Common Pile v0.1 Filtered Data
Collection
An LLM pre-training dataset produced by filtering and deduplicating the raw text collected in the Common Pile v0.1
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31 items
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Updated
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Datasets:
Dataset Viewer (First 5GB)
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stringdate 2024-06-02 21:30:18
2024-06-04 03:14:13
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stringdate 2013-04-29 18:49:42
2014-10-02 14:22:56
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2024-06-03T21:29:47.544Z | 2013-05-18T05:33:58.000Z | vseqedhoq6qz3ntc5n7cmfpjwzdlkp5n | {
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"url": "answers.onstartups.com/questions/34314/what-year-to-payments-to-subcontractors-count-for-tax-purposes",
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} | cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20 | Tell me more ×
Answers OnStartups is a question and answer site for entrepreneurs looking to start or run a new business. It's 100% free, no registration required.
In what year do payments to subcontactors count, for tax purposes? For example if I don't make the payment until after Jan 1 but the money was earned the previous year, which tax year does that count for?
I'm pretty sure the answer is obvious but just in case.
share|improve this question
1 Answer
up vote 2 down vote accepted
First you need to understand that each country has its own tax laws which vary.
In the United States companies have a choice of using either the cash or accrual basis of accounting. Under the cash basis the revenue counts in the tax year that the payment was actually received (or paid in the case of the company making the payment).
Under the accrual system, the revenue (or cost) is recognized in the year the work was done. Payment could have occurred either before (pre-payment) or after the work.
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Your Answer
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Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged or ask your own question. | v0 |
2024-06-03T21:29:47.544Z | 2013-05-18T05:49:05.000Z | 4cbynrhh2jb4brvoadpxrbfy2c2cuv6y | {
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"url": "buffalo.nas-central.org/w/index.php?oldid=3589&title=Apache_w%2F_PHP_and_MySQL_Support_%28MIPSel%29",
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} | cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20 | Apache w/ PHP and MySQL Support (MIPSel)
From NAS-Central Buffalo - The Linkstation Wiki
Revision as of 08:23, 13 July 2006 by <IP_ADDRESS> (Talk)
Jump to: navigation, search
Originally by Nick and edited by ...
BurnHard, frontalot, Cathedrow & Ralf from linkstationwiki.org
Installing Apache w/ PHP and MySQL Support.
Contents
Opening Comments
Apache, along with PHP and MySQL, is very straight forward to install on a stock LinkStation 2 with the OpenLink firmware installed. If you have experience with building these packages, or compiling in general, it is a snap. If you have little or no experience in such matter, just follow the guide -- everything is reversible.
If you have not already done so, visit the Openlink section and follow the instructions for installing the telnet enabled firmware. You will also need to download and install the [MIPSel Tools] before continuing.
A Remark on "--prefix"
The prefix argument, which you will see in every section below, allows you to install Unix packages to alternate locations. This is very important is the case of the LinkStation since all three packages take over 75 megs to install. You will not be able to install these packages to your root partition and doing so would be very bad.
I chose to create an "opt" directory under "/mnt/hda" to install each of these packages too, using a separate directory for each. This was done to keep the packages separated and easy to manage in the future. You may, of course, alter your install locations in any way but, if you are new to this, I suggest following my example.
It's also a good idea to create a directory to download stuff when using wget, lets use /mnt/hda/misc
MySQL
Begin with MySQL. If you do not wish to compile MySQL support into your system, please skip to the next section.
cd /mnt/hda/misc
• Download the latest recommended release of MySQL from http://www.mysql.com (4.1.13, at the time of this writing).
wget http://www.mirrorservice.org/sites/ftp.mysql.com/Downloads/MySQL-4.1/mysql-4.1.20.tar.gz
tar -zxvf mysql-xxx' (replacing xxx with your MySQL version number)
cd mysql-xxx' (replacing xxx with your MySQL version number)
groupadd mysql
(Not sure if this is necessary, just following instructions from dev.mysql.com)
• [Ralf] without this MySQL will try to run as root, but you need several special settings for this - better stick to the extra mysql user
useradd -g mysql mysql
./configure --prefix=/mnt/hda/opt/mysql --with-readline
make
make install
cp support-files/my-medium.cnf /etc/my.cnf
• [Ralf] there are more sample configuration files which you can try, e.g. my-small.cfg. Read the beginning of the files for a description
cd /mnt/hda/opt/mysql
bin/mysql_install_db --user=mysql
creates databases
chown -R root .
chown -R mysql var
chgrp -R mysql .
[Ralf] MySQL 5 seems to require the following extra actions:
• Create a MySQL password file:
libexec/mysqlmanager --passwd --user mysql >> /etc/mysqlmanager.passwd
• At the following prompt enter
mysql
You should now have a fully functioning version of MySQL on your LinkStation. Now we can set up the server to start like any other service.
Go back to where you have build MySQL (also see above):
/mnt/hda/misc/mysql-xxx
cp support-files/mysql.server /etc/init.d
chmod 755 /etc/init.d/mysql.server
You can now start your MySQL daemon as follows:
/etc/init.d/mysql.server start
PLEASE REMEMBER TO SET A PASSWORD FOR THE MySQL root USER ! To do so, start the server, then issue the following commands:
/mnt/hda/opt/mysql/bin/mysqladmin -u root password 'new-password'
/mnt/hda/opt/mysql/bin/mysqladmin -u root -h 'servername' password 'new-password'
Start up and shutdown at boot
ln -s /etc/init.d/mysql.server /etc/rc.d/rc2.d/S99mysql.server
ln -s /etc/init.d/mysql.server /etc/rc.d/rc6.d/K92mysql.server
ln -s /etc/init.d/mysql.server /etc/rc.d/rc0.d/K92mysql.server
Important Memory Usage Note: MySQL takes just under 25% of the LinkStation's total available memory when running. This should be taken into serious consideration if you choose to install MySQL support with your web server.
• TODO: Need to get the server running automatically at boot.
[Ralf] Here is how to start MySQL 5 automatically at boot. I guess it works quite similar with MySQL 4.X.
cd /etc/rc.d
ln -s ../init.d/mysql.server rc2.d/S99mysql
ln -s ../init.d/mysql.server rc2.d/K99mysql
Apache 1.3.xx
Apache itself is the next install. If you are not planning on installing PHP, you may ignore the "--enable-module=so" attribute below.
I decided to install Apache 1.3 because that is what my web host uses. Installing Apache 2 would be very similar and the following instructions can be easily adapted by reading the INSTALL document in the Apache 2 tarball.
Download the latest version of Apache 1.3 from http://www.apache.org (1.3.33, at the time of this writing).
wget http://apache.rmplc.co.uk/httpd/apache_1.3.36.tar.gz
tar -zxvf apache-xxx' (replacing xxx with your Apache version number)
cd apache-xxx' (replacing xxx with your Apache version number)
./configure --prefix=/mnt/hda/opt/apache --enable-module=so
make
make install
You will, at the very least, need to change your port to 81 (or some other port).
vi /mnt/hda/opt/apache/conf/httpd.conf
Search for '80' -- change it to '81' (or some other port).
I also suggest changing the root directory to the files to "/mnt/hda/share/www" so you can have easy access to them over the Samba share. Search for 'DocumentRoot' and change the first reference (roughly line 288) to the above path. Search again and you will find another reference to change (around line 313).
Finally, start the server.
/mnt/hda/opt/apache/bin/apachectl start
Copy that start up script to /etc/init.d and include in startup shutdown
cp /mnt/hda/opt/apache/bin/apachectl /etc/init.d
ln -s /etc/init.d/apachectl /etc/rc.d/rc2.d/S99apachectl
ln -s /etc/init.d/apachectl /etc/rc.d/rc6.d/K92apachectl
ln -s /etc/init.d/apachectl /etc/rc.d/rc0.d/K92apachectl
• TODO: Flush out the config file editing instructions.
PHP
Last we will set up PHP. I decided to install the latest version of PHP4 because, again, this is what my web host uses. You may decide to install PHP5, which would requires only 1 slightly different step below.
Pay special attention to the 'configure' (step 6) command below. If you installed the above packages to an alternate location you will need to update the paths in the proper attribute.
1. Download the latest version of PHP4 from http://www.php.net (4.4.0, at the time of this writing).
2. Copy the archive to your LinkStation as you would any other file, into your share folder.
3. Log into your LinkStation and 'cd /mnt/hda/share'
4. Execute 'tar -zxvf php-xxx' (replacing xxx with your PHP version number)
5. Execute 'cd php-xxx' (replacing xxx with your PHP version number)
6. ./configure --prefix=/mnt/hda/opt/php4 --with-mysql=/mnt/hda/opt/mysql --with-apxs=/mnt/hda/opt/apache/bin/apxs --with-config-file-path=/mnt/hda/opt/php4/lib
7. make
8. make install
Copy over the default config file. If you altered the "--with-config-file-path" attribute, in step 6, you will need to change the below command to copy to the appropriate path.
• cp php.ini-dist /mnt/hda/opt/php4/lib
Open up '/mnt/hda/opt/apache/conf/httpd.conf' and verify that the following line is included:
• LoadModule php4_module libexec/libphp4.so (for PHP4)
• LoadModule php4_module libexec/libphp5.so (for PHP5)
If it is not, add it. Also add the following two lines just below the LoadModule command:
1. AddType application/x-httpd-php .php .phtml
2. AddType application/x-httpd-php-source .phps
Restart Apache and PHP should now be working.
• TODO: More information on configuration of PHP
• TODO: Information on adding additional modules to PHP
Personal tools | v0 |
2024-06-03T21:29:47.544Z | 2013-05-18T08:02:33.000Z | xccdkcsdexxld7yspaet45argukuhutd | {
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} | cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20 | How to modify an initrd
From NAS-Central Buffalo - The Linkstation Wiki
Revision as of 16:33, 17 December 2008 by Themel (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
This pages describes how to modify the initrds aka ramdisks of the linkstations/terastations/kuroboxes.
ppc-based boxes
BEWARE: this info is for the original firmimg.bins which were burned to flash. If you flash uboot as a replacement for the stock bootloader you can place the initrd + kernel also to /boot/ instead.
the kernel and the initrd both are inside the firmimg.bin-files which are inside the firmware-update-packages.
so we need to extract both from the firmimg.bin first. some smart japanese guys wrote a tool called firmimgtool.
sourcecode:
http://downloads.nas-central.org/ALL_LS_KB_PPC/DevelopmentTools/Flash/Utilities/firmimgtool.c
here you have all the tools you need compiled for ppc:
http://downloads.nas-central.org/ALL_LS_KB_PPC/DevelopmentTools/Flash/Utilities/flash_dev_tools_ppc.tar.gz
Usage: ./firmimgtool [-icmkr] <firmimg_filename>
-i : show firmimg_file information
-c : cut out from firmimg_file
-m : merge into firmimg_file
-k <filename> : kernel image filename
-r <filename> : ramdisk image filename
-f <filename> : copy headers from file
-h : show this help message
Now we extract kernel.gz and the initrd.gz:
./firmimgtool -c -k kernel.gz -r initrd.gz firmimg.bin
afterwards you should have a kernel.gz and a initrd.gz in the same folder.
unpack initrd.gz
gunzip initrd.gz
and loop mount it
mkdir INITRD
mount -o loop initrd INITRD
now you can change everything you want by changing it in the folder INITRD....if you unmount it all changes are saved.
After applying the changes you need to reassemble the firmimg.bin... this works that way:
umount INITRD
gzip initrd
./firmimgtool -m -k kernel.gz -r initrd.gz firmimg.bin -f firmimg.bin.103
and voila, the new firmimg.bin is ready for flashing.
mipsel-based
the firmimg.bin is encrypted unfortunately. LNI knows how to do this, but he hasn`t published this.
arm9-based boxes
All these boxes feature UBoot as the stock bootloader. The uboot bootloader loads initrd.buffalo from /dev/sda1.
The initrd.buffalo is named initrd.img in the firmware-update-packages. initrd.img is (like the hddrootfs) a password protected zip-file.
just unzip it and supply the right password.
unzip initrd.img
Archive: initrd.img
[initrd.img] initrd.buffalo password:
try one of these (source of passwords)
1NIf_2yUOlRDpYZUVNqboRpMBoZwT4PzoUvOPUp6l
aAhvlM1Yp7_2VSm6BhgkmTOrCN1JyE0C5Q6cB3oBB
YvSInIQopeipx66t_DCdfEvfP47qeVPhNhAuSYmA4
IeY8omJwGlGkIbJm2FH_MV4fLsXE8ieu0gNYwE6Ty
for the LS Pro it is YvSInIQopeipx66t_DCdfEvfP47qeVPhNhAuSYmA4 for example.
the initrd.buffalo still is not the real initrd....as it is booted from uboot is has a 64 byte long header. We use dd to get rid of the header, unzip the resulting image.gz and loop-mount the file
dd if=initrd.buffalo of=initrd.gz ibs=64 skip=1
gunzip initrd.gz
mkdir INITRD
mount -t ext2 -o loop initrd INITRD
there we are...in the folder INITRD you now have loop-mounted the initrd...make your changes as you want.
after making your changes do do this to get the initrd in a bootable condition again:
umount INITRD
rmdir INITRD
mv initrd.buffalo initrd.stock [backup just in case]
gzip initrd
mkimage -A arm -O linux -T ramdisk -C gzip -a 0x0 -e 0x0 -n initrd -d initrd.gz initrd.buffalo
Personal tools | v0 |
2024-06-03T21:29:47.544Z | 2013-05-18T07:25:58.000Z | s6ax5kdunuckukhktrgwinapll4porpt | {
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} | cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20 | Australian Collection
Info
Search:
Photo by Ivan Kozik
The Australian Collection primarily features trees and shrubs native to Australia. Tall eucalyptus trees, with their distinctive aromatic leaves, dominate the north bank of the creek. With more than 50 species of this native Australian genus, the trees vary from tall and erect specimens to broadly-spreading small trees. Throughout the collection, their characteristic camphor-like fragrance fills the air. A fine collection of bottlebrush, Callistemon, and honey-myrtles, Melaleuca, lines the path near the old bridge. Across the creek, new plantings of showy Australian flowering plants complement older plantings that feature plants from various regions in the world with a Mediterranean climate.
Photo by Mia Ingolia
Photo by Mia Ingolia Photo by Mia Ingolia A gift by Arley Firch Photo by Mia Ingolia Photo by Mia Ingolia Some of the trees from the Australian Collection
This is a Wiki Spot wiki. Wiki Spot is a 501(c)3 non-profit organization that helps communities collaborate via wikis. | v0 |
2024-06-03T21:29:47.544Z | 2013-05-18T07:24:40.000Z | vljeb57wmofhrwj3ajl7a7syquul4zhr | {
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"warc_url": "http://globalvoicesonline.org/2013/03/01/rio-de-janeiro-elisangela-home-destroyed/"
} | cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20 | GlobalVoices in Learn more »
Brazilian Family Loses Home to the World Cup
This post also available in:
Español · Río de Janeiro: Elisângela llegó a tiempo para ver caer su casa
Français · Rio de Janeiro: Elisângela est arrivée à temps pour voir sa maison détruite.
Malagasy · Fianakaviana Breziliana Very Trano Noho Ny Fiadiana Ny Ho Tompondakan'ny Baolina Kitra
繁體中文 · 因世界盃而流離失所的巴西家庭
简体中文 · 因世界杯而流离失所的巴西家庭
Português · Rio de Janeiro: Elisângela chegou a tempo de ver sua casa cair
This article, by Andrea Dip, is a part of Agência Pública's special #CopaPública [pt] coverage, and was originally published on June 26, 2012, with the title Elisângela Got Home Just in Time to See it Being Torn Down: Watch the Minidoc [pt]
Elisângela wasn't home when authorities arrived without warning to tear down her house on Pavão-Pavãozinho hill in Rio de Janeiro.
Her 17-year-old daughter answered the door and was told that the property was going to be destroyed at that very moment. Panicking, the girl called her mother:
Tem vários homens da Prefeitura aqui na porta; eles estão dizendo que vão derrubar a nossa casa.
There are many men here from the city at the door; they're saying they are going to tear down our house.
Elisângela ran back home, tried to reason with the men, ask for some time to find another home, but it was no use. In a few hours, all that was left was debris. This happened in early 2011. To this day, Elisângela has not been compensated nor relocated. Her daughter had to go live with her grandmother, while Elisângela still searches for a new home.
Elisângela gazes at the site of her destroyed home. Photo: Agência Pública / Credits: Henrique Zizo
The minidocumentary “We Are the Legacy: the Story of Elisângela” (“O Legado Somos Nós: A História de Elisângela”) is the first in a series of video portraits being produced by the human rights organization Witness, which partnered with the Rio People's World Cup and Olympics Committee (Comitê Popular Rio Copa e Olimpíadas), in an attempt to tell the stories of those affected by forced evictions in Rio de Janeiro, directly or indirectly connected to the 2014 World Cup and the 2016 Olympics. Priscila Neri, from Witness, explains that the idea is to give an alternative to the official narrative, which claims that everything is being done in compliance with the law and through constant dialogue with the communities.
Elisângela at Pavão Pavãozinho. Photo: Agência Pública / Credits: Henrique Zizo
In Elisângela's particular case, the justification provided at the time of the eviction was that her home was in a risk area in Pavão-Pavãozinho, but only some houses were destroyed and, according to the Rio People's World Cup and Olympics Committee, the city hasn't even removed the debris yet. The hill is located between two of Rio's most sought-after neighborhoods: Ipanema and Copacabana.
According to the dossier [pt] published by the Rio People's World Cup and Olympics Committee, the city intends to use the argument of geotechnical or structural risk to evict more than 300 families from the Pavão-Pavãozinho community:
Até o momento a Prefeitura não apresentou o laudo que comprove o risco e nem discutiu com a comunidade a possibilidade de realização de obras para garantir a segurança dos moradores.
Up until now the city hasn't presented any technical report that backs up the risk claim nor has it discussed with the community the possibility of carrying out infrastructural work to ensure the residents’ safety.
Still according to the Rio People's World Cup and Olympics Committee, engineers that have written technical reports about areas like the Pavão-Pavãozinho have pointed out that doing construction work to restrain or strengthen the slope, in order to eliminate the risk of slippage, would cost even less than relocating the families that live in the area.
Watch the minidoc:
The blog #CopaPública [pt] is a citizen journalism initiative that reports how the Brazilian population is being affected by – and mobilizing against – preparations for the 2014 World Cup.
World regions
Countries
Languages | v0 |
2024-06-03T21:29:47.544Z | 2013-05-18T08:09:06.000Z | pooxwgknbzzpougaa77hcbag77bmvo2z | {
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} | cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20 | For the half-year to 30 June 2013, the IPKat's regular team is supplemented by contributions from guest bloggers Stefano Barazza, Matthias Lamping and Jeff John Roberts.
Two of our regular Kats are currently on blogging sabbaticals. They are Birgit Clark and Catherine Lee.
Friday, 17 August 2012
Taking it personally: patents, medicines and genetic markers
Purr-sonalised medicine
The IPKat is all in favour of medicine which, he thinks, can come in really handy -- even when you're unwell. He was therefore fascinated to learn of a recent discussion in Europe of a topic which has already exercised some of the finest minds of his American colleagues: the patenting of inventions relating to personalised medicine. Having heard about this from katfriend Suleman Ali (Holly IP), he is pleased to say that the latter was willingly persuaded to write a short note on the topic for the benefit of readers of this weblog. Here it is:
"Is the EPO changing Its stance on personalised medicine inventions?
Case law is an important means by which we know what is patentable at the European Patent Office (EPO). However, sometimes the EPO’s view of what is patentable in an area changes before the case law does. This can sometimes be detected when Examiners start raising objections they would not have previously done. Clearly, applicants need to know about such changes as soon as possible so that they can revise their filing strategies and re-evaluate their expectations of the claims they are likely obtain. Meetings between the EPO and the epi (the professional institute for EPO attorneys) are very useful forums for obtaining ‘inside information’ about the EPO’s thinking which is not yet apparent from the case law. The June 2012 issue of epi Information provides a report of such a meeting held on 10 November 2011 between the EPO and the biotech committee of the epi. Discussion item 8 is reported as follows:
‘8. Inventions in the area of pharmacogenomics
This concerns cases which are based on a genetic marker to treat a disease, for example methylation profiles. It can involve a new patient group defined by an SNP. The EPO said that often the claims can lack novelty, as one patient will have inevitably been treated with the SNP, even if the art does not explicitly say so.’
The EPO’s comments seem to indicate that it is about to change the way it assesses novelty when looking at medical use claims that refer to treatment of a specific patient group.
To give a little technical background to the EPO’s comments, an SNP is a form of genetic marker which varies between individuals. The idea behind the relatively new field of pharmacogenomics is that, if you know which SNP variants a patient possesses, you can personalise the drugs given to a patient in accordance with his genetic makeup. It is now recognised that the genetic makeup of an individual can be very influential as to whether he responds to a drug, and so one application of pharmacogenomics is to only give those drugs to patients who will respond to them.
Personalised medicines can also be based on non-genetic biomarkers, such as the level of virus the individual has.
Personalised medicines offer the potential to use drugs much more effectively. That is clearly of benefit to patients, but should also help to reduce costs in times when many governments feel increasingly dismayed at the yearly increases needed to health budgets. The sector most likely to benefit in the short time is cancer therapy where most of the work in identifying biomarkers is focussed. However, biomarkers are increasingly being sought for many other diseases.
Presently, suitable biomarkers for personalised medicine are proving difficult to find. So it seems that the sector is going to require a lot of investment -- but in investors in biotech do like to see that strong patent protection is available in the relevant sector.
Personalised medicines, and in fact diagnostics in general, has been thrown into uncertainty in the US after the Supreme Court’s decision in Mayo v Prometheus [on which see earlier Katposts here and here] which found that a claim referring to steps that determined the level of a drug in a patient was directed to a law of nature and was thus not patentable. It would be unfortunate for personalised medicines to be dealt a further blow by the EPO, making the test for novelty stricter in this area.
Claims for personalised medicine inventions can have many different forms, but typically they are along the following lines:
Substance X for use in a method of treating condition Y in an individual with biomarker Z’.
There is an argument here that perhaps applicants only deserve claims to the method of selecting the individual (by detection of the biomarker), and not to treatment of the individual. However there is a lot more money in therapy, with figures being quoted of 6% versus 94% for the money to be made in selection versus therapy. Since personalised medicine results in therapy being more effective, there is an argument that the applicant deserves claims to the therapy step.
The crux of the present issue is whether limiting a medical use claim by specifying that the individual has biomarker Z will confer novelty where the prior art is silent about patients having biomarker Z, but where patients with biomarker Z will inevitably have been treated, i.e. does limiting a medical use claim to a patient group that overlaps with, or is within, the prior art patient group, make the claim novel?
The earliest case to tackle the issue seems to have been T233/96 which gave a strict two-part test for novelty requiring the patient groups to be non-overlapping and for there to be a functional relationship between the biomarker and the therapy, i.e. the patient group could not be an arbitrary group. However, subsequent case law has not followed the test. In T1399/04 the Board cited T233/96, but took a different view, generously allowing claims which covered more than 50% of a prior art patient group. Decisions T836/01 and T1642/06 also allowed claims where patient groups overlapped with the prior art.
Based on the comments at the EPO/epi meeting and from the experiences of attorneys I know who are handling European patent applications in this area, it seems that EPO is taking a stricter view of the issue, and is probably looking for a test case to change the case law. If the EPO decides on a test which is based on the concept of a patient with the relevant biomarker ‘inevitably’ having been treated, presumably this is a prior use test, in which case it would be burdensome for applicants to locate evidence on what actually happened. However if the test is similar to that used in T233/96, i.e. requiring that patient groups do not overlap, then it will have the effect of severely curtailing patent protection for personalised medicines because most drugs are initially given to everyone with the condition.
I hope that the EPO will be wise enough to recognise that making the test for novelty stricter for medical use claims limited by patient group will have a substantial impact on the patent protection that can be obtained in the area of personalised medicines, at a time when this very promising sector needs all the support it can get".
Thanks, Suleman, for this most instructive piece, says the IPKat. Merpel is fascinated by this for quite another reason, though. It reflects a growing trend towards what might be termed "mass personalisation". We have it in branding and marketing, where the use of sophisticated software in reading your emails and online purchases enables a personalised dose of advertising to be specifically targeted at the individual. It also exists in the design and fashion sector, where a combination of interactive software and manufacturing improvements produces the result that a purchaser of, say, sports shoes, can determine the style, size, colour and bolt-on features that characterise it, rather than going into some random shop and putting a tentative foot into a sample shoe that might previously have been tried by someone with sweaty socks and fungal growths between the toes ...
Your own personalised medicine here and here [not for the squeamish]
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Monday, 27 April 2009
Malicious falsehood case
The IPKat has read with interest Ajinomoto Sweeteners Europe v Asda, a malicious falsehood case.
Ajinomoto is the manufacturer of the artificial sweetener, aspartame. The supermarket, Asda, commenced a campaign which was designed to ensure that, by the end of 2007, none of its 9,000 own-label food and soft-drinks products would contain any artificial colours or flavours or any hydrogenated fat or flavour enhancers. The catch-phrase used was 'NO HIDDEN NASTIES'. One of the statements used in conjunction with the catch-phrase was "No artificial colours or flavours and no aspartame" and "We promise that all good for you products are always low or lower in fat and won't ever contain any hydrogenated fat, artificial flavours, artificial colours or aspartame."
Ajinomoto alleged that the natural and ordinary meaning of the words on the packaging is that aspartame is an especially harmful or unhealthy, or potentially harmful or unhealthy, sweetener and is one which consumers concerned for their own health and that of their families would do well to avoid, either altogether or in the quantities likely to be found in soft drinks and other food products.
In the recent decision, Sir Charles Gray had to decide whether to grant Ajimoto's request for a trial of the preliminary issue "as to the statement(s) of fact contained in or conveyed by the words complained of in paragraphs 4 and 8 of the Particulars of Claim". The alternative would be to hold a single trial incorporating (i) the meaning of the statement; (ii) whether the statement was false and (iii) whether the statement was malicious.
The judge held that in the interests of saving costs, it was right for the preliminary issue to be tried first. If Ajimoto's contention that the meaning of Asda's statements were that aspartame was harmful was rejected then there would be no issue as to falsity, and malice would not be relevant. The judge accepted that the issue of meaning was essentially a "slam dunk" point. Separating the issue of meaning out into a preliminary trial was commonly used in defamation actions and would work here. However, the judge did suggest that the approach might be considered an abuse if it was used as a tactic to 'slice up' the action into three separate trials of meaning, falsity and malice.
The IPKat is all in favour of efficiency and saving costs (except when it comes to kitty treats) and thinks that this looks like a sensible decison.
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} | cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20 | Talk:20.109(F12) Pre-Proposal: Engineering Viral Magnetic Nanoparticles for Magnetic Hyperthermic Cancer Therapy
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This is a brainstorming page.
You are very welcome to write any crazy / non-crazy / inventive / conventional / knowledgeable ideas or information you may have about our project.
Some key words: Magnetic Nanoparticles (MNP), Viruses, Magnetic Hyperthermia, Bioengineering
Contents
What is Magnetic Hyperthermia?
Definition
How it works?
Under an alternating magnetic field, MNP releases heat due to relaxation of magnetic moments (hysteresis). This can cause an increase in temperature to the range of 41C to 47C. Since tumor cells are more heat sensitive than normal cells, they will be killed by this thermal dissipation.
Here is an interesting tidbit from a paper I was reading: "In addition to the expected tumor cell death, hyperthermia treatment has also induced unexpected biological responses, such as tumor-specific immune responses as a result of heat-shock protein expression. These results suggest that hyperthermia is able to kill not only local tumors exposed to heat treatment, but also tumors at distant sites, including metastatic cancer cells." (Kobayashi)
Current Research
• Clinical trials in prostate cancer
• Shows promising results when coupled with irradiation on breast cancer (mouse)
Current Limitations (This information will help us shape and define the problem.)
(1) To achieve the necessary rise in temperature with minimal dose of MNP.
In other words, this means:
• High specific loss power / specific absorption rate (SLP) of the MNP.
• why is higher applied dosage bad? > leads to unnecessary heat dissipation
(2) Lack of knowledge about the metabolism, clearance, and toxicity of MNP.
Biomedical potentials of MNP
• Could be used as early detection for the following using MRI:
• Inflammation
• Cancer
• Diabetes
• Atherosclerosis
• Drug Delivery
• Cellular labeling and tissue targeting
• Purifying and separating cells and DNAs
• Hyperthermia
• Transfection by magnetic nanoparticles
• Tissue repair
• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Types of Relevant Viruses
1. Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV)
• 18nmx300nm, helical
• Can withstand high temperatures up to 50C for 30mins (conventional hyperthermia involves heating up to 50C from an external source
• Safe for human consumption
• Mann group has active research on it
• 2130 molecules of coat protein
2. M13 Bacteriophage
• 6.6nmx880nm, helical (Length is too long - pose an issue in targeting cells)
• Lots of research done by the Belcher group, including attaching MNPs to M13 for imaging purposes
• We are familiar with the system
3. Cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (CCMV)
• 26nm, icosahedral
4. Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV)
• 27nm, icosahedral
5. Brome mosaic virus (BMV)
• 28nm, icosahedral
6. Turnip yellow mosaic virus (TYMV)
• 30nm, icosahedral
Current Work in Viral MNP Attachment
Attachment of MNPs to M13 phage for in vivo imaging of prostate cancer
What we propose to do
See flowchart sketch.
Specific Aims
1. Identifying / Screening for appropriate virus vehicles and tumor-specific anchoring sequencse
2. Developing / Engineering viral MNPs
3. in vivo testing for efficacy of engineered vMNPs in mouse tumor cells.
We will start with using ferritin (Fe3O4) as the MNP.
Steps Stage 1: Virus Hunt
We need to investigate how the selected virus (likely one of the following: TMV, M13, CCMV, CPMV, BMV or TPMV) interacts with mammalian cells in vivo.
Stage 2: Screening for MNP binding site on virus
We will start by using Fe3O4 as our MNP of interest. With this, a protein coat screen of the selected virus for a protein coat that can bind with our MNP is necessary.
Stage 3: Screening for tumor-specific sequence binding site on virus
We need to do a protein coat or RNA screen of the virus for a region that can bind with a tumor-specific peptide sequence. If necessary, we might need to screen tumors for unique short sequences on their cell surfaces.
Stage 4: Virus engineering
We can now engineer wild-type viruses using specific protein coats or RNA regions isolated in Stage 2 and 3 to produce the viral MNP of interest.
Stage 5: in vivo testing
Perform an in vivo experiment by injecting the engineered viral MNPs into the circulatory system of mice that have developed tumors. By subjecting these mice to an alternating magnetic field under standard hyperthermia conditions and measuring the change in tumor size, we will be able to quantify the efficacy of using viral MNPs in magnetic hyperthermia.
Future directions:
• Experimenting with double layer MNP to increase response
• Target other cancerous cells
• Experiment with other types of viruses
Quantitative Goals (We can quantify with IC50 value)
• Currently, with the aid of 10Gy radiation, the hyperthermia treatment successfully accumulated less than 0.3mg Fe/g tissue. Dosage: 0.2mg Fe per gram of mouse. Say mouse is 25g, so 5mg total dosage injected. so 1% efficiency with the aid of radiation. (MNP sizes used: 70nm and 120nm; murine flank breast tumors were 150mm3)
Calculations:
From http://manalis-lab.mit.edu/publications/grover%20PNAS%202011.pdf, we estimated that a typical cell has an average density of 1.1g/mL. Since the murine flank breast tumors were 150mm3, and 0.25mg Fe/g of tumor was detected in the tumors, we can calculate that only a total of 0.0495mg of Fe is accumulated in the tumors. This gives a % efficacy of 1%.
• South Korean experiment: 75ug of MNPs were injected.
• From Belcher lab's paper, what is the % efficacy of using M13?
Potential Issues
• "The actual rotations of the nanoparticles are disordered because the microviscosity of the local environment in cancer cells is not constant, and effective elasticity depends on the binding conditions between nanoparticles and membranes."
but this is actually present because when treatment is done with individual MNPs, one side of the MNP is always bound to the targeted cell, so direction is never constant!
Future Directions
Useful Resources
1. Gupta AK, Naregalkar RR, Vaidya VD, and Gupta M. Recent advances on surface engineering of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles and their biomedical applications. Future Medicine. 2007. 2(1), 23-39.
2. Bakoglidis KD, Simeonidis K, Sakellari D, G. Stefanou, and Angelakeris M. Size-Dependent Mechanisms in AC Magnetic Hyperthermia Response of Iron-Oxide Nanoparticles. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics. 2012. 48:1320-1323.
3. Great layman's way of explaining magnetic hyperthermia http://trialx.com/curetalk/2012/11/cancer-treatment-multifunctional-magnetic-nanoparticles-for-molecular-imaging-and-hyperthermia/
4. A.J. Giustini, A.A. Petryk, S.M. Cassim, J.A. Tate, I. Baker, P.J. Hoopes. Magnetic nanoparticle hyperthermia in cancer treatment. Nano LIFE 2010; 01: 17.
5. D. Ghosh, Y. Lee, S. Thomas, A. G. Kohli, D. S. Yun, A. M. Belcher, K. A. Kelly. M13-templated magnetic nanoparticles for targeted in vivo imaging of prostate cancer. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2012; 7 (10): 677–82.
6. Add more references as deem appropriate
Feedback
11/29 from Professor Angela Belcher:
1. Look at Nature Nano Belcher lab paper
2. Need to do very good characterization of materials using TEM, elemental analysis, etc.
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Dejan Stojanoviæ was born in Pec, Kosovo (the former Yugoslavia), in 1959. Although a lawyer by education, he has never practiced law and instead became a journalist. He is a poet, essayist, philosopher, and businessman and published six critically acclaimed books of poetry in Serbia: "Circling," "The Sun Watches the Sun," "The Sign and Its Children," "The Shape," "The Creator," and "Dance of Time." In 1986, as a young writer, he was recognized among 200 writers at the Bor (former Yugoslavia) Literary Festival. He also received the prestigious "Rastko Petrovic" Award from the Society of Serbian Writers for his book of interviews with major European and American artists and writers. In addition to poetry and prose, he has worked as a correspondent for the Serbian weekly magazine "Pogledi" ("Views"). His book of interviews from 1990 to 1992 in Europe and America, entitled Conversations, included interviews with several major American writers, including Nobel Laureate Saul Bellow, Charles Simic, and Steve Tesic. He has been living in Chicago since 1990.
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Founder, Earth Treasury, an NGO to link schools around the world for education and business. See Plans and Essays.
NEW PROJECT: Replacing Textbooks XOs and other netbooks cost much less than printed textbooks, so as soon as we replace enough of the textbooks with Open Education Resources, we can explain that OLPC + Sugar delivers better education while saving money. Mokurai has received permission to set up a server for this purpose at Sugar Labs, and is also raising funds to support it.
CrowdRise Fundraiser donations
Mokurai volunteers at OLPC and Sugar Labs as a volunteer coordinator, localization administrator (Khmer and Kreyòl), and general knoker (an especially Yiddish know-all, the kind who did math homework in pen), based on
• his training as a mathematician, classroom teacher, amateur musician and linguist, philosopher, and Buddhist priest
• plus his lifetime of encyclopedic reading, many years in high-tech market research and technical writing, and work in Unicode and Free Software.
Contents
Vision
End Poverty at a Profit all around by educating children to collaborate and not be helpless.
Quotes
• Epictetus - "Only the educated are free."
• Aristotle - "All men by nature desire to know. An indication of this is the delight we take in our senses."
More quotes
Mission
The mission is whatever planning, funding, research, development, and deployment is needed to make that happen, with a focus on Management by Exception in order to keep on top of what is needed in changing circumstances and make sure that nothing gets missed that we must have.
Sugar Labs has the Sugar software as its main focus, but needs to work with others on the rest of the mission. We should raise substantial funding to support these substantive projects, up to the point at which they can become self-sustaining, in the manner of the Grameen Group of companies.
These are the principal elements of the mission today. More will appear.
• Extend the OLPC and Sugar Labs work with evidence-based education research, curriculum development, and the redesign of textbooks, taking maximum advantage of software on the XO, and of the best research that we can find or carry out on how children learn, and what is of greatest value for them to learn.
• Engineer appropriate solutions for electricity and Internet connections in even the poorest and most remote villages in every target environment, in collaboration with university Schools of Engineering, Engineers Without Borders, and others, in order to maximize the usefulness of XOs to children everywhere.
• Work with microfinance organizations to place these electricity and Internet solutions along with XOs. The intention is to jump-start local economies by selling modest amounts of surplus power and bandwidth, and thereby raise the money to pay off the original loans and make further investments.
• Create an R&D consortium to further all of these goals and whatever else turns out to be necessary. We know that issues of economics, governance, social attitudes, and sustainability are important. What do we need to know, and how can we come to know it? What can we learn from the children themselves, and from teachers, parents, and others?
• Tap into Barack Obama's plans to increase global development aid by $25 billion annually, including a $2 billion Global Education Fund; into the UN Millennium Development Goals program; Make Poverty History; and all of the other initiatives that share our vision, even if they don't know it yet.
• Save as many languages and cultures as possible from extinction by teaching the children how to record them.
• Link children, schools, and communities together around the world in a safe manner for collaborative development.
• Teach children how to create sustainable international businesses together using their new knowledge and skills.
Current Projects and Partners
OLPC and Sugar Labs, of course, within the scope of their own missions to provide hardware, software, content, and teacher training materials. In each case, the intention is to expand to a comprehensive, integrated program including infrastructure, education, community development, and economic opportunity. Volunteers, donors, and partners welcome.
By country
• Ghana
• Nana's House (school and orphanage), computers, Internet, and accessories for students and teachers
• Winneba Linux Users Group, Linux+Sugar Installfests
• Catch IT Young youth computer training
• University of Education, Winneba, research, curriculum, teaching materials, localization
• OneVillage Foundation Ghana, Winneba wireless broadband project
• Nigeria
• Fantsuam Foundation microfinance project and Cisco Network Academy
• Kenya
• Asante Foundation Maasai schools and cultural preservation
• Uganda
• Bunabumali Good Shepherd Orphanage and School, computers, accessories, electricity, Internet
• Mt. Elgon coffee growers co-operative equipment and training
• School programs and the rest
• Tanzania
• Mt. Kilimanjaro coffee growers co-operative equipment and training
• School programs and the rest
Components
• Interactive digital textbooks, with Lots of partners.
• Free computers for schools, two per pupil: one at school, one at home. Possibly Computers4Africa
• Flash drives for carrying software and work, so that students can use them on any computer
• Electricity generation and storage, Engineers Without Borders
• Broadband Internet, OVF Ghana
• Microfinance, Fantsuam Foundation
• Economic opportunity, education program to be developed at EduForge, social entrepreneurial investors welcome.
Analysis
The following is as much a prediction as a set of goals. Much of this will happen regardless of us. We can make those parts happen sooner, and more effectively. The other parts have to do with the new ideas that we are discovering and shaping together, particularly integrated development that includes the economy, the social structure of society, and spiritual growth. The only project that I know of that currently does this is the Sarvodaya Shramadana Movement in Sri Lanka, which I commend to your study and, if possible, participation.
Preliminary
For several years I have been seeing a gradual coming together of many strands in development toward the possibility of an integrated strategy that can be replicated worldwide. After the initial stage, it should all become self-sustaining in the manner of the Grameen Bank, Grameen Phone, and the like, and thus independent of the usual sources of non-profit funding. Here are the leading strands.
• ICT4D, including newly powerful mobile phones, computers, and Internet at prices that make sense in even the poorest and most remote villages, given the promise of economic growth to enable paying back costs.
• One Laptop Per Child, for many reasons, including a rethinking of curricula, textbook content, and publishing models. Scarcity of information is no longer the limiting factor in education. Electronic publications still take effort and time to write, but the reproduction cost on the Internet is nearly nil. Governments will soon realize that they don't have to buy textbooks. They can contract for writing textbooks and other materials with the proviso that the government, or we should say the public, owns the copyright. We can take advantage of Free Software and Open Access publishing throughout this process, and of a century of discoveries in how children really learn. Currently XOs are $198 each, with $75 versions promised for 2010. GiveOneGetOne is to start up again in November.
• WiMax and other broadband technologies that can provide Internet to whole countries (90-95% coverage) for $10 per person installed.
• Fiber optic cables for every country in Africa. There is one installed on the West Coast, two being laid on the East Coast, and four more promised. Rwanda and the other dozen landlocked countries in Africa are making deals with their neighbors for overland links. Some regions in Central Asia may take a little longer.
• New satellite launches that promise both to break the current cartel pricing in Africa, and to link Africa directly to South America, the Middle East, and Asia, not just by multihop through Europe.
• African banks that are now in a position to start creating a continent-wide network and to roll out electronic banking.
• Global GIS initiatives dealing with mapping critical poverty issues: environment, water, agriculture, climate, health, and much more.
• More than 100,000 of the million and more NGOs of the world now connected with each other through Wiser Earth.
• Barack Obama's plan to double US Foreign Aid, and redirect it to much more efficient methods (toward helping the poor, not just subsidizing US agriculture, manufacturing, and consulting). This includes a $2 billion annual Global Education Fund.
• The microfinance movement's casting about for the next big challenge. I predict village electricity and Internet along with school computers, and I am working on alliances toward that end.
Sugar Labs has taken over software development for the OLPC XO. Walter Bender of Sugar Labs is putting together a research consortium to tackle problems in education, and I am assisting in recruiting, and in problem definition. My program is not of the usual kind, where we know what subjects we mean to tackle.
My version of the mission is: Whatever turns out to be needed. My self-appointed task is to find the holes in current programs, and fill them, first with my own efforts and second by recruiting others to do the work, research further solutions, and plan where we might go next. Among the critical tasks are village electricity and Internet, redesigning curricula and textbooks, and bringing all of this together into target communities with microfinance, with a flexible, integrated business plan for whole societies to advance societal infrastructure (education, health, clean water, and other essentials), and the private sector (sole proprietorships, sustainable international companies, producer and consumer co-operatives), and shared values.
It is no longer practical to impose the illusion of shared values on a society. They must grow out of the situation. The report on OLPC's early effects in Ethiopia gives a glimpse into where we are going. Within a few months, in a highly traditional society that has valued teaching politeness and obedience over subject matter in schools, and where asking questions of a teacher was considered insulting, the XO and its software have opened up a new, collaborative relationship between teachers and students. This is in no small part attributable to the collaborative nature of the XO's Sugar and other software. Access to the information riches of the Internet is another important factor. See Academic Papers on the OLPC Wiki for this and other recent reports.
There is more, but that will do to begin with.
General Consequences
• We are looking at the possibility of ending poverty as we know it within a generation, except in the most repressive countries (Burma and North Korea are the most likely, but a few others might possibly regress).
• We are doing this by means that promise far freer markets, with
• Market access for all, at least for electronic markets, including easy entry and exit
• General availability of essential economic information, including the price of almost anything right up to the moment
• General availability of production technologies, except where embargoes linger (Cuba, Burma, Syria, Iran, North Korea and a few others)
In short, these and a few other points add up to the closest approximation to the economic ideal of Perfect Competition ever seen, worldwide. We can confidently predict the largest explosion of productivity and prosperity ever seen, and at some point the end of the continual search for ever-more-benighted denizens of ever-poorer countries to ship jobs off to. The existence of wage differentials between countries is conclusive proof that their market relations are not free.
• A complete communications network, in which every person will have the means to connect with any other person who answers the phone.
• Directories and social network sites that enable everybody to find the right people to do business with and make alliances with for any economic, social, spiritual, or political purpose.
• We can confidently predict an explosive growth of civil society organizations worldwide, among other things.
AKA
• Edward Mokurai Cherlin/Czerwin
• גרשון בן יסעף
• Эдуард Георгеевич Черлын
• 장영구/張永久
• 法雲默雷/धर्ममेघशब्दगर्ज
Contact
Background
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East Norway
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Scandinavia : Norway : East Norway
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East Norway (actually southeast) is the region surrounding the capital Oslo, where the largest number of people live.
[edit] Regions
[edit] Cities
[edit] Other destinations
[edit] Understand
[edit] Talk
[edit] Get in
[edit] Get around
Oslo totally dominates this region. Oslo and its airport at Gardermoen is the transport hub for East Norway. Roads and railway lines has Oslo as their focal points. All railway lines, including the airport express train, terminate at Oslo Central Station ("Oslo S"). Main roads E6, E18, E16 and Road 4 meet at or near Oslo S. Regional as well as long distance buses depart from the bus station next door to Oslo S. Oslo Subway (T-banen) has a main station underground next to the train station.
[edit] By plane
• Fagernes Airport (Leirin - operated by DOT), (10 minutes from Fagernes), [1]. edit The local airport with daily connections to Oslo (30 minutes)
[edit] By bus
[edit][add listing] See
[edit] Itineraries
[edit][add listing] Do
[edit][add listing] Eat
[edit][add listing] Drink
[edit] Stay safe
[edit] Get out
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Difference between revisions of "Meran"
From Wikitravel
Burgraviate : Meran
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(added listing Bar Rossini)
(added listing Sketch Clublounge)
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*<drink name="Café Forum" alt="" address="Via Leonardo da Vinci 11 (Postgasse)" directions="" phone="" url="" hours="" price="" lat="" long="">A fine Cocktails and Wine Bar.</drink>
*<drink name="Café Forum" alt="" address="Via Leonardo da Vinci 11 (Postgasse)" directions="" phone="" url="" hours="" price="" lat="" long="">A fine Cocktails and Wine Bar.</drink>
*<drink name="Bar Rossini" alt="" address="Corso della libertà 19" directions="" phone="" url="www.rossini-bar.it" hours="" price="" lat="" long=""></drink>
*<drink name="Bar Rossini" alt="" address="Corso della libertà 19" directions="" phone="" url="www.rossini-bar.it" hours="" price="" lat="" long=""></drink>
+
*<drink name="Sketch Clublounge" alt="" address="Passegiata lungo Passirio 40" directions="" phone="" url="www.sketch.bz" hours="" price="" lat="" long=""></drink>
Revision as of 19:16, 26 February 2009
Meran (Italian: Merano) [1] is the second largest town in South Tyrol with a population of about 35,000 (63,000 including the metropolitan area). A slight majority (51.5%) of the population is German-speaking, while the others are Italian-speaking. It's an old spa town with very charming promenades and interesting highlights.
Contents
Get in
Meran is located outside of the Brenner line and whether you want to reach the town by plane, by train, by bus or by car you have likely to reach before Bolzano and from this point Meran. Meran is located 33 km (20 miles) north-west from Bolzano.
By plane
The Airport Bolzano Dolomites is nearest airport, which is located in Bolzano.
Getting to/from the airport
Many hotels offer a transfer from Bolzano airport, especially if you book through a travel agency (in this case you probably have the possibility to have a transfer from other major airports). In the airport you will find some rent-a-car agencies. http://www.taxidriver-tirol.at/
By train
In order to get in Meran by train you have to arrive in Bolzano first and from here you can take the train to Meran (every 30 minutes). When you buy the ticket at the departure station you can have the ticket from Bolzano to Meran included, saying that your destination is Meran. The Meran Central Rail Station is closed to the town centre.
By bus
Some German, Austrian and Swiss travel agencies offer direct bus connection to Meran. Normally international bus lines stop in Bolzano and from here you can take the bus Bolzano-Meran (bus line 201) at the Bolzano Bus Station or other stops inside Bolzano (like Dominikanerplatz). Buses are run by SASA [2], which uses the same orange buses you can find inside cities, and SAD's [3], with grey-coloured buses (they operate on the same line). There is a departure every hour. A fare from Bolzano to Merano costs EUR 4 (only 2.61 with value card).
By car
You have to exit at Bolzano South on motorway A22 and taking the modern freeway. In Meran there are three exits: Sinich/Meran Süd, Meran Zentrum and Algund (freeway end). If you are coming from Landeck in Austria or Engadin, Switzerland, you can follow the signs along the road. <IP_ADDRESS> 15:49, 28 October 2008 (EDT)
Get around
The best way in order to discover Meran is by foot, but it's covered by an excellent public transport system, which is composed by buses and a chair lift to the village of Tirol.
By Bus
In Meran there are 9 bus lines (generally 6 am - 9 pm) run by SASA [4] and 1 of this have also a night service (9 pm - 1 am). Buses pass frequently (every 15-25 minutes). Buses run always on time.
Stamp your ticket at the start of its first use (there are green - on new buses yellow - stamping machines). You have to buy another ticket if you stop and you catch a bus after 45 minutes after the printing (only with single trip ticket or spent value card). Payment is by the honor system and inspectors check for valid tickets. If you don't have one, it's an instant EUR 25 fine (plus the fare you were supposed to have paid). All timetables and bus maps you can find free in the tourist offices or in the bus station.
Chair lift
Meran is connected with the village of Tirol - located on a hill above the town - by a chair lift, which is in service between April and November.
By Taxi
Taxis are only on call available. Meran's taxi service is powered by Radio Taxi 24h24 calling 0473 21 20 13.
By bike
Meran has a good bike trail system - but not so developed as in Bolzano, though - but around the town it's excellent. Maps are available in tourist offices and online [5].
Rentals are available in the following places:
• Rail Station
• Spa Building
• Tennis Centre
The service is available from April until mid of October (M-Sa 9AM-7PM) and it's free. You only have to pay a EUR 5 bail - which is returned if the bike has not been damaged.
By car
The public transportation or your own feet should be enough in order to travel inside Meran. Finding a parking in the town centre can be complicated.
In winter (from November to March) the whole city is forbidden for the EURO 0 cars in order to prevent from air pollution. In cases of high concentration of polluted substances the streets are forbidden also for EURO 1 cars.
See
Museums, Galleries, and Memorials
• Touriseum - South Tyrol Museum of Tourism with Botanical Garden [6] - admission €9.80 (students/handicapped people €7.50, over 65 €8.50, after 6PM €5.00, children up to 6 years free) It's a very interesting highlight. The Museum hosted at Trauttmansdorff Castle reports the long history of tourist tradition in South Tyrol. The ticket includes the visit to the well-kept and quite wide Botanical Garden. The Museum is open only from the first half of March to the first half of September, considering that the Botanical Garden is closed during the cold season.
• City Museum - admission €2.00 (reduced €1.50) It's located in a former hotel, it shows interesting archaeological and historical founds.
• Princely Castle Museum - admission €2.00 (reduced €1.50) de, it Building from the 15th century located in the old town with an interesting exhibition for lovers of medieval history.
• Jewish Museum - free entry. The small museum located at the only South Tyrol's Synogogue reports the history and documentation about the Jewish community in South Tyrol.
• Women's Museum Evelyn Ortner - [7] - free entry. Unique museum about women specialized in culture of women's everyday life.
• Meran Art - City Gallery - [8] - free entry. Exhibitions of contemporary art, literature and architecture and other interesting features.
• Monument of Empress Elisabeth - is a statue situated at the Summer Promenade's entrance, which was modeled with white marble after Sissi's assasination in Geneva in 1898. The Empress of Austria visited Meran four times - the last time being one year before her death. After WWII the statue was replaced and the head re-modeled. It shows an interesting parallel with the Monument of Walther von der Vogelweide in Bolzano.
Churches
• Main Parish Church Gothic bulding with Baroque features in the old town built in different periods between 1302 and the 18th century. Its bell tower is one of the highest in South Tyrol (83 metres) and it shows 7 clocks.
• Holy Spirit's Church Gothic building built between the 14th and 15th century beyond the Passer river. A building built by Fascist Italy in rationalist style hides the church, because the Gothic style was considered to be a symbol of the German-speaking countries.
• Holy Mary's Church Located in the district of Untermais it's an interesting Romanic building built in the 12th century.
Buy
Eat
• Restaurant Kallmünz, Piazza Rena 12.
• Restaurant Sissi - Andrea Fenoglio, Via G. Galilei 44, [9].
Drink
• Café Forum, Via Leonardo da Vinci 11 (Postgasse). A fine Cocktails and Wine Bar.
• Bar Rossini, Corso della libertà 19, [10].
• Sketch Clublounge, Passegiata lungo Passirio 40, [11].
Sleep
• Hotel Palace Merano - Espace Henri Chenot, Via Cavour 2, [12].
• Hotel Aurora, Passegiata lungo Passirio 38, [13].
Contact
Get out
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Valparaíso
From Wikitravel
Chile : Central Chile : Valparaíso
Revision as of 12:32, 26 January 2013 by <IP_ADDRESS> (Talk)
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For other places with the same name, see Valparaíso (disambiguation).
Valparaíso is a city of around 300,000 on the Pacific coast of Central Chile. Frequently referred to as simply Valpo, it is located approximately 120km west of the capital, Santiago de Chile. The city is widely known for its bohemian culture, brightly colored houses, and beautiful seaside views.
View from downtown Valparaiso (Chile) to one of the hills.
Valparaiso (Chile), focusing on one of the escalators (Ascensores) connecting the harbour area to the hills.
Understand
• The city's main economic activities are shipping, petroleum refining, and tourism.
• Valparaiso was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2003.
• Visiting Valparaiso has less to do with touring specific sites than it is about roaming the chaotic, hilly streets, and taking in the views and ambiance. There is also an active nightlife and a constantly changing variety of artistic events.
Get in
By plane
Valparaiso does not have its own airport. The closest airport with commercial service is Arturo Merino Benitez International Airport (SCL) in Santiago, 115km from Valparaiso, which offers extensive domestic and international service.
To to get to Valparaíso from Santiago's airport, you will catch a bus heading to Pajaritos outside of the airport terminal. This will drop you off at the North side of "Pajaritos" a bus/subway station on the outskirts of Santiago, cross to the South side of the Subway station to get to the Bus Platform. From here, buses leave frequently for Valparaiso and other destinations; you may also take the subway into downtown Santiago. It is generally not necessary to have a bus ticket before arriving at Pajaritos.
Alternately, there are many transfer service companies at the airport, a van for max 8 people is around 85.000CLP.
Also, there are many rent-a-car companies at the airport. By car from the airport to Valparaíso is only 1 hour.
By train
The Metro Valparaíso or Merval runs between Valparaiso and Viña del Mar, as well as surrounding communities.[1] It runs from 6.00am to 11.30pm, and is new, clean and fast. Adult fares range from Ch$204 to Ch$1080 depending on the time of day and the distance travelled, but value cards of a minimum of Ch$1200 must be used; single tickets are not sold.
By car
While Valparaiso itself can be a bit of a difficult city in which to drive, the area's highway system is generally of good quality. Note that there are often tolls on highways.
By bus
Buses from a wide variety of destinations within Chile have scheduled service to Valparaiso, in addition to service to the Argentine city of Mendoza. The bus terminal is located close to the National Congress building.
Approximate bus travel times to/from Valparaiso:
• 1.5 hours: Santiago de Chile (many times every hour)
• 7 hours: La Serena (every other hour)
• 12 hours: Mendoza, Argentina (the road may be closed in winter due to bad weather)
Local buses also ply between Viña del Mar and Valparaiso, taking about 15 minutes each way. Fares range from Ch$350 to Ch$380.
By boat
Some cruise ships dock in Valparaiso, mostly as part of a long South American itinerary. Also possible is a Freighter Cruise from Mexico, taking two weeks and making several stops along the way.
Get around
The city micros are run by Transporte Metropolitano Valparaíso.[2] Exact routes and fares can be found under "Empresas" on the website, and single journeys cost about Ch$250 for local routes and Ch$300 for routes running between El Plan and the hills.
Colectivos are taxis painted in black with yellow roofs that run fixed routes, and are a very common mode of transport between (and within) Valparaiso, Viña del Mar, and other surrounding areas. The cost of the trip, while more expensive than the bus or metro, depends upon the distance being traveled following a system of zones. There are also regular taxis that do custom rides, but they are less common and more expensive. This type of taxis often congregate in the area around the Plaza Anibal Pinto.
The recently completed light-rail system, Metro Valparaíso or Merval, runs along the coast. It starts at Valparaiso's port and heads into Viña del Mar and other more rural locales. The metro provides quick access to major places of interest, and is only slightly more expensive than taking public buses. Adult fares range from Ch$204 to Ch$1080 depending on the time of day and the distance travelled, but value cards of a minimum of Ch$1200 must be used; single tickets are not sold.
Ascensores, funiculars, ply between El Plan, or the coastal strip, with the cerros, or hillside communitiies. They are for the most part old and creaky, but generally reliable. The fare may sometimes differ between going up and going down, but cost about Ch$300 each way. The ascensors are a unique mode of transportation in Valparaiso, and offer gorgeous views of the cityscape, port, and the Pacific Ocean.
See
• Cerros Alegre and Concepción
• Plaza Echaurren – Serrano Street
• Cerro Bellavista: residential area & artistic hill with colorful murals
• Museo a cielo abierto: 20 murals spread out over cerro Bellavista
• Ascensor & cerro Polanco: unique vertical funicular on Polanco hill with plenty of nice paintings
• Cerro Cordillera
• Banking area - Prat Street
• Paseo 21 de Mayo (Cerro Artilleria)
• La Matriz Church and surroundings
• Ascensores (inclines)
• La Sebastiana, one of three homes of poet Pablo Neruda (cerro Bellavista)
• Ex Cárcel, a former jail turned cultural center and concert venue
• Museo Naval y Maritimo (Naval and Maritime Museum), Paseo 21 de Mayo 45, at top of Ascensor Artillería, 56 32 2437651, [3]. Tuesday to Sunday, 10.00am to 6.00pm. This museum is dedicated to military naval exploits and battles, and puts a large focus on the Chilean victory against Peru and Bolivia in the War of the Pacific.
Do
Going to Valparaiso and not going on the ascensores (inclines) is like going to Venice and not taking a ride on a Gondola, only that the ascensores cost as little as 100 Chilean Pesos (around 20 US cents). They are also of practical use as they help many local people get to the higher parts of town, saving them from having to walk otherwise long and steep pedestrian routes.
During the last week in the year, Valparaiso holds an annual carnival that everyone should experience at least once in their lives. Each year the festival centers around a different country, from which performers and artists are invited to come and represent their culture and their work in theater, music, and the performance arts. Most activities are free and are held outdoors. The celebration culminates with a New Year firework display that within five of the most beautiful in the planet. Oops, but get ready in time because the city's population triples on those dates. I recommend visiting the Mirador del Cerro Artillery, panoramic view of the city of Vina del Mar, Reñaca, Con Con and more ... It reaches through the "lift" Artillery, in operation since 1893 (ask for Customs plaza area), its current value is 250 Chilean pesos, on the first floor is the Mirador "Walk May 21," (delivered to the community in the year 1911) in which impossible not to enjoy the restaurant "Calaufquen", typical dishes of fresh seafood, with a fair value. We are here with a Craft Fair in which they can buy from winter clothing (ponchos, Ruan, scarves, socks, gloves, wool hats), souvenir of the most varied models and prices, up figures and jewelry from lapis lazuli (blue stone semi-precious which is only in Chile and Afghanistan), by price and quality of the stone, I recommend the last local. Also visit the Naval Museum "(500 Chilean pesos) whose income is in the midst of the Paseo.
• The German Pirate (myvalparaiso.cl), [4]. Amazing tour by a German man who's lived in Valparaiso for years. He seems to know everything and everyone about the place. He speaks Spanish, English and German. Discounts for groups. You're unlikely to find a more immersive tour of Valparaiso.
Learn
The universities of Valparaiso are:
• 'University Federico Santamaria' [5]
• 'University of Valparaiso' [6]
• 'University of Playa Ancha' [7]
• 'Pontifical Catholic University of Valparaiso'[8]
Many international students study at the Catholic University and the University of Valparaiso.
Work
Buy
Valparaiso, to its charm, is not a city of malls and department stores. While several large grocery stores are present, most other shopping is done in smaller, non-chain stores tucked in along crowded city streets, or with street vendors; larger chain stores (and more upscale goods) are more commonly found in nearby Viña del Mar. A large shopping center, however, is found on the eastern end of Avenida Brasil.
Eat
The most traditional food in Valparaiso is the Chorrillana, a heaping mound of french fries topped with steak, onion, and eggs. You can eat this in the traditional restaurant J Cruz. Fresh seafood is readily available in many small restaurants around the city, especially around the muelle (wharf) areas, and is considered a must for any seafood lover. Neighboring Viña del Mar features a much larger (and more expensive) variety of international cuisines, including Thai, Mexican, and Argentine.
There are also some restaurants which specialize in different seafood dishes near Mercado Puerto, which is near the last metro station. The more the customers dining inside the restaurants, the better the dishes you'll be likely to get.
Bakeries are located on nearly every block, and produce quite delicious breads that can be had warm and right out of the oven at almost any time throughout the day. They are best enjoyed smothered with palta, which are grown en masse in Chile (palta is the Chilean word for avocado, known in most other Spanish-speaking countries as aguacate). In addition to the many types of bread, another widely available snack to keep you settled as you walk the streets are empanadas, a flaky pastry, almost like a croissant, filled with meat or cheese.
Budget
On the second floor of the Mercado Cardonal (cnr Ave Brasil and Uruguay) there are a few excellent, cheap and midrange restaurants serving lunch.
• Chile - Suecia, Calle Bellavista (Just off the square). Open even on Sundays. Good sandwiches, hot dogs and set menus at $2500.
• El Valenciano, Avenida Colon 3110, +56 32 225 1619. Delicious chicken, good sandwiches and good value meals.
• Estación Cielo Amierto, Ferrari 68 (Cerro Bellavista). A cute cafe on the Cerro Bellavista which has juices, smoothies, and sandwiches.
• Los Portenos II, (at the corner of Valdivia and Cochrane), 225 19 15. Delicious seafood dishes and many local people choose this restaurant at weekends.
• Cafe del Poeta, Plaza Anibal Pinto (Opposite the statue of A. Pinto). Good place for a sweat treat. Try the truffa de chocolate.
Mid-range
• Bijoux (Bijoux Restobar), Abtao 561-A, Cerro Concepcion, 56 9 9548 2321 (). Beautiful little Restaurant in the heart of Cerro Concepciòn. Instead of a menu card, the chef and owner comes to you and according to the daily market specialities and your wishes he creates an individual menu just for you.The food is always fresh, delicious and offers an unique experience in Chile. cl$7900.
• Le Filou Montpellier Almte Montt 382. Great French-run restaurant in Cerro Concepciòn.
• Epif Calle Dr. Grossi 268, Cerro Alegre. Tastey vegetarian food and drinks at reasonable prices. Cozy cafe environment with great music and service.
• Delicatessen Emporio, Urriola 383, C. Concepcion (Head north (and up) from the Armada main buiding - two blocks), +56-32-2339373, [9]. Beautiful food in a small, romantic setting. Carpaccio with oysters was exquisite, Garbanzo soup was flavorful (read: spicey), fresh and probably the best I've ever had. 7,500 for a full lunch.
• La Concepción Papudo 541, Cerro Concepción.[10] Voted best restaurant in Valparaiso in many magazines and on TripAdvisor. They serve everything from daily fresh fish to classic Chilean dishes with a modern presentation.[11]
Splurge
Cafe Turri Paseo Gervasoni (by the ascensor conception) great views and good food
Drink
On weekends, the time to go out for a drink (Chilean people call it "salir de carrete") starts no earlier than midnight, though somewhat earlier during the week. The pubs and clubs close at 5 AM on weekends, and 4 AM on weekdays.
Drinking alcohol in the streets is not allowed and 18 years is the minimum age for drinking alcohol, though enforcement of these rules is somewhat lax. If you are under 18, you may not be allowed entry into some pubs.
Chile is a major wine-producing country, and bottles of fairly tasty wines can be had for slightly more than US$1.
Nightlife
• La Torre - offers inexpensive drinks, and is frequented by university students
• Balmaceda
• Barcelona
• La Piedra Feliz - a more expensive and touristy club that often features salsa dancing, mosty for the older crowds
• Club El Cielo
• Club Stockolmo
• Club El Huevo - one of the largest dance clubs in Valparaiso which usually features a young crowd [12]
• Bar La Playa
• Mascara - caters to an artsy and gay/lesbian crowd
Many clubs and bars are also found in Viña del Mar. Public transportation and taxis continue to run throughout the night, making it entirely feasible to have accommodations in one city while going out for the night in the other.
Coffee
• Puro Cafe, Calle Edwards, 301, Valparaiso, + 56 9 96380239. One of the very few places in Chile to have real espresso, not instant coffee. The cafe has beautiful and comfortable furniture, making probably the best place in Valparaiso for coffee.
Sleep
Budget
• Hostel Casa Verde Limón [13] Cumming 198, (56) (32) 2121699, nice living room where you can meet people, very helpful staff, dorms from $5500
• Hostal Pilcomayo, Pilcomayo #491 (Cerro Concepción),<PHONE_NUMBER> ([email protected]). Basic rooms, very friendly atmosphere. The large living rooms makes it a good meeting place. Free internet.Dorm room 6000 per person.www.hostalpilcomayo.cl
• Angel Hostal [14] Cumming 160 Cerro Carcel, (56)(32) 2126940. Dorm room 7000 per person. Double room 8000 per person, matrimonial and single beds. Good breakfast, decent rooms, friendly helpful staff, good place to meet people, free internet and some tickets to nightlife bohemian experience.
• Hostal Girasoles [15] Almirante Montt 167, (56)(32) 2331024. Dorm room 8000 per person. Double room 15000 per person with breakfast, WiFi. They have sinlges as well. Clean rooms and bathroom and a central location close to Plaza Anibal Pinto. From the bus terminal you can catch a colectivo towards Anibal Pinto for 200 pesos, Almirante Montt is one of the streets off the plaza uphill.
Mid-range
• APARTMENTS: Valparaiso Experience, Pasaje Santa Margarita, Cerro BELLAVISTA, Valparaíso, Chile (Strategic central location on residential and artistic hill Bellavista, boasting great views over The Pacific ocean and coastline), (+56 9) 88308764, [16]. Valparaiso Experience offers fuly furnished ocean view apartments on residential cerro (hill) Bellavista. A remodeled building from 1904 with 3 apartments: Queen Mary Duplex - 4 bedrooms/2 bathrooms/large living-kitchen and 2 deck terraces with panoramic views - sleeps max. 8, Pablo Neruda Apartment - 3 bedrooms/1 bathroom/living/kitchen/patio sleeps 5-6, Bellavista Cottage - 2 bedrooms/1 bathroom/kitchen-living/garden with deck terrace and a couple of generous peach trees. A new building on the same central location with 4 luxury ECCO duplex apartments, each provided with solar panels/double glazing windows/central heating/2 bedrooms/2 bathrooms/full kitchen/bright living/ample deck terraces with panoramic ocean views.
• The Mirador Bed and Breakfast, 251 Levarte, [17]. A very comfortable hospedaje in the Playa Ancha sector of the city, with several rooms, small apartments, and a balcony with a great view of the city and port. Internet and Wi-Fi. A nice kitchen to use. Parking. Marisol, the owner, is wonderful and very helpful.
• The Yellow House, Capitán Muñoz Gamero 91, Cerro Artillería, Valparaíso, Chile (The Yellow House is easily reached by using the Ascensor Artilleria, on foot, by public transport or by car.), (56) 32 2339435, [18]. The Yellow House has 7 comfortable guest rooms. Most rooms as well as the homes two galleries, living and dining areas offer wonderful views of the port and harbour and on a clear day extend as far as the AndesMountains separating Chile and Argentina. The Yellow House also has a book exchange, WiFi, cable TV and a selection of board games. The house was built in the late 1800s and has been fully restored. The "Ocean View" room, as the name indicates, has the best view and is really worth it.
• Residencia en El Cerro, Pasaje Pierre Lotti 51, Conceptione, Valparaíso, Chile (Pierre Lotti 51 is easily reached by using the Ascensor Concepcion.). For absolute quietness, except for the creaking floors, try Residencia en El Cerro, Pasaje Pierre Lotti 51. Next door at 43 there is also accommodation. This Hostal is on an alley where no traffic get and the gardens add a little attractive colour. A twin room costs 30,000 a night. Breakfast is just OK with coffee/tea, bread, butter and jam. The place is in its original 1880`s decor - maybe. Wi-fi, TV.
Stay safe
In the context of Chile being a relatively safe country, Valparaiso is amongst its more dangerous locales, like many harbour cities around the world. Mainly, watch out for pickpockets, for instance avoid hanging your purse or bag in the back of your chair when seated, because it may get stolen. Violent crime is very uncommon, but normal precautionary measures should be taken; while in the street, do not display expensive jewelry. The port area (called "Puerto") is generally considered to be dangerous even during the day.
Contact
Cope
• There is a laundry in the mall of Hotel Prat. 5kg $3700.
Consulates
Get out
• Viña del Mar - The beachtown Viña del Mar is only ten minutes by train from Valparaíso, and slightly longer by bus. If you take bus 612 from Plaza Echaurren you will get a full tour of the Valpo hills, and you can jump off at La Sebastiana.
• The idyllic village Quintay is 45 minutes to the south by car. Take a colectivo from Calle 12 de Feberero, behind the bus terminal, 'they leave as soon as they fill up. $1400.
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2024-06-03T21:29:47.544Z | 2013-05-18T07:14:03.000Z | 2dtqn37n5kbxa4hx6ovvq755esstwhoi | {
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: Well, whaddaya know. The rubric problem was on my end after all. You can get your rubrics here. And please, send me your ideas for additional rubrics. Eight is not enough.
I'm gradually going through all the Crummy articles and changing them from evil Microsoft-created files into friendly Linux files. I'm taking the opportunity to do some minor updates and change links. Eventually all the Crummy links will work. Help me out by sending me dead links.
If you have to send me mail on Saturday, send it to<EMAIL_ADDRESS>The UCLA mailserver is going down for maintenance on that day, and I won't be able to get mail from<EMAIL_ADDRESS>until Sunday [Sunday Sunday!] or Monday.
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Unless otherwise noted, all content licensed by Leonard Richardson
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} | cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20 | advanced search
Category: Educational Resources > Environmental Ethics > Religion and the Environment
BodyEarthSelf
BodyEarthSelf contains vital information for self-improvement, better health, environmental awareness, and simplifying your life. The information is designed to provide hope, positive thinking, and encouragement for a better, more environmentally prosperous life.
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Contact Person: D.A. Colvin
E-Mail<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Website: http://www.bodyearthself.com
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Information about simpler living living free of chemicals with natural substitutions and effective viable suggestions and ideas to help you maintain your body/mind/spirit and increase your environmental awareness.
It is my hope that through my writing and my special compassionate colorful words people will glean hope, positivity, love, faith, and higher awareness. Plato's theory was correct. Everyone has a different perspective and outlook on the world and life and the glass is either half full or half empty, depending on how you perceive it. The one true genuine way to succeed in life and the world and achieve happiness is through compassion, passion, love, kindness, generosity, and most of all truth.
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2024-06-03T21:29:47.544Z | 2013-05-18T06:19:23.000Z | 7znwo52zx7azisow6ank3w5gawq5idbl | {
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} | cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20 | advanced search
Category: Organizations > Wildlife > Biodiversity
Walden Woods Project
Dedicated to preserving endangered sites within the Walden Woods ecosystem (Concord-Lincoln, Mass.) and educating the public on the importance of land preservation.
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Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862), the author of WALDEN, "Civil Disobedience," and other famous writings, is justly regarded as the founder of the environmental movement in America. Thoreau lived in the Walden Woods during his famous sojourn at Walden Pond, and the Walden Woods was the living laboratory where Thoreau developed his seminal ideas on forest succession and the dispersion of seeds. The mission of the Walden Woods Project is to ensure that the integrity of this important ecosystem remains intact, even in the face of onslaughts from well-financed developers and officials who seem not to understand the cultural and ecological significance of this treasured landscape. In collaborating with the Thoreau Society on the Thoreau Institute, which is located in the midst of Walden Woods and less than half a mile from Walden Pond, the Walden Woods Project disseminates Thoreau's ideas to the public and supports research that clarifies and adds to Thoreau's many and varied legacies.
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2024-06-03T21:29:47.544Z | 2013-05-18T07:22:05.000Z | oklyrsyuflym7r37xwhozre6hfprvwbs | {
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} | cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20 | Fast internet
Newbie Member
4Jun2011,02:31 #1
Can I bond multiple internet servies together to get better speed?
Go4Expert Founder
4Jun2011,09:47 #2
What type of services?
Mentor
4Jun2011,16:39 #3
Ask them.
Banned
19Apr2013,17:58 #4
No its not possible if you want to get a high speed on internet so you only take one plan just like a unlimited plan in this you will get a high speed. | v0 |
2024-06-03T21:29:47.544Z | 2013-05-18T08:09:39.000Z | 3ar5o7trp7nkywmj64g6bj3tzxtsy4mv | {
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} | cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [50]
“Do not let the exhortations of the Assyrian trouble you in the least, Chrysantas,” Cyrus answered; “for no speech of admonition can be so fine that it will all at once make those who hear it good men if they are not good already; it would surely not make archers good if they had not had previous practice in shooting; neither could it make lancers good, nor horsemen; it cannot even make men able to endure bodily labour, unless they have been trained to it before.”
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2024-06-03T21:29:47.544Z | 2013-05-18T07:26:01.000Z | j4rfmgztzould6potl2t7oicomwj4frt | {
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Watchers
Children
BirthDeath
1.
2.
aft. 1819
3.
aft. 1799
4.
5.
Robert Spring was a gardener who lived in the environs of Aberdeen, Scotland. What is known of him at this point is only what can be gathered from the christening records of his five children. His first two children were christened in the Kincardineshire parish of Banchory-Ternan (about 20 miles WSW of Aberdeen, along the Dee River), and his latter three children were christened in the Aberdeenshire parish of Udny (about 15 miles NNW of Aberdeen), suggesting that the family moved circa 1763. The christening records of the time typically only named the father, although the christening record of Mary names both a father and a mother. It is only a presumption that Mary's mother, Margaret Mearns, was the mother of all of the children, though it is also possible that the move from Banchory to Udny coincided with a second wife for Robert, and that the atypical nomination of a mother on the christening of Robert's first child in Udny was meant to indicate a different wife/mother than for his previous children.
Disambiguation
One might question whether the Robert Spring in Banchory was the same Robert Spring in Udny. However, the connection is supported by the configuration of children, who are themselves shown to be siblings. It can be shown that the Christian Spring who married Archibald Farquharson of Finzean had a brother Robert, a sister Isobel who married Robert Sherrat, and a sister Mary. Isobel and Mary both followed Christian to Finzean. In Christian's will, she identifies her brother Robert as well as the children of her sister Isobel. Only by viewing Robert Spring of Banchory and Robert Spring of Udny as one and the same can we find a family in the approximate right place and time with siblings Christian, Robert, Isobel, and Mary. Moreover, the regular and non-overlapping sequence of christening years in the two parishes would support them being the same Robert. | v0 |
2024-06-03T21:29:47.544Z | 2013-05-18T05:32:43.000Z | xenenf6o7tjyztm6j7o4p7lk7i4exsmf | {
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Mary Elizabeth "Betty" Taylor
b.20 APR 1824 Jefferson CO., KY
d.26 JUL 1909 Winchester, VA
m. 21 JUN 1810
1. Ann Margaret Mackall Taylor1811 - 1875
2. Sarah Knox Taylor1814 - 1835
3. Octavia Pannill Taylor1816 - 1820
4. Margaret Smith Taylor1819 - 1820
5. Mary Elizabeth "Betty" Taylor1824 - 1909
6. Richard Taylor1826 - 1879
Facts and Events
Name Mary Elizabeth "Betty" Taylor
Gender Female
Birth? 20 APR 1824 Jefferson CO., KY
Death? 26 JUL 1909 Winchester, VA
the text in this section is copied from an article in Wikipedia
Mary Elizabeth Taylor Bliss, born Mary Elizabeth Taylor (April 20, 1824 – July 25, 1909), was the youngest of the five daughters of President Zachary Taylor (1849-1850) and Margaret Mackall Smith Taylor.
In 1848, after her father was elected president, Mary Elizabeth married William Wallace Smith Bliss, an army officer who had served with her father. Taylor appointed William Bliss as Presidential Secretary. At the age of 22, Mary Elizabeth Bliss served as First Lady during her father's presidency, as her mother declined the social role.
Her father, mother and husband all died by 1853. Mary Elizabeth Bliss remarried five years later and had a long life.
This page uses content from the English Wikipedia. The original content was at Mary Elizabeth Bliss. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with WeRelate, the content of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License. | v0 |
2024-06-03T21:29:47.544Z | 2013-05-18T06:34:12.000Z | kcm4jndo4lysnjqacpiu773ciszoig53 | {
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Watchers
NameGraettinger
TypeCity
Coordinates43.238°N 94.751°W
Located inPalo Alto, Iowa, United States
source: Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names
source: Family History Library Catalog
the text in this section is copied from an article in Wikipedia
Graettinger is a city in Palo Alto County, Iowa, United States. The population was 844 at the 2010 census.
Research Tips
This page uses content from the English Wikipedia. The original content was at Graettinger, Iowa. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with WeRelate, the content of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License. | v0 |
2024-06-03T21:29:47.544Z | 2013-05-18T07:25:50.000Z | jbpy225lghf7gcy5jspsfxav22mj7juy | {
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Answers OnStartups is a question and answer site for entrepreneurs looking to start or run a new business. It's 100% free, no registration required.
Say I have a company called Business, and I've been operating under the domain name greatbusiness.com for 2 years. The "tm" symbol is on our logo and elsewhere on our website.
Then someone else comes along and registers greatbusiness.co and files for trademark "Great Business" at the USPTO and was approved. His company name is Great Business Inc.
What are my options at this point to get the trademark back? I want to file for a trademark.
share|improve this question
1 Answer
up vote 1 down vote accepted
Your options will cost money. What you can do depends on how much money you have to fight this and how important the mark is to you.
Your likelihood of success depends on the following factors among others:
• How similar your business is to his. If you sell software and he sells toothbrushes, then you might not have a case.
• How prominent your business is. If you have a lot of sales and sell to most states in the U.S. that helps your case. If you have a primarily local business and low sales, then that makes it a lot harder.
• How distinctive the word is. If it is a word in the dictionary, then you are less likely to succeed. If it is a made-up word, then you have a better chance.
Your options are (in increasing order of cost):
1. Negotiate with the other party. You could do this on your own, but having a lawyer will bring the other party to the table.
2. Oppose the trademark in the USPTO. You would have been better off doing this before the other party got the trademark, but you can still do it. You will need a lawyer to do this, and the initial stages are not so expensive. Are you willing to spend $10,000 on this?
3. File a lawsuit.
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2024-06-03T21:29:47.544Z | 2013-05-18T05:29:19.000Z | rnva5htrdszkkodtk3zipoh6e7kmynku | {
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} | cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20 | Bullying: Risk Factors Becoming ‘Bullies’
Kasetchai Laeheem, Metta Kuning, Nittaya McNeil
Abstract
The primary purpose of this study was to analyze the internal consistency and construct validity of a classification of bullying outcomes, and to investigate the risk factors associated with bullying behaviour at Pattani primary schools, southern Thailand. A cross-sectional study was conducted with a sample of 1,440 students. Factor analysis, descriptive statistics, Pearson’s chi-squared test, and logistic regression were used for data analysis. The results showed that 20.9% of students in Pattani primary schools reported having bullied others. A four factors structure of bullying was clearly shown; serious, general physical, psychological-maligning parent and psychological-maligning student. Witnessing parental physical abuse was clearly the most strongly associated determinants, and much more strongly linked to bullying others than was the group who had never witnessed parental physical abuse (OR 7.60, 95% CI 5.60-10.31). The students who preferred action cartoons were more often bullies than were those who preferred comedy cartoons (OR 2.87, 95% CI 1.91-430).
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2024-06-03T21:29:47.544Z | 2013-05-18T08:09:36.000Z | sbn75qjvhi4t3wgfg32pkeknd6wrnu5n | {
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} | cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20 | GlobalVoices in Learn more »
Iran's Supreme Leader Behind Enemy Lines with New Facebook Page
This post also available in:
Français · Iran : Le Guide Suprême "derrière les lignes ennemies" avec une nouvelle page Facebook
Español · Líder supremo iraní tras las líneas enemigas con nueva página de Facebook
So Facebook is Halal all of a sudden?
by Peyman Majidzadeh Excerpted from a longer post originally published on Arseh Sevom.
Amid all the discussions about launching a halal or national Internet in Iran, Ayatollah Khamenei, the Supreme Leader, took everybody by surprise with a new Facebook page launched on December 13, 2012. We are talking about the same Facebook, which for most Iranian citizens to access requires special software or a Virtual Private Network to bypass the country’s strict filtering! The news became official on December 15 when Mr. Khamenei’s Twitter account, believed to be run by his office, promoted the page by posting a link to it. According to The Guardian, Khamenei's official website has not yet confirmed the existence of the page, but the conservative news site Baztab reported that the account was run by his office.
In defense of Mr. Khamenei, Mehr News [fa] criticized Western news outlets for their reporting, stating:
“A simple search shows over a hundred accounts and similar pages attributed to Ayatollah Khamenei on Facebook.”
What Mehr fails to mention is that only one of these pages has been promoted through Khamenei’s Twitter account.
In addition to the recent Facebook account, Mr. Khamenei has a Twitter account and uses Instagram. On the flip side he has been very vocal about his opposition to social networks, reports Small Media [en].
Ayatollah Khamenei’s Facebook debut has generated heated debates in the Iranian online community. The ayatollah seems to have attracted over 20,000 “likes” so far. Unsurprisingly, the censorship apparatus seems to be on guard here too, as critical comments are being removed and many have been quickly blocked by the page’s admin. Masih Alinejad, an exiled journalist, posted on her Facebook page [fa]:
“The virtual guardianship of Khamenei on Facebook: If Mr. Khamenei or his office has officially joined Facebook, this implies that he has made up his mind to fight the ‘enemy’ behind the enemy’s line.”
She continues her post by publishing her own comments on the ayatollah’s page which were removed in the blink of an eye:
“If this is your official page, your majesty, you undoubtedly realized that there is no leader of a country nowadays who has never done an interview with a journalist throughout his leadership period. So please inbox me your telephone number so that I can bother you for an interview over the phone.”
Some have encouraged people to report this page as spam and ask Facebook to block the page. The have also created a new page called “No to Ayatollah Khamenei” and urged him to leave Facebook. They state that free access to information and the internet is everybody’s right, not one exclusive to the leader.
The blog Evolution-Adam [fa] posted a photoshopped screenshot of the page portraying Bashar Assad, Putin, Ayatollah Mesbah, [former] Judge Mortazavi, Seyed Hassan Nasrollah, Shariatmadari, and Kim Jong-un in the Facebook friends list of Khamenei.
Altered screenshot from the blog Evolution-Adam
In a blog entry titled “It is a crime for ordinary people, but it is permitted for him”, the author wrote [fa]:
“Ayatollah Khamenei has recently launched his own Facebook page while Facebook is blocked in Iran and the use of anti-filters is a crime!… What kind of a law is it when breaking it is easy for the authorities but ordinary people are jailed, lashed, or end up like Sattar Beheshti [a blogger who was killed] if they don't respect it.”
Former vice president Mohammad Ali Abtahi takes a different view. In his blog [fa] he writes:
“I believe this debut requires the attention of Internet policy makers and telecom organization officials. The most important thing here is to lift the filters on the page so that everybody can have access to it. Connecting to the highest-ranking official of the country for those inside by using circumvention is considered disrespectful to the people and to the Supreme Leader himself.”
On the page itself, many have commented only to have their comments swiftly removed by the page admin.
“When Bashar Assad falls, you will be next,” read a post which quickly disappeared. Another post with a similar fate read, “Which VPN do you use?”
Plenty of posts could also be seen urging the ayatollah to release political prisoners, grant freedom of expression and assembly, and allow free and fair elections. On the other hand, there are many comments praising Ayatollah Khamenei, which are not removed.
Despite the fact that the page has been widely publicized and commented on, so far there has been neither confirmation nor denial from Ayatollah Khamenei’s office of its authenticity. Confirmation from his office would highlight the double standards of the regime when it comes to social media. Meanwhile, Facebook is all about interaction and engagement, not just removing comments and blocking users. It is not clear how long the supreme leader will be able to maintain a similar no-comments approach.
Only time will tell.
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2024-06-03T21:29:47.544Z | 2013-05-18T06:33:08.000Z | 2dgkaweuje3qizvvalwefuporf6whmhh | {
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} | cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20 | SIMULATION OF SORTING SEDIMENTATION IN THE CHANNEL OF HUANGHUA HARBOR BY USING 3D MULTI-SIZED SEDIMENT TRANSPORT MODEL OF EFDC
Qinghe Zhang, Feng Tan, Tao Han, Xiaoyuan Wang, Zhiqiang Hou, Hua Yang
Abstract
Huanghua Harbor, located in the south-west coast of Bohai Bay, China, has frequently encountered severe channel siltation with sorting sedimentation along the channel during storm events since its construction. For prediction of channel siltation, a 3D numerical model of multi-fraction sediment transport based on the coupling of modified EFDC model and SWAN model is developed to investigate the sediment transport. It is shown from simulated results that the sorted sedimentation in the channel was well simulated in storm events, and the high sediment concentration near sea bed for silty coast during storm process can also be basically reflected by the model.
Keywords
EFDC model; SWAN model; Sorting Sedimentation; multi-fraction sediment; sediment concentration
References
Booij, N.C., R.C. Ris, and L.H. Holthuijsen. 1999. A third-generation wave model for coastal regions: 1. Model description and validation, Journal of Geophysical Research, 104, 7649-7666.http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/98JC02622
Hamrick, J.M. 1992. A three-dimensional environmental fluid dynamics computer code: theoretical and computational aspects, Special Report, VIMS, Virginia, 317pp.
Han H.S., S.S. Li, and Q. Zhao. 2006. Experiment study of vertical distribution of suspended concentration for silt under breaking wave condition. Journal of Sediment Research, (6), 30-36. (in Chinese).
Mellor G.L., and T. Yamada. 1982. Development of a turbulence closure model for geophysical fluid problems, Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics, 20, 851-875. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/RG020i004p00851
van Rijn L.C., M. W. C. Nieuwjaar, T. van der Kaay, E. Nap and A. van Kampen. 1993. Transport of fine sands by currents and waves. Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal and Ocean Engineering119(2),123-133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-950X(1993)119:2(123)
van Rijn L.C. 2007. Unified View of Sediment Transport by Currents and Waves. II: Suspended Transport, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 133, 668-689. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2007)133:6(668)
Xu H.M., and Y.L. Feng. 1998. Study on sediment transport in Huanghua Port project, Journal of Sediment Research, (1), 20-29. (in Chinese).
Yan B. 2008. Study of Sediment Transport and Channel Siltation on Silty Coast, Ph.D. thesis, Tianjin University (in Chinese).
Yan X.X. 2005. The sediment composition and distribution in nearshore zones of Huanghua Port, Journal of Waterway and Harbor, 26, 144-148. (in Chinese).
Zhang Q.H., F.L. Hou, B. Xia, J.F. Zhang, and H. Yan. 2006. Two dimensional numerical simulation of siltation in outer channel of Huanghua Harbor, China Harbor Engineering, 5, 6-9. (in Chinese)
Zhang Q.H., C.X. Wang, and H. Yang. 2004. The characteristics and affects of seabed surface sediment of Huanghua port, China Harbour Engineering, 4, 14-17. (in Chinese)
Zhao Q. 2006. Fine sediment transport in storm event-the Huanghua experience, Proceedings of 30thInternational Conference on Coastal Engineering. ASCE, 2956-2968.
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Why not add this quote to your bookmarks?
...his pale and haggard face, and gloomy bearing, had so far influenced the remark, that Edward was, for the moment, at a loss to answer him.
'Tut, tut,' said Mr Haredale, ''twas not very difficult to read a thought so natural. But you are mistaken nevertheless. I have had my share of sorrows--more than the common lot, perhaps, but I have borne them ill. I have broken where I should have bent; and have mused and brooded, when my spirit should have mixed with all God's great creation.
The men who learn endurance, are they who call the whole world, brother. I have turned FROM the world, and I pay the penalty.'
Edward would have interposed, but he went on without giving him time.
'It is too late to evade it now. I sometimes think, that if I had to live my life once more, I might amend this fault--not so much, I discover when I search my mind, for the love of what is right, as for my own sake. But even when I make these better resolutions, I instinctively recoil from the idea of suffering again what I have undergone; and in this...
Dickens, Charles
This quote is about endurance · Search on Google Books to find all references and sources for this quotation.
A bit about Dickens, Charles ...
Charles John Huffam Dickens FRSA (7 February 1812 - 9 June 1870), pen-name "Boz", was an English novelist. During his career Dickens achieved massive worldwide popularity, winning acclaim for his rich storytelling and memorable characters. Considered one of the English language's greatest writers, he was the foremost novelist of the Victorian era as well as a vigorous social campaigner.
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} | cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20 | Apologetics Press
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Apologetics Press is a site that focuses on Christian apologetics. The site's editors compile topics related to Christianity, throw out the ones that don't agree with them, and makes the ones that do look trustworthy.
Apologetics Press seems to be written from a fundamentalist point of view, as they hold that there are no biblical contradictions. The site seems to enjoy archiving debates in which atheists have lost. They think this will make them more respectable because rhetoric is better than evidence. Who needs empirical evidence and consistent observation when you can just play on the audience's ignorance and persuade them that there is a magic man who'll take them to heaven if they believe in him?
Contents
[edit] Purpose
The logo of Apologetics press.
Apologetic Press's purpose is to make the scripture of their Oh So Holy and Truthful Divine Graceful All-Loving Merciful Christian God seem scientifically accurate. The site has stated what its authors believe, and then tries to bend logic and evidence to fit their faith.
[edit] Effect
Christian apologists will sometimes use Apologetics Press to damage what credibility they originally had.[more detail please] The site can be a useful tool to examine various apologist oxymorons, such as "Reason and Revelation." The site has a sleek design, having recently been revamped. Despite this, it still contains obvious bias and reversal of scientific method, the site is also a good place where one can practice one's knowledge of logical fallacies. The site's most popular ones are: the false dichotomy, non sequitur, argument from design, argument from authority and the typical straw man.
[edit] See also:
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} | cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20 | But not in a good way... the pitiful results betray the fact that a solid majority of Americans have absolutely no idea what's going on in this country.
80% of the voting public doesn't have a clue
and got less than half right!
This goes some ways towards explaining how a shady post-turtle like Barack Obama found his way into the Oval Office- and how the public can continue to be so easily manipulated by the thoroughly-discredited MSM hacks that endeavor to prop him up.
And there are no trick questions here - just a very simple test to see if you are current on your information. It's only a dozen questions... but NO Googling during the test, kids~
I just took it and got two wrong, I'll admit... but that's still good-enough to put me in the 94%tile, what does that tell you about the American voter today...
Click here:
Pew Research Center | v0 |
2024-06-03T21:29:47.544Z | 2013-05-18T06:50:17.000Z | czadjtbarayyuahzsybmu5p7px57kpxh | {
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} | cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20 | Kirby's Dream Land
From StrategyWiki, the video game walkthrough and strategy guide wiki
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This page is a stub. Help us expand it, and you get a cookie.
Kirby's Dream Land
Developer(s) HAL Laboratory
Publisher(s) Nintendo
Distributor(s) 3DS Virtual Console
Release date(s)
Game Boy
Nintendo 3DS
Genre(s) Platform
System(s) Game Boy, Nintendo 3DS
Mode(s) Single player
Rating(s)
ESRB: Kids to Adults
Series Kirby
Neoseeker Related Pages
Kirby's Dream Land, known as Hoshi no Kābī (星のカービィ? lit. "Kirby of the Stars") in Japan, is a 1992 third party developed platform game developed by HAL Laboratory and published by Nintendo for the Game Boy handheld video game console. It was first released in Japan, and was later released in North America. It is both the first video game in the Kirby series and the debut of the Kirby character. Kirby's Dream Land was designed by Masahiro Sakurai, at HAL Laboratory who intended for Kirby's Dream Land to be a simple game that could be played by beginning gamers. As the inaugural Kirby title, Kirby's Dream Land created many conventions that would appear in later games in the series, including Kirby's basic moves. However, Kirby's trademark "copy" ability would not appear until Kirby's Adventure, released less than one year later. Kirby's Dream Land was re-released for the 3DS's Virtual Console service. It is also one of the games included in Kirby's Dream Collection, which was released to celebrate Kirby's 20th anniversary.
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Mount Isa
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Mount Isa [1] is a mining city in the north-west of the Australian state of Queensland, situated some 900 km west of Townsville and some 1900 km north-west of the capital Brisbane. Population 22,000. Geology is the key drawcard to Mount Isa, best represented in the World Heritage Riversleigh Fossil Field located near the city (250 km! - "near" for Queensland....).
Mount Isa Mines at dusk
[edit] Understand
Mount Isa is the birthplace of two Australian sporting greats: Greg Norman (golf) and Pat Rafter (tennis).
Mount Isa City municipality covers an area of over 43,310 square kilometres, making it geographically the second largest city in the world to Kalgoorlie-Boulder, Western Australia.
[edit] Get in
[edit] By train
Mount Isa is served by The Inlander passenger train [2] which travels overnight between Townsville (via Charters Towers) twice weekly (977 km). The air-conditioned train offers twinette, roomette, triple bunk and coach accommodation, and has a club car for movies and food.
[edit] Get around
[edit][add listing] See
The Mount Isa Rotary Rodeo [3] is the biggest and richest event Rodeo Event in the Southern Hemisphere. During Rodeo Week, Mount Isa's population swells almost three-fold with travelers coming from all over Australia and overseas to witness the thrills, the excitement, the raw power and courage that is rodeo. It's where city meets country, east meets west, man meets beast. With a packed program of rodeo events - saddle bronc riding, bareback bronc riding, bull riding, rope & tie, steer wrestling and team roping, wild horse racing, ladies barrel racing and ladies breakaway roping. Every year it all seems to get bigger better and more fun!
Outback at Isa - Hard Times Mines Mount Isa
• Riversleigh Fossils Centre, ph: +61 (0)7 4749 1555 or 1300 659 660<EMAIL_ADDRESS>, fax: +61 (0)7 4743 6296,)[4] Conveniently displaying the results of excavation at the World Heritage site
[edit][add listing] Do
Hard Times Mine tour [5] Experience the history of Mount Isa's long and illustrious mining history in this purpose built mine. Guided by current and former miners from the Mount Isa mines, machinery demonstrations, old stories and hands on experience can all be experienced in a real underground environment. An amazing and unforgettable experience for locals and tourists alike.
[edit][add listing] Buy
[edit][add listing] Eat
Mount Isa, for a city of its size, is a considerable dining experience for the hearty traveller and local. Selections such as Indian, Italian, Chinese, German and French are all represented, either in the CBD or on the major roads. As well as this, all the major fast-food giants such as McDonalds, KFC, Eagle Boys, Red Rooster, Pizza Hut and Subway all have outlets in the Copper City.
• Abyssinia Cafe Restaurant [6], 103 Marian Sreet. ph: 07 4743 3328. The Abyssinia Cafe is a Licensed Restaurant serving traditional Ethiopean Cuisine as well as standard Australian meals and Indian food. For the last 20 years, Almaz Taye (Leila) Cashmore has owned and operated the cafe building up a broad reputation for excellent food. The Cafe has been featured on SBS for Ethipoean Cuisine
• The Isa Hotel] [7], 11 Miles Street. ph: 07 4749 8888. The Isa Hotel hosts the very popular Rodeo Bar & Grill. The ample menu focuses on the beef and barramundi found in the region while providing many alternative dishes to suit almost everybody. Bookings are recommended from Friday and Saturday nights.
[edit][add listing] Drink
Drinking aplenty in the Isa. The Irish Club [8], Buffs Club [9], The Overlander Hotel, The Isa and the Red Earth Hotel [10] and many others are make up the great selection of watering holes in the city. Many outlets have meals, happy hours and special promotions going all the time.
[edit][add listing] Sleep
Mount Isa offers a range of accommodation options to suit everyone's budget.
[edit] Budget
• Travellers Haven Backpacker Hostel [11], 75 Spence Street, ph: +61 (0)7 4743 0313. A relaxed, family-run hostel only 10 minutes walk from the city centre. The Haven offers free pick-up and drop-off from the bus and train station, cooking and laundry facilities, air conditioning, swimming pool, internet and off-street parking. Dorms from $25.
[edit] Mid-range
• Cityside Accommodation [12], 20 Fourth Avenue, Parkside. ph: (07) 4749 0007. Comfortable and quiet self-contained rooms to accommodate any traveler type. Located only minutes from cbd and within walking distance of Aquatic Centre. Clean outdoor shared areas - garden and BBQ. Friendly staff and strong sense of community among residents and guests.
• Townview Motel in Mount Isa [13], 103 Marian St. ph: +61 7 4743 3328. 4-star accommodation with 24 rooms that include Budget, Standard and 2 Bedroom Spa Suites. Most rooms include cooking facilities. There is also a 3 bedroom house for longer stays. The Abyssinia Cafe Restaurant is on site which serves traditional Ethiopean Cuisine as well as standard Australian meals and Indian food.
[edit] Get out
The roads into and out of Mount Isa are generally of good quality and passable for all vehicles. Care should be taken if travelling during the wet season as many of these roads can become flooded and impassable. Never try to cross covered causeways even if no signage or barricades are erected at the site. Purpose built signs are placed along the Barkly Highway to Townsville to indicate what roads are passable during flood times. Alternatively, asking locals of possible road conditions can give surprising accuracy.
• Flights can be booked with Airnorth, Qantas, Rex and Skytrans to various locations around the Queensland and Northern Territory (depending on carrier)
• Train services are run twice per week to Townsville and other towns along the Barkly Highway with the Inlander
• Bus services between Mount Isa and surrounding areas are run by Greyhound Australia [14]
General Distances
This is a usable article. It has information for getting in as well as some complete entries for restaurants and hotels. An adventurous person could use this article, but please plunge forward and help it grow!
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} | cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20 | Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
1307.6 - Tasmanian State and Regional Indicators, Jun 2009
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 29/07/2009
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
EDUCATION
SCHOOLS
In August 2008, there were 277 schools in Tasmania, of which 210 (75.8%) were government schools and 67 (24.2%) were non-government schools. There were 169 (61.0%) primary only schools, 46 (16.6%) secondary only schools, 56 (20.2%) combined primary/secondary schools and 6 (2.2%) special schools.
The number of schools in a particular year can be affected by structural change in the composition of schooling rather than necessarily a change in the number of sites delivering full-time school education. That stated, over the ten-year period 1998-2008, the numbers and proportions of primary only and secondary only schools have remained steady. In 1998, there were 176 primary only schools in Tasmania representing 64.0% of all schools (not including special schools) and 47 secondary only schools (17.1%).
SCHOOLS(a), Tasmania
SCHOOL STUDENTS
In August 2008, there were 81,591 full-time school students in Tasmania. From 1998 to 2008, the number of full-time students attending government schools fell by 7.5% (from 62,978 to 58,280), while the number attending non-government schools increased by 10.3% (from 21,138 to 23,311).
In August 2008, 54.9% of all full-time school students in Tasmania were attending primary schools (44,770); 45.1% were attending secondary schools (36,821).
In August 2008, apart from the Northern Territory (NT), Tasmania had the lowest proportion of full-time students attending non-government schools (28.6%). By contrast, the state or territory with the highest proportion was the Australian Capital Territory with 42.5%.
PROPORTION OF NON-GOVERNMENT FULL-TIME STUDENTS, Tasmania
There were 1,546 part-time school students in Tasmania in August 2008, a significant decrease (42.8%) on the numbers in 1998 (2,701). There were 5,017 indigenous full-time school students, a significant increase (22.1%) on the numbers in 1998 (4,108).
HIGHER EDUCATION STUDENTS
In 2007, there were 19,531 higher education students in Tasmania. Of these, 53.7% were female, 73.4% were undertaking a bachelor degree and 17.6% were undertaking postgraduate study. The most popular field of education study by Tasmanian higher education students in 2006 was 'society and culture' (22.3% of all students) followed by 'management and commerce' (18.8%).
PROPORTION OF HIGHER EDUCATION STUDENTS, Tasmania
AGE PARTICIPATION RATES
The school age participation rate indicates the proportion of the resident population who are at school. Occasionally, a participation rate can exceed 100%, mainly due to the enrolment of students in schools who are not residents of that state. The age participation rates for full-time Tasmanian school students in August 2008 were 99.8% for 14 year olds, 99.7% for 15 year olds, 86.3% for 16 year olds and 60.6% for 17 year olds.
Tasmania's participation rate for 17 year olds exceeded that of Western Australia (41.4%), the NT (5.2%) and Queensland (47.1%).
APPARENT RETENTION RATES
The apparent retention rate is the number of school students in a designated level/year of education expressed as a percentage of their respective cohort group. To calculate the apparent retention rate of full-time secondary school students in Tasmania, the total of full-time students in Year 12 in August 2008 is divided by the number of full-time students that were in Year 7 in 2003. The resultant figure is converted to a percentage. Care should be taken in interpreting apparent retention rates as the method of calculation does not take into account a range of factors. Please refer to paragraphs 20 and 22 of the explanatory notes in Schools, Australia, 2008 (ABS cat no. 4221.0).
In August 2008, the apparent retention rate of full-time Tasmanian students from Year 7/8 to Year 12 was 64.8%, compared to 62.1% in 1998. The apparent retention rate for females in 2008 was 71.1% and for males 58.9%.
In recent years, apparent retention rates for students in non-government schools have exceeded those for students in government schools. In August 2008, the apparent retention rate of full-time Tasmanian students from Year 10 to Year 12 was 71.8% for those in non-government schools, compared to 61.8% for those in government schools.
APPARENT RETENTION RATES, Year 10 to Year 12, Tasmania
STUDENTS ACHIEVING BENCHMARK
In March 1997, all state, territory and commonwealth education ministers agreed on the national goal: that every child leaving primary school should be numerate and able to read, write and spell at an appropriate level. The Ministerial Council for Education, Early Childhood Development and Youth Affairs (MCEECDYA) publishes national reports which include the results of testing conducted to identify the achievement of students in each of Years 3, 5, 7 and 9 as measured against national benchmarks for reading, writing and numeracy.
In general, the results for Tasmania for 2008 show that the large majority of Years 3, 5, 7 and 9 students are achieving at the benchmark level or better in reading, writing and numeracy. The highest percentage results for Tasmania were gained by Year 3 students for writing and numeracy where this cohort saw a respective 97.1% and 96.7% of students achieving at the benchmark level or better; the lowest percentage results were gained by Year 9 for writing (84.1%) and Year 5 for reading (89.7%).
Across all categories and years except one, Tasmanian female school students achieved better benchmark results than equivalent male school students. The one exception was for Year 9 numeracy where 92.6% of males achieved the benchmark or better compared to 92.0% for females.
PERCENTAGE OF STUDENTS ACHIEVING BENCHMARK IN READING, Tasmania, 2008
PERCENTAGE OF STUDENTS ACHIEVING BENCHMARK IN WRITING, Tasmania, 2008
PERCENTAGE OF STUDENTS ACHIEVING BENCHMARK IN NUMERACY, Tasmania, 2008
SCHOOL TEACHERS
There were 6,973 teaching staff in Tasmania in August 2008. Of these, 4,921 were female and 2,052 were male.
There were 5,816 full-time equivalent (FTE) teaching staff in Tasmania in August 2008. Of these, 4,122 were at government schools and 1,694 were at non-government schools; 2,976 were at secondary schools and 2,840 were at primary schools; and 3,952 were female and 1,864 were male.
PROPORTION OF FULL-TIME EQUIVALENT TEACHING STAFF, Tasmania
The proportion of Tasmanian FTE female teaching staff has continued to rise, albeit slowly, since 1998. Conversely, the proportion of male staff has fallen. In August 2008, 67.9% of all Tasmanian FTE teachers were female; this compared to 65.2% in 1998. In August 2008, 32.1% of all Tasmanian FTE teachers were male; this compared to 34.8% in 1998.
Tasmanian primary schools have significantly more female teachers than male teachers. In August 2008, 80.0% of all FTE teachers in primary schools were female compared to 56.5% in secondary schools. The comparable figures in 1998 were 78.8% and 52.2% respectively.
Overall, in August 2008, the average number of FTE Tasmanian primary school students per FTE teacher was 15.8. In government primary schools the average was 15.5; in non-government primary schools it was 16.5. The equivalent figures for secondary schools were 12.7 students, with an average of 13.0 in government secondary schools and 11.9 in non-government secondary schools.
SOURCES
Ministerial Council for Education, Early Childhood Development and Youth Affairs (MCEECDYA)
Schools, Australia (ABS cat no. 4221.0)
Further information can also be found on the Education and Training Statistics Theme Page of the ABS website.
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Detection and mapping of mtDNA SNPs in Atlantic salmon using high throughput DNA sequencing
Olafur Fridjonsson1*, Kristinn Olafsson1, Scott Tompsett2, Snaedis Bjornsdottir1, Sonia Consuegra2, David Knox4, Carlos G de Leaniz3, Steinunn Magnusdottir1, Gudbjorg Olafsdottir1, Eric Verspoor4 and Sigridur Hjorleifsdottir1
Author Affiliations
1 Matís, Vínlandsleið 12, 113 Reykjavík, Iceland
2 Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Wales, Aberystwyth, UK
3 Department of Pure & Applied Ecology, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
4 Freshwater Laboratory, Marine Scotland, Pitlochry, Scotland PH16 5LB, UK
For all author emails, please log on.
BMC Genomics 2011, 12:179 doi:10.1186/1471-2164-12-179
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/12/179
Received:21 October 2010
Accepted:7 April 2011
Published:7 April 2011
© 2011 Fridjonsson et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Background
Approximately half of the mitochondrial genome inherent within 546 individual Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) derived from across the species' North Atlantic range, was selectively amplified with a novel combination of standard PCR and pyro-sequencing in a single run using 454 Titanium FLX technology (Roche, 454 Life Sciences). A unique combination of barcoded primers and a partitioned sequencing plate was employed to designate each sequence read to its original sample. The sequence reads were aligned according to the S. salar mitochondrial reference sequence (NC_001960.1), with the objective of identifying single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). They were validated if they met with the following three stringent criteria: (i) sequence reads were produced from both DNA strands; (ii) SNPs were confirmed in a minimum of 90% of replicate sequence reads; and (iii) SNPs occurred in more than one individual.
Results
Pyrosequencing generated a total of 179,826,884 bp of data, and 10,765 of the total 10,920 S. salar sequences (98.6%) were assigned back to their original samples. The approach taken resulted in a total of 216 SNPs and 2 indels, which were validated and mapped onto the S. salar mitochondrial genome, including 107 SNPs and one indel not previously reported. An average of 27.3 sequence reads with a standard deviation of 11.7 supported each SNP per individual.
Conclusion
The study generated a mitochondrial SNP panel from a large sample group across a broad geographical area, reducing the potential for ascertainment bias, which has hampered previous studies. The SNPs identified here validate those identified in previous studies, and also contribute additional potentially informative loci for the future study of phylogeography and evolution in the Atlantic salmon. The overall success experienced with this novel application of HT sequencing of targeted regions suggests that the same approach could be successfully applied for SNP mining in other species.
Background
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), representing single base differences between individuals, are a common form of genome variation [1]. Once identified, SNPs have the potential to be used as genotyping markers for population assignment or in phylogeographic analysis, and are rapidly becoming the marker of choice within this field of study [2]. The emergence of high-throughput (HT) sequencing technologies provides an unparalleled opportunity for the cost-effective sequencing of targeted genomic regions for SNP identification. HT sequencing has been applied for SNP discovery in humans [3,4], animals [5], plants [6,7] and bacteria [8] - in species where reference genomes exist. In organisms lacking a sequenced reference genome, SNPs have also been mined from the random sequencing of either expressed sequence tags (ESTs) [9,10] or reduced representation libraries [11-13]. However, with an available reference sequence, specific genetic regions of interest can be amplified using PCR prior to HT sequencing. The sequence reads of about 400 bp obtained using the Titanium GS FLX chemistry (Roche, 454 Life Sciences) make the 454 sequencing platform particularly suitable for sequencing PCR generated amplicons. This approach involves the emulsion based amplification of individual PCR products and simultaneous, parallel pyrosequencing of DNA strands [14].
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) has been widely used in studies of phylogenetics, molecular ecology and phylogeography in a range of organisms, including the Atlantic salmon based on RFLP or sequences from using Sanger technology [15-17]. As SNPs represent the main form of polymorphism observed in the mtDNA, recent research has been focused upon the identification of a geographically informative mitochondrial SNP panel suitable for high-throughput genotyping (e.g. mtSNP mini-sequencing) [18].
Traditional Sanger-based sequencing methods are relatively expensive and time-consuming, restricting the number of individuals and gene regions that can be sequenced, given the funding available for most studies. Consequently, often a relatively few individuals from restricted geographical areas have been sequenced in order to obtain SNP panels. The SNPs have been subsequently used to screen larger samples from a broader geographical range [1], which has led to low power in resolving lineages and their relationships. It has also raised potentially serious concerns associated with ascertainment bias, such as the situation whereby inferences are significantly conditioned by the gene region screened or the populations used to identify the polymorphisms. The latter could potentially lead to a biased interpretation of the extent to which individuals and populations are related.
HT sequencing technologies offer the potential to overcome these limitations by allowing the rapid and economic sequencing of large genome regions. However, most applications of HT technology to-date have been designed to sequence a large number of fragments from relatively few individuals. In this study, a novel approach was developed by combining the traditional PCR amplification of known gene regions with 454 Titanium FLX (Roche, 454 Life Sciences) sequencing. This approach allowed the sequencing of extensive regions of the mtDNA genome within a broad sample group both quickly and in accordance with a limited budget. The method was tested on the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) - a fish extensively surveyed using both nuclear [19] and mitochondrial DNA markers, including a mtDNA SNP variation [19-22], and for which 152 nuclear SNPs and 125 mtDNA SNPs [20,22,23] have already been reported. Here, 546 samples from 48 locations throughout the species' geographical range were screened for 7215 bp, encompassing approximately 43% of the mtDNA genome in order to minimize the degree of ascertainment bias relative to previous comparable studies.
Results
PCR Amplification
546 S. salar samples derived from across the species' North Atlantic range were included in this study (Figure 1). In addition, 12 brown trout and 18 Arctic charr samples were included in the sequencing setup as a part of another study. The samples were divided into 16 groups, each composed of 36 samples (see Additional file 1, Table S1). Ten regions of the S. salar mitochondrial genome covering the D-loop region and nine coding genes (ND1, ND2, COXI, COXII, ATP6, ND3, ND4, ND5, CYTB) were selected for the SNP detection (Table 1), taking into account those regions previously shown to have high levels of polymorphism by studies of EST libraries and genome sequencing [19,20,22]. Some of the target regions were divided into 2-3 amplicons of about 400 bp, which is the average sequence length obtained with the FLX Titanium chemistry (Table 1). Thus, each sample was subjected to a total of 20 PCR reactions. For each of the 16 sample groups, 720 PCR reactions were carried out separately (Figure 2). Single PCR products of the expected sizes were obtained from the majority of the 11,520 reactions performed. Only 127 PCR reactions (1.1%) with S. salar DNA yielded low quantities of amplified products, despite optimization. Geographic bias was not pronounced; although the amplification of approximately half of the samples from two rivers produced low yields. This could be attributed to limited or low quality DNA isolated from the corresponding samples (data not shown).
Figure 1. A map showing the sampling locations. See also Additional file 1, Table S1: Sampling sites, the number of samples and the division into groups.
Additional file 1. Table S1: Sampling locations. The file shows the sampling locations and the number of individuals per location as well as grouping of samples
Format: DOCX Size: 19KB Download file
Table 1. Target regions used in this study and the number of validated SNPs
Figure 2. The experimental setup. In order to sequence 20 mitochondrial amplicons from 576 samples of Atlantic salmon, brown trout and Arctic charr, in a single run, the isolated DNA was divided into 16 groups, each containing 36 samples. The mitochondrial fragments were amplified from each group in a matrix of PCR reactions, using barcoded primers (MIDs) (A). 20 matrices of PCR reactions, one for each mitochondrion fragment, were carried out (B). Up to 720 amplicons from each group were pooled together in near equimolar concentrations. The 16 pools created were used to generate single stranded fragment DNA templates for the FLX sequencing. 16 amplified sst libraries, consisting of DNA fragments on beads, were loaded onto a PicoTiterPlate equipped with a sixteen-lane gasket where each library was assigned one lane (C). Based on the combination of MIDs on both sites of the amplicons within each group (library), individual sequencing reads were assigned to the corresponding samples.
Pyrosequencing and Amplicon Analysis
The PCR products for each group were pooled for sequencing in near equimolar concentrations and the sequencing was carried out as described in Materials and Methods. The pyrosequencing yielded a total of 179,826,884 filter passed base pairs. An average of 11,546,081 bp (±1,612,536 SD) was obtained from each of the 16 regions on the picotiter plate, excluding one that yielded 6,635,668 bp. The majority of sequence reads were between 400-420 bp, corresponding to the size of the amplicons (see Additional file 2, Figure S1 and Table S2, on the distribution of read length). Each PCR product contained multiplex identifying sequences [MIDs], designed by Roche (454 Life Sciences), at both ends, which enabled the identification of the corresponding sample within a group (Figure 2). Hence, to correctly assign a PCR product to a sample, its entire sequence was required, including both MIDs. The GS Amplicon Variant Analyzer software from Roche, 454 Life Sciences was used to align and assign the sequence reads. The sequences obtained were assigned to 10,765 of the 10,920 S. salar products targeted by PCR (98.6%). The number of sequence reads (sequence coverage) supporting a SNP per individual was on average 27.3 with a standard deviation of 11.74. The yield of sequenced S. salar amplicons was generally high, with less than 1.5% of samples missing on average. The exception to this observation was amplicon 18 (Table 1), where no sequences were obtained for 62 of 546 S. salar samples (12%).
Additional file 2. Figure S1: Distribution of read length Table S2: Read length statistics of the FLX sequencing run. The file contains a graph showing the number of reads vs. read length and a table indicating the read length statistics of the FLX sequencing run.
Format: DOCX Size: 26KB Download file
SNP Analysis
The GS Amplicon Variant Analyzer software identified a total of 1714 variants following alignment of the raw sequence data. Applying the first stringency filter, requiring sequence reads from both DNA strands, reduced this number to 904. After rejecting variants resulting from potential sequencing errors, including under-reads of homopolymer regions, and single base insertions, the variants were confined to those confirmed in at least 90% of replicate sequence reads. Subsequently, 242 variants remained. Thereof, 24 variants were rejected since they occurred in only one individual. Consequently, the alignment analysis and filtering yielded a total of 218 variants, consisting of 216 SNPs and 2 indels. Maps of the S. salar mitochondrial genome, indicating the regions selected for the SNP analysis and the accepted SNPs for each region are shown in Figure 3 and 4, respectively. (See also Table 1, and Additional file 3, Table S3, for further details on 454 read statistics). The greatest number of SNPs was observed in the ND4 gene region (38), whilst the lowest number (10) was observed in the ND3 gene. When considered as a proportion of the length of each region, the D-loop had the highest density of SNPs (0.55 SNPs bp-1) whilst the COX2 region gene yielded the least (0.021 SNPs bp-1). Of the variants observed, 196 are transitions while 20 are transversions, and nearly half of the latter is located in the D-Loop region (Table 1). In three cases (D-Loop: bp973; ND1: bp3989 and CYT-B: bp16421) both a transition and transversion were observed at the same locus in different samples. Indels were only observed within the D-Loop region, with a two bp insertion (CT) at bp 963 and a two bp deletion at bp 967. When compared to previous studies of smaller [20] and more geographically constrained discovery panels [15,19,22-24], 109 of the SNPs and one of the indels had been reported, while 107 new SNPs and one indel were identified in this study (Figure 4). When this data is considered according to populations, 0.5% of SNPs were found in all geographic locations, whilst 13.1% existed in only one. Additionally, a further 56.3% were found in less than 10 populations, whilst 13.1% were found in more than 50% of populations.
Figure 3. A map of the Salmo salar mitochondrial genome. The regions selected for sequence analysis in this study are shown.
Figure 4. Maps of the accepted SNPs obtained in this study, shown for each region. New SNPs are shown red.
Additional file 3. Table S3: mtDNA SNPs validated in this study. The file shows the validated SNPs, their location according to S. salar mitochondrial DNA reference sequence (NC_001960.1); the number of individuals supporting the SNP; and the sequence coverage per individual.
Format: DOCX Size: 50KB Download file
Discussion
Next generation sequencing technology, such as 454 sequencing, is rapidly expanding the possibility for SNP mining by genome sequencing within a reasonable budget. However, the technology to-date has generally been restricted to the sequencing of large regions of the genome using relatively few samples [12,13]. In this work, a large SNP ascertainment panel was obtained at a relatively low cost by amplifying multiple regions of a mitochondrial genome in numerous samples and their subsequent sequencing using the 454 technology. The resultant SNP panel provides the least likelihood of ascertainment bias [25], with a discovery panel of 546 samples from 48 locations across the North Atlantic range of S. salar, making this the most informative and geographically comprehensive SNP panel for the species to-date (Figure 1).
The cost of sequencing using the 454 platform was minimized by carefully designing the experiment to require only a single pyrosequencing run, whilst obtaining sufficient sequence reads in both directions to yield a robust result, essentially minimizing false positives and avoid missing true polymorphisms from each ~400 bp read. The most challenging aspect faced was the need to ensure that each individual amplicon of a given type could be traced to the original sample. This was achieved using a sequencing plate with a 16-region gasket, and a set of 5' MID primer sequences. To decrease the primer cost (and ultimately the overall cost), the necessary adaptor sequences for the 454 sequencing were ligated to the PCR products instead of including them in the primer sequences; this may have also reduced complications in the PCR reactions due to the shorter 5' non-complementary primer sequences. Thus, sequencing libraries were prepared for the 16 PCR pools using the GS FLX Titanium General Library Preparation protocol for shotgun sequencing, instead of using amplicon sequencing (Roche, 454 Life Sciences). Furthermore, a Taq-comparable polymerase was used for generating the PCR pools of 11,520 reactions, instead of using an expensive high fidelity polymerase. The lack of proof-reading activity during the PCR might have increased the error rate in the sequence data, although the numerous specimens used here as well as the sequence coverage obtained should adequately compensate for this. Furthermore, variations observed in a single individual were not accepted as SNPs in accordance with the set criteria. Even if legitimate SNPs were necessarily discarded in this manner, their low frequency suggests that any information that was lost was probably minimal. Given that there is no geographical or population association, it can be assumed that this would not compromise the informative essence of the overall SNP suite, at least from the perspective of the studies of biodiversity and phylogeography. Considering the high coverage obtained in this experiment, the application of a high fidelity polymerase could enable the reliable SNP detection for simultaneous processing of even greater sample numbers than in the current study. Thus, if the budget is not restricting, the processing capacity of the method can be further increased by applying a high fidelity polymerase to generate the amplicons, at the cost of sequence coverage.
The sequence yield in this experiment was approximately 179 million bp, which is within the range of 160-320 million bp expected for Titanium 454 sequencing, using a 16-region gasket (Roche, 454 Life Sciences). However, for an undetermined reason, the sequence yield ranged from 6,635,668 to 13,135,520 filter-passed base pairs between different regions of the sequencing plate. Also, the sequence yield for amplicon 18 was relatively low in comparison to that of the other amplicons. This could be due to a bias in the sample pooling. Nevertheless, the distribution of sequences was relatively similar over the sample range, resulting in an average coverage of 27.3 (±11.7) sequence reads per SNP per individual. The sequencing setup described here also included 30 brown trout and Arctic charr samples. The data sets obtained for these samples were not included in this analysis, and they will be the subject of future studies. Nevertheless, they are mentioned here since they were a part of the original experimental setup of 576 individuals divided into 16 groups, each with 36 individuals. The total number of base pairs that were to be sequenced in this study (including the brown trout and Arctic charr samples) was 4,115,840 bp (number of sequenced bases for 576 individuals). The total sequence data obtained consisted of 179.826.884 bp, so 39-fold coverage would therefore be expected. However, a substantial part of the sequence reads were not assigned to any sample and were consequently excluded from the analysis. The anticipated reason behind this is accounted to short sequence reads missing a MID from either end. Fusing MID sequences to only one end of an amplicon should reduce this problem and increase the number of analysed sequence reads. This practice, however, reduces the number of samples, which can be analysed simultaneously, although with the emergence of new MID sequences validated for 454 sequencing, more samples with only one MID could be assigned.
Although the existence of MIDs on both ends of a sequence read was requisite in order to assign it to the corresponding individual, some global and consensi alignments (made with the GS Amplicon Variant Analyzer) included partial sequences. This was the result of default stringency levels causing parts of some sequences with low quality bases to be discarded. The trimming was however performed following the alignment of the sequence reads. Hence, as the design of the MIDs allows for (corrects) two sequencing errors, these partial sequences could still be assigned to the corresponding individual prior to the trimming.
As expected for high-throughput sequencing methods, which produce high amounts of reads, numerous deviations from the reference sequence were observed in the raw data. The stringent criteria applied here for the SNP validation rejected the great majority of these variants. However, the filtering may also have eliminated legitimate SNPs. Such variants could be identified by a modest reduction in the stringency levels and verified by Sanger sequencing. Following the validation, about 3.0% of the bases screened exhibited sequence variance and the final number of variants, 218 (including two indels), is nearly double the number of mtDNA SNPs previously reported. The new SNPs are predominantly transitions although the number of transversions is relatively high in the non-coding D-loop region (Table 1). Similar transition/transversion ratios were observed in other studies on the genetic variability of the S. salar mitochondrion [19,20,22]. The 107 new SNPs and a new indel identified in this study are indicated in Figure 4 in red letters. Although the average number of sequence reads supporting the new SNPs per individual is similar to that of those reported, the number of individuals harbouring the new SNPs is generally lower (see Additional file 3, Table S3). This is due to the numerous samples and the great geographical range analyzed here, which consequently allowed the detection of new rare variants. The greater the number of amplicons and individuals screened, the more likely it is that an accurate picture of the extent and nature of SNP variation will be revealed, and that a suite of SNP markers for population genetic studies can be compiled. The challenge remains to determine the optimal balance between the number of amplicons (i.e. proportion of mtDNA genome screened), the number of populations (i.e. representativeness of species as a whole) and the number of individuals per population for studies of matrilineal variation in the target species, Atlantic salmon. This will only be achieved by a detailed analysis of the within and among population variation and a consideration of the robustness of its evolutionary and phylogeographic implications. It should, however, provide a basis for robust inferences concerning the general levels of genetic diversity in the species and broad scale, deep phylogenetic structuring. Given, though, that the geographical sampling is extensive rather than intensive, and that sample sizes per population are limited, the ability to resolve any finer scale, shallower evolutionary structuring on the regional level will be diminished. To achieve the latter, a more focused and intensive search, based on sequencing of the entire mtDNA genome from more individuals would be of greater use since a higher proportion of regionally or population restricted or low frequency polymorphisms could be detected.
The analysis of within and among population distribution of variation is currently underway and can be expected to yield considerable insights into the phylogeography and matrilineal evolution of the Atlantic salmon. Analysis of the linkage of variation and its spatial distribution should also assist in the identification of a subset of the overall SNP suite that can be genetically typed more cost-effectively using PCR-based SNP assays. The SNP subset could then be investigated within samples from a wider geographical range and in archival material, in order to establish a more accurate assessment of the mixed stock assignment and population evolutionary hypotheses extracted from the current data set. Additionally, the markers that were identified in the study will likely prove highly useful as genetic tags for use in the assessment of the extent of population processes such as female mediated gene flow, as well as for tracking individual family groups in experimental studies.
Conclusion
A novel approach that combines targeted PCR amplification and a single HT sequencing run proved successful in screening numerous targeted genomic regions in a large number of individuals. This technique presents a valuable tool for the identification of SNPs for population studies in other species, and also minimizes the risks of ascertainment bias associated with previous approaches that screened either confined regions of the genome or only several individuals from few populations.
Methods
Samples and DNA Extraction
Atlantic salmon samples (N = 546) were collected from 48 locations throughout the North Atlantic range of the species using electro-fishing. Additionally, 12 brown trout (Salmo trutta) and 18 Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) samples were included in the sequencing run as a part of the experimental setup shown in Figure 2. Table S1 submitted as Additional file 1 lists the sampling sites, the number of samples, and their subdivision into 16 groups. DNA was isolated from fin-clip tissue samples using the DNeasy Blood & Tissue Kit (Qiagen) and standard protocols, and DNA concentrations were measured with a NanoDrop ND1000 spectrophotometer. The concentrations of stock DNA eluted were 9-484 ng/μl and diluted to 2-10 ng/μl for subsequent PCR reactions.
Primer Design
Ten regions of the S. salar mitochondrial genome (DLOOPB, ND1, ND2, COXI, COXII, ATP6, ND3, ND4, ND5, CYTB) were selected for SNP detection (Table 1). Seven of the ten selected gene regions were amplified in two or three fragments of approximately 400 bps, resulting in a total of 20 amplicons covering 7,215 bps excluding the primer binding sites (Table 1). Primers were designed according to the reference sequence (16.7 kb) of the S. salar mitochondrion (NC_001960.1) (see Additional File 4, Table S4). Barcodes or multiplex identifying sequences (MIDs) of 10 bp were added to the 5' end of each primer, providing a unique means of identification for every sample in a single sequence group. The MIDs used (Figure 2), were those designed by Roche, 454 Life Sciences for automated software identification of samples following sequencing and allow up to 2 sequencing errors in the MID region before a read is misidentified. To minimize the number of MID tagged primers required, samples were divided into 16 groups, each composed of 36 individuals (see Additional File 1, Table S1, for subdivision of samples). Six forward MID-primers (numbered 1-6) and six reverse MID-primers (numbered 7-12) were synthesized (Sigma Aldrich) for each of the 20 amplicons. As a consequence of using a combination of 6 forward and 6 reverse MID tagged primers, the same MIDs could be re-used by conducting the PCR and sequencing of each of the 16 groups separately (See primer matrix, Figure 2). Critically, this minimized the cost associated with the use of multiple MID tagged primers.
Additional file 4. Table S4: The primer set for the 20 amplicons used in this study. The file shows the designation and the sequence of the primers used, as well as the primer binding sites on the mitochondrial DNA according to the reference sequence (NC_001960.1).
Format: DOCX Size: 16KB Download file
PCR Setup
In order to simultaneously amplify 20 traceable mitochondrial fragments from 576 samples in a single run, PCR reactions for each group of 36 samples were conducted separately, resulting in a total of 11,520 PCR reactions across all 16 groups. PCR was performed in 20 μl reactions containing 0.5 mM betaine (Sigma Aldrich), 50 μM dNTP mix, 1 × reaction buffer and 1 U Teg polymerase (Matís production, Taq comparable polymerase), 0.5 μM each primer (synthesized by Sigma Aldrich) and 2-3 μl DNA (2-10 ng/μl). Initial denaturation was at 94°C for 2 minutes followed by 31-33 cycles of 94°C for 60 seconds, 53°C for 45 seconds and 72°C for 90 seconds, and then a final extension of 5 minutes at 72°C. The relative amount of PCR products was estimated using gel electrophoresis and ethidium bromide staining. Subsequently, products from each group were pooled in near equimolar concentrations resulting in 16 pools of up to 720 amplicons.
Construction of single stranded DNA libraries
The DNA pools (3 μg) were electrophoresed on 1% agarose gels and a band of approximately 400 bp was purified from each pool using the QIAquick Gel Extraction Kit (Qiagen). These were subsequently examined using Bioanalyzer 2100 and a DNA 7500 LabChip (Agilent Technologies). Observed traces were correlative for all 16 sample groups, with an average fragment length of 425 bp. Both ends of the DNA fragments were repaired, phosphorylated and ligated to adaptor oligonucleotides A and B. The DNA fragments carrying the 5'-biotin of adaptor B were immobilized onto magnetic streptavidin coated beads. Single stranded template DNAs carrying adaptor A at the 5'-end and adaptor B at the 3'-end were then purified by alkaline denaturation. Reagents, enzymes and oligonucleotides for the single-stranded DNA (sst DNA) library construction were supplied with the GS FLX Titanium General Library Preparation Kit (Roche, 454 Life Sciences). The integrity and concentrations of the sst libraries were estimated using the Bioanalyzer and the RNA 6000 LabChip and Quant-iT Ribogreen DNA Assay Kit (Invitrogen), respectively.
454 pyrosequencing and assembly
Shotgun sequencing of the 16 sst DNA libraries was carried out using the GS FLX Titanium reagents as described by the manufacturer (Roche, 454 Life Sciences). Purified DNA fragments were hybridised onto DNA capture beads and the 16 sst DNA libraries were separately amplified by emulsion PCR. Beads containing amplified DNA were deposited onto a 75 × 75 mm Titanium PicoTiterPlate equipped with a sixteen-region gasket. Those corresponding to each of the 16 original DNA pools (20 amplicons from 36 individuals) were assigned one region and then the pyrosequencing was performed in a single run. The sequence data generated from each region, corresponding to each of the 16 groups, was assembled separately using the GS Amplicon Variant Analyzer software (Roche, 454 Life Sciences) with default stringency settings. Sequence reads were sorted according to the sequence and the combination of the MIDs, and the sequence reads from an individual for each amplicon were aligned with the S. salar reference sequence (NC_001960.1).
SNP analysis and mapping
Candidate SNPs were identified and checked against the global and consensus alignments of the corresponding sequence using the GS Amplicon Variant Analyzer software (Roche, 454 Life Sciences). Variants resulting from potential sequencing errors, including under-reads of homopolymer regions, and single base insertions (carry-forward events) were rejected [26]. Homopolymer under-reads and carry-forward events were observed in the misalignment of underlying consensi, by confirming support in both forward and reverse reads and, where necessary, the observation of underlying flowgrams. SNPs were accepted as valid only if they met the following criteria: (i) Sequence reads with variants were produced from both DNA strands. (ii) Those with >90% support from sequencing reads should have a total of more than 10 supporting reads in both read directions, or in cases of less than 10 supporting reads that the SNP in question should also be present in other samples with higher support. (iii) The final list of SNPs rejected those only found in one sample as these readings could be considered uninformative and possibly arose as a result of a PCR or sequencing error. To determine the sequence coverage for each SNP per individual, only sequence reads comprising the consensus sequence, truly supporting the SNP were taken into account, excluding those reads that did not show the variance (e.g. due to a sequencing error or truncation).
Availability
The SNPs identified and evaluated in this study have been deposited in the National Center of Biotechnology (NCBI) SNP database (dbSNP) under submitter handle MATIS. The accession numbers are: NCBI_ss 295476608 - 295476815.
Authors' contributions
The study was conceived and coordinated by SH and EV and set up by OF, ST and EV. DK, CGL and EV were responsible for the DNA collections. SM, SB, and GO organized and performed the PCR and the sequencing work. OF and SM prepared the sequence alignments and ST and KO did the SNP validations and variant analysis. OF, EV, SB, KO, ST, CGL and SC wrote the manuscript. All participants of this study read and approved the final draft.
Acknowledgements
This work is part of the EU SALSEA MERGE project (No. 212529, FP7-ENV-2007-1) and was sponsored by EU funding in association with internal fundings from Matis and Marine Scotland. Their support is gratefully acknowledged. We thank Vidar Wennevik for providing samples from Norwegian populations for the work. Most of the remaining samples used were drawn largely from archival material collected over the last two decades for other purposes, by numerous individuals. Their contribution to making the study possible is also acknowledged.
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Creative Commons Common Crawl
Description
This dataset contains text from 52 Common Crawl snapshots, covering about half of Common Crawl snapshots available to date and covering all years of operations of Common Crawl up to 2024. We found a higher level of duplication across this collection, suggesting that including more snapshots would lead to a modest increase in total token yield. From these snapshots, we extract HTML content using FastWarc. Then, using a regular expression adapted from the C4Corpus project. To ensure license accuracy, we manually verified the top 1000 domains by content volume, retaining only the 537 domains with confirmed licenses where the Creative Commons designation applied to the all text content rather than embedded media or a subset of the text on the domain. As an additional check, we did a second round of annotations with the assistance of OpenAI's o3 model. Specifically, we instructed the model to examine each web domain and identify the ones that were openly licensed. We then had a second team manually annotate the cases where the AI does not approve of the domain but the original human auditor did. This resulted in todo domains being removed.
We extract the main content of these documents and remove boilerplate using Resiliparse.
We perform URL-level exact deduplication and use Bloom filters to remove near-duplicates with 80% ngram overlap.
We also employ rule-based filters matching Dolma;
namely, we use C4-derived heuristics to filter pages containing Javascript, Lorem Ipsum, and curly braces {}.
We also apply all Gopher rules to remove low-quality pages.
Per-document license information is available in the license entry of the metadata field of each example.
Code for collecting, processing, and preparing this dataset is available in the common-pile GitHub repo.
Dataset Statistics
| Documents | UTF-8 GB |
|---|---|
| 6,852,137 | 58 |
License Issues
While we aim to produce datasets with completely accurate licensing information, license laundering and inaccurate metadata can cause us to erroneously assign the incorrect license to some documents (for further discussion of this limitation, please see our paper). If you believe you have found an instance of incorrect licensing in this dataset, please start a discussion on this repository. This dataset has been updated to remove instances of incorrect licensing. If you require the exact version that Comma v0.1 was trained on for non-commercial research purposes, please start a discussion on this repository.
Other Versions
This is the "filtered" version of Creative Commons Common Crawl. If you are looking for the raw version, you can find it here.
Citation
If you use this dataset, please cite:
@article{kandpal2025common,
title={{The Common Pile v0.1: An 8TB Dataset of Public Domain and Openly Licensed Text}},
author={Nikhil Kandpal and Brian Lester and Colin Raffel and Sebastian Majstorovic and Stella Biderman and Baber Abbasi and Luca Soldaini and Enrico Shippole and A. Feder Cooper and Aviya Skowron and Shayne Longpre and Lintang Sutawika and Alon Albalak and Zhenlin Xu and Guilherme Penedo and Loubna Ben and Elie Bakouch and John David and Honglu Fan and Dashiell Stander and Guangyu Song and Aaron Gokaslan and John Kirchenbauer and Tom Goldstein and Brian R and Bhavya Kailkhura and Tyler Murray},
journal={arXiv preprint},
year={2025}
}
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Size of the auto-converted Parquet files (First 5GB):
2.75 GB
Number of rows (First 5GB):
905,852
Estimated number of rows:
10,827,540