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12,240,665 | Hypoalgesic effect of caffeine in normotensive men and women. | Keogh E E, Witt G G | Psychophysiology . Vol. 38, No. 6, 2001 Nov | Evidence from both hypertensive and normotensive individuals indicate that elevated blood pressure is associated with decreased pain sensitivity. The current study sought to experimentally raise blood pressure using 250 mg caffeine, and investigate its effects on the cold pressor pain experiences of 25 men and 25 women. In a placebo-controlled repeated-measures experiment, caffeine increased systolic and diastolic blood pressure, as well as producing more clearheaded and energetic feelings. Caffeine produced higher pain threshold and pain tolerance levels compared to placebo, and women had a lower tolerance to pain than men. Finally, a significant association was found between caffeine-related increase in systolic blood pressure and caffeine-related increase in pain tolerance. Furthermore, this association was the strongest in women. These results are discussed in light of future directions for pain and hypertension research. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12240665/ | [
"Clinical Trial",
"Comparative Study",
"Controlled Clinical Trial",
"Journal Article"
] | 12240665 |
12,240,666 | Selective attention and response inhibition alter phase-dependent cardiac slowing. | van der Veen F M FM, van der Molen M W MW, Jennings J R JR | Psychophysiology . Vol. 38, No. 6, 2001 Nov | This study examined the effects of visual selective attention and stimulus discriminability on phasic heart rate changes. Grating stimuli consisting of four vertical bars were presented left or right from fixation. Participants attended to one side of the screen and responded with a button press to attended target stimuli that were defined by shorter middle bars. Stimulus discriminability was manipulated by increasing the length of the middle bars of targets. To examine the time course of response inhibition, participants had to respond to auditory probe stimuli that were presented occasionally and unpredictably at varying intervals following the visual stimulus. Responses to targets and probes following attended nontargets were slower in the difficult condition. Heart rate slowed in anticipation of a target and accelerated back to baseline afterwards. Phase-dependent cardiac slowing was larger for attended nontargets compared to unattended nontargets and was more pronounced in the difficult condition. These findings were interpreted vis-à-vis inhibition accounts of phase-dependent cardiac slowing. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12240666/ | [
"Clinical Trial",
"Journal Article",
"Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't"
] | 12240666 |
12,240,667 | Cross-modal warning effects on reflexive and voluntary reactions. | Zeigler B L BL, Graham F K FK, Hackley S A SA | Psychophysiology . Vol. 38, No. 6, 2001 Nov | Previous research has shown that warning signals can speed the onset of the startle-blink reflex. To relate this phenomenon to warning effects on voluntary reaction time (RT), the latencies of both reflexive and voluntary responses were measured for nine factorial combinations of warning and reflexogenic stimulus modalities. Previous failures to use factorial manipulations of warning (S1) and reaction (S2) stimulus modalities have led to conflicting results in both the reflex and RT literatures. Using psychophysically matched warning signals, we found a facilitation of reflex latency that was nonspecific with regard to S1 and S2 modality. Furthermore, there was no support for the widely held assumption that visual stimuli are inherently less alerting than auditory and cutaneous stimuli. A between-group comparison showed that simultaneous voluntary reactions do not distort the reflex facilitation effect. These results support the validity of reflex facilitation as a simple model system for studying warning effects on sensorimotor reactions. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12240667/ | [
"Clinical Trial",
"Journal Article",
"Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.",
"Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S."
] | 12240667 |
12,240,668 | Voluntary facial expression and hemispheric asymmetry over the frontal cortex. | Coan J A JA, Allen J J JJ, Harmon-Jones E E | Psychophysiology . Vol. 38, No. 6, 2001 Nov | Brain activity was monitored while 36 participants produced facial configurations denoting anger, disgust, fear, joy, and sadness. EEG alpha power was analyzed during each facial pose, with facial conditions grouped according to the approach/withdrawal motivational model of emotion. This model suggests that "approach" emotions are associated with relatively greater left frontal brain activity whereas "withdrawal" emotions are associated with relatively greater right frontal brain activity. In the context of a bilateral decrease in activation, facial poses of emotions in the withdrawal condition resulted in relatively less left frontal activation in the lateral-frontal, midfrontal and frontal-temporal-central region, but not in the parietal region, as predicted. Findings in the approach condition were less consistently supportive of predictions of the approach/withdrawal model. Implications for the approach/withdrawal model and for the emotion eliciting potential of voluntary facial movement are discussed. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12240668/ | [
"Clinical Trial",
"Journal Article",
"Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't",
"Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S."
] | 12240668 |
12,240,669 | Neural substrates for visual perceptual grouping in humans. | Han S S, Song Y Y, Ding Y Y, Yund E W EW, Woods D L DL | Psychophysiology . Vol. 38, No. 6, 2001 Nov | Two experiments investigated the neural mechanisms of Gestalt grouping by recording high-density event-related brain potentials (ERPs) during discrimination tasks. In Experiment 1, stimulus arrays contained luminance-defined local elements that were either evenly spaced or grouped into columns or rows based on either proximity or similarity of shape. Proximity grouping was indexed by a short-latency positivity (110-120 ms) over the medial occipital cortex and a subsequent right occipitoparietal negativity. Grouping by similarity was reflected only in a long-latency occipitotemporal negativity. In Experiment 2, proximity grouping was examined when local elements were defined by motion cues, and was again associated with a medial occipital positivity. However, the subsequent long-latency negativity was now enhanced over the left posterior areas. The implications of these results to the neural substrates subserving different grouping processes are discussed. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12240669/ | [
"Clinical Trial",
"Journal Article",
"Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't",
"Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.",
"Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S."
] | 12240669 |
12,240,670 | Differential conditioning to facial emotional expressions: effects of hemispheric asymmetries and CS identification. | Peper M M, Karcher S S | Psychophysiology . Vol. 38, No. 6, 2001 Nov | Previous studies on aversive learning have suggested a right hemispheric advantage for eliciting autonomic reactions to a masked conditioned facial stimulus (CS) depicting anger. The present study investigated the effects of visual field (VF), stimulus awareness, and emotional valence of the CSs on indicators of conditioning (bilateral SCRs, HR) using a differential conditioning paradigm (N = 41). In Group 1, four different negatively valenced facial expressions (CS+) but not four positively valenced CS- were associated with an unconditioned stimulus (US, aversive vocalization, 97 dB, 3 s) during acquisition. Group 2 received a treatment reversal with positive CS+ associated with the US. In a repeated measures design, CSs were presented with or without awareness during extinction (two weeks interval, order counterbalanced). SOAs were adapted for each subject and condition prior to the experiment so that identification performance was approaching chance level. The results revealed that both negative and positive facial expressions could be aversively conditioned providing evidence for a generalization of learning in the valence dimension. During extinction, preattentive negative CS+ presented to the left VF showed a trend towards greater electrodermal and cardiac reactions. However, no such effect emerged under full awareness of the CSs. These results confirm and further specify the nature of hemispheric asymmetries in emotional associative learning. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12240670/ | [
"Clinical Trial",
"Journal Article",
"Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't"
] | 12240670 |
12,240,672 | Hyperventilation beyond fight/flight: respiratory responses during emotional imagery. | Van Diest I I, Winters W W, Devriese S S, Vercamst E E, Han J N JN, Van de Woestijne K P KP, Van den Bergh O O | Psychophysiology . Vol. 38, No. 6, 2001 Nov | Hyperventilation (HV) is often considered part of a defense response, implying an unpleasant emotion (negative valence) combined with a strong action tendency (high arousal). In this study, we investigated the importance of arousal and valence as triggers for HV responses. Forty women imagined eight different scripts varying along the arousal and valence dimensions. The scripts depicted relaxation, fear, depressive, action, and desire situations. After each trial, the imagery was rated for valence, arousal, and vividness. FetCO2, inspiratory and expiratory time, tidal volume, and pulse rate were measured in a nonintrusive way. FetCO2 drops and decreases in inspiratory and expiratory time occurred in all but the depressive and the relaxation scripts, suggesting that a defense conceptualization of hyperventilation is not always appropriate. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12240672/ | [
"Clinical Trial",
"Journal Article",
"Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't"
] | 12240672 |
12,240,671 | Piecewise latent growth curve modeling of systolic blood pressure reactivity and recovery from the cold pressor test. | Llabre M M MM, Spitzer S B SB, Saab P G PG, Schneiderman N N | Psychophysiology . Vol. 38, No. 6, 2001 Nov | Latent growth curve methodology was used to model systolic blood pressure reactivity and recovery from the cold pressor test. A piecewise regression approach permitted the separate but simultaneous modeling of the two components (reactivity and recovery) of the stress process. Data came from a study of 99 participants classified on the basis of gender, ethnicity, and family history of hypertension. Their systolic blood pressure was assessed at rest, during the cold pressor test, and during a task recovery period. A measure of task appraisal and readings from ambulatory blood pressure monitoring during a workday were also examined. The article illustrates a step-by-step approach to modeling reactivity and recovery. Results indicated that both reactivity and recovery were associated with subsequent systolic blood pressure at work. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12240671/ | [
"Clinical Trial",
"Journal Article",
"Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S."
] | 12240671 |
12,240,673 | The detection of constancy amidst change in children: a dissociation of preattentive and intentional processing. | Molholm S S, Gomes H H, Ritter W W | Psychophysiology . Vol. 38, No. 6, 2001 Nov | This study examined whether 7-9-year-old children preattentively build memories of constancy for individual stimulus features, and if these representations are affected by variability of other stimulus features. This was achieved by looking at the mismatch negativity (MMN) event-related potential to a duration deviant occurring in a stimulus environment in which one or two other features constantly changed. Performance data were also collected, to look at the correspondence between the effects of this manipulation on preattentive and intentional deviance detection. MMN data indicated that the children built a preattentive feature-based memory of constancy that was not affected by the number of varying features. In contrast, intentional deviance detection was considerably impaired by the introduction of feature variability. This dissociation is at variance with previous studies that usually report close association between MMN and behavior. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12240673/ | [
"Clinical Trial",
"Journal Article",
"Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S."
] | 12240673 |
12,240,674 | Effects of rapid versus slow accumulation of eight hours of sleep loss. | Drake C L CL, Roehrs T A TA, Burduvali E E, Bonahoom A A, Rosekind M M, Roth T T | Psychophysiology . Vol. 38, No. 6, 2001 Nov | The present study assessed alertness, memory, and performance following three schedules of approximately 8 hr of sleep loss (slow, intermediate, and rapid accumulation) in comparison to an 8-hr time in bed (TIB) sleep schedule. Twelve healthy individuals aged 21-35 completed each of four conditions according to a Latin Square design: no sleep loss (8-hr TIB for 4 nights; 2300-0700), slow (6-hr TIB for 4 nights; 0100-0700), intermediate (4-hr TIB for 2 nights; 0300-0700), and rapid (0-hr TIB for 1 night) sleep loss. On each day, participants completed a multiple sleep latency test (MSLT), a probed-recall memory task, a psychomotor vigilance task, a divided attention task, and the Profile of Mood States. "Rapid" sleep loss produced significantly more impairment on tests of alertness, memory, and performance compared to the "slow" accumulation of a comparable amount of sleep loss. The impairing effects of sleep loss vary as a function of rate, suggesting the presence of a compensatory adaptive mechanism operating in conjunction with the accumulation of a sleep debt. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12240674/ | [
"Clinical Trial",
"Controlled Clinical Trial",
"Journal Article",
"Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.",
"Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S."
] | 12240674 |
12,240,676 | The n-back as a dual-task: P300 morphology under divided attention. | Watter S S, Geffen G M GM, Geffen L B LB | Psychophysiology . Vol. 38, No. 6, 2001 Nov | The n-back task was hypothesized to be a dual task, permitting the imposition of parametrically increasing attentional and working memory demands, while keeping constant the demands of an embedded matching subtask. Visual targets were presented for 200 ms every 2.2 s at pseudorandomly varying positions on a computer screen. Participants were required to remember the most recent 0, 1, 2, or 3 positions and responded with a choice button push to whether the current target position matched the position presented n items previously. P300 peak latency was constant across n-back tasks, reflecting constant perceptual and cognitive demands of the matching subtask. P300 peak amplitude decreased with increasing memory load, reflecting reallocation of attention and processing capacity away from the matching subtask to working memory activity. These data support a dual-task nature of the n-back, which should be considered when employing this paradigm. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12240676/ | [
"Clinical Trial",
"Journal Article",
"Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't"
] | 12240676 |
12,240,675 | Breast-feeding and maternal cardiovascular function. | Mezzacappa E S ES, Kelsey R M RM, Myers M M MM, Katkin E S ES | Psychophysiology . Vol. 38, No. 6, 2001 Nov | Two studies examined the effects of breast-feeding on maternal cardiovascular function. In the first experiment, groups of breast-feeding and bottle-feeding women were compared on preejection period (PEP), heart rate (HR), cardiac output (CO), and total peripheral resistance (TPR) recorded for 1-min periods before and during standard laboratory stressors. Compared with bottle-feeders, breast-feeders had higher CO throughout the session, and greater decreases in CO and increases in TPR during cold pressor. In the second experiment, HR and blood pressure (BP) were compared before and after one breast-feeding and one bottle-feeding session in a within-subjects design. Both feeding methods increased BP but decreased HR, and systolic BP was higher for the breast-feeding than the bottle-feeding condition. Both studies support the notion that breast-feeding alters maternal cardiovascular function, possibly through the actions of oxytocin. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12240675/ | [
"Clinical Trial",
"Comparative Study",
"Journal Article",
"Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't",
"Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S."
] | 12240675 |
12,240,738 | The relationship of subcortical MRI hyperintensities and brain volume to cognitive function in vascular dementia. | Cohen Ronald A RA, Paul Robert H RH, Ott Brian R BR, Moser David J DJ, Zawacki Tricia M TM, Stone William W, Gordon Norman N | Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : JINS . Vol. 8, No. 6, 2002 Sep | The relationship between MRI findings (i.e., subcortical hyperintensities; SH, whole brain volume) and the cognitive dysfunction of vascular dementia (VaD) was examined. Participants included 24 persons that met NINDS-AIREN criteria for VaD (MMSE = 19.9 +/- 4.2) and underwent comprehensive neuropsychological assessment and MRI brain imaging. The volume of subcortical hyperintensities (SH) was strongly associated with executive-psychomotor performance, but not with performance across other cognitive domains or global cognitive functional level. Conversely, WBV was strongly associated with global cognitive functioning and performance across most cognitive domains (memory, language, visual integration), but not with executive-psychomotor functioning. The failure of SH to account for either the global dementia evident in these VaD patients or impairments across most cognitive domains suggests that deep subcortical white matter disease may only indirectly contribute to the global cognitive dysfunction of VaD. That WBV emerged as a stronger correlate of dementia raises further questions regarding the cerebral mechanisms that contribute to the development of VaD. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12240738/ | [
"Clinical Trial",
"Journal Article",
"Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't"
] | 12240738 |
12,240,737 | Neural basis of the Stroop interference task: response competition or selective attention? | Mead Larissa A LA, Mayer Andrew R AR, Bobholz Julie A JA, Woodley Scott J SJ, Cunningham Joseph M JM, Hammeke Thomas A TA, Rao Stephen M SM | Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : JINS . Vol. 8, No. 6, 2002 Sep | Previous neuroimaging studies of the Stroop task have postulated that the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) plays a critical role in resolution of the Stroop interference condition. However, activation of the ACC is not invariably seen and appears to depend on a variety of methodological factors, including the degree of response conflict and response expectancies. The present functional MRI study was designed to identify those brain areas critically involved in the interference condition. Healthy subjects underwent a blocked-trial design fMRI experiment while responding to 1 of 3 stimulus conditions: (1) incongruent color words, (2) congruent color words, and (3) color-neutral words. Subjects responded to the printed color of the word via a manual response. Compared to the congruent and neutral conditions, the incongruent condition produced significant activation within the left inferior precentral sulcus (IpreCS) located on the border between the inferior frontal gyrus, pars opercularis (BA 44) and the ventral premotor region (BA 6). Significant deactivations in the rostral component of the ACC and the posterior cingulate gyrus were also observed. Selective activation of the left IpreCS is compatible with findings from previous neuroimaging, lesion, electrophysiological, and behavioral studies and is presumably related to the mediation of competing articulatory demands during the interference condition. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12240737/ | [
"Clinical Trial",
"Journal Article",
"Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't",
"Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S."
] | 12240737 |
12,240,739 | Olfactory event-related potentials in Alzheimer's disease. | Morgan Charlie D CD, Murphy Claire C | Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : JINS . Vol. 8, No. 6, 2002 Sep | Areas of the brain affected in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease are also areas heavily involved in the processing of olfactory information. Olfactory event-related potentials (OERPs) and auditory ERPs were recorded from the Fz, Cz, and Pz electrode sites in 12 Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients and 12 age and gender matched normal controls (NC) in a single-stimulus paradigm with a 45 s inter-trial interval, using amyl acetate as the olfactory stimulus, and in a separate session a 500 Hz tone as the auditory stimulus. Odor identification (ID) was also used to assess ability to identify odors. The results indicate that (1) OERP P2 and P3 latencies were significantly longer in AD patients than normal controls; (2) olfactory ERP latency measures correlated significantly with dementia status as measured by the Dementia Rating Scale (DRS), indicating that as participants performed more poorly on the DRS, reflecting increased dementia, OERP latencies increased; (3) olfactory ERP latency measures better differentiated AD patients from normal controls than auditory ERP latency measures; (4) olfactory ERP measures alone correctly classified up to 92% of participants; (5) odor ID measures, namely the UPSIT and San Diego-Odor-ID tests also classified participants at a high rate. Combining scores for odor identification with olfactory P3 latency measures resulted in a correct classification rate of 100%. The results strongly support the use of olfactory measures in the assessment of AD. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12240739/ | [
"Clinical Trial",
"Journal Article",
"Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S."
] | 12240739 |
12,240,740 | Noun and verb retrieval in healthy aging. | Mackay Anna I AI, Connor Lisa Tabor LT, Albert Martin L ML, Obler Loraine K LK | Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : JINS . Vol. 8, No. 6, 2002 Sep | This study tests the hypothesis that retrieval of object and action names declines at different rates with age. Uncued and cued performance on the Boston Naming Test (BNT) and the Action Naming Test (ANT) were examined for 171 individuals from 50 to 88 years old. To control for differences in item difficulty, a subset of items from each of the two tests was selected for which uncued performance was equivalent in individuals in their 50s. With this matched set of items, differences in action and object naming were tested in the 60s and 70+ age groups. Although age-related decline in name retrieval was observed for both the BNT and the ANT subsets, no differences between object and action retrieval were found. Our results, thus, do not confirm previous studies reporting that object names and action names are differentially retrieved with aging. We discuss these new findings in relation to evidence of dissociations in object and action naming in brain-damaged individuals. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12240740/ | [
"Clinical Trial",
"Journal Article",
"Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S."
] | 12240740 |
12,240,741 | The application of "dysexecutive syndrome" measures across cultures: performance and checklist assessment in neurologically healthy and traumatically brain-injured Hong Kong Chinese volunteers. | Chan Raymond C K RC, Manly Tom T | Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : JINS . Vol. 8, No. 6, 2002 Sep | Deficits in planning, self-regulation and attention are a relatively common consequence of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Such "dysexecutive" deficits tend to be most exposed in complex, real world situations. Consequently, clinicians often have to rely on interviews, questionnaires and observation in their assessments. While there is little doubt that dysexecutive symptoms occur across different cultures, the expression of those symptoms, the way in which they are experienced by others, and the propensity of friends/relatives to report negative features may vary considerably. The cross-cultural use of standardized checklists and measures that have predominantly been studied with English speaking, Western groups therefore requires empirical support. Here a group of 68 healthy Chinese speaking volunteers were asked to complete translations of 2 UK developed questionnaires (the Dysexecutive Questionnaire and Cognitive Failures Questionnaire) measures and to perform 2 "executive" tasks (The Six Elements Test and the Tower of Hanoi). Their self ratings and the ratings of close relatives were very close to those seen in the original UK standardization samples--as was their performance on the 2 tasks. Accordingly, the conditions for assessing their clinical sensitivity were met. Comparison between 30 Chinese patients with TBI and matched controls showed that both questionnaires and tests were sensitive to the deficits in this group. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12240741/ | [
"Clinical Trial",
"Journal Article",
"Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't"
] | 12240741 |
12,240,742 | Neuropsychological functioning in a cohort of HIV infected women: importance of antiretroviral therapy. | Richardson Jean L JL, Martin Eileen M EM, Jimenez Nora N, Danley Kathleen K, Cohen Mardge M, Carson Valorie L VL, Sinclair Barbara B, Racenstein J Meg JM, Reed Robyn A RA, Levine Alexandra M AM | Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : JINS . Vol. 8, No. 6, 2002 Sep | We evaluated neurocognitive function in 149 HIV-seropositive and 82 seronegative women enrolled in the Women's Interagency HIV Study (WIHS), a large multi-center study of disease progression in women living with HIV/AIDS. We evaluated the prevalence of abnormal neuropsychological (NP) test findings in HIV-seropositive and seronegative women and factors associated with increased risk of abnormal NP test performance. Risk of NP impairment was no higher for HIV positive women receiving antiretroviral therapy at testing than for HIV-negative women (OR = 1.00). However, the risk of abnormal NP performance increased significantly for seropositive women not receiving antiretroviral therapy (OR = 2.43). Further, treatment status was a significant predictor of NP impairment in a multivariate analysis that included viral load (OR = 1.48) and CD4 count (OR = 1.08) which were not significant. The multivariate analyses controlled for substance use, age, education, head injury, ethnicity, estimated IQ, and psychological distress. This study emphasizes the critical association of antiretroviral therapy with the risk of neurocognitive impairment in women living with HIV/AIDS. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12240742/ | [
"Clinical Trial",
"Journal Article",
"Multicenter Study",
"Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't",
"Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S."
] | 12240742 |
12,240,743 | Immediate versus sustained processing in schizophrenia. | Salo Ruth R, Henik Avishai A, Nordahl Thomas E TE, Robertson Lynn C LC | Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : JINS . Vol. 8, No. 6, 2002 Sep | A Stroop negative priming (NP) task was used to assess immediate selective attention and priming in schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. Subject groups were comprised of 12 state hospital inpatients (41.8 +/- 7.5 years of age), 11 outpatients (39.8 +/- 7.5 years of age), and 16 controls (36.4 +/- 11.7 years of age). Compared with the control group and the outpatients, inpatients failed to exhibit NP [F(2,36) = 6.09, p < .01], despite exhibiting equivalent Stroop RT interference (p > .05). Error rates did not differ significantly between the 3 groups. Although medication types and dosages were similar between the 2 patient groups, length of illness was significantly longer in the inpatients (19.8 years) than in the outpatients (12.4 years; p < .05). Positive symptom ratings were also significantly higher in the inpatients. The finding of reduced NP in the state hospital patients appears to be related to severity of symptomatology and chronicity of illness. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12240743/ | [
"Clinical Trial",
"Journal Article",
"Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S."
] | 12240743 |
12,240,744 | Sex difference in geographical knowledge: driving experience is not essential. | Beatty William W WW | Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : JINS . Vol. 8, No. 6, 2002 Sep | When required to locate places on outline maps, males consistently perform more accurately than females. This sex difference in geographical knowledge has been observed in samples throughout the United States, in all age ranges examined from the second to the 9th decade of life and in samples differing in average education level from high school to postgraduate degrees. Both males and females appear to acquire geographical knowledge during surface travel through the environment. The information acquired during everyday travel is apparently integrated into topographic representations that comprise a cognitive map. This process is less efficient in females probably because they attend to and remember more about landmarks and less about distance and directional cues than do males. To examine the importance of driving experience on the ability to locate places on an outline map of the Oklahoma City metropolitan area, adolescents who were too young to drive and older persons with varying amounts of experience traveling in the metropolitan area were studied. In the present study the magnitude of the sex difference in accuracy, though not the absolute level of performance, was similar in groups of people too young to drive and in younger and older drivers. Hence, the sex difference in geographical knowledge cannot be the product of differences in driving that may exist between males and females. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12240744/ | [
"Clinical Trial",
"Comparative Study",
"Journal Article"
] | 12240744 |
12,240,746 | Stroop effect in Spanish-English bilinguals. | Rosselli Mónica M, Ardila Alfredo A, Santisi Mirtha N MN, Arecco María Del Rosario Mdel R, Salvatierra Judy J, Conde Alejandra A, Lenis Bonie B | Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : JINS . Vol. 8, No. 6, 2002 Sep | The aim of this study was to analyze the performance of Spanish-English bilinguals on the Golden Stroop Test. The effects of bilingualism, participants' age, age of acquisition of the second language, and proficiency in each language were analyzed. Participants consisted of 71 Spanish-English bilinguals, 40 English monolinguals, and 11 Spanish monolinguals from South Florida. Proficiency in Spanish and English was established using a self-report questionnaire and the English and Spanish versions of the Boston Naming Test. In bilinguals, the Golden Stroop Test was administered in English and in Spanish. Overall, performance was slower in bilinguals than in monolinguals. No significant differences were observed in color reading but bilinguals performed worse in the naming color condition. Even though bilinguals were 5% to 10% slower in the color-word condition, one-way ANOVAs revealed no statistically significant differences between groups. Within the bilingual group, the Stroop Test scores were similar in both English and Spanish. Age of acquisition of the second language did not predict the Stroop Test performance. Repeated measures ANOVA demonstrated a significant interaction between Language Proficiency x Language (in which the test was administered) in some of the ST conditions. In balanced bilinguals, the language used in the ST did not matter, but in unbalanced subjects, the best-spoken language showed better results. In addition, our results support the presence of both between- and within-language interference in Spanish-English bilinguals. Different conceptualization models of the structure of bilingual memory are disclosed. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12240746/ | [
"Clinical Trial",
"Journal Article"
] | 12240746 |
12,240,747 | Effect of mild head injury on event-related potential correlates of Stroop task performance. | Potter Douglas D DD, Jory Susan H SH, Bassett Martin R A MR, Barrett Kenneth K, Mychalkiw Wasyl W | Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : JINS . Vol. 8, No. 6, 2002 Sep | The effect of mild head injury on event-related potential (ERP) correlates of Stroop task performance was explored with the aim of further elucidating the basis of processing impairments after mild head injury. Computer- and card-based Stroop tasks were employed to assess attention function. A sequence of incongruent color words were presented followed by a sequence of congruent color words (printed in congruent colors). Control performance was equivalent on computer- and card-based versions of the incongruent task and faster on the congruent card task than the preceding congruent computer task. The mild head injury group were as fast as controls on the computer-based task but made more errors. However, they were relatively slower on both the congruent and incongruent parts of the card-based task and made more errors in the incongruent task. ERP correlates of computer-based Stroop task performance suggested a greater allocation of attention resources in the incongruent condition in both groups in the form of relatively greater negativity in the latency range 350 to 450 ms with a distribution consistent with the activation of the anterior cingulate gyrus. In addition the mild head injured group showed relatively greater enhancement than the control group in this latency range in both congruent and incongruent conditions. There was, however no evidence of reduced amplitude P1, N1, N2, or P3b deflections. Trails, digit symbol, digit span and auditory verbal learning tests (AVLT) were also administered. Mild head injured participants were impaired only on the AVLT. The finding of greater ERP negativity in the mild head injured group is consistent with greater allocation of attention resources to achieve equivalent performance in the computer-based Stroop task. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12240747/ | [
"Clinical Trial",
"Journal Article",
"Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't"
] | 12240747 |
12,240,748 | Growth curve analyses of neuropsychological profiles in children with neurofibromatosis type 1: specific cognitive tests remain "spared" and "impaired" over time. | Cutting Laurie E LE, Huang Gua-Hua GH, Zeger Scott S, Koth Christine W CW, Thompson Richard E RE, Denckl Martha Bridge MB | Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : JINS . Vol. 8, No. 6, 2002 Sep | Cognitive deficits in neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF-1) have been documented in both the verbal and visuospatial domains. Previous investigations from our laboratory have determined a specific pattern of "spared" (Picture Arrangement, Picture Completion, and Rapid Automatized Naming) and "impaired" (Judgment of Line Orientation, Vocabulary, and Block Design) performance on cognitive measures in this population when compared to sibling-matched controls in pairwise designs. Growth curve analyses were conducted on these repeated measures in 19 patients with NF-1 and their siblings to investigate the longitudinal course and growth pattern of these spared and impaired measures. Results indicated that over time children with NF-1 do not catch up to their siblings on impaired measures, and they continue to perform similarly to their siblings on the spared measures. With respect to growth rates, on average across the 6 cognitive measures there was no significant difference between the groups. However, the variation among families for level of performance was estimated to be larger than variation among siblings within a family for 2 out of 6 cognitive measures (i.e., providing for these 2, Vocabulary and Rapid Automatized Naming, evidence of substantial familial correlation), suggesting that there is need to consider NF-1 associated deficits within a familial context. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12240748/ | [
"Clinical Trial",
"Journal Article",
"Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.",
"Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S."
] | 12240748 |
12,240,750 | Autobiographical memory in advanced multiple sclerosis: assessment of episodic and personal semantic memory across three time spans. | Kenealy Pamela M PM, Beaumont J Graham JG, Lintern Tracey C TC, Murrell Rachel C RC | Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : JINS . Vol. 8, No. 6, 2002 Sep | In order to investigate the status of remote memory the Autobiographical Memory Interview (AMI) was administered to 30 individuals with advanced multiple sclerosis (MS). In contrast to earlier studies which have shown only mild deficits in autobiographical memory in those with less physical progression of the disease, about two-thirds (60%) of the present MS sample had a deficit in autobiographical memory. The presence of such a deficit was not related to age, age of onset, duration of illness, or level of physical disability, but was related to level of general cognitive ability. Memory for episodic autobiographical incidents was more affected than for personal semantic information; a temporal gradient typical of some dementing conditions but not before demonstrated in MS, was also observed with memory for more recent events showing a significant decline. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12240750/ | [
"Clinical Trial",
"Journal Article"
] | 12240750 |
12,240,749 | The National Adult Reading Test as a measure of premorbid intelligence: a comparison with estimates derived from demographic variables. | Bright Peter P, Jaldow Eli E, Kopelman Michael D MD | Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : JINS . Vol. 8, No. 6, 2002 Sep | Since its publication in 1982, the National Adult Reading Test (NART; Revised Version, NART-R) has become a widely accepted method for estimating premorbid levels of intelligence in neuropsychological research. However, the assumption that NART/NART-R performance is relatively independent of brain damage has been increasingly challenged in recent years. In a number of conditions, including Alzheimer dementia and Korsakoff's syndrome, studies have indicated a deterioration in reading ability, leading to an underestimated premorbid IQ. In a reaction to these studies, some researchers have advocated the use of demographic variables as a more suitable foundation for accurately predicting premorbid intelligence. We addressed this issue by calculating IQ estimates on the basis of NART/NART-R, demographic variables, and a combination of the two approaches and by comparing these with current WAIS/WAIS-R IQ in patients with Korsakoff's syndrome, Alzheimer dementia, frontal or temporal lobe lesions, and in healthy controls. Estimated premorbid IQs did not differ across groups, whether derived from NART/NART-R or demographic variables. Those based on NART/NART-R demonstrated higher correlations with current WAIS/WAIS-R IQ in controls and patients than those derived from demographic variables. An equation combining NART scores with demographic variables did not significantly increase the amount of variance in IQ explained by NART only, either in patients or controls. The data offer reassurance regarding the continued use of NART as a valid estimate of premorbid intelligence in a number of conditions. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12240749/ | [
"Clinical Trial",
"Comparative Study",
"Journal Article",
"Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't"
] | 12240749 |
12,240,751 | Memory and dating of past events in schizophrenia. | Venneri Annalena A, Bartolo Angela A, McCrimmon Sarah S, St Clair David D | Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : JINS . Vol. 8, No. 6, 2002 Sep | Memory deficits are frequently observed in schizophrenia but their intrinsic characteristics have not been clarified. We studied remote memory in a group of 20 schizophrenics and 20 healthy age and education matched controls using a newly devised public event questionnaire (PEQ) that employs a free recall, progressive cueing and recognition protocol and requires dating of events. Results indicate that patients with chronic schizophrenia perform significantly more poorly on the PEQ than a group of age and education matched controls both in terms of content and dating of events. The number of events recalled does not improve with progressive cuing or recognition. No distinctive pattern was observed in their temporal gradient. There was no significant difference in content scores for pre- and post-onset events in the schizophrenics. These findings indicate that remote memory deficits in chronic schizophrenics arise from deficient encoding rather than from a retrieval deficit secondary to executive dysfunction. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12240751/ | [
"Clinical Trial",
"Journal Article"
] | 12240751 |
12,240,757 | Ultrasonography and videobronchoscopy to assess the subglottic diameter in the paediatric population: a first look. | Husein Murad M, Manoukian John J JJ, Platt Robert R, Patenaude Yves Y, Drouin Suzanne S, Giguère Chantal C | The Journal of otolaryngology . Vol. 31, No. 4, 2002 Aug | OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of ultrasonography and videobronchoscopy in measuring the subglottic diameter in the paediatric population. DESIGN: A double-blinded, prospective clinical study carried out at the Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University. METHODS: Children undergoing non-life-threatening bronchoscopy for various reasons had the subglottic diameters measured with ultrasonography, videobronchoscopy, and the traditional method of endotracheal tube sizing during the operative period. Ten patients were enrolled in the study. Parental consent was obtained prior to the procedure. RESULTS: Statistical analysis revealed that although ultrasonography was highly correlated with both videobronchoscopy and endotracheal tube sizing in measuring the subglottic diameter in the paediatric population, the measurements were not accurate in giving an exact value of the diameters in question. Videobronchoscopy was found to highly correlate with endotracheal tube sizing but had values that were slightly larger. CONCLUSION: This study is the first to examine the ability of ultrasonography and videobronchoscopy in evaluating the subglottic diameter in the paediatric population. Videobronchoscopy was shown to correlate highly with the present standard of measurement, namely, endotracheal tube sizing. The difference in measurement between the two was shown to be statistically significant, with videobronchoscopy being the consistently larger of the two. These results are in keeping with the limitations of measurement by the endotracheal tube. Similarly, ultrasonography was also correlated with both videobronchoscopy and endotracheal tube sizing. In contrast, ultrasonography was found to provide measurements that were significantly smaller than the other two methods. This suggests that ultrasonography may be a good technique to follow the change in lesions of the subglottis but may be poor for absolute measurements of this area as it always underestimated the size of the lumen. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12240757/ | [
"Clinical Trial",
"Comparative Study",
"Controlled Clinical Trial",
"Evaluation Study",
"Journal Article",
"Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't"
] | 12240757 |
12,240,756 | Serum selenium levels in patients with head and neck cancer. | Yadav S P S SP, Gera Amit A, Singh Ishwar I, Chanda Rakesh R | The Journal of otolaryngology . Vol. 31, No. 4, 2002 Aug | OBJECTIVE: The objective of this research was to estimate serum selenium levels in patients with head and neck cancer and to correlate them with tumour burden, as well as to study the effect of radiotherapy on serum selenium levels to determine its prognostic significance. DESIGN: This prospective study was carried out by selection of head and neck cancer patients using periodic random numbers. SETTING: This was a hospital-based study. METHODS: Estimation of serum selenium was done using the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (Model AAS 4129; Electronic Corporation of India Ltd., Hydrabad, India) with a hydride generator after digestion of the serum sample. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Patients were followed for 1 year postradiotherapy for any change in serum selenium level and its correlation with the outcome of the treatment. RESULTS: All 30 patients had serum selenium levels significantly lower as compared with controls, and these levels decreased further as tumour burden increased. Levels came within normal range after 1 year of radiotherapy in 10 patients who were cured but in the remaining patients who had residual disease, levels remained persistently low. CONCLUSIONS: The serum selenium level may serve as a useful marker in head and neck cancer. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12240756/ | [
"Clinical Trial",
"Journal Article",
"Randomized Controlled Trial"
] | 12240756 |
12,240,783 | A multicenter study of the tolerability of tirofiban versus placebo in patients undergoing planned intracoronary stent placement. | Juergens Craig P CP, White Harvey D HD, Belardi Jorge A JA, Macaya Carlos C, Soler-Soler Jordi J, Meyer Beat J BJ, Levy Richard D RD, Bunt Ton T, Menten Joris J, Herrmann Howard C HC, Adgey A A Jennifer AA, Tarnesby Georgia G | Clinical therapeutics . Vol. 24, No. 8, 2002 Aug | BACKGROUND: The use of intravenous glycoprotein IIb/IIIa-receptor antagonists has been shown to improve outcomes in patients undergoing percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA). Tirofiban has shown benefit in a wide range of patients presenting with acute coronary syndromes. Although this agent has been used in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention, a literature search identified no prospective data comparing tirofiban with placebo in patients undergoing planned intracoronary stent placement. OBJECTIVE: This study examined the tolerability of tirofiban in patients undergoing percutaneous intervention with planned intracoronary stent placement. METHODS: This was a multinational, multicenter, prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in patients scheduled to undergo PTCA with planned intracoronary stent placement. Patients were randomized in a 3:2 ratio to receive tirofiban as an intravenous bolus (10 microg/kg over 3 minutes) and maintenance infusion (0.10 microg/kg per minute for 36 hours) or a bolus and infusion of placebo. All patients received periprocedural aspirin and heparin and an optional postprocedural thienopyridine (ticlopidine or clopidogrel). Laboratory and safety monitoring were performed throughout the 36 hours after the procedure and at hour 40 or hospital discharge. The primary end point was the proportion of patients with bleeding, defined according to Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) trial criteria. The number of patients with cardiac events (death, myo- cardial infarction, urgent revascularization) during the first 30 days after stent placement was also assessed. RESULTS: Eight hundred ninety-four patients (536 tirofiban, 358 placebo) were enrolled, all of whom received aspirin and heparin periprocedurally and optional ticlopidine or clopidogrel after the procedure. No significant between-group differences were observed in the incidence of TIMI major bleeding (0.2% tirofiban, 0.6% placebo) or any TIMI bleeding (3.2% and 1.7%, respectively). The incidence of TIMI minor bleeding was higher with tirofiban than with placebo (2.8% vs 0.6%). The 30-day incidence of the composite end point of any cardiac event was 3.9% in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: On a background of concomitant aspirin, heparin, and a thienopyridine, tirofiban was generally well tolerated in patients undergoing PTCA with planned intracoronary stent placement. Further investigation is needed to ascertain the optimal dosing of tirofiban and heparin to achieve reductions in ischemic complications of intracoronary stenting with an acceptable incidence of bleeding complications. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12240783/ | [
"Clinical Trial",
"Journal Article",
"Multicenter Study",
"Randomized Controlled Trial"
] | 12240783 |
12,240,780 | A multicenter, open-label, randomized comparison of levofloxacin and azithromycin plus ceftriaxone in hospitalized adults with moderate to severe community-acquired pneumonia. | Frank Elliott E, Liu Jing J, Kinasewitz Gary G, Moran Gregory J GJ, Oross Margaret P MP, Olson William H WH, Reichl Veronica V, Freitag Susan S, Bahal Neelam N, Wiesinger Barbara A BA, Tennenberg Alan A, Kahn James B JB | Clinical therapeutics . Vol. 24, No. 8, 2002 Aug | BACKGROUND: Changing etiologic patterns and the growing problem of antimicrobial resistance, particularly an increase in macrolide-resistant pneumococcal bacteremia, are causing physicians to adopt new approaches to the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). OBJECTIVE: The relative efficacy and tolerability of levofloxacin monotherapy and azithromycin and ceftriaxone combination therapy were assessed in hospitalized adults with moderate to severe CAP. METHODS: This Phase IV, multicenter, open-label, randomized trial compared 2 treatment regimens: (1) levofloxacin 500 mg PO or IV q24h, and (2) azithromycin 500 mg IV q24h for > or = 2 days plus ceftriaxone 1 g IV q24h for 2 days, followed by an optional transition to azithromycin 500 mg PO q24h at the investigator's discretion. The total duration of therapy was to be a minimum of 10 days in both treatment groups. Ceftriaxone was included in the initial azithromycin regimen to ensure coverage against pneumococcal bacteremia. RESULTS: Of 236 patients in the intent-to-treat population, completion or withdrawal information was available for 110 patients in the levofloxacin group and 114 in the azithromycin group. Baseline demographic and disease characteristics were comparable between groups. At the end of treatment, the clinical success rate (cured + improved) in clinically evaluable patients was 94.1% in the levofloxacin group and 92.3% in the azithromycin group. The respective posttherapy microbiologic eradication rates were 89.5% and 92.3%. Levofloxacin was as well tolerated as azithromycin, with an incidence of drug-related adverse events (AEs) for all body systems of 5.3% and 9.3%, respectively. None of the drug-related AEs were considered serious [corrected]. CONCLUSIONS: In this study in hospitalized patients with moderate to severe CAP, levofloxacin monotherapy was at least as effective as a combination regimen of azithromycin and ceftriaxone in providing coverage against the current causative pathogens in CAP. In addition, levofloxacin was as well tolerated as the combination of azithromycin and ceftriaxone. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12240780/ | [
"Clinical Trial",
"Comparative Study",
"Journal Article",
"Multicenter Study",
"Randomized Controlled Trial"
] | 12240780 |
12,240,782 | Bioavailability of lansoprazole granules administered in juice or soft food compared with the intact capsule formulation. | Chun Alexander H C AH, Erdman Keith K, Chiu Yi-Lin YL, Pilmer Betsy L BL, Achari Ramanuj R, Cavanaugh John H JH | Clinical therapeutics . Vol. 24, No. 8, 2002 Aug | BACKGROUND: The ability to administer the contents of an encapsulated-dose formulation in liquids or soft foods without compromising drug bioavailability is highly desirable for patients who are unable to swallow or have difficulty swallowing. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to compare the bioavailability of lansoprazole granules administered in 2 types of juice and a soft food with that of the intact capsule administered with water. METHODS: Healthy adult volunteers were eligible for this single-center, Phase I, single-dose, randomized, open-label, 4-period crossover study. Subjects received the enteric-coated granular contents of a 30-mg lansoprazole capsule in 3 test regimens (in 180 mL of orange juice, 180 mL of tomato juice, or 1 tablespoon of strained pears, each followed by 180 mL of water) and 1 reference regimen (the 30-mg intact capsule with 180 mL of water). The regimens were rotated at > or = 6-day intervals so that each subject received all 4 regimens. Blood samples for pharmacokinetic analyses were obtained during the 12 hours after each regimen. RESULTS: Twenty healthy adult volunteers (10 men, 10 women; mean age, 36 years [range, 19-53 years]) completed this study. Bioavailability of the 3 test regimens was assessed using the two 1-sided tests procedure for mean maximum plasma concentration and area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) from time 0 through the last measurable concentration and AUC from time 0 to infinity. These results were compared with that of the intact capsule. This comparison indicated that the 90% CIs for all 3 test regimens were within the acceptable bioequivalence range of 0.80 to 1.25. Lansoprazole was well tolerated, with most of the adverse events being mild. Headache was the most frequently reported adverse event. CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicate that the bioavailability of lansoprazole granules, when administered in orange juice, tomato juice, or a small amount of strained pears, was similar to that of the intact capsule in these healthy adult volunteers. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12240782/ | [
"Clinical Trial",
"Journal Article",
"Randomized Controlled Trial",
"Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't"
] | 12240782 |
12,240,793 | Patients have treatment preferences: a multicentre, double-blind, crossover study comparing rabeprazole and omeprazole. | Johnson Martin M, Guilford Sandra S, Libretto Susan E SE, | Current medical research and opinion . Vol. 18, No. 5, 2002 | It is increasingly common practice to change patients from one medication in a drug class to another, often as part of a general formulary change. The underlying assumption and accepted wisdom is that all compounds within a class are identical. To our knowledge, there has been no published investigation into the patients' views on such changes or on the individual medications. These views may be affected by positive side-effects, not normally sought in clinical trials, as well as negative side-effects, which are always reported. The objectives of this study were to determine whether patients whose primary symptoms were already controlled by a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) could distinguish between rabeprazole and omeprazole; to determine the incidence of positive, as well as negative, side-effects; to elicit patients' opinions on changing medication within a class, and on the importance of certain characteristics of medication. The design was a double-blind, double-dummy, randomised, crossover trial, set in five general practice research centres in the UK and Ireland. 240 eligible patients were randomised to receive daily treatment, first for 4 weeks with omeprazole 20 mg/day, and then for reverse order. Each phase of 4 weeks was separately assessed by patients through questionnaires and by non-directed questioning about positive and negative side-effects. At the end of the 8 weeks, patients compared the two medications in seven treatment characteristics. Patients were further asked their attitude to changing medication within a class. Data were collected by a web-based electronic data capture system. Results showed that the majority of patients could be switched to another PPI therapy, predictably without noticeable difference in maintenance of primary symptom control. About one-quarter to one-half of patients were able to express a preference for one or other of the treatments dependent on the variable assessed. For 'absence of unwanted side-effects' and 'presence of positive side-effects' a statistically significant difference in favour of rabeprazole was detected (p = 0.0467 and p = 0.0188, respectively). In terms of the total treatment preference score, the primary outcome variable, there was no statistically significant difference between the two PPIs (p = 0.0754). This finding is mainly attributable to the two PPIs providing similar relief of primary mask the findings for the other variables assessed. However, there were numerically more patients (10 vs. 3) who reported 'marked' positive side-effects on rabeprazole. On direct questioning, patients indicated that tablets (rabeprazole) were more easily swallowed than capsules (omeprazole) (p < 0.0001), but less easily handled than capsules (p = 0.0003). These analyses may however have been confounded by the fact that the omeprazole medication had to be over-encapsulated to allow blinding for this double-dummy, blinded study. There was no difference in tolerability between rabeprazole and omeprazole, with 52.6% and 51% of patients reporting at least one adverse event, respectively. Of the patients controlled and maintained on omeprazole before the study, 33.9% reported adverse events on omeprazole during the study and seven discontinued the study for that reason. Patients thought the most important drug characteristics for treating this condition were rapid and lasting control of pain. Most (83.6%) would be willing to try an alternative medication within a drug class. In conclusion, most patients already controlled by a PPI would be willing to try another. An individual patient may have a strong preference for one PPI over another, and this difference may be important if treatment is to be long term. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12240793/ | [
"Clinical Trial",
"Comparative Study",
"Journal Article",
"Multicenter Study",
"Randomized Controlled Trial",
"Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't"
] | 12240793 |
12,240,794 | Effect of food on early drug exposure from extended-release stimulants: results from the Concerta, Adderall XR Food Evaluation (CAFE) Study. | Auiler J F JF, Liu K K, Lynch J M JM, Gelotte C K CK | Current medical research and opinion . Vol. 18, No. 5, 2002 | Stimulant therapy is the mainstay of treatment for children, adolescents and adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Once-daily, extended-release oral formulations offer long acting control of symptoms by modifying drug delivery and absorption. In particular, consistency in early drug exposure is important for symptom control during school or work hours. Because these once-daily formulations are usually taken in the morning, the timing of the doses with breakfast is important. This study compared the effect of a high-fat breakfast on early drug exposure from a morning dose of two extended-release stimulant formulations: the osmotic-controlled OROS tablet of methylphenidate HCI (CONCERTA) and the capsule containing extended-release beads of mixed amphetamine salts (ADDERALL XR). The study had a single-dose, open-label, randomised, four-treatment, crossover design in which healthy subjects received either 36 mg CONCERTA or 20 mg ADDERALL XR in the morning after an overnight fast or a high-fat breakfast. Serial blood samples were collected over 28h to determine plasma concentrations of methylphenidate and amphetamine. The food effect on early drug exposure and the pharmacokinetic profiles up to 8 h after dosing of the two extended-release stimulants were directly compared using partial area (AUC(p4h), AUC(p6h) and AUC(p8h)) fed/fasted ratios. Amphetamine concentrations were markedly lower when the subjects had eaten breakfast, resulting in lower early drug exposures (p < 0.0001). By contrast, methylphenidate concentrations over the same 8 h were unaffected by breakfast, providing consistent levels of early drug exposure. Therefore, as a child's or adult's eating pattern varies, methylphenidate exposure over the first 8 h would be expected to have less day-to-day variation compared with amphetamine exposure. The osmotic-controlled OROS tablet provides a reliable and consistent delivery of methylphenidate HCI, independent of food, for patients with ADHD. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12240794/ | [
"Clinical Trial",
"Journal Article",
"Randomized Controlled Trial"
] | 12240794 |
12,240,812 | Fetal health surveillance: a community-wide approach versus a tailored intervention for the implementation of clinical practice guidelines. | Davies Barbara B, Hodnett Ellen E, Hannah Mary M, O'Brien-Pallas Linda L, Pringle Dorothy D, Wells George G, | CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne . Vol. 167, No. 5, 2002 Sep 03 | BACKGROUND: The decreased use of electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) for healthy women in labour and the increased provision of professional support to all women in labour is recommended by experts. We evaluated the effectiveness of a community-wide approach to transferring research results to practice using a regional committee, newsletter articles and annual conference presentations compared with an additional tailored hospital intervention involving workshops to enhance self-efficacy for nurses, policy review, multidisciplinary meetings, rounds and unit discussions. METHODS: We compared the proportion of women at low risk who received EFM and the proportion of nurses' time spent providing labour support before and after the intervention within each of 4 hospitals (2 tertiary and 2 secondary). One hospital of either type was randomly selected to receive the tailored intervention. Randomly selected charts (n = 200) were reviewed for the use of EFM at each hospital before (1995) and after (1996) the intervention. Trained observers at randomly selected times recorded the nurses' activities, including time spent providing labour support before and after the intervention. RESULTS: At the intervention secondary hospital, there was a large decrease in the use of EFM, from 90.1% before to 41.0% after the intervention (p < 0.001), but no change in nurses' time spent providing labour support. At the intervention tertiary hospital there was no change in EFM rates, but there was a small, statistically significant increase in time spent providing labour support (23.5% to 29.8%, p < 0.001). A negative effect on time spent providing labour support was found at the control secondary hospital (decrease from 19.6% to 12.8%, p < 0.001), with no change in the EFM rate. At the control tertiary hospital there was a small decrease in the use of EFM, from 99.5% to 91.4% (p < 0.001), but no change in time spent providing labour support. INTERPRETATION: The results are mixed, and the tailored intervention thus appeared to have limited effects. No association was found between the reduction in the use of EFM and an increase in nurses' time spent providing labour support. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12240812/ | [
"Clinical Trial",
"Journal Article",
"Multicenter Study",
"Randomized Controlled Trial",
"Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't"
] | 12240812 |
12,240,890 | Diet medications and valvular heart disease: the current evidence. | Barasch Andrei A, Safford Monika M MM | Special care in dentistry : official publication of the American Association of Hospital Dentists, the Academy of Dentistry for the Handicapped, and the American Society for Geriatric Dentistry . Vol. 22, No. 3 | Since 1997, the appetite suppressant drugs fenfluramine-phentermine (fen-phen) and dexfenfluramine have been associated with the development of valvular heart disease. As a result, the drugs have been withdrawn from the market and interim recommendations for evaluation and treatment of exposed patients were issued. However, subsequent studies showed lower prevalence rates for valve abnormalities than were initially reported, and the possibility of such drug-induced lesions resolving has been raised. This article reviews relevant evidence and discusses concerns for the dental practitioner. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12240890/ | [
"Journal Article",
"Meta-Analysis"
] | 12240890 |
12,240,905 | Leptin levels in patients with type 1 diabetes receiving intensive insulin therapy compared with those in patients receiving conventional insulin therapy. | Azar S T ST, Zalloua P A PA, Zantout M S MS, Shahine C H CH, Salti I I | Journal of endocrinological investigation . Vol. 25, No. 8, 2002 Sep | Several reports suggest that insulin may have a role in the regulation of serum leptin levels, and this is related to the fact that serum leptin levels generally indicate the amount of body fat. Studies show that leptin levels are low in newly diagnosed patients with Type-1 diabetes (T1 DM) and increase after institution of insulin therapy. This study was designed to test whether serum leptin levels are higher in patients receiving intensive insulin therapy (IIT) compared to conventional insulin therapy (CIT). Young patients with T1 DM were studied, 23 on IIT and 23 on CIT. The patients were matched for age (19+/-3 and 20+/-5 yr, respectively), duration of diabetes (8+/-5 and 10+/-6 yr, respectively) and BMI (24+/-4 and 23+/-3 kg/m2, respectively). Leptin levels were higher in IIT compared to CIT (13+/-12 vs 7+/-7 ng/ml, respectively, p<0.05). The results of this study demonstrate that patients on IIT have higher leptin levels than patients on CIT. This increase in leptin level in IIT patients is independent of changes in bw and is probably due to the stimulatory effect of insulin on leptin production. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12240905/ | [
"Clinical Trial",
"Controlled Clinical Trial",
"Journal Article"
] | 12240905 |
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