazipet. The rain brought a smile to every face and much relief to the town’s municipal corp which had already tapped every well and puddle in town to supply water to the citizens. Municipal worker Venkataiah said he had never seen a more welcome rain. In the rural areas beyond town, cotton and chilly farmers heaved a sigh of relief: their crops would survive another fortnight. (The Times of India 050904)
Weakening the Environment Clearance Process
The recent simplification of environmental clearance process announced by the Ministry of Environment and Forests has further diluted the country’s environmental regulation, one that is already considered toothless. The investment limit that necessities clearance has been raised from Rs 500 M to Rs 1 B for new projects. More projects will now stay out of the radar screen. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is no longer required for pipeline projects. The simplification is aimed at facilitating industries and it will end up pushing people’s participation to fringes of the process.
The Central govt originally posted the EIA notification as a draft notification in Jan 1993 for public comments in accordance with the Environment (Protection) Rules. However, when the final notification was issued a year later, it differed significantly from the draft. The original draft brought within its scope a wide variety of projects through the first two schedules; but the final notification made Central environmental clearance applicable to just 29 categories of projects listed in Schedule I. The authority of the States to grant clearance was completely done away with, with the result that many projects originally required to get clearance from the state were removed from the purview of the notification.
In May 1994 amendment inserted phrases such as if deemed necessary and subject to public interest in several places where the notification called for consultation with groups such as the Committee of Experts or affected populations/environmental groups. It made access to documents like the summary of reports, Environmental Management Plan, the conditions subject to which clearance is given and compliance reports subject to public interest. Access to such documents was unconditional prior to this amendment, subverting transparency in the process.
The April 1997 amendment making Public Hearings mandatory did bring back to the public access to the Executive Summary of the project report. The June ‘02 amendment provided the concerned access to the EIA.
At present there is no provision within the notification by which the public can have access to the conditions on which clearance has been granted. One section of the EIA notification also deals with the conditions subject to which projects are exempted. The June ‘02 amendment raised the threshold limit for investment values to Rs 1 B for new projects and Rs 500 M for all expansions/modernisations. Also exempted in June ‘02 were modernisation projects in irrigation sector if additional command area is less than 10 000 ha or project cost is less than Rs 1 B.
Amendments have been made to this notification many times without issuing notice to the public asking for their comments stating that it was in public interest not to do so. One fails to see how these amendments -- involving misplaced criteria for and limits of clearance exemption -- serve the public interest.
The EIA process is a tool of decision-making that provides a space for people’s participation. People have the right to be involved in decisions that affect them and their environment. Public participation seeks to ensure that people have the opportunity to be notified, to express their opinions and to influence the decisions regarding projects, programmes, policies and regulation that affect them. Generally, the local communities are the ones that are adversely affected. The local people are more sensitive to the changes in environment than anyone else. The public participation can improve the quality of information for the EIA studies.
From the outset, the EIA process has lacked meaningful people’s participation. At the stage when the affected communities are brought in, the EIA report has been prepared and NOC applied for to the Pollution Control Board. The decision regarding the project has already been made. The communities are not consulted during the assessment of alternatives, nor do the EIA agencies consult them in preparing the EIA. Even the monitoring of compliance by the central/state agencies are found to be very negligent. Once the project is approved there are no proper checks and balances.
In Aug 01, a major weakening of the mandatory Public Hearing clause for environmental clearance happened. This amendment removed certain categories of projects from the purview of public hearings altogether including units in EPZ, SEZ & modernisation of irrigation projects.
The public hearing process suffers from many drawbacks. Most projects are located in the natural resource rich tribal/rural areas. Due to the inherent social conditions in such areas significant objections to adverse impacts are often not strongly put forward or ignored. There is no legal compulsion on the developers provide evidence that the issues raised at a public hearing have been adequately responded.
Globally, moves are on to strengthen public participation in decision-making and the right to information as pillars of developmental process. The Uhus convention, adopted by EU in 1998, legislated principles like access to environmental information, public participation in environmental decision-making and access to justice. [The report of the World Commission on Dams is another example where detailed recommendations have been made on these issues.] This contrasts with the Indian govt’s steps to curtail the public participation and withhold information.
Sunita Dubey (From an article that originally appeared at www.indiatogether.org in 0804, published with permission.)
Restoring sanity in water use
HIMANSHU THAKKAR
THERE are many indicators showing how crucial water is becoming with each passing day – daily headlines about impending drought, floods, impact of monsoon failure on the economy and rising frequency and intensity of inter-state water disputes. The new prime minister’s first three visits to any state in India have all been around water related issues. The first visit to Andhra Pradesh was related to agriculture and farmer suicides and the visits to Assam and Bihar were to assess the damage due to floods. It is arguable as to how right the prophets of water wars are, but there is little doubt that in the future water related issues will acquire much greater salience. Govts could be made or fall on these issues. Even as the UPA (United Progressive Alliance) govt at the Centre is going about setting its priorities and programmes, let us see what it can realistically do to avoid the worst-case scenarios.
The outgoing govt had announced a new National Water Policy in 2002, but the way the document was formulated left a lot to be desired. It seems the previous govt could not understand the importance of that document. The non-seriousness was also evident when at the release function, Atal Behri Vajpayee, in his typical poetic fashion, quoting Meghdootam, talked about the virtues of rainwater harvesting when the policy document did not even acknowledge rainwater as a source. He then went on to declare a new scheme for rainwater harvesting, for which he said the govt would allocate several hundred crores, but that scheme is yet to be implemented.
There is a need to set up a participatory process for formulating a new national water policy that must include: transparency, accountability and participation in planning, decision-making and implementation, compute and prescribe minimum water flows in rivers, declare biodiversity rich stretches of rivers as sanctuaries, define conditions for decommissioning dams which are doing more harm than good, clearly define the process of environment impact assessments and public hearings.
Rivers are and can be a very important resource for society and the state. However, the manner in which rivers are treated by everyone – particularly as the states claim water resources development, management and water resources related information as a state monopoly – has led to rivers rapidly becoming endangered species. We need a policy that will allow rivers to exist in a healthy state, and define the extent to which society should tinker with them, what actions will or will not be allowed, which stretches of rivers are to be preserved for the well-being of society and how these objectives will be achieved. The policy must specify how river pollution (as also pollution of all water bodies) should be controlled and, most crucial, what should be the role of communities.
Unfortunately, even after the passage of the Freedom of Information Bill, there is little by way of transparency in governance. The rules to implement the act are yet to be framed, and secrecy remains a central mantra in our culture of governance. To make freedom of information effective, there needs to be a credible grievance redressal and regulatory system in place at different levels so that those who do not follow the norms are punished and citizens know where to seek redressal. In the water resources sector, transparency is even more crucial as almost all information, including siltation rates and river flow data, water release data, and so on are treated as state secrets.
Fifty-seven years after independence and 13 years after the passage of the 73rd and 74th constitutional amendments devolving powers to local bodies on local issues and resources, panchayats and municipalities have little effective say. If the next Union govt wants to improve the lot of Bharat, it must ensure effective local control over local resources and delegate powers to take decisions on local issues.
The previous regime had made large dams and the river linking programme central to the govt’s agenda of development. They paid the price as they seemed to have no idea about how to provide drinking water or how to alleviate and reduce impacts of drought and floods. If the new dispensation does not want to meet the same fate it should give top priority to local systems like rainwater harvesting, groundwater recharge, local water storage systems and watershed management, allow minimum flows in rivers, effectively control pollution and manage existing infrastructure to get optimum outputs and also implement demand side management measures.
Two-thirds of our people live in rural areas, most dependent on agriculture and related professions. Over 80% of the poor stay in rural areas. Every farmer would benefit from better management of water resources. Agriculture is by far the largest consumer of water and rain is the primary source of water for all farmers. When the monsoon fails, the importance of rains for the farmer, the economy and society gets highlighted. However, when formulating water resource policies, plans and strategy, this crucial fact is forgotten.
Rainwater will have to be brought to the centre of our water policies and programmes. Since the use of rainwater in agriculture differs in different agro-climatic situations, protection of existing local systems of water harvesting and creation of more such systems will have to be the focus of the water sector agenda, policies,
programmes and financial allocation. The local communities must have the right of taking decisions about development, management and use of such systems. Local water systems would also help generate more employment for the rural population, a crying need today.
Our water resources development is marked by an over-emphasis on mega projects. There are, of course, many fallouts of this approach. One that is less discussed is that most inter-state water disputes can be traced to big projects and long distance water transfers. By making planning and decision-making processes bottom up, the number and magnitudes of the inter-state water disputes can be minimised.
Another significant step would be to ensure that the cropping patterns adopted are appropriate to the hydro-climatic conditions in the region. This should be an important feature of agricultural planning. Also, the issue of a virtual export of water from the country, and from specific areas, should be made integral to the policy and programmes. India, according to one estimate, exported 161 billion cubic mts of water each year in the late 1990s. Can we afford to do so and simultaneously continue to cry for more water?
The finance minister, while presenting the recent budget did recognise the importance of local water systems when he said, ‘Through the ages, Indian agriculture has been sustained by natural and man-made water bodies such as lakes, tanks, ponds and similar structures. It has been estimated that there are more than a million such structures and about 500,000 are used for irrigation. Many of them have fallen into disuse. Many of them have accumulated silt. Many require urgent repairs. I therefore propose to launch a massive scheme to repair, renovate and restore all the water bodies that are directly linked to agriculture.’
That sounds reasonable. He also announced the allocation of a billion rupees during the current financial year to take up this task on a pilot scale in a district each in the five zones of the country. However, finance is not the only constraint in the restoration of water bodies. The real constraint has been a total absence of role for the local communities in the planning, decision-making, development and management of water-related systems and issues. Second, though such pronouncements have often been made in the past, including by the former prime minister, nothing has happened on the ground.
Significantly, in the same budget, the finance minister announced an allocation of Rs 28 B for schemes under the Accelerated Irrigation Benefits Project, almost all of it for large projects. That hardly shows a clear priority in favour of decentralised systems.
The new govt at the centre has expressed skepticism on the proposals to Interlink Rivers, which is a good sign. However, it should have unequivocally declared that the ILR scheme was being abandoned. In the absence of such a clear pronouncement, the forces behind this 'unscientific' proposal will continue to push for the project. The Supreme Court too continues to monitor the petition on the issue. In a sign of things to come, another PIL has been filed seeking from the Union govt an extension to the tenure of the ILR task force that expired on 30 June '04. The water resources bureaucracy will not allow the proposal to be quietly buried as they see huge opportunities in the ILR. In fact, Volume II of the Union budget has a provision of Rs 35 crore for the National Water Development Agency (a government of India society, it has been in existence for over 22 years with the sole aim of studying ILR, but after spending huge sums, has not produced a single report worthy of being placed in the public domain) to cover the agency's work, including the preparation of DPRs and expenditure on the task force. This waste of precious national resource has needs to be immediately stopped by closing down the NWDA.
The ILR proposals are justified on grounds of transferring water from a so-called 'surplus' basin to a so-called 'deficit' basin. First, there is no basis for such categorisation. A basin can be called deficit or surplus only after all the potential of schemes in the basin has been exhausted. But, there has been no attempt to assess the potential of local water systems of even a single basin or sub-basin in India, leave aside the question of realising its potential. Thus, there is no basis for declaring any basin as surplus or deficit. The basins that NWDA calls surplus contain areas that face drought and those that it has called deficit have faced floods in the monsoon.
There is a need to set up a task force to assess the potential of local water systems of some of the most water scarce basins like the Cauvery, Pennar or Krishna and prepare an action plan to realise the potential. Such a TF could also help reduce the inter-state problems in these basins. An important outcome of such an exercise would be to assess the cumulative storage capacity of such local systems across a basin or sub-basin. This is particularly critical, as an important argument used to push large projects is the need for storage (to store the water in monsoon and make the same available in non monsoon months), without of course ever assessing the storage potential through local systems and groundwater aquifers. The task force should also look into the total groundwater potential in these basins, including deep aquifers, groundwater aquifer size and groundwater recharge potential.
India has the largest irrigation infrastructure in the world, but it is in bad shape and the govt is unable to allocate adequate resources even for its upkeep and maintenance. That infrastructure is delivering sub-optimum benefits. According to the mid-term review of the 9th five year plan, 'With a 10% increase in the
present level of water use efficiency, it is estimated that an additional 14 M ha area can be brought under irrigation from existing irrigation capacities. This would require a very moderate investment.' It needs to be noted that even after a 10% increase, efficiency would remain far from optimal. At the rate irrigation capacities were enhanced in the ninth plan period, to add 14 m ha additional irrigation would take 21.5 years. And yet, little is being done to achieve that additional irrigation efficiency. The govt needs to ensure that the limited available resources are used for repair, maintenance and management of existing infrastructure to get optimum benefits. The World Bank, in its draft Country Assistance Strategy for 2005-8 has said, 'The highest returns of water resource management lie in rehabilitation and upgrading of existing infrastructure.'
Ever since the sixth five-year plan, every five-year plan talks of putting a stop to additional projects and focusing on completion of ongoing ones. The situation today is worse than in 1980 when the sixth plan started. This strategy of trying to finish the incomplete schemes is a self-defeating one when we cannot put a stop to new schemes and are unable to allocate resources even to maintain the existing infrastructure. There are at least 411 incomplete major and medium irrigation schemes that were started over 30 years ago. The AIBP was initiated in 1996-7 with a view to complete the 'last mile' projects. However, eight years and expenditure of tens of thousands of crores later, only 28 of the 411 schemes that we started with have been completed, that too only under the threat of stopping funds. Instead, hundreds of crores each year is being diverted from AIBP to projects like the Sardar Sarovar, which will not be completed for several decades according to the govt's own admission. This must come to a stop. Similar is the situation with respect to command area development projects.
We must undertake a credible review of incomplete projects with the aim of scrapping those projects where little physical infrastructure is in place. Where substantial physical infrastructure has been created, the review should examine if the projects can be redesigned to reduce investment requirements and achieve faster and optimal benefits. Such a review should also look at the option of reducing dam height, among others.
Even among existing projects, there is a need to assess the performance of select schemes to compute actual costs, benefits and impacts compared to the estimates made at the planning stage. The objective would be to learn lessons for future projects and to see what needs to be done to achieve optimal benefits. It may well turn out that some of the projects are doing more harm than good and it would be better to decommission them. The review exercise should look into the siltation of reservoirs and measures to arrest it as also assess the extent and nature of water-logged and salinised areas and the measures required to solve the problem.
Groundwater is in many respects a unique resource, available to most of the areas and people. In fact, the drinking water needs of the rural population in India are satisfied by groundwater. Over half the irrigated areas and two thirds of production from irrigated areas comes from land irrigated by groundwater. And yet, that resource is going out of the hands of the people. The groundwater levels are falling almost everywhere. A very large portion of the remaining groundwater resource is getting polluted. We have little idea about the extent of groundwater pollution and its impact on the health of people who depend on groundwater for their daily needs assuming it to be pure. This is a silent tragedy waiting to become visible.
Under the circumstances what is required is to first make a basin-wise and district-wise assessment of groundwater potential, both state of use and quality. The Central Ground Water Board assessments are neither available to the local communities and decision-makers in good time, nor do they have any place in planning, decision-making or regulation. Second, the assessment should also include a survey of groundwater recharge potential and measures needed to achieve it. A main reason for the groundwater situation is the neglect and destruction of local water systems. Simultaneously we need to legislate that everyone with a groundwater extraction system should be responsible for recharge of groundwater to the extent of its use. Finally we need to ensure effective regulation of groundwater use. Communities should be placed at the centre of any regulatory mechanism.
As regard floods, the new government seems to have started on the wrong foot. While it is good to see the prime minister take prompt action in setting up a task force on flood related issues after a visit to Assam, his announcement that Lower Subansiri and Pagaladiya projects in the North East and Sapta Koshi project on the Bihar Nepal border will be expedited as these projects would help control floods shows an inability to go beyond bureaucratic briefs. The fact is that these projects will not help in flood control, but could lead to greater damage during floods. Instead the new government needs to:
- Review the efficacy of embankments and abandon those doing more harm than good;
- Review the dam operating instructions so that they do not lead to increasing food damage and make the operating instructions and information about operation of dams a public right;
- Ensure better catchment management of flood prone areas through creation and maintenance of local water systems, creating and managing hill areas with proper forest and vegetation cover, flood warning systems, flood preparedness systems and so on;
Review drainage congestion in the basins and remove congestions that are easily done, while preparing a longer-term plan for those that cannot be immediately removed. Drainage congestion is due to a number of factors, including improperly designed canal systems, railway lines, roads, buildings and so on;
Review the reports of the Flood Commission of 1980 and others to assess implementation of the recommendations.
Pollution is another important issue that has not received adequate attention. Pollution, in fact, takes away much more water from the available pool. While agriculture is also a source of pollution, industries and urban areas do the most damage. The Pollution Control Boards, in the absence of any transparency, accountability or local participation in their functioning and decisions, have turned into dens of corruption. Changes in the legal and institutional framework to ensure transparency and accountability, and for local communities to have right to access the sites and records of any pollution-generating organisation, are essential to prevent freshwater resources from being polluted.
Effective treatment of urban and industrial effluents can have far reaching impacts. It will stop pollution of freshwater resources, instil a sense of conservation in industry and urban centres, and create an asset in the form of recyclable water that was earlier a liability. The finance minister needs to focus on this rather than on expensive desalination projects.
A large number of big hydro projects are being proposed by the new government in the name of satisfying the power needs of the country. Hence, power issues are also related to the water sector agenda. A quick review of decision-making processes in the case of any big hydro project makes it clear that there was no attempt to show that the proposed project fits into the least cost (including social, environmental and economic costs) option for the justifiable (and prioritised) power needs of the state or basin where the new project is being proposed. This becomes all the more disturbing in view of the inefficient and sub-optimal use of the existing infrastructure, transmission and distribution losses, scope for conservation and demand side management and other generation options, including renewable options like small hydro, wind, solar, biomass and so on.
There have been many instances (e.g. in the case of Tarun Bharat Sangh) when communities have faced legal action from governments when they have tried to create local water systems for their own needs. There are many acts in the statute books that have been used to discourage communities from setting up local water systems. The state canal and drainage acts are an example. A commission is required to review the existing laws and regulations to remove impediments in the way of community-driven processes and efforts.
The previous Union government had announced a National Relief and Rehabilitation policy, expectedly without adequate public consultation, in fact ignoring the experience of displacement and resettlement over the past 57 years. The policy also ignored the earlier draft acts and processes. It seems to have been a hurriedly put together policy to satisfy some conditionality of the multilateral agencies. Even the most ardent supporter of big dams would agree that there are no success stories in resettling displaced communities in a just way, even as the number of those displaced by large dam related projects alone has gone above 35 M.
What the new government can do is to set up a time bound process of formulating a National R&R law (as different from policy. Policy is not mandatory and cannot be used in a court of law by the affected) through a participatory process. Unfortunately, the new government has begun on the wrong foot by not taking any action even as tens of thousands faced submergence and displacement without legally mandatory resettlement due to the Indira Sagar Project on Narmada River in Madhya Pradesh and the Sardar Sarovar Project in Gujarat. In both projects the Centre has a substantial role to play: a central government organisation, NHPC, holds a 51% stake in Indira Sagar and in the case of SSP, the height of the dam cannot be increased without the consent of the Centre.
As a confidence building measure, the govt should set up a task force to assess the outstanding social and environmental issues of large dam projects already completed with a view to addressing these issues. It should also stop construction of all such projects till mandatory resettlement has been completed at least six months prior to submergence. It may be a good idea to make it mandatory that before taking up or sanctioning any new displacement generating activity in any river basin, the state will ensure that all the outstanding social and environmental issues of the earlier projects in that basin have been satisfactorily addressed.
The UN has set Millennium Development Goals, a number of them are related to water: halving the number of poor, number of people without access to water supply, number of people without access to safe sanitation by 2015. Unfortunately such goals have low credibility given the earlier performance of various agencies. If we are to achieve the MDGs in a real sense, then the agenda set out above will have to be a part of the Common Minimum Programme.
(A somewhat different version of this article was published in Seminar, Sept '04)
Progress on Feasibility reports Minister of State for Water Resources said in Rajyasabha that feasibility reports of eleven ILR projects out of 30 identified links have been completed. He said that surveys and investigations for feasibility reports of another 19 links have been undertaken and are scheduled to be completed by Dec '05. (UNI 090804)
Sharda-Yamuna link Problems
According to a study by Research Foundation for Science, Technology and Ecology, the proposed Sharda-Yamuna river link project, would trigger water wars between the states instead of uniting them. The RFSTE study said that it would divert waters from the irrigated areas of the Sharda canal, affecting a million acres of the fertile Doab and Ganga basin. The Sharda-Yamuna canal would cause massive deforestation in the most important forest zones of the Himalayan foothills, including the Corbett National Park and Chila Sanctuary. These diversions of the river courses across Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Rajasthan, Gujarat and Uttarakhand would create conflicts since the people deprived of irrigation from the Sharda and the Ganga waters would resist the Sharda-Yamuna links. For this link, two dams, Purnagiri dam and Pancheshwar dam, in Uttarakhand would be required. Big dams in Gandak and Ghaghra would also be required. For the construction of 384-km long canal, at least 23,625 people from Purnagiri dam area and over 45,000 people from Pancheshwar dam area would be displaced. This link will cross 95 railway tracks and roads, 12 rivers and several local streams in its proposed route. (BUSINESS LINE, HINDUSTAN 130804)
Govt ‘not to scrap’ ILR The Union Govt informed the Supreme Court on Aug 30 that the Govt is not in principle going back on the ILR. Reports of various committees are being considered. Once the consideration of the reports is complete, the matter will be placed before the Cabinet. Meanwhile, Joint Commissioner (Basin Management) in the Ministry of Water resources, in an affidavit filed in the Court, said that the Govt was envisaging a “comprehensive assessment” of the feasibility of the project and any legislation by the Centre on the issue would depend on the outcome of such an assessment. (THE TRIBUNE 310804)
Parliamentary Committee for selective ILR The Parliamentary Standing Committee on Water Resources has recommended in its first report that the Govt make earnest efforts to get going the inter-linking of northern and southern rivers under the Inter-Linking of Rivers programme in a definite time schedule which, “in their considered view,” would save the nation from the ravages of chronic droughts and floods. The panel has recommended that allocation for the water resources ministry be stepped up in consonance with the commitment of the Govt to give priority to water management. It asked the Ministry to quickly complete the study of the National Council of Applied Economic research for assessing the “Economic Impact of ILR Programs” assigned to it by the ILR Task Force. (THE HINDU, THE HINDUSTAN TIMES 240804)
Mini ILR plans Some villagers in Kodinar block in Gujarat have planned a scheme, prepared by experts from the Ambuja Cement Foundation, to irrigate 10,000 Ha and prevent ingress of seawater in to agricultural land. The scheme involves linking of three seasonal streams through channels running parallel to the coast and saving rainwater in reservoirs, which later can be used for irrigation. According to the proposals, Singhora, Somvat and Goma Rivers, which originates in the Gir forest and flow into the Arabian Sea, would be inter-linked. According to the Senior Project Manager of ACF, the 13.5 km ‘spreading channel’, which would link the three seasonal rivers, would create a surface storage capacity of nearly 800 M cubic feet in addition to recharging groundwater and reversing the increasing trend of salt water ingress. The project is claimed to benefit 16 villages and cover nearly 20% of the land in Kodinar block. (BUSINESS LINE 180804)
Kerala resists TN’s ‘clandestine attempts’
Kerala Water Resources Minister declared the state did not have a drop of excess water to “donate” to other states and Kerala wanted water to remain a state subject. Describing the assumption that Kerala was a water surplus state as wrong, he said Tamil Nadu’s “clandestine attempts to divert water from Kerala rivers to Tamil Nadu would be opposed.” The “misinterpretation” done by Tamil Nadu of the water pacts entered with Kerala would be resisted effectively, he said. Kerala was monitoring the ongoing construction work relating to the Pampa-Achankovil-Vaippar project and was planning to post permanent observers at Kerala’s border with Tamil Nadu, he added. Steps would be taken on a war footing to build check dams across all the rivers of Kerala and the state would also take strong measures in a time-bound manner to protect and preserve its ground water resources. (Keralanext.com 180904)
Kalisindh dam site changed The site for the proposed dam on Kalisindh River in Shahjapur dist in Madhya Pradesh has been changed. Earlier it was proposed near Ranjitpur village now it would be constructed near Samaskhedi village in Dewas dist and the name of the dam would be Kalisindh Project. One of the main reasons for change of place was the submergence of 64 villages and according to new survey it is claimed that 23 villages would be affected. The estimated cost of the project proposed by the Water Resources Dept is Rs 3 B. (DANIK BHASKAR 150804)
WHY WATERS OF THE BRAHMAPUTRA-GANGA-MEGHNA (BGM) RIVER BASIN CAN NEVER BE TRANSFERRED TO SOUTH INDIA?
R. Jagadiswara Rao, Former Professor of Geology, S.V. University, Tirupati, AP
While resolving the conflict between Karnataka and Tamil Nadu in sharing Cauvery waters during the 2002, the Supreme Court in a bid to stop such recurrences suggested the Indian govt to interlink India’s rivers to transfer surplus waters of the Brahmaputra-Ganga-Meghna (BGM) river basin to water-deficient basins in the south within a time frame. The govt in turn constituted a task force to work out the modalities. This decision has led to the apprehension that such river linking would further aggravate the water problems faced by the people living within the basin belonging to India, China, Nepal, Bhutan and Bangladesh besides possible prevention of the annual flood and associated sedimentation necessary to protect the very ecosystem of the deltaic plains of Bengal and Sundarbans (Khalequzzaman, 2003).
**Inadequacy of water in the Ganga River** To maintain a minimum flow of 1100 m$^3$/s in the Hoogly River and thereby make Kolkata an all-weather port, India has built Farakka barrage across the Ganga river in 1974. While failing to fulfil the objective, this barrage had led to water stress to some people of Bangladesh living on subsistence agriculture and fishing during lean season. This necessitated an Indo-Bangla treaty in 1996 to restore the lean-season flow of the Padma River.
Although the accord helped Bangladesh to get more Ganga water, the very purpose of constructing the barrage to make Kolkata an all-weather port was defeated. There was no consensus on the proposal of India to solve the problem through the Brahmaputra-Farakka link passing through Bangladesh and that of Bangladesh to augment water supplies at the Farakka barrage through construction of upstream reservoirs. Indian govt hopes to solve the problem by importing Brahmaputra water into Ganga through a canal along the “goose neck” of India passing through Assam and W Bengal. When a relatively minor issue of maintaining enough river flow to keep Kolkata an all-weather port couldn’t be achieved so far through flows within the Ganga river, how can anybody believe that Ganga water could ever be transferred to S India?
**Inadequacy of water in the Brahmaputra River** The Brahmaputra river basin has the highest mean annual surface water flow of 585.6 km$^3$/year (MOWR, 1999). By taking into account the mean annual surface runoff, the annual per capita water of the basin is the highest at over 16,000 m$^3$ (Thakkar, ‘03). Despite such high surface runoff, the mean utilisable surface runoff of the basin is 24 km$^3$/year (MOWR, 1999), accounting for hardly 4% of the annual surface water flow. On this basis, the basin ranks seventh next to Ganga, Godavari, Krishna, Mahanadi, Indus and Narmada. This low utilisable surface runoff of the basin is due to its steep slope and high temporal variability of rainfall and surface runoff, which makes the basin to experience unusually high intensity of floods and droughts. By taking into account the mean utilisable surface runoff rather than the mean annual surface water flow, the annual per capita water of the basin is hardly 680 m$^3$. As per this, the basin ranks below Narmada, Mahanadi, Brahmani, Godavari, Tapi, Krishna, west flowing minor rivers of S India, Pennar and Ganga basins (Rao, ‘04).
The live storage of reservoirs created in the basin is 1.1 km$^3$ (Thakkar, 2003), accounting for less than 0.2% of the annual surface water flow and less than 5% of the utilisable surface runoff. On this basis, the basin ranks twelfth next to Ganga, Krishna, Godavari, Indus, Mahanadi, Tapi, Cauvery, Narmada, Brahmani, Mahi and Sabarmati basins. Absence of cultivable land close to the reservoirs has led to letting reservoir water downstream more for power generation than irrigation.
**Net Area Irrigated in the Brahmaputra basin** From the authentic data available for 1993-4 on the India-side of the basin (except Nagaland for which details are not available), 40% is kept fallow, 51% rain-dependent and 9% irrigated mostly for one crop a year. Of the net area irrigated, 68% is irrigated by minor irrigation projects, 18% by canals of major irrigation projects and 14% by groundwater. Contrary to this, over 95% of the net area of over 4 M ha of Punjab is irrigated, of which groundwater accounts for nearly two-thirds and canals one-third (MOWR, 2001). From the inability to provide appreciable irrigation within the basin even 57 years after independence, it is clear that the rivers in the basin cannot be tamed for that purpose. When this being the case, how can anybody believe that the Brahmaputra water could ever be transferred to the Ganga River?
**References**
* J Rao (Jan-Feb 2004), *The Myth of surplus waters in Brahmaputra basin*, SANDRP Dams, Rivers & People, ([http://www.janmanch.org/newsletter/Feb-2004.htm](http://www.janmanch.org/newsletter/Feb-2004.htm)).
* Khalequzzaman, Md. (2003), *Indian River Linking Proposal in Watershed Context*, SANDRP Dams, Rivers & People, v, 1, Issue 10-11, Nov-Dec, p. 19-20 ([http://www.janmanch.org/newsletter/sandrp-dec2003.doc](http://www.janmanch.org/newsletter/sandrp-dec2003.doc))
* MOWR (1999), *Report of the National Commission for Integrated Water Resources Development Plan*, Ministry of Water Resources, Govt of India, vol 1, p 515
* MOWR (2001), *Report on Census of Minor Irrigation Scheme 1993-4*, Min of Water Resources, Govt of India [http://126.96.36.199/census/part1/villsche/tab22.htm](http://188.8.131.52/census/part1/villsche/tab22.htm)
* Thakkar, H (2003) *River basins in India*, SANDRP Dams, Rivers & People, v, 1, 4-5, May-June, p. 11-12 ([http://www.narmada.org/sandrp/jun2003.doc](http://www.narmada.org/sandrp/jun2003.doc))
The seminar was held under the auspices of Environmental Engineering Division of the Institution of Engineers (India), W Bengal Centre, on Sept 8-9, 04. It was strongly felt that there should be a national debate over the issue among all sections of society. The distinguished academicians, engineers, geologists, geographers, activists and Govt officials participated and over 200 delegates were present in the auditorium.
The seminar was inaugurated by Sri Ganesh Mondal, the W Bengal Minister for Irrigation and Waterways Directorate, and keynote address was delivered by Prof J Bandyopadhyay of Indian Institute of Management. Both of them were very critical about the project. The Hon’ble Minister declined to participate in the concept that inter-basin transfer of water can solve the problem of flood and drought rather, he opined it can lead to water-war among the States. He also denied that ‘there is excess water in the Ganga basin’.
Prof Bandyopadhyay concluded that there is hardly any rationale to incur such monumental expenditure while there are other viable alternatives to combat the challenges. He emphasised that there is hardly any justification for the mega project to ensure future food security or the supply of drinking water to the drought prone areas. There are farmer-centred, eco-friendly and cost effective options to combat the twin challenges. The replacement of drought resistant crops by water-intensive crops in low rainfall areas may be suicidal. Biswatosh Sarkar, WB Secretary for Irrigation and Waterways Dept narrated briefly about the four links affecting the State and observed that substantial chunk of habitation and tea gardens will be disturbed putting serious strain on the State’s economy and environment.
Medha Patkar of the National Alliance of People’s Movement addressed a special session of the Seminar. While questioning the diktat from the Chief Justice as well as the Hon’ble President of India, she explained that without completion of all impact assessment and with no clearance from the sanctioning authorities, ILR can only be a concept. The unprecedentedly expensive project will bring in foreign investment leading to corporatisation and privatisation of water. The common villagers do not get benefit from large projects in spite of their sacrifice, since distribution of benefits is largely unequal in large dams and such projects. The decentralised use of water with other resources would have gone a long way if the community were granted the first right to those resources. She asserted that if there were no shift in the paradigm pursued today, the only alternative would be struggle and reconstruction. As regards hydropower she demanded that first the reduction of T and D losses should be achieved.
The technical sessions were addressed by eminent scholars like Samar Bagchi, Dr Kalyan Bandyopadhyay, Prof Manas Bandyopadhyay, Dr Kalyan Rudra, Subrata Sinha and Rajkapur Sharma. The speakers were unanimous that altering the delicate hydrological balance set would surely impair the ecological security and consequences may be disastrous. The Brahmaputra-Ganga-Subarnarekha link would intercept all south-flowing and east-flowing rivers of W Bengal and there by invite the problem of drainage congestion. This may also impair the existing balance between sweet and saline water regime in the delta. The project was conceived on a myth that Ganga-Brahmaputra basin carries excess water that flows into the sea and thus ‘wasted’. This contravenes the basic ecological principles.
The project does not take into account the ecological security and the delicate hydrological balance of the Ganga-Brahmaputra delta. Nor any heed was paid to the demand of huge population living in largest delta of the World. Even the question of Indo-Bangladesh relationship over the sharing of water of Ganga, Brahmaputra and Teesta was ignored. Since 54 rivers are trans-boundary in nature and flows into Bangladesh from W Bengal, the Govt of India should cohere with our neighboring State on the issue of water management. We may here refer to the Principle 2 of Rio declaration adopted in 1992. “States have, in accordance with the Charter of the UN and the principles of international law, the sovereign right to exploit their own resources pursuant to their own environmental and developmental policies, and the responsibility to ensure that activities within their jurisdiction or control do not cause damage to the environment of other States or of areas beyond the limits of national jurisdiction.”
The diversion of sweet water from Ganga-Brahmaputra basin may allow the saline water wedge to ingress further inland causing a serious ecological imbalance in the delta. Since there would be reduction of flow in one river and increase in another, the environment of the riparian areas will go through vigorous change.
In view of the opinion expressed by experts this Institute strongly feels the paradigm of water management should not be guided by reductionist vision of arithmetical hydrology. All technical details of the project or concept should be available in the public domain so that there may be more debate over the issue before it is accepted or rejected. The water plan should not be dictated by any apex body, rather it should emerge out of consensus among echelons of the society.
Kalyan Rudra and Anik Raychaudhury
Bangladesh A workshop organised by the Bangladesh People’s Initiative against India’s ILR resolved to put up a people to people, people to govts and regional opinion bulwark against it. According to a presentation, “If only rice output goes down by a MT or 4%, then 45000 persons will lose their employment every year, and subsequently the income loss will be nearly Tk 8 B”. The damage will be compounded by the losses in fish, forestry, industry and transport. Adding losses in other sectors will possibly make the figure Tk 30 B a year. The GDP will be reduced by 1.5%. The impacts of the ILR will result in lower surface water flow that will inhibit the recharging of groundwater and wetlands and create unbearable water crisis. Salinity rise will lead to shrimp and power output loss. Mangrove output will be reduced. “Subsequently costlier irrigation will lower crop output, which will reduce food production.
A two-day consultation on ILR called for the creation of a South Asian network of people for water to prevent large intervention on rivers that risk the integrity of river basins on which life, livelihood, culture and civilization depend. The consultation attended by experts and activists from India, Nepal, Bangladesh and Pakistan also called for the development of a people’s database on the rivers of the region to deal with the problems of secrecy that shroud mega projects like river linking. ILR was not only scientifically untenable and environmentally unviable but also would not achieve the objectives for which it was intended. The speakers raised alarm about the dangers of interfering with the Himalayan ecosystem about which knowledge gaps were aplenty and underlined the need for civil society groups to build pressure on their national govts and national leaders to work on a regional plane for equitable water sharing. Reaz Rahman, foreign affairs adviser to the Prime Minister said implementation of the project would violate the 30-year old Indo-Bangla water treaty. The experts stressed on a common regional position to devise a strategy for fair and justifiable utilisation of common water. Former Water Resources minister of Nepal, Dipak Gyawali said there were no discussions regarding the sustainable and fair utilization of trans-boundary water. Referring to the situation in Bihar, Gyawali said, no dams can control flood, they rather create disasters like erosion and water logging and bring miseries for the people. Former federal secretary of water and power ministry of Pakistan Syed Shahid Hussain said fair, equitable and sustainable management of trans-boundary water is a regional issue, “whether you solve it bilaterally or multilaterally”. He said the govts in this region do not consider the civil society concerns seriously. (NEWAGE 090704, 220804, The New Nation 220804)
DAMS
Tehri The water level at Tehri dam had reached 653 m on July 30, leading to drowning of 200-year old Tehri town even as people who had not got proper compensation continued to stay there. Their homes also drowned. While the project authorities and the state Govt had declared the old town unsafe, over 100 people were still staying there in the hope of better rehabilitation package. The submergence of Tehri town has been firmed after closing the T-1 tunnel this year, in violation of the Supreme Court orders.
False data on R&R MATU, working on Tehri issue, has alleged that the submergence of July 29 in Tehri was created for frightening the oustees. The MATU said that the claim by the Rehabilitation Directorate on rehabilitation of all oustees of Tehri was a false and the Directorate has misguided to the Central Committee, constituted for Tehri Rehabilitation. About 50 families of Tehri has refused to move out saying that they have not received any compensation.
Inquiry The Union Govt has ordered a high-level inquiry by Central Water Commission, following the collapse of a tunnel and killing 29 labourers. The former Water Resources Secretary, Mr M S Reddy, will head the inquiry and team will include a member each from the CWC and CEA. All the deceased and injured were working for Jaiprakash Associates, the main contractor.
Blame on each other Sources in JP Industries said that the accident at the Construction Site of the tunnel happened because of geological instability in the region. The accident happened as huge mass of rock came down where the vertical shaft was being constructed. While the Director of Geological Survey of India, Dr P C Nawani claimed, “What collapsed was the massive rock material of the underlined portion between 704 and 678 m of the shaft a. The rock fall was probably triggered by the rain water percolation that lubricated the rocks and made them move down.” The most vulnerable area where poor rocks were found is between 690-630 m above the MSL. Monitoring and quality control are the responsibility of the Tehri Hydro Development Corp and contractors the J P Associates.
Experts and NGOs question Experts and NGOs questioned the functioning of the committee constituted by the Supreme Court to monitor rehabilitation and environmental compliance for Tehri dam. They said that the accident at the Tehri dam at Uttaranchal requires that filling of the Tehri reservoir be stopped and all the ongoing HEPs in the Himalayan region be reviewed.
‘Tehri would be last big dam in Uttaranchal’
The Uttaranchal Chief Minister announced that the 60 B Tehri project would be the last project of its kind in the state. (THE INDIAN EXPRESS, THE HINDU 310704, SAHARA SAMAY 070804, BUSINESS LINE 040804, THE HINDU 040804, 060804, THE TIMES OF INDIA 050804, 060804, RASHTRIYA SAHARA 080804)
Koshi High Dam DPR An Indo-Nepal joint office has been set up in Biratnagar in Nepal to carry out the feasibility study on Koshi high dam. That office would prepare the DPR within 33 months. In 1997, a joint technical team comprising experts from both sides agreed to, among other things, carry out the feasibility study of developing: a) the Koshi Dam (whose height could go anywhere between 269 to 335 m); b) Sun-Koshi Dam in Okhaldhunga district and; c) the Koshi Canal Waterway (which would be 165 km long) linking Nepal with Kolkata port in India. India has already allocated Rs 290 M for the study. But there are valid reasons for the Nepali – and Indian – public to be sceptical. First, Nepali and Indian officials have been talking about harnessing the Koshi Rivers – just like the Mahakali and the Karnali – for decades. Second and more important, in 1996, the two neighbors entered into an agreement to develop the Mahakali-Pancheshwor Multipurpose Project and prepare its DPR within six months. Eight years later, the joint team of experts is still ‘working on’ the DPR. Now the proponents of Koshi high dam argue that the only way to tame the Koshi - which is called the ‘Sorrow of Bihar’ by the pro-Dam lobby – is to dam it near Chatarra in Nepal. They also argue that the project would also reap “tremendous” economic benefits to Nepal; the Sun-Koshi Kamala diversion would irrigate 300 000 Ha in E Terai, besides generating electricity. The opponents, however, contend that it is not at all feasible to develop a high dam of that size in an area full of seismic fault zones. The issue of displacement is another story altogether. From Koshi multipurpose project, officials argue, Bihar stands to reap “tremendous flood control and other economic benefits”. That’s not true, say other experts. “Bihar is flooded every year not because of monsoon rains in Nepal,” says renowned water expert Ajay Dixit. “Rather, it is the mismanagement of the natural drainage systems there that’s causing the problems.”
- Five offices would be set up at different places in Nepal. The Indian Govt will submit DPR to Nepal Govt within 30 months. The estimated cost of the project is Rs 211.5 B and the total cost would be spent by India. Earlier, the Bihar Govt had rejected the proposal in 1954 because of the dam site comes under earthquake zone. The Centre and the Bihar Govt have also discussed the proposed Koshi-Gandak river link. The Union Ministry has directed to prepare new DPR for Koshi-Gandak flood control scheme. (HINDUSTAN 210704, SAHARA SAMAY 240704, KATHMANDU POST 170804)
Court directs Govt to disilt dam The Madras High Court has directed the State Govt to begin the initial work for desilting the Orathupalayam dam in Erode dist. A Division Bench of Justice V S Sirpurkar and Justice A K Rajan gave the direction passing an interim order on the writ petition from K K Subramanian, Lakshmi and S Selvakumar. The petitioners were praying for a direction to the authorities concerned to take action to clean the Noyyal river within a time frame by relocating the industries set up with in the prohibited area as per a Govt order dated March 30, 1989, of the Environment and Forest Dept and to pay compensation to the petitioners for the loss sustained on account of pollution. (THE INDIAN EXPRESS 200704)
Proposal to raise Rajasthan dam height The Irrigation Dept has sent a proposal for raising the height of Sei dam from current 8.25 to 10.93 m. The Sei dam had been constructed in 1977 on the Jawai River in Kotda tehsil of Udaipur dist. The dam is the feeder dam of Jawai dam and situated at 30 km upstream. The reservoir capacity at present is 1106 M cubic ft. (RAJASTHAN PATRIKA 080704)
Jurala Dam: 700 families submerged, no R&R When Andhra Pradesh Govt built the Jurala Priyadarshini Irrigation Project across the Krishna, its backwaters threatened at least 700 families residing at mini islands including 194 families of Kurvakhurda, 210 of Kurvakala, 94 of Mangigadde, 9 of Agrahar islands and 340 families of Burdipad village. The Krishna flows around these mini islands and islands are within the territorial jurisdiction of Raichur district of Karnataka. The AP Govt came in to agreement with the Karnataka Govt to rehabilitate the families. 900 Ha belonging to 700 families were acquired. The AP Govt also released Rs 70 M for the rehabilitation of these oustees. Once the relief was released, the Jurala project authorities started storing the Krishna waters in the reservoir. Instead of shifting the oustees to safer location immediately, the Karnataka Govt decided to divert the funds released by AP Govt towards other projects. And now the oustees have lost their lands without rehabilitation. (THE NEW INDIAN EXPRESS 050704)
Climate change: India faces rough ride Global climate change is likely to result in severe droughts and floods in India, with major impacts on human health and food supplies, according to India’s report to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. Released by India’s Environment Minister, the report predicts that rainfall patterns are also set to change. Western and central areas could have up to 15 more dry days each year, while the N and NE are predicted to have 5 - 10 more rainy days. Most major river basins are likely to become considerably drier. In coastal areas, the key climate-related risks include more frequent tropical cyclones and rise in sea level that will submerge mangrove forests and increase the salinity of wetlands. If sea levels were to rise by 1 m, over 7 M people could be displaced and over 5000 square km of land and 4 000 km of roads could be lost.
Earlier this year, scientists at the Pune-based Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology used two models and predicted that the global warming could have serious consequences for crop growth and weather patterns. The global model predicts a 10% increase in monsoon rainfall over the next century. (www.mg.co.za 090704)
NE DAMS NHPC's Loktak continues to damage The long term submergence of agricultural lands by the high water level maintained by the Ithai Barrage [of the Loktak Project] has rendered useless the agricultural lands and there has been no crop production for a long time, according to villagers living in the peripheral areas of Loktak lake. The villages thus affected are Ithai, Khordak, Nongmaikhong, Kumbi, Thanga Part-I, Salam, Heisnam, Chingkhia, Shamukon, Oinam, Karang, Ngaram, Khunsen, Moirangthem, Tongbram, Ithing Khunjao, Keibul Lamjao, Chingmei, Chandpur, Moirang Khunou, Thoiya, Kikilbon and Moirang. Other upland areas also affected are Thamnapokpi, Naransein, Sunusiphai, Phubala, Thinungei, Ningthoukhang, Toupokpi, Upokpi, Kha-Potsangbam, Nachou, Kwasisiphai, Khoijuman, Toubul, Ngaikhong, Ngakchoupokpi, Ngaikhong Khunou, Keinou, Musnam Khunou, Oinam Isok, Noarem, Soibam and Nambol. These places used to cultivate the Taothabi variety of rice and a Ha paddy field could produce around 100 bags of paddy in those days prior to the commissioning of the Loktak HEP. In earlier days with the arrival of the monsoon, the villagers in lake's peripheral areas caught local fish species like Ukabi, Pengba, Nganoi and Ngakra that used to enter into ponds and rivers from the lake but today these fish are hardly available. (The Poknapham 110704)
NE Students warn against large dams Members of the Takam Mising Porin Kebang, the All Mising Students Union in Assam, urged the people of the State to become aware of the perils involved in massive constructions on the region's rivers, and on hilly terrain across its borders. The students' body exposed two major constructions, which once completed would threaten the existence of a large number of population spread across Assam. Referring to the recent flash floods witnessed in several parts of lower Assam, spokesperson Ranoj Pegu described it as the effect of Kurichi dam. He said that people of the State ought to learn from this disaster and raise a strong voice against the dam on the Subansiri river. He said that the people are not yet aware of the threats that the 116 m high dam would possess for the people in the low-lying areas. The proposed dam would be located in a seismic zone, and once it is breached, or water is suddenly released to ensure the protection of the dam, it would have a devastating effect on the downstream areas. The student body reiterated their demand to abandon the construction of large dams in the Northeast, and instead approved the setting up of smaller, more manageable dams so that major disasters could be avoided. Another dangerous situation is being created by the construction of the Bogibeel bridge over the Brahmaputra. The unprecedented flood experienced in Dhemaji district in recent times has been caused by the large-scale transfer of rocks from the riverbeds of several tributaries of the Brahmaputra to meet requirements of the Bogibeel bridge. As a result, the water of the rivers now has a faster flow rate and inundate larger tracts of land. The reduction in the width of the river near the site of the Bogibeel bridge also has the potential to endanger life and property, especially on the north bank of the river. (The Assam Tribune 130704)
Concern over Dams in NE In a 3-day consultation people and experts fighting against indiscriminate construction of dams in the north-east have expressed concern at the state govts' turning a blind eye to the people's sufferings and imbalance in ecology. The "second consultation on dams in the north-east" was organised by the Manipur-based Citizen's Concern for Dams and Development. About 50 participants from six states in the North East, including affected people from Loktak, Mapithel dam and Tipaimukh (Manipur), Gumti (Tripura), Pagladiya (Assam) projects attended the Consultation. Participants included representatives from proposed projects in Lower Subansiri, Siang, Teesta and Bhairavi. The speakers said that the state govts in the region were in 'connivance' with corporate houses and power generating agencies like NHPC and NEEPCO without considering the people's problems. The meeting expressed concern that the implementing agencies were using dubious and undemocratic methods of push through their proposed projects. The sub-title of the meeting, called "Understanding Dams Proliferation in Northeast India", remained the main theme of the meet. Dr Smitu Kothari opined that dams being constructed in the northeast were all based on false data due to absence of required data and other information. Dr. Kothari said that since 1947, over 20 M people, mainly tribals, have been displaced by the dam projects and only about 1% of these affected people have been adequately resettled. Dams are always planned on the tribal area where the land is owned by clans and individuals living there for centuries, but not possessing the title documents, he said adding that the govt has found it convenient to fool and cheat these people. The union govt has identified 168 sites in the northeast as potential sites for dams. The participants were concerned about the plight of the affected indigenous people. Citing the plight of displaced people, an affected person from Tripura revealed that 26 000 displaced people of Gumti project, which was commissioned in 1973, were yet to be adequately compensated or rehabilitated. The meeting expressed serious concern that a range of international financial agencies like the World Bank, Asian Development Bank, JBIC (Japan), etc, are involved in these projects with inadequate studies and almost no consultation with local communities and the civil society of the Northeast.
➢ Birendra, who was a student of class 7 when the Gumti Dam was built in the remote Raima and Saima valley in Tripura, recalled how in 1973, 10 000 families were given a week's time to move out of their homes where they had been living for ages. He said even elephants were used to force the people out. Once called the paddy pocket of Tripura, these fertile valleys
were converted into a reservoir. The Project is now generating only 4 MW power against the 10 MW project capacity. He added that the people of the area were now demanding their land back and decommissioning of the Gumti Dam.
Participants from Manipur stated how the NHPC’s Loktak dam has resulted in annual floods along a 40 km stretch in the Imphal valley. Over 60,000 Ha of paddy fields get submerged every year due to the NHPC taking no step to flush out the flood waters, Ramananda said. He added that activist of the area were demanding decommissioning of the dam.
Participants from Ukhrul, were the Mapithel multi purpose dam on the Thoubal river is under construction, revealed that the entire project was planned without consulting the people of the area resulting in the best and most fertile area of the district being submerged in flood waters. He added that help of army was also taken to push the project though and as result the farmers had to move to other areas, becoming refugees in their own land.
Dr. Carlo and others of the Arunachal Human Rights groups spoke of the ambitious power plans being proposed for their state by the NHPC and NEEPCO. While 3 mega dams have been sanctioned, 28 others have been proposed. They said that MoUs have been signed without consent of the people in all the dam areas. They feared that these dams would affect the demographic pattern of the state. They said there are only 0.7 M Arunachalis, but the Chakma population was growing rapidly. The Chakmas themselves were displaced from the Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh when a dam was built there decades ago. We will fight tooth and nail against all these dams they warned. (NORTH EAST TIMES, MEGHALAYA GUARDIAN 230804; ASSAM TRIBUNE 240804)
**Ranganadi project brings woes**
A study (rapid appraisal as part of a detail research study, of the project “to find out whether the flow diversion scheme of the NEEPCO really augur ill for the two valleys”) conducted by the group Aranyak, pointed to the Ranganadi Project of the NEEPCO as one of the major sources of the woes for the NE people. The project will dry up a part of Lakhimpur District in Assam in the lean season and will simultaneously accentuate the flood havoc for the entire District. The phase-I of the 405 MW Project constructed in the Lower Subansiri District of Arunachal Pradesh envisaged diverting the flow of the Ranganadi through an 8.5 km long tunnel, and was commissioned in 2001. The phase-II of the Project proposes a 112-m high rock fill storage dam. It is being built on the Ranganadi near the 51 km post of the Kimin-Ziro Road at Yazali, 10 km upstream of the phase-I diversion dam site. This is to provide a reservoir and discharge will be used to generate 30 MW power. The Ranganadi has an estimated water discharge capacity of 1800-1900 cumecs in summer and 170-180 cumecs in winter. It falls at Subansiri, a major Brahmaputra tributary in the north bank, at Ranganadi Mukh. The Dikrong also meets the Subansiri at Dikrong Mukh. These two rivers flow through Lakhimpur District of Assam. The Aaranyak study found that the Dikrong bed had gone up by 2.5 m compared to its bed level in 1972. The trend of such a rise in the river’s bed level was accelerated since 1992 at an alarmingly high rate. This phenomenon has been attributed to the two factors of tectonic forces and anthropogenic activities, the study said. “The Dikrong River has an average annual flow of 60 - 70 cumecs. This flow rises to 1200 - 1500 cumecs during the floods. Addition of another 160 cumecs to the river is sure to increase its flood level in coming years which will inevitably lead to bank topping and inundation of more areas on its two banks in the plains section between Harmoti and Badati,” said the study. “In fact, no hydrological (or otherwise) investigation was done on the Dikrong River and its basin. Interestingly, the amount of water to be diverted from the Ranganadi and released to the Dikrong was also never mentioned in the DPR. It was only at the time of commissioning of the project in early 2001 when public demand for information on water transfer scheme peaked that NEEPCO divulged some information on the scheme.” The study said that implementing such projects without the prior knowledge of the people and concealing crucial information from them was an outright denial of citizens’ basic human and environmental right. Significantly, the findings of the study the NEEPCO conducted through the Central Water and Power Research Station after tremendous public pressure were also not made public. The villagers of Solmari, Meragaon and Dikronghat have reported water level going up and down between evening and early morning 3-4 days a week since March 2001. In the dry season, the sandbars are found to be submerged in the night and completely wet in the morning. In the absence of rainfall for days, the only plausible explanation for this is that of the NEEPCO releasing water from the Hoz powerhouse in the evening and night for power generation. Consider these facts against the backdrop of the Dikrong water level remaining only 1 - 1.5 feet below the bank top even during the winter these days at Meragaon, Solmari, Dikronghat and Sisapathar etc. The report said that the river Ranganadi would braid more and flow in multiple channels in the following flood seasons and in the process would engulf and inundate vast areas on its banks making floods more disastrous. Moreover, the drastic reduction in the flow in the lean season will have very serious implications for the forest and wetland ecosystems as well as livelihoods of local communities. (ASSAM TRIBUNE 220804)
**Big Dams could spell Disaster: Assam Minister**
The Assam Govt has raised serious questions over the long term effect of big dams that are coming up on the upper stream of the Brahmputra. The Govt acknowledged serious doubts and chose the floor of the assembly to
stretch a line between power generation and ecological disaster. The State Power Minister, Mr Pradut Bardoloi said that big dams could spell ecological disaster downstream in the Brahmaputra basin and before the dams were constructed key factors to protect the environment must be ensured. The state has called for a proper assessment of the advantages and demerits for Assam, of such large projects in Arunachal Pradesh. The govt's concern about these projects comes in the wake of the impact of excess waters from dams in Subansiri, Siyang, Kameng and other rivers, as well as the upper reaches of the Brahmaputra in Arunachal Pradesh, contributing towards the terrible floods this year in Assam. The Assam Minister has said that the Central and State govt's must learn their lessons from the devastating floods in Assam this year and adequate care should be taken before granting permission for construction of big dams for in the northeast. He pointed out that the State faced unprecedented floods mainly because of dam breach in Bhutan and because of the overtopping of the Kopili HEP. He said that the Kaziranga National Park would be the worst affected in such a scenario, while the farmers of the valley would also suffer if the wetlands dry up because of construction of the dams. Bordoloi pointed out that this year the districts of Morigaon and Nagaon suffered the worst ever floods due to overtopping of the Kopili dam and in 1985, large parts of Nepal witnessed devastation due to glacial lake outburst floods, which washed away several dams. He further pointed out that the north-east is in zone V of the seismic map, i.e. the region is prone to severe earthquakes and one must thoroughly examine whether the dams to be constructed in the region would be able to withstand a severe earthquake. Bordoloi alleged that though the Ministry of Environment and Forest had constituted an expert committee for giving environmental clearance for the dams including the NHPC's Lower Subansiri, no one from the region was included in the committee. The problems of the region cannot be appreciated properly by people from outside the region, he added. (BUSINESS LINE 040804, THE ASSAM TRIBUNE 090804)
**Doubts over NE Dams** The Experts from Brahmaputra Board stated that the flood havoc in the Assam, particularly in the Brahmaputra valley may become more severe in the coming years. The NHPC has been given the sole right to construct dams in the upper reaches of Subansiri and the Dehang rivers for power generation. The NHPC had not kept any provision of flood cushions in its dams on the Subansiri and the Dehang. The BB officials claimed that the BB had flood cushion provisions in its proposed dams, which were multi-purpose ones. The Dehang contributes around 37.4% towards the Brahmaputra run-off at Pandu, while the Subansiri has a contribution of 10.66%. Thus both the rivers together have a contribution of around 48%. For the effective flood moderation in the Brahmaputra valley, flood moderation in these two tributaries is a must, the BB sources said. The Part-I of the Master Plan prepared by the BB had recommended that construction of major storage projects in the Dehang, Subansiri, Debang and the Lohit sub-basins is necessary. The Debang contributes 7.65% to the runoff of the Brahmaputra, while the Lohit has a contribution of 9.5%. The Board prepared DPRs on Dehang and the Subansiri in 1983-84 and proposed to take up construction of these projects. The proposed Dehang Dam Project of the Brahmaputra Board had a flood storage capacity of 8 500 MCM. It had a proposed gross reservoir capacity of 47 000 MCM. The Subansiri Dam Project proposed by the BB had 2 500 MCM of flood storage capacity, while the proposed total storage capacity of the Dam was 14 000 MCM. The Board proposed 20 000 MW capacity in its Dehang Project and 4,800 MW in its Subansiri Dam. There were some objections from the Arunachal Pradesh Govt to the Board's proposals due to submergence of vast tracts of areas in Arunachal Pradesh. The Board then in 1994, started preparing the DPR for the alternative proposals with the concurrence of the Arunachal Pradesh Govt, for the two rivers with a provision of three dams on each of the rivers. In 1999 the NHPC entered the scene with a proposal to have 6 500 MW capacity in the three projects of Subansiri. The NHPC proposed to generate 14 500 MW in the three projects of Dehang: Upper dam at Yinkiong in Arunachal Pradesh (11 000 MW), Dehang Middle at Roing in Arunachal Pradesh (2 000 MW) and at Dehang Lower at Rotung in Arunachal Pradesh (1 500 MW). Due to the intervention from Centre, the NHPC was given the go ahead in March 2000. The total generating capacity of the six projects of the NHPC is 3 800 MW less than what the BB had proposed. On the other hand, as the NHPC dams are meant only for power generation, these do not have the provision for flood moderation. The Brahmaputra Board proposals had the provision to lower 1.41 m of water level at Dibrugarh in case of 100-year flood with the Dehang and Subansiri projects. At Gumi near Guwahati, the Dehang project of BB would have been able to lower the water level by 0.7 m and together with the Subansiri project, the lowering of the water levels would have been possible up to 0.98 m. For the 25-year return period of the floods, the Dehang project would have been able to lower water levels up to 0.82 m at Dibrugarh and at Gumi it would have been able to lower the water levels up to 0.64 m Despite all this the Prime Minister had during his recent visit to the State, said that the Govt of India was committed to complete the Subansiri Lower and the Pagladiya Projects as these two projects had significant roles in solving the flood problem of Assam. The Assam Forest Dept has also issued the No Objection Certificate (NOC) to the Gerukamukh Project. But, the Supreme Court in a recent order stated, "There would be no construction of dam upstream of the Subansiri River in future." (ASSAM TRIBUNE 010804)
Can Pagladiya Dam Control Floods?
The Assamese are upset not so much at the terrible floods and the havoc they are wreaking everywhere, including Guwahati city, as at the govt's apathy, the failure of its relief programme and its lack of preparedness and planning.
As most people know, relief provision has become a big racket involving crores. People have learnt to expect floods, and to great extent, to live with them: they know floods can't be prevented or contained. But what they do expect is a warning from the state about the imminence and severity of floods, and some plans for timely evacuation. This alone could reduce loss to life by almost 100% and damage to property by up to 80% at a modest cost.
Instead, the govt spends billions on "flood control" -- a massive scam which consists of building barrages and dams that will be washed away in no time, or which swollen rivers bypass or which will add to the woes of the people by releasing water in flooded downstream.
One such project is a dam being built on the Pagladiya River, a tributary of the Brahmaputra. This is a "multipurpose" affair, meant to establish "flood control" over 40,000 ha, irrigate 54,000 ha and have a token 3 MW power generation installed capacity. Three years ago, the project was meant to cost Rs 5.43 B. Its estimated cost has more than doubled to Rs 11.36 B -- although it's not even half-complete. The cost meter is running -- and fast. The Pagladiya project came in for sharp criticism last year in the Parliamentary Standing Committee on Agriculture.
I was on an Environment Ministry "Expert Committee" on river valley projects in 1996-98. The Pagladiya dam was referred to us. "Pagladiya" literally means "mad river" because it changes its course wildly, drastically and suddenly. This is the result largely of seismic factors that cause mountainous masses of earth to shift position, creating landslides, huge silt flows and floods. The effect is compounded by deforestation and other man-made factors.
A minority within the committee, including me, opposed the project because no dam could possibly address the root-cause of the floods or the river's "migration" (shifting of its bed) by kilometres at a time. A three km-long dam would be useless, for instance, on a river that changes course by 30 km in 4 years!
The project, we argued, is doubly irrational because in the name of "irrigation", it would create waterlogging in places. Half the power it might generate in a good year would be used to pump out the accumulated water from "irrigation" -- to prevent floods!
The project was approved under pressure from the Centre and irrigation lobbies. Today, the same "mad river" is creating havoc through floods and by depositing coarse silt on fertile paddy fields -- causing local shortages of food. The Pagladiya, reports *The Hindu*, has turned Namati village (population 8,000) in Assam's Nalbari district "into an island. Three villagers, including two women, [have] died of diarrhoea due to lack of safe drinking water. The district administration has now installed four tube-wells". The irony of drilling tube-wells amidst floods should be self-evident!
At any rate, continues the report, the large amount of sand the river carries "gets deposited on the bed, raising its level. As a result, it easily breaches the banks, causing catastrophic damage. This year, too, [the] Pagladiya changed its course and converged with another river, Buradiya", no less!
Praful Bidwai (*Rediff News*, 190804)
**Additional Information on Pagladiya Dam**
According to the Pagladiya Baandh Prakalpar Khatigrasta Alekar Sangram Samiti, the project will result in the loss of ancestral homes of 33 villages, in order to benefit 37 villages in the southern part of National Highway 31. The Samiti has recommended that three check dams be built instead of this single dam. (*The Sentinel* 080402)
Several groups like the All Bodo Students' Union, Bodoland Demand Legislative Party, All Rabha Students' Union and the All Bodo Employees Federation have held demonstrations seeking a halt to the dam as it may create a serious flood problem in the tribal dominated Tamulpur Revenue Circles. (*The Assam Tribune* 011101)
According to the All Bodo Students Union, 27 villages of Tamulpur and Mushalpur Revenue Circle would be submerged by the project. They say that the survey for the dam was made in 1968 and since then the environmental scenario in the area had undergone drastic changes making the construction of the dam irrelevant in the present context. The ABSU stressed that instead of going in for a big dam, the Central Govt should explore the possibility of setting up small dams in the tributaries in Nalbari district which would also help the irrigation.
The apprehensions that the implementation of the dam in the present form would completely submerge 70,000 bighas of agricultural land and displace 27 villages continue to exist. (*Business Line* 190101) (From the Kalpavriksh-SANDRP Dossier on NE Dams, forthcoming)
**HYDRO PROJECTS**
**Bhakra** Residents demand 20% Pandoh water The Citizens’ Council Mandi has launched a campaign against the Beas Sutlej Link project being run by the Bhakra Beas Management Board, demanding 12% free power and release 20% water from the Pandoh reservoir into the Beas, that flows through Mandi. The CCM has launched a signature campaign to submit a petition to the Chief Justice of the Himachal Pradesh High Court. The CCM said the town had got nothing but silt and pollution from the BSL project since it was commissioned in 1977. The dam had stopped water in the river downstream from the dam. The aquatic life in the downstream region has been destroyed soon after the BSL project was commissioned in 1977, said the CCM. From Pandoh to Mandi town along the Beas and from the dredgers site of the BSL tunnel along the Suketi khud, tributary of the Beas that joins it at Mandi, mounds of silt litter the riverbanks. The CCM informed that the BBMB was earning Rs 19 B as revenue from the project, but neither Mandi nor the state got anything from it despite the project being located in the state. The BBMB officials said the HP PCB had filed a case against the BBMB and it was pending in the HP High Court. As per the court order, the silt was being ejected only in the monsoon, claimed BBMB. 5% of the water is being released into the river, claimed Chief Engineer of the BSL. (THE TRIBUNE 060704)
**HEPs asked to ensure downstream flows** According to the direction passed by the Chief Minister of Himachal Pradesh in a meeting held with the authorities of the Sutlej Jal Vidyut Nigam, all the hydropower executing agencies will be required to ensure that at least 10% of the total river water keeps flowing downstream for the survival of aquatic life, for water supply and irrigation schemes for the benefit of the people living in adjoining areas. It had been noticed that a majority of the HEPs had diverted complete river water for power generation leaving no water for downstream requirements. (DAILY EXCELSIOR 180704)
**Project Cost overruns** Of the 116 core sector projects with a cost above Rs 1 B cleared in the past decade, only nine have been completed. Due to the cost and time overruns, the costs of these projects have escalated by Rs 85.72 B. A pointer is the Dulhasti HEP in J & K. The project was to be completed in Nov 1990 initially at an estimated cost of Rs 1.835 B. The anticipated cost now is Rs 42.279 B. The revised deadline for the project (March 2001) has also lapsed. The Nathpa Jhakri HEP in Himachal Pradesh was to be completed by April 1996 at an estimated cost of Rs 16.78 B. Delays mean that the cost now is Rs 86.566 B.
- **Larji** The 126 MW Larji HEP in HP is facing huge escalation in cost and time. Over Rs 8.75 B have been spent on the project as against the estimated cost of Rs 6.67 B, yet major electromechanical works and certain civil works remain to be completed. The final cost would be over Rs 10 B and per megawatt cost would be over Rs 80 M, highest for any big hydro in the state so far. The project is already two years behind schedule. According to the revised schedule, the project would be commissioned by June 2005. The cost of power will be Rs 3.5 per unit. (THE TRIBUNE 050704, THE HINDUSTAN TIMES 170704)
**Workers agitate at Kol Dam** Over 35 persons were injured as the police resorted to lathi charge on July 27 at the Kol Dam site in Sundernagar of Himachal Pradesh. The workers had been agitating for higher wages for the last two weeks. (THE TRIBUNE 280704)
**CEA plans** The Central electricity Authority has prepared pre feasibility reports of 147 HEPs in 16 states with total capacity of 40427 MW. The results of the PFR have indicated that 68 HEPs, with an aggregate capacity of 26819 MW, have tariff below Rs 2.50 per unit, which could be taken up on priority basis. The CEA has undertaken preparation of PFRs in 162 HEPs with total installed capacity of 50560 MW, to be completed in 11th-12th plans. (FINANCIAL EXPRESS 050704)
**Kishanganga HEP gets CEA clearance** The CEA has given techno economic clearance for the controversial 330 MW Kishanganga HEP in J & K. The CEA had earlier raised several objections to its technical feasibility. The project was awaiting technical clearance from the CEA since 2000. The project had been stalled since 1996 due to objections filed by the Defence Ministry, the environmentalists and for lack of funds. Defence Ministry had said that it would submerge the vast tracts of the strategic locations and in case the reservoir is breached, it will completely wash away military deployments right from Gurez to Bandipora. The local Dard-Shena population is opposed to the project, which in the first phase alone will inundate 25 villages, six summer high altitude habitats for shepherds, and eight camping sites. Six years ago, the govt had issued notices to around 10,000 people in seven villages- Badwan, Wampora, Khundeyal, Fakirpora, Dawar, Mastan Khopri, and Markot. By the end of the project approximately 25,000 Dard Shin populations will be forced to flee the Gurez Valley. The project envisages 103 m high dam over the Kishenganga (Neelam) River. From this reservoir water will flow through a channel and a 27 km tunnel dug south through the N Kashmir mountain range. The water channel will entirely change the course of river Neelam by around 100 kms, which will finally join the Wullar Lake and the river Jhelum near northern township of Bandipur. (KASHMIR TIMES 190604)
**Uttaranchal HEPs get CEA clearance** The CEA has granted techno-economic clearance to NTPC’s 600 (150 MW X 4) MW Loharinag Pala HEP on river Bhagirathi in Uttarkashi dist in Uttaranchal, envisaging an investment of Rs 24.178 B. (BUSINESS LINE 190804)
Allain Duhangan: IFC Board approves Even as affected people protest
Ombudsman accepts affected people’s complaint about IFC policy violations
Even as people to be affected by the proposed 192 MW Allain Duhangan HEP in Beas Valley in Kulu District in Himachal Pradesh sent protest letters to the management and board of executive directors of the International Finance Corp (private sector arm of the World Bank), the IFC Board on Oct 12, 04 approved funding to the controversial project. The IFC management made many false claims and even lied to get the board to approve the project. It may be recalled that the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the project is fundamentally inadequate and biased, surveys have not be completed, impact assessment of several project components are yet to be done and base line social surveys are yet to be done. The demand was also that a decisive public hearing should be held after an acceptable ESIA is available. The affected people, supporting organisations and numerous IFC appointed independent observers have expressed and supported these concerns in various communications to IFC. However, in typical World Bank fashion, the IFC went ahead and approved the project without fulfilling its own policies and norms.
Ashish Kothari of Kalpavriksha (in April 04 IFC had asked KV to conduct meetings in the affected villages), in a letter to IFC on Aug 27 and Sept 22, ‘It would be unfortunate if after facilitating a process on public hearing, getting numerous pleas from the affected villagers and local NGOs, and getting independent and specific inputs and recommendations from organizations like Kalpavriksh, IFC was to go ahead with funding the project without implementing the recommendations.’
In the meantime, the affected people have filed an official complaint with the Compliance Advisor Ombudsman office of the IFC about the violations in the project and CAO office has accepted the complaint after assessment and has started investigating the issues. The IFC Board was informed about the complaint and it being accepted by the CAO office. Instead of waiting for a few weeks for CAO office to complete its investigations, the IFC management decided to push the project through the Board and the Board decided to approve the project.
If at the end of the investigations, if CAO office were to reach a conclusion that IFC has indeed violated its own norms in project approval process, then what would be the meaning of such a conclusion when project implementation would have started?
People boycott public hearing on PALA-MANERI Dam:
Demand all the documents in Hindi and fresh public hearing
At 11 am on Sept 3, 04, the authorities were waiting at Bhatwari Tahsil Ground, Distt. Uttarkashi, (Bhagirathi Valley) Uttaranchal for Public Hearing for the 4 X 104 MW PALA-MANERI HEP. Affected villagers presented two letters one for the 4 X 150 MW LOHARINAG-PALA HEP and another for PALA-MANERI HEP. In both of the letters the affected villagers raised mainly on three issues: that they were not aware about the process of Public Hearing, that Gram Panchayats were neither informed (no notice) nor provided the documents and that they did not know about the EIA, EMP or the project impacts.
The affected people demanded that Environment Impact Assessment Report, Environment Management Plan and all other documents in complete, should be provided in Hindi at village level. A process should start to explain to the affected villagers about the documents in simple Hindi. Next Public Hearing should be held after a month after this process is completed.
After submitting these letters to Chairperson of the PH, they demanded that hearing should be postponed till their demands are met as current hearing was in violation of the EIA norms. They asked comments of chairperson, but the chairperson, instead began the PH.
Thus “public hearing” was held without the affected villagers. One of the panel member also boycotted PH and left the stage. Mr R Sreedhar, Mr RK Mukerji, Mr A Ranjan from Uttaranchal Jan Jagriti Sangh and Vimalbhai from Matu were present under protest as observers.
Mr Sreedhar said that after an earthquake he initiated the process of rehabilitating a village named PANGI, govt. assured him that new place of village Pangi will not be affected by any dam project. But now Powerhouse is proposed on Pangi land. He was assured by the project promoters that the land survey is going on and his concerns will be taken care of.
I raised a point that I did not get documents from different designated departments. The process of PH is not complete according to the requirements of MOEF notification. Four of us also submitted a letter to the chairperson in support of villagers with same demands.
In the so-called PH only panel members and the project authorities participated. Outside, villagers held protest demonstration. The representative of Uttranchal PCB claimed that the “public hearing” has been completed. People would fight this injustice. (Matu)
NEEPCO to pull out of Turial HEP
After investing over Rs 2 B in the 60 MW Turial HEP in Mizoram, the NEEPCO is now planning to close down the project following a deadlock on compensation to displaced tribal villagers. NEEPCO has borrowed from the Japan Bank of International Cooperation for the HEP. NEEPCO had an agreement with the Mizoram Govt for paying about Rs 80.5 M to the displaced in two instalments, but later power ministry turned down the proposal. When NEEPCO refused to pay the second instalment, angry villagers stopped work at the project site on June 8 '04. (THE ASIAN AGE 110804)
HP approves HEPs The HP cabinet has approved proposals for five HEPs with 249.5 MW installed capacity. The Sal-I (6.1 MW) & SuiI (13 MW) would be executed by the SEB, while Tidgon (100 MW), Sorang (60 MW), both in Kinnaur dist, and Budhil (70 MW), would be in private sector. (BUSINESS STANDARD 030804)
HP approves Rampur HEP R&R The Himachal Cabinet approved the Agreement and Resettlement and Rehabilitation Scheme for 439 MW Rampur HEP to be executed between the state (30% equity) and the Sutlej Jal Vidyut Nigam. (THE HINDU 300804)
Jaypee financial plans The Jaypee group is considering public offers for its Baspa-II and Vishnuprayag HEPs to raise around Rs 8 B for its 1000 MW Karcham Wangtoo HEP in Himachal Pradesh. As per Jaypee Associates, the KWP is expected to achieve financial closure shortly, since the promoters, Jaypee Karcham Hydro Corp Ltd have proposed the new fund infusion formula. While the 300 MW Baspa HEP in Himachal Pradesh is already operational, the 400 MW Vishnuprayag HEP in Uttaranchal is to start generation shortly. As per CEA, the KWP is to cost Rs 53.45 B in addition to a foreign exchange component of $117.44 M. The CEA figure for the Vishnuprayag cost is Rs 15 B. (BUSINESS STANDARD 090804)
Bhilwara plans The LNJ Bhilwara Group has decided to offload up to 49% stake in Malana Power to a foreign partner. The Group will acquire 90% stake in Allain Duhangan HEP, while the remaining 10% will be offloaded to the International Finance Corp, said the chairman. He said the Rs 9.22 B ADP will be funded with 65% debt. Of the total Rs 5.85 B debt, IFC will contribute Rs 1.84 B, in addition to the 10% equity stake. The remaining debt will be taken from domestic financial institutions and banks. [IDBI and Punjab & Sind Bank are likely candidates.] (BUSINESS LINE 250804)
Malana Power Insurance cover ICICI Lombard General Insurance has renewed the hydrology risk cover for the Malana Power Company for coverage of about Rs 100 M. The premium has been increased by 50 – 60%. (POWER LINE 0704)
Chhattisgarh HEP gets CEA clearance The CEA has accorded techno-economic clearance to the 60 (20 MW X 3) MW Manitar HEP in Bastar dist, Chhattisgarh. The Rs 3.134 B project to be implemented by SEB envisages construction of a semi underground powerhouse. (BUSINESS STANDARD 250804)
World Bank aid for big hydro The World Bank Country director Michael Carter has said the proposal to fund projects in the Northeast was at a preliminary stage and the final decision would be taken after deliberations. He said the Centre had already approached the WB in this regard. A high-level source in NEEPCO said the involvement of the WB would be a welcome development, but “acceptance of the terms and conditions would depend on the rate of interest and the moratorium period”. The official added, “If the terms are similar to the Kathalguri project in Assam, which the Japan Bank of International Co-operation is funding, we will welcome it. But then the procedures associated with the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank are generally complicated and time-consuming.” Critics said several projects in which the bank is involved across the world have resulted in disasters with a large number of people uprooted without adequate rehabilitation. In India, the Bank has been involved in projects like the Sardar Sarovar, Upper Krishna, Nathpa Jhakri in Himachal Pradesh and others, all of them have become embroiled in controversies. Carter, however, claimed that only projects with a “low social and environment cost” would be taken up for consideration. Being part of the eastern Himalayas, a portion of the Northeast, including Arunachal Pradesh, figures in the list of 21 bio-diversity hotspots in the world. [We learn that WB is considering USD 400 M funding for the 1000 MW Middle Siang HEP in Arunachal Pradesh.] (THE TELEGRAPH 050804)
Hydropower in India Among the first ten countries with hydropower potential, India ranks fourth with a technically feasible potential of 660 BU per annum. China tops the list with 1,251 BU per year. Among the top ten hydropower generating countries, India ranks 9th with an annual generation of 70 BU. China ranks 4th with 140 BU and Canada tops the list with 310 BU. The installed capacity of hydro projects in operation is 28 925.2 MW (as on March 31, 2004) and the 10th Plan envisages a capacity addition of 14 393 MW. The govt is making all out efforts to raise the share of hydro in the installed capacity from 25% to 40% over the next 10 - 12 years. Much of the untapped hydro potential lies in the Himalayas, and the conditions for exploitation are often extremely challenging, especially in the context of ecology and seismology. During 2003-4, hydropower commissioning was higher than thermal at 2 590 MW. Construction of big dams adversely affects the hydrology, physical, biological and social environment. Large-scale dam construction has failed sufficiently when taken into account the social and environmental costs incurred in its wake. (PIB PR 060804)
Large-scale embezzlements?
All J&K Federation of Trade Unions has demanded an immediate probe into the functioning of the NHPC. The president of the FTU has said that there seems to be a planned strategy to keep the pot boiling. Also on the face of it, financial mismanagement, malfunctioning, nepotism, and favouritism prevalent in the Corp has put the Govt and people to a huge financial loss and will prove detrimental to the interests of the consumers, he elaborated. He said that just 300 MW had been added in the 10th plan against a target of 4300 MW with a budget of Rs 320 B, causing huge financial losses.
- The FTU president said that the NHPC Board approved an incentive package of about Rs 800 M for early commissioning of Chamera II HEP with certain milestone fixed for the contractor. It's a matter of probe as to whether milestones fixed for the contractor were achieved and incentive was paid to the contractor as per these milestones.
- Work on the Dulhasti Project was delayed for more than three years. "Unfortunately, the contractor working on the Project was granted work on the other project of the Corp. Was any penalty levied against the contractor for the delay in the Dulhasti Project due to which Govt has been suffering a loss of Rs 50 M per day?" The delay had escalated its cost from Rs 12.6 B to Rs 42 B.
- Teesta Project was awarded to second lowest tenderer in gross violation of the CVC norms. "The lowest tenderer has been allowed to withdraw his offer and encash Rs 40 M bank guarantee in violation of Govt instructions and contract provisions," he added.
- There was avoidable expenditure to the tune of Rs 6.5 M on capital maintenance of unit numbers of 1, 2 and 5 of Salal Project. "Capital maintenance of units of stage I and II commissioned in 1987 and 1993-94 respectively was carried out smoothly by the Corp as it had the required infrastructure and technical support. But in 2003, this job was handed over to a private agency on the pretext that there was limited number of skilled and unskilled manpower. The grounds given are not true," he emphasised.
- He alleged that only 25% locals were absorbed in the Corpn while rest 75% employees were non-State subjects. (DAILY EXCELSIOR 010804)
Violations in Lower Subansiri
The 2000 MW Lower Subansiri project has been controversial from the early stages of planning itself for various reasons: procedural violations in the environmental public hearing held at Gerukamukh, Assam and poor environmental and social assessments. Construction activity started at the project site over two years before the necessary clearances were obtained and that too on illegally occupied forestland! This issue was brought up then by the North-east Regional office of the MoEF and subsequently at the public hearing. Another issue, which repeatedly came up at this stage and was taken up proactively by the Assam Forest Dept was the extensive illegal collection of boulders from the Subansiri river by NHPC. Clearly, environmental and forest clearances were treated as a formality, or at best a "necessary evil". NHPC has been critical of the delays in the environment and forest clearance processes. What is not understood is that the delay is due to the compromises and shortcuts made by the project authorities. The Environment Impact Assessment report submitted by NHPC was grossly inadequate to aid environmental decision-making, and required fresh studies to be commissioned. An expert committee of the Indian Board for Wildlife noted in Sept 02: "The EIA and project documents reveal several shortcomings in the analysis of the project's impacts on biodiversity. Before taking a decision of such magnitude, it is essential that we are provided with accurate, detailed, scientific information from reputed sources." The EIA report is also silent on the range of downstream impacts of the project in the Subansiri valley due to alteration in the water flow regime. The Mishing tribe and other communities in the valley depend on fisheries and deep-water rice cultivation in the beels (wetlands), whose ecology is closely linked with that of the Subansiri River. The project received Stage-I clearance under the Forest Conservation Act, 1980, in June 2003. This is will be followed up with Stage-II clearance after project authorities comply with conditions of the Stage-I clearance. The environmental clearance under the Environment Impact Assessment Notification, 1994, was granted in July 2003 by the MoEF. In late 2003, a case filed in the Supreme Court highlighted some anomalies in the clearance granted to the project by MoEF and in April 2004, the Supreme Court specified some additional conditions for grant of clearance to the project. An established elephant corridor exists downstream of the dam site at Gerukamukh and the project site office and ancillary constructions have already disturbed this. To add to the problem, NHPC erected a long fence in the surrounding Subansiri Reserved Forests in late 2003 to "protect" its site from elephants! This act was not only illegal but it blocked the path taken by the elephants and increased the possibility of man-elephant conflict in surrounding areas. The fence was only removed by May 2004 after the Assam Forest Department had served the company a notice. In May 2004, a huge pile of muck and debris which had been dumped in the river instead of the prescribed area as noted in the case of Teesta V in Sikkim. This despite the following Supreme Court condition for the project: "Under no circumstances, the excavated material will be dumped either in the river or any other part of the National Park/Sanctuary or the surrounding forests." (THE STATESMAN 030704)
Chamera I affected still not resettled The ousted families of Chamera I HEP have filed objections against names of two dead persons added in the list and four persons who have already been given employment. On the issue of providing financial package of Rs 0.3 M to each of the 192 ousted families, the dist administration has again a draft list of 192 oustees. Besides this, another daft list of left-out 114 more persons, whose 1-9 bighas land was acquired for the project, has also been prepared. The official sources said that after hearing objections and claims of persons concerned the final list of 192 identified families would be prepared. (THE TRIBUNE 260704)
Parbati HEP: Labourers trapped inside tunnel Over 20 workers had been trapped inside a tunnel being excavated for the Parbati HEP near Barsiani village after slush blocked the mouth of the tunnel due to cloudburst in the higher reaches of the area, 70 km from Kullu on Aug 7 '04. The mishap took place when workers were working in the night shift inside the zero adit head race tunnel at Pluga. A cloudburst brought down tonnes of slush and boulders in the Jiwa nullah, blocking the mouth of tunnel, it is claimed. So far, 1100 m of tunnel has been made from the Pluga side and work from the adit-I is under way as part of the 800 MW Parbati-II HEP, being executed by the NHPC. A day latter, the trapped workers mounted the blower pipe, an oxygen supply line and hammered their way through the narrow blower pipe filled with silt and debris. The NHPC & Patel Eng, engaged in the construction of the project on contract, ignored the safety of their workers and machinery despite timely flood warning.
PCB stalls work Construction work on the HEP has come to a standstill with the Pollution Control Board staying work in certain areas were mud was not being dumped properly. A high-powered committee of the PCB had recently visited the project sites and inspected the work. The project work is in progress at Bershaini, Garsa and Sainj in Kullu valley. Muck from the tunnels was being dumped near the river or nullah beds, polluting the river water besides diverting the its course. This had also resulted in an increase in silt in the Pandoh Dam and machines had to be pressed into service to dredge the reservoir. After the Aug incident, the state govt had asked the PCB to inquire the whole incident. It is learnt that the inquiry had brought to light certain violations by the construction companies, prompting the PCB to act against them. Kullu Deputy Commissioner confirmed that the PCB has imposed a ban on the dumping of the mud until further orders. (THE TRIBUNE 090804, THE HINDUSTAN TIMES 260904)
Arunachal Pradesh The Arunachal Pradesh is supposed to have about 50328 MW HEP potential, which is over 20% of HEP potential of India and about 85% of HEP potential in all the seven states of NER. The projects envisaged by the NHPC here are:
Subansiri Lower HEP (2000 MW) The project is located near N Lakimpur on Assam - Arunachal Pradesh border involving construction of 116 m high concrete dam and surface powerhouse for an annual generation of 7421 MU. The project is schedule to be completed by Sept 2010. The project has still to fulfill the Supreme Court conditions and yet to get forest clearance.
Subansiri Middle (1600 MW) The project is located 3.5 km from Tamen in Lower Subansiri Dist of Arunachal Pradesh. The project is a storage scheme to also enable moderation of floods in Kamala River, tributary of Subansiri. Two alternatives proposed for the scheme in the Feasibility Report envisages construction of a 195/220 m high concrete dam and an underground Powerhouse. It will generate 4875/5739 MU in 90% dependable year. As per the Supreme Court conditions, the project cannot be developed.
Subansiri Upper (2000 MW) The project is located near Menga, about 25 km upstream from Daporijo in Upper Subansiri Dist. Two alternatives proposed for the scheme in the Feasibility Report envisages construction of 230/260 m high concrete dam and an underground powerhouse. It will generate 6581/7569 MU in 90% dependable year. As per the Supreme Court conditions, the project cannot be developed.
Siang Lower (1600 MW) is located near village Rottung, 50 km from Passighat town, headquarter of E Siang Dist. Stage-I of project (power house at the left bank) will operate alone four years after its construction (1-7 years). After four years (7-11 years) the stage-I and II (powerhouse at Right Bank) will operate together.
Siang Middle (1000 MW) the project is located 12 km upstream of village Kaying in W Siang Dist on the upper reaches of the river Siyom, tributary of river Siang. It envisages a 188 m high concrete face rockfill dam and an underground powerhouse to generate 3641 MU in a 90% dependable year. It is to be completed in 6 years from date of investment sanction.
Siang Upper (11000 MW) The project, located in upper Siang dist includes a 257 m high concrete dam and a underground powerhouse.
Dibang Multipurpose project (3000 MW) It is located at Muni, 60 km from Roing and includes 250 m high concrete faced rockfill dam, 4 km long headrace tunnel. The average generation shall be 15487 MU after a provision of flood cushion @ 10 m below FRL during the monsoon. (BUSINESS STANDARD 0704)
NHPC-PGCIL agreement PGCIL-NHPC have entered in to an agreement with the REC for projects to electrify villages under the Accelerated RE Programme. (POWER LINE 0704)
NHPC to raise Rs 12 B from global markets NHPC is planning to raise Rs 12 B from the international markets through export credit agencies for its Rs 70 B 2000 MW Subansiri HEP. ABN Amro has been appointed for this. The HEP will have a debt-equity ratio of 70:30. For the balance dent NHPC has tied up a line of credit of Rs 65 B with LIC & other banks. (FINANCIAL EXPRESS 190604)
NEWS FROM NARMADA VALLEY
SARDAR SAROVAR NBA satyagraha The NBA has announced an indefinite satyagraha on 12 July near the state secretariat to highlighting Maharashtra Govt's neglect in resettling Sardar Sarovar Dam oustees. 33 villages were affected by the SSP in Maharashtra and two-thirds of the affected families who were awaiting rehabilitation were not even declared as project affected. So far 1500 families had been resettled, though about 400 families were yet to receive land. About 3000 families await rehabilitation and of this, only 568 families were recognised as project affected. The state did not take a tough stand on the question of rehabilitation and about 1500-2000 families would face submergence. On 14 July NBA called off its satyagraha after the Maharashtra Govt promised to set right within 45 days the rehabilitation problems. (THE HINDU 130704, 150704)
SC directive The Supreme Court has directed the villagers of Madhya Pradesh affected by increase in the height of the Sardar Sarovar Dam from 95 m to 110.64 m to approach the Grievance Redressal Authority for their rehabilitation. A three-judge Bench passed the order on an application that submitted that the state govt had rejected the villagers' claims for allotment of cultivable lands even as they faced the threat of losing their land due to submergence. (THE HINDU 240704)
Police brutality On 6 - 7 July '04, hundreds of adivasis and farmers from over 100 villages of Badwani, Dhar, Jhabua districts who are affected by the SSP agitated in front of the offices of Jhabua District collector, NCA and NVDA. As the NCA officials did not come to dialogue with the people in the beginning, the agitators demanded that they be given the permission to enter and discuss their problems with the officials During this process an adivasi youth activist of Andolan, Kailash Avasiya who is a resident of Bhilkeda village was pulled by policemen and started beating him with lathis and pulled his hand by keeping a leg on his chest, and broke his arms. The govt has failed to complete the lists and also in providing land based rehabilitation to the Bills and Bhillas who inherit the land for generations. Till today Govt is not able to buy private land for Jaishindi village even after the order of Supreme Court. Several people expressed their concerns to the Jhabua Collector. The District collector has agreed to visit the villages and to check with the list with the help of the gram sabhas, following up with the officers regarding purchase of private land. (NBA PR 090704)
SSP illegal Submergence Due to heavy rains in Madhya Pradesh as well as release of water from upstream Bargi dam, the reservoir level of the 110.64 m high Sardar Sarovar Dam reached a height of 116.95 m on 27 Aug. This caused the destruction of several acres of standing crops as well as several homes in many villages of Alirajpur taluka (Jhabua district of M.P.) and Akrani and Akkaikuva talukas in Maharashtra. 13 houses were affected in Jhandana, 3 in Kakrana, 2 in Jalsindhi, 1 in Sugat, 5 in Anjanwara, 2 in Bhitada and in Badwani district 4 houses in Dhajara and 4 in Kuli. In addition crops were submerged in Kharya Badal, Dhajara, Ghongsa, Kuli (Badwani district) and in Jhandana, Anjanwara, Bhitada, Kakrana, Sugat, Sakaria, Nadi Sirkhedi, Bada Amba, Doobkheda, Akaddia, Chilakda (Alirajpur). On the Maharashtra side, hundreds of hectares of crops were destroyed and several homes submerged in Manibeli, Dhankhedi, Gaman, Domkhedi, Badal, Danel, Chimalkhedi, Bamni and other villages. There are nearly 10,000 families in Madhya Pradesh affected at 110.64 m. They are still waiting for rehabilitation as mandated by the Supreme Court verdict and the Narmada Tribunal. (NBA PR 310804)
Disaster due to the SSP Main Canal breach
At least seven villages in Pavi-Jetpur and Sankheda talukas of Vadodara district in Gujarat were inundated as the flooded Narmada main canal breached at two places near Bodeli, rendering over 300 of villagers homeless. The eastern side of the main canal actually breached at two places in early morning on 3 Aug, caving in nearly 50 m near Bhorda and Moti Uni villages in Pav Jetpur Taluka due to pressure from the flood waters from Heran river. The floodwaters which are designed to flow under the canal to the western side, started impounding on the eastern side due to silt blockage in the passage under the canal. It submerged flourishing villages like Bhorda, Mota uni, Rajbodeli, Moradongri, Chundheli, Panej causing loss of crores of rupees due to destruction of standing crops of cotton, maize and paddy while destroying many houses. It is due to the Canal that flooding occurred in these areas. On the night of Aug 10, yet another breach occurred in the Narmada Main Canal near Kadi, sending water into ten villages in Viramgam and Dholuka Talukas of Ahmedabad District and forcing evacuation of 2000 people on tractors during the night. The flooding was the result of a burst check dam on the canal after heavy rains. (UNI 020804, NBA PR 070804, 120804)
SSNNL dragged to court Investors in the Rs 90 B deep-discount bonds of the Sardar Sarovar Narmada Nigam Ltd have alleged that SSNNL has changed the trustee to the debt issue, without informing the bondholders and filed a petition in the Delhi High Court. The SSNNL had issued deep discount bonds of Rs 3600 each in 1993, to mature in Jan 2014 with a maturity value of Rs 111000 per bond. SSNNL had planned to prepay investors for the outstanding bonds. The move would have saved the undertaking over Rs 60 B, though this would have led to investors suffering huge losses, since many investors have picked up the bonds from the secondary market at price over Rs 40000, which was way above the redemption price of Rs 25000. (THE ECONOMIC TIMES 050804)
NARMADA SAGAR 60 villages submerged On 7 Aug the MP Minister for PWD said that 135 families are still to leave Harsud town. He said that water has already entered 60 villages. (THE HINDU 080804)
**Myth and Facts about NSP R&R**
**Myth:** MP Govt says displaced families will “improve, or regain, their previous standard of living within a reasonable time”. MP finance Minister announces on July 12 that rehabilitation of Harsud “pending for years, has been completed in six months”. NHPC claims the dam will take care of the state’s power needs. Narmada Control Authority says 211 villages will be submerged.
**Reality:** on June 30, ‘04 MP Water Resources Minister admits only 1450 families of Harsud’s have left. The rest refused to move. Legal norms violated. Project displaced should have been rehabilitated six months before submergence. Compensation package began only in April 2004. Banks have refused to honour some cheques. No rehabilitation plans. Rapid Action Force deployed. Forced eviction. The new township is a vast expanse of barren land, completely underdeveloped, without basic amenities. No water, no electricity, no schools, no health services, no roads, and no jobs. On June 29, Jabalpur High Court orders MP Govt to provide basic facilities by July 5. Not a single house has been built so far, State Industry Minister admits. Power will be even more expensive than Enron’s Electricity in Dabhol. NHPC says power at the factory gate will be Rs 4.59 per unit. 249 villages affected, 38 have been designated ‘encroachers’, not eligible for compensation. Farmers have received exactly half the price: those with 2.5 Ha will get paid for 1.25 Ha. Small farmers have been wiped out. (TEHELKA 070804)
**No monitoring** NSP was approved by the Ministry of Environment and Forest and Planning Commission, subject to the conditions of the Narmada Water Dispute Tribunal Award. The NWDTA, compliance with which is supposed to be monitored by the Narmada Control Authority, requires that rehabilitation be done at least six months prior to submergence. The project developer Narmada Hydroelectric Development Corp with its duties over construction, impact assessment and compensation has proved criminal and corrupt in all the roles. The decision to raise the height of NSP to 245 m a year ahead of schedule without resettling the affected people indicates the ruthlessness. The monitoring authorities are not in picture, as the NCA has been kept out of rehabilitation monitoring to give a free hand to the dam builders. 22000 population of Harsud was ‘asked’ to leave without completing the land acquisition process. Village after village goes under water without rehabilitation. Unfortunately, the judiciary has failed to stand up to protect these citizens. In addition to the human toll, 40000 Ha of forest with rare flora and fauna have been clear-felled for NSP and compensatory afforestation is a joke. (THE HINDUSTAN TIMES 030804)
**SNIPPETS FROM SCENE: Post SSP Gujarat**
**SSP fails to provide planned benefits** A few months ago, before raising the Sardar Sarovar Dam height to 110.64 m, the Gujarat govt was doing propaganda that the Narmada dam would be able to irrigate lakhs of hectares. In over 13 000 of the 18 000 villages, the farmers apprehend a crop loss to the tune of Rs 80 B. The Narmada waters have failed to provide much relief to the areas they were meant for. Though the dam releases 8 000 cusecs water into the Narmada main canal, it does not reach the command area. On July 26, 7 732 cusecs of water were released into the canal. Of this, 3 835 cusecs went to the Mahi main canal to provide irrigation waters in the Mahi and Shedhi command areas – 70 000 ha in central Gujarat. Another 1 188 cusecs were released into the Sabarmati river, helping keep the 10 km-long stretch filled with water and irrigating 16 000 ha in the Fatewadi area. And 450 cusecs were released beyond Kadi to fill up Thol lake and the checkdams in Mehsana district and to irrigate some areas. These areas are not part of the Narmada command. Of the 23 000 km long distributaries planned to take water to the Narmada command work for just 3 500 km has been done. As for the 38,000 km-long channels that would take water to the fields, “there has been negligible progress”. (THE TIMES OF INDIA 280704)
**ISSUES ABOUT RIVERS**
**River Vasishta dying slow death** Starting from Aroonothumali, Vasishta joins the Thumbal river 10 km downstream at Periakrishnapuram, and Swethanadhi at Attur and flows into Villupuram dist at Vellar before opening in to the Bay of Bengal near port Nova near Cuddalore (Salem dist) in Tamil Nadu. The river used to feed 2356 Ha of ayacuts mostly of perennial crops in Attur taluk. Following the construction of two dams at Annaimaduv across Vasishta and at Kariakovil across the Thumbal – in the 1980s, an additional 3000 Ha new ayacut was created. But the very construction of the earthen dams have spelt doom for the river and its ayacutdars. Even when the dams were proposed farmers in the region unsuccessfully sought the High Court’s intervention. The govt had given an undertaking before the HC that action would be taken to prevent illegal sand quarrying and water extraction from the river bed. Both continue. Seven large lakes in the area have gone dry and are heavily silted. Due to the failure of monsoon over the last four years, the storage in the two dams is below the sluice levels and no water has been released. The riverbed has gone so dry that even the rainfed flow in the river gets absorbed in to the subsoil almost immediately. During the summer showers in May ’04, Vasishta basin received 976.4 mm rainfall against an average of 925 mm. But there was no improvement in the storage or in the water table. Several hundred acres of arecanut, over 0.2 M coconut trees and thousands of Palm trees have wilted. (THE INDIAN EXPRESS 300604)
Project debris flowing into Pong The Rs 336.2 M Sidhatha Irrigation Project authorities of Govt of HP are dumping silt and debris in the Dehar khud which flows into the Pong Dam reservoir. This is affecting the aquatic life of the khud, filling up pools in the riverbed and also making approach to the river for the locals difficult. The Sidhatha project is expected to irrigate 3150 Ha and generate 2 MW power. The BBMB authorities of the Pong Dam are also silent over the flowing of silt in to the reservoir. (THE TRIBUNE 200704)
BBMB violates Forest Conservation Act The BBMB in continuing to dump the silt from the Beas Sutlej Link to Suketi Khud (silt from the dredging operations in the Sundernagar balancing reservoir) is violating the Forest Conservation Act of 1980 according to HP Forest dept. But BBMB claims that the 1980 act does not apply to the project as it started operation in 1977. The silt flows into the Beas after covering 24 km of khud passing through the Balh valley and destroying the fertile land in the valley. BBMB claims that it has been doing desilting mainly in the monsoon and the throwing of mud is allowed under the Punjab reorganisation Act, 1966. Conservator of Forests, Mandi has in a letter on Sept 26, 2004 written to the Chief Engineer, BBMB that the Khad was in forest area as per Supreme Court orders and Forest Conservation Act has an overriding effect on all other acts.
- The BBMB authorities are trying to mislead the HP forest Dept on the dumping of “silt in to the Suketi Khud” as the Board has been using a state High Court order of May 25 ‘04 as a face-saving device, which is not applicable in the matter. The order pertained to “illegal mining and not throwing of silt into the Suketi Khud”. The BBMB has been throwing silt from the BSL project into the Suketi Khud for the past over two decades in violation of the Forest Conservation Act, 1980. This has destroyed thousands of Ha of agricultural land in the Balh valley, the most fertile valley of HP, besides aquatic life in the 24 km long stretch of the Suketi khud and 6 km long Lohara khud. (THE TRIBUNE 130704, 270904)
SC forms Yamuna panel The Supreme Court has constituted a committee, headed by the Union Urban Development Secretary to suggest an action plan for improving the quality of the water of Yamuna during the hearing on the issue taken cognisance by the court five years ago. The Bench said, “it is necessary to undertake such an exercise as there has been no improvement in the quality of the river water in the past five years, notwithstanding the facts that over Rs 4 B had been spent under the Yamuna Action Plan”. The committee will comprise representatives not below the rank of joint secretary from the Union Env. & Forest Ministry, Delhi Govt, Delhi Jal Board, NDMC, Delhi Cantonment Board, DDA, the DSIDC and the UP Govt.
- Yamuna water unfit for any purpose The CAG of India in its latest report said that due to untreated sewage flowing in to the river Yamuna, the water is not suitable for any purpose by the time it leaves Delhi, becoming unfit even for bathing. The report said, “against sewage generation of 652 MGD, the Delhi Jal Board had a sewage treatment capacity of 512.60 MGD at the 15 functional plants. Only 355.76 MGD was treated during 2002-3. Thus, 296.24 MGD of sewage or about 45% of total sewage generation was flowing into the river Yamuna untreated, resulting in the deterioration in the quality of water in the river.” The treatment capacity was now proposed to be raised to 735 MGD by ’05. The DJB failed to implement various projects, which led to the escalation of pollution levels in the river. Out of the loans and grants of Rs 3.264 B released during 1998-9 to 2002-3 by the Delhi Govt, the DJB could utilise only Rs 1.859 B. Failure of the board to execute works was attributed to deficient planning and physical achievements fell short by 57%. It was revealed that the sewerage systems was not functioning properly, with 18 out of 24 main trunk sewers either not functioning at all or were operational partially. (THE HINDU, THE STATESMAN 050804)
Temple construction would affect Yamuna A PIL have been filed in Supreme Court on the issue of Akshardham Temple, which is under construction on the Yamuna bank in Delhi. The PIL said, “the construction of the huge temple and ashram covering an area of 20 Ha of the riverbed and surrounding areas would prevent the recharge of underground water and in addition would pollute the river by discharge of huge quantity of waste water.” DDA had allotted 23 Ha of the riverbed land to the Swaminarayan sect in two phases. In Sept 1999, DDA changed the Master Plan to show the land as “public and semi public” from the initial classification of “agricultural and water body”. DDA’s move to change the land use and allot it came despite the fact that when Akshardham project was first referred to the DUAC in 1997, the Commission had clearly said that a change in land use could adversely affect the ecology of the watershed and the underground aquifer. The Delhi Minister of State for Environment and Forest said that according to the DDA, the permission was granted after the environment impact assessment study by NEERI and after obtaining a no objection certificate from the Yamuna Standing Committee of the Central Water Commission. (THE TIMES OF INDIA 100804, THE TRIBUNE 240804)
GAP has only gaps Despite spending Rs 4.62 B Ganga Action Plan-1 and Rs 8.09 B GAP-2 for cleaning Ganga, the pollution levels are as terrifying as before. The Sankat Mochan Foundation, the Asia Foundation and the USAID jointly highlighted this. “The Ganga Action Plan was launched by the Govt in Varanasi in 1986. Over Rs 500 M has been spent on the project in Varanasi alone, but pollution levels in the Ganga are as high as ever. Till 1993, the Govt said that the project had been successful. But then we started doing water testing and it was clear the sewage was still flowing in
to the river", said Dr Veer Bhadra Mishra, President of the Sankat Mochan Foundation. 90% of pollution to the Ganga is caused by sewage generation while only 5 - 6 % is due to bathing and other activities.
- **Cancer linked to Ganga basin pollution** As per a study from Banaras Hindu University, the water of rivers in Ganga basin contaminated by heavy metal is the main reason for gall bladder cancer, which is widespread in the alluvial plains of Uttar Pradesh and W Bihar. Ganga water contains concentration of cadmium and other carcinogenic heavy metals that are much above the permissible limits set by WHO. During the study, the researchers examined bile of 96 patients facing either the problem of gall bladder stones or cancer. (DOWN TO EARTH 150704, THE HINDU 280804, THE TRIBUNE 290804)
### SAND MINING RIVERBEDS
**Cauvery** Illicit sand mining on the Cauvery riverbed continues unabated in some of the villages in Tiruchi dist, with powerful local mafia groups involving agricultural labourers in the activity. Officially, sand mining is currently carried out only in about 10 reaches in the Cauvery riverbed in the dist through PWD. Though the PWD authorities periodically impound lorries transporting sand illegally, truckers manage to get away, paying a fine of just about Rs 25000 imposed by the revenue authorities.
- **Citizens’ panel demands ban** According to a report by citizens committee on sand mining in the Amaravathi and Cauvery river basins in Karur district in Tamil Nadu, sand mining has caused heavy ecological damage to basins. The study suggested that local bodies should be given power to stop sand mining in their areas if they found that sand mining would affect the aquatic fauna and create imbalance in river ecology. The committee said that though private sand mining was taken over by the PWD the situation had not improved as the subcontractors of the dept continued to plunder the riverbeds with the connivance of officials. Subcontractors were indulging in indiscriminate mining though the court had issued orders that mining should be done only in certain specified areas. In the absence of proper monitoring by the dept no one was aware how much sand had been removed from the riverbeds. If the present situation continued, major rivers in the state would be rendered dead. (THE HINDU 100804, 190804)
**Kerala** The Kerala Govt is considering stern steps to stop sand mining, including a ban for all the major rivers. Steps had been taken to fully utilise the River Management Fund of Rs 410 M in all districts except Idukki. He said the Govt planned to make construction of check dams top priority. 63 permanent check dams and 44 temporary check dams had been sanctioned. The Thirithala check dams would be completed by 2006. The Govt was ready to consider the idea using purified sea sand as an alternative to river sand for construction purpose. (THE HINDU 070704)
### LAKES, GLACIERS, WETLANDS, MOUNTAINS
**Draft action plan highlights benefit of wetlands** The draft National Wetland Conservation and Sustainable Use Action Plan has recommended to assess service value of wetland ecosystem and ban on conversion of wetland areas and use of pesticides in the vicinity of wetlands. The director of Salim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History, Coimbatore that prepared the draft said that the draft action plan that had been submitted to the Ministry of Environment and Forest once accepted, would be a step towards giving statutory provisions to the very concept of protecting ecologically fragile wetlands. Mangroves are part of the wetland ecosystem. Though the programme on wetland conservation was initiated on 1987, the deterioration of wetland areas over the last 10 years was an alarming 38%. The major thrust of the draft action plan was to somehow protect wetland from further degradation. (THE HINDU 050704)
**Assam Wetlands turning wastelands** As per a survey by Assam remote Sensing Application Centre and Space Application Centre (Ahmedabad), a third of the wetlands in Assam are shrinking. Assam has 4632 wetlands out of which 2969 are located in the Brahmaputra valley. The total area covered by the wetlands is around 0.1 M Ha (1.29% of the total geographical area). Survey reveals that the wetlands include swamp & marsh (43 433.5 Ha), water logged (2 336.5 Ha), lake & ponds (15 494 Ha), ox-bow (15 460.6 Ha) and reservoir (2 662.5 Ha). The wetlands in Assam have virtually turned in to the wastelands. 1350 inland wetlands are suffering due to aquatic weeds. The other reasons are extensive soil erosion and inflow of silt, disposal of domestic sewage and industrial effluents. The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands declared Deeper Beel as nationally important. (SAHARA TIME 240704)
**J&K lake project approved** The Centre has approved a Rs 2.695 B project for the conservation of the Dal Nagin lake. Rs 1.025 B financial assistance has been provided by the Planning Commission. The fund will be used on activities like dredging, de-weeding, catchment area treatment, solid waste management, sewage pumping stations and Eco generation. (BUSINESS STANDARD 210804)
**J&K Wular plan** The CM has instructed the Environment and Ecology Dept to begin work on the Rs 1.8 B plan on conservation of Wular lake. The mapping of the lake is over and work will begin on its demarcation and conservation. Under the plan, the Govt has said the eviction of the encroachments will also be taken up. The Govt has identified, through a survey that around 6000 kanals of this freshwater lake has been encroached. Officials say a large part of the lake has been encroached upon by the govt itself, as many of its offices are located around it. (THE INDIAN EXPRESS 260804)
WATER SECTOR
National water mission The Prime Minister has approved the setting up of a National Water Mission to look at the problem of water in coordinated manner. PMO sources said the mission would coordinate new investments in drinking water and irrigation projects. The Ministry of Water Resources will be the nodal agency along with the Planning Commission. (THE HINDUSTAN TIMES 280704)
WATER PRIVATISATION
Central Govt pushes privatisation The NDA govt had put together detailed legal, policy, regulatory and financial guidelines for the privatisation of Water Supply and Sanitation. Prepared by Ministry of Urban Development, the document claims that joint ventures with qualified national and international private firms will help accelerate development of indigenous capacity. While urban reform is a state subject, intent was to facilitate reform process by providing overall framework for central support. The framework accommodates all forms of private sector participation, with a caveat that all PSPs be designed with a clear obligation to improve service to urban sector. The ministry of Urban Development & Poverty Alleviation has requested extra Rs 150 M in addition to the existing Rs 1.5 B for the current year, increase from Rs 1.4 B last year and contributes entirely to the Centrally Sponsored Accelerated Urban Water Supply Programme. The scheme extends support to the state govts and local bodies for providing drinking water facilities in small towns with population less than 20000 and was initiated from 1993-4. As per 1991 census, there were 2151 such small towns in India. (THE ECONOMIC TIMES 020704)
Bhutan hikes water tax for India The water tax being paid to the Royal Govt of Bhutan by the Indian people of the Indo-Bhutan bordering villages for the use of waters flowing down from the Hutun hills through different rivers is set to be increased by 25% from next year. “Though the Bhutan govt is forcing the Indian people to pay such illegal tax, the Indian Govt has taken no steps against Bhutan,” alleged the local MLA of Tamulpur LAC, Biswajeet Daimary. Similar is the fate of people of the entire Indo Bhutan border from Bhairabkunda to Kachugaon. People have been paying this water tax to the Royal Govt of Bhutan after signing an agreement in 1956 with the State’s Forest Dept. The people of the area have been annually paying tax of over Rs 20000 for each bundh. Farmers of three border villages formed a committee and demanded the Bhutanese Authority to review its decision. (ASSAM TRIBUNE 270704)
IRRIGATION
UNION BUDGET 2004-5: AIBP restructuring The Accelerated Irrigation Benefit Programme introduced in 1996-7, is being restructured to give priority to last mile projects to be completed by March ‘05. Other projects, which can be completed by March 2006, will also be taken up in the current year. Rs 28 B have been allocated for the AIBP this year. The programme was allotted Rs 146.7 B since 1996-7, yet out of 178 large and medium irrigation projects only 28 were completed.
- **Scheme to renovate water bodies** The Govt will launch a scheme to repair, renovate and restore water bodies. Under the 2004-5 budget, pilot projects in five districts are to be launched at an estimated cost of Rs 1 B. It has been estimated that there are over a million such structures and 500000 are used for irrigation. Funds for the pilot projects will be drawn from different existing programmes. Once the pilot project is successful, the govt will launch the National Project.
- **Water harvesting for SC & ST** The Govt will launch a Rs 1 B nationwide water harvesting scheme for schedule castes and tribes to cover 100 000 irrigation units at an average cost of Rs 20 000. NABARD will lend and no margin money will be charged. The Govt will provide 50% capital subsidy. (BUSINESS STANDARD 090704, DOWN TO EARTH 310704)
Funds for watercourses The Haryana Command Area Development Authority has more than doubled the annual plan allocation from Rs 300 M to Rs 660.90 M for the enhanced target for completing watercourses. 437 watercourses would be completed during 2004-5 by lining about 3.6 M running feet. (THE HINDU 180704)
Pending projects in Punjab, Haryana As per the Ministry of Water resources, 180 irrigation projects have been pending in different stages across the country including three projects from Haryana and eight from Punjab. The Punjab Irrigation and Drainage project, a major irrigation project submitted in 1998, is still under the first stage of appraisal. Punjab had also submitted
proposal for a medium irrigation projects – raising of the lining/banks of the Sirhind feeder canal in 2001 amounting Rs 130 M at the initial stage and Rs 490 M rehabilitation of channels of the first Patiala feeder and Kota branches. (THE TRIBUNE 140704)
**Shah Nahar Project Uncertain** The Shah Nahar Project on the foothills of Kangra dist has been facing bleak prospects following the Punjab Govt’s Termination of Agreement Bill 2004, under which all interstate agreements relating to Ravi and Beas have been cancelled. The cost of the project is being borne by Himachal Pradesh (Rs 548.3 M) and Punjab (Rs 884.9 M). The agreement was signed on Aug 4, ‘83, following an agitation by farmers and residents living in the border areas. The agitation began when the Punjab Govt constructed the Shah Nahar Barrage for diverting the water of the Beas. There was resentment among affected farmers of HP residing on the Punjab border as their fertile land turned barren following the construction of the barrage. The project was approved in 1997 and estimated to cost Rs 1.433 B, which has now gone up to Rs 2.038 B. Punjab had released only Rs 295 M after five years. The project was to provide irrigation to 37000 ha in 92 villages. (THE TRIBUNE 310704)
**Gurgaon Canal Project fails** The much-hyped Gurgaon Canal project, which was taken up to irrigate S Haryana and border areas of Rajasthan, failed to achieve the project objectives. The Rs 600 M - 89.9 km long canal, had been built to utilise Haryana and Rajasthan’s share of 2250 cusecs of water from Ravi-Beas and Yamuna rivers. While the total capacity is 2240 cusecs, the availability at the head of the canal varied 100 - 600 cusecs and that too only during the monsoon. The drains in Delhi are releasing polluted discharge into the canal, which makes the canal water totally unfit for drinking or irrigation. As per the latest report only 61 villages out of total 503 villages of Mewat area in Haryana had good quality water. As a result the average irrigation achieved during the past five years was 21.74% of the total cultivable area of 0.145 M Ha. The Project was conceived in 1954 and the work was taken up in 1960-1. (THE TRIBUNE 260704)
**AP** The Andhra Pradesh Govt has decided to appoint a firm to evaluate the quality of works of various irrigation projects to be executed by private companies. The State had also constituted a technical evaluation Committee to evaluate the bids submitted by the firms pre-qualified to take up the engineering procurement contracts. Out of 26 firms, which responded to the pre-qualification tenders invited by the Govt, nine firms were selected. The State Govt had decided to complete 26 pending irrigation projects in five years at a cost of Rs 260 B. The Irrigation Dept had issued tender notices for 22 packages of works, worth Rs 40.2 B, pertaining to various irrigation projects. In addition, packages were ready for 28 medium projects, to be completed in two years. (BUSINESS LINE 270804)
**Yellampalli** The Andhra Pradesh Govt has sanctioned the Rs 9 B Yellampalli-I project on the Godavari near Mancherial to benefit the upland areas of Adilabad, Karimnagar, Medak and Warangal districts. It will involve construction of barrage and pumping 6.5 tmcf/t for the NTPC’s Ramagundam TPS. The NTPC has been asked to pay Rs 1.6 B. (THE HINDU 170704)
**NABARD fund for TN** The Tamil Nadu Govt will implement the Rs 982.9 M new minor irrigation and tank modernisation schemes during 2004-5 with the assistance of NABARD to benefit over 58 000 Ha. The schemes will include 19 new minor irrigation schemes at a cost of Rs 324.8 M to benefit 9497 Ha in 11 districts, rehabilitation and modernisation of 157 minor irrigation tanks spread over 17 districts at a cost of Rs 484.2 M to benefit 17 220 Ha and rehabilitation and modernisation of the Cauvery basin area in Thanjavur district at a cost of Rs 173.8 M to benefit 31 600 Ha. (THE INDIAN EXPRESS 280704)
**NABARD funds for Chhattisgarh** The NABARD will sanction Rs 80 B for various irrigation projects in the country under Rural Infrastructure Development Fund in 2004-5. The NABARD has allocated Rs 2.53 B to Chhattisgarh and requested it to submit proposals for the same. Till date NABARD has sanctioned Rs 11.0043 B to the state for several projects up to March 2004, in which 324 irrigation projects were to develop 54 774 Ha additional Irrigation. (DESHBANDHU 170704)
**Small projects under AIBP** The Centre has decided to include small irrigation projects under Accelerated Irrigation Benefit Programme. The Water Resources Dept has prepared the required draft for this. The AIBP had been started from 1996-7 and major and medium projects were included so far. (RASHTRIYA SAHARA 130804)
**Choked UP canals cause drought** Over 80% of the 69 966 km long canal system in Uttar Pradesh is choked. The blockage is one of the main reasons for causing drought-like conditions each year. The govt has released Rs 280 M for the desilting and cleaning of main canals and minors. All district magistrates have been directed to mop up additional resources to raise Rs 477.5 M required. In the past, some serious efforts were made to take the canal water to tails of 38 000 kms of minors but political interference and officials of irrigation dept created bottlenecks. As per a GO dated July 21 ‘04, the govt has issued guidelines to irrigation dept officials. Length of canals/minors in the state would be remapped. (THE TIMES OF INDIA 310804)
**NABARD funds for MP** The NABARD has sanctioned Rs 185.6 M for 15 irrigation projects in MP under RIDF-10. Indore, Khargone, Mandsaur, Raigarh, Sihore, Sajapur, Vidisha and Ashoknagar districts would be benefited and about 25000 Ha could be irrigated from these projects. (DANIK BHASKAR 130804)
WATER OPTIONS
Haryana Plan for barren land The Faridabad district authorities in Haryana has proposed a Rs 51.2 M - 5-year scheme to develop barren land and conserve water resources. The scheme launched in 2001-02 is to be completed in 2005-06. This scheme would cover 24 villages and be able to provide employment to the local residents during the period. 14 villages had been given to the land conservation dept and the remaining 10 villages to forest dept. (THE TRIBUNE 030704)
Kandi project The Akhnoor sub-division of Jammu Dist area was once known for growing only maize and wheat and facing severe drought like situation following massive degradation of forest and green cover in lower Shivalik ranges. Now the areas coming under the Integrated Watershed Development Project, also known as ‘Kandi Project’, launched in the area in 1999, has become fertile enough to grow all kinds of crops. Check dams/ earthen dams, wells, ponds, Bowalies etc constructed and upgraded by village development committees have provided better irrigation to the farmers. The earthen run off dams, vegetative check dams have been constructed with 10% contribution of the people. The water in small nullahs was now being utilised through micro-check dams and earthen dams. Most of the land in this subdivision is dotted with loose Shivalik hills, posing threat to agriculture land due to unabated siltation and land erosion due to flash floods in nullahs. (DAILY EXCELSIOR 190704)
Uttaranchal project for 9200 villages The Uttaranchal Govt and Union Finance Ministry have signed a treaty for Decentralized Watershed Development Project for 9200 villages in Uttaranchal over 7 years. The project aims to maximise the potential of natural resources and also envisages an increase in the income of habitants in selected watersheds. The project plans to do so through socially inclusive and institutionally and environmentally sustainable approaches. The Watershed Management Development Directorate will implement the project. Uttaranchal is to get $69.6 M from the World Bank for this Project as IDA credit. (BUSINESS STANDARD; THE HINDU 310704)
Women bring change in Bundelkhand Assertion by women for rights over land and other natural resources has improved irrigation facilities, food security and self reliance among villages in Bundelkhand. One example is that of Beona Raja village where Samarpan, an NGO works. Till 2002, it had hardly enough water for a single crop. The turn around began in 2002 when women started watershed scheme. Now even poor farmers can get 2-3 crops a year. Garmonnati, another NGO began to empower women in Kabarai block in Mahoba in 1998. The 1990s saw them digging new community wells and building check dams in Ganj village (population 3400). Today, Ganj has irrigation water for nine months in a good year. (DOWN TO EARTH 150704)
Delhi HC orders RWH for public buildings The Delhi High Court has directed the Delhi Jal Board and other civic agencies to allow water harvesting in public sector buildings, wherever feasible. It has also sought compliance in this regard from authorities on those flyovers that got their designs approved from the agencies for RWH. This order was passed following a petition by Tapas. (THE HIDUSTAN TIMES 260804)
Desalination plant for Chennai? The Union Govt has announced to set up a Rs 10 B plant to convert saline water into drinking water for Chennai through public-private partnership. (HINDUSTAN 090704)
BOTTLED WATER
Packed water norms cover soft drinks The Centre Govt extended the norms for packaged drinking water notified in Jan ’03 applicable to carbonated drinking water also. This is as per the recommendation of the Joint Parliamentary Committee that probed the pesticides in cola controversy. This means that the standard for the water in soft drinks would have to meet the standards of any packaged water. While the standards of water content in soft drinks have been defined, the Govt has yet to set the composite standards for soft drinks. (THE ECONOMIC TIMES 210704)
COKE CAPTURES GROUND WATER
CGWB charges Coke The Central Ground Water Board has charged the bottling plant of Hindustan Coca-Cola Beverages Private Ltd at Kaladera, near Jaipur, with indiscriminately exploiting groundwater from deeper aquifers and causing ecological imbalance. The CGWB conducted investigations in the area following a directive of the Union Ministry of Water resources. (DOWN TO EARTH 150704)
GROUND WATER
NGRI project Hyderabad based National Geophysical Research Institute has undertaken a project for assessment, management & exploration of groundwater in hard rock areas under the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research network programme at a cost of Rs 250 M. The project is to be completed in ’07 in association with six other CSIR institutes. (FINANCIAL EXPRESS 280704)
Levels deepen in Indore Narmada River, 70 km from the city, is the main source of water for Indore. The Yashwant Lake and Bilawali tank also supply some water. To carry the Narmada water to Indore, a Rs 5 B pipe water project was undertaken sometime ago. The first of the three phases was completed in 1978. But the venture is not proving cost effective. The Municipality earns Rs 100 M, but spends Rs 330 M. After the Narmada-3 project is commissioned, the annual R&M expenditure may increase to Rs 900 M. Moreover, the river currently provides 150 MLD of water to Indore –
much less than its requirement of 320 MLD. Groundwater is exploited to bridge the gap between demand and supply, which has been widening every year. According to Indore Municipal Corp and CGWB, there are about 3000 RWH structures in the city. The groundwater level of city has dipped by 4 m in the past 20 years. The efforts to promote RWH began in 1999 but the city did not have a good monsoon until 2003. (DOWN TO EARTH 310704)
**UP groundwater blueprint** The Uttar Pradesh Govt has prepared a Rs 60 B blueprint for improving groundwater levels with the WB assistance. The proposed scheme would be completed in a phased manner in 12 - 15 years to cover 3.6 M Ha. In phase-1 0.3 M Ha would be covered. (BUSINESS LINE 130804)
**AP rules** The Andhra Pradesh Govt has framed rules to regulate groundwater and made it mandatory to get the site clearance by the hydrologist of the Groundwater Dept or an approved private geologist before drilling of borewells. The borewell site should be insured before drilling is taken up. In case of failure, the drilling firms should claim compensation from insurance companies. The State incorporated these rules by amending provisions of the Water, Land and Tree Act 2002. The Groundwater Dept had conducted a detailed study on the utilisation of groundwater during May '04. The Dept has categorised 512 mandals as ‘stressed’ and 209 as ‘safe’. The number of wells has increased from 0.8 M in 1975 to 2.2 M in '04. The area irrigated by the groundwater rose from 1 M Ha to 2 M Ha. The density of wells in some areas has increased from 2 wells to 20 wells per sq km. (BUSINESS LINE 110804)
**GROUND WATER CONTAMINATION**
**Chennai** As per a study by the Tamil Nadu Ground and Surface Water Resources Data Center, groundwater quality in city suburbs falling under Tiruvallur dist has deteriorated sharply due to indiscriminate water extraction. Groundwater in 24% of the N periphery is of good quality. For the study, data was obtained from 87 monitoring wells in Kancheepuram dist and 60 km from Tiruvallur. The desirable limit of 500 mg/l of Total Dissolved Solids has been exceeded in most areas in the N periphery and 44% S suburbs have good quality water. (THE HINDU 270704)
**Contamination from coal fields** As per a research by Nithish Priyadarshi of Jharkhand based Ranchi University, The coal mines in the region contains substantial levels of arsenic, which is contaminating the local water bodies and the Damodar River. Priyadarshi analysed coal samples from five sites. He found that the samples had arsenic concentration of 0.15 ppm on an average. He found that the water from the river and its tributaries had arsenic content in the range of 0.2-2.0 mg/l- much above the WHO guideline of 0.01 mg/l. He scrutinised coal from the North Karanpura coalfields in the Palamu, Ranchi and Hazaribagh districts of Jharkhand. These coalfields produced 5.142 MT coal during 2003-4. The coal lying in the dumps amounted to 8.567 M cubic meters and is the key source of contamination. (DOWN TO EARTH 150804)
**URBAN WATER SUPPLY**
**ADB’s Jammu water project** ADB has agreed to sanction Rs 2.44 B to J & K for water supply in Jammu city to be completed by 2016. (HINDUSTAN 080704)
**Delhi** As per a study by the Union Ministry for Water Resources, the Sonia Vihar “will blow up in to a major controversy if the plant and the pipeline are completed but water is not made available.” The project was assigned in 2000, shortly before the creation of Uttarakanchal. The Uttaranchal officials argue that the then Uttar Pradesh Govt had agreed to provide water for the Delhi project in hurry. Availability of water in the Tehri Dam and the Ganga Basin will play an important role in deciding the fate of the Project. Farmers in the region are apprehensive that supply of drinking water to Delhi will deprive them of irrigation. The Delhi Jal Board says the project was taken up in the first place on the understanding that the Tehri Dam will be its source of water and Uttaranchal cannot back out now that the treatment plant and pipeline are nearing completion. The project has already been delayed by a year and is unlikely to take off till the next year.
- **Transmission losses** A confidential note has exposed the inefficiency of the DJB. The confidential note stated that at least 210 MGD was uncounted for and did not reach the consumers because of leakage and transmission losses. “Loss of water in transit is 30%,” the note said. Referring to the BIS (IS 1172), the official said for a population of 14 M including commercial and industrial consumption, the Capital required about 600 MGD. Given that the DJB this summer has treated 670 MGD on an average, it means that the Capital is having surplus water. If the extraction of groundwater were taken into account, the amount of water available touched 800 MGD. The confidential report revealed that the demand was less than supply and thus it is learnt to have pointed towards the massive wastage of water during transmission and inequitable distribution.
- **Water unsafe** As per interim reports from National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases and the National Institute of Communicable Diseases, the water supplied by Delhi Jal Board to the capital's residents is not safe for drinking and is highly contaminated. However, the DJB has raised serious objections to the findings. Both institutes picked up the samples of water at the request of the Delhi Govt in the wake of reports of an increasing number of cases of waterborne disease. According to interim report, the team of the Institute of Kolkata isolated "vibrio cholerate" from the tap water of Sarita Vihar in S Delhi. (BUSINESS STANDARD 050704, THE HINDU 090704, 230704)
ADB aid for MP The Asian Development Bank has approved a Rs 15 B for civic amenities in six cities (Indore, Bhopal, Gwalior, Ratlam, Jabalpur & Ujjain) in Madhya Pradesh. Rs 1.7 B have been sanctioned for Bhopal. The phase-1 of Kolar dam is over and the phase-2 could also be started. (BUSINESS LINE 100704)
Construction companies Govt investment in the drinking water sector has increased threefold over past five years: From Rs 16.88 B in 1999, to Rs 32.42 B in 2002, according to CMIE. The total planned capex by the state Govts for FY 2004 was Rs 49.75 B. In FY 1999 almost 80% of the spending on water projects by the central and state govts was revenue expenditure that went in to paying salaries or in to maintenance of the existing system. The increased investment has turned these projects into a major revenue spinner for Indian construction companies. IVRCL International (Hyderabad) is one of the leading players in the sector. Drinking water and Irrigation projects account for Rs 10 B of the company's' Rs 16 B order book. The company got almost 67% of its FY 2004 sales of Rs 7.72 B from such projects. Water supply and irrigation account for about 20% of the Rs 40 B order book of Mumbai based Hindustan Construction Company. Other big players in the market include Gammon India Ltd and Nagarjuna Construction. (THE ECONOMIC TIMES 080704)
RURAL WATER SUPPLY
Economic Survey The Economic Survey has said that 94.6% of rural habitations have been fully provided with drinking water facilities, 5% are covered partially and 0.4% are yet to be covered. The National Agenda for Governance had envisaged safe drinking water to all rural habitations by 2004. As on March 31 '04 Rs 450 B had been invested to meet rural water needs. The survey has underscored the importance of water management. Issues of regulating groundwater withdrawal, encouraging water harvesting, soil and water conservation should be addressed with the involvement of the community. As per the 2001 census, 77.9% of the households had access to safe drinking water including 90% of urban and 73% of the rural households. (BUSINESS STANDARD 080704)
Mewat The Union Govt is supporting a Rs 4.5 B water supply project for Mewat in Haryana. The NCRPB is financing 75% of the project cost, the rest is state Govt's share. An investment of Rs 2.25 B is envisaged for phase-I. Mewat has a water supply of 20 litres per capita per day at present. (THE ECONOMIC TIMES 230704)
Drinking water in Union budget All drinking water schemes will be brought under the Rajiv Gandhi Drinking Water Mission to service the 75 000 habitations not covered as yet. The allocation for the Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme has increased marginally from Rs 25.65 B last year to Rs 26.1 B. (DOWN TO EARTH 310704)
FLOODS
Hydrology 101: Trees hold answer to floods menace Scientists have discovered that strips of planted woodland could play a crucial role in halting the floods that have devastated British towns in recent years. They found that land with trees can hold vast amounts of water that would otherwise stream down hills and surge along rivers into towns. 'The extent of water absorption was entirely unexpected,' said Dr Zoe Carroll of the Centre for Ecology and Hydrology in Bangor. 'It also has great potential for helping us deal with floods.'
Scientists at the centre collaborated with farmers from Pontbren, a community in the North Powys hills. Some years ago farmers there decided to reduce the intensity of land use, which had seen a six-fold rise in the number of animals grazing there since the 1980s. 'The system just wasn't working. We were on a treadmill, working harder, producing more but earning less. We set about changing the way we farmed to rely more on what the land could produce,' said R Jukes, a farmer.
The farmers began to stock hardier sheep. They cut back on grazing land, planted more trees to provide shelter for the animals, used woodchip instead of straw, and made the land more ecologically friendly. Owls, voles and shrews began to appear at the farms. The project started with three farms. Today there are 10, covering over 1 000 ha of verdant Welsh hillside. But the farmers wanted their efforts put on a scientific footing. They had noticed that during rainstorms the newly planted woodland seemed capable of absorbing vast quantities of water while grazed land let rain pour down hillsides. So they invited the scientists to study the land. 'We measured rain that was being absorbed by grazing land and by woodland, and found the latter was 60 times more effective at taking up water than land grazed by animals,' said Carroll. 'We expected to find a difference, but not one of this magnitude.'
The team do not fully understand the reasons for this, though grazed land tends to be compacted by hooves and this could reduce its capacity to let in rain. Trees also generate roots that break up soil, creating pathways for water to move through. Regardless of the cause, it is clear the discovery could have great practical implications. In 2002 flooding triggered by rainwater pouring from hillsides caused millions of pounds of damage to Shrewsbury, while Kidlington in Oxfordshire, Peterborough in Cambridgeshire and Leamington Spa in Warwickshire were all badly flooded in 1998. Scientists say that flooding is destined to get worse as global warming increases climate instability.
But the Pontbren research suggests a way to counter this problem. 'By planting trees on strategic plots we could create areas to soak up rain, allowing it to move into the soil rather than flowing over the land,' said Carroll. 'Water will always move down a hill, either over
the surface or through the soil, but this way we could stop it all arriving at the same time. Major surges would merely become heavy flows.'
A £6 m research is now investigating Britain's flood problem and will focus on Pontbren. Hydrologist Prof Howard Wheater of Imperial College London said: 'The work done at Pontbren is going to be very important in working out ways to halt major floods. We still have a lot of research to do, but tree-planting looks like having a significant role to play.'
Comment by Sean Rooney: This has been understood for many decades that it is the presence of naturally occurring flora on hills and mountains that gives such terrain its ability to hold and store water, often releasing it slowly over time through seeps and springs. I think it was Aldo Leopold who first established this relationship scientifically. Tree removal in snow-dominated watersheds exposes snow to the sun and causes more rapid melting and runoff, producing erosion, stream scouring, increased water temperatures, and flooding. (www.guardian.co.uk from European Water Management News 290904, [email protected])
**Embankments cause floods** This year Bihar has again seen severe flood losses. The death toll has gone above 1000 and over 30 M people have been affected. But the govt is not ready to review the failure of flood control system. In 1952, the length of embankment was only 160 km, which has gone to 3430.47 km now. Even then every year flood damages are increasing. The experts are against the embankment as flood control measure. Every year 19 cusec per Ha silt is deposited in the riverbed due to embankments. Due to Koshi embankments alone, 182 000 Ha has been water logged. The embankments have been breached 1500 times till now. Even then, the construction of embankments is going on. (SAHARA SAMAY 240704)
**Projects for Bihar** The Planning Commission has sanctioned three flood-related projects for Bihar to be implemented over three years. The projects sanctioned on July 21, involve Rs 600 M and will be undertaken in flood-affected areas of Bhagalpur, Rasalpur and Mukhhama Tal. The Rs 197.4 M Tri Muhani Kursela embankment scheme on the right bank of River Kosi in Baghalpur dist, will involve a 30.98 km long embankment from Tri Muhani in Bihpur Block tied to higher ground in village Maheshpur. The Rs 281.6 M project in the Mukhama Tal area would involve increasing the height of 74 embankments along 489 km stretch. The third scheme involves anti-erosion works on the left bank of river Ganga at Chandpur-Dhamauin Rasalpur in the Samastipur dist. The Rs 81.94 M project envisages construction of 2225 m long revetment on the left bank of river Ganga. (FINANCIAL EXPRESS 240704)
**Task Force for flood control** The Union Govt has constituted a 21-member task force to examine the issue of flood control and recommend sources of funding for any action plan it may suggest. To be chaired by the Central Water Commission chief, the Task Force is expected to give its report by Dec end so that its recommendations can be considered before the budget. The task Force includes experts from Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Tripura, Bihar, W Bengal and UP; officials of the NHPC, Planning Commission, CWC and Ministry of Water resources.
➢ **Letter to PM** On behalf of the people of NE India, the Citizens Concern for Dams and Development has written a letter to the PM on Task Force on Floods in NE India and demanded that the Task Force should include environmental and social scientists, ecologists and activists working on flood issues. The Govt should actively consider setting up of an interdisciplinary sub-group at the NE level to allow wider local experience to input into the work of the Task Force. This could be individuals/ institutions/ NGOs specifically working in the NE. A NE wide consultation and public hearing is also requested. In view of the fact that most rivers in the NE are international Rivers and flood invariably affect them, it will also mean including and consulting neighbouring countries in the processes of the Task Force. (THE TIMES OF INDIA 130804, CCDD PR 040804)
**W Bengal dams cause floods and erosion** Every year floods cause with major disaster in W Bengal. This year Malda, Murshidabad, Koochbihar and Alipurduar were severely affected from erosion due to flood. Three villages in Malda dist were submerged in river Ganga due to flood and soil erosion and over 400 families of these villages have now become oustees. Over 100 villages in Murshidabad dist, have affected. Over 88 000 people from Murshidabad and Malda districts. 60 000 from Koochbihar dist, 0.15 M from Jalpaigudi dist and 25 000 people from Alipurduar districts have been affected. According to experts, the main cause of floods in E and W parts are Farakka dam and Damodar Projects respectively. After heavy rains the sluice gates of Farakka and DVC are opened. Every year 160 km area from Jalangi to Karimpur is eroded due to Farakka dam. (SAHARA SAMAY 240704)
**Uttaranchal, UP** Devha, Ravkara and Arara rivers in Pilibhit district of Uttar Pradesh overflowed due to 50 m breach in Nanaksagar Dam in Udhsamsingh Nagar in Uttarakhand. Two villages were completely drowned on Aug 27 while over two-dozen villages were surrounded by floodwaters. Standing crops worth over a million rupees have been completely destroyed. Even after the partition of Uttar Pradesh and Uttaranchal, the control of the Nanak Sagar dam is with the Bareily division of the Uttar Pradesh Irrigation Dept. According to reports, the Uttar Pradesh Irrigation Dept is not taking proper care of this dam and the dept is solely responsible for the devastation. In another case 29 people were washed away in Kailashue River due to floods in Uttarakhand. (HINDUSTAN, RASHTRIYA SAHARA 280804)
**Jharkhand** Eight persons were washed away in a flash flood at Tola Banjhi in Jharkhand's W Singhbhum dist. The incident occurred when the water level of the Kanu River started swelling on Aug 20 at Tola Banjhi in Banghdar village after heavy rains. (THE TRIBUNE 230804)
**Assam** The toll in Assam floods rose to 237 with the death of two more persons. The worst effected districts were Morigaon, Karimganj and Cachar.
**Maharashtra** At least nine persons have lost their lives in different parts of Maharashtra due to heavy rains. Water from overflowing dams in Raigad dist adjoining Mumbai, cut off the Mahad town.
**Gujarat** At least 23 persons have died in rain related deaths on Aug 4, mostly from Bharuch dist. Persons residing in low-lying areas of Surat, Navsari and Valsad had suffered heavy floods. Over 42 000 persons had been evacuated to safer places in Surat dist. Over 380 villages affected by flood in the state. The toll in rain related incidents in the state reached 128 this season.
**Kerala** 16 persons were killed and several injured as torrential triggered landslips and flashfloods leaving a trail of devastation. Over 2374 houses were damaged or destroyed. (THE TRIBUNE, DESHBANDHU 050804)
**Punjab** About 20% of the population in 352 villages in Patiala and Sangrur dist has been severely affected due to unprecedented floods in the Ghaggar-Markanda and Tangri rivers on Aug 2-3. Crops over 12 000 Ha have been affected, besides loss of about 1000 heads of cattle. The floods have also caused 133 breaches in the rivers since the water flow had reached 0.255 M cusecs in the Ghaggar. (THE TRIBUNE 180804)
**Haryana accuses Punjab** Haryana has been facing an explosive flood situation in Ambala and Kaithal dists. The Haryana Govt had alleged that Punjab had created numerous cuts in the Narwana branch of the Bhakra system and SYL Canal in Punjab territory to drain out floodwaters from their territory. Haryana Chief Parliamentary Secretary pointed out that the SYL canal and Narwana branch were overflowing in spite of only 500 cusecs being released in an authorised manner in to the latter. Nearly 30 times more water was flowing in these canals. At the Tangri Supar Passage near Jansui in Ambala, Tangri flow was 60 000 cusecs against the normal discharge of 40 000 cusecs. (THE HINDU 050804)
**Haryana WYC breaches** A 50 ft wide breach in the W Yamuna Canal on Aug 18 flooded parts of the Chhacchrouli area in Haryana. The water supply to the canal has been stopped and generation from the HEP on the canal had also been stopped. As per the Irrigation Dept, torrential rains and silting of the canal caused the breach. (THE TRIBUNE 190804)
**China** The toll had gone up to 439 and over 20 000 people injured up to Aug 28 '04. Over 1.4 M people had left their homes. Rural areas and Sanghai & Beijing cities were also affected. (DESHBANDHU/290704)
**Threat of Pareechu Lake in HP** The Pareechu lake said to be about 20 km inside Tibet, started forming in early July, after a landslide blocked the Pareechu River. The blockage is located in the Ali Prefecture of Tibet that features high altitude, remoteness, difficult terrain and poor transportation and communication. The increase of the rainfall and water flow from the upper reaches results in a continuous rise of water level and possibility of the lake bursting or overflow anytime.
- **July 16**: The lake had reached a size of 1800 X 900 m, according to satellite images obtained by the National Remote Sensing Agency, Hyderabad.
- **Aug 5**: The high alert was sounded along the banks of Sutlej river from Sumdoh down stream in the wake of the reports that a controlled blast to remove the blockade, which formed a 150 Ha lake in Tibet, could raise the water level in the river up to 75 ft.
- **Aug 6**: Satellite images of NRSA had reported the lake to be 1900 X 900 m but the Chinese authorities had said that it was 6000 X 1500 m and 71 m deep.
- **Aug 9**: Armed forces and paramilitary forces had been put on red alert in HP as the artificial lake had started spilling over and could burst any time. As a precautionary measure, the Sutlej Jal Vikas Nigam had shut down the 1500 MW Nathpa Jhakri HEP.
- **Aug 10**: Over 3500 residents of 50 odd villages and small township face the threat if the lake breaches.
- **Aug 11**: According to the satellite images taken on Aug 9, the length was 4.7 km with a tail of 2.8 km and the width of 1100 m. The surface area was 188 Ha.
- **Aug 12**: The Chinese authorities informed the Govt of India that a breach had started appearing in the lake and it could be give way any time. Later it came out that no blasts were carried out at the lake site.
- **Aug 13**: Several Chinese villages downstream of the lake have been evacuated. While on the Indian side the Union Home Ministry set up a 4-member expert committee to advise the crisis management group set up to deal with the situation that might arise if the dam bursts. S K Aggarwal from CWC, Deputy Surveyor General C B Singh, V Bhanumurthy of NRSA and Y P Sharda, senior geologist were the committee members. The State Govt has identified 56 villages along the Sutlej from Kinnaur to Bilaspur, which could be affected.
- **Aug 16**: The flow into the lake had increased from 17.3 to 30 cumecs. The water level was rising by 9 cm a day. China had ruled out a controlled blasting of the landslide to allow the water to drain gradually.
- **Aug 17**: Two units of Nathpa Jhakri HEP resumed generation as the level of Sutlej River remained normal and satellite pictures had showed no significant increase in the size of the Lake. The authorities claimed that the HEP suffered Rs 80 M a day loss due to shut down. (THE TRIBUNE 060804, 120804, 130804, 140804, 170804, THE HINDU 100804, 120804, 140804, THE TIMES OF INDIA 110804, 170804, BUSINESS STANDARD 180804)
Misreporting of Flood area Bihar faced unprecedented floods this year and the fury of floods had remained confined to the northern Gangetic plains with an area of 5.38 M Ha with a population of 52.3 M. There are 21 districts in the N Gangetic plains of Bihar and one Sub-division of the Bhagalpur district, Naugachhia, is also located there, thus bringing the total to 22. Two districts of N Bihar, namely Siwan and Saran, are not affected by the floods. These districts are facing scarcity of rainfall and agriculture is dwindling. No floodwater has yet reached the Hardia Chaur (land depression). The flooded area of N Bihar (20 districts) is reported to be 4.986 M Ha. Siwan and Saran have geographical area of 0.2219 and 0.2641 M Ha respectively. If this area is subtracted from the total area of N Bihar, we are left with 4.894 M Ha. And yet the Disaster Management Dept of Bihar is continuously telling for the past so many days that 4.986 M Ha is flooded in N Bihar. This would mean that not an inch of land is left where floodwater has not entered. This is ridiculous. The loss data furnished by the dept suggest that Darbhanga has a flooded area of 0.241 M Ha while its total area is only 0.228 M Ha. Similar is the case with Madhubani (Affected area 0.424 M Ha against district area of 0.35 M Ha), Saharsa (Affected area 0.212 M Ha against district area 0.167 M Ha), Supaul (Affected area 1.584 M Ha against district area 0.2447 M Ha), Araria (Affected area 0.941 M Ha against district area of 0.283 M Ha), and Khagaria (Affected area 0.257 M Ha against district area of 0.1486 M Ha). It is also interesting to note that Kishanganj, Vaishali, Gopalgunj and W Champaran have flooded area less than 10% of the total area of the respective districts. It is amazing that none of the three concerned departments like the Disaster Management, the Water Resources and the Dept of Statistics had ever bothered to look into the discrepancy. (Barh Mukti Abhiyan 190804)
Five die as police fire on flood-hit in Darbhanga Five persons were killed when police fired on a mob protesting against bungling in flood relief and distribution of substandard goods at Ujan village under the Tardih block of Darbhanga district in Bihar. (THE TIMES OF INDIA 170804)
FISHERIES
Haryana to increase yield Haryana has set a target to achieve 11% annual growth rate for production of fish and have set a target of 55 000 T per year by the end of 10th Five Year Plan. Rs 434 M had been earmarked for various plans during the 10th Plan period of 2002-7. 8760 Ha was brought under fish farming and 39 237 T fish was produced during 2003-4. (BUSINESS LINE 140704)
J&K Fish ponds plans The J&K Minister of Fisheries disclosed that to generate employment opportunities among the un-employed youths, 410 fishponds will be established in private sector under PM’s Special Employment Package with 100% subsidy. She stressed the need for strengthening the capacity of rearing of Trout fish and sought help of the Central Govt. She said that for setting up of these 410 fishponds, Rs 90 M will be spent out of which 75% shall be provided by the Central Govt. (DAILY EXCELSIOR 130704)
AGRICULTURE
Mizoram Organic Farming Act Mizoram has become the first state to legislate for turning its entire agricultural produce organic. It passed the Mizoram Organic Farming Act, 2004 on July 12, 2004. Mizoram has only done what the Union Govt has always prescribed in its National Programme for Organic Production, launched four years ago, but never really practiced. Even now Mizoram is amongst the lowest consumer of pesticides and fertilizer in the country. Only about 25% of state’s cultivators, comprising 55% of the total population, use chemicals in their crops. (DOWN TO EARTH 310804)
Investment There is need of Rs 770 B for incomplete irrigation projects, while the annual budget of Ministry of Water Resources is Rs 4 B and a major component goes for salary of employees. The budget for the ministry in 2003-4 was Rs 4.43 B, while the more serious fact is that only 2.75 B has been spent from allocated budget. The interim budget of 2003-04 had suggested Rs 4.58 B for the ministry. The situation in the agriculture ministry is also same. In 2003-4, Rs 32.42 B has been allocated for agriculture ministry, while the govt could not spent the whole amount. The govt has granted subsidy of Rs 550 B on fertiliser in last four years. However govt also listed this amount in the agriculture component. It is well known that about 60% of this amount goes directly to fertiliser companies. The share of agriculture sector in GDP is over 25% while investment in this sector is only 1.3% of GDP. (RASHTRIYA SAHARA 050704)
Bengal’s no to contract farming The W Bengal Minister for Agriculture made it clear that the Govt would not allow contract farming in the agriculture sector by private corporate houses. He said that the real agenda of contract farming by the private sector was to squeeze the land rights of farmers and to restrict their flexibility in selecting crops. (BUSINESS LINE 010704)
Foodgrains production drop by 18% India saw a steep decline in foodgrain production which dropped by over 18% in 2002-3 reflecting the impact of the severe draught that had affected several states in the country in 2002. Minister of State for Agriculture said that from 212.85 MT production in 2001-2 it declined to 174.19 MT plunging by 18.16%. (DAILY EXCELSIOR 170704)
FOODGRAINS MANAGEMENT
Per capita grain availability declines The net per capita availability of foodgrain fell over 11% to 438 grams per day in 2003 compared to 2002 – the highest decline since 1991. This is revealed by the provisional figures published in Economic Survey. The decline this time is largely due to low production during 2003. A decline of a similar magnitude was observed in 1998, but the par capita availability then was higher at 447 grams per day. The per capita availability of cereals and pulses had reached a low of 416 grams per day in 2001, the lowest since 1980.
| Year | Per capita availability | % Change |
|------|------------------------|----------|
| | Cereals | Pulses | Foodgrains | |
| 1991 | 468.5 | 41.6 | 510.1 | - |
| 1992 | 434.5 | 34.3 | 468.8 | -8 |
| 1993 | 427.9 | 36.2 | 464.1 | -1 |
| 1994 | 434 | 37.2 | 471.2 | 2 |
| 1995 | 457.6 | 37.8 | 495.4 | 5 |
| 1996 | 442.5 | 32.7 | 475.2 | -4 |
| 1997 | 466 | 37.1 | 503.1 | 6 |
| 1998 | 414.2 | 32.8 | 447 | -11 |
| 1999 | 429.2 | 36.5 | 465.7 | 4 |
| 2000 | 422.7 | 31.8 | 454.7 | -2 |
| 2001 | 386.2 | 30 | 416.2 | -8 |
| 2002 | 457.3 | 35 | 492.3 | 18 |
| 2003 | 409.9 | 28.2 | 438.1 | -11 |
(THE ECONOMIC TIMES 280704)
Rice scam in Karnataka An investigation has exposed diversion of 17 000 T of rice, which was allotted under the Sampoorna Grameena Rojgar Yozana. The scam came to light when an anonymous petition arrived at Deputy Commissioner’s office, with the tip-off that FCI marked gunny bags containing rice were awaiting export in godowns in Mangalore port. The godowns were hired by S Mahadevan, a clearing and forwarding agent. The rice was to be exported to Mombassa, Kenya by Sharp Menthol Pvt Ltd, a Delhi based export firm. The company has sourced 12 000 T of the export consignment from Jagdish, owner of Guru Binny Rice Mill in Hassan. He had been paid over Rs 70 M by demand draft for the consignment, at the rate of Rs 9 per kg, when the actual rate at which rice is commuted in to cash wages is Rs 6.15. Sharp Menthol had placed the order for the remaining 5 000 T through Mittal Agro India & Thayal Associates. These companies had in turn procured the rice through 38 rice mills in 10 districts of Karnataka. (FRONTLINE 160704)
SUGAR
Mills seek easy raw sugar import norms
The sugar industry has urged the Union Food & Agriculture Minister to allow liberal import of raw sugar. Currently raw sugar can be brought into the country only on prior import condition. This means, the Govt will allow sugar exports under advance license scheme only after import of raw sugar. The Govt had come with this stipulation in Nov ‘02 as few mills in S India imported raw sugar. The Indian Sugar Mills Association had opposed such imports then. However, it is now favourably inclined towards import of sugar. During the current season (Oct ‘03-Sept ‘04), the trade projects sugar production to be 14 MT against the Govt’s estimate of 16 MT. This is sharply down from 20.15 MT during 2003-4. Area under sugarcane has declined to 3.73 M Ha from 4.5 M Ha a year ago. Mills are favouring raw sugar imports also because it helps them to utilise the capacity that could otherwise be idle in view of sugarcane shortage. (BUSINESS LINE 170704)
FARMERS SUICIDES
Andhra Pradesh: Nizamabad dist Due to mounting debt three farmers committed suicide on July 2. A 42-year old Gaini Sailoo of Hajipur village in Birkur mandal ended his life (owned 3 acres, debt Rs 0.135 M). Vorsu Rajaiah, 48, of Bhavanipet in Bodhan Mandal consumed pesticides (owned 1.25 acres, borrowed Rs 0.125 M). Lakavath Maurya of Ganaram village committed suicide (owned 2 acres, borrowed Rs 8000 from bank and Rs 0.105 M from moneylenders).
➢ Rajamundry dist A farmer M V Prakash Rao of Machavaram village in Ambajipeta mandal committed suicide. He was tenant of 6 acres and taken loan of Rs 10000 from bank and tens of thousands from private moneylenders.
➢ Cuddapah dist A 23 year P I Venkata Konda Reddy, hanged himself in V Kontapalle village, unable to repay debts of Rs 0.15 M. He owned 4 acres. R Chinna Obul Reddy of Thotlapalle village consumed pesticides. He owned seven acres and had a debt of Rs 0.175 M.
➢ Anantpur Bandi Ganganna from Muthuvakuntla village committed suicide. He owned 15 acres and had a debt of Rs 0.19 M. (THE HINDU 030704)
PM announces aid The PM visited the villages in Andhra Pradesh where several farmers had committed suicide in last two months. “Shocked by realities” the PM announced an assistance of Rs 0.2 M to each family whose earning member committed suicide, job for one member in the family and houses under the Indira Awas Yojana with safe drinking water, roads, school buildings and other community needs. The Centre is contributing Rs 50 000 in each case. He sanctioned an additional Rs 50 000 from the PM’s relief fund. (THE HINDU 020704)
Probe into farmer suicides in AP The Chief Minister has announced a judicial probe into farmer suicides during the last nine years. He said that an agriculture commission would be constituted with experts and representatives of farmer organisations to study the agrarian crisis and suggest measures to overcome it. Offering a judicial inquiry or an inquiry by the House Committee, he addressed the leader of opposition and asked him to give his choice. He said he wanted to put an end to the blame game and the row over the number of suicides. The judicial inquiry would probe in a detailed manner the number of suicides and the reasons for the same. Naidu alleged that 704 distressed farmers had committed suicide after the new Govt took over. While in last nine years, over 3,000 farmers committed suicide. (THE HINDU 130704)
Maharashtra 13 farmers have committed suicide in Maharashtra. Five farmers, including a woman and two youths had ended their lives in Narkhed Taluk on July 23. Their cotton, pulses and soyabean sowings have failed to sprout. The 50-year-old women farmer Jijabai of Revatkar and Sanjai Nagmote, 35, of Manekwada were further distressed when 400 of their orange trees dried up. The state govt declared a “scarcity-like situation” in Vidarbha but only in 22 of the 119 taluks. Narkhed was not among them, according to reports. None of the 16 taluks in Yavatmal dist, which recorded the maximum number of suicides – over 103 in the last two years and about 17 among the 41 this rainy season – was included in the 22.
Relief The Maharashtra Govt has decided to pay a compensation of Rs 0.1 M to families of farmers who have committed suicide this Kharif season. At least 17 farmers of Vidarbha have ended their lives after poor rainfall led to heavy losses and repeated sowing operations also went waste. (THE TIMES OF INDIA 170704, THE HINDU 240704)
Punjab A debt-ridden landlord, Bhagwan Singh of Gobindpura Jawaharwala village in Sangrur dist tried to kill himself by consuming pesticides. His wife was ill and he was forced to sell off his last acre of land to pay back 0.12 M to moneylender. He still has to pay Rs 35,000 along with monthly interest. On May 11 Sukhbir Singh, a 22-year-old youth of Lehal Kalan village killed himself. His father -owns 4 acres- has to pay a loan of over Rs 0.93 M. The Bhutal Khurd village in Sangrur dist has seen six suicides in two years due to poverty. The latest suicide by a 25-year-old farmer Babu Singh took place in Feb. He had married off two sisters and had to pay Rs 0.25 M to moneylender, said his wife. (THE TRIBUNE 050704, 060704)
Gujarat A 30-year-old Pravina, wife of a farmer -in Sardargadh village in Manavadar taluka- ended her life by setting herself afire due to impending drought. As per a report, the delay in monsoon had resulted in failure of the groundnut in 5 bighas owned by the family. Officials say the situation could be alarming. Manavadar was the worst-hit area as it received only 103 mm rains so far this season. The state demanded Rs 24 B aid from the Centre. The state has put the total crop loss at Rs 80 B so far and chief secretary termed the situation "unprecedented". (THE TIMES OF INDIA 250704)
POWER SECTOR
PGCIL, NHPC pact with REC Power Grid Corp and NHPC have entered into an agreement with Rural Electrification Corp for taking up projects to electrify villages and households. The projects will be funded by Central Govt under Accelerated Rural Electrification Programme. The Centre is looking towards electrification of about 125,000 villages covering 10 M households in a time bound manner. The bulk of the Rs 170 B earmarked for the AREP is aimed at village electrification in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, W Bengal, Assam and Orissa. (BUSINESS LINE 150704)
POWER FINANCE
PFC loan to NEEPCO NEEPCO has tied up with the Power Finance Corp for a Rs 20 B loan to fund 2 projects in Arunachal Pradesh and Tripura by 11th Plan. The 600 MW Kameng HEP is to cost Rs 24,969 B. The 280 MW Tripura project is gas based. The long-term tariffs for both projects have been worked out at Rs 1.50 a unit. (THE TIMES OF INDIA 130704)
Financial closure of projects The Centre has cleared the financial closure for eight power projects, which are Birla group’s Rosa Thermal Power station (567 MW) and Reliance group’s Dadri Combined cycle (3740 MW) in Uttar Pradesh, Jaypee’s Karcham Wangtoo HEP (1000 MW) in Himachal Pradesh, Torangallu Expansion (500 MW) and Magalore Thermal Power (1000 MW) in Karnataka. Akhakhol Combined cycle (1000 MW), Vadinar Gas base project (1200 MW) in Gujarat and Pathadi Thermal Power. (BUSINESS STANDARD 220704)
POWER OPTIONS
National Conference on Renewable Energy Prime Minister in his message to the first National Conference on Renewable Energy for Rural Development said that keeping in view the objective of making available energy at affordable rates, govt has decided to set up a task force to evolve an energy policy package. This will cover all sources of energy and will address aspects like energy security, access, availability, affordability and efficiency. He emphasized that proper development of renewable sources of energy is a must.
Minister for State for Non Conventional Energy Sources announced that the ownership and maintenance of projects under the Plan For Village Energy Security through Renewable Sources would be vested with the village community. He said that the govt is planning to make a beginning this year itself in some selective villages to meet their entire energy needs primarily
through biomass. Besides, solar photovoltaic lightning systems and small hydro projects can also be deployed. He said that his Ministry has prepared an Outline Plan for "Village Energy Security" through biomass because of its veracity to meet energy needs for cooking, lighting and motive power in villages. Minister of State for Non-Conventional Energy has announced that 25000 remote villages would be electrified through renewable sources of energy by 2007 and all households in such villages by 2012. This is an addition to be achieved from renewable sources during $10^{th}$ and $11^{th}$ plans according to the Outline plan. Investment of Rs 2 M would be required. Besides meeting the energy needs including making available bio-fuels, direct and indirect jobs for 25 persons per village could also be created. For successful implementation active involvement of DRDAs and Forest Dept is essential. (THE INDIAN EXPRESS 010704, PIB PR 260704)
**HP clears small HEPs** The Cabinet has approved the allotment of 27 small HEPs, with an aggregate capacity of 88.15 MW to 27 private sector companies to cost Rs 5.28 B in the next five years. (THE HINDU 300804)
**Bihar Micro HEPs** The Bihar State Hydroelectric Corp is setting up 12 micro HEPs on Sone canal with the help from NABARD. These projects are Tejputra (1.5 MW), Dehra (1 MW), Sipha (1 MW), Belsar (1 MW), Pahrwa (1 MW), Sebari (1 MW), Sirkhinda (700 KW), Rampur (250 KW), Amethi (500 KW), Validad (700 KW), Arwal (500 KW) and Natwar (400 KW). Rajapur (700 KW) project on Koshi canal is also ready. The Corp has also invited application from private entrepreneurs for setting up several micro HEPs in the state. These projects are Dharampur (1 MW), Lakshmipur (1 MW), Sanghwadih (250 KW), Bhikanpura (250 KW), Bohra (500 KW) in Gopalganj dist; Kakolat (150 KW) in Nawda dist; Mahabalipur (400 KW) in Patna dist; Dhawani (500 KW), Dudhar (500 KW), Arang (500 KW), Harpur (500 KW), Chauri (500 KW), Delia (500 KW), Pawna (250 KW), Sakhba (250 KW), Gunsej (250 KW), Churanti (500 KW), Dehri (3 MW) in Rohtas dist; Sikraul (200 KW), Bhakwa (100 KW), Pashara (50 KW) in Buxar dist and Amba (100 KW) in Aurangabad dist. (RASHTRIYA SAHARA 170804)
**Wind power in Rajasthan** Enercon Windfarms, a subsidiary of Enercon India Ltd, has established a 24 MW wind energy project in Jaisalmer with an investment of Rs 1.2 B. The Power Finance Corp has provided finances. (POWER LINE 0704)
**Haryana biomass energy plans**
The Haryana Govt has envisaged a plan to produce 1500 MW of power through biomass. The Chief Minister said that the state is producing 3.385 MT of agro based biomass, of which 1.056 MT be available for power production. (DAINIK BHASKAR 270704)
**Electricity from water mills in J&K** The Northern Command of the Army has adopted the mechanism to modify the water mills (gharats) introduced by Dr Anil P Joshi, from Himalayan Environmental Studies and Conservation Organisation at Dehradun, and is all set to make electricity available to the remote villages of Jammu & Kashmir. The technology to generate electricity from the existing water mills that grind wheat for the villagers is very economic. It costs around Rs 37000 and engineers of the Army were trying to cut the cost. It requires only traditional wooden shaft with a steel fabricated one, some belts and pulleys and an alternator to generate 1 to 8 KW of electricity. It is sufficient to electrify with one bulb about 100 households and also run a lathe and a wool-combing machine. Under the technique, the traditional "gharats" in the villages will not only grind the corn, but also generate electricity. The Army has identified about 80000 water mills that were capable of electrifying the remote areas of J & K. (THE TRIBUNE 290704)
**California solar power plans** California Environmental Protection Agency is proposing to add solar power to a million homes in the next 10 years, paid for by a surcharge on consumers' electricity bills equivalent to about 27 cents a month. The surcharge would raise $1 B in 10 years, with the state using the money to give rebates to homebuilders who install solar panels on new homes, and incentives for installing panels on existing homes. (THE HINDU 070804)
**ENRON**
**DPC valued at Rs 100 B** Some bidders have expressed interest in the Dabhol Project. The valuation of the power plant alone would be around Rs 75 B or $1.5 B. This excludes the jetty, LNG terminal, peripherals, rights of way for the pipelines, regasification unit and transmission lines. If one includes all this, the valuation would be Rs 100 B. The CEA has given a valuation of Rs 27.5 - 30 M per MW. This worked around Rs 70 B for the 2250 MW plant. This is believed to be replacement value. Under the proposed formula, the Indian FIs led by IDBI have decided to change the dollar loans in rupee term. This means that the entire overseas loans of around $310 M will be converted into rupee loans by buying out these loans for $ 180-200 M and lodged in a special purpose vehicle. (THE HINDUSTAN TIMES 030704)
**DPC gives MSEB Rs 260 B notice** The Maharashtra SEB has slapped a notice for contempt of court of DPC after it received a claim of Rs 260 B from the latter on May 21, '04 as the Supreme Court had earlier issued a injunction against starting of any arbitration proceedings by DPC. (BUSINESS STANDARD 020704)
**New body for DPC solution** The Union Govt has constituted an inter-ministerial group for Dabhol Power Project. (BUSINESS STANDARD 190704)
SOUTH ASIA
UNDP keen to facilitate river talks
The UNDP is keen to facilitate a dialogue between Bangladesh, India and Nepal over common rivers, UNDP administrator Mark Malloch Brown said. The UN agency believes it will lead to mitigation of flood-related disasters. (NEW AGE 200804)
Regional Energy Grid Plans The Regional Grid Operators Forum, organised by Nepal Electricity Authority that concluded in Nepal have agreed on forming a regional grid to achieve optimum utilisation of energy resources in South Asia. According to NEA, the meeting was focused on coming to consensus among the transmission system and electric utilities in the South Asia to establish a regional grid and optimise utilisation of resources benefiting the participating countries. Power Grid Company of Bangladesh, Bhutan Power Corp, Pakistan Water and Power Development Authority, Ceylon Electricity Board & NEA were the participants. (THE HIMALAYAN TIMES 200804)
Bangladesh Irrigation efficiency low Efficient use of surface water may bring an additional 1.6 M Ha under irrigation and decrease the cost by about 60%. Surface water is used in irrigation of 1 M Ha and groundwater for 3 M Ha, said sources in the Bangladesh Agricultural Development Corp. Groundwater-based irrigation, used mostly in Dhaka, greater Mymensingh, Jessore, Kushtia and some parts of Comilla, is not only expensive but also increases environmental degradation. The BADC sources said an additional 0.2 M Ha might be brought under surface water irrigation by 2010 only by motivating farmers. There are no alternatives to groundwater-based irrigation in Rajshahi, Pabna, greater Sirajganj under the Teesta barrage and the Ganges-Kobadac project in dry season. (NEWAGE 240704)
Rehab for flood hit The govt of Bangladesh will rehabilitate some 0.25 M farmers by providing them with the agricultural inputs required for a bigha (33 decimals) of land after the floodwaters recede, agriculture minister disclosed. He also said that Tk 500 M would be spent for the planned rehabilitation as the flood has caused immense damage to all standing crops. As a contingency measure Govt has already planned to provide 0.25 m farmers with seeds and fertilizer worth Tk 375 for cultivation of a bigha of land. Also, the govt will give funds to the farmers to develop seedbeds on about 0.13 M Ha of high lands. According to primary statistics available at the agriculture ministry, the current flood has damaged crops on 0.495 M Ha of land causing loss of 1.422 MT of crops worth about Tk 14 B. The flood has affected aus and aman rice, transplanted aman, seedbeds, jute and vegetables in 239 upazilas of 36 districts. (NEWAGE 230704)
Pakistan
WB questions viability of new projects
The World Bank has questioned the economic viability of three ongoing and five upcoming irrigation projects that have a total estimated cost of Rs 232 B. In a review of the ongoing and proposed projects, the WB in its report pointed out that either sufficient water was not available for these projects or better alternatives could have been pursued both on technical and economic sides. The feasibility studies of these projects needed to be critically reviewed with a view to either dropping, deferring or curtailing their scope, even if they have reached a point of no return due to political or any other reasons.
Among the ongoing projects, the bank particularly mentioned the Rs 53 B Greater Thal canal project and Kachhi and Rainee canals and said such long-gestation and high-cost irrigation expansion investments were questionable. Among the proposed irrigation projects, the WB identified the Rs 42 B Sehwan Barrage Complex project, Rs 19 B Chashma Right Bank 1st Lift Irrigation, Rs 99 B Akhori Dam, Rs 18 B Dhok Pathan dam and Rs 1 B Sabakzai dam. The WB suggested that these projects should be deferred till the completion of their studies. The WB said that collectively the Thal canal, Kachhi and Rainee canals would account for over 4.6 MAF of water for their Kharif requirements only - nearly twice the additional capacity that would be created by the raising of the Mangla Dam.
Since the projects would take a long time to complete, they would not yield even the low level of benefits in the short term. No funds had been allocated for command areas development under these projects without which benefits of these projects would remain elusive, the WB added. Given the sandy nature of soils, the estimated ERR for the Thal canal (over 18%) appears overly optimistic. If the additional cost of colonization, CAD are added, the ERRs would become unacceptable. About the Rs 42 B Sehwan Barrage Complex, it said the ERR was estimated at 10.1% which was quite low.
The bank said that the Rs 19.2 B Chashma Right Bank canal lift irrigation project had an ERR of 10.3% and big landowners would benefit the most from additional irrigation of 27 800 Ha. Income disparities between large and small landowners and landless labour are likely to increase. On Rs 118 B Akhori, Dhok Pathan and Sabakzai dams, the bank said that a decision about these projects should be deferred till their feasibility had been established. Implementation should be deferred until after 2011. (DAWN 150704)
No consensus on large dams The parliamentary committee on water resources failed to evolve a consensus on the construction of large dams as Sindh and the NWFP rejected Kalabagh dam while all provinces were unanimous in implementing the 1991 water accord. The four CMs were unanimous that the 1991 accord "is sacrosanct and will be implemented in toto without any reference to ministerial decisions of 1994". This means that a 1994 ministerial committee decision to distribute water shortages on the basis of annual average use for the period 1977-82 that favoured Punjab has been annulled and Sindh's point of view has prevailed after 10 years. The meeting also decided that provincial priority irrigation projects and small reservoirs costing a total of Rs 206 B and Rs 8.1 B, respectively, in the first year would be taken up with the president for additional allocations during the current year. The CMs were given a comprehensive briefing on the whole exercise undertaken by the committee since Nov '03. He said Pakistan had 30.34 M Ha of which only 14.4 M Ha was currently under cultivation. Presently Pakistan's per capita water availability was 1200 cubic meters and it would decline to 1000 cubic meters by 2010. He said Pakistan's average water losses had risen to 45 %, which meant that seepage losses in Pakistan amounted to nearly 47 MAF out of a total of 104 MAF, while any new dam could store only 6-7 MAF. (DAWN 210704)
Lake Manchar is dead It is Pakistan's biggest freshwater lake. But today it would be more apt to describe Manchar as a grim cesspool of agricultural effluents, including pesticides. It once gave livelihood to fishing and agricultural communities and life to several migratory birds. Located 18 km W of Sehwan in Dadu dist of Sindh and 300 km N of Karachi, Manchar is a vast natural depression surrounded by Khirthar Range hills in the W, the Lakki hills in the E and flood embankment in the NE. The lake's misfortune can be traced back to 1982, when Pakistani authorities remodelled the Main Nara Valley Drain; the water body was now turned in to a drain to carry industrial runoff and agricultural effluents in to the Arabian Sea. This drain was built in 1932 to control floods in the Hannal Lake in S Sindh and to protect the low-lying areas. The remodelled drain – now called the Right Bank Outfall Drain – did not work and was redirected to Manchar. The authorities assumed that freshwater from the Indus and from the torrents that gush down the Kirthar hills during the rainy season would dilute the effluents. Flows from the Indus are drying up because of barrages and dams in its upstream. (DOWN TO EARTH310804)
Nepal NHPC to construct 4.5 MW LIH National Hydro Power Co in Nepal has announced that it has started works for Sunkoshi HEP to operate the 4.5 MW Lower Indrawati HEP. The project will use the leftover water of the Indrawati-III. The company is also planning to operate 30 MW Chameliya HEP in collaboration with the Nepal Electricity Authority. (KATHMANDU POST 200804)
NEA, GBHPL sign PPA The Nepal Electricity Authority and Gautam Buddha Hydropower Private Limited have entered into the Power Purchase Agreement to develop Rs 90 M, 750 KW Sisnekhola HEP in Palpa district in W Nepal. The PPA has been agreed at Rs 3 per unit during wet and Rs 4.25 during the dry season. (KATHMANDU POST 140804)
Concern about Melmachi water privatisation As Melamchi Drinking Water Supply Project in Nepal hits another snag, water experts are demanding exploitation of the existing resources around Kathmandu Valley before bringing in Melamchi water. They have warned to lobby for scrapping the biggest ongoing infrastructure project, if transparency is not ensured in the dealings such as bringing in a foreign private operator. The experts argue that the $ 464 M project could be developed for half the projected cost if local "resources and consultants" were used. By the time the project is completed the water tariff will have crossed the 'affordable mark' of Rs 50 per KL. In which case, majority of the urban poor will be missed out to fend for themselves. "If things are going to stay the way they are; if the donors are not going to change the way they do business; the country will be the biggest loser," says Gopal Siwakoti Chintan, Coordinator of Water and Energy Users' Federation Nepal. One of the conditions put forth by the ADB, the major financier with a stake of over $100 M is: funds for the project's key component, the tunnel construction, will not be released unless there is a private operator to run the valley water utility. The experts, meanwhile, allege that the govt and donors are "sitting on" several study reports like the Pokharel commission report of mid 1980s, the JBIC report and recent ADB report on optimising water use in the valley. These reports suggest that there are enough untapped drinking water resources in and around the valley that, if used properly, are sufficient to fulfil the water demands of valley residents for several decades to come. Interestingly, in 2000, the WB, which supported the project for over a decade, pulled out of the project. Then WB Director to Nepal, Ken Ohashi, had said, "This project costs over $400 (Rs 31,000) per resident. Do you really think people are ready for that kind of investment?" (KATHMANDU POST 020804)
Sri Lanka Upper Kotmale The Power and Energy Minister said the Govt would soon invite tenders for Upper Kotmale HEP. The project has been opposed in the past on environmental grounds. The proposed project will be near a row of waterfalls and it could affect other natural resources and uproot many people. The $ 0.91 M project was initiated in mid 1990s but has been persistently opposed by experts and Ceylon Workers Congress. (DOWN TO EARTH 150804)
**AROUND THE WORLD**
**Amazon Dams emit high levels of GHG** According to findings of projects being executed under the large Scale Biosphere Atmosphere Experiment in the Amazonia, greenhouse emission of the Amazon rain forest in Latin America in 2003 were more than 400 MT. This figure is 60% higher than the previous estimates. The earlier projection had failed to take into account a big culprit – vast tracts of forests submerged under water due to HEPs. The rotting vegetation now emits very high levels of methane. Amazon’s four dams together emit more methane than Sao Paulo, Brazil’s largest city. The research began in 1998 and expected to continue through 2006, involves more than 1000 scientists and specialists from over 100 research Institutes that are based in Latin America, the US and Europe. The exercise is made up of 120 projects, 61 of which are already complete. (DOWN TO EARTH 310804)
**Spain dumps river diversion Plan** The Spanish Govt approved a new plan to tackle water shortages, ditching a controversial water diversion scheme in favour of desalination, better waste management and recycling. The law passed in cabinet by the recently elected govt targets the arid SE and replaces a project that included diverting water via a 1,000-km pipeline from the northern Ebro River. The old plan -estimated at $5.1 B-- was expensive, harmful to the environment and would only have delivered 620 cubic hectometres water. The new 3.8 B euro project, which focuses on a wide variety of small-scale schemes, is to bring some 1058 cubic hectometres to the thirsty SE. (www.alertnet.org)
**Japan HEP cost over run** The Yanba Dam, a large new dam being built on the Tonegawa River in Gunma Prefecture, is intended to be a major source of water for the five prefectures in this region, including Tokyo, Chiba and Saitama. But over the past 20 years, the estimated cost of building the dam, slated for completion in fiscal 2010, has doubled to 460 B yen. The runaway expenditure is due to higher-than-expected payouts in compensation to the affected local communities and for construction work. The price tag makes the dam the most expensive in Japan. The five prefectures have agreed to pony up the money although they were flabbergasted by the figure. If the Yanba Dam is built as planned, the gorge, with its stunning scenic beauty, will be lost forever. It is doubtful whether the benefits produced by this dam project will justify over the long run the enormous investment. The construction of the core part of the dam has yet to begin. The project should be reviewed for possible termination. 72 dams and other water development projects are currently under way nationwide, including some to supply water for agriculture. Among them, the Tokuyama Dam in Gifu Prefecture, which will be the biggest dam in Japan in terms of water volume when it is completed, has also faced the problem of a sharp increase in construction costs, now running 96 B yen over the original estimate. The swelling price tag has scared the city of Nagoya into returning 45% of its rights to water from the dam. It is, of course, important to have a secure water supply. But there are many ways to do this without building a dam: reuse treated wastewater; funnel surplus water for industrial and agricultural use to households; pump up groundwater; or even harvest rainwater. (The Asahi Shimbun 030804)
**'Environmental flows' accepted** A range of international organizations have accepted 'environmental flows' as the tool to ward off social conflict and environmental degradation due to the overuse of water in the river basins of the world. The endorsement was received at a special session at the 14th World Water Week underway in Stockholm. The acceptance by the international community in Stockholm of 'environmental flows' is a major milestone because it demonstrates that 'environmental flows' has become widely accepted as a standard tool in modern water management. 'Environmental flows' means that water in rivers is managed in such a way that downstream users and ecosystems receive enough water to remain 'in business'. It entails negotiations between water users, based on an understanding of the impacts their water use has on others, and on their natural environment. "IUCN is already working in ten basins around the world to implement this approach, and with this endorsement we are confident that number will multiply in coming years. That is good news for everyone who depends on water, including nature," said Dr Ger Bergkamp of the IUCN Water and Nature Initiative. Experience with environmental flows in various basins also shows that it is wise to start implementation before social and environmental problems arise. "In the Murray Darling Basin, Australian Govts are now investing 500 M Australian dollars to return the system to environmentally sustainable levels of extraction. These are costs that can be saved if one applies environmental flows earlier", said Mr. John Scanlon, Head of the IUCN Environmental Law Programme. The Stockholm International Water Institute (SIWI), the International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage (ICID), the International Water Management Institute (IWMI), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the Global Environmental Facility (GEF) and the Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI) all endorsed the approach and said they would use it in future. (iucn.org)
**China's 30 000 reservoirs face safety problems** The Chinese Minister of Water Resources stated that 30 000 (36%) of the country's total dams- were facing a number of serious problems as a consequence of mismanagement, technological backwardness and natural decay. The reservoirs facing most of the problems are small-scale ones, and were generally built during 1950s-70s. They all suffer from the social,
economic and technological limitations. The ability of the dams to protect against flooding is limited and erosion has damaged the spillways and the sluice gates. Furthermore, there are serious termite infestations at many of the reservoirs. (www.interfax.com)
**Zambezi basin nations join hands** Eight S African countries have agreed to establish a Zambezi Watercourse Commission to resolve conflicts over water use and rationalise the development of hydropower and irrigation projects in the basin. The agreement for the creation of Zambezi Watercourse Commission was signed by Angola, Botswana, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Tanzania and Zimbabwe at a ceremony held in Botswana. The idea of establishing cooperation surrounding use of the Zambezi, Africa's fourth largest river, has been around for over a decade. For the last three years, negotiations have been supported by Sweden, Denmark and Norway. Sweden has been lead donor providing SEK 14 M over the period with Norway and Denmark providing about SEK 10 M each, channeled through the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency. The Zambezi River Authority, the agency that runs the Kariba Dam, owned jointly by Zimbabwe and Zambia, has so far hosted the project. According to SIDA, in 2000, almost 0.3 M Ha was irrigated with the Zambezi water. Plans to increase significantly the irrigated area would mean drastically reducing the amount of available water downstream. SIDA notes that at least four major projects are planned in Zambia: Lower Kafue, Batoka Gorge, Devils Gorge and Mupata Gorge, which have a combined generating capacity of almost 4500 MW. (DEVELOPMENT TODAY 180804)
**Nam Leuk affected face major problem** According to a recent report by Lao researcher Phetsavanh Sayboualayan, based on a visit to villages affected by the dam, villagers are suffering from increased health problems, food shortages, flooding, destroyed fisheries, dead livestock, illegal logging and corruption. The 60 MW Nam Leuk dam was completed in 2000, with funding from the ADB. Water from the Nam Leuk reservoir is diverted into the Nam Xan River. Villagers living along the Nam Xan said that in 1999 many of their cows and buffaloes died after drinking the bad smelling water from the reservoir. Villagers' vegetable gardens have been flooded and fisheries largely destroyed. Downstream of the dam, the Nam Leuk River has far less water than previously. The Nam Leuk dam was built in the Phou Khao Khouay National Park, habitat to rare and endangered species including tigers, elephants and gibbons, as well as large numbers of fish species. Villagers report that logging was excessive & uncontrolled. At Nam Leuk, the ADB estimates the value of the timber logged to be worth $2-3 M. Of this, according to the ADB, 3% was cut illegally from outside the reservoir area. In Feb 2002, the ADB reported problems with the disbursement of funds from the Nam Leuk dam to Phou Khao Khouay. "Much remains to be done for the development of the Phou Khao Khouay National Park to make it into a real national park", states the ADB's project completion report. Over 2 years later in June 2004, ADB's Country Director in Laos said that there is still no management plan for the Phou Khao Khouay National Park. Villagers have not been properly compensated. (www.wrm.org.uy 0704)
**ADB fund for Laos dam** The Asian Development Bank said that it will lend $36.1 M to Laos over the next two years and some of the loan will be used to fund the Nam Theum-2 HEP in the greater Mekong region. The ADB claimed that the power plant should be able to generate 1070 MW of electricity, 95% of which will be exported to Thailand and expected to earn revenue of $2 B over the next 25 years. Environmentalist groups such as the International Rivers Network maintain the planned dam could pollute or choke waterways in the region and displace impoverished farming communities. Experts say the dam will force thousands of people from their homes and threaten wildlife, including fish stocks in the NT River and endangered Asian elephants on the Nakai Plateau. An estimated 6 000 people will have be displaced, with another 40,000 people who live along the river affected. The developer of the project is international consortium Nam Theun 2 Power Company, in which EDFI, the global arm of French state-owned Electricite de France, holds 35% stake. The Lao Govt and Thailand's Electricity Generating Public Company hold a 25% each, while another 15% came from the joint venture Italian-Thai Development Public Co. (UPI-Philippines 270804, AFP 300804)
**Kaman-3 HEP in Laos** The Vietnam-Lao Electric Investment and Development Company is building the 250 MW Kaman-3 HEP in Sekong province of Laos. 90% of the output of the $273 M plant will be exported to Vietnam. (POWER LINE July 04)
**Mexico Dam Proposal opposed** Two Mexican community activists have been jailed on July 27 for their alleged involvement in actions against the La Parota Dam in the SW state of Guerrero. Community activists were arrested on charges of having taken part in holding against his will an official of the Mexican Federal Commission of Electricity. The men are members of the Council of Ejidos and Communities against La Parota Dam. The CFE employee claimed he was forced out of his truck by 10 dam opponents and made to sign a document stating that his agency would withdraw its construction machinery from the dam site. Tensions have been mounting in the communities to be affected by the 532-foot dam since local people first learned about it two years ago. The dam could affect close to 25 000 people, according to community activists. On March 14 this year, 3 000 people marched in Acapulco, demanding cancellation of the project. More recently, communities blocked CFE equipment and personnel from accessing the dam site. The 765
MW La Parota Dam proposed for the Papagayo River would flood 17,300 Ha and numerous indigenous and peasant communities would be displaced. The electricity generated would support the regional electricity grid being built as part of the Inter-American Development Bank's infrastructural initiative known as the Plan Puebla Panama. The La Parota Dam is also being promoted as a way to reduce flood damage and increase water supply for the tourist town of Acapulco. Affected communities have demanded that the Mexican Environmental Agency publicly release the project EIA. They say the project was approved in a non-transparent manner without community participation. (IRN 290704)
Malaysia: Bakun dam Malaysian Deputy PM said the govt would go ahead with its controversial $2.4 B Bakun HEP (2400 MW) in the jungles of Borneo but said the project, under review for its economic viability, needed restructuring. The dam is being built in the E Malaysian state of Sarawak. Experts say the dam, which would flood an area of rain forests the size of nearby Singapore and displace thousands, would generate far more electricity than the rural state would need when completed. (Reuters 280704)
American Bank confirms Yacyreta Dam problems A new report by the Inter-American Development Bank's Independent Investigation Mechanism has confirmed chronic and serious problems with the Yacyretá HEP, financed in large part by the IDB and the World Bank. The report also cites numerous violations of IDB policy in non-enforcement of regulations on resettlement and environment. The IDB has loaned $977 M for the Yacyretá HEP, located on the Paraná River between Argentina and Paraguay. The complaint brought by the Paraguayan Affected Peoples' Federation of Itapúa and Misiones provinces, FEDAYIM, focused on the bank's 1994 loan of $130 M to the Yacyretá Binational Entity for programs to mitigate the project's social and environmental impacts. The Panel found that, ten years later, only $40 M of this loan has been spent, while existing social and environmental problems have worsened. Among the most serious problems which the panel attributed directly to the Yacyretá project were flooding of houses along the river, polluted creeks and water wells, elevated incidence of health problems, inadequate resettlement housing, and child prostitution. The IDB report comes at a time when the govts of Argentina and Paraguay have indicated their intention to raise the Yacyretá reservoir operating level by 7 m to increase electricity generation. The reservoir has been frozen at its current level since 1994, when it was recognized that mitigation plans had not been adequately prepared or executed. The panel also found drinking water wells to be polluted as a result of the dam. Many families were excluded from census of affected families, but should have received compensation, while others eligible had never received compensation. The Independent Investigation Mechanism also found that the IDB had violated many bank policies, principally the Bank's Involuntary Resettlement policy, and had failed to follow proscribed measures for Analyzing Risk of Poverty, Community Participation, Data Gathering, Indigenous Communities, Difficulties in Transition, Compensation Packages, Follow up and Evaluation, Establishing Legal and Constitutional Frameworks, and Conflict Resolution, as well as violations of the IDB's Environment policy, in terms of not adequately addressing urban creek and groundwater pollution. (IRN PR 120704)
Istanbul to be capital of hydro research International hydropower research is to be coordinated from the Turkish capital by 2008. It will be a focus of work from other countries including the US, China, Africa and Argentina. The protocol was signed between the Turkish Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources and the UNIDO in May '04. (www.waterpowermagazine.com)
HEP plan in Chile ENDESA, Chile's largest utility, has announced plans to build five HEPs in the next 15 years for a total of $ 2.8 B. ENDESA is also evaluating the construction of two additional projects. These series of stations will have 2,800 MW capacity. 300 MW Neltume on the Fuy River, will require investment of $300 M, its environmental impact report to be submitted in 2005. ENDESA also plans to take advantage of the large hydrological potential found in the Futaleufú and Puelo rivers, both in N Patagonia. ENDESA already controls 4,882 MW capacity, 70% of the current installed capacity found in the Central Interconnected System (Chile's main power grid) and twelve times the annual growth in demand for electricity in Chile. ENDESA has requested rights in Patagonia to generate an additional 3,200 MW. Other utilities like Colbún and Gener also control rights in this austral region. Their current capacity is 1,300 MW and have requested additional capacity of 2,600 MW. (La Tercera 260604)
GOVERNANCE & RELEVANT ECONOMY ISSUES
Malnutrition Child deaths in Maharashtra Over 9000 tribal children below the age of six have died of malnourishment-related causes in 15 districts in about a year. According to Govts statistics released on July 5, '04, between April and May this year alone, 1041 children have died. The toll until April was 7970. In April-May of this year 807 children have died in five districts of Thane, Nashik, Amravati, Nandurbar and Gadchiroli alone. The CM maintained that at the most 59 deaths could be attributed to malnutrition during April and May. The Mumbai High Court has warned the state govt and ordered to constitute a committee to submit a report on efforts to save children from malnutrition.
➢ Tribal children in Orissa 11 tribal children died in Nawrangpur dist in Orissa due to malnutrition. The children aged 2-5 died at Dongiriguda village under Jhargaoon block of Nawrangpur between June 11 and July 1 '04. Dongriguda, with a tribal population of about
300 people is a non-revenue village in the reserve forest area. Not having the status of a revenue village, the residents of Dongriguda are deprived of Govt facilities. (THE TIMES OF INDIA 060704, 170704, HINDUSTAN 100704, THE HINDU 240704, 250704)
**25% Bengalis don't have enough to eat** 25% people of W Bengal do not have enough to eat, getting less than the minimum daily requirement of 2 500 calories, the state govt admitted in the assembly. "Amlasole starvation death is not an isolated incident," state relief minister said. He said the state govt arranged for relief for 170 000 people in 2004-5. While the total number of people below the poverty line was not an underestimate, in some pockets, their number could be much higher, even 40%. (THE TIMES OF INDIA 070704)
**Unscientific mining playing havoc in HP** Hundreds of mines (legal and illegal) and crushers are playing havoc with the environment of Shimla, Solan, Kullu, Kinnaur, Mandi and Chamba districts in Himachal Pradesh. Over the years unscientific mining has transformed vast stretches of green into wasteland. The open cast mining are polluting the streams and rivers, creating a host of problems for the people downstream. Precious soil is washed away during rains every year as the overburden is scraped off and simply pushed down the slopes. No proper arrangement is made for the dumping of the huge debris generated due to large-scale excavations. Indiscriminate use of explosives also has a destabilizing impact on the hills by opening out fissures and cracks, which in turn disturbs the ground water channels. A committee set up by the state High Court to examine the working of stone crushers found that out of the 320 registered stone crushers, including about 180 involved in river bed mining, only five (2%) broadly confirmed to norms with remediable deficiencies. While 125 units (39%) had noticeable procedural violations and operational deficiencies like unscientific, improper waste disposal and some of them did not have a valid mining lease. Serious violations and major operational deficiencies were found in 190 (59%) cases, mostly engaged in river bed mining, which had no valid mining lease. (THE TRIBUNE 120704)
**Mining hits coastal Gujarat** Rampant illegal mining of building stone is wreaking havoc on the biodiversity of the Saurashtra belt. It has also resulted in severe groundwater depletion, apart from impacting the quality of water. Illegal mining is thriving in the entire belt, including areas in Porbandar, Amreli, Surat, Una and Junagadh districts. Most of it is being done on govt wastelands, in forests or on private agricultural tracts without obtaining a lease for the purpose. Local people allege that over 70% of these mines are illegal. Groundwater has become salty in almost entire Saurashtra. This is because limestone, which worked as a natural wall and prevented the intrusion of seawater, is being mined indiscriminately. The water level has also plummeted. Local people reveal that sweet water was available at a depth of 6 to 9 m 20 years ago. Today they may get that at 150 m if they are lucky. (DOWN TO EARTH 150704)
**Scam in MPSIDC loans** The Madhya Pradesh Govt's Economic Offence Wing has registered a case of fraud against two former ministers, several officials and 42 companies in connection with the Rs 7.19 B scam involving non-payment of loans granted by Madhya Pradesh State Industrial development Corp under the Inter Corporate Deposit scheme. The MPSIDC had disbursed short-term loans of close to Rs 4 B (which later grew to over Rs 7.19 B, including interest) to several companies since 1995, a big chunk of which was not paid back. The EOW has registered a case Various groups including S Kumars (promoter of Maheshwar HEP in MP), Som Distilleries (Bhopal) and Enbee Group are involved. The Enbee group of Industries, which received the ICD in many installments (total dues Rs 1.16 B) is promoted by Congress MP from Bhopal. Three Enbee group companies got loans for short terms like 45 days but they were not repaid even after 4-5 years. Loans worth millions were sanctioned without project reports or written application or even collateral. (THE HINDUSTAN TIMES 280704)
**People's Commission on Land** The PCL was set up in Dec '03 to look into land related grievances pertaining to the landless, adivasi, dalit communities, etc. The aim is to see that a large number of land grievances in and outside the courts are sorted out speedily. It is expected that through the PCL reports, the grievances will be articulated in a concise and clear manner that will be available resource for policy makers, administrators and political representatives. At present the PCL is taking up public hearings beginning with Madhya Pradesh. Members of People's Commission are Mr S C Behar and Mr K B Saxena. (EKTA PARISHAD's LETTER 030904)
**STOP PRESS: Karcham Wangtoo Public Hearing on Nov 9, '04** The struggle of affected people and SANDRP has lead to some progress in case of the proposed 1000 MW Karcham Wangtoo HEP in Himachal Pradesh. The fresh public hearing for the project will be held on Nov 9, '04 at Tapri and Karcham. The affected people had earlier boycotted the public hearing in Oct. 2003. Following the critique of the KWP EIA, the Himachal Pradesh Council for Science, Technology and Environment had asked the NEERI and the company to make necessary changes in the EIA and the same has now been changed and put up at www.hppcb.nic.in Some portions of the EIA has also been made available in Hindi and village people have also received the advance notice of the public hearing. The adequacy of the fresh EIA and adequacy of the Hindi translations will have to be checked now before the public hearing.
1. *Bade Bandh, Bharat ka Anubhav*: Hindi Translation of WCD India Country study, By R Rangachari, Nirmal Sengupta, Ramaswamy Iyer, Pranab Banerji & Shekhar Singh, SANDRP, 2001, pp 268, Rs. 100/-
2. *Power Finance: Financial Institutions in India’s Hydropower Sector*, P Bosshard, SANDRP (in India), 2002, p 132, Rs 100/-
3. *Vishwa Bandh Ayog per Nagarik Margadarshika* (HINDI), SANDRP, 2002, pp 63, Rs 30/-
4. *Citizens’ Guide to the World Commission on Dams*, By A Imhof, S Wong & P Bosshard, Published by IRN, pp 59, Rs 30/-
5. *The Drought, the State and the People: An Experience in Gujarat* SANDRP Dossier, 2000, Ed: S Sangvai, p 90, Rs 75/
6. *Report of the Daud Committee on Sardar Sarovar Displaced*, Govt. of Maharashtra, SANDRP a co-publisher, pp 54, Rs. 30/-
7. *Water: Private, Limited* by Shripad Dharmadhikary, Manthan, pp 54, Rs 20/-
8. *Tehri Environment and Rehabilitation: Towards Failure and Devastation*. Published by MATU, pp44, Rs 25/-, Rs 20/-
9. *Bharat mein Bade Bandh ka Lekha jokha* (Hindi) summary of WCD India Country Study, Manthan, pp 18, Rs 5/-
10. *THE GREATER COMMON GOOD* by Arundhati Roy, Published by India Book Distributors, 1999, pp 76, Rs 80/-
11. *ECOLOGIST A SIA SPECIAL ISSUE ON DAMS IN NORTH EAST INDIA*, Jan-Mar 2003, pp. 96, Rs 50/-
12. *Seminar Special Issue on Floods*, June 1999, pp 90 Rs 15/-
13. *Large Dams in India* by Shekhar Singh and Pranab Bannerji, IIPA, 2002, pp 338, Rs 500/-
14. *Conserving Raindrops a Much Better Option than Linking Rivers* by Bharat Dogra, pp 8, Rs 4/-
15. *Nadi Nahin Jodnaa, Bund Bund sanjonaa* by Bharat Dogra, pp. 16, Rs 8/-
16. *Rahiman Paani Bik Raha Saudagar Ke Haath* (Hindi) By Sripad Dharmadhikari, Published by Manthan, pp 55, Rs 10/-
17. *River Linking: A Millennium Folly?* Edited by Medha Patkar, Published by NAPM & Initiative, pp 131, Rs 100/-
18. *Ken-Betwa Link: Why it won’t click*: SANDRP, Dec 2003, P 16, Rs 10/-
19. *Nadi Jod Yozana Ke Mayne, Vastvikta Ke Aaine Mein* (HINDI), SANDRP, 2004, pp 58, Rs 20/-
20. *Ken-Betwa Nadi Jod : Pyasi Ken Ka Paani Betwa Mein Kyon?* (HINDI), SANDRP, 2004, pp 46, Rs 20/-
21. *THE TROUBLED WATERS*: A Report on the 1998 Floods in E UP, Poorvanchal Gramin Vikas Sansthan, p 79, Rs 50/
22. *Log Banam Faisla*: A Reflection on Narmada Judgement (HINDI), NBA, 2000, pp 72, Rs 10/-
23. *Know Your Power*: A Citizen’s Primer on the Electricity Sector, Prayas, Pune, 2004, p 138, Rs 150/-
24. *Dam Vs Drinking Water: Exploring the Narmada Judgement*, LC Jain, Parisar (Pune), 2001, p 134, Rs 75/-
25. *The River and Life: People’s Struggle in the Narmada Valley*, Sanjay Sangvai, Earthcare books, June 2002, Rs 180/-
26. *Bina Jaankari Kaisy Jan Sunvai?*, MATU (Delhi), 2004, p 32, Rs 15/-
Please send your orders with DD in favour of YUVA, payable at Mumbai and send them to SANDRP, c/o 86-D, AD Block, Shalimar Bagh, Delhi 110 088. Please add Rs. 25/- for postage and packing charges for all publications
**QUOTES**
"Forests play a vital role in regulating water supply and maintaining pristine water quality in British Columbia. The relatively small percentage of the provincial forest land base that is within community watersheds combined with the high proportion of the population that depends on this type of water supply indicates the high value of forests in watersheds"
The Ministry of Forests, British Columbia, Canada: (*Ecosystems of BC*, Feb ‘91, p 73)
"The more dams a country has, the more water it has."
Pakistan Water and Power Minister, (Daily Times, 290704)
---
**Dams, Rivers & People**
The *DRP* is available in electronic (text and word versions) and printed versions and can also be accessed at [www.narmada.org/sandrp](http://www.narmada.org/sandrp) and [www.janmanch.org/newsletters](http://www.janmanch.org/newsletters).
The suggested minimum annual contribution for the *DRP* is Rs. 125/-. Please send a DD in favour of YUVA, payable at Mumbai, to our Delhi address (SANDRP, c/o 86-D, AD block, Shalimar Bagh, Delhi 110 088). Or, you can send money order to Delhi address. Subscriptions can be sent for multiple years at the same rate. We look forward to your subscriptions and feedback.
Published, Printed, Owned & Edited by Himanshu Thakkar at 86-D, AD Block, Shalimar Bagh, Delhi - 110 088, Printed at Sun Shine Process, B-103/5, Naraina Indl. Area Phase – I, New Delhi – 110 028
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NIH/3T3 CFTR
Cystic fibrosis transmembrane receptors
Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) functions as a chloride channel and controls the regulation of other transport pathways. Mutations in the CFTR gene have been found to cause cystic fibrosis (CF) and congenital bilateral aplasia of the vas deferens (CBAVD).
AR_PUBLIC14599-2
Phone: + 45 44 60 88 00 Fax: +45 44 60 88 99 E-mail: [email protected] www.sophion.com
Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Receptors
Introduction
NIH/3T3 is a mouse embryonic fibroblast cell line. NIH/3T3 cells are established from NIH Swiss mouse embryos. These cells are highly contact inhibited and are sensitive to sarcoma virus focus formation and leukaemia virus propagation. These cells have now lost their contact inhibition. Contact inhibition is the natural process of arresting cell growth when two or more cells come into contact with each other. The established NIH/3T3 line was subjected to more than 5 serial cycles of subcloning in order to develop a subclone with morphologic characteristics best suited for transformation assays. It is therefore used for DNA transfection studies.
Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) functions as a chloride channel and controls the regulation of other transport pathways. Mutations in the CFTR gene have been found to cause cystic fibrosis (CF) and congenital bilateral aplasia of the vas deferens (CBAVD).
The ΔF508CFTR mutation of the CFTR gene was stably transfected into the NIH/3T3 cell line and used for functional studies on QPatch.
The cell line was supplied to Sophion Bioscience A/S by CombinatorX, Cambridge, MA for initial feasability studies.
Materials & Methods
The cells are grown according to the Sophion standard operating procedure (SOP) for NIH/3T3 cells. NIH/3T3 cells expressing ΔF508CFTR were moved to 27°C 24 hour prior experiments.
Extracellular Ringers solution in mM: 2 CaCl2, 1 MgCl2, 10 HEPES, 4 KCl, 145 NaCl, 10 Glucose, pH 7.4 (with NaOH) and 300 to 305 mOsm. Intracellular in mM: 5.374 CaCl2, 1.75 MgCl2, 31.25/10 KOH/EGTA, 10 HEPES, 120 KCl, 4 Na2-ATP, pH 7.2 (with KOH) and 290 to 295 mOsm.
Assay
Standard procedures for obtaining whole cell configurations on QPatch were used.
The voltage protocol used was a ramp from -100 to +100 mV. The voltage protocol was executed every 5 seconds.
Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Receptors
Results
The sealing rate on QPatch was around 70%. The cells were generally large (15-25 pF) and gave stable baseline currents prior to activating the CFTR channels.
CFTR channels are not voltage sensitive and the channels will stay open when exposed to Forskolin/Genistein. This property makes it difficult to compensate for Cfast, Cslow, Rserie and determinate Rmembrane on QPatch, when performing experiments with different extra cellular Ringers. In experiments performed with the same Ringer pairs throughout the experiment, it was possible to set a holding potential Vhold at ECl (no driving force) and thereby estimate Cfast, Cslow, Rseries and Rmembrane during the experiment.
Forskoline activates adenylat cyclase which use ATP to make cAMP, which then works on the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA). PKA phosphylates the CFTR channel and thereby opens the channel. Genistein prolongs opening bursts and shortens closings.
As can be seen from the screen shot below, the outward Cl-current was more stable than the inward Cl-current. The outward CI-current was thus used for the dose response experiments.
Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Receptors
Besides chloride, CFTR also conduct a large variety of ions such as fluoride, glutamate, aspartate and gluconate. This makes it difficult to perform ion substitution experiments. By substituting chloride with aspartate (data not shown), gluconate or glutamate, which all have a different permeability than chloride, the results suggest that the inward current was mediated by CFTR.
The inward and outward currents are seen in the two shots above (blue dots). In the saline period a stable current is obtained in near symmetric chloride (155 EC and 135 IC). In the second period the forskoline/genistein (10/20 µM) mix is added. In the third period the chloride is partly substituted (30 mM EC).
The red dots show the reversal potential determined for each voltage ramp. In the plot to the right a fast and transient change in reversal potential can be seen when forskoline/genistein is added. This change is towards the reversal potential for potassium, EK. We speculate that this is caused by an opening of a cAMP dependent potassium channel.
In a dose response experiment, increased concentrations of glybenclamide were added.
Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Receptors
The outward chloride current was mainly mediated by CFTR and could hence be blocked by glybenclamide. IC50 for glybenclamide was 26,02 ± 8,15 µM (n=8).
Conclusion
These experiments demonstrate that reliable dose response experiments with the tricky chloride conducting ion channel CFTR can be performed on QPatch. Using different Ringer pairs we identified experimental conditions where specific CFTR activation and closing can be determined.
We conclude that the overall success rates in obtaining stable seals and completed experiments are at a level that clearly identifies the NIH/3T3 – CFTR assay as feasible on QPatch.
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Spotlight Canada Fourth Edition Citation
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Essential Cell Biology provides a readily accessible introduction to the central concepts of cell biology, and its lively, clear writing and exceptional illustrations make it the ideal textbook for a first course in both cell and molecular biology. The text and figures are easy-to-follow, accurate, clear, and engaging for the introductory student. Molecular detail has been kept to a minimum in order to provide the reader with a cohesive conceptual framework for the basic science that underlies our current understanding of all of
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"A 22-volume, highly illustrated, A-Z general encyclopedia for all ages, featuring sections on how to use World Book, other research aids, pronunciation key, a student guide to better writing, speaking, and research skills, and comprehensive index"--
Walford's Guide to Reference Material Rowman & Littlefield Education
Confederation may have established Canada's nationhood in 1867, but the relationships framing Canada's modern existence go back much further. Employing a unique socio-historical perspective, Canadian Society in the Twenty-First Century examines three formative relationships that have shaped the country: Canada and Quebec, Canada and the United States, and Canada and Indigenous nations. Now in its fourth edition, this engaging text offers students an overview of Canadian society through a series of connections rather than a collection of statistics. Trevor W. Harrison and John W. Friesen weave together complex aspects of the nation's economic, political, and socio-cultural development. They guide readers to use this interdisciplinary framework to consider some of the tough questions that Canada is likely to face in adjusting to demands and challenges in the next few decades. Reflecting the most current scholarship in the field, this revised edition features new discussions on issues such as the current crisis of neo-liberal globalization, Canada's petroleum industry, global warming, the Wet'suwet'en dispute in 2020, and the COVID-19 pandemic. Exploring the unique character of Canada today, this text is a vibrant resource for sociology courses on Canadian society as well as courses in Canadian studies and Canadian history.
Teaching Online Pearson
For courses in Python programming. A clear and student-friendly introduction to the fundamentals of Python In Starting Out with Python, 4th EditionTony Gaddis' accessible coverage introduces students to the basics of programming in a high level language. Python, an easy-to-learn and increasingly popular objectoriented language, allows readers to become comfortable with the fundamentals of programming without the troublesome syntax that can be challenging for novices. With the knowledge acquired using Python, students gain confidence in their skills and learn to recognize the logic behind developing high-quality programs. Starting Out with Python discusses control structures, functions, arrays, and pointers before objects and classes. As with all Gaddis texts, clear and easy-to-read code listings, concise and practical real-world examples, focused explanations, and an abundance of exercises appear in every chapter. Updates to the 4th Edition include revised, improved problems throughout, and new Turtle Graphics sections that provide flexibility as assignable, optional material. Also Available with MyLab Programming. MyLab(tm)Programming is an online learning system designed to engage students and improve results. MyLabProgramming consists of programming exercises correlated to the concepts and objectives in this book. Through practice exercises and immediate, personalized feedback, MyLab Programming improves the programming
competence of beginning students who often struggle with the basic concepts of programming languages. Note: You are purchasing a standalone product; MyLab Programming does not come packaged with this content. Students, if interested in purchasing this title with MyLab Programming, ask your instructor for the correct package ISBN and Course ID. Instructors, contact your Pearson representative for more information. If you would like to purchase both the physical text and MyLab Programming, search for: 0134543661 / 9780134543666 Starting Out with Python Plus MyLab Programming with Pearson eText -Access Card Package, 4/e Package consists of: 0134444329 / 9780134444321 Starting Out with Python 0134484967 / 9780134484969 MyLab Programming with Pearson eText -- Access Code Card -- for Starting Out with Python Students can use the URL and phone number below to help answer their questions: http://247pearsoned.custhelp.com/app/home 800-677-6337 Monsters Routledge
Human Kinetics
Discusses various approaches to early childhood music education, music for infants and toddlers, assessment, and more. One of MENC's popular Spotlight series comprising articles first published in the state MEA journals.
Government of Canada Publications, Quarterly Catalogue Contemporary Books
Teaching Online: A Practical Guide is a practical, concise guide for educators teaching online. This updated edition has been fully revamped and reflects important changes that have occurred since the second edition's publication. A leader in the online field, this best- selling resource maintains its reader friendly tone and offers exceptional practical advice, new teaching examples, faculty interviews, and an updated resource section. New to this edition: new chapter on how faculty and instructional designers can work collaboratively expanded chapter on Open Educational Resources, copyright, and intellectual property more international relevance, with global examples and interviews with faculty in a wide variety of regions new interactive Companion Website that invites readers to post questions to the author, offers real-life case studies submitted by users, and includes an updated, online version of the resource section. Focusing on the "how" and "whys" of implementation rather than theory, this text is a must-have resource for anyone teaching online or for students enrolled in Distance Learning and Educational Technology Masters Programs.
Sport Finance, Fourth Edition With Web Resource, grounds students in the real world of financial management in sport, showing them how to apply financial concepts and appreciate the importance of finance in establishing sound sport management practices. Utilizing a modern and practical approach, the text encourages students to take a strategic organizational perspective in learning financial skills while gaining a deeper understanding of the reasoning behind the principles of sport finance. The fourth edition of Sport Finance has been revised and restructured to reflect the evolving needs of students entering the dynamic sport industry. Content updates and additions include the following: A new chapter dedicated to assets (such as players, facilities, and goodwill) and liabilities (such as player salaries and long-term debt) and how they affect a sport organization Expanded coverage of strategies to increase revenue and reduce expenses for greater profitability, enhanced with an example from a real-world athletic department New chapters about reviewing financial statements, planning, and building a financial strategy to help guide decisions to create, expand, or exit a sport business or organization Five new case studies covering a variety of sectors, sports, and countries to give students the opportunity to apply the concepts to practical scenarios To further relate the content to real situations for students, study questions about each of the case studies have been incorporated into a new student web resource. The web resource also includes an interactive simulation called "The Two Dollar Team" that directly engages students with the book's topics, including assets and liabilities, revenue and expenses, budgeting, cash management, and borrowing. Instructors will also find additional activities and a case study in the companion instructor guide, and they will receive a test package and presentation package. Sport Finance, Fourth
Edition, will enable students to grasp fundamental concepts in sport finance. By analyzing business structures, financial statements, and funding options, students will not only learn basic finance but will also understand how those skills are used to build a strategy and make sound financial decisions in the world of sport.
NASA Tech Briefs Garland Science
The idea of "The Green Book" is to give the Motorist and Tourist a Guide not only of the Hotels and Tourist Homes in all of the large cities, but other classifications that will be found useful wherever he may be. Also facts and information that the Negro Motorist can use and depend upon. There are thousands of places that the public doesn't know about and aren't listed. Perhaps you know of some? If so send in their names and addresses and the kind of business, so that we might pass it along to the rest of your fellow Motorists. You will find it handy on your travels, whether at home or in some other state, and is up to date. Each year we are compiling new lists as some of these places move, or go out of business and new business places are started giving added employment to members of our race. Chase's 2000 Sports Calendar of Events Spotlight Canada The Framework, an official AOTA document, presents a summary of interrelated constructs that define and guide occupational therapy practice. The Framework was developed to articulate occupational therapy's contribution to promoting the health and participation of people, organizations, and populations through engagement in occupation. The revisions included in this second edition are intended to refine the document and include language and concepts relevant to current and emerging occupational therapy practice. Implicit within this summary are the profession's core beliefs in the positive relationship between occupation and health and its view of people as occupational beings. Numerous resource materials include a glossary, references and a bibliography, as well as a table of changes between the editions.
Handbook of Pulp and Paper Technologists (the Smook Book) Oxford University Press
Trillium Listed! This widely acclaimed text examines the significant events, on a global and domestic level, that shaped Canada in the twentieth century, retaining the engaging writing style, high-interest content, and comprehensive skills development of previous editions. An Australasian Guide Elsevier Health Sciences
Full of valuable tips and commentary that will help music teachers effectively assess the music skills of their students. One of MENC's popular Spotlight series comprising articles first published in the state MEA journals. Author and Title Index Prentice Hall
Contains a check list of issues in the field of peace and security. It identifies the major policy issues to which Canada responded in the period between mid-July 1988 and mid-July 1989, and places them in context, and, where appropriate, identifies a range of Parliamentary comment on these issues. For official Canadian policies, it relies entirely on public statements by Government leaders and responsible officials. It discusses arms control and disarmament, defence, and conflict resolution.
Mac OS X Leopard Pocket Guide John Wiley & Sons A tightly argued and expansive examination of the pitfalls of transhumanism that reacquaints us with what it means to live well. Advocates of transhumanism, or "radical" enhancement, urge us to pursue the biotechnological heightening of select capacities - above all, cognitive ability - so far beyond any human limit that the beings with those capacities would exist on a higher ontological plane. For proponents of such views, humanity's self-transcendence through
advancements in science and technology may even be morally required. Consequently, the human stakes of how we respond to transhumanism are immeasurably high. In Posthuman Bliss? The Failed Promise of Transhumanism, Susan B. Levin challenges transhumanists' overarching commitments regarding the mind and brain, ethics, liberal democracy, knowledge, and reality, showing their notion of humanity's self-transcendence into "posthumanity" to be little more than fantasy. Uniting philosophical with scientific arguments, Levin mounts a significant challenge to transhumanists' claim that science and technology support their vision of posthumanity. In a clear and engaging style, she dismantles transhumanists' breezy assurances that posthumans will emerge if we but allocate sufficient resources to that end. Far from offering theoretical and practical "proof of concept" for the vision that they urge upon us, Levin argues, transhumanists engage inadequately with cognitive psychology, biology, and neuroscience, often relying on questionable or outdated views within those fields. Having shown in depth why transhumanism should be rejected, Levin argues forcefully for a holistic perspective on living well that is rooted in Aristotle's virtue ethics but that is adapted to liberal democracy. This holism is thoroughly human, in the best of senses: It directs us to consider worthy ends for us as human beings and to do the irreplaceable work of understanding ourselves rather than relying on technology and science to be our salvation.
emphasis is on psychological research, the textbook makes extensive use of actual cases and real trials to engage students and to illustrate the relevance of research findings. Written in a clear, student-friendly style, Forensic and Legal Psychology is designed for both the psychology and law AND forensic psychology class. Visit the preview site for more information:
www.worthpublishers.com/costanzokrausspreview
Understanding the Australian Health Care System Macmillan Presenting the history of relations between the European Union and Japan, this book explains the origins and significance of the momentous 2018 Economic Partnership Agreement and its parallel Strategic Partnership Agreement. Set within the historical context of the 1991 Hague Declaration and Action Plan of 2001, this book analyses the impact of recent background changes to the liberal trading order, the proliferation of free trade agreements, and uncertainty about role of the United States in the world on relations between Japan and the EU. Adopting a pathdependent approach, it illustrates how these agreements were reached as a result of growing patterns of cooperative behaviour between the EU and Japan, and the imprint of shared past experiences in areas from trade to security. In so doing, this book also raises important questions about the future of multilateral cooperation, exploring the potential for bilateral agreements to undermine the possibility of finding international solutions to increasingly international problems. EU–Japan Relations and the Crisis of Multilateralism will appeal to students and scholars of European and Japanese politics and international relations, as well as policymakers internationally with an interest in these significant agreements. Jonny Appleseed arsenal pulp press
Forensic and Legal Psychology Don Mills, Ont. : Oxford University Press Using research in clinical, cognitive, developmental, and social psychology, Forensic and Legal Psychology shows how psychological science can enhance the gathering and presentation of evidence, improve legal decision-making, prevent crime, rehabilitate criminals, and promote justice. Although the
Spotlight CanadaDon Mills, Ont. : Oxford University Press
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KITTITAS COUNTY EMS & TRAUMA CARE COUNCIL MEETING NOTIFICATION / AGENDA - DRAFT
8/2/2024
The Kittitas County EMS & Trauma Care Council's meeting will be held at KVFR – St. #21, 2020
Vantage Hwy., Ellensburg. Zoom option available:
https://zoom.us/j/95031099125?pwd=UWZhYS9hY05BbTdGTzVnelZ5Q2FuQT09 Passcode: 749690
Thursday, August 8 th , 5:00 p.m.
Agenda Items:
Introductions (Membership/Representative Update/Card)
Action Items:
* Approve Minutes (April–Council & May, June, July-Exec. Comm.)
o ESSO renewal application/Update – Cle Elum/Roslyn Police Department
* CWU Course Applications (Fall PM & EMT, Winter EMT)
* FY24 Year-end Training Budget Resolution
* FY25 SCR Training Agreement
* FY25 Training Budget & Workplan (draft)
* 2025 Proposed Office Budget Plan – Draft approved by Exec. Committee
* Program Financial Reports & Expense Vouchers
* WA DOH Training Program Renewal
New & Ongoing Business/Discussion:
* CWU Training Program update
* WACARES data report (2023) - Confidential
* County Operating Procedure Review Committee (coming Trauma Triage Update due 12/31/24)
* Special Project Updates: Naloxone Leave Behind, Pulse Point Update/AED Registry & Public Access Defib. Program (agreements)
* Staff Update
* Training Report (BLS/ALS OTEP Update, EMT (+refresher) AFA, Public Education, Video Project)
State/Regional Reports:
* Regional EMS/TC Council (May report, deliverables, PCP drafts) – Next meeting 9/26
* State DOH Report to Regions (PHTAC/Education/WAC/DATA/WEMSIS/Protocols)
Other:
* Agency updates/around the table
* Next Meeting: 10/10 – UKC Medic One, Cle Elum
Reminder: If you cannot attend the Council meeting but wish to comment, please e-mail Cheryl or Lee. If you have any questions or additions to the agenda, please let me know.
Cheryl Burrows, EMS Coordinator - Kittitas County EMS Division: C: 509-929-3247 [email protected]
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