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World Cultures - Educational Resources
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Displaying 1 - 17 of 17 resources in World Cultures and Educational Resources:
1. AfricaQuest
El Segundo, CA, USA
AfricaQuest is an online interactive educational expedition in which a team of experts will explore Africa's Great Rift Valley. ...
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2. Ambassadors for the Environment
Amherst, MA, USA
A 4 week summer program in Norway for high school and college age students studying global environmental issues. ...
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3. AstroEd: Astronomy Education Resources
Curriculum materials and background info. for teaching astronomy to K-12 and adult education resources. ...
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4. Casa Xelaju
Eco, educational tours, internships, volunteer work, Spanish immersion and Mayan languages in Quetzaltenango, Guatemala ...
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5. Earth Chronicles
A series of 32 narrationless audiosoundscapes about Earth and environment,accompanied by resource booklets. ...
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6. Earth Preservers
Westfield, NJ, USA
The web site for the environmental newspaper- for kids and adults. ...
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7. Ikologiks Center for Global Studies
Bethesda, MD, USA
Non-profit (NGO) educational center focusing on issues pertaining to eco-friendly globalization, sustainable development and environmental justice. ...
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8. International University of Professional Studies
Hilo, HI, USA
Category: Educational Resources
9. Living Routes - Ecovillage Education Consortium
Shutesbury, MA, USA
Living Routes' mission is to develop college-level educational programs based in sustainable communities (also known as "ecovillages") that empower participants to help build a better ...
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10. Nicaragua Tropical Studies
Madison, WI, USA
Nicaragua Tropical Studies Summer Program for high school students. Contribute to conservation efforts along the Nicaragua/Costa Rica biological corridor. ...
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11. On the Line
On the Line, an educational millennium project involving cultural exchange between United Kingdom and other meridian line countries. A partnership between Oxfam GB, WWF-UK and ...
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12. OpEPA - Environmental Outdoor Education Programs (Neo-Tropics)
Bogota, DC, Colombia
The Organization for Environmental Education and Protection -OpEPA- is the leading outdoor environmental education organization in Colombia, South America. Working in tropical ecosystems from rainforests ...
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13. Scientific American Frontiers
The PBS science series SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN FRONTIERS, currently celebrating its 10th season on the air, is accessible on the World Wide Web through PBS Online ...
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14. Shackleton School
Ashby, MA, USA
Shackleton School is an expedition-based high school that inspires and educates young men and women to make a difference in the world. ...
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15. The Geogram On Line
Media, PA, USA
A Geography Information Sheet that includes Environmental Links ...
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16. University of Victoria Geography Department
Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
The Geography Department offers courses leading to the B.A., B.Sc., M.A., M.Sc., and Ph.D. degrees, with a choice of General, Major, and Honours programs for ...
Category: Educational Resources
17. Water Science for Schools
Atlanta, GA, USA
The US Geological Survey's latesteducation web site called "Water Science for Schools" is nowopen at http://water.usgs.gov/dropletThe site is for students of all ages and for ...
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Anthropocene
Environmental Archaeology:
Anthropocene
This article has been reviewed by the following Topic Editor: Jay Gulledge
Introduction
The Earth at night, demonstrating the global extent of human influence.
The Anthropocene defines Earth's most recent geologic time period as being human-influenced, or anthropogenic, based on overwhelming global evidence that atmospheric, geologic, hydrologic, biospheric and other earth system processes are now altered by humans. The word combines the root "anthropo", meaning "human" with the root "-cene", the standard suffix for "epoch" in geologic time. The Anthropocene is distinguished as a new period either after or within the Holocene, the current epoch, which began approximately 10,000 years ago (about 8000 BC) with the end of the last glacial period.
Origins of the term
Anthropocene is a new term, proposed in 2000 by Nobel Prize winning scientist Paul Crutzen. A similar term, Anthrocene, was coined by Andrew Revkin in his 1992 book Global Warming: Understanding the Forecast, but was not adopted by scientists. Crutzen noted that the term originated in 2000 at "a conference where someone said something about the Holocene. I suddenly thought this was wrong. The world has changed too much. So I said: 'No, we are in the Anthropocene.' I just made up the word on the spur of the moment. Everyone was shocked. But it seems to have stuck."[1]. Crutzen then proceeded to use the term in print in 2000[2]. In 2008, Zalasiewicz and colleagues published the first proposal for the formal adoption of the Anthropocene epoch by geologists, and this adoption is now pending [3].
Evidence for the Anthropocene
Figure 1: Increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide, 1744 to 2005. (Source: PhysicalGeography.net)
Geologic epochs are distinguished from one another based on geological observations, such as the composition of sediment layers and other tools of paleoclimatology. To justify the identification of a new Anthropocene epoch, it must therefore be demonstrated that evidence of anthropogenic global change is present at such a level that it can be distinguished using geologic indicators despite natural variability in these across the Holocene.
The most commonly cited and readily measured global change associated with humans is the rise of greenhouse gases, especially carbon dioxide and methane, around the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, together with the associated rise in global temperatures and sea level caused by this global warming. Other key indicators include massive global increases in soil erosion caused by land clearing and soil tillage for agriculture; massive deforestation; and massive extinctions of species caused by hunting and the widespread destruction of natural habitats.
When did the Anthropocene begin?
Human alteration of land surfaces.
The originator of the Anthropocene terminology, Paul Crutzen, favors the beginning of the Industrial Revolution as the starting point for the Anthropocene. In a 2002 paper in the journal Nature he stated: "The Anthropocene could be said to have started in the late eighteenth century, when analyses of air trapped in polar ice showed the beginning of growing global concentrations of carbon dioxide and methane."[4]. Zalasiewicz et al. are in general agreement with Crutzen that the Anthropocene is best identified at the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, though they also propose the beginning of the nuclear era in the 1960s as a useful date, due to the global presence of radioactive isotopes in sediments at this time.
However, as yet, there is no official start date for the Anthropocene. Moreover, William Ruddiman proposes that globally significant human alteration of greenhouse gas concentrations and associated climate change, extensive land clearing and soil erosion, and mass species extinctions actually began approximately 8,000 years ago with the rise of farming and the global spread of human populations in the latter stages of the first Agricultural Revolution. For this reason, the Anthropocene might be considered to begin 8,000 years ago. On the other hand, this "Early Anthropocene" definition is difficult to differentiate from the Holocene epoch which began only 2,000 to 4,000 years earlier.
See also
Notes
1. ^ Fred Pearce, F. 2007. With Speed and Violence. Page 21. ISBN: 0807085774.
2. ^ Crutzen, P. J., and E. F. Stoermer. 2000. The "Anthropocene". ''Global Change Newsletter''. 41: 17-18.
3. ^ Zalasiewicz, J., M. Williams, A. Smith, T. L. Barry, A. L. Coe, P. R. Bown, P. Brenchley, D. Cantrill, A. Gale, P. Gibbard, F. J. Gregory, M. W. Hounslow, A. C. Kerr, P. Pearson, R. Knox, J. Powell, C. Waters, J. Marshall, M. Oates, P. Rawson, and P. Stone. 2008. Are we now living in the Anthropocene? GSA Today 18:4-8.
4. ^ Crutzen, P. J. 2002. Geology of mankind. Nature 415:23-23.
Further Reading
• Crutzen, P. J. 2002. Geology of mankind. Nature 415:23-23.
• Ruddiman, W. F. 2003. The anthropogenic greenhouse era began thousands of years ago. Climatic Change 61:261-293.
• Ruddiman, W. F. 2007. The early anthropogenic hypothesis: Challenges and responses. Reviews of Geophysics 45:RG4001.
• Ruddiman, W. E. 2005. Plows, Plagues, and Petroleum: How Humans Took Control of Climate. Princeton University Press. ISBN: 0691133980.
• De Vries, B. and J. Goudsblom. 2002. Mappae Mundi: Humans and their Habitats in a Long-term Socio-ecological Perspective: Myths, Maps and Models. Amsterdam University Press. ISBN: 9053566554.
• Zalasiewicz, J., M. Williams, A. Smith, T. L. Barry, A. L. Coe, P. R. Bown, P. Brenchley, D. Cantrill, A. Gale, P. Gibbard, F. J. Gregory, M. W. Hounslow, A. C. Kerr, P. Pearson, R. Knox, J. Powell, C. Waters, J. Marshall, M. Oates, P. Rawson, and P. Stone. 2008. Are we now living in the Anthropocene? GSA Today 18:4-8.
External links
Citation
Erle Ellis (Lead Author);Jay Gulledge (Topic Editor) "Anthropocene". In: Encyclopedia of Earth. Eds. Cutler J. Cleveland (Washington, D.C.: Environmental Information Coalition, National Council for Science and the Environment). [First published in the Encyclopedia of Earth September 10, 2008; Last revised Date May 30, 2012; Retrieved May 18, 2013 <http://www.eoearth.org/article/Anthropocene?topic=49578>
The Author
Dr. Erle Ellis is Associate Professor of Geography and Environmental Systems at the University of Maryland, Baltimore County, where he teaches Environmental Science, Landscape Ecology and Biogeochemistry. His research focuses on ecological processes in anthropogenic landscapes at local, regional and global scales, and their transformation by population growth and industrially-based technologies. He has studied long-term changes in nitrogen balance in village ecosystems of China's Tai Lake Re ... (Full Bio) | v0 |
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Dr. Delissio received her B.S. in Biology from Tufts University, during which time she had her first tropical field ecology experience at Hummingbird Cay in the Bahamas. She then worked as a laboratory technician at M.I.T. where the C. elegans DNA she sequenced contributed to Nobel Prize-winning work on programmed cell death. Unable to spend another summer indoors, she went back to school at Boston University and studied tropical forest ecology in Malaysian Borneo with Richard Primack, one of the world's leading Conservation Biologists, for which she received her Ph.D.. Upon graduation, Dr. Delissio took a position at Salem State College, where she has continued until this time. Her current interests include climate change, tropical forests, small island ecology, and science education.
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From FamilySearch Wiki
United States Kansas Greenwood County
Greenwood County, Kansas genealogy and family history research page. Guide to genealogy, history, and courthouse sources including birth records, marriage records, death records, census records, wills, deeds and land records, Civil War records, family histories, cemeteries, churches, tax records, newspapers, and obituaries.
Kansas
Online Records
Coordinates: 39.99°0′N 91.19°0′W / 39.99°N 91.19°W / 39.99; -91.19
Greenwood County, Kansas
Map
Location in the state of Kansas
Location of Kansas in the U.S.
Facts
Founded August 30, 1855
County Seat Eureka
Courthouse
Photo courtesy [[]]
Address Greenwood County Courthouse
311 N. Main Street
Eureka, Kansas 67045-1321
Phone: 316.583.7421
Contents
County Courthouse
Greenwood County Courthouse
311 N Main; PO Box 268
Eureka, KS 67045-1321 Phone: 316.583.7421
County Clerk has birth records 1885-1947,
marriage records 1885-1911 and death records 1885-1965.
Clerk District Court has divorce, probate and court records.
Register of Deeds has land and military records. [1]
History
Parent County
1855--Greenwood County was created 30 August 1855 as an original county. County seat: Eureka [2]
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Record Loss
Places/Localities
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Neighboring Counties
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During the Civil War men from Greenwood County enlisted in the 1st Kansas Volunteer Infantry Regiment, the 12th Kansas Volunteer Infantry Regiment, Company K, and the 14th Regiment Kansas Volunteer Cavalry. Men from Wilson, Woodson and Greenwood counties organized a mounted militia regiment in 1861.
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Taxation
Vital Records
Societies and Libraries
Family History Centers
Web Sites
References
1. Handybook for Genealogists: United States of America, 10th ed. (Draper, Utah: Everton Pub., 2002), Greenwood County, Kansas page 251, At various libraries (WorldCat); FHL Book 973 D27e 2002.
2. The Handybook for Genealogists: United States of America,10th ed. (Draper, UT:Everton Publishers, 2002).
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Luxembourg > Grevenmacher District > Remich Canton
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Trail running from Wilmington, North Carolina to Fayetteville, North Carolina[1]
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A Revised Structural Framework for Frontier Basins on the Southern and Southwestern Australian Continental Margin Bradshaw, B.E.Rollet, N.Totterdell, J.M.Borissova, I. 2003 12/Nov/2003
Tectonic and Stratigraphic History of the Perth Basin Norvick, M.S. 2003 13/Oct/2004
New Exploration Opportunities in the Southern Vlaming Sub-basin Nicholson, C.J.Borissova, I.Krassay, A.A.Boreham, C.J.Monteil, E. 2008 14/Apr/2010
Southwest Margin Surveys Completed Foster, C.B.Goleby, B.R.Borissova, I.Heap, A.D. 2009 03/Sep/2010
Distribution of Igneous Facies and Results of Potential Field Modelling of the Mentelle Basin, Southwestern Margin, Australia Johnston, S.Hackney, R.Nicholson, C. 2010 03/Sep/2010
Mentelle Basin - Tectonic Evolution Controlled by of the Combined Extensional History of the Southwestern and Southern Australian Margins Borissova, I.Bradshaw, B.E.Nicholson, C.Payne, D.Struckmeyer, H.I.M. 2010 03/Sep/2010
Data from the Deep: New Geological Results from Geoscience Australia's Marine Survey of Frontier Basins, Southwest Australian Margin Jorgensen, D.C.Mantle, D.Boreham, C.J.Nelson, G.Borissova, I. 2010 26/Jul/2010
Frontier Basins of the West Australian Continental Margin: Post-survey Report of Marine Reconnaissance and Geological Sampling Survey GA2476 Daniell, J.Jorgensen, D.C.Anderson, T.Borissova, I.Burq, S. 2010 21/Apr/2010
Seismic Velocity Insights into the Wallaby Plateau Goncharov, A.Nelson, G. 2010 12/Apr/2011
Southwest Margin Surveys - Information Sheet Kennard, J.M. 2010 14/Apr/2010
Offshore Northern Perth Basin Well Folio Jorgensen, D.C.Jones, A.T.Kennard, J.M.Mantle, D.Robertson, D.Nelson, G.Lech, M.Grosjean, E.Boreham, C.J. 2011 19/Jul/2011
Velocity Analysis and Depth Conversion in the Offshore Northern Perth Basin Johnston, S.W.Goncharov, A. 2011 29/May/2012
North Perth Basin 2D and 3D Models of Depth to Magnetic Basement Johnston, S.W.Petkovic, P. 2011 04/Oct/2012
New Exploration Opportunities in the Offshore Northern Perth Basin Jones, A.T.Kennard, J.M.Nicholson, C.J.Bernardel, G.Mantle, D.Grosjean, E.Boreham, C.J.Jorgensen, D.C.Robertson, D. 2011 24/Nov/2011
Combined Marine and Land Potential-field Datasets for the Southwest Margin of Australia Hackney, R. 2012 29/May/2012
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DJ Bomba Tomba is the host of the KGBH radio station in Anywhere City. He is a heavy drinker, as evidenced by these events he talks about during his broadcast:
• He owns a green Silverado, which he claims was "stolen" outside his house, but in reality, he was just a "little" drunk and didn't remember where he left it.
• He didn't come home to his wife the same night, again because of his drinking; but he says he will make up for it by playing a special song for her, the tape of which was reported to be missing.
• When it was broadcasted that a shipload of vodka sunk into the sea, he invited other viewers to come with him to the dock in wetsuits, leaving his KGBH co-host Prodo in charge. | v0 |
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Abstract and Applied Analysis
Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 678154, 6 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/678154
Research Article
Positive Definiteness of High-Order Subdifferential and High-Order Optimality Conditions in Vector Optimization Problems
1Department of Mathematics, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650091, China
2School of Science, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
Received 15 October 2012; Accepted 26 December 2012
Academic Editor: Gue Lee
Copyright © 2013 He Qinghai and Zhang Binbin. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
We obtain a new Taylor's formula in terms of the order subdifferential of a function from to . As its applications in optimization problems, we build order sufficient optimality conditions of this kind of functions and order necessary conditions for strongly -quasiconvex functions.
1. Introduction
For a function from to , Luc [1] studied the order subdifferential of it, established a Taylor-type formula in terms of such order subdifferential, and applied such Taylor-type formula to consider two-order optimality conditions in vector optimization and characterizations of quasiconvex functions. In vector optimization, notions of Pareto solution, weak Pareto solution, sharp minima and weak sharp minima are very important; see [214] and the references therein. Some authors have attained many necessary or sufficient optimality conditions in optimization problems. In particular, Zheng and Yang provided some results on sharp minima, and weak sharp minima for high-order smooth vector optimization problems in Banach spaces. By the tools of nonsmooth analysis, many optimality conditions were obtained; for examples, one can see [6, 7, 15, 16] and the references therein. Such optimality conditions play a key role in many issues of mathematical programming such as sensitivity analysis and error bounds.
Motivated by Luc [1] and Zheng and Yang [17], in this paper, we consider the order subdifferential and optimality conditions of a vector-valued function from to . We will first prove a new Taylor's formula in the terms of order subdifferential for functions from to , which is analogous to that for real-valued functions in [1]. Then, under the positive definiteness assumption of order subdifferential, we will use this formula to derive order optimality conditions of weak Pareto and Pareto solutions in the terms of order subdifferential for a function from to . Finally, we will define a kind of strongly -quasiconvex functions and prove a necessary condition in the terms of (th order subdifferential for such kind of functions. Our results extend the corresponding results in [1] for functions from to to that for vector-valued functions from to and in [17] for functions in smooth setting to that in nonsmooth setting, respectively.
The outline of the paper is as follows. In the next section, we give some notions and preliminary results in vector optimization problems. In Section 3, we build our Taylor's formula in the terms of order subdifferential for a function from to . In Section 4, as applications in optimization problems, we establish some optimality conditions in terms of th order subdifferential. In Section 5, we give a necessary condition in the terms of th order subdifferential for a strongly -quasiconvex vector-valued function.
2. Preliminaries
Let be Banach spaces, the dual space of , a closed convex cone with , and the dual cone of ; that is, For , we define and if and , respectively. Let be a subset of and . Recall that (i) is a weak Pareto point of if there exists no point such that ; (ii) is a Pareto point of if there exists no point such that ; (iii) is an ideal point of if for all . Let , , and denote the sets of all weak Pareto, Pareto, and ideal points of , respectively. It is easy to verify that
Let be equipped with the norm .
Let be -linear and symmetric mapping [17]; that is, for any and , where is an arbitrary permutation of . Let be a mapping. It is known that its derivative is -linear, symmetric, and continuous mapping if is -time smooth.
Let be a function from to and be a closed convex cone. Consider the following vector optimization problem A vector is said to be a local weak Pareto (resp., Pareto and ideal) solution of (4) if there exists such that is a weak Pareto (resp., Pareto and ideal) point of , where denotes the open ball with center and radius . We say that is a sharp Pareto solution of (4) of order if there exist such that where .
We denote by , the class of -time differentiable mappings from to whose th order derivatives are locally Lipschitz mappings and by the class of locally Lipschitz functions from to . By Rademacher's theorem (see [18]), for any , , its th order derivative is a function differentiable almost everywhere. The th order subdifferential of at is defined as “generalized Jacobian” of at in Clarke's sense [18] as follows: It is worth mentioning that each element in is a linear and symmetric mapping from to . For more details about , we refer the reader to [18].
It is similar to the proof of Lemma 2.1 in [1], and one can verify the following chain rule.
Lemma 1. Let in , be a function from to defined by for every , and let be a function from to . Then,
3. A New Taylor's Formula in Form of High-Order Subdifferential
By Lemma 1, we have the following Taylor-type formula for a vector-valued function from to which will be useful in the sequel.
Theorem 2. Let , , and be as in Lemma 1. Then, there exists such that where denotes and
Proof. Let be a vector satisfying We only need to show that there exists such that Let be as Lemma 1. Set and Let be arbitrarily given. Since the function is locally Lipschitz and , applying Lebourg mean value theorem [18, Theorem 2.3.7 and Theorem 2.3.9], there exists such that Noting that and each have derivatives which are continuous, it follows that they are strictly -differentiable. We have Here, the first equation holds by Propositions 7.4.3(b), and 7.3.5 in [19] and the second holds by Proposition 7.3.9 in [19]. By the chain rule [19, Theorem 7.4.5(a)], we also have Hence, we have From (13) and (16), we have Together with Lemma 1, it follows that that is, Since is arbitrary in and is convex and compact, by the separation theorem, we can easily show that . Hence, we can take such that . The proof is completed.
Corollary 3. Let be as in Theorem 2 and . Then, for every , there exist and a -linear mapping from to such that
Proof. By Theorem 2, for a given , there exists such that Let be an element minimizing the distance from to the convex and compact set . Set Then, from (21), we obtain the formula of the corollary. Moreover, since the mapping is upper continuous, nonempty, convex, and compact valued (see [18]), for any , there exists such that, for all (where denotes the closed unit ball of ), where denotes the closed unit ball of the space of all bounded linear operators from to . If , then With this we obtain . The proof is completed.
4. The Positive Definiteness of High-Order Subdifferential and Optimality Conditions
Recall [17] that -linear symmetric mapping is said to be positively definite (resp., positively semidefinite) with respect to the ordering cone if where denotes . If is odd and the ordering cone is pointed (i.e., ), then is positively semidefinite if and only if ; see [17].
By the separation theorem, it is easy to verify that a -linear symmetric mapping is positively semidefinite with respect to the ordering cone if and only if the composite is positively semidefinite for any . Recall that a mapping is -convex if Noting that is -convex if and only if is convex for all , one can see that a twice differentiable function is -convex if and only if is positively semidefinite for all .
Inspired by the notion of positive definiteness, we introduce positive definiteness of the th order subdifferential for functions.
Definition 4. Let be a function from to and a closed convex cone of . We say that the th order subdifferential mapping is positively definite at with respect to the ordering cone if each is positively definite with respect to .
Proposition 5. Let be a function from to , and let be a closed convex cone of . Suppose that the subdifferential mapping is positively definite at with respect to . Then, there exists such that where .
Proof. From [17, Proposition 3.4], for any , there exists such that If the conclusion is not true, then, for every natural number , there exist , and such that Since and are compact, we can assume that , (passing to a subsequence if necessary). Then, for all . But from (28), for large enough , we have which is a contradiction with (29). The proof is completed.
Under the positive definiteness assumption, we will provide a th order sufficient condition for to be a sharp local Pareto solution of (4) for a function .
Theorem 6. Let be a function from to , a closed convex cone of , and . Suppose that there exists with such that , and that is positively definite at with respect to the ordering cone . Then, is a local Pareto solution of (4), and there exist such that
Proof. Since is positively definite with respect to , by Proposition 5, there exists such that Noting that and , we have that Let for all . Since is a function, so is . Noting that with Corollary 3, there exist and -linear mapping with such that It follows that there exists such that for all . Since , it follows from (34) and (36) that On the other hand, for any , one has This implies that (32) holds. It remains to show that is a local Pareto solution of (4). Let such that . Then, . It follows from (32) that , and hence . This shows that is a local Pareto solution of (4).
In Theorem 6, if is a -convex function, then is a global Pareto solution of (4).
Theorem 7. Let be a -convex function from to , a closed convex cone of , and . Suppose that there exists with such that and that is positively definite. Then, is a global Pareto solution of (4), and there exists such that
Proof. Similar to the proof of Theorem 6, one can show that (39) implies that is a global Pareto solution of (4). It remains to show that (39) holds. By Theorem 6, there exist such that (32) holds. Since is -convex, it is easy to verify that is a convex function. Let . Then, Hence, . Letting , it follows from (32) that (39) holds. The proof is completed.
With = in Theorem 7 replaced by a stronger assumption, we have the following sufficient condition for sharp ideal solutions of (4).
Theorem 8. Let be a function from to , a closed convex cone of , and . Suppose that and that is positively definite at with respect to the ordering cone . Then, there exist such that
Proof. By Theorem 6, we need only to show that there exists such that (41) holds. Since is positively definite, there exists such that It follows that On the other hand, since , with Corollary 3, we can assume that for any close to , there exists -linear symmetric and continuous mapping from to such that and Hence, there exists such that This and (44) imply that (41) holds. The proof is completed.
5. th Order Necessary Conditions for Strongly -Quasiconvex Functions
We recall that a function from to is quasiconvex if, for every and for every , one has . Inspired by this, we introduce the notion of strong -quasiconvexity for functions from to . A function from to is said to be strongly -quasiconvex if, for every and for every , one has Using the generalized Hessian (see [20]), Luc [1] gave a second-order criterion for quasiconvex functions. We will give a th order necessary codition for a function to be strongly -quasiconvex.
Theorem 9. Let be a strongly -quasiconvex function from to , an odd number and the closed pointed ordering cone. Then, for any with , there exists such that .
Proof. Suppose that the conclusion is not true. Then, there exist some , with such that . Since is open and is compact, there exists such that Since is upper continuous, for the previous , there exists such that for any . Noting that is closed convex, from (48) and (49), we have From Theorem 2, for any , we can take such that Noting that is even, we have and , for all .
On the other hand, since is -quasiconvex and , one has or . This is a contradiction.
If and , then . We have the following.
Corollary 10 (see [1]). Let be a quasiconvex function from to and an odd number. Then, for any with , one has , where .
Acknowledgments
This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundations, China (Grant no. 11061039, 11061038, and 11261067), an internal Grant of Hong Kong Polytechnic University (G-YF17), and IRTSTYN.
References
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} | cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20 | About this Journal Submit a Manuscript Table of Contents
International Journal of Geophysics
Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 786060, 1 page
doi:10.1155/2012/786060
Editorial
Electrical Imaging for Geohazard and Environmental Monitoring
1Institute of Methodologies for Environmental Analysis, National Research Council of Italy, 85050 Tito (PZ), Italy
2Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Technological Educational Institute of Crete (TEI), Crete, Greece
Received 13 February 2012; Accepted 13 February 2012
Copyright © 2012 Vincenzo Lapenna et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
This special issue represents a contribute to disseminate the results of novel applications of the electrical resistivity imaging. Recently, innovative algorithms for tomographic data inversion and modern technologies for the field surveying have rapidly transformed the electrical imaging in a noninvasive, cost-effective, and powerful tool for geohazard and environmental monitoring. To date, the scientific interest for the electrical imaging is constantly growing and the novel approaches based on 3D and time-lapse 4D tomographic methods are disclosing the way for new and interesting applications, as well as the time-continuous mapping and monitoring of water content in a landslide body and the monitoring of weakly resistivity changes related to fluid migration processes close to seismic faults.
The papers published in this special issue mainly concern the study of hydrogeological problems typical of Mediterranean countries (i.e., landslide phenomena, saltwater intrusion) and the design of experiments for better evaluate the spatial and time-dependent changes of subsurface resistivity. Of course, these topics are not completely representative of all application fields of the electrical imaging.
In the paper of the special issue titled “Geoelectrical tomography investigating and modeling of fractures network around Bittit spring (Middle Atlas, Morocco),” Qarqori and other coauthors describe the main results of a geoelectrical survey carried out for monitoring a strategic aquifer in the northern part of Morocco. The study gives a significant contribute for defining the water flow in karst environment and through subvertical fractures.
The paper by T. Zhu et al., titled “Experimental studies on the changes in resistivity and its anisotropy using electrical resistivity tomography,” deals with laboratory estimation on electrical anisotropy using electrical resistivity tomography on dry magnetite samples under uniaxial pressure.
The paper by A. Satriani et al., “Geoelectrical surveys for characterisation of the coastal salt water intrusion in Metapontum Forest Reserve (Southern Italy),” presents the results of a case study using resistivity imaging integrated with water and soil analysis to investigate salt water intrusion in a coastal aquifer, identifying large areas affected by intensive soil salinization, and delineating the saltwater intrusion front.
In the paper “Geoelectrical tomography as an operative tool for emergency management of landslide: an application in Basilicata Region, Italy,” G. Colangelo and A. Perrone describe an electrical imaging survey, integrated with borehole data, to study a complex rototranslational slide, showing how the application of this indirect technique could be particularly useful for end users involved in the landslide risk management.
Finally, the paper “A prototype system for time–lapse electrical resistivity tomographies” by Luongo et al. concerns the first experimental results obtained with a new system for time-lapse resistivity monitoring of a landslide. The system seems to be suitable for water content monitoring in shallow layers.
Vincenzo Lapenna
Sabatino Piscitelli
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This up-to-the-minute work is set against the backdrop of remarkable advances in Neonatal care. Including selected updates of contemporary issues concerning basic research and clinical practice, the present book investigates pathogenetic mechanisms implicated in fetal brain injury, sleep apnea, as well as covering the field of neonatal gastroenterology and nutrition care. It stimulates further research by fully acquainting the reader with the current knowledge and future perspectives in the sphere of an epidemiologic study for low birthweight, and the introduction of an effective, evidence-based innovational newborn program of care. Multidisciplinary specialists in Neonatology will find this book to be an essential resource, fundamental for a successful neonatal outcome. | v0 |
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PanARMENIAN.Net - Several days ago, promoter Bob Arum named Guillermo Rigondeaux, Abner Mares and Vic Darchinyan as possible contenders for an April 13 fight vs. Nonito Donaire.
As Darchinyan’s coach Vazgen Badalyan told PanARMENIAN.Net the boxer is currently negotiating for a fight.
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Badalyan, however, confessed to advising Darchinyan against a Donaire bout.
Donaire beat Darchinyan in 2007, and a rematch was never made despite some negotiations over that time.
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Watchers
Hannah Ward
b.ABT 1676 Sudbury, MA
d.UNKNOWN
m. 10 Jul 1675
1. Hannah WardABT 1676 -
m. bef Sept 1694
1. Eleazar Cobleigh1719 -
Facts and Events
Name[1][2] Hannah Ward
Unknown Hannah Taylor
Gender Female
Birth? ABT 1676 Sudbury, MA
Death? UNKNOWN
Reference Number? 3024
Marriage bef Sept 1694 when wife Hannah is called Cobleigh in administration of her step-father's estate
to John Cobleigh
Deacon William Ward, father of Eleazar, gave a legacy in his will to "Hannah, now wife of Richard Taylor of Sudbury, and also to Hannah, daughter of said Hannah by my son Eleazar, deceased."
Probably adopted by Richard Taylor; she is "Tailor" on her marriage record.
References
1. Lusk, Elizabeth Barber. (Correspondence began in October 2004.), Email of 31 May 2006.
2. Savage, James. A Genealogical Dictionary of the First Settlers of New England: Showing Three Generations of Those Who Came Before May, 1692, on the Basis of Farmer's Register. (Boston: Little, Brown, and Co, 1860-1862). | v0 |
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} | cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20 | Australian Bureau of Statistics
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5671.0 - Lending Finance, Australia, Oct 2000
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Dancing and martial arts experience kick in popularity (Media Release), 2003 - 2012 (cat no. 4901.0.55.001)
Darwin's population could hit 185,000 in next 20 years (Media Release), 1999 to 2021 (cat no. 3222.7)
Darwin - A social atlas from the ABS (Media Release), 1996 (cat no. 2030.7)
Darwin - the statistical gateway to Indonesia: ABS (Media Release), Jul 2003
Darwin the top place for young blokes (Media Release), 2011 (cat no. 3235.0)
Death rate from external causes highest in the Northern Territory (Media Release), 1998 to 2002 (cat no. 3320.0)
Death rates lower for married Australians - ABS (Media Release), 1996 (cat no. 3302.0)
Death rates lowest on record (Media Release), 2009 (cat no. 3302.0)
Death rates lowest on record: ABS (Media Release), 2004 (cat no. 3302.0)
Deaths from dementia and Alzheimer's more than double in a decade: ABS (Media Release), 2007 (cat no. 3303.0)
Deaths from diabetes and senile dementia increase (Media Release), 1996 (cat no. 3303.0)
Deaths, Australia (Media Release), 2008 (cat no. 3302.0)
Decline in the proportion of male school teachers (Media Release), 2002 (cat no. 4221.0)
Decrease in current account deficit (Media Release), Jun 2010 (cat no. 5302.0)
Defendants with federal offences most commonly charged with fraud: ABS (Media Release), 2008-09 (cat no. 4515.0)
Defining the Data Challenge for Family, Domestic and Sexual Violence (Media Release), 2013 (cat no. 4529.0)
Degrees and certificates more popular than ever (Media Release), May 2012 (cat no. 6227.0)
Delayed delivery of ABS publications to the press gallery on October 23 (Media Release), 2003 (cat no. 6297.0)
Demography In South Australia: A Wrap-Up For 2000 (Media Release), 2000 (cat no. 3311.4)
Dental industry records 27% profit - ABS (Media Release), 1997-98 (cat no. 8551.0)
Dial-up connections more popular than broadband: ABS (Media Release), 2004-05 (cat no. 8146.0)
Dick Smith joins the national conversation on progress, 2011
Diesel on the move (Media Release), Mar 2012 (cat no. 4602.0.55.002)
Diesel vehicles increase by 60% (Media Release), 31 Jan 2012 (cat no. 9309.0)
Disability rates in decline: state and territory data now available (Media Release), 2009 (cat no. 4430.0)
Disability, Ageing and Carers: Final Survey Results from ABS (Media Release), 2003 (cat no. 4430.0)
Disadvantages remain for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples, but some health and other gains (Media Release), 2005 (cat no. 4704.0)
Do not drop Census form in post without mailback envelope, 2006 (cat no. 2903.0.55.002)
Do not leave completed Census forms outside, 2006 (cat no. 2903.0.55.002)
Domestic accommodation industry income up 20% (Media Release), 2000-01 (cat no. 8695.0)
Double Bay leads NSW’s highest incomes (Media Release), 2009-10 (cat no. 6524.0.55.002)
Driving to Pluto and back: Australians drive 190 billion kilometres (Media Release), Oct 2001 (cat no. 9208.0)
Drop in defendants finalised by Australian courts (Media Release), 2010–11 (cat no. 4513.0)
Drought affects grape and wine production (Media Release), 2003 (cat no. 1329.0)
Drought drives down water consumption (Media Release), 2004-05 (cat no. 4610.0)
Drought drops sheep numbers to lowest since 1924, crops fall by half: ABS (Media Release), 2006-07 (cat no. 7121.0)
Drought hits agriculture hard in 2002-03 (Media Release), 2002-03 (cat no. 7121.0)
Drought hits wheat production and sheep numbers (Media Release), 2002-03 (cat no. 7111.0)
Drought impacts crops; sheep & lambs at lowest level since 1924 (Media Release), 2006-07 (cat no. 7111.0)
Drought sours grape production in 2003: ABS (Media Release), 2002-03 (cat no. 1329.0.55.001)
Dubbo to be Agricultural Census tested: ABS,
Dubbo to be Census tested (Media Release), 2010
Dwelling approvals continue to fall in May (Media Release), May 2010 (cat no. 8731.0)
Dwelling approvals continue to fall in September 2010 (Media Release), Sep 2010 (cat no. 8731.0)
Dwelling approvals continue to weaken in May (Media Release), May 2011 (cat no. 8731.0)
Dwelling approvals decline in March (Media Release), March 2013 (cat no. 8731.0)
Dwelling approvals fall in April 2011 (Media Release), Apr 2011 (cat no. 8731.0)
Dwelling approvals fall in February (Media Release), February 2012 (cat no. 8731.0)
Dwelling approvals fall in November 2010 (Media Release), Nov 2010 (cat no. 8731.0)
Dwelling approvals fall in October (Media Release), October 2011 (cat no. 8731.0)
Dwelling approvals fall in October (Media Release), October 2012 (cat no. 8731.0)
Dwelling approvals rise in March 2011 (Media Release), Mar 2011 (cat no. 8731.0)
Dwelling approvals rise in March (Media Release), March 2012 (cat no. 8731.0)
Dwelling approvals rise in May (Media Release), May 2012 (cat no. 8731.0)
Dwelling approvals rise in October 2010 (Media Release), Oct 2010 (cat no. 8731.0)
Dwelling approvals rise in September (Media Release), September 2012 (cat no. 8731.0)
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
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} | cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20 | Walid Al-Saqaf
Contributor profile · 4 posts · joined 23 September 2008
RSS feed for » Walid Al-Saqaf
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Walid Al-Saqaf is a print/online journalist turned cyber activist. He is the founder and administrator of Yemen Portal (yemenportal.net), a news and multi-content aggregator focused on content on his country (Yemen). His website got banned from access in Yemen by the authorities presumably for content the government considered harmful to ‘the national interest'. In response, he started an anti-censorship campaign (through blocked.arabiaportal.net) that resonated internationally. He currently stands as one of a few Arab cyber activists working on censorship circumventing technologies, the latest being the “Access YemenPortal” Firefox plug-in that was inspired by Iranian Hamed Saber's “Access Flickr!” extension. Walid holds a Master in Global Journalism and is currently pursuing his PhD at Örebro University in Sweden. He can be reached on admin [at] yemenportal [dot] net.
Email Walid Al-Saqaf
Latest posts by Walid Al-Saqaf
4 May 2009
Yemeni authorities prevents 6 newspapers from distribution
Yemeni government ordered the confiscation of six national newspapers, whose copies were pulled from the news stands and markets across the country yesterday alleging their role in promoting secessionism and anti-unity rhetoric. The move, according to observers, is unprecedented in recent Yemeni history and marks a serious downturn in the country's level of press freedom, which had already suffered several blows in the recent past.
6 February 2009
Yemeni online journalist sends urgent appeal after death threats and hacking of his website
Mohamed Al-Jabali, the editor of Akhbaralasr news website is the latest casualty in a wave of intimidations targeting bloggers and online journalists in Yemen. In a statement made yesterday, Al-Jabali appealed for protection after receiving death threats in the capital Sanaa from the regime’s security apparatus. This comes just after his website was also hacked. The hackers, whom Al-Jabali said are elements of the regime, published a sarcastic entry on the front page with a picture of a monkey and an insult on the owner of the website Al-Jabali.
23 November 2008
Yemeni blogger appeals to prevent possible assassination
In a rather emotional entry posted on his blog, Nashwan Abdu Ali Ghanim, a Yemeni blogger with blogs on maktoobblogs.com and kitab.com called upon international advocacy groups and the Arab Bloggers Union to come for his rescue upon escaping 'three failed assassination attempts'. Ghanim believes that his latest blog entry noting the involvement of senior Yemeni officials in the plotting of the attack carried out against the U.S. embassy in Sana'a on September 17, 2008 triggered a new wave of harassments and life-threatening acts.
23 September 2008
Yemen: Loui Has Been Set Free!
Yemen Hurr website announced yesterday in a press release that its founder and editor-in-chief Loui Al-Moayed has been released from prison yesterday after about more than 70 days in detention.... | v0 |
2024-06-03T21:29:47.544Z | 2013-05-18T05:48:51.000Z | ngwlc6jsu43w3oo2f43ssr4pc2p4ycjk | {
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} | cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20 | Bahrain
Category archive · 32 posts
RSS feed for Bahrain
Latest stories about Bahrain
26 January 2013
Video Advocacy Races Forward: 2012’s Dangers & 2013’s Solutions
Video is increasingly at the nexus of opportunity and danger for human rights activists. Video helps activists to document, confront, circumvent, and lobby against oppressive authorities—but it also allows those authorities to stalk them. Here's what we think will happen in 2013.
30 December 2012
Bahrain: Tweet Leads Human Rights Activist to Prison
Sayed Yousif Almuhafda is the Vice President of the Bahrain Center for Human Rights. He is also member of the rights groups Front Line Defenders and Amnesty International. He was arrested on December 17th as he was monitoring a non violent demonstration in the capital Manama and reporting about it on Twitter.
12 December 2012
Global Voices Where Every Voice Counts
The idea that every voice counts is one that is very close to the notion of Global Voices as a platform and as a community. As netizens unite to have their voices heard when the world's authorities argue on who should run the internet, we decided to ask our diverse community to participate and speak out on issues that matter to them and look back at issues we have covered over the year bearing in mind that every voice counts.
1 November 2012
Six Month Jail for Insulting Bahrain King on Twitter
One of four Twitter users, detained in Bahrain and reportedly charged with insulting the country's king, was sentenced to six months in prison today. Bahraini lawyer Mohammed Abdulameer tweets [ar]:...
14 September 2012
UN Conference Live Stream Blocked in Bahrain
According to activists in Bahrain, a United Nations Human Rights Council live stream has been blocked. Authorities in #Bahrain put obstacles to access #UN website for live stream because...
7 June 2012
Nabeel Rajab: Tweeting from prison!
Nabeel Rajab, the President of Bahrain Centre for Human Rights , who was released on bail last week, has been arrested again. Just like last time, Nabeel Rajab is detained for...
28 May 2012
Nabeel Rajab: The struggle continues in Bahrain
President of Bahrain Centre for Human Rights, Nabeel Rajab, has been released on $800 bail, his lawyer Mohamed Al Jishi said. Earlier this month, Rajab was arrested at Bahrain International... | v0 |
2024-06-03T21:29:47.544Z | 2013-05-18T06:34:10.000Z | qhman3jyszdki6brk2lk3ugyoehnthae | {
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Answers OnStartups is a question and answer site for entrepreneurs looking to start or run a new business. It's 100% free, no registration required.
I currently work freelance as the sole software engineer for a small but promising startup company. I've been working with them for a several months, converting their "demo ware" software into something more robust and suitable to supporting the service they offer.
Understandably, they want to keep costs as low as possible and have offered me a share in the company in return for me reducing my freelance rate significantly.
I currently earn a good rate, but the salary they require me to drop to is office admin sort of money i.e. just enough to live on. The share on offer is 5%.
I'm interested, as the project does have promise, but the business is not turning a profit yet, and I believe that it will be at least 2 years before the 5% share is worth anything. In this time I will have sacrificed the best part of 2 years salary - and this is if the project succeeds.
I would like to own a share in a business such as this eventually. I really want to see the project do well, and don't like being the major cost to the company, but I don't feel that what's on offer is enough for me to make that kind of sacrifice.
Am I being short sighted? Does any one else have experience of this sort of situation that can advise me on the pros and cons of going ahead, or possible negotiation positions to make the deal more viable for me?
share|improve this question
4 Answers
up vote 22 down vote accepted
I think the share might be way too low.
Let's say you sacrifice $50K of pay per years for 2 years, or $100K. Is $100K less than 5% of the current value of the asset and company? If not, then you are just cheap labor.
Here is a set of formulas I use to keep the discussion real:
• What is the probability of success? Realistically 10%. So you have a 10% chance of recouping your $100K.
• What is the definition of success? A local private (and successful) software company has been handing out options to employees for the last 20 years. They will probably never IPO. Will you participate in revenue sharing or do you get options? Options can be frustrating when the business is generating several millions a year, but is never put for sale so that you can get your money out. So I would opt for revenue sharing on top of options.
• Even if everything goes well, you may be diluted by 50% by a couple rounds of financing. So now your stake is 2.5%. Then the company would have to be worth $4M just for you to recoup your cost.
In my opinion a 10% chance of recouping $100K should be worth $1M in case of success (i.e., you would never pay $100K for a lottery ticket with a 10% chance of paying $100K. You may if it has a 10% chance of paying $1M). For your 2.5% stake to be worth $1M, the company would have to be acquired for $40M. Is that realistic?
It depends. Do the founders have any experience is successfully launching a startup, and seeing it through acquisition, or is this their first time?
share|improve this answer
First of all, your motivation is key. If you find the product especially interesting, and you have a long-term dream of doing a startup, then read further. Otherwise, decline politely.
Next: two years is way too long. Do not commit to more than 3 to 6 months of your life to a venture that doesn't pay the bills. If you love it, you can always extend.
Finally, the ultimate test for me would be: now that I would become a part-owner of this project, do the other people respect my opinion, involve me in the brainstorming, or am I just cheap labor to them?
Then decide.
share|improve this answer
One of the best thought experiments is to suppose you had $100K, your salary loss, in the bank and the founders asked you to be an angel investor? Would you put the whole $100k into their company when you could use it to buy a house, buy bonds, invest in a mutual fund, or into any of the thousands of publicly traded companies in the US?
share|improve this answer
I just pulled the plug on a similar situation:
• Promising Market
• Sole Developer brought on to convert and upgrade an existing product
• Offered Profit-Sharing and the promise of a big payday down the road
It was just a part-time gig.
However, I definitely put in my fair share of hours supporting/developing the product.
The pay was nothing in comparison to a contractor rate.
My biggest problem, and this may differ than your situation, was the leadership. I found I was repeating and re-repeating myself over and over again; explaining why something could or could not be done. I would get the "yeah, that makes sense" and then answer the same question(s) weeks later. There were also times I would exert strenuous hours to accomplish a task; only to have it sit in limbo for weeks at a time before any feedback.
That's just a couple of examples and may only apply to me. Since you've been working with them for months, you should have a good perception how they operate.
So, in addition to the excellent question Am I just cheap labor?, append these questions as well:
• Does the company have good leadership?
• Am I adding value to myself with the experience gained?
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Affording the Unemployed
August 18, 2010 by
Keynesians fear that a weak fiscal and monetary response will cause the presently cyclically unemployed to become so permanently. But is long-term, involuntary structural unemployment even possible? FULL ARTICLE by Jonathan M. Finegold Catalan
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} | cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20 | This article is part of the supplement: Global Arthritis Research Network (GARN): 4th World Congress on Arthritis in Montreal
Poster presentation
Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug use may be protective to cartilage in osteoarthritis of the hip and knee
JE Pope, A Stevens, K McCrea and J Ouimet
Author Affiliations
University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
For all author emails, please log on.
Arthritis Res Ther 2004, 6(Suppl 3):53 doi:10.1186/ar1388
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at:
Published:13 September 2004
©
Purpose
Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are used to alleviate osteoarthritis (OA) symptoms and are not considered disease-modifying. We studied NSAID use in subjects with hip or knee OA to investigate the relationship between NSAIDs and OA severity.
Methods
Subjects (seen over 2 years at teaching hospitals in London, Ontario) were referred to orthopedic surgeons or rheumatologists, had radiographs available, but had no inflammatory arthritis or evidence of secondary OA. Subjects were divided into mild, moderate (mod) and severe OA by X-ray (worst joint selected). A questionnaire was mailed asking about current/ever use of specific NSAIDs (by generic and trade names) including over the counter and acetylsalicylic acid. Coxibs were not available over the study period. A total of 608 subjects were studied, having mild (71), mod (129) and severe (408) OA, with a disease duration of 10 years in each group (62% were women, who had proportionately more mild disease than men).
Results
Those with severe versus mild OA were older (70 versus 61 years), so age was adjusted for. There was an inverse dose–response with use of > 3 NSAIDs being used by mild versus severe OA (odds ratio 3.7), mild versus mod OA (odds ratio 2.5) and mod versus severe OA (odds ratio 1.5) (P < 0.0001), and the same was found with > 2 NSAIDs (P < 0.0002); and 7% of mild, 15% of mod and 12% of severe OA had received no NSAIDs ever. Only one NSAID (ever used) was increased in severe OA (sulindac, P < 0.008) compared with naproxen, tiaprofenic acid and diclofenac, more frequently used in mild than mod or severe OA (P < 0.01). Other NSAID use ever was not different between the groups (including indomethacin, thought to be chondrodestructive), but numbers using indomethacin were small. Limitations may include inability to study accurately the duration of NSAID use, older age in those with severe OA (which could affect NSAID treatment choice), recall bias and unknown confounders. We did not illicit body mass index or pain level in each group.
There may be biases for referring to different specialists as the rheumatologists prescribed NSAIDs more often and surgeons treated more subjects with severe OA (P < 0.0001). When analyses were stratified by specialist type, there were no differences between mild, mod and severe OA for NSAID use in subjects treated by rheumatologists; however, the trend for increased NSAID use with milder OA was evident in those seen by orthopedic surgeons. When stratified by knee and hip OA, the dose–response remained (P < 0.003 and P < 0.03, respectively). Subjects were followed by general practitioners, so we assumed past NSAIDs should have been prescribed equally in all groups, but this was not the case.
Conclusions
Those with more severe OA are more rapidly progressive (having similar disease duration to the other groups) and could be innate NSAID nonresponders. However, one would assume that they should be exposed to more NSAIDs (looking for one to be helpful). We conclude that NSAID use and the number of NSAIDs used was greater in mild radiographic OA and postulate that lowering prostaglandins in the joint with NSAIDs may be protective for cartilage. Prospective studies are needed to confirm observations. Some in vitro models of NSAIDs in OA support our observations. | v0 |
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How do I activate the program as my computer tells me PowerPC programe are not supported
asked 2012-04-27 19:44:38 +0200
px2nation
1
Activating the download update 3.5.2 update
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answered 2012-04-27 22:55:50 +0200
mahfiaz
1561 17 14
Are you running a rather new Mac? Then you need to download "Mac OSX (Intel)" version instead.
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Asked: 2012-04-27 19:44:38 +0200
Seen: 49 times
Last updated: Apr 27 '12 | v0 |
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From NAS-Central Buffalo - The Linkstation Wiki
Revision as of 15:41, 26 August 2006 by Mindbender (Talk | contribs)
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Contents
Project 2.6 mipsel
This Page should be used to collect all the wisdom regarding compiling a working 2.6-kernel for the LS 2(mips).
All compiling information and information about patches should get here. if needed i can modify mediawiki to allow some more filetypes to be allowed to upload to the wiki. this way we could even share our patches directly here on this page.
Compiling a 2.4 Kernel
Roadmap
1) Build a 2.4.20-kernel from the gpl-source
(there you won`t need to apply the melfs.patch as this is obviously included)
we will test it by trying to load the resulting vmlinux.bin with the mips-loader.o
2) Create a patch for compiling a working LS2 Kernel from the vanilla kernel 2.4.20
After we know that we can build the kernel from GPL Source we need to find out what the differences are between the vanilla kernel and the GPL-Source Kernel. I tried to create a diff between those kernel-sources already (but i noticed that there are far too much lines in it as some lines have a "-" before and later a "+" for adding the unmodified again...maybe this is related to some additional blank lines or comments?
Here is a diff of the arch-tree between the vanilla 2.4.20 kernel and linux-2.4.20_mipsel_linkstation
http://www.unet.univie.ac.at/~a0025690/arch_mips_diff.txt
and here is a complete kernel-diff
http://www.unet.univie.ac.at/~a0025690/kernel_diff.txt
3) Build the latest 2.4-Kernel available
We should have a patch to create a LS2-kernel from the vanilla 2.4.20 kernel. Now we can try to create the latest 2.4-kernel available. currently this is 2.4.33.2 (released on the 22.8.2006)
http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v2.4/linux-2.4.33.2.tar.gz
Notes for everyone
do not forget to apply the melfs.patch because of the custom ext2_magic_number buffalo invented to protect the linux filesystem from us.here is the melfs patch which takes care of that
http://www.unet.univie.ac.at/~a0025690/development/melfs.patch
Compiling a 2.6 Kernel
Currently there is no patch for that. As a starting point we want to find out whats the differences between the vanilla kernel 2.4.20 and the GPL-one. after creating a patch for that we want to create the latest 2.4 Kernel. after this has been accomplished we want to look at porting the 2.6-kernel to the LS2
Information about loader.o for the LS2
This should be possible....because Ejii coded the assembler stuff needed by loader.o because of the different CPU (mips instead of ppc) for this and he already compiled a kernel for that:
http://www5.atwiki.jp/kuro-bsd/pages/132.html
Here is the page with google online translation for surfing on the page:
http://translate.google.com/translate?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww5.atwiki.jp%2Fkuro-bsd%2Fpages%2F132.html&langpair=ja%7Cen&hl=en&ie=UTF8
Links & Resources
Personal tools | v0 |
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Sections
You are here: Home » Content » An Introduction to Content MathML
About: An Introduction to Content MathML
Module by: Connexions, Kyle Barnhart. E-mail the authors
View the content: An Introduction to Content MathML
Metadata
Name: An Introduction to Content MathML
ID: m31621
Language: English (en)
Summary: A brief summary of Content MathML, including an example and its use.
Subject: Science and Technology
Keywords: content mathml connexions tutorial
License: Creative Commons Attribution License CC-BY 3.0
Authors: Connexions ([email protected]), Kyle Barnhart ([email protected])
Copyright Holders: Connexions ([email protected]), Kyle Barnhart ([email protected])
Maintainers: Connexions ([email protected]), Kyle Barnhart ([email protected])
Latest version: 1.1 (history)
First publication date: Jul 21, 2009 1:25 pm -0500
Last revision to module: Aug 24, 2009 4:44 pm -0500
Downloads
PDF: m31621_1.1.pdf PDF file, for viewing content offline and printing. Learn more.
EPUB: m31621_1.1.epub Electronic publication file, for viewing in handheld devices. Learn more.
XML: m31621_1.1.cnxml XML that defines the structure and contents of the module, minus any included media files. Can be reimported in the editing interface. Learn more.
Source Export ZIP: m31621_1.1.zip ZIP containing the module XML plus any included media files. Can be reimported in the editing interface. Learn more.
Version History
Version: 1.1 Aug 24, 2009 4:44 pm -0500 by Kyle Barnhart
Changes:
Initial publication.
How to Reuse and Attribute This Content
If you derive a copy of this content using a Connexions account and publish your version, proper attribution of the original work will be automatically done for you.
If you reuse this work elsewhere, in order to comply with the attribution requirements of the license (CC-BY 3.0), you must include
• the authors' names: Connexions, Kyle Barnhart
• the title of the work: An Introduction to Content MathML
• the Connexions URL where the work can be found: http://cnx.org/content/m31621/1.1/
See the citation section below for examples you can copy.
How to Cite and Attribute This Content
The following citation styles comply with the attribution requirements for the license (CC-BY 3.0) of this work:
American Chemical Society (ACS) Style Guide:
Connexions.; Barnhart, K. An Introduction to Content MathML, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/m31621/1.1/, Aug 24, 2009.
American Medical Assocation (AMA) Manual of Style:
Connexions, Barnhart K. An Introduction to Content MathML [Connexions Web site]. August 24, 2009. Available at: http://cnx.org/content/m31621/1.1/.
American Psychological Assocation (APA) Publication Manual:
Connexions., & Barnhart, K. (2009, August 24). An Introduction to Content MathML. Retrieved from the Connexions Web site: http://cnx.org/content/m31621/1.1/
Chicago Manual of Style (Bibliography):
Connexions, and Kyle Barnhart. "An Introduction to Content MathML." Connexions. August 24, 2009. http://cnx.org/content/m31621/1.1/.
Chicago Manual of Style (Note):
Connexions and Kyle Barnhart, "An Introduction to Content MathML," Connexions, August 24, 2009, http://cnx.org/content/m31621/1.1/.
Chicago Manual of Style (Reference, in Author-Date style):
Connexions., & Barnhart, K. 2009. An Introduction to Content MathML. Connexions, August 24, 2009. http://cnx.org/content/m31621/1.1/.
Modern Languages Association (MLA) Style Manual:
Connexions, and Kyle Barnhart. An Introduction to Content MathML. Connexions. 24 Aug. 2009 <http://cnx.org/content/m31621/1.1/>. | v0 |
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Sections
You are here: Home » Content » Chromaticism
About: Chromaticism
Module by: Anthony Brandt. E-mail the author
View the content: Chromaticism
Metadata
Name: Chromaticism
ID: m35091
Language: English (en)
Keywords: chromatic, harmony, key, tonal
License: Creative Commons Attribution License CC-BY 3.0
Authors: Anthony Brandt ([email protected])
Copyright Holders: Anthony Brandt ([email protected])
Maintainers: Anthony Brandt ([email protected])
Latest version: 1.1 (history)
First publication date: Jun 21, 2010 2:01 pm -0500
Last revision to module: Aug 12, 2010 2:35 pm -0500
Downloads
PDF: m35091_1.1.pdf PDF file, for viewing content offline and printing. Learn more.
EPUB: m35091_1.1.epub Electronic publication file, for viewing in handheld devices. Learn more.
XML: m35091_1.1.cnxml XML that defines the structure and contents of the module, minus any included media files. Can be reimported in the editing interface. Learn more.
Source Export ZIP: m35091_1.1.zip ZIP containing the module XML plus any included media files. Can be reimported in the editing interface. Learn more.
Version History
Version: 1.1 Aug 12, 2010 2:35 pm -0500 by Anthony Brandt
Changes:
How to Reuse and Attribute This Content
If you derive a copy of this content using a Connexions account and publish your version, proper attribution of the original work will be automatically done for you.
If you reuse this work elsewhere, in order to comply with the attribution requirements of the license (CC-BY 3.0), you must include
• the authors' names: Anthony Brandt
• the title of the work: Chromaticism
• the Connexions URL where the work can be found: http://cnx.org/content/m35091/1.1/
See the citation section below for examples you can copy.
How to Cite and Attribute This Content
The following citation styles comply with the attribution requirements for the license (CC-BY 3.0) of this work:
American Chemical Society (ACS) Style Guide:
Brandt, A. Chromaticism, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/m35091/1.1/, Aug 12, 2010.
American Medical Assocation (AMA) Manual of Style:
Brandt A. Chromaticism [Connexions Web site]. August 12, 2010. Available at: http://cnx.org/content/m35091/1.1/.
American Psychological Assocation (APA) Publication Manual:
Brandt, A. (2010, August 12). Chromaticism. Retrieved from the Connexions Web site: http://cnx.org/content/m35091/1.1/
Chicago Manual of Style (Bibliography):
Brandt, Anthony. "Chromaticism." Connexions. August 12, 2010. http://cnx.org/content/m35091/1.1/.
Chicago Manual of Style (Note):
Anthony Brandt, "Chromaticism," Connexions, August 12, 2010, http://cnx.org/content/m35091/1.1/.
Chicago Manual of Style (Reference, in Author-Date style):
Brandt, A. 2010. Chromaticism. Connexions, August 12, 2010. http://cnx.org/content/m35091/1.1/.
Modern Languages Association (MLA) Style Manual:
Brandt, Anthony. Chromaticism. Connexions. 12 Aug. 2010 <http://cnx.org/content/m35091/1.1/>. | v0 |
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Success!
What a .NET guy likes about AppEngine
0
kicks
What a .NET guy likes about AppEngine (Unpublished)
Here we go, here's the good old list of things I really liked about the setup on this project (Java/AppEngine/GWT on Eclipse + Google plugins) compared to setups I am more familiar with (C#/ASP.NET + SQLServer + Azure hosting, all on Visual Studio).
Kicked By:
Drop Kicked By: | v0 |
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} | cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20 | If you wish to help EDRI promote digital rights, please consider making a private donation.
European domain names under siege
5 December, 2012
»
This article is also available in:
Deutsch: Europäische Domainnamen unter Druck
On 26 November 2012, 132 or 133 domain names were seized by the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement's Homeland Security Investigations (ICE) in collaboration with the Europol and national law enforcement authorities. The seized domains were supposed to have illegally sold counterfeit products on the Internet online.
The common press release of the ICE and Europol not only does not agree on the correct number of the domain names seized (132 on the ICE website or 133 on the Europol website), but also does not seem to know the difference between trademark and copyright ("the copyright holders confirmed that the purchased products were counterfeit" or "banner that (...) educates them about the federal crime of willful copyright infringement.")
The US law enforcement authorities have seized domains before but this is the first time that European ccTLDs such as .be, .eu, .dk, .fr, .ro, or .uk. have been involved. The authorities have not released the list of the 31 European domain names involved in the action, but Torrentfreak already identified some of those sites, such as: chaussuresfoot.be, chaussurevogue.eu or eshopreplica.eu.
The official press release talks about "a great example of the tremendous cooperation" that "enables us to go after criminals who are duping unsuspecting shoppers all over the world." But there is no information if the domain name holders were actually identified and accused of an IPR infringement in a penal case. Or, if a court order was required to shut down the website. Or, if the website was actually targeting the US Market, so that the US authorities be involved.
Just a few days later, on 30 November 2012, several BitTorrent sites including Torrentz.eu, Fenopy.eu and BTscene.eu found their .EU domains put on hold by EURid, the European Registry of Internet Domain Names. “This domain name has been registered and is on hold. It is active but may not be traded or transferred pending the outcome of legal activity,” say EURid’s notes. EURid has made no further public comments, but informed the domain names holders that the action was made "upon request of the Belgian Public Prosecutor following notification of pending legal proceedings in respect of the website" without wanting to give any details regarding the legal proceedings involved.
DDL linking sites Sceper.eu and Downextra.eu, torrent site RealTorrentz.eu, and streaming links sites WatchSeries.eu and ChannelCut.eu are also in a similar situation. All these sites appear in the first few pages of Google’s Transparency Report which means that they are associated with a rather high number of takedown requests. It seems that now, only three sites on Google’s report have not, at least not yet, been put on hold.
In another news on torrent domain names, Torrentreactor.net and Torrents.net domain names and IP-addresses are to be blocked by all ISPs in Italy following a local court injunction.
Websites selling counterfeit merchandise taken down by authorities in Europe and the USA (26.11.2012)
https://www.europol.europa.eu/content/press/websites-selling-counterfe...
BitTorrent Site Owners Fear European Domain Name Seizures (27.11.2012)
http://torrentfreak.com/bittorrent-site-owners-fear-european-domain-se...
Top BitTorrent Sites Have Domains Put On Hold Pending Legal Action (1.12.2012)
https://torrentfreak.com/top-bittorrent-sites-have-domains-put-on-hold...
Italian Court Orders Nationwide Block of TorrentReactor and Torrents.net (4.12.2012)
http://torrentfreak.com/italian-court-orders-nationwide-block-of-torre...
Syndicate:
| v0 |
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From eLinux.org
Revision as of 16:29, 6 March 2012 by Roland (Talk | contribs)
(diff) ← Older revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)
Jump to: navigation, search
A short guide, basically copy/paste from mailing list.
Configure Git
Configure your name and e-mail. This needs to be only once, if configured with --global. If you want to use some other settings for buildroot project, you first need to clone buildroot repository and then use these same commands without --global keyword.
git config --global user.name "Firstname Lastname"
git config --global user.email firstname.lastname at somewhere.com
And tell git how to send emails :
git config --global sendemail.smtpserver mysmtpserver
And to avoid chained reply :
git config --global sendemail.chainreplyto false
Basic workflow
1. Clone (to be done only once)
2. Configure Git, if not done already
3. Create a branch to work on your topic (to be done for every separate topic you'd like to work with)
• git checkout -b mytopic
• Note that this also switches immediatly to the new mytopic branch. You can run 'git branch' at any time to know on which branch you are.
4. Make some modifications, for one particuler subtopic (like adding the vala compiler)
5. Commit those modifications
6. git commit -s -a
• And enter an appropriate commit log.
• If you created new files, add them with "git add".
7. Review your changes
• git log -p master..
8. Prepare patches for your changes
• git format-patch master
• This will generate a set of 000X-*.patch files in the Buildroot directory
9. Send your patches to the list
• git send-email --to buildroot at uclibc.org --compose *.patch
10. All done | v0 |
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From eLinux.org
Jump to: navigation, search
Here is information about the Embedded Developer BOF (Birds-Of-a-Feather) meeting that CELF hosted at the 2008 Ottawa Linux Symposium.
CELF hosted the meeting on Friday, July 25 at the Westin Hotel in Ottawa. As near as we could count, there were about 120 people in attendance.
Tim Bird, the CELF Architecture Group Chair led the meeting. There were 4 mini-sessions and a few lightning talks, followed by some prize giveaways.
Presentations
Prizes
• Tin Can Tools Nail Kit
• 5 Inaura Black Dog security devices
• Sony Mylo2 (donated by TimeSys)
• Sony PS3 (with screen and keyboard)
• HP Media Vault 5150 (1.5 TB NAS device) | v0 |
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} | cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20 | 18th Regiment, South Carolina MilitiaEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
United States U.S. Military South Carolina South Carolina Military South Carolina in the Civil War South Carolina Militia 18th Regiment, South Carolina Militia
Contents
Brief History
"Units of the Confederate States Army" by Joseph H. Crute, Jr. contains no history for this unit [1] .
Companies in this Regiment with the Counties of Origin
Men often enlisted in a company recruited in the counties where they lived though not always. After many battles, companies might be combined because so many men were killed or wounded. However if you are unsure which company your ancestor was in, try the company recruited in his county first.
Company A - Roster, (accessed 6 Apr 2011).
Company B - Roster, (accessed 6 Apr 2011).
Company C - Roster, (accessed 6 Apr 2011).
Company D - Roster, (accessed 6 Apr 2011).
Company E - Roster, (accessed 6 Apr 2011).
Company F - Roster, (accessed 6 Apr 2011).
Company Unknown - Roster, (accessed 6 Apr 2011).
The Civil War Soldiers and Sailors database lists 170 men on its roster for this unit. Roster.
Other Sources
• Civil War Soldiers and Sailors System can be searched by soldier's name or by regiment; includes regimental rosters and additional history of the regiment. This site uses Joseph H. Crute's book, Units of the Confederate States Army, as their main source for the regiment history. Family History Library book 973 M2crua, FHL Collection, WorldCat.
• Footnote.com (A subscription website, but is available for use at the Family History Library and some Family History Centers). It has digital Civil War soldier service records and brief regiment histories (located at the bottom of some of the muster rolls).
References
1. National Park Service, The Civil War Soldiers and Sailors System (accessed 4 January 2011).
Need additional research help? Contact our research help specialists.
Need wiki, indexing, or website help? Contact our product teams.
Did you find this article helpful?
You're invited to explain your rating on the discussion page (you must be signed in).
• This page was last modified on 11 January 2013, at 02:59.
• This page has been accessed 180 times. | v0 |
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} | cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20 | MontanaEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Revision as of 22:29, 2 December 2012 by Evancol (Talk | contribs)
United States Montana
Welcome to Montana, Big Sky Country
Counties
Extinct or Renamed Counties: Edgerton
Adopt-a-wiki page
This page adopted by:
Great Falls Genealogy Society
who welcome you to contribute.
Adopt a page today
Research Tools
Wiki articles describing online collections are found at:
Featured Content
Before 1900 the largest religious groups in Montana were the Roman Catholic, Methodist, Episcopal, and Presbyterian churches. Each group arrived during the territorial period to proselytize among the Indians and the miners. The Family History Library has a few church records for Montana. The collection also includes histories of the United Methodists, United Brethren, and Roman Catholics. Read more...
The Research Forums have been closed. For a limited time the Western States Research Forum will be available in read-only mode.
Did You Know?
• The Family History Library has several Montana maps from 1860 to the present. The Montana Historical Society and other archives have more extensive collections of maps and atlases. Read more...
Things You Can Do
In order to make this wiki a better research tool, we need your help! Many tasks need to be done. You can help by:
Need additional research help? Contact our research help specialists.
Need wiki, indexing, or website help? Contact our product teams.
Did you find this article helpful?
You're invited to explain your rating on the discussion page (you must be signed in). | v0 |
2024-06-03T21:29:47.544Z | 2013-05-18T07:25:41.000Z | ai6kmp5jth4zfm2nqcwzhyufjakktico | {
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An unofficial blog that watches Google's attempts to move your operating system online.
Send your tips to [email protected].
September 14, 2006
The New Yahoo Mail, Slowly Released
Yahoo has finally decided to release the new Yahoo Mail Beta to the public in the US and other 18 countries. Although Richard MacManus reports that Yahoo launched the new mail yesterday, there's no official announcement from Yahoo and it's likely that they'll slowly invite people to use the new version.
Since my review from January, there aren't too many changes: Yahoo Mail still has 1GB of space; it loads faster, but it still reacts slowly when using the interface; there are many graphical ads and huge animations that distract you from reading your mail; the spam filter has been improved, but it's still inferior to Gmail's spam protection.
The new Yahoo Mail wants to look like a desktop application, an online version of Outlook. It has tabs, so you can compose mail, search and read mail in the same window. Every view shows the entire list of mail, so you don't have to click "Next" multiple times until you find a message. The window has a preview pane so you don't have to open each mail. The contact list is slick, it has an instant search feature, but you don't have use it when composing messages because Yahoo autocompletes email addresses. The feed reader doesn't have an import option yet, but it looks nice: you can customize the font and text size, forward posts, so reading feeds is more pleasant than reading mail.
Because Yahoo's users are more conservative, the new Yahoo Mail doesn't include mail threading, so you can read conversations in context and it still uses folders instead of labels. Search is almost inexistent: there's no advanced search so you can't search for that important mail sent to you in June, there's no word matching so if you search for "cop" you'll find "copy", "copyright", "Copenhagen". There's no preview for attached documents and the settings section looks the same as last year (ugly and cluttered).
Ethan Diamond, director of product management for Yahoo Mail, talks about the product and he's very excited that Yahoo Mail is the most used webmail service with 255 million users, while Gmail comes in fourth place with only 49 million users. Well, in this case, the most popular service is not the best.
| v0 |
2024-06-03T21:29:47.544Z | 2013-05-18T08:09:09.000Z | xcml7hqxignc3gslb5iaeqlynylzgjxi | {
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} | cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20 | For the half-year to 30 June 2013, the IPKat's regular team is supplemented by contributions from guest bloggers Stefano Barazza, Matthias Lamping and Jeff John Roberts.
Two of our regular Kats are currently on blogging sabbaticals. They are Birgit Clark and Catherine Lee.
Tuesday, 26 September 2006
MORE ON THAT WEBSITE
More on THAT website ...
Feelings are clearly running high over the new UK Patent Office website, which has been the subject of one post and some comments on this weblog over the past day or so. In keeping with its commitment to serving the public's needs, the Patent Office has emailed the IPKat as follows:
"I see you've already had a few comments : the site has changed dramatically and we realise this may come as a bit of a shock to people the industry who are everyday users. Whilst things have moved around a lot there is very little that was on the old site that is not on the new. Its just a matter of getting used to the change".
Indeed. The IPKat is not averse to change, but at least one half of the team prefers it when the benefits of that change are (i) plainly apparent and (ii) introduced with words of gentle guidance and warning.
Disbelief was the IPKat's first reaction when he accessed his favourite site, only to find that it had mutated ...
The IPKat also wonders if the Patent Office (which he continues to view with admiration, respect and indeed affection) would be kind enough to answer the following questions:
1. Was the new website trialled by control groups of existing users and potential users? If so, how many - and when? And what were the findings?
2. Is the Patent Office planning to monitor users' responses to the new site?
3. Was any feedback openly sought from existing users as to how they found the old site (which was pretty good, to put it mildly)?
4. Did the Institute of Trade Mark Attorneys or the Chartered Institute of Patent Attorneys - both of which have very considerable experience of running accessible and user-friendly IP websites themselves - have any opportunity to make any suggestions, constructive or otherwise, as to how the website could and should work?
5. Did any of the academic institutes which regularly send their students to the Patent Office website have a chance to offer any input?
6. What advantage is there in letting something like this come as a shock to users? The website exists for the benefit of the users, not the other way round. The IPKat will repeat that because he's angry at having wasted time and effort when he was working under time pressure and really could have done without this: THE WEBSITE EXISTS FOR THE BENEFIT OF THE USERS, NOT THE OTHER WAY ROUND.
Anyone wanting to know how users feel about change should read this
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} | cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20 | BIOL398-03/S13:Class Journal Week 6
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Laura Terada Week 6 Journal
Laura Terada
Questions
1. What was the purpose of this assignment?
• The purpose of this assignment was for us to think about what we want to do for our research project. We narrowed down a topic and identified two outside sources.
2. Which project is easiest? Why?
• The third option might be the easiest because it's only factoring one other variable, the ammonia feed.
3. Which project is hardest? Why?
• I think 4 is the hardest because it asks to develop a model of a ammonia sensor. This requires us to think about 2 nitrogen sensors, which I think might be difficult to think of.
4. How might you tweak/revise/recreate the matlab codes we've developed to analyze your model?
• We will probably have to introduce new variables and set of equations if we want to factor in another component of the system.
Kevin McKay week 6 Journal
Kevin McKay
• The purpose of this assignment was to use the skills we have been practicing over the last few weeks in modeling and analyzing bioogical systems.
• Personally I find none of them to be easy, I am not great at math modeling.
• Number 4 Seems to be the hardest one because that is the one I would find hardest to begin.
• I am going to have to tweak the differential equations so I get more accurate graph results.
Kevin Matthew McKay 14:04, 21 February 2013 (EST)
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BME 103 Fall 2012 Home
People
Lab Write-Up 1
Lab Write-Up 2
Lab Write-Up 3
Course Logistics For Instructors
Photos
Wiki Editing Help
Contents
OUR TEAM
Name: Benjamin Hook
Protocol
Name: Jacqueline Janssen
Protocol
Name: Samantha Boccasini
Role(s)
Name: Student
Role(s)
Name: Student
Role(s)
LAB 2 WRITE-UP
Thermal Cycler Engineering
System Design
Our re-design is based upon the Open PCR system originally designed by Josh Perfetto and Tito Jankowski. Our new design incorporates some new designs such as software, screen zize, number of testing tube lots, as well as size of heating lid. All of these alterations are made to make the Open PCR system more efficient in terms of its operating system and user-friendly features.
Key Features
Our most major change to the Open PCR System is the change we made to the read-out screen on the top of the device near the heating lid. This change actually affects a few major components of our system. Not only did we move the screen to the side of the machine, rather than the top, but we also optimized the size of it. This size-change allows users to see the read-outs clearer. We also eliminated the need for a computer (or any outside device, that is) as this new larger screen will also be able to control the machine. Now the user is able to input cycles, temperature, etc. right on the screen instead of needing to plug it into a separate system. This allows for better portability and easier use.
We also changed the space of the testing tubes so now more tubes can be tested at once. To do this we lengthened the plate as well as the heating lid entirely across the top of the machine. Removing the screen from this part of the Open PCR System also allowed for this change.
Instructions
Protocols
Materials
Supplied in Kit
Open PCR Machine
(32) Plastic Test Tubes to Fit into PCR Machine
PCR Power Adapter
USB Cable
Flourimeter
(8) Glass Slides
SYBR Green (200 mL)
Measurement Buffer (800 mL)
Black Box
Positive Sample (50 mL)
Supplied by User
Low Retention Adjustable Pipette with Disposable Pipette Tips
DNA Solution
Positive Control DNA Soltution
Negative Control DNA Solution
1 Smartphone
Pair of Gloves
1 Lab Coat
Water Sample
What the DNA Solution Should Consist Of
1 Micro-Liter Forward Primer
1 Micro-Liter Reverse Primer
50 Micro-Liter GoTaq Master Mix
.2 Micro-Liter Patient's DNA (Or Controls)
47.8 Micro-Liter Distilled Water
PCR Protocol
Step 1: Download the Open PCR Software onto Computer
Step 2: Plug in and turn on the Open PCR machine, connect the USB cable to your computer
Step 3: On the machine interface, select "DNA replication" and then choose desired number of cycles (at least 30 for good results).
Step 4: Using the Pipette, transfer 32 samples of the patients DNA into each test tube. You should only use 1 Pipette tip for this part of the process. Also transfer the positive and negative control into separate test tubes.
Step 5: Next, transfer the forward and reverse primers into each of the 32 test tubes. 2 Pipette tips should be used in this part of the process: 1 for all of the forward primer transfers, and 1 for all of the reverse primer transfers.
Step 6: Using a new pipette tip, transfer the GoTaq Master mix into each of the 32 test tubes.
Step 7: Dilute the 32 solutions by filling the remainder of the test tube with distilled water.
Step 8: Carefully Label Each test tube with a sharpie making sure that the positive and negative controls are clearly marked.
Step 9: Open the heated lid of the Open PCR machine and place the test tubes into the designated slots. Close the lid.
Step 10: Make sure everything is properly connected and then choose "begin replication" on the interface.
Step 11: Check to make sure that the computer is correctly receiving the information, if not: stop the cycle, check the USB cord, and try again.
DNA Measurement Protocol
Step 1: When replicating is finished, remove the 32 tubes from the PCR Machine.
Step 2: Label the pipettes to match up with the correlating test tubes.
Step 3: Use one pipette for the SYBR Green and one pipette for waste.
Step 4:
Research and Development
Background on Disease Markers
Primer Design
Illustration
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< Biomod | 2011
Revision as of 19:12, 2 November 2011 by Michael Hernandez (Talk | contribs)
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Image:INSERT BANNER HERE.jpg
Home Motivation Process Potential Scrapped Ideas Team Members Literature Software
Contents
Abstract
Effective Drug Delivery Vehicles Exhibiting Specific Deformation Programmability
The synthetic technique of DNA origami, involving a single scaffold strand being folded into arbitrary shapes through the attachment of smaller staple strands to various locations along its sequence, has provided a powerfully programmable framework for the spatial design of nanostructures. Our research has involved adding an additional layer of programmability to these constructs, the ability to respond to external stimuli viz. electromagnetic radiation and pH by means of conformational changes. In particular we are exploring how these stimuli stabilize/destabilize linkers in the DNA origami so as to cause the structure to collapse and expand; thereby dramatically enhancing the utility of DNA nanostructures in controlled particle release. An immediately apparent application for such a technology is the precise delivery of drugs at certain targets as a result of stimulated release.
Team
Undergrads
• Aliya Dincer
• Maria Elena Martinez
• Michael Hernandez
Graduate Student Mentors
• Matthew Adendorff
• Ishan Gupta
Faculty Mentor
• Professor Mark Bathe
Useful Websites
• News story on the MIT webpage about work currently being done in the LCBB on DNA Origami - [1]
• Laboratory for Cell Biology and Biophysics, MIT- [2]
• Laboratory for Biomolecular Nanotechnology, TUM - [3]
• International Bio-Molecular Design Competition - [4]
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} | cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20 | simonds's bookmarks
"One learns to itch where one can scratch."
Bramah, Ernest on adaptability
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"Take the world as it is, not as it ought to be."
Proverb, German on adaptability
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Mark Simonds's quote collection
I'm male from the United States and made my book on 15th May 2007.
My book as a pdf
Short profile
Application Developer in Spokane, WA
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Visit my homepage
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} | cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20 | Quotation added by staff
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It is hard to feel individually responsible with respect to the invisible processes of a huge and distant government. Gardner, John W.
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The medieval university looked backwards; it professed to be a storehouse of old knowledge. The modern university looks forward, and is a factory of new knowledge. Huxley, Thomas H.
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A minority is powerless while it conforms to the majority; it is not even a minority then; but it is irresistible when it clogs by its whole weight. Thoreau, Henry David
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212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
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Blueness doth express trueness. Jonson, Ben
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212 - The Extra Degree
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"Leaders don't inflict pain -- they share pain."
Depree, Max on leadership
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"The first responsibility of a leader is to define reality. The last is to say thank you. In between, the leader is a servant."
Depree, Max on responsibility
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"We cannot become what we need to be, remaining what we are."
Depree, Max on change
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"In the end, it is important to remember that we cannot become what we need to be by remaining what we are."
Depree, Max on leadership
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Helen Elizabeth Hunt (born June 15, 1963) is an Emmy, Golden Globe and Academy Award-winning American actress, perhaps best known for her role in the television sitcom Mad About You..
"I know for me the subject of how to be in a relationship is precious and complicated and challenging. It wouldn't be right to make it look too easy. [On her approach to Mad About You]"
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Why the Celtics want Melo to take more shots
ESPN New York breaks down Carmelo Anthony’s shooting woes in the series, particularly in isolation sets: In the regular season, Anthony was in isolation on 26 percent of Knicks’ plays that ended with a field goal attempt, free throw or turnover from the All-Star. He had a 41.8 field goal percentage on such plays, according [...]
April 30, 2013 Chuck - Red's Army Celtics News 6
Jason Collins comes out of the closet
Former Celtics center Jason Collins came out of the closet in the latest issue of Sports Illustrated, proclaiming “I’m a 34-year-old NBA center. I’m black and I’m gay” It’s a watershed moment in sports, marking the first time an active professional athlete in any of the four major professional sports has announced his homosexuality. In [...]
April 29, 2013 John - Red's Army Celtics News, Jason Collins 41
Kenyon Martin wants the Knicks to dress for a funeral
The forever brash Kenyon Martin has a message for the Celtics: “We’re ending it Wednesday,” Martin said. He even made it a point to tell teammates what to wear when the Knicks look to win this series in five, then get ready for the winner of Indiana-Atlanta. “Wear black,” he said. “Funeral colors.’’ There is [...]
April 29, 2013 Chuck - Red's Army Celtics News 15
Your Morning Dump… Where the season (as well as the Pierce and KG Era) is on the brink
Every morning, we compile the links of the day and dump them here… highlighting the big storyline. Because there’s nothing quite as satisfying as a good morning dump. With the Boston Celtics on the brink of playoff elimination, allow this to serve as your annual reminder to savor what could possibly be the final time [...]
April 28, 2013 Jay Celtics News, Kevin Garnett, Paul Pierce 15
Smith suspended, will miss Game 4
No surprise here as JR Smith will not be suiting up for the Knicks in Game 4: NBA announces JR Smith has been suspended for Game 4 for his elbow on Jason Terry — John Karalis (@RedsArmy_John) April 28, 2013 Look for Chris Copeland to take some of the minutes. Celtics will try to avoid [...]
April 27, 2013 KWAPT Celtics News, Jason Terry 4
Jason Terry: “I’m coming out with something”
Celtics sharp off-the-mark shooter Jason Terry refused to comment on the elbow thrown by punk JR Smith during last night’s game. Terry had this to say about the Celtics “fight:” “We’ve just got to fight harder than what we’ve been doing,” Terry said. “I mean, they’re outworking us. You can see it on the tape. [...]
April 27, 2013 Chuck - Red's Army Celtics News, Jason Terry 14
Why are the Celtics so much better at home?
The Celtics won 13 more games at home than on the road this season. They had the fewest road wins (14) of all the playoff teams. Aside from home cooking, no air travel, and greatest fan base in the history of professional sports, why the large discrepancy in wins? NBA.com’s John Schumann breaks down some [...]
April 26, 2013 Chuck - Red's Army Celtics News 4
Jackie Mac: KG has painful bone spurs
If you’re anything like John and myself, you’ve remained calm and sensible about Kevin Garnett’s foot injury. In her latest column, ESPN Boston’s Jackie MacMullan reminds us that Garnett is battling bone spurs. And she uses an adjective that strikes fear in my heart – painful. KG, the centerpiece of the team’s defensive soul, is battling [...]
April 26, 2013 Chuck - Red's Army Celtics News, Kevin Garnett 4
Doc whacked for $25,000 for blasting refs
When Doc Rivers said this after Game 2: “Listen, I thought the fouls on Kevin, first of all they were horrendous,” Rivers said after the Celtics fell in to a 2-0 hole in the best-of-seven series that shifts to Boston for Game 3 Friday. “And secondly, I thought they had a huge effect on us,” [...]
April 25, 2013 John - Red's Army Celtics News, Doc Rivers 10
Jordan Crawford over Courtney Lee… justified or not?
One of the questions I was most asked during Game 2 was some variation of “why is Doc going with Jordan Crawford over Courtney Lee?” Here’s Doc’s reasoning: Rivers was asked Wednesday about his preference of Crawford over Lee, and he said he simply thinks Crawford is playing better than Lee right now. “Yeah, it’s [...]
April 25, 2013 John - Red's Army Celtics News, Courtney Lee, Jordan Crawford 18 | v0 |
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“Nature’s inexorable imperative”*…
Bridges.
They don’t always do what they’re supposed to do.
Especially in the rainy season.
Evopropinquitous- “things I learned as a Field Biologist”
Three highly unexpected words you must keep in mind when tromping through the Amazon:
Giant.
Electric.
Eels.
Look down before you step into running water.
Wear rubber boots.
More hard-earned education at Evopropinquitous.
* “Adapt or perish, now as ever, is Nature’s inexorable imperative” - H.G. Wells
###
As we recheck our rucksacks, we might send adventurous birthday greetings to Gilbert Hovey Grosvenor; he was born on this date in 1875. Grosvenor was recruited in 1899 to a small scholarly journal published by the National Geographic Society. (His benefactor was a friend of his father’s, Alexander Graham Bell, then the president of the Society (and soon, Grosvenor’s father-in-law.) Grosvenor became the journal’s first full-time editor, and began to build it, developing its extraordinary photographic service and map department. Revenue from growing circulation supported expeditions– which supplied more remarkable photos and maps… Membership grew from 900 in 1899 to more than 2 million at the time of his retirement (by then, as President of the Society) in 1955.
source
Written by LW
October 28, 2012 at 1:01 am
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From StrategyWiki, the video game walkthrough and strategy guide wiki
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The Sims 2: Castaway
Developer(s) Maxis
Publisher(s) EA Games
Release date(s)
Genre(s) Simulation
System(s) Wii, PlayStation 2, PlayStation Portable
Rating(s)
ESRB: Teen
OFLC: Parental Guidance
PEGI: Ages 12+
PlayStation Portable
ESRB: Everyone
Series The Sims
Neoseeker Related Pages
For the Nintendo DS version, see The Sims 2: Castaway (Nintendo DS). For the Windows game, see The Sims: Castaway Stories.
The Sims 2: Castaway is the third console spin-off of The Sims 2. It was released in the US on October 22, 2007 and October 26, 2007 in the UK for the PlayStation 2, PlayStation Portable and Wii. A different version was released for the Nintendo DS.
[edit] Story
The game takes place with the player creating his/her sims to travel on a yacht. When the game starts a slideshow of cell-phone pictures are shown of the trip and of the storm that wrecks the ship. The player's starting sim will wake up on Shipwreck Island confused as to where he/she is. To keep the sims sane, the player is set out a series of goals from different books the player can find on different parts of the island and the other three islands. The player's last goal is to send an SOS or build a sea worthy boat and get rescued by a cruise ship. At the end of the game the player is shown a second picture slideshow (this one not on a phone) of one of the sims's life back in civilization. The sim does not look happy with all the bills that have piled up. Now the player has chance to finish the game or continue island life.
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Authors/Contributors
Ian Nicholson
Document Type
Thesis, Senior
Publication Date
Spring 2010
Degree
B. ARCH
Keywords
suburban, housing, neighborhood development, parking lot, Atlanta
Language
English
Disciplines
Architecture | Urban, Community and Regional Planning
Description/Abstract
"Locating neighborhoods of housing in currently underutilized surface parking lots which serve successful commercial shopping centers and big box stores can synergistically improve the American suburb by allowing opportunities to maintain the suburban idea (rugged individualism, privacy, and mobility) while mitigating its problems (automobiles dependence, distance, and isolation)."
Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
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Bourne
From Wikitravel
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Bourne [1] is in Massachusetts on Cape Cod. The Cape Cod Canal runs through it. Bourne includes seven villages: Bournedale, Buzzards Bay, Cataumet, Monument Beach, Pocasset, Sagamore and Sagamore Beach. Bourne, settled in 1637, was incorporated in 1884 (before that it was part of Sandwich). The Bourne village of Buzzards Bay is home to Massachusetts Maritime Academy.
Sagamore Bridge over Cape Cod Canal
[edit] Get in
Bourne is about 1 hour from Boston and 1.25 hours from Providence, RI by highway.
[edit] Get around
Bicycling is possible, a car is preferred.
• Upper Cape Taxi, 508-540-1290. [2]
• All American Taxi, 508-759-4281.
[edit][add listing] See
• Aptucxet Trading Post Museum, 24 Aptucxet Rd., +1 508-759-9487[3]. The trading post building dates back to at least 1621. A number of historical exhibits and herb and wildflower gardens.
• National Marine Life Center, 120 Main St., +1 508-759-8722. Displays and exhibits about marine life. Free.
• Jonathan Bourne Historical Center, 30 Keene St., +1 508-759-8167[4]. M,Tu 9AM-2:30PM, W 6:30PM-8:30PM.
• Bourne Society Historic House, 22 Sandwich Rd., +1 508-759-6120
• Pairpoint Glass Company, Rt. 6A (Just north of the Sagamore Bridge), Sagamore +1 508-888-2344. 8:30AM-4:30PM. Watch glass blowers at their trade. Gift Shop.
[edit][add listing] Do
• Cartwheels 2, 160 MacArthur Blvd (Route 28), 1-508-743-9930, [5]. Go karts, inline skating, bumper cars, lazer tag, and more.
• Walk, bike or rollerblade along the Cape Cod Canal, [6].
• Fish the canal or just watch the ships and boats pass through.
• Watch the Bourne Braves play in Cape Cod Baseball League action. Upper Cape Regional Technical School -- Over Bourne Bridge. At the rotary, go three-quarters of the way around and bear right onto Sandwich Road. The school is ahead atop a hill to the right.
• 'Remember 'Chocolate House Fudge', copper-kettle fresh at Chocolatte',11 Cranberry Highway, Sagamore (next to the Christmas Tree Store), 508 888-7065, [7].
[edit] About The Cape Cod Canal
Map: West End of Canal
Map: East End of Canal
• U. S. Army Corps of Engineers Visitor Center,Ed Moffitt Dr., Sandwich (Directions: Over Sagamore Bridge onto Cape Cod, Route 6, take Exit 1, RIGHT at light onto Rt. 6A, after entering Sandwich, LEFT onto Tupper Rd, LEFT onto Freezer Rd. at Aqua, RIGHT onto Moffitt Dr, follow signs) +1 508-833-9678. Free. All about the Canal, including how it is watched and run. Well worth the trip.
• 2006 Hours: 10AM-5PM.
• May 11-Jun. 24 Open Th-Su;
• Jun. 25-Aug. 31 Open daily;
• Sep. 1-Oct. 15 Open Wed-Su.
The Cape Cod Canal and its bridges are the most striking features of Bourne and hosts a variety of recreational activities. The primary purpose of the Canal is to provide a safe navigation channel for vessels. Because of the treacherous seas along the outer beaches of Cape Cod, the idea of the canal was considered as early as the 1620s. Finally it was constructed between 1909 and 1914. The Canal saves about 135 miles of open sea travel on average. Since 1928 the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers has operated the waterway toll free to adequately powered vessels. The Corps of engineers maintains the three bridges that span the canal and also manages the Canal for public recreational use.
• Cape Cod Recreation Hotline: +1 508-759-5991.
Some of the recreational uses and facilities are:
• Canal Access Points
Convenient Canal access points have been developed and equipped with parking lots, picnic areas and rest rooms.
• Bicycling and walking
Two service roads which parallel both sides of the Canal are available for bicycling, rollerblading, jogging and walking. Each service Road is about 7 mi (11 km) long. Locals use these year round.
• Ship Watching
The Canal provides a close-up view of ocean going ships and tugs underway as they go between Buzzards Bay and Cape Cod Bay. All manner of ships go through including cruise ships, cargo ships, tankers and jumbo car carriers. During the school year, locals and enthusiasts can get the treat of seeing the ship at the Mass Maratime Academy leaving dock and heading out to sea
• Fishing
Salt water fishing is permitted from the Canal banks in all areas except the Canal Administration and Massachusetts Maritime Academy area. Fishing is also available from the Scusset Beach fishing pier. Fishing and lobstering is subject to state regulations and licensing. Taking of herring is subject to Town of Bourne regulations and quotas.
• Interpretive Services
Exhibits and information about the Canal are available at the Herring Run Visitor Center in Bournedale on Scenic Highway and also at the Administration Building. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Park Rangers offer a variety of guided walks, bike hikes and other educational programs along the Cape Cod Canal throughout the Summer and Fall.
• Boating
If adequately powered, recreational vehicles are permitted to use the canal. Sailing is prohibited; sailboats must use auxiliary power. Vessels must stay to the right and give way to larger vessels. There is a 10 MPH speed limit and a no wake policy enforced by the Corps of Engineers, located in Buzzards Bay.
• Swimming and scuba diving are prohibited in the canal due to the often swift current.
• Beaches While swimming directly in the canal is strictly prohibited due to the swift current, Bourne does offer a select few beach coves safe from the current.
• Gray Gables Beach is a small beach nestled in the Gray Gables Village that has has a roped in swimming area for kids, space for buoyed boats, a raft to swim to, and life guard services until six o'clock p.m. This local secret has limited parking and is just a couple miles away from the local market.
• The Dike is a local favorite that extends on both sides of the Mashnee Island Causeway in Gray Gables Village. This long stretch of flat sandy beach offers swimming, space for boating, tubing, knee boarding and jet-skiing, however, there are no available lifeguard services. It is only a quick walk away from a beachside lunch at the Mashnee Island Bar and Grill.
• Monument Beach, located in Monument Beach Village near the post office and Cumberland Farms, and directly across the bay from 'The Dike' this smaller beach has swimming areas and a small dock for boaters. There is also a playground and tennis courts available adjacent to the the beach. Take a walk across the street to grab some ice cream at the Whistle Stop or go to Cumberland farms.
• Hiking trails
• The Bournedale Hills Trail extends 1.4 mi (2.25 km) along the north side of the Canal from Bourne Scenic park to the Herring Run. The trail includes a .8 mi (1.25 km) self guided loop which interprets the Canal's historic and natural features.
• In Scusset Beach State Reservation the .7 mi (1.1 km) trail to Sagamore Hill provides access to an area that was once a Native American Indian meeting ground and later the site of a World War II coastal fortification with an excellent view of Cape Cod Bay.
• Marina Services
The East Boat Basin on the south side of the Canal in Sandwich has slips for recreational and commercial vessels. On a fee basis, boaters may use the marina's slips or boat ramp. On the west end of the Canal the Buttermilk Bay channel provides boaters access to the Taylor point Marina operated by the Town of Bourne.
• Kingman Yacht Center, 1 Shipyard Lane, +1 508-563-7136. Perfect if you own a yacht and are looking to register for a slip, or if you want to just float on up for a lunch at the Chartroom. If you don't have a boat and are just looking for somewhere to walk around, enjoy the water, have a bite to eat, look at the boats, or buy a gift, Kingman has all the perfect accommodations.
• Camping
The Corps of Engineers leases land to the Bourne Recreation Authority for Bourne Scenic Park campground and to the Commonwealth of Massachusetts for Scusset Beach State Reservation where recreational vehicles may use camp sites.
• About the Bridges
The traffic bridges that span the canal were built simultaneously in the early 1930s to replace the cantilevered spans before them. The Sagamore Bridge and Bourne Bridge are four lanes wide, have a span of 616 ft (187.75 m) and leave a vertical clearance of 135 ft (41 m) above high water. Over 35,000,000 car trips cross the bridges each year.
The unusual "vertical lift" railroad bridge, also built in the early 1930s, has a 544 ft (166 m) horizontal span with 271 ft (83 m) high towers. The bridge is normally kept in the raised position 135 ft (41 m) above mean high water. Train trips used to be very important, but now the railroad bridge is used mainly for trash removal trains.
[edit][add listing] Buy
• Periwinkles Gifts, "+1"508-563-3077. Nestled inside Kingman Marina in the village of Cataumet, Periwinkles offers some Cape Cod themed gifts, along with a selection of novelty jewelry, accessories, signs, and household items perfect to top off any Cape Cod visit. Look for this shop immediately to the left of the main parking lot when you enter the yacht center.
• The Factory Outlet Mall, One Factory Outlet Mall Road, "+1"508-888-8417. With 22 stores, one restaurant, and a nail salon, this indoor outlet mall has a wide variety of outlet shopping including the Dress Barn, Bass, and Nine West. In the fall, be sure to check out the large Halloween store close to the food court for a wide variety of costumes and novelty items. During May 2 - December 24, the mall is open from 9:30 to 9:00 Monday through Saturday, and from December 26 to May 1, the hours change to 9:30 to 6:00 Monday through Saturday and 11:00 to 6:00 on Sunday.
• The Clothes Den, 41 Meetinghouse Ln. This shop is located in a small strip mall in Sagamore Beach. It sells a variety of discounted clothes from brands such as American Eagle, mainly for teenage girls and boys.
[edit][add listing] Eat
• Bourne Scallop Fest, Buzzards Bay, [8]. -- Mid September (2008: Sep 19th-21, the 39th annual).
• Beachmoor Inn & Restaurant, 11 Buttermilk Way, Buzzards Bay, +1 508-759-7522, [9]. Fine dining. Great bay views with sunsets. Tucked down near Mass. Maritime Academy.
• Sunset Grille at Brookside Club, 1 Brigadoon Rd, +1 508-743-0705, [10]. Lunch, dinner with outdoor seating available overlooking the golf course with bay views and sunsets.
• The Chart Room, 1 Shipyard Lane, Cataumet, +1 508-563-5350. Seasonal mid May-mid Oct. Hours: Mid June-early Sept daily 11:30AM-10PM; Shoulder season Su changes to 11:30AM-3PM only. One of Bourne's better places. Great harbor sunsets. Piano bar. Reserve. $12-$25.
• Krua Thai, 100 Main St., Buzzards Bay, +1 508-759-9662. Take out.
• Leo's Seafood Restaurant, 249 Main St., Buzzards Bay, +1 508-759-7557.
• Lobster Pot, 3155 Cranberry Hwy., Buzzards Bay, +1 508-759-3876.
• The Lobster Trap, 290 Shore Road, +1 508-759-7600. In the summer, try this for a truly authentic experience.
• Stir Crazy, 626 Route 28, Pocasset, +1 508-564-6464. Dinner Tu-Su, Lunch F only. Popular Oriental cooking, fresh from scratch. Inexpensive.
• International House of Pancakes, 2 Bourne Rotary, (508) 759-1161.
• Whistle Stop Ice Cream Shop, 435 Shore Road. Owned and operated by a local family, this train-themed summer shop offers traditional handmade ice cream and waffle cones while offering a local neighborhood feel. Look for it directly attached to the Cumberland Farms convinient store and gas station.
• Trowbridge Tavern, "+1" 508 759-1776, [11]. A local restaurant and pub that hosts weekly local music, pizza bargains, and Trivia Night. Look for it attached to the Bridge-Bourne Best Western Hotel, off the first exit on the Bourne Rotary.
• Mashnee Island Grill, 161 Leeward Road,"+1" 508 759-9390.A seasonal restaurant and bar with a great view of and access to the beach. With outdoor and indoor accommodations as well as availability to host a party, the Beach Club is great for a summer meal. Also look for the Quahog Republic downstairs for some tee-shirts, key chains, or other gifts.
• Friendly's Ice Cream, 10 Canal Rd, "+1" 508-888-6866, This Friendly's can be a little tricky to get to because of renovations on the Sagamore Roatary, but taking the first exit off the Sagamore Bridge and taking a right at the lights will get you on the road toward the restaurant.
[edit][add listing] Drink
[edit][add listing] Sleep
[edit] Hotels and motels
• Best Western Bridge-Bourne Hotel, 100 Trowbridge Rd., +1 508-759-0800,[12].
• Bourndale Village Inn, 834 Scenic Hwy., +1 508-888-2796.
• Cape Cod Canalside Bed & Breakfast, 7 Coastal Way, +1 508-759-6564, [13]. One suite, and two rooms. View of the Canal.
• Jaspers Too Motel, 101 Maple St., Buzzards Bay, +1 508-759-3003.
• Scenic View Motel, 871 Scenic Hwy., +1 508-888-3331 - Right across from the Canal at the Herring Run Recreation Area.
[edit] Campgrounds
• Bourne Scenic Park Campground, Bourne Scenic Hwy., +1 508-759-7873,[14]. 456 sites. Right on the Cape Cod Canal. Loved by people in nearby towns.
• Bay View Campgrounds, 260 MacArthur Blvd., +1 508-759-7610, [15]. 425 sites.
[edit] Get out
Day trips to other areas of Cape Cod or to Plymouth or Boston are good choices.
Routes through Bourne
TauntonWareham N S END
New BedfordWareham W E SandwichProvincetown
BostonPlymouth N S END
This is a usable article. It has information for getting in as well as some complete entries for restaurants and hotels. An adventurous person could use this article, but please plunge forward and help it grow!
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Talk:Siliguri
From Wikitravel
Revision as of 10:36, 17 March 2010 by 125.18.104.1 (Talk)
(diff) ← Older revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)
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[edit] Siliguri/New Jalpaiguri
I propose that we rename this page Siliguri/New Jalpaiguri with redirects from Siliguri and NJP. For travelers, both Siliguri and NJP are primarily staging points for travel to Darjeeling and Sikkim (Siliguri by air and bus, NJP by rail). It makes sense to club them together so that searching for info on how to get from X (Calcutta) to Y (Sikkim) without having to know which page to consult. Not sure what the wikitravel policy on this is (the two cities are 8km apart) so let me know!--Wandering 12:31, 17 July 2007 (EDT)
[edit] Siliguri/New Jalpaiguri
New Jalpaiguri is not a different place. It is a part of Siliguri and it comes under Siliguri Jurisdiction. As we call Sealdah the station of Kolkata same way NJP is the railway station of Siliguri.
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Zimbabwe
From Wikitravel
Africa : Southern Africa : Zimbabwe
Revision as of 16:58, 25 June 2012 by 95.157.14.183 (Talk)
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[[File:|250px|frameless|Zimbabwe]]
Location
[[File:|250px|frameless]]
Flag
[[File:|108px|frameless]]
Quick Facts
Capital Harare
Government Semi-presidential Republic
Currency United States dollar (de facto)
Area 390,580 km2
Population 11,376,676 (July 2002 est.)
Language English (official), Shona (official), Sindebele (official) (the language of the Ndebele), numerous but minor tribal dialects
Religion syncretic (part Christian, part indigenous beliefs) 50%, Christian 25%, indigenous beliefs 24%, Muslim and other 1%
Electricity 220/50Hz (UK plug)
Country code +263
Internet TLD .zw
Time Zone UTC +2
Zimbabwe [1] is a country in Southern Africa. It is landlocked and is surrounded by South Africa to the south, Botswana to the southwest, Zambia to the northwest, and Mozambique to the east and north.
The Zambezi river forms the natural boundary with Zambia and when in full flood (February-April) the massive Victoria Falls on the river forms the world's largest curtain of falling water. The Victoria Falls are a major tourist attraction.
Once known as the Breadbasket of Africa, since 2000 Zimbabwe has undergone an economic collapse and the rule of law has gradually but largely broken down, although there have recently been a few signs of improvement since the formation of a unity Government in 2009, the Zimbabwean economy has been on the rebound. GDP grew by more than 5% in the year 2009 and 2011. Growth is forecast to reach 7% in 2012, buoyed by high mineral prices and the improving agriculture sector.
Understand
History
Stone cities were built in many locations in present-day Zimbabwe. The most impressive structures and the best known of these, Great Zimbabwe, were built in the 15th century, but people had been living on the site from about 400 AD.
The population was overwhelmingly made up of Shona speakers until the 19th century when the Nguni tribe (in 1839-40) of the Ndebele settled in what is now Matabeleland, and then in 1890, the territory came under the control of the British South Africa Company under charter from the British Government.
The United Kingdom annexed Southern Rhodesia from the British South Africa Company in 1923, when the country got its own government and Prime Minister. A 1961 constitution was formulated that favoured whites in power. In 1965, the government unilaterally declared independence, but the UK did not recognize the act and demanded more complete voting rights for the black African majority. UN sanctions and a guerrilla struggle finally led to both free elections and independence (as Zimbabwe) in 1980.
Robert Mugabe was the first leader of Zimbabwe and still clings on to power since 1987. He initially pursued a policy of reconciliation towards the white population but severity towards regions which had supported a competing guerilla group. From 2000, Mugabe has instituted a policy of extensive land redistribution and of "national service" camps, which are suspected of political indoctrination. In recent years, the economy has been destroyed, inflation has shot up, informal homes and businesses have been destroyed, and there are severe shortages of food, fuel and medicine, together with the disappearance of the professional class and the emergence of mass unemployment. Life has grown miserable for Zimbabweans of all colours, and they have been leaving the country in large numbers. The prospects of change seem remote at present.
Climate
Tropical; moderated by altitude; rainy season (November to March). Although there are recurring droughts, floods and severe storms are rare.
Terrain
Mostly high plateau with higher central plateau (high veld); mountains in east. Lowveld in south eastern corner.
Elevation extremes : lowest point: junction of the Runde and Save rivers 162 m highest point: Inyangani 2,592 m
Regions
Map of Zimbabwe
Matabeleland
The western part of the country with Bulawayo, the second largest city, and the stunning Victoria Falls.
Lake Kariba and the Lower Zambezi
The eastern end of Lake Kariba is a popular vacation area for Zimbabweans. Many national parks, such as Mana Pools National Park, are situated on the shores of the Zambezi River and provide good opportunities for game viewing.
Mashonaland
The capital city, Harare, and surrounding area, including the northern part of the Midlands.
Eastern Highlands
The mountainous area of the country tucked up along the eastern border. The main city is Mutare.
Southeastern Zimbabwe
A mixed area with the southern part of the midlands in the north and the lowveld in the south. Nature is more of the attraction here, with many national parks and the Great Zimbabwe ruins.
Cities
Other destinations
• Great Zimbabwe - the archeological remains of a Southern African ancient city built of stone, located in present-day Zimbabwe which was once the centre of a vast empire known as the Munhumutapa Empire (also called Monomotapa Empire) covering the modern states of Zimbabwe (which took its name from this city) and Mozambique. The word 'Zimbabwe' means 'house of stone.'
• The Eastern Highlands include some of Zimbabwe's most beautiful views. The lush, cloud-hung mountains form the border with Mozambique. The regional capital is Mutare, and Chimanimani is a village popular with tourists and walkers.
• Kariba - Located on the northern border of Zimbabwe, formidable Lake Kariba is the result of a large damming project along the Zambezi River. Kariba is a popular tourist destination and affords visitors the opportunity to watch African wildlife in its almost natural environment. It is the biggest source of hydro-electric power for Zimbabwe. If you are travelling with friends or family consider hiring a houseboat for a few days to really experience everything the lake and the wildlife have to offer.
• Matobo (formerly Matopos) - Located south west of Bulawayo in Matabeleland, this area boasts exquisite rock formations, as if nature had been playing marbles. Rocks are found balancing in ways that defy logic, a situation created by the eroding winds blowing out the sand between. The rocks are home to the dassie, a small rodent-type animal known more formally as Rock Hyrax, the skins of which are used to make a blanket treasured amongst the local populace. Also present in great numbers are the brightly coloured lizards common to Zimbabwe. The area has two dams that become the scene of family picnics, and angling competitions on weekends. A game park is home to herds of sable antelope, an animal not seen further south.
Get in
Visa requirements
Category A (countries/territories whose nationals do not require visas):[2]
For a stay of up to 6 months: Hong Kong SAR
For a stay of up to 3 months: Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Botswana, Congo (DRC), Cyprus, Fiji, Grenada, Jamaica, Kenya, Kiribati, Lesotho, Malaysia, Malawi, Maldives, Malta, Mauritius, Namibia, Nauru, Samoa, Singapore, Solomon Islands, St Kitts and Nevis, St Lucia, St Vincent and the Grenadies, Swaziland, Tanzania, Trinidad and Tobago, Tuvalu, Uganda, Vanuatu and Zambia
Category B (countries whose nationals are granted visas at the port of entry on payment of the requisite visa fees):
Argentina, Austria, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Brunei, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Egypt, Finland, France, Germany, Ghana (Gratis), Greece, Hungary, Indonesia, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Kuwait, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Monaco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Palau Island, Palestine (State of), Papua New Guinea, Poland, Portugal, Puerto Rico, Seychelles, Slovak Republic, South Africa (Gratis), South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Arab Emirates, Uruguay, United Kingdom, United States, Vatican City and Virgin Islands
Visa fees at the port of entry for Category B nationals are as follows: US$30 (single entry), US$45 (double entry), US$55 (multiple entry) - a valid passport, travel itinerary, return/onward journey ticket and cash payment must be presented. Note that Canadian citizens are only able to obtain single entry visas on arrival at a cost of US$75, whilst British and Irish citizens pay higher fees for a visa on arrival (US$55 for single entry and US$70 for double entry).
Category C (countries whose nationals are required to apply for and obtain visas prior to travelling):
Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Andorra, Angola, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Belarus, Benin, Bermuda, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Brazzaville, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape Verde Islands, Cayman Islands, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros Islands, Congo (Brazzaville), Costa Rica, Conakry, Cote d’Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Djibouti Republic, El Salvador, Ecuador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Estonia, Ethiopia, French Guiana, French Polynesia, French West Indies, Gabon, Gambia, Georgia, Gibraltar, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, India, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Krygyzstan, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Liberia, Libya, Lithuania, Macao SAR, Madagascar, Mali, Marshall Islands, Macedonia, Mauritania, Mexico, Micronesia, Moldova, Mongolia, Montserrat, Morocco, Mozambique, Myanmar, Nepal, New Caledonia, Nicaragua, Niue, Niger, Nigeria, North Korea, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Qatar, Reunion, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, San Marino, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Slovenia, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Syria, Tajikistan, Taiwan, Thailand, Togo, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Turk and Caicos Islands, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Yugoslavia
Visas can be obtained at Zimbabwean embassies/consulates. The fees for a visa vary between US$30 and 180 and depend on the applicant's nationality.
You might be able to apply for a Zimbabwean visa at a British embassy, high commission or consulate in the country where you legally reside if there is no Zimbabwean diplomatic post. For example, the British embassy in Amman[3] accepts Zimbabwean visa applications (this list is not exhaustive). British diplomatic posts charge £50 to process a Zimbabwean visa application and an extra £70 if the authorities in Zimbabwe require the visa application to be referred to them. The authorities in Zimbabwe can also decide to charge an additional fee if they correspond with you directly.
By plane
Harare International Airport has a number of international flights, mainly to other African countries. When coming from Europe you can fly directly with Air Zimbabwe from London. Air Zimbabwe also operates to Dubai, Beijing, Guangzhou and Kuala Lumpur in Asia. However, a good option is to fly with South African Airways [4] or Airlink http://www.saairlink.co.za/ via Johannesburg.
SAA operates to quite a few European airports and has many flights to South Africa and other African destinations. When coming from South Africa you can also use the no-frills airline Kulula.com [5]. KLM offer flights from Amsterdam via Nairobi which continue on to Lusaka from Harare. [6]
British Airways now stopped nonstop flights between Harare and Heathrow.
Victoria Falls airport has daily services by South African Airways, South African Airlink http://www.saairlink.co.za and British Airways from and to Johannesburg. Air Namibia has flight to Victoria Falls from Windhoek/Nambia.
Bulawayo also has an international airport, with flights from Johannesburg operated by SAA and Air Zimbabwe.
For domestic flights inside Zimbabwe, linking international flights to domestic tourism and business destinations, Solenta Aviation has introduced domestic flights in Zimbabwe catering for the Charter and Scheduled market, linking all major tourist hubs and safari lodges along the Zambezi River, Lake Kariba, Victoria Falls and Hwange.[7]
By car
Zimbabwe is accessible by road from the countries that surround it. Contrary to past scenarios, the fuel situation has improved with prices now being quoted in US dollars. As fuel has to be imported from either Mozambique or South Africa, you can expect to pay more per litre than you would in most other Southern African countries.
It should also be noted that roads in Zimbabwe are now in a very dilapidated state, and due caution should be taken when driving, especially at night, and in particular, during the November to March rainy season. Potholes are a very common occurrence and a serious threat to any vehicle that hits one.
By bus
Regular deluxe bus services operate from Johannesburg to Harare. A number of buses also travel from Johannesburg to Bulawayo. Greyhound drives to both destinations. Tickets can be obtained directly from Greyhound or through the Computicket website.
Several bus companies also operate direct buses from Harare to Blantyre, Malawi.
No public transport exists from Victoria Falls directly to Botswana - a taxi to the border will cost around 40$, or some hotels in Vic Falls can arrange transfers.
By train
The more adventurous tourists could travel by train from Bulawayo to the Victoria Falls ([8]). The train also passes through Hwange National Park, one of the biggest national parks in Africa.
Get around
Between the cities, buses still run but are bad even by African standards. The only exception is with buses from the RoadPort in Harare which run to Johannesburg, Lusaka, Lilongwe (not Blantyre) amongst other destinations.
Minibus taxis are available for intra-city transport, and are relatively inexpensive by European standards. They provide a cheap, though a not necessarily safe way of seeing the true Zimbabwe.
Hitchhiking is also a viable option, but tourists need to take care with whom they accept lifts from; hijackings and robberies of hitchhikers, especially within Harare, have been on the increase in the last few years. Be sure to bring some money along, as drivers very often expect some sort of fee to be paid up front.
The condition of the roads in Zimbabwe seems to have improved considerably since the economic collapse of 2008. Roads between Victoria Falls and Bulawayo, Bulawayo and Masvingo (Great Zimbabwe) and Masvingo and Mutare are all in excellent condition. Note that almost no gas stations in Zimbabwe currently take credit cards. Also road blocks are common but usually police just want to see your drivers license and your Temporary Import Permit (TIP). Police can fine you if you do not have tape on reflectors on your car, red hazard triangles in your boot, a spare tire, and bizarrely, a fire extinguisher, so be sure to carry those items if you want to avoid a fine.
Talk
Zimbabwe's official languages are English, Shona, Sindebele/Ndebele. There are also numerous but minor tribal dialects. Shona is the most widely spoken language, even in the capital Harare.
See
• Hwange National Park. Located between Victoria Falls and Bulawayo, the park boasts more than 100 different animal species and over 400 species of birds. It is ont of the few great elephants sanctuaries in Africa with over 30,000 elephants.
• Matobo Hills National Park. Also known as Matopos, this small park close to Bulawayo was awarded a UNESCO world heritage status in 2003 for its fascinating natural features and wildlife.
• Mana Pools National Park. Mana Pools National Park, South of the Zambezi river in the North of Zimbabwe, is a UNESCO world heritage site. A remote location, it welcomes happy few safari lovers with an abundance of elephant, hippo, lions, antelope, girafe and other animals, and over 350 bird species, in stunning landscapes.
• Great Zimbabwe Ruins. Located in the vicinity of Masvingo, the 3rd Zimbabwean city, Great Zimbabwe ruins are the remains of one of greatest African civilizations after the Pharaons: the Kingdom of Great Zimbabwe dominated the area from present Zimbabwe, East of Botswana and South East of Mozambique in the late Iron Age (between 11,000 and 14,500 AD). From the impressive granite stone complex that was once built, the ruins span 1,800 acres (7 km2) and cover a radius of 100 to 200 miles (160 to 320 km).
Do
• Bungee jumping at Victoria Falls. An incredible experience off the Victoria Falls bridge over the mighty Zambezi - 111 metres of pure adrenaline.
• Walk with the lions, Swim with the elephants, Ride a horse, [9]. and enjoy other game activities at Antelope Park, located by Gweru, between Harare and Bulawayo.
• An Authentic African Safari, [10]. walking, canoeing or on a game drive in Hwange National Park or Mana Pools with African Bush Camps
• Harare International Festival of Arts, [11]. (HIFA), every year in Harare (end of April) with some extension in Bulawayo. Music, Theater, and other shows sponsored by foreign embassies, it features top international and local artists,and also brings in town a great artcraft market.
Buy
Zimbabwe legalised the use of foreign currencies as legal tender, thus negating the need for the inflation-ravaged Zimbabwe Dollar, which has now been withdrawn from circulation.
The US dollar is now the de facto currency in Zimbabwe, although the South African rand and the euro are also widely accepted. Do not expect to be given change if the value is less than $1 as there are no coins in circulation, in supermarkets, you may be given change in chewing gum or sweets!
The use of credit cards is still very limited, with only a few service providers accepting VISA or MasterCards cards in Zimbabwe. Also, ATM use can be very limited for non-citizens, so please do yourself a favour and come with plenty of cash on hand.
As for costs, non-imported things are very cheap (especially labour intensive things), however for a tourist drinking coke and eating pizza, prices are not that much lower than in South Africa. Petrol (gasoline) supplies are improving, so are food supplies in supermarkets.
Haggling for a better price is common, but keep in mind that most people are very poor.
Eat
For a sample of what Zimbabweans eat (in some form, nearly every day), ask for "sadza and stew." The stew part will be familiar, served over a large portion of sadza - a thick ground corn paste (vaguely like polenta and the consistency of thick mashed potatoes) that locals eat at virtually every meal. It's inexpensive, quite tasty and very filling.
If you want to really impress your African hosts, eat it how they do: take a golfball-sized portion of the sadza in one hand and kneed it into a ball, then use your thumb to push a small indentation into it and use that to scoop up a bit of stew before popping it into your mouth. Don't 'double dunk'.
For extra credit, clap your hands together twice gently when it (or anything else for that matter) is served to say, "Thank you." Believe it or not, they'll be very impressed.
Drink
A variety of domestic brews are made in Zimbabwe, mainly European-style lagers with a few milk stouts mixed in for good measure. If you're feeling very adventurous, you may want to try the unusual "beer" that most locals drink, a thick, milky beverage known as Chibuku: guaranteed to be unlike anything you've ever tasted outside of Africa. It is generally sold in a 2 litre plastic bottle called a 'skud' but is often decanted into a plastic bucket after a good shake. Beware, however: it's definitely an acquired taste!
Imported drinks and locally made franchises are available as well as local soft drinks. Mazoe, the local orange squash (or other fruit flavour), is generally available in most eateries. Bottled water is also available. Tap water, as a source of potable water, in general, should be avoided. If no other source of water is available for drinking, then it is best boiled prior to consumption.
Sleep
Zimbabwe has a great number of tourist facilities, and offers a variety of accomodation options, from international hotels to guest houses, lodges, and safari camps for all budgets.
There are various hotels and motels in Harare. Several hotels have international partnerships, such a Meikles Hotel, Crown Monomotapa Hotel, Holiday Inn in Harare and Bulawayo.
In Bulawayo inner city, you may stay at the Bulawayo Club [12] - a charming old building you may also visit for lunch or dinner - choose Bulawayo Rainbow Hotel [13], Holiday Inn, or one of numerous lodges and backpacker's places.
The Eastern Highlands has much to offer. The Leopard Rock Hotel in the Bvumba is said to be beautiful, having been described as so by HRH Queen Elizabeth, the Queen Mother, who said, "Where is there a more beautiful place in Africa? It is surely one of the most special places in the world." Another pleasant resort in the area is Troutbeck Resort [14]
If you are on a safari tour there are tented camps, chalets and camping sites in most of the safaris areas.
Stay safe
The US, Japan and Germany have lifted their travel warnings to Zimbabwe in April 2009; an indication that the security risk for visitors is low. However, given the political and economic instability in the country, travellers to Zimbabwe should take care with their personal security and safety. Whilst many locals may be curious about you and your country, remember, most Zimbabweans are still very sensitive to foreigners' opinions of their country and its politicians. Therefore, it is always a wise idea to avoid political discussions or discussions pertaining to opinions of political leaders.
Lastly, don't forget to tip as times are tough for locals, and they depend enormously on your generosity.
Stay healthy
In the current economic situation many medicines are in short supply or cannot be sourced, so you are strongly advised to take all medications with you. Medical attention will be very hard to get: many hospitals even in cities are completely closed or unable to offer substantial care. Some medical personnel may perform procedures for payment, in somewhat dangerous and underequipped surrounds. Medical supplies are severely restricted. Your travel insurance is very likely to be invalid if you travel to Zimbabwe and medical evacuations impossible to arrange.
HIV/AIDS infection rate in Zimbabwe is the 4th highest in the world at around 20% or 1 in 5 infected. Obviously you should never have unprotected sex. If you form a serious relationship, consider both getting an HIV test before taking things further.
There is at present a cholera outbreak throughout the country, including in Harare.
Malaria is prevalent, so unless you are going to stay entirely within Harare or Bulawayo, anti-malarials are advised. Drugs reduce the severity of the disease but don't prevent infection, so also consider precautions such as:
• sleeping under a mosquito net (lightweight travel nets are comparatively cool to use)
• using mosquito repellent on the skin or burning mosquito coils
• wearing long sleeved clothing and long trousers, particularly in the evening
Bilharzia is present in some lakes. Ask locally before swimming.
Snakes are common in the bush, and most bites are on the foot or lower leg. If walking, particularly in long grass, wear proper boots and either long, loose trousers or thick, concertinaed hiking socks. Shake out boots and shoes in the morning, in case you have a guest. These precautions also reduce the chance of scorpion sting. If you do get bitten or stung, stay calm. Try to identify the exact culprit, but get to medical assistance as rapidly as you can without undue exertion. Many bites and stings are non-fatal even if not treated, but it is safer to seek treatment, which is very effective these days.
Respect
Clapping twice is an accepted "thank you", especially when someone is handing you something (food, a purchase). If one hand is full you can clap the free hand on your chest. Unlike in Asia, taking items passed to you with both hands is considered impolite, as it is seen as being greedy. Men should clap so that fingertips and wrists meet, but women should 'golf clap' with hands crossing. This is a society with deep gender divisions.
When shaking hands or handing anything valuable to someone, it is polite to support the right forearm with the left hand (or vice versa), to signify the "weight" of the gift or honour. In practice this often means just touching the forearm, or even gesturing towards it.
When taking something from a local, it is strictly done with the right hand as it is seen as an insult if the left hand is used regardless of dexterousness. The same rule applies when passing something.
Be careful with your opinion as speaking out against the government is a crime.
Contact
• United States, American Embassy 172 Herbert Chitepo Avenue, Harare, Zimbabwe, (263-4) 250-593/4 (fax: (263-4) 250-343), [15].
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User:Ypsilonatshared
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This is Ypsilon's [1] Wikitravel shared account!
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: Interesting Search Requests:
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nethack quiz: A good idea, and there is one, but it's in Japanese.
dead jellyfish: Indeed. There's finally news articles about them, though they seem to describe another, much smaller and more numerous organism which Sumana and I also saw on Saturday.
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Permalink | View Comments (0) | Post Comment | | Posted by Reason
More good news for calorie restriction (CR) practitioners via The Scientist: "The link between caloric restriction and longevity may be mediated by reduced susceptibility to disease ... scientists found that calorie-restricted older adult rhesus monkeys have at least 30% more naive T cells than controls. ... Some people said there's something special about short-lived animals and that this wouldn't work in humans. This is one of the very best pieces of evidence that show those doubters may be wrong. If it works in something as long-lived as a rhesus monkey, then there's reason to hope that caloric restriction principles can work in people as well." Recall that you need naive T cells to mount a response to new invasions, and that the number of these cells declines with age - a significant part of age-related frailty is the inability to deal with infections and other microscopic threats.
Link: http://www.the-scientist.com/news/home/37246/ | v0 |
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Hello, all. I am a little concerned with the categorization of Military under Law Enforcement. As I understand it, law enforcement is a branch of civil service, which the military is not. Armed forces are generally considered beyond the scope of civil service, I'm assuming due to the fact that armed forces by nature contain non-career "employees" who can be conscripted into service during war, and therefore cannot be considered as a civil servants. What does everyone else think? EganioTalk 00:47, 12 June 2008 (UTC)
We don't need to consider governmental structures at all. In most GTA games, the Army are used to chase you if you have a Wanted Level. That means they are enforcing the law. Whatever governmental structures are behind that don't really matter. The words "civil servant" don't appear in any GTA game, nor are the structures of representation, diplomacy or military heirarchy. As I explained in the other talk page, people visiting this category will be wanting to learn about how law is enforced in GTA games - which includes the Police (and SWAT), Army (we'll say all military since its not a specific service that is used), FBI and NOOSE. You absolutely don't need to be any more precise or complex or technical than that. We don't even KNOW if the military are part of the 'civil service' in this fictional GTA universe, and it might be different in each game (especially in the UK). Gboyers talk 01:28, 12 June 2008 (UTC)
Gotcha. Makes sense. EganioTalk 02:51, 12 June 2008 (UTC)
EDIT: Category:Emergency was being used for ALL emergency service vehicles, and they were only subdefined into the individual services. I don't think theres any point in having vehicles in both, and I don't think that we want as many categories as we're going to have. Emergency Services, Emergency Vehicles, Law Enforcement, Law Enforcement Vehicles.
These could all be in Emergency Services. Then underneath that you would have "Military" (for everything to do with the military, including vehicles) and the same with Police, FBI, Fire Service, Ambulances, Hospitals - and you don't need separate vehicles categories under each of them. You could just have Emergency Vehicles as a category that all vehicles are in (as well as in Police). That simplifies things a lot, and doesn't mess up categorisation because you would have Emergency Vehicles under both Vehicles and Emergency Services, and each vehicle would be under Vehicles, Emergency Vehicles and Police (or whichever).Thoughts? Gboyers talk 01:38, 12 June 2008 (UTC)
Scrumptious. Excellent suggestions! I was thiking I would then subcategorize Category:Emergency Services under Category:Infrastructure. Does that make sense? Any other categories it could fall under? EganioTalk 02:51, 12 June 2008 (UTC)
Emergency Services would fall under Infrastructure AND Public Service, whilst Emergency Vehicles would fit under Emergency and Vehicles, and each individual section could fall under either of those (or both). Just to point out, don't be scared to put something in multiple categories, remember that all vehicles are in Category:Vehicles and a lot will be in subcategories too. The entire point of categories is to make things easier to find, so it is better to oversubcategorise than be picky and say military aren't technically law enforcement, or hospitals aren't technically civil service. Gboyers talk 08:23, 12 June 2008 (UTC)
EDIT: Although I'm not sure that individual emergency and law enforcement vehicles should be under Public Service Vehicles as well. I'd keep Emergency Vehicles separate in a subcategory of Public Service Vehicles. Gboyers talk 08:38, 12 June 2008 (UTC) | v0 |
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} | cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20 | Bibliography: The Grand Tour
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Title: The Grand Tour
Author: Juliet E. McKenna
Year: 2011
Type: SHORTFICTION
Storylen: shortfiction
ISFDB Record Number: 1227567
User Rating: This title has fewer than 5 votes. VOTE
Current Tags: None Add Tags
Publications:
Copyright (c) 1995-2011 Al von Ruff.
ISFDB Engine - Version 4.00 (04/24/06) | v0 |
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From OpenWetWare
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ALUMNI
Doctorate Degree (PhD), Sarinder Kaur Kashmir Singh, Model driven database integration system for retrieval of biodiversity information, 2003/2004
Master Degree, Kholis Abdurachim Audah, Construction of Escherichia coli arginine repressor fusion protein and analysis of its function in Xer site-specific recombination, 1997/1998
Master Degree, Mohamad F. Tawfiq, Biodegradatiom of the low molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon naphthalene by bacteria isolated from a petroleum-contaminated soil, 1998/1999
Master Degree, Azizah Mohd Asi, Molecular modeling studies of C-terminal arginine repressor protein (ArgRc) interaction with its co-repressor, L-arginine, 1998/1999
Master Degree, Rowyna Kueh Boon Lan, Interactions of C-terminal domain of Escherichia coli arginine repressor protein (ArgRc) with L-arginine and its structural analogue, 2001/2002
Master Degree, Noor Faizul Hadry Nordin, Molecular biological analysis of hydrocarbon degraders from oily waste polluted sites, 2001/2002
Master Degree, Mohamad Ridzuan Kamaruddin, Evaluation and optimization of extraction and purification methods for obtaining PCR-amplifiable DNA from mangrove soil for studies in microbial ecology, 2001/2002
Master Degree, Mak Yoke Lai, Classification of lichen species using Artificial Neural Networks, 2003/2004
Master Degree, Shahrizim Zulkifly, Distribution of lichen flora at different altitudes of Gunung Machincang, Langkawi Island, Malaysia, 2003/2004
Copyright © 2009 Amir Feisal Merican, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur. All rights reserved.
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Hey Guys!
These links will take you to the editing help pages for wiki code.
You should use these pages to familiarise yourself with the basic wiki code that will help you document your project and thus help each keep each other (and us!) in touch with what you are doing.
In particular, it will help you to know how to work with:
• Fonts and text highlights such as bold and italics
• Bulletpoints
• Page Layouts
• Tables
• Pictures and Media (eg. word documetns)
• Referencing using PMIDS
Links
Wiki Tutorial
Meta page on Wiki Tables - This far more advanced and me be of use later on
Wiki Page on pictures
Personal tools | v0 |
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} | cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [6] Enraged at this, Rhea repaired to Crete, when she was big with Zeus, and brought him forth in a cave of Dicte.1 She gave him to the Curetes and to the nymphs Adrastia and Ida, daughters of Melisseus, to nurse.
1 According to Hesiod, Rhea gave birth to Zeus in Crete, and the infant god was hidden in a cave of Mount Aegeum (Hes. Th. 468-480). Diod. 5.70 mentions the legend that Zeus was born at Dicte in Crete, and that the god afterwards founded a city on the site. But according to Diodorus, or his authorities, the child was brought up in a cave on Mount Ida. The ancients were not agreed as to whether the infant god had been reared on Mount Ida or Mount Dicte. Apollodorus declares for Dicte, and he is supported by Verg. G. 4.153, Serv. Verg. A. 3.104, and the Vatican Mythographers (Scriptores rerum mythicarum Latini, ed. Bode, i. pp. 34, 79, First Vatican Mythographer 104; Second Vatican Mythographer 16). On the other hand the claim of Mount Ida is favoured by Callimachus, Hymn i.51; Ovid Fasti 4.207; and Lactantius Placidus on Statius, Theb. iv.784. The wavering of tradition on this point is indicated by Apollodorus, who, while he calls the mountain Dicte, names one of the god's nurses Ida.
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Watchers
NameClifftop
TypeInhabited place
Coordinates38.0°N 80.933°W
Located inFayette, West Virginia, United States
source: Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names
the text in this section is copied from an article in Wikipedia
Clifftop is an unincorporated community in Fayette County, West Virginia, United States.
It is the home of historic Camp Washington-Carver Complex, which hosts the Appalachian String Band Music Festival the first weekend in August.
This community is also home of Babcock State Park.
Research Tips
This page uses content from the English Wikipedia. The original content was at Clifftop, Fayette County, West Virginia. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with WeRelate, the content of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License. | v0 |
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} | cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20 | Place:Marshall, Lyon, Minnesota, United States
Watchers
NameMarshall
TypeCity
Coordinates44.433°N 95.783°W
Located inLyon, Minnesota, United States
source: Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names
source: Family History Library Catalog
the text in this section is copied from an article in Wikipedia
Marshall is a city in Lyon County, Minnesota in the United States. The population was 13,680 at the 2010 census. Marshall is a regional center in southwest Minnesota, and the county seat of Lyon County. Marshall is the headquarters of the Schwan Food Company and the home of Southwest Minnesota State University. Marshall is also the site of Exelon Wind's Marshall Wind Project.
Research Tips
This page uses content from the English Wikipedia. The original content was at Marshall, Minnesota. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with WeRelate, the content of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License. | v0 |
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} | cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20 | Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Catalogue Number
2011.0 - Information Paper: Census of Population and Housing -- Proposed Products and Services, 2011
Latest ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 29/07/2010
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
What's changing?
We are aiming to make major improvements to the way you access 2011 Census data. In direct response to your feedback we will be making substantial changes to how you access Census data on the ABS website. Our new look website will:
• be easier for you to find your way around
• be simpler with fewer choices and links
• have concise up-front information
• have improved maps
• still let you go straight to where you want to be.
Major Product changes for the 2011 Census
We are planning some new products for the 2011 Census and some old ones will no longer be produced.
New Products
TableBuilder Basic - (Build your own tables. Replaces CData Online.)
TableBuilder Pro - (Build and customise your own tables with the full Census data set.)
Products that will be discontinued for the 2011 Census
Social Atlases
The Atlases were a series of hardcopy publications containing a range of thematic maps and commentary that were available for purchase from the ABS. Instead of hardcopy atlases we will be making huge improvements to the on-line thematic mapping features of TableBuilder and you will have access to create you own unique combinations of thematic maps and take them away in a range of different formats.
CData Online
This product is not really being discontinued - it is just evolving into a more powerful and better product for 2011. Thousands of you have already experienced CData Online and know what it can offer. Existing users should start to get ready for some big improvements for the 2011 Census output. TableBuilder Basic will replace CData Online . All the data you used to be able to get in CData Online will be available in TableBuilder Basic - plus a whole lot more. Read more about TableBuilder Basic.
Census Tables
Last Census we allowed you to access specific Census tables in Excel format. For 2011, we will be making an even greater variety of tables available in TableBuilder Basic - and you will have more options for what format you would like the table in (Excel, csv, sdmx and more). Even better - if you decide a table of data isn't enough, you will be able to view the data on a map or a graph. Read more about TableBuilder Basic.
MapStats
Viewing Census data thematically on a map is a great way to visualise differences in the data. The feedback we got from you was that you liked MapStats last time, but you wanted to be able to download the data behind the map and take it away. TableBuilder Basic will let you do all of this. You will be able to choose which topic you are interested in and customise the geographic areas you want on your map. Once you've tailored the map to your specifications you will be able to export the image - or take the data (and boundaries) away in a wide range of formats. Read more about TableBuilder Basic.
Major changes to classification for the 2011 Census
There are some major changes to some of the underlaying classifications used in the 2011 Census. The biggest change you will see is the change around the geographical units used to output Census data.
Australian Statistical Geography Standard
The Australian Statistical Geography Standard will be used for the 2011 Census for the first time. It replaces the Australian Standard Geographical Classification used in the 2006 Census. Collection Districts are not included in the new geography. Statistical Area Level 1's (SA1's) are the new base unit of output geography for the 2011 Census. These units will be smaller and more consistent than Collections Districts and will enable you to access data for areas of around 400 people. For more information see: Discussion Paper: Census of Population and Housing - ABS Views on 2011 Census Output Geography, 2011 (cat. no. 2911.0.55.002).
Occupation and Industry Classifications
Are you interested in Industry and Occupation data? Then you should be aware that they will not be dual coded for the 2011 Census like they were for the 2006 Census. Minor revisions to ANZSIC and ANZSCO were implemented in 2008.
• Industry of Employment will be coded to the Australian and New Zealand Standard Industrial Classification (ANZSIC) 2006 (Revision 1), (cat. no. 1292.0). It will not be coded to the 1993 edition.
• Occupation will be coded to the Australian and New Zealand Standard Classification of Occupations (ANZSCO) 2006, First Edition, Revision 1, (cat. no. 1220.0). It will not be coded to the previous version, the Australian Standard Classification of Occupations.
Other classifications that are scheduled for review between now and the release of 2011 Census data
• Australian Standard Classification of Cultural and Ethnic Groups (ASCCEG)
• Standard Australian Classification of Countries (SACC)
• Australian Standard Classification of Religious Groups (ASCRG)
• Australian Standard Classification for Languages used for LANP (ASCL)
You can see full details of all 2011 Census classifications in the Census Dictionary, 2011 (cat. no. 2901.0) due for release in May 2011.New 2011 Census Output Data Items
Although the questions on the 2011 Census form will be the same as 2006, a range of new data items will be created from the information we collect. The new items under consideration include:
Person Variables
• Birthplace of Parents Indicator
• Labour Force Status by Hours Worked
• Student Status for Educational Attendance
• Sex of Lone Parent
• Year of Arrival in Australia in Ranges
• Relationship as Reported for Couples
• Child Type - Grandchild Factor
• Relationship in Household - Grandchild Factor
Family Variables
• Grandparent Families
• Count of Dependant Children in Family
• Count of Non-dependent Children in the Family
• Count of all Children in the Family
• Family/Non-Family Households
• Labour Force Status of Parents
• Count of Persons in Family
Dwelling Variables
• Households with Indigenous Persons Indicator
• Number of Persons Usually Resident in Dwelling
• Tenure Type by Landlord Type
Please note, not all Census data items will be available in the full range of Census output products. Information on which data items will be included in specific products will be available in the
Census Dictionary, 2011 (cat. no. 2901.0) due for release in May 2011. What's not changing?
The 2011 Census output strategy will largely build on what we did for the 2006 Census. We will continue to use the ABS website as the main channel for the release of Census data. Data from the Census will be released in two phases with some data items available in the first data release (June 2012) and others that require more extensive coding will be released as part of our second data release (October 2012). Like the 2006 Census output, person data from the Census will be released on a Usual Residence basis unless otherwise specified.
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} | cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20 | Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Catalogue Number
1370.0 - Measures of Australia's Progress, 2010
Latest ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 15/09/2010
Page tools: Print Page RSS
Adult volunteers(a)(b)
Footnote(s): (a) In the 12 months prior to interview. Proportion of all people aged 18 years and over. (b) 2006 data are shown on the same basis as 1995 and 2000 data, without the four new conditions associated with the 'willingly undertaken' criterion being applied.
Source(s): ABS Voluntary Work, Australia, 2006 (cat. no. 4441.0)
ADULT VOLUNTEERS
Willingly giving time to do work for an organisation or community group on an unpaid basis can be rewarding for individuals, and it can extend and enhance their social networks. For example, volunteering may be the basis of relationships between community members who do not normally associate with one another.
Since 1995, the proportion of the adult population (aged 18 years and over) who 'volunteered' in the previous 12 months increased from 24% to 35% in 2006 (Endnote 1).
ENDNOTES
1. In 2006, changes were made to the definition of volunteers to ensure that they undertook the voluntary work willingly. This meant that some activities, such as Work for the Dole Program or student placement, while recognised as unpaid community work, were not strictly voluntary or would not normally be seen as voluntary work, and so were excluded from the definition. The result this change had on the data for 2006 is quite small. The proportion of adults who volunteered changed from 35% to 34%, or from 5.4 million people aged 18 years and over to 5.2 million people.
RELATED PAGES
• Family community and social cohesion glossary
• Family community and social cohesion references
•
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Answers OnStartups is a question and answer site for entrepreneurs looking to start or run a new business. It's 100% free, no registration required.
My partner and I started a website development company a few years ago which specializes in making high quality (great graphics, functionality, and SEO) websites/applications for small-medium businesses. We have been getting a few clients here and there over this period, but mainly have been focusing on setting up all of our in house tools which will make our jobs easier in the future.
Now that we are at a point where we believe we can efficiently take care of as many customers that come our way, we want to start focusing on sales. The problem is that neither of us are sales/marketing people, so we are having a hard time deciding what the cheapest, most effective way to sell website/web applications is.
If we can get over this initial hump, I believe that word of mouth will be more than enough to keep the ball rolling.
share|improve this question
6 Answers
up vote 8 down vote accepted
The small company I work for does almost no marketing directly to the clients that we service. The method we use is to form partnerships with other agencies that are bringing in clients and offer them a service they do not already provide. So if you do the back-end programming really well maybe consider reaching out to design only agencies and offer your services as a developer.
share|improve this answer
How did you get your current clients? Can you repeat that process? Is it scalable, at least in the short term?
Why do clients choose you over other companies that provide an equivalent service?
What do you do better than other companies?
Are you selling to local companies nearby that you can have a personal relationship with, or are you trying to sell randomly to the internet world+dog?
It sounds to me like you have a consulting company that is built upon relationships and a consultative selling process - walking your clients through the right way to do things, even if that means occasionally sending them elsewhere for some things. Does that sound about right?
Assuming that your market is local to you, I'd look for every single possible networking event in your area that you can go to. Business groups to join. Networking, networking, networking. Along with a lot of cold calls - are there company websites that you feel you could greatly improve? Call them. Other businesses you could help? Call them.
Marketing is all about recognizing who might be interested in what you have to offer. That only gets you so far. The bigger challenge is selling. And selling is hard, especially for tech people. A lot of dead ends, a lot of rejection, a lot of failed attempts.
But in the long run, it'll make you a much better entrepreneur, and make your business a lot stronger.
Good luck!
share|improve this answer
"We hate Facebook and Twitter"
I don't think you are in the position to hate some of the most effective marketing tools. Social Media sites aren't just that anymore, they are tools... if you really wanna make something out of your bussiness make an effort and embrace them.
share|improve this answer
I think the best thing you have to do is to collaborate with other companies and also you need to ask your clients to refer you guys to other potential clients and linkedin and twitter and elance and odesk there are many other sites and also many consulting companies do not contribute to web so they have to look for clients and companies which contribute to web are getting clients easily and also people trust them .
share|improve this answer
Put some value in self-development in this area too. Recently I found a guy that gives a lot of free stuff(and have paid course too) just about situations like this. I hate those scammers that want your money and do not provide value with their courses. An the person I'm mentioning really gives a great ideas and real world situations.
So my suggestion is go and google for online classes, courses in this area. You do not need to be an marketing guru but it is crucial for your success to have the main idea how to communicate your business with the clients. No other company can provide this for you. They can connect you with clients but it is up to you to keep them and we like developers we are not good with this :). The course should not take more than a week or two (evening time, online what ever), just enough for the basics.
My guy is Ramit Sethi, but if don't like him, you can find a person that gives value to you and speaks your language. If you invest in you it will return greatly in the future not just on the start of your business.
I hope this helps you!
share|improve this answer
You are techie. Then you can use Facebook as a marketing tool. Create a Page for your company and let your friends know what you are doing. You are sure to get some good response.
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Nicole Loux
0
Today Mozilla Labs announced the release of Jetpack 0.4. The release is closely aligned with Mozilla’s goal of enabling open video and audio on the Web, and includes experimental support for recording audio directly to Ogg-Vorbis. These new audio encoding APIs will allow developers to build Jetpacks that record high-quality audio directly from within the browser, which can then be played back using Firefox 3.5’s new audio tag support.
To learn more about what’s new, see the Mozilla Labs blog post, excerpted below:
Hot on the tail of the Firefox 3.5 release, Jetpack is adding the ability to record audio directly to Ogg-Vorbis format on all major platforms (i.e. Windows, Mac, and Linux). Firefox 3.5 added the ability to play sound with the audio tag, and now you can record it. Live streaming coming soon. Check out the Voice Memo demo which lets you annotate any webpage you are looking at with your voice. You can also check out the Audio Recording API documentation.
Additionally this release enables the ability for developers to add features or functionality to any website being viewed in the browser using the “page mod” API Jetpack discussion group.
To learn more how to get involved in the Jetpack project, visit the Jetpack discussion group. | v0 |
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0 users
Side Channel Attack.
http://student.ulb.ac.be/~llerman/
http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/sideChannelAttack
This package has many purposes: first, it gives to the community an R implementation of each known side channel attack and countermeasures as well as data to test it, second it allows to implement a side channel attack quickly and easily.
Maintainer: Liran Lerman
Author(s): Liran Lerman <[email protected]>, Gianluca Bontempi <[email protected]>, Olivier Markowitch <[email protected]>
License: GPL-3
Uses: ade4, corpcor, infotheo, MASS, mmap
Released about 1 month ago.
6 previous versions
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Visit sideChannelAttack on R Graphical Manual. | v0 |
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} | cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20 | | Edit | | History |
From DDO wiki
(Redirected from Energy drained)
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The creature gains 1 or more negative levels. Each negative level gives a creature a -2 penalty on attack rolls, saves, skill checks, ability checks. Also inflicts a -1 penalty to effective level (effects things like spells and abilities which rely on caster level or character level). Negative levels stack.
If the target has as many negative levels as its Hit Die or levels, it dies.
Energy Drained happens when Enervation or Energy Drain is cast on something living, or when a Wight, Wraith, or Spectre hits you.
The spells Restoration and Restoration, Mass restore 1 negative level, as does using a Rest Shrine or waiting 1 minute in a tavern. Cleric's Radiant Servant: Positive Energy Burst ability cures 1d4 negative levels. The spell Greater Restoration restores all negative levels.
Negative levels regenerate at a rate of 1 level every 2 minutes. | v0 |
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Success!
T4 template for generating SQL view from C# enumeration
0
kicks
T4 template for generating SQL view from C# enumeration (Unpublished)
Database tables often contain columns that store “codes”, or values with special meaning. In application code, these special values can be encapsulated as enumerations. This article demonstrates how to use T4 code generation templates and Visual Studio CodeModel API to generate SQL views that encapsulate the special values for use in SQL code.
Kicked By:
Drop Kicked By: | v0 |
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SRD:Tiger
Talk0
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This material is published under the OGL
TIGEREdit
Size/Type: Large Animal
Hit Dice: 6d8+18 (45 hp)
Initiative: +2
Speed: 40 ft. (8 squares)
Armor Class: 14 (–1 size, +2 Dex, +3 natural), touch 11, flat-footed 12
Base Attack/Grapple: +4/+14
Attack: Claw +9 melee (1d8+6)
Full Attack: 2 claws +9 melee (1d8+6) and bite +4 melee (2d6+3)
Space/Reach: 10 ft./5 ft.
Special Attacks: Improved grab, pounce, rake 1d8+3
Special Qualities: Low-light vision, scent
Saves: Fort +8, Ref +7, Will +3
Abilities: Str 23, Dex 15, Con 17, Int 2, Wis 12, Cha 6
Skills: Balance +6, Hide +3*, Listen +3, Move Silently +9, Spot +3, Swim +11
Feats: Alertness, Improved Natural Attack (bite), and Improved Natural Attack (claw).
Environment: Warm forests
Organization: Solitary
Challenge Rating: 4
Treasure: None
Alignment: Always neutral
Advancement: 7–12 HD (Large); 13–18 HD (Huge)
Level Adjustment:
These great cats stand more than 3 feet tall at the shoulder and are about 9 feet long. They weigh from 400 to 600 pounds.
COMBATEdit
Improved Grab (Ex): To use this ability, a tiger must hit with a claw or bite attack. It can then attempt to start a grapple as a free action without provoking an attack of opportunity. If it wins the grapple check, it establishes a hold and can rake.
Pounce (Ex): If a tiger charges a foe, it can make a full attack, including two rake attacks.
Rake (Ex): Attack bonus +9 melee, damage 1d8+3.
Skills: Tigers have a +4 racial bonus on Balance, Hide, and Move Silently checks. *In areas of tall grass or heavy undergrowth, the Hide bonus improves to +8.
SEE WIKIPEDIA ENTRY: Tiger
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From eLinux.org
Revision as of 01:40, 5 May 2010 by Wmat (Talk | contribs)
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Presentations
Keynotes
Person Session Description Presentation
Henry Kingman Tux in Lights henry_kingman_welcoming_address.pdf
Andrew Morton The Relationship Between kernel.org Development and the Use of Linux for Embedded Applications morton-elc-08.ppt
Tim Bird Status of Embedded Linux and CELF Plenary Meeting Status-of-embedded-Linux-ELC2008.ppt
Sessions
Person Session Description Presentation
Kate Alhola Maemo Mobile Linux Platform, Current Status and Future Directions elc_maemo_2008.pdf
Mike Anderson Using a JTAG for Linux Driver Debugging CELF_JTAG_Anderson.ppt
Alexander Belyakov Compressed Swap Solution for Embedded Linux belyakov_elc2008_compressed_swap_final_ppt.pdf belyakov_elc2008_compressed_swap_final_doc.pdf
Hugh Blemings Learning Kernel Hacking from clever people elc-us-2008-slides-final.pdf
Andrew Christian Compiling Full Desktop Distributions for ARM: The Handhelds Rebuild Project HandheldsMojo
Felipe Contreras Gstreamer and OpenMAX IL: plug and play gst-openmax.pdf
Jake Edge Avoiding Web Application Flaws in Embedded Devices LWN Article
Jörn Engel Status of LogFS not available
Nils Faerber GPE Phone Edition - An Open Source Software Stack for Linux Mobile Phones gpe2-celf2008.odp
Klaas van Gend Using Real-Time Linux Using_Real-Time_Linux.KlaasVanGend.ELC2008.pdf
Liam Girdwood Every Microamp is Sacred - A Dynamic Voltage and Current Control Interface for the Linux Kernel regulator-api-celf.pdf
Mark Gross Power Management Quality of Service and How You Could Use it in Your Embedded Application elc2008_pm_qos_slides.pdf
Takanari Hayama DirectFB Internals - Things You Need to Know to Write Your DirectFB gfxdrive elc2008_directfb_gfx.pdf
Seo Hee APCS (ARM Procedure Call Standard) Tutorial CELF_APCS_Seohee_lge
Seo Hee Trouble Shooting for Blocking Problem not available
Kevin Hilman Building Blocks for Embedded Power Management PM_Building_Blocks1.pdf
Stuart Hughes Roll-Your-Own Linux the Easy Way with LTIB celf_ltib_bof_v1 1. pdf
Jared Hulbert AXFS: Architecture and Results AXFS_at_ELC_2008.ppt
Hirohisa Iijima Episodes of LKST for Embedded Linux Systems EpisodesLKST_Lineo_CELF_ELC2008.pdf
YoungJun Jang Avoiding OOM on Embedded Linux CELF_AvoidOOM.pdf
YungJoon Jung Real-Time Linux BOF RT-BoF-2008-04-15.pdf
Jong-Sung Kim Back-tracing in MIPS-based Linux Systems ELC2008 - Back-tracing in MIPS-based Linux Systems.pdf
Min-Chan Kim, Oleksiy Kokachev Instant Startup for Application Using Reducing Relocation Time and Rearrange Function DDLink FunctionReorder 08 04.pdf
KaiGai Kohei Recent Security Features and Issues in Embedded Systems ELC2008_KaiGai.pdf
Jyunji Kondo Development of Mobile Linux Open Platform Development_of_Mobile_Linux_Open_Platform.pdf
Rob Landley Cross Compiling Linux (tutorial) not available
Grant Likely Shifting Sands: Lessons Learned from Linux on an FPGA glikely--fpga-lessons-learned.pdf
Grant Likely A Symphony of Flavours; Using the Device Tree to Describe Embedded Hardware glikely--device-tree.pdf
Matt Locke Building Custom Embedded Linux Distributions mlocke-elc2008-oe.pdf
Matt Mackall Kernel Size Report, and Bloatwatch Update elc2008.odp
Guido Madaus Disko - An Application Framework for Digital Media Devices elc.tar
David Mandala UME - Ubuntu Mobile and Embedded UbuntuMobileEmbedded.pdf
Katsuya Matsubara, Hisao Munakata Using UIO on an Embedded Platform uio080417celfelc08.pdf
Nicholas McGuire Real-Time Virtualization Solutions for Linux - A Comparison of Strategies not available
Yuichi Nakamura Development of Embedded SE Linux ELC2008_nakamura.pdf
Jeff Osier-Mixon Effectively Managing Documentation for Embedded Linux Projects jeffrey-osier-mixon-elc.ppt
Kyungmin Park, Sunmi Yoo Filesystem Support on Multi Level Cell (MLC) Flash in Open Source ELC2008 Filesystem support on Multi Level Cell flash in open source
Thomas Petazzoni Linux Tiny - Penguin Weight Watchers linux-tiny.pdf
Matt Porter Leveraging Free and Open Source Software in a Product Development Environment elc-foss.pdf
Conrad Roeber Enhancements to USB Gadget Framework ELC2008-gadget-enhancements-web.pdf
Frank Rowand Adventures In Real-Time Performance Tuning mips_real_time.pdf
Gene Sally How GCC Works, An Embedded Engineer's Perspective GCC_Tips
Deepak Saxena Appropriate Community Practices: Social and Technical Advice not available
Christian Schaller GStreamer on Embedded - Latest Developments and Features celinux-mountainview-gstreamer-tim.ppt
Michael Shiloh OpenMoko not available
York Sun Adding Framebuffer support for Freescale SoCs Adding Framebuffer support to Freescale SoCs York Sun.ppt
Kentaro Takeda How to Analyze Your Linux's Behavior with TOMOYO Linux elc2008.pdf
JT Thomas Embedded Linux Development with Eclipse Embedded Linux Development with Eclipse.ppt
Justin Treon Making a Phone Call With Phase Change Memory Making_a_Phone_Call_With_PCM_at_ELC_2008.ppt
Richard Woodruff Linux System Power Management on OMAP3430 TI_OMAP3430_Linux_PM_reference.ppt | v0 |
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From eLinux.org
Revision as of 03:32, 7 March 2007 by RBot (Talk | contribs)
(diff) ← Older revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)
Jump to: navigation, search
• The Buttons are connected to port G, pins 0-4.
Func Line
Stop GPG0
Play GPG1
FF GPG2
REW GPG3
Func GPG4
Category JuiceBox | v0 |
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• This page was last modified on 13 January 2012, at 21:07.
• This page has been accessed 38 times. | v0 |
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An unofficial blog that watches Google's attempts to move your operating system online.
Send your tips to [email protected].
February 7, 2007
More People Can Sign up for a Gmail Account
Although Google posted in Gmail's help that "anyone in the world is now welcome to create a Gmail account at mail.google.com/mail/signup", Google's definition of the world was pretty limited.
Screenshot from Yahoo cache. Thank you, Tony!
Gmail is now a public beta in Europe, the Middle East and Africa, Brazil, Australia, Russia and Japan, according to BBC. If you live in one of those places, you can go to Gmail.com, and look for "Sign up for Gmail" or you can visit this page to create an account.
Note: I apologize for the partly inaccurate information, but Google is responsible for it. Maybe Gmail is not yet ready to go public.
| v0 |
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} | cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20 |
An unofficial blog that watches Google's attempts to move your operating system online.
Send your tips to [email protected].
August 18, 2011
Weather Layer in Google Maps
Google Maps added a layer for weather. Just mouse over the satellite box and select "weather" from the list of layers.
"When zoomed out, you'll see a map with current weather conditions from U.S. Naval Research Lab. And, if you look closely, you can also tell if it's day or night around the world by sun and moon icons. Enabling the weather layer also gives you an instant weather report for friends and family living around the world," informs Google. Weather reports are powered by weather.com and include information about the current conditions (humidity, wind speed, temperature) and a 4-day forecast.
The nice thing about Google Maps layers is that you can combine them. For example, you can enable both the terrain and the weather layers, like you can see in the screenshot above.
| v0 |
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From OpenWetWare
Revision as of 03:01, 12 March 2007 by Jason R. Kelly (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
Just getting started here, please help out
This area is to collect presentations people have given about OpenWetWare. If you are planning on presenting OWW to your lab or to another group, you may find some useful ideas here.
Future presentations
Past presentations
Sources of inspiration
Personal tools | v0 |
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} | cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20 | Talk:20.109(F12) Pre-Proposal: Engineering Viral Magnetic Nanoparticles for Magnetic Hyperthermic Cancer Therapy
From OpenWetWare
(Difference between revisions)
Jump to: navigation, search
(Current Work in Viral MNP Attachment)
(Types of Relevant Viruses)
Line 50: Line 50:
:*Safe for human consumption
:*Safe for human consumption
:*Mann group has active research on it
:*Mann group has active research on it
+
+
:*2130 molecules of coat protein
+
"*
2. M13 Bacteriophage
2. M13 Bacteriophage
Revision as of 03:43, 29 November 2012
This is a brainstorming page.
You are very welcome to write any crazy / non-crazy / inventive / conventional / knowledgeable ideas or information you may have about our project.
Some key words:
• Magnetic Nanoparticles (MNP)
• Viruses
• Magnetic Hyperthermia
• Bioengineering
Contents
What is Magnetic Hyperthermia?
Definition
How it works?
Current Research
• Clinical trials in prostate cancer
Current Limitations (This information will help us shape and define the problem.)
(1) To achieve the necessary rise in temperature with minimal dose of MNP.
In other words, this means:
• High specific loss power / specific absorption rate (SLP) of the MNP.
(2) Lack of knowledge about the metabolism, clearance, and toxicity of MNP.
Biomedical potentials of MNP
• Could be used as early detection for the following using MRI:
• Inflammation
• Cancer
• Diabetes
• Atherosclerosis
• Drug Delivery
• Cellular labeling and tissue targeting
• Purifying and separating cells and DNAs
• Hyperthermia
• Transfection by magnetic nanoparticles
• Tissue repair
• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Types of Relevant Viruses
1. Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV)
• 18nmx300nm, helical
• Can withstand high temperatures up to 50C for 30mins (conventional hyperthermia involves heating up to 50C from an external source
• Safe for human consumption
• Mann group has active research on it
• 2130 molecules of coat protein
"*
2. M13 Bacteriophage
• 6.6nmx880nm, helical (Length is too long - pose an issue in targeting cells)
• Lots of research done by the Belcher group, including attaching MNPs to M13 for imaging purposes
• We are familiar with the system
3. Cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (CCMV)
• 26nm, icosahedral
4. Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV)
• 27nm, icosahedral
5. Brome mosaic virus (BMV)
• 28nm, icosahedral
6. Turnip yellow mosaic virus (TYMV)
• 30nm, icosahedral
Current Work in Viral MNP Attachment
Attachment of MNPs to M13 phage for in vivo imaging of prostate cancer
What we propose to do
Potential Issues
• "The actual rotations of the nanoparticles are disordered because the microviscosity of the local environment in cancer cells is not constant, and effective elasticity depends on the binding conditions between nanoparticles and membranes."
but this is actually present because when treatment is done with individual MNPs, one side of the MNP is always bound to the targeted cell, so direction is never constant!
Future Directions
Useful Resources
Gupta AK, Naregalkar RR, Vaidya VD, and Gupta M. Recent advances on surface engineering of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles and their biomedical applications. Future Medicine. 2007. 2(1), 23-39.
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} | cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20 | khess1243's bookmarks
"Only I can change my life. No one can do it for me."
Burnett, Carol on change
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"Self-praise is for losers. Be a winner. Stand for something. Always have class, and be humble."
Madden, John on self-praise
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"There are three methods to gaining wisdom. The first is reflection, which is the highest. The second is limitation, which is the easiest. The third is experience, which is the bitterest."
Confucius on wisdom
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"Before you give up hope, turn back and read the attacks that were made on Lincoln."
Barton, Bruce on hope
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"To love means loving the unlovable. To forgive means pardoning the unpardonable. Faith means believing the unbelievable. Hope means hoping when everything seems hopeless."
Chesterton, Gilbert K. on hope
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"Hold your head high, stick your chest out. You can make it. It gets dark sometimes, but morning comes. Keep hope alive."
Jackson, Jesse on hope
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I'm female and made my book on 12th January 2010.
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Why not add this quote to your bookmarks?
We advance on our journey only when we face our goal, when we are confident and believe we are going to win out. Marden, Orison Swett
This quote is about expectation · Search on Google Books to find all references and sources for this quotation.
A bit about Marden, Orison Swett ...
Orison Swett Marden, founder of Success Magazine, is also considered to be the founder of the modern success movement in America. He certainly bridged the gap between the old, narrow notions of success and the new, more comprehensive models made popular by best-selling authors such as Napoleon Hill, Clement Stone, Dale Carnegie, Og Mandino, Earl Nightingale, Norman Vincent Peale, and today's authors Stephen R.Covey, Anthony Robbins, and Brian Tracy.
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I have, indeed, even omitted facts, which, on account of their singularity, must in the eyes of some have appeared to border on the marvelous. But in the forests of South America such extraordinary realities are to be found, that there is assuredly no need to have recourse to fiction or the least exaggeration. Stedman, Captain J. G.
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212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
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2024-06-03T21:29:47.544Z | 2013-05-18T06:20:19.000Z | thir34utl7ziuu76j6szojlazy6lciud | {
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} | cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20 | U.S. Civil War journal, Nov. 1861 – Feb. 1862 (high resolution)
U.S. Civil War journal, Nov. 1861 – Feb. 1862 (high resolution)
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Files Size Format View Description MS314_Vol3.pdf 81.98Mb application/pdf PDF high-res of Vol. 3
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Item Metadata
Title: U.S. Civil War journal, Nov. 1861 – Feb. 1862 (high resolution)
Author: Campbell, Albert Sherrad
Abstract: This manuscript is one of four notebooks, written in the hand of Albert Sherrad Campbell at St. Louis, Missouri, covering the early months of the U.S. Civil War. Included are descriptions of battles and other political and military events.
Description: Bound volume, 124 pages including covers, handwritten.
Citation: Campbell, Albert Sherrad. (1861). "U.S. Civil War journal, Nov. 1861 – Feb. 1862 (high resolution)."
Citable link to this page: http://hdl.handle.net/1911/36130
Date: 1861
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Monday, February 9, 2009
Theater Full of Kids Subjected to My Bloody Valentine
A whole bunch of parents who had expected to enjoy the wonders of Disney animation with their little tykes were instead made to witness nubile teens being impaled with a pick-axe. British website ThisIsHampshire.net reports that workers at Southampton's Odeon Cinema mistakenly loaded My Bloody Valentine 3-D into a projector that was meant for Bolt, the animated flick about a cute and cuddly dog who thinks he's a superhero.
Apparently, it took a whole ten minutes for what had to be some of the densest parents in the history of parenting to realize that the wrong movie was being shown and raise a fuss, many of their kids obviously shaken up by the R-rated mayhem onscreen.
The Odeon refunded customers their tickets, and gave them comp passes to a movie of their choice. Would love to know if any of them sent the kids home and used the passes to see My Bloody Valentine. | v0 |
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8752.1 - Building Activity, New South Wales, Jun 2001
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1254.0.55.001 - Australian and New Zealand Standard Product Classification (ANZSPC), 2001
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Contents >> Chapter 2: Summary classification >> Section 7: Financial and Related Services; Real Estate Services; and Rental and Leasing Services
71
Financial Intermediation, Insurance and Auxiliary Services
711
Financial intermediation services, except investment banking, insurance services and pension services
712
Investment banking services
713
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714
Reinsurance services
715
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716
Services auxiliary to insurance and pensions
72
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721
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722
Real estate services on a fee or contract basis
73
Leasing or Rental Services Without Operator
731
Leasing or rental services concerning machinery and equipment without operator
732
Leasing or rental services concerning other goods
733
Licensing the right to use intangible assets
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• About this Release
Monthly; ISSN:0312-925X; Quantity of wine sales classified by type (fortified, table, sparkling, etc.) and brandy. Sales of table wine are further classified by container type. Wine and brandy exports and imports cleared for home consumption. Includes seasonally adjusted and trend estimates.
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2011 Census Dictionary >> Glossary >> Private dwelling
Private dwelling
See Dwelling.
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Category: General Information > Forests > Deforestation
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The Good wood guide is here to help you make the best choice when buying or using wood. From furniture to floorboards we rely on wood for modern living. Natural and renewable - it should have advantages over less green alternatives such as steel or PVC.
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This is the list of Training Providers, who offer training courses of interest to practitioners and researchers in the field of Digital Forensics. Conferences which may include training are located on the Upcoming_events page.
PLEASE READ BEFORE YOU EDIT THE LIST BELOW
Some training providers offer on-going training courses that are available in an on-line "any time" format. Others have regularly scheduled training that is the same time each month. Others have recurring training but are scheduled at various times throughout the year. Providers training courses should be listed in alphabetical order, and should be listed in the appropriate section. Non-Commercial training is typically offered by governmental agencies or organizations that directly support law enforcement. Tool Vendor training is training offered directly by a specific tool vendor, which may apply broadly, but generally is oriented to the vendor's specific tool (or tool suite). Commercial Training is training offered by commercial companies which may or may not be oriented to a specific tool/tool suite, but is offered by a company other than a tool vendor.
Some training opportunities may be limited to Law Enforcement Only or to a specific audience. Such restrictions should be noted when known.
Contents
On-going / Continuous Training
Title Date/Location Website
DISTANCE LEARNING
Basic Computer Examiner Course - Computer Forensic Training Online Distance Learning Format http://www.cftco.com
Linux Data Forensics Training Distance Learning Format http://www.crazytrain.com/training.html
SANS On-Demand Training Distance Learning Format http://www.sans.org/ondemand/?portal=69456f95660ade45be29c00b0c14aea1
Champlain College - CCE Course Online / Distance Learning Format http://extra.champlain.edu/cps/wdc/alliances/cce/landing/
Las Positas College Online Computer Forensics Courses http://www.laspositascollege.edu
RECURRING TRAINING
MaresWare Suite Training First full week every month
Atlanta, GA
http://www.maresware.com/maresware/training/maresware.htm
Evidence Recovery for Windows Vista™ First full week every month
Brunswick, GA
http://www.internetcrimes.net
Evidence Recovery for Windows Server® 2003 R2 Second full week every month
Brunswick, GA
http://www.internetcrimes.net
Evidence Recovery for the Windows XP™ operating system Third full week every month
Brunswick, GA
http://www.internetcrimes.net
Computer Forensics Training and CCE™ Testing for Litigation Support Professionals Third weekend of every month(Fri-Mon)
Dallas, TX
http://www.md5group.com
NON-COMMERCIAL TRAINING
Title Website Limitation
Defense Cyber Investigations Training Academy (DCITA) http://www.dc3.mil/dcita/dcitaAbout.php Limited To Certain Roles within US Government Agencies(1)
Federal Law Enforcement Training Center http://www.fletc.gov/training/programs/computer-financial-intelligence/technical-operations Limited To Law Enforcement
MSU National Forensics Training Center http://www.security.cse.msstate.edu/ftc Limited To Law Enforcement
IACIS http://www.cops.org/training Limited To Law Enforcement and Affiliate Members of IACIS
SEARCH http://www.search.org/programs/hightech/calendar.asp Limited To Law Enforcement
National White Collar Crime Center http://www.nw3c.org/ocr/courses_desc.cfm Limited To Law Enforcement
TOOL VENDOR TRAINING
Title Website Limitation
AccessData (Forensic Tool Kit FTK) http://www.accessdata.com/courses.html
ASR Data (SMART) http://www.asrdata.com/training/
BlackBag Technologies (Macintosh Forensic Suite and MacQuisition Boot Disk) http://www.blackbagtech.com/products/training.htm
Cellebrite (UFED) http://www.forwarddiscovery.com
CPR Tools (Data Recovery) http://www.cprtools.net/training.php
e-fense, Inc. (Helix3 Pro) http://www.e-fense.com/training/index.php
Guidance Software (EnCase) http://www.guidancesoftware.com/training/course_schedule.aspx
Nuix (eDiscovery) http://www.nuix.com.au/eDiscovery.asp?active_page_id=147
Paraben (Paraben Suite) http://www.paraben-training.com/training.html
Software Analysis & Forensic Engineering (CodeSuite) http://www.safe-corp.biz/training.htm
Technology Pathways(ProDiscover) http://www.techpathways.com/DesktopDefault.aspx?tabindex=6&tabid=9
SubRosaSoft (MacForensicsLab) http://www.macforensicslab.com/ProductsAndServices/index.php?main_page=index&cPath=2
WetStone Technologies (Gargoyle, Stego Suite, LiveWire Investigator) https://www.wetstonetech.com/trainings.html
X-Ways Forensics (X-Ways Forensics) http://www.x-ways.net/training/
COMMERCIAL TRAINING
Title Website Limitation
Computer Forensic Training Center Online (CFTCO) http://www.cftco.com/
CCE Bootcamp http://www.cce-bootcamp.com/
Dera Forensics Group http://www.deraforensicgroup.com/courses.htm
e-fense Training http://www.e-fense.com/training/index.php
Forward Discovery, Inc. http://www.forwarddiscovery.com
Hoffmann Advanced Forensic Sessions http://en.hoffmannbv.nl/index.cfm/t/Hoffmann_Advanced_Forensic_Sessions/vid/990B3B29-FD6A-6F79-58B3C841381DB7AF
H-11 Digital Forensics http://www.h11-digital-forensics.com/training/viewclasses.php
High Tech Crime Institute http://www.gohtci.com
Infosec Institute http://www.infosecinstitute.com/courses/security_training_courses.html
ManTech Computer Security Training http://www.mantech.com/msma/isso.asp
Mobile Forensics, Inc http://mobileforensicsinc.com/
NTI (an Armor Forensics Company) http://www.forensics-intl.com/training.html
Security University http://www.securityuniversity.net/classes.php
Steganography Analysis and Research Center (SARC) http://www.sarc-wv.com/training.aspx
SysAdmin, Audit, Network, Security Institute (SANS) http://forensics.sans.org
VigilarCompany Re-organization - Intense School closed www.vigilar.com/training/ http://www.ashimmy.com/2009/12/message-from-barry-on-intense-school.html
Zeidman Consulting (MCLE) http://www.zeidmanconsulting.com/speaking.htm
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Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology
Volume 2011 (2011), Article ID 868217, 9 pages
doi:10.1155/2011/868217
Review Article
Emerging Role for Epithelial Polarity Proteins of the Crumbs Family as Potential Tumor Suppressors
Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology/Cancer Research Center, Laval University and CRCHUQ-Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, 9 McMahon, Québec, QC, Canada G1R 2J6
Received 30 May 2011; Accepted 9 July 2011
Academic Editor: Sanford I. Bernstein
Copyright © 2011 Patrick Laprise. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Defects in apical-basal polarity regulation are associated with tissue overgrowth and tumorogenesis, yet the molecular mechanisms linking epithelial polarity regulators to hyperplasia or neoplasia remain elusive. In addition, exploration of the expression and function of the full complement of proteins required for the polarized architecture of epithelial cells in the context of cancer is awaited. This paper provides an overview of recent studies performed on Drosophila and vertebrates showing that apical polarity proteins of the Crumbs family act to repress tissue growth and epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Thus, these proteins emerge as potential tumor suppressors. Interestingly, analysis of the molecular function of Crumbs proteins reveals a function for these polarity regulators in junctional complexes stability and control of signaling pathways regulating proliferation and apoptosis. Thereby, these studies provide a molecular basis explaining how regulation of epithelial polarity is coupled to tumorogenesis.
1. Epithelial Polarity
Epithelial tissues cover the surface and line internal cavities of the human body. Simple epithelia act as a diffusion barrier, generate vectorial transport, and sustain spatially oriented secretion to subdivide the body into morphologically and physiologically distinct compartments. The unidirectional nature of these functions requires the asymmetric distribution of many cellular constituents, a structural organization referred to as epithelial polarity. Epithelial polarization results from the regionalization of the plasma membrane into apical, lateral, and basal domains. The apical domain faces the external environment or a lumen, the lateral domain spans across the plane of the epithelium and contacts neighboring cells, and the basal domain is attached to the basement membrane (Figure 1). Apical junctional complexes are established at the interface between the apical and lateral domains to maintain the cohesion and impermeability of epithelia. Several proteins important for epithelial polarity have been identified in recent years, mainly in model organisms like C. elegans and Drosophila melanogaster [1]. The function of these proteins is conserved from worm to man, reflecting the significance of epithelial polarity. The importance of the polarized architecture of epithelial cells is further emphasized by the fact that numerous pathologies are associated with epithelial polarity defects, including most human cancers [2, 3].
Figure 1: Organization of epithelial tissues. Epithelial cells are polarized along an apical-basal axis. The apical domain faces a lumen or the environment, the lateral domain contacts neighboring cells, and the basal domain is anchored to the basement membrane. This polarized architecture sustains unidirectional functions, such as vectorial transport. The apical and lateral domains are segregated by the zonula adherens, which is a circumferential adherens junction maintaining intercellular adhesion within epithelial tissues. In chordates epithelia, paracellular diffusion is limited by tight junctions, which sit apical to the zonula adherens. In insect, this sealing function is assumed by septate junctions that are established basal to the zonula adherens.
2. Roles of Crumbs Proteins in Epithelial Polarity Regulation
Epithelial polarity is organized by a complex network of evolutionarily conserved proteins, including the apical transmembrane protein Crumbs (Crb) [1, 46]. Drosophila embryos lacking Crb display apical-basal polarity defects in several epithelia, which eventually collapse [5, 7]. Overexpression of Crb dominantly extends the apical domain at the expense of the lateral domain [8], showing that Crb is an important apical determinant. Mutual antagonism between Crb and basolateral polarity modules is crucial for segregation and size control of membrane domains in epithelial cells, thus impacting on tissue morphogenesis [913].
The human genome encodes three Crb orthologs named CRB1, CRB2, and CRB3 [4]. CRB1 expression is restricted to the brain, cornea, and retina [1416]. Mutations in human CRB1 or mouse Crb1 genes cause degenerative retinal pathologies [14, 1719]. Similarly, loss of Crb is associated with light-induced retinal degeneration in flies [20]. CRB2 is expressed in several tissues [21], but its function remains poorly understood. CRB3 is expressed in most epithelia and exist as two splice variants. CRB3A is apically localized at the level of tight junctions [4, 22] and promotes intercellular junction formation as well as epithelial polarity [2325]. CRB3B is associated with spindle poles in dividing cells or found in the apical cilium of polarized kidney epithelial cells to control cytokinesis and ciliogenesis, respectively [26].
Similar to Crb, CRB1 and CRB2 possess a large extracellular domain containing EFG and laminin repeats [5, 7, 14]. In contrast, CRB3 has a short extracellular domain showing no clear homology with the other Crb proteins [22]. However, Drosophila Crb and the entire set of human CRB proteins contain a highly conserved cytoplasmic tail [4, 5], which is characterized by the presence of a FERM (4.1, ezrin, radixin, moesin) domain-binding site that is important for Crb function and regulation [11, 27, 28]. In addition, the last four amino acids (ERLI) of the cytoplasmic tail of Crb, CRB1, CRB2, and CRB3A interact with the protein Stardust (Sdt; named PALS1 in mammals) linking Crb or human CRB proteins to Drosophila PATJ (dPatj) or Patj, respectively [2931]. Mutations in sdt phenocopy crb loss-of-function [29, 32, 33]. In addition, the ability of exogenous Crb to rescue the crb mutant phenotype depends on the ERLI motif [27]. PALS1 has been implicated in epithelial polarity as well as cell-cell junction formation [25, 34]. dPatj is important for Crb complex stabilization at the apical membrane, and Patj controls the delivery of CRB3 to the apical domain as well as tight junction formation [3537]. These studies suggest that Sdt/PALS1 and dPatj/Patj play crucial roles as downstream effectors and/or regulators of Crb/CRB3.
3. Polarity and Cancer
Loss of cell polarity is a typical hallmark of tumor progression in epithelial tissues. The polarized architecture of epithelial cells is compromised at early steps of epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), a process also associated with loss of cell-cell adhesion and acquisition of migratory and invasive properties [38]. Thus, EMT is a critical step in carcinoma progression and metastasis. These observations predict that regulators of apical-basal polarity are fundamental to preserve epithelial homeostasis and to limit tumorogenesis. This hypothesis was first supported by studies in Drosophila showing that loss of any members of the lateral-promoting Scribble (Scrib) polarity module promotes epithelial tissue overgrowth and disorganization, resulting in a tumor-like phenotype [39]. The tumor suppressor function of Scrib is conserved in mice [40]. These data have inspired a number of scientists who demonstrated that the expression of many epithelial polarity regulators is altered in several cancers and that proteins required for epithelial polarization are important targets of viral oncoproteins [2, 3, 41]. Finally, mutations in the gene encoding the polarity protein Lkb1 cause a genetic syndrome associated with a high incidence of cancer [42]. Together, these recent discoveries clearly established that further characterization of proteins coordinating epithelial polarity will contribute to our understanding of cancer biology. Deciphering the molecular mechanisms by which polarity proteins act as tumor suppressors is a major issue yet to be solved in this field of research.
3.1. CRB3 and Tumor Growth
The role of the polarity protein CRB3 in cancer was not thoroughly studied yet, but increasing evidence suggests that this protein could restrict tumor progression. Gene expression profiling revealed that repression of CRB3 expression correlates with increased tumorigenic potential in mouse kidney epithelial cells. Re-expression of CRB3 restored cell-cell junctions integrity and cell polarization, while limiting cell motility and metastasis [43]. This suggests that loss of CRB3 in tumor cells is not coincidental, but plays an active role in tumorogenesis. A mechanism leading to the loss of CRB3 expression was recently elucidated. Indeed, CRB3 expression is repressed by two factors promoting EMT, namely, the transcription regulators Snail and ZEB1 [4446]. Expression of these proteins alters cell-cell adhesion, while increasing migration, invasion, and metastasis [45, 47, 48]. Snail and ZEB1 directly bind to and repress CRB3 promoter [44, 46]. Importantly, expression of exogenous CRB3 in Snail-expressing cells partially restores the formation of cell-cell junctions and the epithelial phenotype, suggesting that CRB3 gene is a functional target of Snail and that its repression contributes to EMT [46]. Expression of Snail and ZEB1 is increased in many human tumors, and it correlates with dedifferentiation and invasion [4749]. This suggests that CRB3 expression is reduced in human cancers allowing for tumor progression, but a former demonstration of this hypothesis remains awaited. Collectively, these findings establish that it is of great interest to study CRB3 in tumor of epithelial origin, which accounts for the vast majority of human cancers.
3.2. Mechanisms by Which Crb Proteins Could Act as Tumor Suppressors
3.2.1. Crb and CRB3 Activates the Tumor Suppressor Salvador/Warts/Hippo Pathway
Although it is clear that alteration of epithelial polarity contributes to tissue overgrowth, mechanistic insights into how polarity regulators act in this context are missing. Recent studies on Drosophila and mammalian cells have shown that Crb and CRB3 regulate signaling pathways controlling proliferation and survival, including the Salvador/Warts/Hippo (SWH) pathway. In Drosophila, the adaptor protein Salvador (Sav) associates with the kinase Hippo (Hpo), which phosphorylates and activates the kinase Warts (Wts) [50]. Activated Wts, in association with mob as a tumor suppressor (Mats), phosphorylates the transcriptional coactivator Yorkie (Yki). Phospho-Yki is sequestered in the cytoplasm and unable to activate its proproliferative (cyclin E, E2F1, and bantam) and antiapoptotic (Drosophila inhibitor of apoptosis (diap1)) target genes [50, 51]. Thus, inhibition of the SWH pathway leads to Yki-dependent stimulation of cell proliferation and survival, leading to tissue hyperplasia (Figure 2) [51]. The cortical FERM-domain protein Expanded (Ex) also represses Yki-dependent transcription. Ex may act by binding directly to Yki to limit its nuclear translocation [52]. Proper localization at apical junctions and function of Ex depend on the protocadherin Fat, which potentially couples extracellular signals to Yki regulation [5355]. The SWH pathway is well conserved in mammals and contributes to cell growth regulation. Overexpression of the Yki ortholog YAP promotes EMT and uncontrolled proliferation [56]. A similar scenario prevails in vivo where YAP overexpression increases liver size and expands progenitor cell population in the intestinal epithelium [57, 58]. Based on these studies, it is not surprising that LATS1, MOB, and SAV (the homolog of Wts, Mats and Sav, resp.) were described as tumor suppressors [5962]. Thus, further defining the regulation of the SWH pathway will refine our understanding of tissue growth and organ size regulation, as well as human diseases associated with proliferation and apoptosis deregulation such as cancer. In particular, identification of upstream regulators of the SWH and determination of their mechanism of action represent an important challenge.
Figure 2: Functional relationship linking Crb proteins to the SWH pathway. (a) In Drosophila, nuclear Yki promotes cell proliferation and survival by modulating gene expression. Activation of the SWH pathway leads to the phosphorylation and cytoplasmic retention of Yki. Binding to the FERM domain protein Ex also prevents the nuclear translocation of Yki. Crb restricts Yki-dependent tissue hyperplasia by contributing to Ex localization and function. Overexpression of Crb leads to degradation of Ex, suggesting that Crb plays a crucial role in the fine-tuning of the SWH activity by activating Ex, while limiting its level. The table lists the components of the SWH pathway in Drosophila and mammals. (b) In mammalian cells, high cell density activates the SWH pathway, which contributes to contact-mediated inhibition of growth. Phosphorylation of YAP also results in cytoplasmic sequestration of SMAD proteins, thus limiting TGF-β responsiveness. CRB3 is important to couple cell density information to the SWH, perhaps through a homophilic interaction, leading to the suppression of TGF-β signaling and epithelial to mesenchymal transition.
Loss of crb leads to tissue hyperplasia in Drosophila larval epithelial discs [6365]. Reduction of Crb amount increases organ overgrowth resulting from Yki overexpression, and a crb null allele enhances tissue enlargement in a hypomorphic ex background [64, 66]. Moreover, lack of Crb increases the expression of Yki target genes [64]. This suggests that Crb is a positive regulator of Ex and SWH pathway and contributes to limiting Yki activity. In the absence of Crb, Ex protein accumulates, but is delocalized basally to its normal location [63, 64, 66]. This suggests that Crb-dependent Ex localization is crucial for its function. The recruitment of Ex by Crb likely depends on a direct binding of these proteins [63]. Whether there is collaboration between Fat and Crb to localize Ex remains to be determined [53, 54]. Intriguingly, overexpression of Crb or expression of the membrane-bound cytoplasmic tail of Crb (Crbintra) decreases Ex levels and increases cell growth through Yki activation [63, 64, 6668]. Thus, lack of Crb or excessive amount of this protein results in a similar Yki-dependent phenotype. This could suggests that Crb overabundance has a dominant negative effect, perhaps by disrupting stoichiometry of a Crb-containing complex. However, the opposite effect of Crbintra expression or loss of Crb on Ex levels argues against this hypothesis and rather suggest that Crb has a complex function within the SWH pathway. One plausible hypothesis is that Crb plays an important role in fine-tuning of the SWH pathway activity by favoring Ex function through an effect on its localization, while limiting its level (Figure 2). Collectively, these data show that Crb is a regulator of the SWH pathway, conferring to Crb the ability to control proliferation and epithelial tissue size.
In mammals, high cell density leads to a cytoplasmic retention of YAP through the activation of the SWH pathway, which thereby contributes to contact-mediated inhibition of growth [68, 69]. This implies that a receptor sensing cell density relays information to the SWH pathway to limit proliferation. Similar to YAP, members of the SMAD family, which regulate transcription downstream of TGF-β signaling [70], are enriched in the nucleus of cells cultivated at low density, whereas they are trapped in the cytoplasm of epithelial cells grown at high density [71]. Interestingly, phosphorylated YAP binds to SMAD2/3, suggesting that phospho-YAP could contribute to the cytoplasmic retention of these proteins. Accordingly, knockdown of LATS kinases results in a nuclear accumulation of both YAP and SMAD2/3 along with an increase in expression of TGF-β target genes [71]. This shows that the SWH pathway regulates TGF-β/SMADs signaling through a YAP-dependent regulation of SMAD localization. Strikingly, YAP binds to CRB3 complex components, and knockdown of CRB3 decreases YAP phosphorylation. Reduction of CRB3 correlates with YAP and SMAD2/3 nuclear accumulation and potentiates TGF-β-induced EMT [71]. This mechanism may explain how the loss of CRB3 leads to EMT in other cell types [46]. Thus, like Drosophila Crb, CRB3 participates in the regulation of the SWH pathway. In particular, CRB3 couples cell density to activation of this pathway. It will be interesting to investigate whether this functional relationship has a tumor suppressor function in humans. One initial step would be to correlate CRB3 expression and localization with Yki target genes’ expression in cancer tissues.
3.2.2. Control of Notch Signaling by Crb
Notch proteins are evolutionarily conserved transmembrane receptors, which are activated by transmembrane ligands expressed at the surface of adjacent cells [72]. Notch-mediated short-range intercellular communication fulfills crucial roles in embryonic development and tissue renewal. Notch activation influences cell fate specification, proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation. It is therefore not surprising that deregulation of Notch signaling has profound effects on tissue homeostasis and results in human pathologies, including many human cancers [73]. Following ligand binding, Notch intracellular domain (NICD) is released by proteolysis. Full proteolytic processing of NICD requires the multimeric γ-secretase complex. Processed NICD reaches the nucleus where it partakes in a transcription complex allowing for expression of Notch pathway target genes [72].
In Drosophila wing epithelial discs, Notch promotes the expression of Crb, which represses Notch activity [74]. Thus, Notch signaling refines itself by inducing the expression of its repressor. The function of Crb in limiting Notch signaling is not restricted to the wing disc epithelium. Loss of Crb in the developing eye imaginal disc results in Notch-dependent overproliferation and tissue hyperplasia [65]. Several mechanisms may explain the effect of Crb on Notch signaling. First, Crb inhibits endocytosis of Notch [65], which is required for activation of Notch signaling [75, 76]. Secondly, Crb limits γ-secretase complex activity, thus interfering with Notch processing [74]. Similarly, human CRB2 inhibits γ-secretase action in cell lines and cell-free assays [77]. CRB1 and CRB3 also show a similar inhibitory effect. CRB2 associates with components of the γ-secretase complex. This interaction depends on CRB2 transmembrane domain, which is essential for γ-secretase complex inhibition [77]. This suggests that CRB2 counteracts γ-secretase-mediated proteolysis through a direct interaction. Crb family proteins are also functionally linked to Notch signaling in zebra fish. In this vertebrate organism, the extracellular domain of Crb binds to Notch and inhibits its activity in cis [78]. This mechanism involving a direct interaction of Crb with Notch might be conserved, as Crb-dependent Notch inhibition in flies requires the extracellular domain of Crb [65]. Finally, the Crb-dependent regulation of Notch may depend on the ability of Crb to activate the SWH pathway. Indeed, YAP1 stimulates proliferation through activation of Notch signaling [58]. In addition, the membrane localization of Notch is increased in hpo mutant clones [79]. However, the SWH pathway, and Notch can activate each other in Drosophila ovaries [80, 81]. Thus, more work is required at this point to clarify the complex functional relationship linking Crb, the SWH pathway and Notch signaling. Overall, these studies establish that Crb proteins share an evolutionarily conserved function in limiting Notch signaling. Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain how Crb family members limit Notch-modulated cell behavior (Figure 3), but further studies are required to clarify whether lack of CRB proteins favor tumor growth through activation of Notch signaling.
Figure 3: Crb proteins control Notch-dependent tissue growth. Crb proteins repress Notch (N) signaling in Drosophila, zebra fish, and mammalian cells. Different mechanisms account for the Crb-dependent inhibition of Notch signaling. Drosophila Crb and CRB2 inhibit γ-secretase activity. In addition, Crb limits Notch endocytosis, which is important for Notch signaling. Finally, the extracellular domain of Crb proteins binds to Notch and counteracts its activity.
3.2.3. Regulation of Apical Junctional Complexes by Crb Proteins
The barrier function of epithelia relies on different types of junctional complexes, which maintain cohesion between epithelial cells and seal the intercellular space. The zonula adherens (ZA), a belt-like adherens junction, makes prominent contribution to adhesive forces holding epithelial cells together [82]. The ZA also plays crucial roles in tissue morphogenesis and homeostasis. The homophilic adhesion receptor E-cadherin is a core component of the ZA. E-cadherin indirectly links the cortical microfilaments of neighboring cells through cytoplasmic adaptor proteins, including β-catenin [82]. Drosophila Crb is required for proper assembly of the ZA in epithelial and photoreceptor cells [83, 84]. Moreover, Crb contributes to precisely localizing the ZA through apical displacement of the scaffold protein Bazooka (Baz; Par3 in c. elegans and vertebrates), which acts as a landmark to establish the ZA at the apical-lateral border [8588]. The capacity of Crb to promote ZA integrity may confer to this protein the ability to maintain epithelial tissue homeostasis. Indeed, E-cadherin has an important tumor suppressor function, by limiting proliferation, invasion, and metastasis [89]. Many human tumor types show a loss of E-cadherin expression. Loss of E-cadherin expression in cancer may be explained by loss of heterozygosity, epigenetic modification of the E-cadherin locus, and transcriptional silencing by EMT-promoting factors. Many mechanisms other than genetic alterations or epigenetic modifications can interfere with E-cadherin function. For instance, regulation of E-cadherin level at the plasma membrane by endocytosis is important for ZA integrity [89]. Interestingly, appropriate level of Crb resulting from the equilibrium between its delivery, endocytosis, and recycling could play an important role in stabilizing E-cadherin at the membrane, [90, 91]. However, a formal demonstration of this hypothesis is awaited. In addition, expression of E-cadherin is strongly repressed during EMT [38], which could be repressed by CRB3. Thus, it would be pertinent to investigate whether there is a correlation between CRB proteins and E-cadherin expression in human cancers and to better define CRB proteins function in the regulation of ZA integrity, especially in vertebrates.
While the cohesion of epithelial cells largely depends on the ZA, the selective permeability of epithelia relies on tight junctions (TJs) in vertebrates and septate junctions in invertebrates [92, 93]. TJs sit just apical to the ZA and restrict paracellular diffusion. Several transmembrane proteins are associated with TJ, including members of the claudin family, which are core components of TJ required for their assembly, and CRB3 [94, 95]. In the absence of CRB3, TJ integrity is compromised [95]. Structure-function analysis revealed that the C-terminal ERLI motif is required for the positive impact of CRB3 on TJ organization [43, 95]. Consistent with this observation, PALS1 and Patj, which are recruited into the CRB3 complex through the ERLI domain, are also required to establish functional TJ [34, 35]. Dysfunctions of TJ were linked to cancer over recent years [94]. Overexpression of ZO-1, a protein associated with the cytoplasmic face of TJ, blocks proliferation in cultured epithelial cells [96]. Thus, it is not surprising that ZO-1 level is decreased in several human tumors [97, 98]. The mechanism used by ZO-1 or other TJ proteins to maintain a normal epithelial phenotype remains elusive. However, increasing evidence suggests that TJ proteins have an impact on proliferation through regulation of gene expression. For instance, ZO-1 binds to and sequesters the dual-location protein ZONAB at TJ [96, 99]. Loss of ZO-1 or disruption of TJ releases this protein, which can then translocate to the nucleus where it acts as a transcription factor. ZONAB upregulates the expression of cell cycle regulators, DNA replication factors, and oncogenes [96, 99, 100]. Moreover, ZONAB binds to CDK4 to favor its nuclear accumulation, thus facilitating the G1/S transition [96]. ZO-2, a TJ-associated protein related to ZO-1, can also regulate gene expression. ZO-2 can shuttle in the nucleus to repress cyclin D1 expression [101]. Thus, it is possible that CRB3 limits proliferation by maintaining TJ integrity and sustaining TJ-dependent gene expression regulation. However, it will be important to investigate whether CRB3 has a direct impact on the regulation of TJ-associated transcription factor regulating proliferation such as ZONAB.
4. Conclusions and Perspectives
Recent studies have established that Crb/CRB proteins regulate epithelial tissue growth by acting as transmembrane proteins controlling intracellular signaling important for proliferation and apoptosis. Crb/CRB proteins are linked to many pathways through different domains, showing a complex function for these proteins in relaying growth-control signals. Indeed, Crb/CRBs inhibit Notch signaling through a direct interaction with the extracellular domain of Notch receptor in cis, counteract γ-secretase activity using the transmembrane domain, control Ex localization activity using the FERM domain-binding site within the cytoplasmic tail, while promoting TJ integrity through the C-terminal ERLI amino acids. These studies therefore provide mechanistic insights linking a cell polarity regulator to restriction of tissue hyperplasia. One outstanding question is whether CRB3 acts as a receptor transmitting extracellular cues inside the cell to maintain epithelial homeostasis. Although the extracellular domain of CRB3 is short, it may be involved in protein-protein interaction or may bind to lectin proteins, as it is glycosylated [22]. Identification of binding partners for the extracellular domain of CRB3 would help in addressing this question. Further investigation is required at this point to formerly establish that CRB3 is a tumor suppressor in humans, but deciphering the molecular mechanisms acting downstream of CRB3 seems a promising avenue to better understand cancer biology and to identify potential therapeutic targets.
Acknowledgment
The Canadian Cancer Society Research Institute funds research on epithelial polarity in P. L. laboratory.
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} | cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20 | Daily Search Forum Recap: August 11, 2009
Aug 11, 2009 • 11:07 pm | (0) by | Filed Under Search Forum Recap
Here is a recap of what happened in the search forums today, through the eyes of the Search Engine Roundtable and other search forums on the web.
Search Engine Roundtable Stories:
• Google Releases First Public Search Update Preview: "Caffeine" Update
Normally, when we discuss Google updates, they are done without confirmation from Google. The search results on Google.com shift around, webmasters take notice and the update is named. Sometimes, Google confirms the major update and sometimes not. But never do we have Google create a sandbox (preview) area for us to test the update prior to it reaching the main Google.com results. At least, not until today. Google has announced the "Caffeine" update and gave
• Google News Still Showing Old News?
Last year, Google News made their own top news after displaying an United Airlines article, which was very outdated, causing the airlines stock price to drop. The issue was that Google picked up a date on the article that seemed recent and thus thought the story was a new story. Well, this happens every now and then with Google and reportedly has been happening more often. I have noticed a few recent threads with complaints
• Google PageRank Distribution Data Not Available For Many in Webmaster Tools
Many webmasters and SEOs are reporting seeing an issue with the PageRank distribution report in Google Webmaster Tools. If you login and click on crawl stats, and then scroll to the bottom, you may or may not see data. I personally do not see any data for this site. In fact, for me it reads: No data available. Please check back soon. JohnMu from Google confirmed the issue in a Google Webmaster Help thread saying:
• Google Help Forums Get A Redesign
Less than a year after launching the new help forums, Google has redesigned them. The main differences are: Forum landing page, displaying categories by default and not topicsCleaning up the thread listing pagesRemoved the "announcements" sectionOther misc changes Here is a screen shot of the new look: I also have a screen shot of the old thread view page, which shows the major difference between the two: If you need to see a full size
SES SJ Day 1 Coverage:
Other Great Search Forum Threads:
Previous story: Launching a Global Website
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If you are told you cannot vote
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This page is part of the Election Protection Wiki,
a non-partisan, non-profit collaboration of citizens, activists and researchers to collect reports of voter suppression and the systemic threats to election integrity.
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Home | EPWiki Google Group | Other states | EP issues | EP news | Get active at VSW | Related: Wiki the Vote
Contents
Introduction
This article discusses the rights and options of individuals who show up at the polling place on Election Day to vote but are told they are not on the voter rolls, are challenged, or face other obstacles to voting.
If you are told you cannot vote
There are multiple reports from several states that large numbers of voters are being removed from the voter rolls due to superfluous inconsistencies between identification forms (for instance, driver's license records) and the voter database, or other reasons. These inconsistencies, introduced either by the voter or by the process, may take the form of:
• misspellings
• inconsistent use of an initial
• inconsistent use of a nickname as opposed to a formal name
• name changes (for instance, as a result of marriage or divorce)
The result can be that you arrive at the polling place only to be told that you are not registered.
Steps to take
• Bring multiple forms of identification.
• Call a voter hotline.
• Be persistent in asking to vote by regular ballot.
• If not allowed to vote by regular ballot, demand to vote by provisional ballot.
Provisional ballots
According to the Help America Vote Act any citizen who comes to a polling place is entitled to receive a provisional ballot. After the election the appropriate election officials can determine if the voter is eligible. The voter is also entitled to take steps to ensure that the vote is counted.
Main article: Provisional voting
Provisional ballots if cast in the wrong precinct
Different states have different procedures for counting or not counting provisional ballots that are cast in the wrong precinct. Some states will not count these ballots, so it is important to go to the correct polling place on election day. You can use GoVote.org to locate your polling place and other voting information.
Voter hotlines
Election Protection
The Election Protection Voter Hotline 1-866-OUR-VOTE (1-866-687-8683).
The Election Protection Hotline description[1]:
"Through our state of the art hotlines: 1-866-OUR-VOTE (administered by the Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Under Law) and 1-888-Ve-Y-Vota (administered by the National Association of Latino Elected and Appointed Officials Education Fund), this website, and comprehensive voter protection field programs across the country, we provide Americans from coast to coast with comprehensive voter information and advice on how they can make sure their vote is counted.
Made up of more than 100 local, state and national partners, this year's coalition will be the largest voter protection and education effort in the nation's history.
Throughout the election process, our volunteers - more than 10,000 strong - will be entering data and information into OurVote live (developed by the Electronic Frontier Foundation), an interactive environment painting the most comprehensive picture of election irregularities from the perspective of the voter available anywhere. Unique in the excitement of this political season, Election Protection focuses on the voter - not on the political horse race - and provides guidance, information and help to any American, regardless of who that voter is casting a ballot for."
Articles and resources
See also
References
1. Description from Election Protection website About Us page. Retrieved October 19, 20908.
External resources
External articles
"For those voting on Election Day, know where your polling place is located, what ID to bring (especially new voters) and expect lines. Call an election protection hotline if there is trouble. But be confident that you will vote if you have followed your state's registration laws."
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Watchers
NameMoorfields
TypeDistrict
Located inLondon, London, England
the text in this section is copied from an article in Wikipedia
In London, the Moorfields were one of the last pieces of open land in the City of London, near the Moorgate. The fields were divided into three areas, the Moorfields proper, just north of Bethlem Hospital, and inside the City boundaries, and Middle and Upper Moorfields to the north.
After the Great Fire of London in 1666, refugees from the fire evacuated to Moorfields and set up temporary camps there. King Charles II of England encouraged the dispossessed to move on and leave London, but it is unknown how many newly impoverished and displaced persons instead settled in the Moorfields area. In the early 18th century, Moorfields was the site of sporadic open-air markets, shows, and vendors/auctions. Additionally, the homes near and within Moorfields were places of the poor, and the area had a reputation for harbouring highwaymen, as well as brothels and public cruising areas for gay men. James Dalton and Jack Sheppard both retreated to Moorfields when in hiding from the law. Much of Moorfields was developed in 1777, when Finsbury Square was developed; the remainder succumbed within the next few decades.
In 1780 it was the site of some of the most violent rioting during the Gordon Riots.
The district was once the site of The Foundry, a centre of Wesleyan Methodism.
Today the name survives in the names of Moorfields Eye Hospital (since moved to another site); St Mary Moorfields; Moorfields the short street (on which stands the headquarters of the British Red Cross) parallel with Moorgate (and containing some entrances to Moorgate station); and Moorfields Highwalk, one of the pedestrian "streets" at high level in the Barbican Estate.
Research Tips
This page uses content from the English Wikipedia. The original content was at Moorfields. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with WeRelate, the content of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License. | v0 |
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Template:Synapse map Neurotransmitters are endogenous chemicals which transmit signals from a neuron to a target cell across a synapse.[1] Neurotransmitters are packaged into synaptic vesicles clustered beneath the membrane on the presynaptic side of a synapse, and are released into the synaptic cleft, where they bind to receptors in the membrane on the postsynaptic side of the synapse. Release of neurotransmitters usually follows arrival of an action potential at the synapse, but may also follow graded electrical potentials. Low level "baseline" release also occurs without electrical stimulation. Neurotransmitters are synthesized from plentiful and simple precursors, such as amino acids, which are readily available from the diet and which require only a small number of biosynthetic steps to convert.[2]
Contents
Discovery
Until the early 20th century, scientists assumed that synaptic communication was electrical. However, through the careful histological examinations of Ramón y Cajal (1852–1934), a 20 to 40 nm gap between neurons, known today as the synaptic cleft, was discovered. This discovery cast doubt on the existence of electrical transmission. In 1921, German pharmacologist Otto Loewi (1873–1961) confirmed that neurons communicate by releasing chemicals. Through a series of experiments involving the vagus nerves of frogs, Loewi was able to manually control the heart rate of frogs by controlling the amount of saline solution present around the vagus nerve. Upon completion of this experiment, Loewi asserted that neurons do not communicate with electric signals but rather through the change in chemical concentrations. Furthermore, Otto Loewi is accredited with discovering acetylcholine—the first known neurotransmitter.[3]
Identifying neurotransmitters
The chemical identity of neurotransmitters is often difficult to determine experimentally. For example, it is easy using an electron microscope to recognize vesicles on the presynaptic side of a synapse, but it may not be easy to determine directly what chemical is packed into them. The difficulties led to many historical controversies over whether a given chemical was or was not clearly established as a transmitter. In an effort to give some structure to the arguments, neurochemists worked out a set of experimentally tractable rules. According to the prevailing beliefs of the 1960s, a chemical can be classified as a neurotransmitter if it meets the following conditions:
• There are precursors and/or synthesis enzymes located in the presynaptic side of the synapse.
• The chemical is present in the presynaptic element.
• It is available in sufficient quantity in the presynaptic neuron to affect the postsynaptic neuron;
• There are postsynaptic receptors and the chemical is able to bind to them.
• A biochemical mechanism for inactivation is present.
Modern advances in pharmacology, genetics, and chemical neuroanatomy have greatly reduced the importance of these rules. A series of experiments that may have taken several years in the 1960s can now be done, with much better precision, in a few months. Thus, it is unusual nowadays for the identification of a chemical as a neurotransmitter to remain controversial for very long.
Types of neurotransmitters
Template:Unreferenced section
There are many different ways to classify neurotransmitters. Dividing them into amino acids, peptides, and monoamines is sufficient for some classification purposes.
Major neurotransmitters:
In addition, over 50 neuroactive peptides have been found, and new ones are discovered regularly. Many of these are "co-released" along with a small-molecule transmitter, but in some cases a peptide is the primary transmitter at a synapse.
Single ions, such as synaptically released zinc, are also considered neurotransmitters by some, as are some gaseous molecules such as nitric oxide (NO) and carbon monoxide (CO). These are not classical neurotransmitters by the strictest definition, however, because although they have all been shown experimentally to be released by presynaptic terminals in an activity-dependent way, they are not packaged into vesicles.
By far the most prevalent transmitter is glutamate, which is excitatory at well over 90% of the synapses in the human brain.[2] The next most prevalent is GABA, which is inhibitory at more than 90% of the synapses that do not use glutamate. Even though other transmitters are used in far fewer synapses, they may be very important functionally—the great majority of psychoactive drugs exert their effects by altering the actions of some neurotransmitter systems, often acting through transmitters other than glutamate or GABA. Addictive drugs such as cocaine and amphetamine exert their effects primarily on the dopamine system. The addictive opiate drugs exert their effects primarily as functional analogs of opioid peptides, which, in turn, regulate dopamine levels.
Excitatory and inhibitory
Some neurotransmitters are commonly described as "excitatory" or "inhibitory". The only direct effect of a neurotransmitter is to activate one or more types of receptors. The effect on the postsynaptic cell depends, therefore, entirely on the properties of those receptors. It happens that for some neurotransmitters (for example, glutamate), the most important receptors all have excitatory effects: that is, they increase the probability that the target cell will fire an action potential. For other neurotransmitters (such as GABA), the most important receptors all have inhibitory effects. There are, however, other neurotransmitters, such as acetylcholine, for which both excitatory and inhibitory receptors exist; and there are some types of receptors that activate complex metabolic pathways in the postsynaptic cell to produce effects that cannot appropriately be called either excitatory or inhibitory. Thus, it is an oversimplification to call a neurotransmitter excitatory or inhibitory—nevertheless it is so convenient to call glutamate excitatory and GABA inhibitory that this usage is seen very frequently.
Actions
As explained above, the only direct action of a neurotransmitter is to activate a receptor. Therefore, the effects of a neurotransmitter system depend on the connections of the neurons that use the transmitter, and the chemical properties of the receptors that the transmitter binds to.
Here are a few examples of important neurotransmitter actions:
• Glutamate is used at the great majority of fast excitatory synapses in the brain and spinal cord. It is also used at most synapses that are "modifiable", i.e. capable of increasing or decreasing in strength. Modifiable synapses are thought to be the main memory-storage elements in the brain.
• GABA is used at the great majority of fast inhibitory synapses in virtually every part of the brain. Many sedative/tranquilizing drugs act by enhancing the effects of GABA. Correspondingly glycine is the inhibitory transmitter in the spinal cord.
• Acetylcholine is distinguished as the transmitter at the neuromuscular junction connecting motor nerves to muscles. The paralytic arrow-poison curare acts by blocking transmission at these synapses. Acetylcholine also operates in many regions of the brain, but using different types of receptors.
• Dopamine has a number of important functions in the brain. It plays a critical role in the reward system, but dysfunction of the dopamine system is also implicated in Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia.
• Serotonin is a monoamine neurotransmitter. Most is produced by and found in the intestine (approximately 90%), and the remainder in central nervous system neurons. It functions to regulate appetite, sleep, memory and learning, temperature, mood, behaviour, muscle contraction, and function of the cardiovascular system and endocrine system. It is speculated to have a role in depression, as some depressed patients are seen to have lower concentrations of metabolites of serotonin in their cerebrospinal fluid and brain tissue.[4]
• Substance P is an undecapeptide responsible for transmission of pain from certain sensory neurons to the central nervous system.
Main article: Neuromodulation
Neurons expressing certain types of neurotransmitters sometimes form distinct systems, where activation of the system affects large volumes of the brain, called volume transmission. Major neurotransmitter systems include the noradrenaline (norepinephrine) system, the dopamine system, the serotonin system and the cholinergic system.
Drugs targeting the neurotransmitter of such systems affect the whole system; this fact explains the complexity of action of some drugs. Cocaine, for example, blocks the reuptake of dopamine back into the presynaptic neuron, leaving the neurotransmitter molecules in the synaptic gap longer. Since the dopamine remains in the synapse longer, the neurotransmitter continues to bind to the receptors on the postsynaptic neuron, eliciting a pleasurable emotional response. Physical addiction to cocaine may result from prolonged exposure to excess dopamine in the synapses, causing the body to down-regulate some postsynaptic receptors. After the effects of the drug wear off, one might feel depressed because of the decreased probability of the neurotransmitter binding to a receptor. Prozac is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), which blocks re-uptake of serotonin by the presynaptic cell. This increases the amount of serotonin present at the synapse and allows it to remain there longer, hence potentiating the effect of naturally released serotonin.[5] AMPT prevents the conversion of tyrosine to L-DOPA, the precursor to dopamine; reserpine prevents dopamine storage within vesicles; and deprenyl inhibits monoamine oxidase (MAO)-B and thus increases dopamine levels.
Diseases may affect specific neurotransmitter systems. For example, Parkinson's disease is at least in part related to failure of dopaminergic cells in deep-brain nuclei, for example the substantia nigra. Treatments potentiating the effect of dopamine precursors have been proposed and effected, with moderate success.
A brief comparison of the major neurotransmitter systems follows:
Neurotransmitter systems
System Origin [6] Effects[6]
Noradrenaline system locus coeruleus
• arousal
• reward
Lateral tegmental field
Dopamine system dopamine pathways: motor system, reward, cognition, endocrine, nausea
Serotonin system caudal dorsal raphe nucleus Increase (introversion), mood, satiety, body temperature and sleep, while decreasing nociception.
rostral dorsal raphe nucleus
Cholinergic system pontomesencephalotegmental complex
basal optic nucleus of Meynert
medial septal nucleus
Common neurotransmitters
Category Name Abbreviation Metabotropic Ionotropic
Small: Amino acids Aspartate - -
Neuropeptides N-Acetylaspartylglutamate NAAG Metabotropic glutamate receptors; selective agonist of mGluR3 -
Small: Amino acids Glutamate (glutamic acid) Glu Metabotropic glutamate receptor NMDA receptor, Kainate receptor, AMPA receptor
Small: Amino acids Gamma-aminobutyric acid GABA GABAB receptor GABAA, GABAA-ρ receptor
Small: Amino acids Glycine Gly - Glycine receptor
Small: Acetylcholine Acetylcholine Ach Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
Small: Monoamine (Phe/Tyr) Dopamine DA Dopamine receptor -
Small: Monoamine (Phe/Tyr) Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) NE Adrenergic receptor -
Small: Monoamine (Phe/Tyr) Epinephrine (adrenaline) Epi Adrenergic receptor -
Small: Monoamine (Phe/Tyr) Octopamine - -
Small: Monoamine (Phe/Tyr) Tyramine -
Small: Monoamine (Trp) Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) 5-HT Serotonin receptor, all but 5-HT3 5-HT3
Small: Monoamine (Trp) Melatonin Mel Melatonin receptor -
Small: Monoamine (His) Histamine H Histamine receptor -
PP: Gastrins Gastrin - -
PP: Gastrins Cholecystokinin CCK Cholecystokinin receptor -
PP: Neurohypophyseals Vasopressin AVP Vasopressin receptor -
PP: Neurohypophyseals Oxytocin OT Oxytocin receptor -
PP: Neurohypophyseals Neurophysin I - -
PP: Neurohypophyseals Neurophysin II - -
PP: Neuropeptide Y Neuropeptide Y NY Neuropeptide Y receptor -
PP: Neuropeptide Y Pancreatic polypeptide PP - -
PP: Neuropeptide Y Peptide YY PYY - -
PP: Opioids Corticotropin (adrenocorticotropic hormone) ACTH Corticotropin receptor -
PP: Opioids Dynorphin - -
PP: Opioids Endorphin - -
PP: Opioids Enkephaline - -
PP: Secretins Secretin Secretin receptor -
PP: Secretins Motilin Motilin receptor -
PP: Secretins Glucagon Glucagon receptor -
PP: Secretins Vasoactive intestinal peptide VIP Vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor -
PP: Secretins Growth hormone-releasing factor GRF - -
PP: Somtostatins Somatostatin Somatostatin receptor -
SS: Tachykinins Neurokinin A - -
SS: Tachykinins Neurokinin B - -
SS: Tachykinins Substance P - -
PP: Other Bombesin - -
PP: Other Gastrin releasing peptide GRP - -
Gas Nitric oxide NO Soluble guanylyl cyclase -
Gas Carbon monoxide CO - Heme bound to potassium channels
Other Anandamide AEA Cannabinoid receptor -
Other Adenosine triphosphate ATP P2Y12 P2X receptor
Precursors of neurotransmitters
While intake of neurotransmitter precursors does increase neurotransmitter synthesis, evidence is mixed as to whether neurotransmitter release (firing) is increased. Even with increased neurotransmitter release, it is unclear whether this will result in a long-term increase in neurotransmitter signal strength, since the nervous system can adapt to changes such as increased neurotransmitter synthesis and may therefore maintain constant firing.[7] Some neurotransmitters may have a role in depression, and there is some evidence to suggest that intake of precursors of these neurotransmitters may be useful in the treatment of mild and moderate depression.[7][8]
Norepinephrine precursors
For depressed patients where low activity of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine is implicated, there is only little evidence for benefit of neurotransmitter precursor administration. L-phenylalanine and L-tyrosine are both precursors for dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine. These conversions require vitamin B6, vitamin C, and S-adenosylmethionine. A few studies suggest potential antidepressant effects of L-phenylalanine and L-tyrosine, but there is much room for further research in this area.[7]
Serotonin precursors
Administration of L-tryptophan, a precursor for serotonin, is seen to double the production of serotonin in the brain. It is significantly more effective than a placebo in the treatment of mild and moderate depression.[7] This conversion requires vitamin C.[4]
5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), also a precursor for serotonin, is also more effective than a placebo and nearly as effective or of equal effectiveness to some antidepressants. Interestingly, it takes less than 2 weeks for an antidepressant response to occur, while antidepressant drugs generally take 2–4 weeks. 5-HTP also has no significant side effects.[7]
Administration of 5-HTP bypasses the rate-limiting step in the synthesis of serotonin from tryptophan. Also, 5-HTP readily passes through the blood-brain barrier, and enters the central nervous system without need of a transport molecule.[7] Note, however, that there is some evidence to suggest that a postsynaptic defect in serotonin utilization may be an important factor in depression, not only insufficient serotonin.[9]
It is important to note that not all cases of depression are caused by low levels of serotonin. However, in the subgroup of depressed patients that are serotonin-deficient, there is strong evidence to suggest that 5-HTP is therapeutically useful in treating depression, and more useful than L-tryptophan.[8]
Depression does not have one cause; not all cases of depression are due to low levels of serotonin or norepinephrine. Blood tests for the ratio of tryptophan to other amino acids, as well as red blood cell membrane transport of these amino acids, can be predictive of whether serotonin or norepinephrine would be of therapeutic benefit. Overall, there is evidence to suggest that neurotransmitter precursors may be useful in the treatment of mild and moderate depression.[7]
Degradation and elimination
Neurotransmitter must be broken down once it reaches the post-synaptic cell to prevent further excitatory or inhibitory signal transduction. For example, acetylcholine (ACh), an excitatory neurotransmitter, is broken down by acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Choline is taken up and recycled by the pre-synaptic neuron to synthesize more ACh. Other neurotransmitters such as dopamine are able to diffuse away from their targeted synaptic junctions and are eliminated from the body via the kidneys, or destroyed in the liver. Each neurotransmitter has very specific degradation pathways at regulatory points, which may be the target of the body's own regulatory system or recreational drugs.
See also
References
1. Neurotransmitter at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 Robert Sapolsky. "Biology and Human Behavior: The Neurological Origins of Individuality, 2nd edition", The Teaching Company. Retrieved on 2010-11-10. “see pages 13 & 14 of Guide Book”
3. Saladin, Kenneth S. Anatomy and Physiology: The Unity of Form and Function. McGraw Hill. 2009 ISBN 0077276205
4. 4.0 4.1 University of Bristol. Introduction to Serotonin. Retrieved on 2009-10-15.
5. Yadav, V. et al (2008). "Lrp5 Controls Bone Formation by Inhibiting Serotonin Synthesis in the Duodenum". Cell 135 (5): 825–837. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2008.09.059. PMID 19041748.
6. 6.0 6.1 Rang, H. P. (2003). Pharmacology. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 474 for noradrenaline system, page 476 for dopamine system, page 480 for serotonin system and page 483 for cholinergic system.. ISBN 0-443-07145-4.
7. 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 Meyers, Stephen (2000). "Use of Neurotransmitter Precursors for Treatment of Depression". Alternative Medicine Review 5 (1): 64–71. PMID 10696120.
8. 8.0 8.1 (1981) "Management of depression with serotonin precursors". Biol Psychiatry 16 (3): 291–310. PMID 6164407.
9. Young, S., Smith, S., Pihl, R., Ervin, F. (1985). "Tryptophan depletion causes a rapid lowering of mood in normal males". Psychopharmacology 87 (2): 173–177. doi:10.1007/BF00431803. PMID 3931142.
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Rural Utah: Split Personalities
Utah's Office of Rural Development has launched a new website: rural.utah.gov. I think its great to see these kinds of sites come up. One thing that struck me, however, is that this is very much a single agency site (just DCED). I think it would be more powerful if the Dept. of Agriculture were involved as well. This ought to be a joint site between at least those two agencies, maybe others as well.
Getting a single online focus from multiple agencies is one of the hardest things for government to do. The primary reason this is hard is because of how budgeting happens. DCED and Agriculture get separate budgets and the budgets create the silos. Utah has a great Web presence, but they've got to solve this split personality problem to get to the next level. Utah's done it before with sites like business.utah.gov, which bring together mutliple services from many agencies. This is the way is should be since not many people care about which programs are in which agencies. They just want help and information. A site like rural.utah.gov is a great opportunity to give them that single face, if its done right. | v0 |
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