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1262535 | NSF | Grant | Standard Grant | Discovering Collaboration Network Structures and Dynamics in Big Data | 47.075 | 04010000 | null | maryann feldman | 2013-08-01 | 2016-07-31 | 290,566 | 306,566 | 2013-06-25 | 2014-08-01 | Understanding how individual scientists interact with one another and how such interaction impacts research productivity and knowledge diffusion is important for understanding the dynamics of scientific research collaboration. At the same time, information about patterns of collaboration and their consequences have implications for science policy. In quantitative research on collaboration networks, publication co-authorships and citation-linkages have been the primary source of data. As large data repositories, one of the signposts for cyberinfrastructure-enabled, data-driven science, become increasingly prevalent, however, they offer an alternative source of information about networks of scientific collaboration. This project investigates research collaboration networks emerging around one such international data repository, GenBank, and develops data products to support data-driven science policymaking and research. By utilizing this novel data source the project provides an unprecedented opportunity to validate and expand the theory of complex networks while generating rich data outputs and products to support science policy research and policymaking. This study fills a number of theoretical and methodological gaps identified by the 2008 roadmap for Science of Science Policy (SoSP), with a specific focus on how scientific collaboration networks form and evolve. The outcomes of this study address the lack of models and tools for network analysis, visual analytics, and science mapping outlined in the 2008 roadmap for SoSP. To accomplish the data collection and processing required for this project new computational programs will be developed to parse, extract, store, transform, split, merge, and filter the data; these will be applicable to the analysis of other similar data sources for science policy and innovation research.
Broader impacts. By making available dataset product prototypes the project will allow researchers, policy makers, and students to explore research networks in GenBank from longitudinal, thematic, geographical, institutional, and author dimensions. The multi-dimensional, interactive presentations of such datasets enable data-intensive science policy research and support science policymaking through filtering, sorting, associating, and visualization capabilities. The datasets and data products will be made available through an open access mechanism, so educators and undergraduate and graduate students have ample opportunities to use these resources for teaching and research. Students enrolled in Syracuse University's newly established Certificate for Advanced Study in Data Science (CAS DS) program will be able to participate in the project and gain skills in programming for data collection and processing, data quality verification, analysis, and visualization. In addition, the collaboration network analysis provides interested doctoral students an opportunity to do independent study or dissertation research. Findings from studying cyberinfrastructure-supported data sharing and knowledge diffusion is expected to advance policymakers' ability to properly assess the outcomes of federally funded research. | 0 | SBE | Directorate for Social, Behavioral and Economic Sciences | SMA | SBE Office of Multidisciplinary Activities | 4900 | 4900 | [
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"por_cntn": "<div class=\"porColContainerWBG\">\n<div class=\"porContentCol\"><p class=\"p1\">This project used a novel data source -- the metadata from an international data repository GenBank -- to study research collaboration network structures and dynamics. Examining genetic sequence data submissions and associated publications side by side provides a new perspective on how cyberinfrastructure-enabled collaboration networks have contributed to the advances of data-intensive biology. The resulting datasets, computational code, data products, and methodological workflows demonstrate the feasibility of this novel data source for science policy research and can be shared and reused through depositing to an open data repository. The resulting datasets made it possible for future research to incorporate other data sources (e.g., funding, taxonomy) to perform data-driven science policy research.</p>\n<p class=\"p1\">The results from this project led to the development of a new metric framework for measuring the impact of cyberinfrastructure-enabled scientific capacity on the extent and rate of knowledge diffusion. This framework uses collaboration capacity as the proxy measure for scientific capacity, in which the ability to garner a large data production team will have impact on the extent and rate of knowledge diffusion. It is assumed that a high level of scientific capacity can accelerate the extent of knowledge diffusion while a low level can hinder knowledge diffusion. Collaboration capacity as a proxy of scientific capacity can be operationalized by data submission network features, including the sizes and distribution patterns of data submission networks, core and peripheral positions of nodes, temporal features, and taxonomic features, and can be cross-examined through publication and patent data. This novel framework for measuring the impact of cyberinfrastructure-enabled collaboration on the extent and rate of knowledge diffusion represents a unique contribution to the knowledge of scientometric and science policy research.</p>\n<p class=\"p1\">The fact that the data source contained information about dataset and associated research publications allows the study to establish a grand picture over a period of almost two decades, during which time the cyberinfrastructure was shaping up by the advances in information technology and biotechnology. The longitudinal data on genetic sequence submissions to the GenBank repository coupled with associated publications reveal some very interesting phenomena that have policy implications to science research and are worth further exploration by integrating data from other sources such as workforce, economic indicators, R&D expenditures, funding, and major social and political events that may have impacted the rise and/or fall of scientific capacity and hence the output of scientific production.</p>\n<p>Key outcomes from this project include:</p>\n<p>1) This project computed statistical characteristics of research networks and visualized network characteristics through data tables, power law graphs, degree distribution charts, and network structures by year. These tables, graphs, charts, and network structures offer an evolutionary view of the collaboration networks during the turn of data-intensive biology.</p>\n<p>2) Metadata records in GenBank are semi-structured and in plain text format. As such it is extremely challenging to process and transform them into computable structures and formats. We deployed a wide variety of approaches and methods to ensure the quality of data. The large amount of R scripts and data objects produced can be published for sharing and reuse by the research and education community, once they are verified and documentation for them is created.</p>\n<p>3) The GenBank metadata collection contains millions of records, hence the only feasible way to make any of this data collection usable is through computational methods. We made detailed documentation of the workflows, rationale for using a particular approach or method, data file dependencies, as well as data models and structures. The documentation will be valuable information for data verification, checking for errors and/or duplicates, and research provenance.</p>\n<p>4) This project is one of the first to use metadata in data repositories as the source of data for studying collaboration networks and assessing the impact of cyberinfrastructure-enabled collaboration networks. The novel metrics developed from this project will provide a new theoretic framework for guiding the interpretation of the findings for this type of research.</p><br>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t \tLast Modified: 10/29/2016<br>\n\t\t\t\t\tModified by: Jian Qin</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"porSideCol\">\n<div class=\"each-gallery\">\n<div class=\"galContent\" id=\"gallery0\">\n<div class=\"photoCount\" id=\"photoCount0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tImages (<span id=\"selectedPhoto0\">1</span> of <span class=\"totalNumber\"></span>)\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</div>\n<div class=\"galControls\" id=\"controls0\"></div>\n<div class=\"galSlideshow\" id=\"slideshow0\"></div>\n<div class=\"galEmbox\" id=\"embox\">\n<div class=\"image-title\"></div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"galNavigation\" id=\"navigation0\">\n<ul class=\"thumbs\" id=\"thumbs0\">\n<li>\n<a href=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2016/1262535/1262535_10254207_1477792519729_SciSIPfianal-reportimage1datanetworks--rgov-214x142.jpg\" original=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2016/1262535/1262535_10254207_1477792519729_SciSIPfianal-reportimage1datanetworks--rgov-800width.jpg\" title=\"GenBank data submission networks 1994-2012\"><img src=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2016/1262535/1262535_10254207_1477792519729_SciSIPfianal-reportimage1datanetworks--rgov-66x44.jpg\" alt=\"GenBank data submission networks 1994-2012\"></a>\n<div class=\"imageCaptionContainer\">\n<div class=\"imageCaption\">GenBank data submission networks 1994-2012 (Blue = authors, Red = publications, Green = data submissions). Over time the publication-centric pattern gradually changed into a data-centric pattern with more nodes branching out while still interconnected.</div>\n<div class=\"imageCredit\">Jian Qin, Mark R. Costa, Sarah E. Bratt, Qianqian Chen, & Yingxue Xiao</div>\n<div class=\"imagePermisssions\">Royalty-free (restricted use - cannot be shared)</div>\n<div class=\"imageSubmitted\">Jian Qin</div>\n<div class=\"imageTitle\">GenBank data submission networks 1994-2012</div>\n</div>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a href=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2016/1262535/1262535_10254207_1477793401710_SciSIPfianal-reportimage3SARScollaborationnetworks--rgov-214x142.jpg\" original=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2016/1262535/1262535_10254207_1477793401710_SciSIPfianal-reportimage3SARScollaborationnetworks--rgov-800width.jpg\" title=\"Collaboration networks in polymerase chain reaction research 1989-2012\"><img src=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2016/1262535/1262535_10254207_1477793401710_SciSIPfianal-reportimage3SARScollaborationnetworks--rgov-66x44.jpg\" alt=\"Collaboration networks in polymerase chain reaction research 1989-2012\"></a>\n<div class=\"imageCaptionContainer\">\n<div class=\"imageCaption\">PCR, or polymerase chain reaction, was a new technique developed for amplifying DNA that dramatically accelerated the pace of genetic research. This image shows a network of 1165 publications in GenBank on PCR and and their authors between 1989-2012.</div>\n<div class=\"imageCredit\">Jian Qin, Mark R. Costa, Sarah E. Bratt, Qianqian Chen, & Yingxue Xiao</div>\n<div class=\"imagePermisssions\">Creative Commons</div>\n<div class=\"imageSubmitted\">Jian Qin</div>\n<div class=\"imageTitle\">Collaboration networks in polymerase chain reaction research 1989-2012</div>\n</div>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a href=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2016/1262535/1262535_10254207_1477795026541_SciSIPfinal-reportimage2SARSnetworks--rgov-214x142.jpg\" original=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2016/1262535/1262535_10254207_1477795026541_SciSIPfinal-reportimage2SARSnetworks--rgov-800width.jpg\" title=\"Collaboration networks in SARS research between 2006-2010\"><img src=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2016/1262535/1262535_10254207_1477795026541_SciSIPfinal-reportimage2SARSnetworks--rgov-66x44.jpg\" alt=\"Collaboration networks in SARS research between 2006-2010\"></a>\n<div class=\"imageCaptionContainer\">\n<div class=\"imageCaption\">Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) was a disease outbreak causing a spike in SARS sequence submissions to GenBank. Scientists submitted SARS protein sequences beginning in 2003, with a high concentration of research produced byChinese scientists.</div>\n<div class=\"imageCredit\">Jian Qin, Mark R. Costa, Sarah E. Bratt, Qianqian Chen, & Yingxue Xiao</div>\n<div class=\"imagePermisssions\">Creative Commons</div>\n<div class=\"imageSubmitted\">Jian Qin</div>\n<div class=\"imageTitle\">Collaboration networks in SARS research between 2006-2010</div>\n</div>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>",
"por_txt_cntn": "This project used a novel data source -- the metadata from an international data repository GenBank -- to study research collaboration network structures and dynamics. Examining genetic sequence data submissions and associated publications side by side provides a new perspective on how cyberinfrastructure-enabled collaboration networks have contributed to the advances of data-intensive biology. The resulting datasets, computational code, data products, and methodological workflows demonstrate the feasibility of this novel data source for science policy research and can be shared and reused through depositing to an open data repository. The resulting datasets made it possible for future research to incorporate other data sources (e.g., funding, taxonomy) to perform data-driven science policy research.\nThe results from this project led to the development of a new metric framework for measuring the impact of cyberinfrastructure-enabled scientific capacity on the extent and rate of knowledge diffusion. This framework uses collaboration capacity as the proxy measure for scientific capacity, in which the ability to garner a large data production team will have impact on the extent and rate of knowledge diffusion. It is assumed that a high level of scientific capacity can accelerate the extent of knowledge diffusion while a low level can hinder knowledge diffusion. Collaboration capacity as a proxy of scientific capacity can be operationalized by data submission network features, including the sizes and distribution patterns of data submission networks, core and peripheral positions of nodes, temporal features, and taxonomic features, and can be cross-examined through publication and patent data. This novel framework for measuring the impact of cyberinfrastructure-enabled collaboration on the extent and rate of knowledge diffusion represents a unique contribution to the knowledge of scientometric and science policy research.\nThe fact that the data source contained information about dataset and associated research publications allows the study to establish a grand picture over a period of almost two decades, during which time the cyberinfrastructure was shaping up by the advances in information technology and biotechnology. The longitudinal data on genetic sequence submissions to the GenBank repository coupled with associated publications reveal some very interesting phenomena that have policy implications to science research and are worth further exploration by integrating data from other sources such as workforce, economic indicators, R&D expenditures, funding, and major social and political events that may have impacted the rise and/or fall of scientific capacity and hence the output of scientific production.\n\nKey outcomes from this project include:\n\n1) This project computed statistical characteristics of research networks and visualized network characteristics through data tables, power law graphs, degree distribution charts, and network structures by year. These tables, graphs, charts, and network structures offer an evolutionary view of the collaboration networks during the turn of data-intensive biology.\n\n2) Metadata records in GenBank are semi-structured and in plain text format. As such it is extremely challenging to process and transform them into computable structures and formats. We deployed a wide variety of approaches and methods to ensure the quality of data. The large amount of R scripts and data objects produced can be published for sharing and reuse by the research and education community, once they are verified and documentation for them is created.\n\n3) The GenBank metadata collection contains millions of records, hence the only feasible way to make any of this data collection usable is through computational methods. We made detailed documentation of the workflows, rationale for using a particular approach or method, data file dependencies, as well as data models and structures. The documentation will be valuable information for data verification, checking for errors and/or duplicates, and research provenance.\n\n4) This project is one of the first to use metadata in data repositories as the source of data for studying collaboration networks and assessing the impact of cyberinfrastructure-enabled collaboration networks. The novel metrics developed from this project will provide a new theoretic framework for guiding the interpretation of the findings for this type of research.\n\n\t\t\t\t\tLast Modified: 10/29/2016\n\n\t\t\t\t\tSubmitted by: Jian Qin"
} |
|
1344335 | NSF | Grant | Standard Grant | Planning Meeting on Indicators of Doctoral Education | 47.075 | 04010000 | null | maryann feldman | 2013-08-01 | 2014-12-31 | 50,000 | 50,000 | 2013-07-20 | 2013-07-20 | The National Research Council (NRC) of the National Academy of Sciences will hold a planning meeting to discuss the creation of a program to collect and disseminate information about research doctoral education. Participants will include representatives of graduate research programs, higher education associations, organizations that provide comparative information on doctoral programs, and others with relevant knowledge and expertise. This meeting will consider the range of data currently available about doctoral education and the potential uses of additional data that could be obtained with a regular program of data collection. The meeting will also consider several practical aspects of such a program, including the willingness of universities to participate and the possible role of the NRC. The goal of the planning meeting is to determine if there is enough interest in and expected value from an ongoing indicators program to warrant further development work.
The NRC has conducted three prior studies of research doctorate programs that were carried out on an ad hoc basis, with reports published in 1982, 1995, and 2010. The planning meeting will consider the results of these prior studies for insights about the types of data that might be included in an ongoing indicators program, the technical challenges in constructing these different types of data, and the potential value to the field of making such data available. In particular, the planning meeting will consider the use of reputational rankings and the production of program rankings, both of which were criticized in the prior NRC studies. In addition the planning meeting will consider the implications for the design of an ongoing program to provide information about research doctoral education of new information sources that have recently become available, including commercial efforts to provide comparative information on publication and citation data across doctoral programs.
Broader Impacts. A set of doctoral indicators could potentially provide the graduate education community with a number of benefits, including benchmarks for institutional self-improvement, data for higher education research, and comparative information for policymakers and prospective students. As a result, an ongoing indicator program could help drive substantial increases in the quality of research doctoral programs. | 0 | SBE | Directorate for Social, Behavioral and Economic Sciences | SMA | SBE Office of Multidisciplinary Activities | 4900 | 4900 | [
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"por_cntn": "<div class=\"porColContainerWBG\">\n<div class=\"porContentCol\"><p>This project called for a planning meeting to discuss the need for and issues in building a program to collect and make available indicators of research doctorate programs in the United States. The planning meeting involved bringing together individuals from the higher education community, the education statistics community, the science and engineering workforce policy community, and potential public- and private-sector funders. The discussions focused on the following topics:</p>\n<p>1) The range and importance of analytical, research, and policy making uses of the data collected on doctoral programs in the prior NRC study (2005-2010);</p>\n<p>2) The extent to which universities would be interested in and willing to invest in a program to continue collection and dissemination of such data; and</p>\n<p>3) The feasiblity of lodging within the NRC or some other organization either a continuing program or a prototype, proof-of-concept operation.</p>\n<p> </p>\n<p>The goal for the meeting was to provide NRC staff, key stakeholders, and potential project funders with advice on how to proceed with future work in this area. Several important points were made during the day’s discussions. First, participants emphasized that if there is to be another project in this area, it should begin soon. They noted the length of time required for the prior project (5 years) and called for any future project to move more quickly.</p>\n<p>Second, participants thought that the prior committee had been charged to serve too many roles. The earlier committee identified the data to collect, collected it, analyzed it, made decisions about ways to characterize institutional quality, and prepared a report on institutional quality. Participants advised that separation of responsibilities might increase the perceived integrity of the results. They described a strategy that would separate the responsibilities among three entities. One group might convene a group to define the outcomes to measure and possibly produce a model survey. Another organization might take the lead in collecting the data and producing the indicators of quality and/or rankings. A third group might review/oversee the data collection and the resulting indicators/rankings.</p>\n<p>With these points in mind, NRC project staff have begun to pursue a future project. A week after the planning meeting, project staff met to compare notes and identify a strategy to follow up on participants’ ideas. They also discussed the project at several staff and board of directors meetings to solicit their feedback and advice. NRC staff are now following up to determine the next steps in establishing the feasibility and desirability of an activity to regularly collect useful information on research doctoral programs.</p><br>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t \tLast Modified: 01/20/2015<br>\n\t\t\t\t\tModified by: Constance F Citro</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"porSideCol\"></div>\n</div>",
"por_txt_cntn": "\nThis project called for a planning meeting to discuss the need for and issues in building a program to collect and make available indicators of research doctorate programs in the United States. The planning meeting involved bringing together individuals from the higher education community, the education statistics community, the science and engineering workforce policy community, and potential public- and private-sector funders. The discussions focused on the following topics:\n\n1) The range and importance of analytical, research, and policy making uses of the data collected on doctoral programs in the prior NRC study (2005-2010);\n\n2) The extent to which universities would be interested in and willing to invest in a program to continue collection and dissemination of such data; and\n\n3) The feasiblity of lodging within the NRC or some other organization either a continuing program or a prototype, proof-of-concept operation.\n\n \n\nThe goal for the meeting was to provide NRC staff, key stakeholders, and potential project funders with advice on how to proceed with future work in this area. Several important points were made during the dayÆs discussions. First, participants emphasized that if there is to be another project in this area, it should begin soon. They noted the length of time required for the prior project (5 years) and called for any future project to move more quickly.\n\nSecond, participants thought that the prior committee had been charged to serve too many roles. The earlier committee identified the data to collect, collected it, analyzed it, made decisions about ways to characterize institutional quality, and prepared a report on institutional quality. Participants advised that separation of responsibilities might increase the perceived integrity of the results. They described a strategy that would separate the responsibilities among three entities. One group might convene a group to define the outcomes to measure and possibly produce a model survey. Another organization might take the lead in collecting the data and producing the indicators of quality and/or rankings. A third group might review/oversee the data collection and the resulting indicators/rankings.\n\nWith these points in mind, NRC project staff have begun to pursue a future project. A week after the planning meeting, project staff met to compare notes and identify a strategy to follow up on participantsÆ ideas. They also discussed the project at several staff and board of directors meetings to solicit their feedback and advice. NRC staff are now following up to determine the next steps in establishing the feasibility and desirability of an activity to regularly collect useful information on research doctoral programs.\n\n\t\t\t\t\tLast Modified: 01/20/2015\n\n\t\t\t\t\tSubmitted by: Constance F Citro"
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|
1315290 | NSF | Grant | Standard Grant | Ocean Acidification: Implications for Respiratory Gas Exchange and Acid-Base Balance in Estuarine Fish | 47.074 | 08040000 | null | Irwin Forseth | 2013-08-01 | 2018-07-31 | 723,801 | 723,801 | 2013-05-30 | 2013-05-30 | Anthropogenic carbon dioxide release is causing unprecedented change in the oceanic carbonate system (partial pressure of CO2, pH and alkalinity), and if current trends continue ocean PCO2 could reach 1,000 µatm before the end of the century. This predicted change in ocean chemistry has been shown to impact marine fish in a number of ways, from sensory and behavioral disturbances to reduced growth and survival. These cumulative impacts are estimated to profoundly affect global fish populations; however, to truly comprehend the population level consequences of ocean acidification, it is crucial to understand the underlying physiological mechanisms that impact individuals. Respiration is the key physiological process governing internal PCO2 levels and acid-base status, and therefore is particularly important when considering the impacts of ocean acidification. Recent work has shown ocean acidification to impair CO2 excretion in fish, resulting in a compensated respiratory acidosis with downstream physiological implications related to intestinal water balance. This research will focus on the estuarine red drum to build upon previous work through continued investigation of the respiratory and acid-base consequences of ocean acidification, as well as the potential for physiological adaptations in response to environmental change. More specifically this work will examine three specific areas related to respiratory gas exchange and acid-base implications of ocean acidification: 1) the ventilatory responses to ocean acidification in estuarine fish, 2) the adaptive capacity of respiratory gas exchange pathways in response to ocean acidification, and 3) the ontogeny of acid-base regulation and its role in determining larval sensitivity to ocean acidification. These studies will provide an in-depth examination of an inherently integrative process, using a combination of molecular biology, biochemistry and whole animal physiology. Furthermore, this work will not only seek to provide a worst-case scenario for ocean acidification, but also investigate possible routes of physiological adaptation in response to this unprecedented environmental change. These research activities will train multiple undergraduate and graduate students, as well as one post-doctoral researcher. The findings of this work will also be used in a variety of outreach programs intended to inform the public about the impacts of ocean acidification on fish populations. | 0 | BIO | Directorate for Biological Sciences | EF | Emerging Frontiers | 4900 | 4900 | [
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"por_cntn": "<div class=\"porColContainerWBG\">\n<div class=\"porContentCol\"><p>Ocean acidification refers to the increased levels of carbon dioxide predicted in the marine environment in the near future, and is an impending environmental concern for all marine life. For marine fishes, ocean acidification causes distress by making it more difficult for fish to remove carbon dioxide from their bodies, which results in a cascade of downstream acid-base disturbances that can jeopardize ecological performance. The primary objective of this work was to explore the ability of an economically important sportfish, the red drum, to offset these effects through respiratory and acid-base plasticity, which refers to the ability of animals to alter their physiology as a consequence of environmental change. A secondary objective of this work was to explore the secondary consequences of any observed plasticity according to the premise that physiological adaptations may have significant trade-offs.</p>\n<p>We first explored respiratory plasticity following exposure to ocean acidification using a combination of gene expression, enzyme assays and morphological characterization in the gills and red blood cells. Our results suggest that while fish were not able to manipulate their red blood cells to offset ocean acidification, they did reduce the thickness of their gills which theoretically reduces the diffusion limitations of carbon dioxide across the gill epithelium. Despite this observation, we were not able to quantify any tangible benefit of acclimation on the carbon dioxide load within fish plasma, as compared to control fish. Nonetheless, several trade-offs of the change in branchial diffusion distance were observed, all of which related to osmoregulatory physiology. The thinner gills of acclimated fish are also more prone to water loss to the marine environment, and to compensate fish were found to increase the osmoregulatory enzymes in their gills and intestines. Importantly, these osmoregulatory trade-offs were likely exacerbated by an increased ventilation rate in fish exposed to ocean acidification. While our work estimated that the ventilatory response reduced the change in blood chemistry following exposure to ocean acidification by about 40%, this also would result in additional water loss owing to the osmorespiratory compromise. A final aspect of this work was then to quantify the metabolic costs associated with ocean acidification acclimation with the hypothesis that the baseline cost of living (i.e. standard metabolic rate) for acclimated fish would be higher than fish acclimated to normal conditions. Contrary to our expectation, no significant change in standard or metabolic rate was detected. A subsequent study determined that this finding likely stemmed from the fact that osmoregulation itself only accounts for a fraction of standard metabolic rate.</p>\n<p>The second series of studies explored the plasticity of acid-base physiological systems in both early and later life stage red drum. With respect to later life stages, we found that red drum did have the potential for plasticity; however, this was not activated until fish were exposed to much higher carbon dioxide levels than those related to ocean acidification. Similar findings were observed with respect to acid-base plasticity in early life, whereby no significant changes in acid-base pathway were noted in fish reared under elevated carbon dioxide. Importantly, ocean acidification was found to significantly reduce embryonic survival during these studies, yet a significant number of larvae were also found to be tolerant to carbon dioxide levels an order of magnitude higher than ocean acidification. The overall conclusion of this work suggests that red drum generally maintain sufficient acid-base machinery in their bodies to tolerate typical environmental stressors, including ocean acidification. Furthermore, while sensitive individuals were observed in early life stages, there were also significant numbers of tolerant individuals that may serve as the bedrock for adaption. Additionally, several novel aspects of acid-base compensation were observed during these studies, including the presence of an anion exchanger (slc26a5) previously only found in the inner ear of higher vertebrates. Our work suggests that this transporter is found within the specialized ion transporting cells of the gills with an apical localization that may contribute to bicarbonate absorption from seawater.</p>\n<p>With respect to the broader impacts of this work, a total of four graduate students, one post-doc and nine undergraduates were trained as a part of this work. Furthermore, four international visiting graduate students were incorporated into these studies. Our data was publically disseminated to local stakeholders in a variety of avenues, including public presentations at the University of Texas at Austin, Texas State Aquarium and Coastal Conservation Agency members meeting. Finally, members of our research group incorporated our work into a variety of K-12 education initiatives including the University of Texas Marine Science Institute?s summer science program and a scientist in residence program that places graduate students directly in K-12 classrooms in Port Aransas, Texas.</p>\n<p> </p><br>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t \tLast Modified: 10/30/2018<br>\n\t\t\t\t\tModified by: Andrew Esbaugh</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"porSideCol\"></div>\n</div>",
"por_txt_cntn": "\nOcean acidification refers to the increased levels of carbon dioxide predicted in the marine environment in the near future, and is an impending environmental concern for all marine life. For marine fishes, ocean acidification causes distress by making it more difficult for fish to remove carbon dioxide from their bodies, which results in a cascade of downstream acid-base disturbances that can jeopardize ecological performance. The primary objective of this work was to explore the ability of an economically important sportfish, the red drum, to offset these effects through respiratory and acid-base plasticity, which refers to the ability of animals to alter their physiology as a consequence of environmental change. A secondary objective of this work was to explore the secondary consequences of any observed plasticity according to the premise that physiological adaptations may have significant trade-offs.\n\nWe first explored respiratory plasticity following exposure to ocean acidification using a combination of gene expression, enzyme assays and morphological characterization in the gills and red blood cells. Our results suggest that while fish were not able to manipulate their red blood cells to offset ocean acidification, they did reduce the thickness of their gills which theoretically reduces the diffusion limitations of carbon dioxide across the gill epithelium. Despite this observation, we were not able to quantify any tangible benefit of acclimation on the carbon dioxide load within fish plasma, as compared to control fish. Nonetheless, several trade-offs of the change in branchial diffusion distance were observed, all of which related to osmoregulatory physiology. The thinner gills of acclimated fish are also more prone to water loss to the marine environment, and to compensate fish were found to increase the osmoregulatory enzymes in their gills and intestines. Importantly, these osmoregulatory trade-offs were likely exacerbated by an increased ventilation rate in fish exposed to ocean acidification. While our work estimated that the ventilatory response reduced the change in blood chemistry following exposure to ocean acidification by about 40%, this also would result in additional water loss owing to the osmorespiratory compromise. A final aspect of this work was then to quantify the metabolic costs associated with ocean acidification acclimation with the hypothesis that the baseline cost of living (i.e. standard metabolic rate) for acclimated fish would be higher than fish acclimated to normal conditions. Contrary to our expectation, no significant change in standard or metabolic rate was detected. A subsequent study determined that this finding likely stemmed from the fact that osmoregulation itself only accounts for a fraction of standard metabolic rate.\n\nThe second series of studies explored the plasticity of acid-base physiological systems in both early and later life stage red drum. With respect to later life stages, we found that red drum did have the potential for plasticity; however, this was not activated until fish were exposed to much higher carbon dioxide levels than those related to ocean acidification. Similar findings were observed with respect to acid-base plasticity in early life, whereby no significant changes in acid-base pathway were noted in fish reared under elevated carbon dioxide. Importantly, ocean acidification was found to significantly reduce embryonic survival during these studies, yet a significant number of larvae were also found to be tolerant to carbon dioxide levels an order of magnitude higher than ocean acidification. The overall conclusion of this work suggests that red drum generally maintain sufficient acid-base machinery in their bodies to tolerate typical environmental stressors, including ocean acidification. Furthermore, while sensitive individuals were observed in early life stages, there were also significant numbers of tolerant individuals that may serve as the bedrock for adaption. Additionally, several novel aspects of acid-base compensation were observed during these studies, including the presence of an anion exchanger (slc26a5) previously only found in the inner ear of higher vertebrates. Our work suggests that this transporter is found within the specialized ion transporting cells of the gills with an apical localization that may contribute to bicarbonate absorption from seawater.\n\nWith respect to the broader impacts of this work, a total of four graduate students, one post-doc and nine undergraduates were trained as a part of this work. Furthermore, four international visiting graduate students were incorporated into these studies. Our data was publically disseminated to local stakeholders in a variety of avenues, including public presentations at the University of Texas at Austin, Texas State Aquarium and Coastal Conservation Agency members meeting. Finally, members of our research group incorporated our work into a variety of K-12 education initiatives including the University of Texas Marine Science Institute?s summer science program and a scientist in residence program that places graduate students directly in K-12 classrooms in Port Aransas, Texas.\n\n \n\n\t\t\t\t\tLast Modified: 10/30/2018\n\n\t\t\t\t\tSubmitted by: Andrew Esbaugh"
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1338917 | NSF | Grant | Continuing Grant | I/UCRC: Phase III: Center for Lasers and Plasmas for Advanced Manufacturing (LPAM) | 47.041 | 07050000 | 7032925341 | Prakash Balan | 2013-08-15 | 2023-07-31 | 196,100 | 344,778 | 2013-08-09 | 2023-07-19 | The proposal requests Phase III funding for the University of Virginia (UVA) to remain as an active lead site in the Center for Lasers and Plasmas for Advanced Manufacturing (LPAM).
The primary focus of the center's research is in laser and plasma applications for advanced manufacturing. With the advances in laser and plasma technology such as availability of high power diode, solid state and fiber lasers, and atmospheric plasma sources, there is continued growth of laser and plasma applications for industrial manufacturing. Lasers allow non-contact material processing to provide high precision, faster throughput and applicability to variety of materials such as metals, ceramics, polymers and composites. Some of the centers research activities have been in the areas of laser removal of oxides, laser micromachining of titanium, laser micro-texturing, optical imaging sensors for laser welding, micromachining of aluminum alloys, atmospheric plasma treatment of polymeric surfaces etc. Lasers and plasma sources continue to play an important role in various industrial sectors such as energy (specifically solar energy), automobile, aerospace, microelectronics, biomedical and general manufacturing. The center will continue to support industry research through innovation, participation of graduate and undergraduate students, leveraging the existing facilities and through multi-university partnerships.
The performance of industry research by lead center and various sites, allows the U.S. industry to be more competitive in advanced manufacturing and hence the LPAM center provides a great economic benefit to the society. The LPAM center develops new manufacturing processes and process monitoring tools, as well as provides fundamental understanding of technical issues related to current processes for the benefit of the center industrial members. The LPAM center also provides education and training to graduate and undergraduate student in research areas of interest to industry to meet their future workforce needs. The LPAM center creates a unique opportunity for students to be able to collaborate with industrial researchers and engineers. The LPAM center provides opportunities for team building and carrying out research in collaboration with students at participating universities and industrial members. The center has also involved undergraduate students through Research Experience for Undergraduates program and has provided a valuable experience at early stage of student's career. | 0 | ENG | Directorate for Engineering | EEC | Division of Engineering Education and Centers | 4900 | 4900 | [
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"por_cntn": "<div class=\"porColContainerWBG\">\n<div class=\"porContentCol\"><p><span>The Center</span><span>'s</span><span> mission was to develop </span><span>a </span><span>science, engineering</span><span>,</span><span> and technology base for laser and plasma processing of materials, devices</span><span>,</span><span> and systems for advanced manufacturing. The center</span><span>'s</span><span> capabilities included laser processing of materials (micromachining, drilling, cutting, welding, surface microtexturing, sintering), plasma applications for coatings and surface modification, process diagnostics</span><span>,</span><span> and sensor development. </span><span>E</span><span>xamples of industrial projects include laser microtexturing of titanium and silicon, laser welding of high</span><span>-</span><span>strength steel, laser imaging of weld pool</span><span>s</span><span>, erosion</span><span>-</span><span>resistant coatings, laser cleaning of surfaces, laser cladding, plasma sensors, </span><span>cold atmospheric plasma for surface modifications, </span><span>etc. Some industrial members included General Motors, Lockheed </span><span>M</span><span>artin, Halliburton, Trumpf lasers, Navair, GE Global, Army </span><span>R</span><span>ese</span><span>a</span><span>rch </span><span>Laboratory, </span><span>Areva</span><span>,</span><span> etc. The center provided</span><span> </span><span>a unique environment for industry partners to stay abreast of the latest developments in advanced manufacturing technologies and access an outstanding team of scientists with top</span><span>-</span><span>class facilities for research projects while offering excellent networking opportunities with key government personnel, industry p</span><span>e</span><span>ers</span><span>,</span><span> and potential future employees. The center openly invited </span><span>the </span><span>industry to look, witness, and eval</span><span>ua</span><span>te </span><span>endless research possibilities for their company and</span><span> enjoy the spirit of collaboration and networking </span><span>with </span><span>\"world</span><span>-</span><span>class\" individuals and organizations. The center produced </span><span>a </span><span>large number of research papers, patents</span><span>,</span><span> and new technologies and provided higher education to </span><span>a </span><span>large number of graduate and undergraduate students. </span><span>The center also allowed students to work with industry members and their projects, allowing them to appreciate the nature of practical high-value projects relevant to society. The center received Phase I, II, and III awards, clearly indicating the substantial benefit the U.S. industry received from the center’s research and development.</span></p><br>\n<p>\n Last Modified: 01/01/2024<br>\nModified by: Mool C Gupta</p></div>\n<div class=\"porSideCol\"\n></div>\n</div>\n",
"por_txt_cntn": "\n\nThe Center's mission was to develop a science, engineering, and technology base for laser and plasma processing of materials, devices, and systems for advanced manufacturing. The center's capabilities included laser processing of materials (micromachining, drilling, cutting, welding, surface microtexturing, sintering), plasma applications for coatings and surface modification, process diagnostics, and sensor development. Examples of industrial projects include laser microtexturing of titanium and silicon, laser welding of high-strength steel, laser imaging of weld pools, erosion-resistant coatings, laser cleaning of surfaces, laser cladding, plasma sensors, cold atmospheric plasma for surface modifications, etc. Some industrial members included General Motors, Lockheed Martin, Halliburton, Trumpf lasers, Navair, GE Global, Army Research Laboratory, Areva, etc. The center provided a unique environment for industry partners to stay abreast of the latest developments in advanced manufacturing technologies and access an outstanding team of scientists with top-class facilities for research projects while offering excellent networking opportunities with key government personnel, industry peers, and potential future employees. The center openly invited the industry to look, witness, and evaluate endless research possibilities for their company and enjoy the spirit of collaboration and networking with \"world-class\" individuals and organizations. The center produced a large number of research papers, patents, and new technologies and provided higher education to a large number of graduate and undergraduate students.The center also allowed students to work with industry members and their projects, allowing them to appreciate the nature of practical high-value projects relevant to society. The center received Phase I, II, and III awards, clearly indicating the substantial benefit the U.S. industry received from the centers research and development.\t\t\t\t\tLast Modified: 01/01/2024\n\n\t\t\t\t\tSubmitted by: MoolCGupta\n"
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1243792 | NSF | Grant | Continuing Grant | Discovery of the Mechanisms Enabling the Dynamic Architecture of the Plant ER | 47.074 | 08070000 | 7032922283 | Charles Cunningham | 2013-04-01 | 2019-03-31 | 629,999 | 715,780 | 2013-02-28 | 2017-01-30 | INTELLECTUAL MERIT
A central question in eukaryotic cell biology is how the identity of organelles is established and maintained. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an essential organelle of the secretory pathway for the production of a wide variety of the cell's building blocks, as well as for the control of essential stress and hormonal signaling pathways. To achieve maximum efficiency, the ER assumes a unique architecture characterized by a network of interconnected membrane tubules and sheets to form closed polygons. Discoveries in ER integrity are emerging from studies in various model organisms/systems such as fruit flies, yeast and cultured human cells. Compared with these systems, however, the ER has acquired unique morphological and functional features in the plant lineage that are likely linked to its important role in lipid synthesis together with chloroplast, intercellular communication, protein storage and plant-specific hormone signaling. The goal of this project is to investigate the unique regulatory mechanisms that maintain plant ER integrity by using genetic mutants, live cell imaging and biochemical approaches. These approaches have identified several genes that encode critical players involved in ER integrity and architecture including an Arabidopsis ER-associated dynamin-like protein, named RHD3. The project research aims to elucidate the mechanistic role of RHD3, as well as other gene products identified by mutant screens, in maintaining the architecture and functions of the plant ER. Since integrity and function are two inextricably linked features of the ER, the research will advance the general understanding of ER roles in the plant secretory pathway in the context of a multicellular organism and contribute to answering fundamental questions regarding differences in ER organization and function across eukaryotic systems.
BROADER IMPACTS
Plants are the direct or indirect primary carbon and nitrogen source of all animals and humans, in addition to their role in providing materials and fuels. The secretory pathway of plants plays a fundamental role in the conversion of fixed carbon into energy-rich materials, such as proteins, lipids and complex sugars. These plant-derived products are not only important for nutrition, but have the potential to be used as renewable fuels, lubricants, textiles and building materials. Because unique variations exist among eukaryotes as a result of evolutionary adaptation, it is important to study the unique properties of the plant ER which is the key organelle for the biosynthesis of important building blocks of cells and for essential signaling path-ways in growth, development and stress responses. The project will also broaden the impact of on the plant cell science research community by providing unique plant lines and constructs which will be made available to other plant cell biologists. The research will promote teaching, research training and outreach activities through multiple avenues both at Michigan State University as well as the local community. In particular, project personnel will continue to communicate to students and teachers discoveries in plant science and their impact on the society by engaging students and teachers in research activities in the lab and by performing science presentations at schools. | 0 | BIO | Directorate for Biological Sciences | MCB | Division of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences | 4900 | 4900 | [
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"por_cntn": "<div class=\"porColContainerWBG\">\n<div class=\"porContentCol\"><p>Research in our lab focuses on understanding how the subcompartments of the plant cell attain their shape throughout their lifespan. Research in this award focused on defining the mechanisms that underlie the morphological and functional integrity of the plant endoplasmic reticulum (ER).</p>\n<p>The ER is an essential organelle that produces one third of the proteome, lipids and sugars. The ER is one of the organelles with the largest membrane extension; it pervades the cell and is in close contact with all the other organelles. The ER structure assumes a reticulated appearance of tubules and flattened cisternae that are dynamically interconnected. The movement of the tubules is largely dependent on the actin cytoskeleton. Despite the importance of the ER to the life of the cell – and therefore for the entire organism – the mechanisms underlying the structure and dynamics of the ER are not completely understood, especially in plant cells. Addressing this knowledge gap is fundamentally important in eukaryotic cell biology and provides the means for manipulating ER productivity, which can result in crop improvement.</p>\n<p>To understand the mechanisms underlying the dynamic morphology of the ER, in our lab we pursued our earlier results that led to the identification of the first plant ER membrane fusogen, RHD3, as well as mutants of the ER that we identified using confocal microscopy screens in the model plant species Arabidopsis thaliana. We made important new discoveries in the biology of the ER. For example, we defined critical mechanisms for the cellular function of RHD3. We also discovered that the ER changes shape and movement rate as the cell grows, and that it influences the intracellular movement and distribution of the other organelles. By utilizing RHD3-depleted mutants we were also able to show that shape defects can compromise the ability of the ER to signal to the nucleus. Furthermore, we identified and characterized the first actin-ER linker, SYP73, an actin-binding protein that is anchored to the ER. When SYP73 is either depleted or over-abundant in the cell, the ER changes shape.</p>\n<p>Our findings have been published in numerous research articles and discussed in several reviews. Our results have contributed to fundamental knowledge in cell biology of eukaryotes and paved the road for future research in plant cell biology for the discovery of mechanisms that underlie the dynamic structure of an essential organelle. The award has allowed not only to make significant contributions to the fundamental understanding of the biology of plant cells, it has also provided a tremendous opportunity to train individuals, including high-school teachers and students, and to disseminate our results widely in the classroom, at meetings and to the general public. </p>\n<p> </p><br>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t \tLast Modified: 07/03/2019<br>\n\t\t\t\t\tModified by: Federica Brandizzi</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"porSideCol\"></div>\n</div>",
"por_txt_cntn": "\nResearch in our lab focuses on understanding how the subcompartments of the plant cell attain their shape throughout their lifespan. Research in this award focused on defining the mechanisms that underlie the morphological and functional integrity of the plant endoplasmic reticulum (ER).\n\nThe ER is an essential organelle that produces one third of the proteome, lipids and sugars. The ER is one of the organelles with the largest membrane extension; it pervades the cell and is in close contact with all the other organelles. The ER structure assumes a reticulated appearance of tubules and flattened cisternae that are dynamically interconnected. The movement of the tubules is largely dependent on the actin cytoskeleton. Despite the importance of the ER to the life of the cell – and therefore for the entire organism – the mechanisms underlying the structure and dynamics of the ER are not completely understood, especially in plant cells. Addressing this knowledge gap is fundamentally important in eukaryotic cell biology and provides the means for manipulating ER productivity, which can result in crop improvement.\n\nTo understand the mechanisms underlying the dynamic morphology of the ER, in our lab we pursued our earlier results that led to the identification of the first plant ER membrane fusogen, RHD3, as well as mutants of the ER that we identified using confocal microscopy screens in the model plant species Arabidopsis thaliana. We made important new discoveries in the biology of the ER. For example, we defined critical mechanisms for the cellular function of RHD3. We also discovered that the ER changes shape and movement rate as the cell grows, and that it influences the intracellular movement and distribution of the other organelles. By utilizing RHD3-depleted mutants we were also able to show that shape defects can compromise the ability of the ER to signal to the nucleus. Furthermore, we identified and characterized the first actin-ER linker, SYP73, an actin-binding protein that is anchored to the ER. When SYP73 is either depleted or over-abundant in the cell, the ER changes shape.\n\nOur findings have been published in numerous research articles and discussed in several reviews. Our results have contributed to fundamental knowledge in cell biology of eukaryotes and paved the road for future research in plant cell biology for the discovery of mechanisms that underlie the dynamic structure of an essential organelle. The award has allowed not only to make significant contributions to the fundamental understanding of the biology of plant cells, it has also provided a tremendous opportunity to train individuals, including high-school teachers and students, and to disseminate our results widely in the classroom, at meetings and to the general public. \n\n \n\n\t\t\t\t\tLast Modified: 07/03/2019\n\n\t\t\t\t\tSubmitted by: Federica Brandizzi"
} |
|
1349507 | NSF | Grant | Standard Grant | EAGER: Thermal pulsing enabled fast and reversible morphology control | 47.041 | 07020000 | null | Ruey-Hung Chen | 2013-08-15 | 2014-07-31 | 24,286 | 24,286 | 2013-08-16 | 2013-08-16 | CBET 1349507
PI: Kalyanaraman
In this research we will investigate the understanding of a discovery in which a reversible change in the size and morphology of nanostructures can be achieved in very short nanosecond times. As a result, physical properties such as magnetism, optical reflectivity, plasmon resonance colors, and electrical conductivity, that are directed controlled by the morphology, can also be reversed rapidly. The experimental observation of this effect is that break-up of nanoparticles can occur under specific combinations of rapid thermal pulses and a static magnetic field, which can then be re-formed by thermal heating. Our hypothesis is that the rapid change in size and or density of the material is central to the break-up. We have designed experiments and modeling to confirm these ideas. Experiments will involve study of break-up as function of thermal pulsing, magnetic field, and materials parameters, while the modeling will be used to predict the spatio-temporal nature of temperature change within the nanostructures so as to estimate the forces leading to break-up.
Materials and/or processes that can show reversible cycling of physical behavior are very important for a multitude of applications with wide ranging socio-economic impact. For example, the data stored on our smartphones and computers can be read, erased and rewritten multiple times through changes to the electronic or magnetic state. However, there is a severe limitation of such materials and processes. For instance computer logic is dominated by semiconductor materials. Also, it is not possible to reverse every physical property in a fast enough manner that would enable better new applications. One example is the photochromic effect found in sun glasses - although useful there, finds little use in electronic applications because it is extremely slow. The impact of our research will be from demonstrating this new approach to reverse physical behavior, based on reversible morphology control. Because it can happen in nanoseconds, we envision applications in dynamic heat and electromagnetic shielding, intelligent optical windows, novel data storage and memory, nanoscale repair, and measurement of heat and temperature. | 0 | ENG | Directorate for Engineering | CBET | Division of Chemical, Bioengineering, Environmental, and Transport Systems | 4900 | 4900 | [
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"por_cntn": "<div class=\"porColContainerWBG\">\n<div class=\"porContentCol\"><p>In this one year NSF funded exploratory research, our goal was to show that that application of external magnetic, electric, or pressure forces can modify the natural behavior of liquids exposed to rapid temperature variations. For example, when a liquid is rapidly frozen in the presence of an electric or magnetic, its internal structure can be modified, which in turn can change its physical characteristics, such as color, hardness, etc. In this research we focused our research on the study of how liquid metal thin films and nanometer sized droplets behave under electric fields as well as pressure forces. The rapid heating and cooling of the metal structure was achieved by using energetic beams from a laser source. Because the laser produced energy bursts of 10 nanoseconds, extremely rapid heating and subsequent cooling could be achieved. <br /><br />One of the important discoveries arising from this work is a new way to generate patterns. When we applied a DC electric voltage during the laser heating and subsequent cooling of the metal particles, as in Fig. (Schematic), we discovered that they could be aligned into very well organized rows of nanoparticles. In Fig. (No DC Voltage) the arrangement of the particles following irradiation without a DC voltage showed that the particles were disorganized in their spatial arrangement. On the other hand, Fig. (With DC voltage) shows that laser irradiation under application of a DC field resulted in highly organized spatial arrangements. We explained this new nanoscale phenomenon, as being similar to the “phased array” principle (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phased_array) that is used in large radar and telescope arrays. In phased array antennas, the collective direction in which the entire antenna array points can be controlled by changing the phase angle between each antenna. We believe that the application of the DC voltage produces a similar effect during the interaction of the laser light with the liquid metal droplets. Such spatial ordered metal nanopartticles have applications as diffraction gratings, optical biosensors to detect pathogens and disease markers, and catalytic processes for production of other materials.</p>\n<p>The primary broader impact of this work was from the training of our future generation of engineers and scientists in state-of-art instrument usage and manufacturing techniques. Undergraduate student Daniel San Roman, presented this research at the American Society of Metals (ASM) local chapter and won second prize in the presentation. He was selected as one of 4 students to represent the University of Tennessee Knoxville at the ASM meeting at Louisiana State University (LSU) in October 2014. This research also forms an important component of the Ph.D. dissertation research of a graduate student in Chemical and Biomolecular engineering, who is expected to graduate in December 2014.</p><br>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t \tLast Modified: 09/11/2014<br>\n\t\t\t\t\tModified by: Ramki Kalyanaraman</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"porSideCol\">\n<div class=\"each-gallery\">\n<div class=\"galContent\" id=\"gallery0\">\n<div class=\"photoCount\" id=\"photoCount0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tImages (<span id=\"selectedPhoto0\">1</span> of <span class=\"totalNumber\"></span>)\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</div>\n<div class=\"galControls\" id=\"controls0\"></div>\n<div class=\"galSlideshow\" id=\"slideshow0\"></div>\n<div class=\"galEmbox\" id=\"embox\">\n<div class=\"image-title\"></div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"galNavigation\" id=\"navigation0\">\n<ul class=\"thumbs\" id=\"thumbs0\">\n<li>\n<a href=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2014/1349507/1349507_10268188_1410470746125_schematic--rgov-214x142.jpg\" original=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2014/1349507/1349507_10268188_1410470746125_schematic--rgov-800width.jpg\" title=\"Schematic\"><img src=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2014/1349507/1349507_10268188_1410470746125_schematic--rgov-66x44.jpg\" alt=\"Schematic\"></a>\n<div class=\"imageCaptionContainer\">\n<div class...",
"por_txt_cntn": "\nIn this one year NSF funded exploratory research, our goal was to show that that application of external magnetic, electric, or pressure forces can modify the natural behavior of liquids exposed to rapid temperature variations. For example, when a liquid is rapidly frozen in the presence of an electric or magnetic, its internal structure can be modified, which in turn can change its physical characteristics, such as color, hardness, etc. In this research we focused our research on the study of how liquid metal thin films and nanometer sized droplets behave under electric fields as well as pressure forces. The rapid heating and cooling of the metal structure was achieved by using energetic beams from a laser source. Because the laser produced energy bursts of 10 nanoseconds, extremely rapid heating and subsequent cooling could be achieved. \n\nOne of the important discoveries arising from this work is a new way to generate patterns. When we applied a DC electric voltage during the laser heating and subsequent cooling of the metal particles, as in Fig. (Schematic), we discovered that they could be aligned into very well organized rows of nanoparticles. In Fig. (No DC Voltage) the arrangement of the particles following irradiation without a DC voltage showed that the particles were disorganized in their spatial arrangement. On the other hand, Fig. (With DC voltage) shows that laser irradiation under application of a DC field resulted in highly organized spatial arrangements. We explained this new nanoscale phenomenon, as being similar to the \"phased array\" principle (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phased_array) that is used in large radar and telescope arrays. In phased array antennas, the collective direction in which the entire antenna array points can be controlled by changing the phase angle between each antenna. We believe that the application of the DC voltage produces a similar effect during the interaction of the laser light with the liquid metal droplets. Such spatial ordered metal nanopartticles have applications as diffraction gratings, optical biosensors to detect pathogens and disease markers, and catalytic processes for production of other materials.\n\nThe primary broader impact of this work was from the training of our future generation of engineers and scientists in state-of-art instrument usage and manufacturing techniques. Undergraduate student Daniel San Roman, presented this research at the American Society of Metals (ASM) local chapter and won second prize in the presentation. He was selected as one of 4 students to represent the University of Tennessee Knoxville at the ASM meeting at Louisiana State University (LSU) in October 2014. This research also forms an important component of the Ph.D. dissertation research of a graduate student in Chemical and Biomolecular engineering, who is expected to graduate in December 2014.\n\n\t\t\t\t\tLast Modified: 09/11/2014\n\n\t\t\t\t\tSubmitted by: Ramki Kalyanaraman"
} |
|
1250444 | NSF | Grant | Standard Grant | Paleomagnetic Investigation of Rock Formations from Junggar Basin, NW China | 47.050 | 06030103 | null | Stephen Harlan | 2013-08-01 | 2020-07-31 | 307,000 | 305,659 | 2013-08-01 | 2019-09-23 | Plate tectonic theory postulates that the Earth's lithosphere is broken into tectonic plates or blocks that move and slide past or toward each other over geological time. Our knowledge of the kinematics and duration of collisional events between various Chinese tectonic blocks and Siberia is still poorly known. Similarly, the accretionary history of the Central Asian fold belt itself is contentious. A lack of basic information regarding the tectonic assembly of asia hinders our understanding of the complex tectonic history of this region. The primary goal of this research is to study the Paleozoic and Mesozoic rocks from the Junggar Basin, Northwest China, to address key questions that are currently debated: Terrane Accretionary History of the Central Asian Belt; Coherence of the Junggar Basin; and Excessive Crustal Shortening. A common thread running through the proposed work is to obtain reliable paleomagnetic data bearing on the tectonic and geodynamic evolution of Asia, including the sequence of configurations leading up to collision of oceanic terranes and continental blocks along its southern margin and the large-scale displacements and rotations that ensued during the long process of accretion. To address these questions we are collecting paleomagnetic and geochronologic samples from the Junggar Basin. In addition to the scientific objectives of this research, the project is contributing to the education of graduate and undergraduate students in a STEM discipline and is promoting significant international collaboration with scientists from Taiwan and The Peoples Republic of China. Geophysical insight and refinement of paleogeographic maps from this study may help identify the ancient environments that were conducive to the formation of the rare-metal mineralization and petroleum potential in the central Asian belt region. The scientific results from this project will be germane to a broad range of scientists studying continental tectonics with interests ranging from the growth of the lithosphere to deep-mantle dynamics to examining questions regarding possible relations between plume activity, large igneous province production, and geomagnetic polarity superchrons. The data from this study will be presented at national meetings, reported to the NSF, and disseminated in peer-reviewed, high-profile international journal articles and web-based paleomagnetic database for wider dissemination. This award is co-funded by NSF's Office of International Science and Engineering. | 0 | GEO | Directorate for Geosciences | EAR | Division Of Earth Sciences | 4900 | 4900 | [
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"por_cntn": "<div class=\"porColContainerWBG\">\n<div class=\"porContentCol\"><p>The primary goal for this project was to address key questions about the geographic positions of the Junggar Basin in Xinjiang province of Northwest China in Paleozoic and Mesozoic times and its tectonic relationship with other major Asian blocks by generating high-quality paleomagnetically inferred paleolatitudes and basin histories. The ethnic violence and political unrest together with the subsequently tight travel control in Xinjiang province, which have been prevented us to carry out our planned fieldwork in Junggar basin since 2015, finally got resolved favorably in August of 2018. When local government and tourism businesses were allowed to host foreign tourists, we seized this opportunity and teamed up with our Chinese collaborators in Xinjiang. We collected paleomagnetic samples from well-exposed and well-described sites of Permian to Cretaceous stratigraphic sections of Junggar basin. We targeted rock outcrops in active/inactive quarries, road cuts, building construction sites or river beds to sample the freshest materials. The rocks are mainly limestone and red and gray sediments including siltstone and sandstone. We also sampled folds as many as possible in order to apply paleomagnetic fold tests to check the stability of the remanent magnetization. Our Chinese collaborators’ extensive knowledge of local outcrops and employments at Chinese government’s educational and research institutions have proven indispensable in collecting and exporting samples back to the US for analysis. These samples significantly expand our database, and can be directly compared to our previous paleomagnetic results from Southern Siberia and northern Tibet that we completed previously under NSF grants. Useful results were obtained by progressive demagnetization for gray and red sandstone samples that are dated paleontologically as Late Permian, mid to late Triassic, and late Cretaceous, respectively. Two remanent magnetizations were clearly separated from these samples. The low-temperature component is a post-fold remagnetization acquired in recent times. The high-temperature component is the characteristic remanent magnetization, with the presence of both normal and reversed polarity and evidence of passing a fold test. Comparing with coeval paleomagnetic data from neighboring blocks, paleomagnetic declinations indicate large clockwise vertical-axis rotations (up to 98.3° ±16°) may have occurred between sampling sites in Junggar Basin and North China Block during the time interval of Late Triassic and Late Cretaceous. The rotation pattern correlates with the regional structural trend variations. The paleomagnetically inferred latitudinal displacements between Junggar and South China Block are general statistically insignificant, as well as the rotational data. These data thus suggest that Junggar Basin may have been very close to South China Block during the Triassic time and together they reveal a large rotation of some 98°. A plausible cause of the rotation is that it responded the westward rotational closure of the South and North China Blocks, which is inferred to have occurred during the Mid-Late Triassic according to several geologic and tectonic analyses. It is likely that the relative rotations in Junggar Basin occurred during a major regional deformation and may ended before Late Cretaceous. This project has provided research experience and training in paleomagnetism and rock magnetism for 2 UC Santa Cruz students, 2 Chinese graduate students, 1 Chinese undergraduate student, and 1 Chinese postdoctoral researcher. Graduate student and undergraduates participation in our research gives them an excellent research experience early-on in their professional career. They have obtained skills of paleomagnetic and rock magnetic measurements, data reduction, plotting, analysis, and interpretation. This project also established collaboration from which further research activities involving data access and analysis from unique field areas and science education can be advanced.</p>\n<p><strong> </strong><em> </em></p>\n<p> </p><br>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t \tLast Modified: 10/01/2020<br>\n\t\t\t\t\tModified by: Xixi Zhao</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"porSideCol\"></div>\n</div>",
"por_txt_cntn": "\nThe primary goal for this project was to address key questions about the geographic positions of the Junggar Basin in Xinjiang province of Northwest China in Paleozoic and Mesozoic times and its tectonic relationship with other major Asian blocks by generating high-quality paleomagnetically inferred paleolatitudes and basin histories. The ethnic violence and political unrest together with the subsequently tight travel control in Xinjiang province, which have been prevented us to carry out our planned fieldwork in Junggar basin since 2015, finally got resolved favorably in August of 2018. When local government and tourism businesses were allowed to host foreign tourists, we seized this opportunity and teamed up with our Chinese collaborators in Xinjiang. We collected paleomagnetic samples from well-exposed and well-described sites of Permian to Cretaceous stratigraphic sections of Junggar basin. We targeted rock outcrops in active/inactive quarries, road cuts, building construction sites or river beds to sample the freshest materials. The rocks are mainly limestone and red and gray sediments including siltstone and sandstone. We also sampled folds as many as possible in order to apply paleomagnetic fold tests to check the stability of the remanent magnetization. Our Chinese collaborators’ extensive knowledge of local outcrops and employments at Chinese government’s educational and research institutions have proven indispensable in collecting and exporting samples back to the US for analysis. These samples significantly expand our database, and can be directly compared to our previous paleomagnetic results from Southern Siberia and northern Tibet that we completed previously under NSF grants. Useful results were obtained by progressive demagnetization for gray and red sandstone samples that are dated paleontologically as Late Permian, mid to late Triassic, and late Cretaceous, respectively. Two remanent magnetizations were clearly separated from these samples. The low-temperature component is a post-fold remagnetization acquired in recent times. The high-temperature component is the characteristic remanent magnetization, with the presence of both normal and reversed polarity and evidence of passing a fold test. Comparing with coeval paleomagnetic data from neighboring blocks, paleomagnetic declinations indicate large clockwise vertical-axis rotations (up to 98.3° ±16°) may have occurred between sampling sites in Junggar Basin and North China Block during the time interval of Late Triassic and Late Cretaceous. The rotation pattern correlates with the regional structural trend variations. The paleomagnetically inferred latitudinal displacements between Junggar and South China Block are general statistically insignificant, as well as the rotational data. These data thus suggest that Junggar Basin may have been very close to South China Block during the Triassic time and together they reveal a large rotation of some 98°. A plausible cause of the rotation is that it responded the westward rotational closure of the South and North China Blocks, which is inferred to have occurred during the Mid-Late Triassic according to several geologic and tectonic analyses. It is likely that the relative rotations in Junggar Basin occurred during a major regional deformation and may ended before Late Cretaceous. This project has provided research experience and training in paleomagnetism and rock magnetism for 2 UC Santa Cruz students, 2 Chinese graduate students, 1 Chinese undergraduate student, and 1 Chinese postdoctoral researcher. Graduate student and undergraduates participation in our research gives them an excellent research experience early-on in their professional career. They have obtained skills of paleomagnetic and rock magnetic measurements, data reduction, plotting, analysis, and interpretation. This project also established collaboration from which further research activities involving data access and analysis from unique field areas and science education can be advanced.\n\n \n\n \n\n\t\t\t\t\tLast Modified: 10/01/2020\n\n\t\t\t\t\tSubmitted by: Xixi Zhao"
} |
|
1303344 | NSF | Grant | Standard Grant | Toward a National Model for Cyber-security & Intelligence | 47.076 | 11010000 | 7032925141 | Victor Piotrowski | 2013-09-15 | 2017-08-31 | 485,865 | 485,865 | 2013-09-06 | 2013-09-06 | The California State University, San Bernardino proposal seeks to build capacity for training students in cyber security and intelligence by developing a national model curriculum at the undergraduate and graduate levels. It builds upon its two existing Centers of Academic Excellence (Information Assurance and Intelligence Community), leveraging a strong SFS Scholarship program, partnership with a grant funded ATE center, regional community colleges, and the relationship with five other California State Universities and three regional universities that are part of the IC Center of Academic Excellence (IC CAE) consortium. This grant enhances the SFS program by building a national model curriculum that reflects the needs of the federal government as described in the President's Comprehensive National Cybersecurity Initiative. Major activities include developing new curriculum, new courses, faculty workshops to improve cross-disciplinary understanding, symposia and seminars to enhance student skills and online curriculum modules. The new curriculum provides opportunities for CSUSB students, regional articulation and transfer paths for regional community colleges as well as opportunities for graduate work for students at IC CAE consortium universities. In addition, the national model curriculum is disseminated to the Intelligence Community and Information Assurance Centers of Academic Excellence nationally. The NSF SFS Cybercorps program benefits from a new pool of highly qualified students who meet the immediate needs of the federal government. | 0 | EDU | Directorate for STEM Education | DGE | Division Of Graduate Education | 4900 | 4900 | [
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"por_cntn": "<div class=\"porColContainerWBG\">\n<div class=\"porContentCol\"><p>This model curriculum serves as a contribution to the current on-going effort of preparing Intel/Cybersecurity professionals with the dual competencies needed in the two areas in order to protect our nation from the 21st century cyber challenges we face. We provide templates for two programs: Bachelor of Science in Information Systems Technology (Cybersecurity, Intelligence Option) and the Master of Science in National Cyber Security Studies. Whereas we draw from two existing programs, we have tried to make this contribution as generic as possible to be adaptable to many curriculi. The templates developed include: (1) analysis and integration of the Office of the Director of National Intelligence’s (ODNI) Intelligence Community Directive (203) (ICD 2003, January 2015) competencies to the NICE Cybersecurity Workforce Framework (November 2016) competences (2) framework for model course generation using ODNI ICD 203 and NICE KSATs, (3) alignment of Institutional Learning Outcomes/Program Learning Outcomes/Student Learning Outcomes for the BSc Cyber Intelligence program (4) alignment of Institutional Learning Outcomes/Program Learning Outcomes/Student Learning Outcomes for the MSc Cyber Intelligence program. (5) additional Insights on Lessons Learnt from adopting the model curriculum. </p>\n<p> Both degree programs prepare students for career paths in Cybersecurity Intelligence. The goal is to address the “shortage of professionals within the IC that have cybersecurity technical knowledge.” A graduate from the BS or MS program could work as: All-Source Analyst, Warning Analyst, Mission Assessment Specialist, Target Developer, Target Network Analyst, Cyber Defense Analyst, Vulnerability Assessment Analyst, Multi-Disciplined Language Analyst, All-Source Requirements and Collection Manager, Cyber Intel Planner, Cyber Ops Planner, Partner Integration Planner, Cyber Operator, Cyber Crime Investigator, Forensic Analyst, and Cyber Defense Forensic Analyst. Career paths for the MS degree graduates may lead to strategic positions such as Chief Information Officer, Chief Information Security Officer, Chief Compliance Officer, Chief Data officer, or Chief Cybersecurity Architect. Once they are hired, additional training may be required to get graduates acquainted with specific tools and work processes as needed. </p>\n<p> </p>\n<p> </p><br>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t \tLast Modified: 11/01/2017<br>\n\t\t\t\t\tModified by: Tony Coulson</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"porSideCol\"></div>\n</div>",
"por_txt_cntn": "\nThis model curriculum serves as a contribution to the current on-going effort of preparing Intel/Cybersecurity professionals with the dual competencies needed in the two areas in order to protect our nation from the 21st century cyber challenges we face. We provide templates for two programs: Bachelor of Science in Information Systems Technology (Cybersecurity, Intelligence Option) and the Master of Science in National Cyber Security Studies. Whereas we draw from two existing programs, we have tried to make this contribution as generic as possible to be adaptable to many curriculi. The templates developed include: (1) analysis and integration of the Office of the Director of National Intelligence?s (ODNI) Intelligence Community Directive (203) (ICD 2003, January 2015) competencies to the NICE Cybersecurity Workforce Framework (November 2016) competences (2) framework for model course generation using ODNI ICD 203 and NICE KSATs, (3) alignment of Institutional Learning Outcomes/Program Learning Outcomes/Student Learning Outcomes for the BSc Cyber Intelligence program (4) alignment of Institutional Learning Outcomes/Program Learning Outcomes/Student Learning Outcomes for the MSc Cyber Intelligence program. (5) additional Insights on Lessons Learnt from adopting the model curriculum. \n\n Both degree programs prepare students for career paths in Cybersecurity Intelligence. The goal is to address the \"shortage of professionals within the IC that have cybersecurity technical knowledge.\" A graduate from the BS or MS program could work as: All-Source Analyst, Warning Analyst, Mission Assessment Specialist, Target Developer, Target Network Analyst, Cyber Defense Analyst, Vulnerability Assessment Analyst, Multi-Disciplined Language Analyst, All-Source Requirements and Collection Manager, Cyber Intel Planner, Cyber Ops Planner, Partner Integration Planner, Cyber Operator, Cyber Crime Investigator, Forensic Analyst, and Cyber Defense Forensic Analyst. Career paths for the MS degree graduates may lead to strategic positions such as Chief Information Officer, Chief Information Security Officer, Chief Compliance Officer, Chief Data officer, or Chief Cybersecurity Architect. Once they are hired, additional training may be required to get graduates acquainted with specific tools and work processes as needed. \n\n \n\n \n\n\t\t\t\t\tLast Modified: 11/01/2017\n\n\t\t\t\t\tSubmitted by: Tony Coulson"
} |
|
1249235 | NSF | Grant | Standard Grant | Archaeological Investigation of Mayan Adaptation | 47.075 | 04040000 | 7032928759 | John Yellen | 2013-09-15 | 2016-08-31 | 119,184 | 119,184 | 2013-09-07 | 2013-09-07 | With support from the National Science Foundation, Dr. Lisa J. Lucero will bring together a multidisciplinary team that include archaeologists, underwater archaeologists, exploration divers, an ethnobotanist, a tropical tree specialist, and a paleontologist from the U.S., Mexico, and Belize to examine how ancient Maya settlement articulates with sacred landscape features in addition to examining rainfall patterns and landscape transformation.
Openings in the earth, such as caves and pools, were sacred to the Maya as portals to the underworld or Xibalba. The Maya left countless offerings in these portals to petition gods and ancestors to bring forth rain and bountiful crops. At Cara Blanca in central Belize, there are 25 openings in the earth in the form of pools (Pools 1-25). Its distance from centers and relatively sparse but unique settlement (e.g., water temple and sweatbaths) suggest it may have served as a pilgrimage center. Growing evidence in the form of a Terminal Classic (c. 800-900 C.E.) water temple at Pool 1 with a copious amount of water jars indicates that the Maya increased their visits to Cara Blanca at the end of the Late Classic, perhaps in response to a series of multiyear droughts that struck the Maya area between c. 800 and 900 C.E. Further, previous dives at Pool 1 have yielded megafauna fossils, submerged trees and freshwater shells that can be used to assess ancient climate and landscape change through oxygen isotope analysis, radiocarbon dating, and species identification.
The major goals in 2014 (April 30-June 30) are to conduct underwater excavations at two pools, continue excavating the water temple at Pool 1, collect submerged fossils, fossil matrix (gastropods, wood, soil) and tree limbs, map and explore a total of five unexplored pools, and collect botanical specimens near pools to compare with submerged trees.
The intellectual merit of this project will be to collect information about cultural landscapes, ceremonial life on the surface and in the water, and ritual intensification. This project is unique in both its multidisciplinary approach and focus on both the cultural and material aspects of climate change and how the Maya responded to it. This project also will address a topic that has been missing in southern lowland Maya studies - the focus on water bodies as portals.
The broader impacts of the study is that results will be relevant today since the challenges the Maya faced between 800 and 900 C.E. are similar to the ones at present with accelerating global climate change. The international and multidisciplinary team will include graduate students from the University of Illinois. The investigations at Cara Blanca also set the stage for future fieldwork, including additional diving expeditions to explore more of the 25 pools, continuing to survey the transect along the pools, and excavating the sweatbaths, water shrines, and other interesting settlement configurations. Results will be disseminated through major peer review outlets (e.g., Latin American Antiquity, Ancient Mesoamerica, Antiquity) and in Belize at the annual Belize Archaeology Symposium. | 0 | SBE | Directorate for Social, Behavioral and Economic Sciences | BCS | Division of Behavioral and Cognitive Sciences | 4900 | 4900 | [
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"pi_first_name": "Lisa",
"pi_full_name": "Lisa J Lucero",
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"pi_mid_init": "J",
"pi_role": "Principal Investigator",
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"por_cntn": "<div class=\"porColContainerWBG\">\n<div class=\"porContentCol\"><p>How have people in the past dealt with major climate change? What lessons can we take away and apply to the present in the face of current, global climate change? These are some of the broader questions this project has been attempting to address with NSF funds in the 2014-2016 summer archaeology field seasons at the Cara Blanca pools in central Belize, Central America. Most of our efforts focused on what we hypothesize to be ceremonial structures that the Maya built along the edge of Pool 1, a 60 m deep <em>cenote</em> (steep-sided sinkhole fed by groundwater) during a relatively brief period of time (800-900 CE) when there appears to have been several prolonged droughts. The Classic Maya (c. 550-900 CE), as many traditional Maya group do at present, made pilgrimages to sacred openings in the earth (water bodies, caves, etc.) to supplicate gods and ancestors to end droughts. The diverse ceramic styles of the thousands of water jar sherds recovered from excavating buildings suggest that people from all over the Maya area visited Cara Blanca to participate in water and other rites. They were to no avail, however, and the Maya abandoned Cara Blanca along with southern lowland centers in search of water and new lands and economic opportunities. These were hard choices—leaving one’s home and community for good. They had no choice, however; tough times meant tough choices. I think we will soon be in a similar situation—facing very difficult decisions to address climate change, ones that will require us to completely rethink how we live on a daily basis. Continued analysis on collections will fine-tune what the Maya did and how their story impacts our current, ongoing story. In addition to excavating ceremonial buildings, we also were able to explore the pools themselves; experienced cave divers were able to collect diverse kinds of datasets from Pool 1 (and others) to address landscape, climate change, and human action; these include Pleistocene megafauna fossils, ancient and modern trees, ancient Maya artifacts, and sediment cores (for pollen and soil analysis). <strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Intellectual merit</span></strong>: Datasets provide the foundation for the current proposal based on the positive preliminary results that are starting to reveal long-term climate and landscape transformation and how people respond to climate change and adapt with broader applications. <strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Broader impacts</span></strong>: not only does this project contribute to how humans address changing climate that has implications for present concerns, but also has allowed students to gain field and research experience as expressed in report chapters (<a href=\"http://www.anthro.illinois.edu/faculty/lucero/index.html\">http://www.anthro.illinois.edu/faculty/lucero/index.html</a>), peer reviewed publications and presentations in Belize, the U.S. and elsewhere, dissertation research, senior honors theses, a MA thesis, independent study projects, and blogs written by Lucero and students featured on the UIUC homepage and other media (e.g., National Geographic). We are also quite engaged with the local community, especially via our field assistants in the Valley of Peace Village and their families. Each field assistant receives a copy of the report (most are literate, or at least their children) and they are involved in daily decisions in the field.</p><br>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t \tLast Modified: 11/29/2016<br>\n\t\t\t\t\tModified by: Lisa J Lucero</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"porSideCol\">\n<div class=\"each-gallery\">\n<div class=\"galContent\" id=\"gallery0\">\n<div class=\"photoCount\" id=\"photoCount0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tImage\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</div>\n<div class=\"galControls onePhoto\" id=\"controls0\"></div>\n<div class=\"galSlideshow\" id=\"slideshow0\"></div>\n<div class=\"galEmbox\" id=\"embox\">\n<div class=\"image-title\"></div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"galNavigation onePhoto\" id=\"navigation0\">\n<ul class=\"thumbs\" id=\"thumbs0\">\n<li>\n<a href=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2016/1249235/1249235_10276346_1480434336483_Fig.2--rgov-214x142.jpg\" original=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2016/1249235/1249235_10276346_1480434336483_Fig.2--rgov-800width.jpg\" title=\"Cara Blanca Pools, Pool 1\"><img src=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2016/1249235/1249235_10276346_1480434336483_Fig.2--rgov-66x44.jpg\" alt=\"Cara Blanca Pools, Pool 1\"></a>\n<div class=\"imageCaptionContainer\">\n<div class=\"imageCaption\">Cara Blanca pools on a pre-hurricane Google Earth image with Yalbac in the lower left. Foreman E. Vasquez holds a giant sloth humerus fossil from Pool 1. Field assistant A. Luna in the blue shirt is on the Str. 3 step. Sediment core extracted by divers in 2015 from Pool 1.</div>\n<div class=\"imageCredit\">VOPA/Lucero</div>\n<div class=\"imagePermisssions\">Copyrighted</div>\n<div class=\"imageSubmitted\">Lisa J Lucero</div>\n<div class=\"imageTitle\">Cara Blanca Pools, Pool 1</div>\n</div>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>",
"por_txt_cntn": "\nHow have people in the past dealt with major climate change? What lessons can we take away and apply to the present in the face of current, global climate change? These are some of the broader questions this project has been attempting to address with NSF funds in the 2014-2016 summer archaeology field seasons at the Cara Blanca pools in central Belize, Central America. Most of our efforts focused on what we hypothesize to be ceremonial structures that the Maya built along the edge of Pool 1, a 60 m deep cenote (steep-sided sinkhole fed by groundwater) during a relatively brief period of time (800-900 CE) when there appears to have been several prolonged droughts. The Classic Maya (c. 550-900 CE), as many traditional Maya group do at present, made pilgrimages to sacred openings in the earth (water bodies, caves, etc.) to supplicate gods and ancestors to end droughts. The diverse ceramic styles of the thousands of water jar sherds recovered from excavating buildings suggest that people from all over the Maya area visited Cara Blanca to participate in water and other rites. They were to no avail, however, and the Maya abandoned Cara Blanca along with southern lowland centers in search of water and new lands and economic opportunities. These were hard choices—leaving one?s home and community for good. They had no choice, however; tough times meant tough choices. I think we will soon be in a similar situation—facing very difficult decisions to address climate change, ones that will require us to completely rethink how we live on a daily basis. Continued analysis on collections will fine-tune what the Maya did and how their story impacts our current, ongoing story. In addition to excavating ceremonial buildings, we also were able to explore the pools themselves; experienced cave divers were able to collect diverse kinds of datasets from Pool 1 (and others) to address landscape, climate change, and human action; these include Pleistocene megafauna fossils, ancient and modern trees, ancient Maya artifacts, and sediment cores (for pollen and soil analysis). Intellectual merit: Datasets provide the foundation for the current proposal based on the positive preliminary results that are starting to reveal long-term climate and landscape transformation and how people respond to climate change and adapt with broader applications. Broader impacts: not only does this project contribute to how humans address changing climate that has implications for present concerns, but also has allowed students to gain field and research experience as expressed in report chapters (http://www.anthro.illinois.edu/faculty/lucero/index.html), peer reviewed publications and presentations in Belize, the U.S. and elsewhere, dissertation research, senior honors theses, a MA thesis, independent study projects, and blogs written by Lucero and students featured on the UIUC homepage and other media (e.g., National Geographic). We are also quite engaged with the local community, especially via our field assistants in the Valley of Peace Village and their families. Each field assistant receives a copy of the report (most are literate, or at least their children) and they are involved in daily decisions in the field.\n\n\t\t\t\t\tLast Modified: 11/29/2016\n\n\t\t\t\t\tSubmitted by: Lisa J Lucero"
} |
|
1262165 | NSF | Grant | Continuing Grant | Theta Functions for Polarized Calabi-Yau Varieties | 47.049 | 03040000 | 7032922467 | James Matthew Douglass | 2013-06-01 | 2017-05-31 | 317,000 | 317,000 | 2013-04-18 | 2015-04-30 | The main objective of the proposed research is to generalize the classical theory of theta functions for Abelian varieties to polarized Calabi-Yau varieties, both open (i.e. log) and compact, more precisely: to give a canonical basis for the vector space of global sections, and a formula for the structure constants for the multiplication rule in the coordinate ring, expressed in the canonical basis, determined by counts of rational curves on the mirror. The existence of such generalized theta functions points to the existence of geometrically meaningful compactification of the moduli space, vastly generalizing the Mumford-Namikawa-Alexeev-Olsson compactificaton of A_{g,d}, and the Gelfand-Kapranov-Zelevinski-Alexeev-Olsson theory of the secondary polytope, and at the same time suggests a synthetic construction of the mirror as Proj of the canonically described ring. The proposal includes a detailed scheme for carrying this out in dimension two, and for cluster varieties of all dimensions.
The main proposal is that a broad class of geometric objects, so called Calabi-Yau varieties, come with a natural system of coordinates. Informally: If you live on a Calabi-Yau variety, there should be natural, intrinsic quantities in your world, whose values determine your precise position. As these geometric objects play a fundamental role in diverse areas of mathematics, these intrinsic quantities should play a similar fundamental role. More broadly, string theory models suggest that WE live on a Calabi-Yau, and thus the proposal suggests there are such fundamental quantities, not yet understood, in our world. | 0 | MPS | Directorate for Mathematical and Physical Sciences | DMS | Division Of Mathematical Sciences | 4900 | 4900 | [
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"por_cntn": "<div class=\"porColContainerWBG\">\n<div class=\"porContentCol\"><p>Mathematicians and scientists use coordiante systems all the </p>\n<p>time --- a system of addresses for specifying a point in space. The</p>\n<p>same object will usually admit infinitely many different coordinate</p>\n<p>systems: Consider the surface of a flat table that extends</p>\n<p>infinitely in all directions. To give a coordinate system</p>\n<p>we draw a grid on the table. There are infinitely many different grid</p>\n<p>systems we could draw . E.g. take one system, and now rotate it</p>\n<p>a bit, you get an entirely different one, there is no apparant </p>\n<p>advantage of one over the other. What this means is that there</p>\n<p>is no such thing as the \"absolute address\" of a point on the object,</p>\n<p>E.g. there is so intrinsic origin, or (0,0) point on our infinite table. You</p>\n<p>can make any point (0,0) by adjusting the coordinate system. The reason</p>\n<p>is that the table top is completely symmetric. No one point can be</p>\n<p>intrinsically distinguished from any other point; all the points </p>\n<p>look the same.</p>\n<p> </p>\n<p>The surprising</p>\n<p>idea behind the proposal is that for a very important class of geometric</p>\n<p>objects, so called Calabi-Yau manifolds, the situation is exactly</p>\n<p>the opposite of this infinite table: These objects actually come with</p>\n<p>an intrinsic coordinate system, what the researchers call Theta Functions.</p>\n<p>These objects are thus completely asymmetric, any two points can be</p>\n<p>intrinsically distinguished, any two points \"look different\".</p>\n<p>The idea is important because Calabi-Yaus,</p>\n<p>and thus these intrinsic Theta functions, come up in diverse areas of</p>\n<p>mathematics. They are potentially even interesting to physicists, because</p>\n<p>in the string theory model, our universe itself is one of these Calabi-Yaus,</p>\n<p>and so our world may have these as yet undiscovered and exploited</p>\n<p>intrinsic coordinates.</p>\n<p> </p><br>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t \tLast Modified: 06/01/2017<br>\n\t\t\t\t\tModified by: Sean M Keel</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"porSideCol\"></div>\n</div>",
"por_txt_cntn": "\nMathematicians and scientists use coordiante systems all the \n\ntime --- a system of addresses for specifying a point in space. The\n\nsame object will usually admit infinitely many different coordinate\n\nsystems: Consider the surface of a flat table that extends\n\ninfinitely in all directions. To give a coordinate system\n\nwe draw a grid on the table. There are infinitely many different grid\n\nsystems we could draw . E.g. take one system, and now rotate it\n\na bit, you get an entirely different one, there is no apparant \n\nadvantage of one over the other. What this means is that there\n\nis no such thing as the \"absolute address\" of a point on the object,\n\nE.g. there is so intrinsic origin, or (0,0) point on our infinite table. You\n\ncan make any point (0,0) by adjusting the coordinate system. The reason\n\nis that the table top is completely symmetric. No one point can be\n\nintrinsically distinguished from any other point; all the points \n\nlook the same.\n\n \n\nThe surprising\n\nidea behind the proposal is that for a very important class of geometric\n\nobjects, so called Calabi-Yau manifolds, the situation is exactly\n\nthe opposite of this infinite table: These objects actually come with\n\nan intrinsic coordinate system, what the researchers call Theta Functions.\n\nThese objects are thus completely asymmetric, any two points can be\n\nintrinsically distinguished, any two points \"look different\".\n\nThe idea is important because Calabi-Yaus,\n\nand thus these intrinsic Theta functions, come up in diverse areas of\n\nmathematics. They are potentially even interesting to physicists, because\n\nin the string theory model, our universe itself is one of these Calabi-Yaus,\n\nand so our world may have these as yet undiscovered and exploited\n\nintrinsic coordinates.\n\n \n\n\t\t\t\t\tLast Modified: 06/01/2017\n\n\t\t\t\t\tSubmitted by: Sean M Keel"
} |
|
1325276 | NSF | Grant | Standard Grant | NRI PI Meeting 2013 | 47.070 | 05020000 | null | Satyandra Gupta | 2013-03-15 | 2014-02-28 | 103,218 | 103,218 | 2013-03-15 | 2013-03-15 | The objective of this proposal is to organize the first annual principal investigator meeting for the National Robotics Initiative (NRI). The NRI was launched in the summer of 2011 and there is a clear need to bring together the researchers of the projects awarded in 2012 and 2013 to provide cross-project coordination in terms of common intellectual challenges, methods for education and training, best practice in terms of transition of results and opportunities for broader dissemination of project status, activities and results.
The meeting will be organized as a two-day meeting in the vicinity of Washington DC which broadens the impact to other governmental agencies, as members will be invited due to proximity. The meeting will include all the PIs for the NRI initiative, and invitations to all the program managers for robotics related programs in DC in addition to organizers of the Robotics-VO (Virtual Organization). Finally, the meeting is organized to take place during fall of 2013 to allow the second cohort of NRI projects to participate, allowing greater cross-fertilization of topics and ideas. | 0 | CSE | Directorate for Computer and Information Science and Engineering | IIS | Division of Information & Intelligent Systems | 4900 | 4900 | [
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"por_cntn": "<div class=\"porColContainerWBG\">\n<div class=\"porContentCol\"><p><br />The first National Robotics Initiative Principal Investigators (NRI PI)meeting was held on October 1-2, 2013 in Arlington, Virginia at theHyatt Regency Crystal City. The objective of this meeting was to bringtogether the community of researchers, companies and program managersfrom various government agencies that are actively engaged in theNational Robotics Initiative (NRI), a nationally coordinated programacross multiple government agencies, which was launched in 2011 todevelop the next generation of robotics, to advance the capability andusability of such systems and artifacts, and to encourage existing andnew communities to focus on innovative application areas. The firstprojects funded as part of the NRI were launched in 2012, and it wasconsidered important to build a community across the projects in termsof sharing of research results, best practice in terms of education andtraining, opportunities for exploitation of results and mechanisms forbroader impact. The main motivation behind the 2013 NRI PI meeting wasto provide a basis for community building across the set of sponsoredprojects to maximize impact of the research, to optimize educationaleffort and to strengthen the broader impact.</p>\n<p>The intellectual merit of the meeting was to bring together the different efforts in robotics which covers aspects from hardware design to human interaction into discussions about how they all contribute to futuregrowth across manufacturing, healthcare and national security. </p>\n<p>The meeting was attended by more than 200 participants and served as agreat initial mechanism for community coordination; however, it lackedthe engagement of the program managers from the NRI sponsoring agencies,who didn’t participate in the meeting due to the government shutdown of2013.</p>\n<p>This 2-day event was organized as a mix of keynotes, plenary sessions,industry and educational panels, and parallel sessions on Co-Worker,Co-Inhabitant/Medical, and Co-Protector/Space topics. Over 100 posterswere presented during three poster sessions. These posters presentedthe results of research, which was sponsored by various NRI awards.Meeting attendees participated in two tutorials on Prototyping and RobotOperating System (ROS).<br />From a broader aspects perspective it is important to note that robotics has the potential to impact many aspects of general life from future economic growth over quality to life to support for future. Not only was robotics discussed both as basic science, and its potential impact, but the NRI PI meeting also included a session with discussion of how broader impactbest practice can be applied across the projects funded by the NRI. </p>\n<p>Copies of meeting’s presentations, tutorials, and posters are availablefor the members of US robotics community at the Robotics VirtualOrganization (VO) web site at http://www.robotics-vo.us.</p><br>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t \tLast Modified: 07/14/2014<br>\n\t\t\t\t\tModified by: Henrik I Christensen</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"porSideCol\"></div>\n</div>",
"por_txt_cntn": "\n\nThe first National Robotics Initiative Principal Investigators (NRI PI)meeting was held on October 1-2, 2013 in Arlington, Virginia at theHyatt Regency Crystal City. The objective of this meeting was to bringtogether the community of researchers, companies and program managersfrom various government agencies that are actively engaged in theNational Robotics Initiative (NRI), a nationally coordinated programacross multiple government agencies, which was launched in 2011 todevelop the next generation of robotics, to advance the capability andusability of such systems and artifacts, and to encourage existing andnew communities to focus on innovative application areas. The firstprojects funded as part of the NRI were launched in 2012, and it wasconsidered important to build a community across the projects in termsof sharing of research results, best practice in terms of education andtraining, opportunities for exploitation of results and mechanisms forbroader impact. The main motivation behind the 2013 NRI PI meeting wasto provide a basis for community building across the set of sponsoredprojects to maximize impact of the research, to optimize educationaleffort and to strengthen the broader impact.\n\nThe intellectual merit of the meeting was to bring together the different efforts in robotics which covers aspects from hardware design to human interaction into discussions about how they all contribute to futuregrowth across manufacturing, healthcare and national security. \n\nThe meeting was attended by more than 200 participants and served as agreat initial mechanism for community coordination; however, it lackedthe engagement of the program managers from the NRI sponsoring agencies,who didnÆt participate in the meeting due to the government shutdown of2013.\n\nThis 2-day event was organized as a mix of keynotes, plenary sessions,industry and educational panels, and parallel sessions on Co-Worker,Co-Inhabitant/Medical, and Co-Protector/Space topics. Over 100 posterswere presented during three poster sessions. These posters presentedthe results of research, which was sponsored by various NRI awards.Meeting attendees participated in two tutorials on Prototyping and RobotOperating System (ROS).\nFrom a broader aspects perspective it is important to note that robotics has the potential to impact many aspects of general life from future economic growth over quality to life to support for future. Not only was robotics discussed both as basic science, and its potential impact, but the NRI PI meeting also included a session with discussion of how broader impactbest practice can be applied across the projects funded by the NRI. \n\nCopies of meetingÆs presentations, tutorials, and posters are availablefor the members of US robotics community at the Robotics VirtualOrganization (VO) web site at http://www.robotics-vo.us.\n\n\t\t\t\t\tLast Modified: 07/14/2014\n\n\t\t\t\t\tSubmitted by: Henrik I Christensen"
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|
1310138 | NSF | Grant | Continuing Grant | Optical Spectroscopy and Control of Many-Body Dynamics in Semiconductors in High Magnetic Fields | 47.049 | 03070000 | 7032924431 | Germano Iannacchione | 2013-06-01 | 2017-05-31 | 560,000 | 560,000 | 2013-05-21 | 2016-05-10 | ****Technical Abstract****
This project will probe and control non-equilibrium many-body dynamics in three prototypical low-dimensional semiconductors - quantum wells, graphene, and carbon nanotubes - using ultrafast optical spectroscopy in high magnetic fields. The optics facilities at the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory (NHMFL) in Tallahassee, Florida, as well as the newly implemented mini-coil pulsed magnet system in the PI's laboratory at Rice University will be utilized. Various ultrafast optical and microspectroscopy techniques in magnetic fields will be employed to provide new insight into the states and dynamics of interacting and confined electrons in solids. Clarifying and answering the above-stated issues and questions will not only advance our understanding of carrier interactions in solids but also open up possibilities for new devices utilizing many-body effects. This project will train undergraduate and graduate students in cutting-edge techniques to produce the next generation of experts in optical spectroscopy, condensed matter physics, and nanoscienec. Furthermore, through the unique linkage with the PI's Partnerships for International Research and Education grant from the NSF, this project will provide an opportunity for alumni of the NanoJapan: Summer Nanotechnology Research Program for Undergraduates to further their research experience with a summer internship at the NHMFL.
****Non-Technical Abstract****
Modern crystal growth and nanofabrication technologies allow one to create artificial nanostructures with tailored properties. These structures provide an ideal laboratory in which to study fundamental physics problems in a highly controllable manner. This project will investigate how individual electrons communicate with each other and behave cooperatively in three prototypical nanostructures: semiconductor quantum wells, graphene, and carbon nanotubes. Short and intense laser pulses combined with high magnetic fields will be used; a high magnetic field provides a convenient knob for controlling electron dynamics through the magnetic quantization of the orbital and spin motions of electrons. Facilities at the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory (NHMFL) in Tallahassee, Florida, as well as a pulsed high-field magnet system in the PI's laboratory at Rice University will be utilized. Specific questions to be addressed include: i) How do independent electron-hole pairs develop macroscopic coherence?; ii) How does a collective nature manifest itself in the quantum coherent dynamics of a two-dimensional electron gas?; and iii) How stable are one-dimensional excitons at quantum degenerate densities? Answering these questions will not only advance our understanding of carrier interactions in solids but also open up possibilities for new devices utilizing many-body effects. We will also train undergraduate and graduate students in cutting-edge techniques to produce the next generation of experts in optical spectroscopy, condensed matter physics, and nanoscience. | 0 | MPS | Directorate for Mathematical and Physical Sciences | DMR | Division Of Materials Research | 4900 | 4900 | [
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"por_cntn": "<div class=\"porColContainerWBG\">\n<div class=\"porContentCol\"><p><strong>Intellectual Merit: </strong>The experiments conducted in this project have provided new insight into the states and dynamics of interacting and confined electrons in semiconductors in highmagnetic fields. Specifically, the questions addressed in this program included: How do independent electron-hole pairs start communicating with each other to develop macroscopic coherence and result in superfluorescence?; How does a collective nature manifest itself in the quantum coherent dynamics of a two-dimensional electron gas in the simultaneous presence of a coherent terahertz electromagnetic field and a high DC magnetic field?; and How stable are low-dimensional excitons at quantum degenerate densities, and how do their bosonic signatures appear in optical gain, emission, and scattering spectra? During the funded period, we made a series of new observations, resulting in five major publications: “Fermi-Edge Superfluorescence from a Quantum-Degenerate Electron-Hole Gas” (Scientific Reports), “Superradiant Decay of CyclotronResonance of Two-Dimensional Electron Gases” (Physical Review Letters), “Superfluorescence from Photoexcited Semiconductor Quantum Wells: Magnetic Field, Temperature, and Excitation Power Dependence” (Physical Review B), “Collective Non-perturbative Coupling of 2D Electrons with High-Quality-Factor Terahertz Cavity Photons” (Nature Physics), and “Stability of High-Density Two-Dimensional Excitons against a Mott Transition in High Magnetic Fields Probed by CoherentTerahertz Spectroscopy” (Physical Review Letters). In addition, we published an extensive review article on “Dicke Superradiance in Solids,” citing 172 articles. Furthermore, we published three papers (Review of Scientific Instrments and Applied Optics, and Optics Express) on the development of a unique high magnetic field facility for magneto-optic studies (see below).</p>\n<p><strong>Broader Impacts:</strong> Combining access to applied magnetic fields with ultrafast spectroscopy techniques and/or intense, pulsed laser sources can provide a wealth of information in materials, including Coulomb interactions in semiconductors in the quantum Hall regime, optical properties of exotic materials in the terahertz frequency range, and ultrafast spectroscopy and control of nonequilibrium many-body dynamics in strongly correlated electron systems. Typically, experimental access to magnetic fields up to 30 T is limited to special facilities in the form of national laboratories. Here, while involving a large number of undergraduate students, international and high school interns, and international collaborators, we developed a mini-coil pulsed magnet system that couples low temperatures, high magnetic fields, and direct optical access for use in a university lab setting. The mini-coil design allows one to incorporate the magnet into a spectroscopy setup by placing it directly on the table-top. Most significantly, we developed a single-shot terahertz time-domain spectrometer to perform optical-pump/terahertz-probe experiments in pulsed, high magnetic fields up to 30 T. The developed single-shot capability will enable a wide variety of new experiments to be performed on various materials systems.</p><br>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t \tLast Modified: 09/28/2017<br>\n\t\t\t\t\tModified by: Junichiro Kono</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"porSideCol\">\n<div class=\"each-gallery\">\n<div class=\"galContent\" id=\"gallery0\">\n<div class=\"photoCount\" id=\"photoCount0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tImages (<span id=\"selectedPhoto0\">1</span> of <span class=\"totalNumber\"></span>)\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</div>\n<div class=\"galControls\" id=\"controls0\"></div>\n<div class=\"galSlideshow\" id=\"slideshow0\"></div>\n<div class=\"galEmbox\" id=\"embox\">\n<div class=\"image-title\"></div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"galNavigation\" id=\"navigation0\">\n<ul class=\"thumbs\" id=\"thumbs0\">\n<li>\n<a href=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2017/1310138/1310138_10247025_1506614789113_Kankan-PRB2015--rgov-214x142.jpg\" original=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2017/1310138/1310138_10247025_1506614789113_Kankan-PRB2015--rgov-800width.jpg\" title=\"Superfluorescent emission from magneto-excitons\"><img src=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2017/1310138/1310138_10247025_1506614789113_Kankan-PRB2015--rgov-66x44.jpg\" alt=\"Superfluorescent emission from magneto-excitons\"></a>\n<div class=\"imageCaptionContainer\">\n<div class=\"imageCaption\">Magnetic field dependent time-integrated photoluminescence from a photoexcited InGaAs quantum well sample at 4 K.</div>\n<div class=\"imageCredit\">Kankan Cong</div>\n<div class=\"imagePermisssions\">Copyrighted</div>\n<div class=\"imageSubmitted\">Junichiro Kono</div>\n<div class=\"imageTitle\">Superfluorescent emission from magneto-excitons</div>\n</div>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a href=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2017/1310138/1310138_10247025_1506615147553_Qi-NP2016--rgov-214x142.jpg\" original=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2017/1310138/1310138_10247025_1506615147553_Qi-NP2016--rgov-800width.jpg\" title=\"Ultrastrong light-matter coupling\"><img src=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2017/1310138/1310138_10247025_1506615147553_Qi-NP2016--rgov-66x44.jpg\" alt=\"Ultrastrong light-matter coupling\"></a>\n<div class=\"imageCaptionContainer\">\n<div class=\"imageCaption\">Observation of collective light?matter coupling in a 2D electron gas in a terahertz photonic-crystal cavity. Anticrossing of cyclotronresonance (CR) and the first cavity mode, exhibiting the lower-polariton (LP) and upper-polariton (UP) branches.</div>\n<div class=\"imageCredit\">Nature Physics 12, 1005 (2016)</div>\n<div class=\"imagePermisssions\">Copyrighted</div>\n<div class=\"imageSubmitted\">Junichiro Kono</div>\n<div class=\"imageTitle\">Ultrastrong light-matter coupling</div>\n</div>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>",
"por_txt_cntn": "\nIntellectual Merit: The experiments conducted in this project have provided new insight into the states and dynamics of interacting and confined electrons in semiconductors in highmagnetic fields. Specifically, the questions addressed in this program included: How do independent electron-hole pairs start communicating with each other to develop macroscopic coherence and result in superfluorescence?; How does a collective nature manifest itself in the quantum coherent dynamics of a two-dimensional electron gas in the simultaneous presence of a coherent terahertz electromagnetic field and a high DC magnetic field?; and How stable are low-dimensional excitons at quantum degenerate densities, and how do their bosonic signatures appear in optical gain, emission, and scattering spectra? During the funded period, we made a series of new observations, resulting in five major publications: \"Fermi-Edge Superfluorescence from a Quantum-Degenerate Electron-Hole Gas\" (Scientific Reports), \"Superradiant Decay of CyclotronResonance of Two-Dimensional Electron Gases\" (Physical Review Letters), \"Superfluorescence from Photoexcited Semiconductor Quantum Wells: Magnetic Field, Temperature, and Excitation Power Dependence\" (Physical Review B), \"Collective Non-perturbative Coupling of 2D Electrons with High-Quality-Factor Terahertz Cavity Photons\" (Nature Physics), and \"Stability of High-Density Two-Dimensional Excitons against a Mott Transition in High Magnetic Fields Probed by CoherentTerahertz Spectroscopy\" (Physical Review Letters). In addition, we published an extensive review article on \"Dicke Superradiance in Solids,\" citing 172 articles. Furthermore, we published three papers (Review of Scientific Instrments and Applied Optics, and Optics Express) on the development of a unique high magnetic field facility for magneto-optic studies (see below).\n\nBroader Impacts: Combining access to applied magnetic fields with ultrafast spectroscopy techniques and/or intense, pulsed laser sources can provide a wealth of information in materials, including Coulomb interactions in semiconductors in the quantum Hall regime, optical properties of exotic materials in the terahertz frequency range, and ultrafast spectroscopy and control of nonequilibrium many-body dynamics in strongly correlated electron systems. Typically, experimental access to magnetic fields up to 30 T is limited to special facilities in the form of national laboratories. Here, while involving a large number of undergraduate students, international and high school interns, and international collaborators, we developed a mini-coil pulsed magnet system that couples low temperatures, high magnetic fields, and direct optical access for use in a university lab setting. The mini-coil design allows one to incorporate the magnet into a spectroscopy setup by placing it directly on the table-top. Most significantly, we developed a single-shot terahertz time-domain spectrometer to perform optical-pump/terahertz-probe experiments in pulsed, high magnetic fields up to 30 T. The developed single-shot capability will enable a wide variety of new experiments to be performed on various materials systems.\n\n\t\t\t\t\tLast Modified: 09/28/2017\n\n\t\t\t\t\tSubmitted by: Junichiro Kono"
} |
|
1320074 | NSF | Grant | Standard Grant | SHF: Small: Emerging Memory Architectures for Big Memory Applications | 47.070 | 05010000 | null | Tao Li | 2013-09-01 | 2017-08-31 | 439,802 | 439,802 | 2013-07-29 | 2013-07-29 | Computing is changing dramatically, particularly for cloud-based service providers such as Facebook, Google, and Amazon. On-line service applications, such as social networking and search, place unique demands on processor memory systems. In particular, these "big-memory" applications have working data sizes several orders of magnitude beyond those found in the workloads typically used in computer design research. As a result, these applications place different stresses on processor memory systems. Simultaneously, new, non-volatile memory (NVM) technologies such as Phase Change Memory (PCM), spin-transfer torque random access memory (STT-RAM), and memristors are emerging for use as a replacement for or augmentation to traditional dynamic RAM (DRAM) main memory. These new memory technologies promise higher capacities and fast access times along with non-volatility (data retention when the power is off). As a result, they have the potential to bridge the gaps in current processor memory systems for both data capacity and speed requirements, leading to new usage models, such as storage class memories or combined main memory and storage implementations. These trends together argue for new memory systems architectures, designed for the challenges of big-memory applications, leveraging new memory technologies together with traditional DRAM and emerging process techniques such as 3-D die stacking.
This research will characterize big-memory applications in light of future availability of much larger and nonvolatile memories closer to the processor. It will study the implications of these applications on emerging memory architectures in terms of organization, hierarchies, and other structural and management questions. In particular, this research focuses on the development of the following: 1) Memory architectures for big memory applications, leveraging emerging technologies, such as 3-D die stacking and new, byte-addressable, dense non-volatile memories; 2) Deeply speculating instruction and data prefetchers for big-memory applications; 3) Cache policies that proactively manage performance, power, and reliability in memory systems for future big memory applications utilizing NVM; 4) New memory translation microarchitectures to meet the needs of big-memory applications and storage-class main memories; and 5) Quality-of-service policies to manage memory placement based upon usage in future, hybrid, and composite memory systems composed of DRAM and new NVM technologies. The educational impact of this research will include training graduate and undergraduate students with valuable research skills while advancing the state of the art in computer architecture and distributed systems, contributing to the technology workforce. | 0 | CSE | Directorate for Computer and Information Science and Engineering | CCF | Division of Computing and Communication Foundations | 4900 | 4900 | [
{
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"pi_full_name": "Paul V Gratz",
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"por_cntn": "<div class=\"porColContainerWBG\">\n<div class=\"porContentCol\"><p>Computing is changing dramatically, particularly for cloud-based service providers, such as Facebook, Google, Amazon, etc. These on-line service applications, such as social networking and search place unique demands on processor memory systems. In particular, these big memory applications have working data sizes several orders of magnitude beyond those found in the workloads typically used in computer design research. As a result, these applications place different stresses on processor memory systems. Simultaneously, new, Non-Volatile Memory technologies such as Phase Change Memory (PCM), STT-RAM and memristors, are emerging for use as a replacement for, or augmentation to traditional DRAM main memory. These new memory technologies promise higher capacities, fast access times along with non-volatility (i.e. data retention when the power is off). As a result, they have the potential to bridge the gaps in current processor memory systems for both data capacity and speed requirements, leading to new usage models, such as storage class memories or combined main memory and storage implementations. These trends together argue for new memory systems architectures, designed for the challenges of big memory applications.</p>\n<p><br />The research generously supported by this grant characterized big memory applications in light of future availability of much larger and nonvolatile memories closer to the processor. Based on this characterization it identified several challenges with current memory system hierarchy design in the management of these hierarchies and placement of data within them. In particular, this research proposed new algorithms and techniques across a wide swath of computer systems design to address these challenges: for speculating on memory usage to inform cache data prefetching (published in MICRO'14, MICRO'16), in replacement policy to reduce writebacks to future non-volatile memorys (HiPEAK'14), in multi-level cache replacement and prefetching (ASPLOS'17), in page-level management between VMs and among hybrid memory classes (MEMSYS'15, MEMSYS'17). The educational impact of this research included training graduate and undergraduate students with valuable research skills while advancing the state of the art in computer architecture and distributed systems, contributing to the technology workforce.</p>\n<p> </p><br>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t \tLast Modified: 10/02/2017<br>\n\t\t\t\t\tModified by: Paul V Gratz</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"porSideCol\"></div>\n</div>",
"por_txt_cntn": "\nComputing is changing dramatically, particularly for cloud-based service providers, such as Facebook, Google, Amazon, etc. These on-line service applications, such as social networking and search place unique demands on processor memory systems. In particular, these big memory applications have working data sizes several orders of magnitude beyond those found in the workloads typically used in computer design research. As a result, these applications place different stresses on processor memory systems. Simultaneously, new, Non-Volatile Memory technologies such as Phase Change Memory (PCM), STT-RAM and memristors, are emerging for use as a replacement for, or augmentation to traditional DRAM main memory. These new memory technologies promise higher capacities, fast access times along with non-volatility (i.e. data retention when the power is off). As a result, they have the potential to bridge the gaps in current processor memory systems for both data capacity and speed requirements, leading to new usage models, such as storage class memories or combined main memory and storage implementations. These trends together argue for new memory systems architectures, designed for the challenges of big memory applications.\n\n\nThe research generously supported by this grant characterized big memory applications in light of future availability of much larger and nonvolatile memories closer to the processor. Based on this characterization it identified several challenges with current memory system hierarchy design in the management of these hierarchies and placement of data within them. In particular, this research proposed new algorithms and techniques across a wide swath of computer systems design to address these challenges: for speculating on memory usage to inform cache data prefetching (published in MICRO'14, MICRO'16), in replacement policy to reduce writebacks to future non-volatile memorys (HiPEAK'14), in multi-level cache replacement and prefetching (ASPLOS'17), in page-level management between VMs and among hybrid memory classes (MEMSYS'15, MEMSYS'17). The educational impact of this research included training graduate and undergraduate students with valuable research skills while advancing the state of the art in computer architecture and distributed systems, contributing to the technology workforce.\n\n \n\n\t\t\t\t\tLast Modified: 10/02/2017\n\n\t\t\t\t\tSubmitted by: Paul V Gratz"
} |
|
1250014 | NSF | Grant | Standard Grant | Economic Organization of Prehistoric Pueblo Bonito, Chaco Canyon, New Mexico (850 - 1140 CE) | 47.075 | 04040000 | 7032928759 | John Yellen | 2013-05-01 | 2018-04-30 | 68,771 | 68,771 | 2013-01-07 | 2013-01-07 | With support from the National Science Foundation, Dr. Adam Watson and an interdisciplinary team of researchers will complete a three-year investigation of the social and economic organization of Ancestral Pueblo society in the Chaco Canyon region of present-day northwestern New Mexico. The team includes specialists in archaeology and mechanical engineering to explore the relationship between trends in craft production, manufacturing techniques, and microscopic wear-traces artifacts employed in different production processes.
The coalescence and transformation of many dispersed farming communities in and around Chaco Canyon during the Bonito phase (850-1140 CE) is one of the most widely cited examples of the emergence of politically complex society in pre-Columbian North America. The development of social stratification, the regional propagation of Chacoan ideology, great house construction, and thriving long-distance trade networks are among the principal changes associated with the Bonito phase. Despite more than a century of archaeological research in the canyon, however, the extent to which these social, political, and economic developments entailed corresponding shifts in the economic organization of the society remains unclear. Although previous studies have shown that large quantities of ceramics and raw materials flowed into the canyon from outlying regions, until recently there was little indication of what may have been produced locally and provided in exchange. Though largely invisible archaeologically, perishable craft industries such as basketry, textiles, and hide-working represented a major sector of the Chacoan economy.
This project investigates changes in the spatial organization and scale of craft production through the study of the previously unanalyzed collection of bone artifacts from Pueblo Bonito, an assemblage remarkable for both its size and diversity. Overall trends in tool manufacture and use can be assessed in terms of raw material choice and the relative intensity of basketry, textile, and hide manufacturing in which these tools were utilized. The study of bone artifacts using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), for example, permits the exploration of microwear patterns that can then be used to differentiate the types of crafts being manufactured. The introduction of texture analysis techniques originally developed for applications in mechanical engineering allows the identification of quantifiable parameters of variation in use-wear. On the basis of these data, the study will evaluate the hypothesis that the sociopolitical changes evident in Chacoan societal development was paralleled by increasing economic complexity in the form of craft specialization.
The implications of this study are far-reaching and extend beyond the ongoing regional debates with the potential to advance studies of political economy, hierarchy, craft specialization, prehistoric bone industries, and microwear analysis. Drawing upon recent advances in the fields of surface metrology and mechanical engineering this research applies new scientific methods to address longstanding archaeological questions. The creation of a web-based database that documents variation in microwear is a critical step for reducing inter-observer error, improving repeatability, and resolving key debates in the analysis of use-wear. Through the American Museum of Natural History Science Research Mentoring Program and Worcester Polytechnic Institute, high school, undergraduate, and graduate students will participate in data collection and laboratory analysis. | 0 | SBE | Directorate for Social, Behavioral and Economic Sciences | BCS | Division of Behavioral and Cognitive Sciences | 4900 | 4900 | [
{
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"pi_first_name": "David",
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"pi_role": "Co-Principal Investigator",
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"por_cntn": "<div class=\"porColContainerWBG\">\n<div class=\"porContentCol\"><p>The UNESCO World Heritage site of Chaco Canyon witnessed a cultural transformation (850-1140 CE) that remains one of the most widely cited cases of emergent societal complexity in pre-Columbian North America. Although debate persists over the forces and processes that spurred development, there is widespread agreement among scholars that in the 9th century these communities emerged as the core of a regional network of unprecedented size and scope that flourished for three centuries. However, the extent to which these developments entailed corresponding shifts in economic organization remains unclear.</p>\n<p>Recent research in the pre-Columbian Pueblo Southwest has demonstrated the importance of understanding trends in bone industries that closely track other, related economic sectors such as perishable craft production. A vital next step in this line of inquiry is the identification of specific types of production activities in which bone tools are employed and variation across time and space.</p>\n<p>This project investigated the large bone artifact collection from Pueblo Bonito – the only great house for which an essentially complete bone artifact collection exists. The research pursued two lines of inquiry: a) collection of AMS radiocarbon dates to improve the chronological framework; and b) application of recent advancements in microwear analysis to identify use-wear traces attributable to different material classes, e.g., plant fiber and animal hide, and thereby measure the relative significance of different forms of craft production.</p>\n<p>With funding from the National Science Foundation, archaeologists at the American Museum of Natural History fully documented the remarkable bone artifact assemblage from Pueblo Bonito, obtained nearly 70 new AMS radiocarbon dates and, in collaboration with mechanical engineers at Worcester Polytechnic Institute, demonstrated the feasibility of identifying differential patterns of microwear on bone implements, consistent with a variety of craft production activities.</p>\n<p>AMS radiocarbon results (n = 69) were collected and analyzed for a spatially broad sample (Figures 1-3) providing crucial temporal control of depositional contexts within Pueblo Bonito. This analysis yielded unexpected and unprecedented insight into Mesoamerican acquisition networks and the ceremonial use of birds in Chaco. The acquisition of macaws proved to be markedly earlier and more sustained than many researchers have hypothesized; the results were published in 2015 article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. The new AMS dates obtained for Golden Eagles are striking in that all eagle remains, with the exception of isolated outliers, post-date AD 1000. This suggests a discrete shift in ritual use of birds in Pueblo Bonito and perhaps Chaco more broadly – the implications will be explored more fully in a forthcoming peer-reviewed publication.</p>\n<p>Analysis of surface texture on experimental tools (Figures 4-6) by researchers in the Surface Metrology Laboratory at WPI revealed that: a) Conventional (ISO) parameters are effective in discriminating wear traces; b) multi-scale geometric characterizations of surface wear are similarly effective in identifying statistical similarities as a function of scale; and c) in terms of repeatability, tool edges rather than planar faces provide more consistent and therefore more reliable results in differentiating microwear patterns.</p>\n<p>In an effort to evaluate the feasibility of differentiating use-wear and to support the development of a database of variation in wear, conventional roughness values were explored. The results showed that, of the conventional parameters considered, two measures, Average Roughness (S<sub>a</sub>) and Average Maximum Height (S<sub>z</sub>), hold the most promise for differentiating types of wear but should be applied concurrently. Kurtosis (S<sub>ku</sub>) was determined to be a less reliable indicator of wear-type.</p>\n<p>In this study, four specimens were compared using area-scale analysis: 1) Plant-working vs. Hide-working; 2) Plant-working vs. Sandstone Abrasion; 3) Hide-working vs. Sandstone Abrasion; and 4) 2 Hide-working tools. Measurements were always compared within tool-type to demonstrate repeatability and in each case, measurements were indistinguishable.</p>\n<p>In the first comparison, the difference in the area-scale relationship between plant-working and hide-working was found to be significant at larger scales (greater than 1 µm²). The difference between surfaces abraded by sandstone only and those subsequently subjected to abrasion by plant fibers are most significant at larger scales (1 to 10<sup>3</sup> µm²). Comparison of a sandstone-abraded surface and a surface exposed to prolonged friction with softened deer hide revealed differences discernible and significant at only finer scales (10<sup>-1</sup> to 1 µm²). Finally, as an additional control, two separate hide-working tools were compared and the difference in wear was not significant.</p>\n<p>Our results refined the chronology for one of Chaco Canyon’s largest and most-studied sites and illustrated that texture analysis methods, developed within the mechanical engineering discipline, show great promise for advancing the study of bone tool manufacture and use. Analysis revealed the usefulness of both traditional roughness measures and multi-scale geometric analysis using area-scale fractal techniques for characterizing and discriminating microtopographic differences as a function of tool use.</p>\n<p>Our data will be available to researchers through the publicly accessible Chaco Research Archive web site in the near future.</p><br>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t \tLast Modified: 07/02/2018<br>\n\t\t\t\t\tModified by: Adam Watson</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"porSideCol\">\n<div class=\"each-gallery\">\n<div class=\"galContent\" id=\"gallery0\">\n<div class=\"photoCount\" id=\"photoCount0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tImages (<span id=\"selectedPhoto0\">1</span> of <span class=\"totalNumber\"></span>)\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</div>\n<div class=\"galControls\" id=\"controls0\"></div>\n<div class=\"galSlideshow\" id=\"slideshow0\"></div>\n<div class=\"galEmbox\" id=\"embox\">\n<div class=\"image-title\"></div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"galNavigation\" id=\"navigation0\">\n<ul class=\"thumbs\" id=\"thumbs0\">\n<li>\n<a href=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2018/1250014/1250014_10227388_1530583688283_Fig1--rgov-214x142.jpg\" original=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2018/1250014/1250014_10227388_1530583688283_Fig1--rgov-800width.jpg\" title=\"Plan of Pueblo Bonito\"><img src=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2018/1250014/1250014_10227388_1530583688283_Fig1--rgov-66x44.jpg\" alt=\"Plan of Pueblo Bonito\"></a>\n<div class=\"imageCaptionContainer\">\n<div class=\"imageCaption\">Figure 1: Plan of Pueblo Bonito, contexts to be sampled highlighted in blue (AMNH Anthropology Collections), red (AMNH Ornithology Collections), and gray (Smithsonian NMNH Collections)</div>\n<div class=\"imageCredit\">Edward Triplett, Chaco Research Archive, University of Virginia, http://www.chacoarchive.org).</div>\n<div class=\"imagePermisssions\">Copyrighted</div>\n<div class=\"imageSubmitted\">Adam Watson</div>\n<div class=\"imageTitle\">Plan of Pueblo Bonito</div>\n</div>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a href=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2018/1250014/1250014_10227388_1530583748386_Fig2--rgov-214x142.jpg\" original=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2018/1250014/1250014_10227388_1530583748386_Fig2--rgov-800width.jpg\" title=\"AMS Dates for Scarlet Macaws\"><img src=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2018/1250014/1250014_10227388_1530583748386_Fig2--rgov-66x44.jpg\" alt=\"AMS Dates for Scarlet Macaws\"></a>\n<div class=\"imageCaptionContainer\">\n<div class=\"imageCaption\">Figure 2: AMS Dates for Scarlet Macaws (Ara macao) from Pueblo Bonito and Pueblo del Arroyo in Chaco Canyon, New Mexico; Old Town Ruin in the Mimbres Region of New Mexico; and Cave 31, Allen Canyon, Utah.</div>\n<div class=\"imageCredit\">Adam Watson</div>\n<div class=\"imagePermisssions\">Copyrighted</div>\n<div class=\"imageSubmitted\">Adam Watson</div>\n<div class=\"imageTitle\">AMS Dates for Scarlet Macaws</div>\n</div>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a href=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2018/1250014/1250014_10227388_1530583805152_Fig3--rgov-214x142.jpg\" original=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2018/1250014/1250014_10227388_1530583805152_Fig3--rgov-800width.jpg\" title=\"AMS Dates for Golden Eagle\"><img src=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2018/1250014/1250014_10227388_1530583805152_Fig3--rgov-66x44.jpg\" alt=\"AMS Dates for Golden Eagle\"></a>\n<div class=\"imageCaptionContainer\">\n<div class=\"imageCaption\">Figure 3: AMS Dates for Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) from Pueblo Bonito, Chaco Canyon, New Mexico.</div>\n<div class=\"imageCredit\">Adam Watson</div>\n<div class=\"imagePermisssions\">Copyrighted</div>\n<div class=\"imageSubmitted\">Adam Watson</div>\n<div class=\"imageTitle\">AMS Dates for Golden Eagle</div>\n</div>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a href=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2018/1250014/1250014_10227388_1530583881404_Fig4--rgov-214x142.jpg\" original=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2018/1250014/1250014_10227388_1530583881404_Fig4--rgov-800width.jpg\" title=\"Microscopy and Texture Analysis\"><img src=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2018/1250014/1250014_10227388_1530583881404_Fig4--rgov-66x44.jpg\" alt=\"Microscopy and Texture Analysis\"></a>\n<div class=\"imageCaptionContainer\">\n<div class=\"imageCaption\">Figure 4: Measurement of tool facets; top (Experimental Tool #3; Primary abrasion: sandstone; Secondary abrasion: yucca plant fiber); bottom (Experimental Tool #4; Primary abrasion: sandstone; Secondary abrasion: softened deer hide).</div>\n<div class=\"imageCredit\">Adam Watson</div>\n<div class=\"imagePermisssions\">Copyrighted</div>\n<div class=\"imageSubmitted\">Adam Watson</div>\n<div class=\"imageTitle\">Microscopy and Texture Analysis</div>\n</div>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a href=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2018/1250014/1250014_10227388_1530583956440_Fig5--rgov-214x142.jpg\" original=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2018/1250014/1250014_10227388_1530583956440_Fig5--rgov-800width.jpg\" title=\"Scatterplot of Average Maximum Height (Sz) against Roughness (Sa)\"><img src=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2018/1250014/1250014_10227388_1530583956440_Fig5--rgov-66x44.jpg\" alt=\"Scatterplot of Average Maximum Height (Sz) against Roughness (Sa)\"></a>\n<div class=\"imageCaptionContainer\">\n<div class=\"imageCaption\">Figure 5: Scatterplot of Average Maximum Height (Sz) against Roughness (Sa) (values filtered for form [250 modes] and waviness [2.5 ?m short cut-off].</div>\n<div class=\"imageCredit\">Adam Watson</div>\n<div class=\"imagePermisssions\">Copyrighted</div>\n<div class=\"imageSubmitted\">Adam Watson</div>\n<div class=\"imageTitle\">Scatterplot of Average Maximum Height (Sz) against Roughness (Sa)</div>\n</div>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a href=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2018/1250014/1250014_10227388_1530584019590_Fig6--rgov-214x142.jpg\" original=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2018/1250014/1250014_10227388_1530584019590_Fig6--rgov-800width.jpg\" title=\"Relative Area plotted as a function of scale\"><img src=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2018/1250014/1250014_10227388_1530584019590_Fig6--rgov-66x44.jpg\" alt=\"Relative Area plotted as a function of scale\"></a>\n<div class=\"imageCaptionContainer\">\n<div class=\"imageCaption\">Figure 6: Relative Area plotted as a function of scale; tool #2 used to work softened deer hide (red) vs. tool #3 used to work plant fibers (blue).</div>\n<div class=\"imageCredit\">Adam Watson</div>\n<div class=\"imagePermisssions\">Copyrighted</div>\n<div class=\"imageSubmitted\">Adam Watson</div>\n<div class=\"imageTitle\">Relative Area plotted as a function of scale</div>\n</div>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>",
"por_txt_cntn": "\nThe UNESCO World Heritage site of Chaco Canyon witnessed a cultural transformation (850-1140 CE) that remains one of the most widely cited cases of emergent societal complexity in pre-Columbian North America. Although debate persists over the forces and processes that spurred development, there is widespread agreement among scholars that in the 9th century these communities emerged as the core of a regional network of unprecedented size and scope that flourished for three centuries. However, the extent to which these developments entailed corresponding shifts in economic organization remains unclear.\n\nRecent research in the pre-Columbian Pueblo Southwest has demonstrated the importance of understanding trends in bone industries that closely track other, related economic sectors such as perishable craft production. A vital next step in this line of inquiry is the identification of specific types of production activities in which bone tools are employed and variation across time and space.\n\nThis project investigated the large bone artifact collection from Pueblo Bonito – the only great house for which an essentially complete bone artifact collection exists. The research pursued two lines of inquiry: a) collection of AMS radiocarbon dates to improve the chronological framework; and b) application of recent advancements in microwear analysis to identify use-wear traces attributable to different material classes, e.g., plant fiber and animal hide, and thereby measure the relative significance of different forms of craft production.\n\nWith funding from the National Science Foundation, archaeologists at the American Museum of Natural History fully documented the remarkable bone artifact assemblage from Pueblo Bonito, obtained nearly 70 new AMS radiocarbon dates and, in collaboration with mechanical engineers at Worcester Polytechnic Institute, demonstrated the feasibility of identifying differential patterns of microwear on bone implements, consistent with a variety of craft production activities.\n\nAMS radiocarbon results (n = 69) were collected and analyzed for a spatially broad sample (Figures 1-3) providing crucial temporal control of depositional contexts within Pueblo Bonito. This analysis yielded unexpected and unprecedented insight into Mesoamerican acquisition networks and the ceremonial use of birds in Chaco. The acquisition of macaws proved to be markedly earlier and more sustained than many researchers have hypothesized; the results were published in 2015 article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. The new AMS dates obtained for Golden Eagles are striking in that all eagle remains, with the exception of isolated outliers, post-date AD 1000. This suggests a discrete shift in ritual use of birds in Pueblo Bonito and perhaps Chaco more broadly – the implications will be explored more fully in a forthcoming peer-reviewed publication.\n\nAnalysis of surface texture on experimental tools (Figures 4-6) by researchers in the Surface Metrology Laboratory at WPI revealed that: a) Conventional (ISO) parameters are effective in discriminating wear traces; b) multi-scale geometric characterizations of surface wear are similarly effective in identifying statistical similarities as a function of scale; and c) in terms of repeatability, tool edges rather than planar faces provide more consistent and therefore more reliable results in differentiating microwear patterns.\n\nIn an effort to evaluate the feasibility of differentiating use-wear and to support the development of a database of variation in wear, conventional roughness values were explored. The results showed that, of the conventional parameters considered, two measures, Average Roughness (Sa) and Average Maximum Height (Sz), hold the most promise for differentiating types of wear but should be applied concurrently. Kurtosis (Sku) was determined to be a less reliable indicator of wear-type.\n\nIn this study, four specimens were compared using area-scale analysis: 1) Plant-working vs. Hide-working; 2) Plant-working vs. Sandstone Abrasion; 3) Hide-working vs. Sandstone Abrasion; and 4) 2 Hide-working tools. Measurements were always compared within tool-type to demonstrate repeatability and in each case, measurements were indistinguishable.\n\nIn the first comparison, the difference in the area-scale relationship between plant-working and hide-working was found to be significant at larger scales (greater than 1 µm²). The difference between surfaces abraded by sandstone only and those subsequently subjected to abrasion by plant fibers are most significant at larger scales (1 to 103 µm²). Comparison of a sandstone-abraded surface and a surface exposed to prolonged friction with softened deer hide revealed differences discernible and significant at only finer scales (10-1 to 1 µm²). Finally, as an additional control, two separate hide-working tools were compared and the difference in wear was not significant.\n\nOur results refined the chronology for one of Chaco Canyon?s largest and most-studied sites and illustrated that texture analysis methods, developed within the mechanical engineering discipline, show great promise for advancing the study of bone tool manufacture and use. Analysis revealed the usefulness of both traditional roughness measures and multi-scale geometric analysis using area-scale fractal techniques for characterizing and discriminating microtopographic differences as a function of tool use.\n\nOur data will be available to researchers through the publicly accessible Chaco Research Archive web site in the near future.\n\n\t\t\t\t\tLast Modified: 07/02/2018\n\n\t\t\t\t\tSubmitted by: Adam Watson"
} |
|
1306845 | NSF | Grant | Continuing Grant | Studies of Molecules in Strong Laser Fields Using Harmonic Generation and Ion Spectroscopy | 47.049 | 03010000 | 7032925302 | Alexander Cronin | 2013-08-15 | 2017-07-31 | 300,000 | 359,999 | 2013-08-21 | 2016-07-18 | Intellectual Merit
Using high-intensity ultra-fast laser pulses we can now control both the bond length and orientation of diatomic molecules. This gives us a unique opportunity to directly probe the structure of molecular orbitals and ask fundamental questions; such as, is there coherence between the different orbitals and how do relativistic orbitals differ from regular orbitals? In addition to probing molecular structure, we will also use our ability to manipulate molecules in order to generate highly excited states of the molecular ions with the ultimate goal of creating population inversions in the vacuum-ultraviolet spectral region. Finally, we will test our hypothesis that certain configurations of the molecule may be highly susceptible to generating harmonic radiation driven by an intense fundamental laser. Moreover, we have developed a new phase-matching technique that greatly enhances the efficiency of harmonic generation, in general. Coupling these two techniques together may provide a new source of intense short-pulse vacuum-ultraviolet radiation.
Broader Impact
The new phase-matching techniques may lead to a new class of coherent, ultra short pulse VUV radiation sources. The strong field techniques developed in this award may lead to important insights into molecular structure useful for physical chemistry. More broadly, interest in high-harmonic generation, attosecond physics, and short-pulse x-ray free electron lasers has exploded over the past decade, and this award contributes towards understanding important aspects such as inner-orbital ionization, excitation, and vibrational coherence. Finally, this award provides hands on research training in state-of-the-art laser and optical technologies and prepares them for academic or high-tech career paths. | 0 | MPS | Directorate for Mathematical and Physical Sciences | PHY | Division Of Physics | 4900 | 4900 | [
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"por_cntn": "<div class=\"porColContainerWBG\">\n<div class=\"porContentCol\"><p>Chemical reactions initiated by light are fundamental to all of life. Apart from human activity, virtually all life is powered by the conversion of sunlight into chemical energy at the cellular level. In addition, vision begins as a reaction of molecules with light. In order to harness solar energy, such light induced chemical reactions must be understood on an ultrafast timescale and at an atomic level.</p>\n<p>For example, when a photon is absorbed by a chlorophyll molecules, the first reactions take space within 1 picosecond (one trillionth of a second) and the motion induced by the reactions is around 1 nanometer (one billionth of a meter). Studying such fast and small events requires novel experimental techniques that have been under development for the last decade. Central to these efforts have been our ability to manipulate light in ever more sophisticated ways. Laser pulses as short as 30 femtoseconds are routinely produced and attosecond pulses are being generated in a number of labs around the world.</p>\n<p>With this grant, we studied the simplest of molecules consisting of two identical atoms, such as hydrogen, nitrogen, and iodine, to understand the most basic aspects of the interaction of molecules with light. Iodine (I<sub>2</sub>) is particularly interesting as it is the heaviest diatomic molecule and so it moves relatively slowly. We find that I<sub>2</sub> interacts with light in unusual ways. Generally speaking, when a molecule is subjected to very intense light, the electron with the weakest connection to the molecule gets ionized. However, we find that in I<sub>2</sub>, much more deeply bound electrons are ionized. In addition, this ionization depends strongly on the wavelength of light used in the experiment. The standard theory of molecular ionization predicts no wavelength dependence. The significance of this is that when a deep electron is removed, the resulting ion is left in a highly excited state, and this is the first step towards creating a laser. This type of laser would be quite unique and may have interesting properties. Indeed, it has been observed that a laser can be formed in nitrogen molecules through intense laser ionization. This laser can be formed in the atmosphere (which is predominately nitrogen) and may prove to be a powerful way to detect trace molecules in the atmosphere. This process is not fully understood and our work on I<sub>2</sub> may help understand this intriguing process.</p>\n<p>Besides studying the interaction of light with molecules, we have also investigated ways to create short-pulse intense laser light. It is quite common to convert laser light from one wavelength into another, either shorter or longer than the original. We designed and studied a novel way to generate the third harmonic of a laser beam which, unlike other methods, will work for ultra-short laser pulses. We have also tried to extend this technique to the fifth harmonic. The resulting wavelength is very useful in studying molecular structure.</p>\n<p>Finally, this work has trained several graduate students in state-of-the-art laser development and techniques to study molecules on a nanoscale, preparing them for a variety of jobs in research and industry.</p>\n<p> </p><br>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t \tLast Modified: 09/20/2017<br>\n\t\t\t\t\tModified by: George N Gibson</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"porSideCol\"></div>\n</div>",
"por_txt_cntn": "\nChemical reactions initiated by light are fundamental to all of life. Apart from human activity, virtually all life is powered by the conversion of sunlight into chemical energy at the cellular level. In addition, vision begins as a reaction of molecules with light. In order to harness solar energy, such light induced chemical reactions must be understood on an ultrafast timescale and at an atomic level.\n\nFor example, when a photon is absorbed by a chlorophyll molecules, the first reactions take space within 1 picosecond (one trillionth of a second) and the motion induced by the reactions is around 1 nanometer (one billionth of a meter). Studying such fast and small events requires novel experimental techniques that have been under development for the last decade. Central to these efforts have been our ability to manipulate light in ever more sophisticated ways. Laser pulses as short as 30 femtoseconds are routinely produced and attosecond pulses are being generated in a number of labs around the world.\n\nWith this grant, we studied the simplest of molecules consisting of two identical atoms, such as hydrogen, nitrogen, and iodine, to understand the most basic aspects of the interaction of molecules with light. Iodine (I2) is particularly interesting as it is the heaviest diatomic molecule and so it moves relatively slowly. We find that I2 interacts with light in unusual ways. Generally speaking, when a molecule is subjected to very intense light, the electron with the weakest connection to the molecule gets ionized. However, we find that in I2, much more deeply bound electrons are ionized. In addition, this ionization depends strongly on the wavelength of light used in the experiment. The standard theory of molecular ionization predicts no wavelength dependence. The significance of this is that when a deep electron is removed, the resulting ion is left in a highly excited state, and this is the first step towards creating a laser. This type of laser would be quite unique and may have interesting properties. Indeed, it has been observed that a laser can be formed in nitrogen molecules through intense laser ionization. This laser can be formed in the atmosphere (which is predominately nitrogen) and may prove to be a powerful way to detect trace molecules in the atmosphere. This process is not fully understood and our work on I2 may help understand this intriguing process.\n\nBesides studying the interaction of light with molecules, we have also investigated ways to create short-pulse intense laser light. It is quite common to convert laser light from one wavelength into another, either shorter or longer than the original. We designed and studied a novel way to generate the third harmonic of a laser beam which, unlike other methods, will work for ultra-short laser pulses. We have also tried to extend this technique to the fifth harmonic. The resulting wavelength is very useful in studying molecular structure.\n\nFinally, this work has trained several graduate students in state-of-the-art laser development and techniques to study molecules on a nanoscale, preparing them for a variety of jobs in research and industry.\n\n \n\n\t\t\t\t\tLast Modified: 09/20/2017\n\n\t\t\t\t\tSubmitted by: George N Gibson"
} |
|
1319749 | NSF | Grant | Continuing Grant | III: Small: Effective Convex Solvers for Machine Learning | 47.070 | 05020000 | 7032927347 | Sylvia Spengler | 2013-09-01 | 2018-08-31 | 437,466 | 453,466 | 2013-08-24 | 2014-07-08 | Many large scale machine learning problems are formulated as optimization problems, in which some measure of error or loss is to be minimized over a suitable training corpus. Real problems have too many data points to fit in a single computer. Hence the data and/or computation must be distributed over a network of computers. Often the only practical methods for extremely large problems are so-called splitting methods, but their convergence properties are extremely variable: sometimes very fast, sometimes very slow, in ways that can be hard to predict. The goal of this project is to gain a better understanding of the convergence behavior and to use this understanding to construct accelerated algorithms with more consistent convergence properties. This will allow the application of machine learning techniques to a much wider class of problems.
Splitting methods (or more precisely alternating direction methods) are based on the idea that a general convex optimization problem can be split into two or more parts, each of which can be solved much more easily compared to the problem as a whole. The methods cycle through all the variables in turn, optimizing over each subset of variables leaving the rest fixed. The proposed work builds on a preliminary analysis of a simple model problem using the eigen-structure of certain matrix operators. The project is devoted to extending this analysis to more general problems, as well as developing faster solvers using well-established computational technologies for the matrix eigenvalue problem. Success will be measured in terms of the generality of the theory developed and the improvements in the observed convergence behavior on real problems.
With faster solvers, discovery of major regions of influence in a global-scale social network (e.g. Facebook or Twitter) could become practical on modest computer platforms. The same holds for tracking disease propagation and people in video sequences. With efficient solvers, tracking software could be deployed on local hardware without the need for high-powered central servers. This will lead to advances in countless areas such data mining, compressive sensing, recommender systems, signal processing, missing data imputation, analysis of large scale social, biological or computer networks, image reconstruction, denoising and classification.
The results of this research are to be disseminated in papers in the principal journals and conferences in machine learning, data mining, and optimization as well as in the form of software packages via the WWW (http://www-users.cs.umn.edu/~boley/ML-Optimization).
The project depends on the interaction between different disciplines and applications areas, which will attract students from a variety of backgrounds at both the graduate and undergraduate level. Some research tasks are suitable as projects in classes on linear algebra, optimization, data mining, machine learning and are to be developed for both undergraduate and graduate students. Undergraduate students, including women and members of underrepresented groups, will see the value of mathematical algorithms to solve real problems of interest to them. | 0 | CSE | Directorate for Computer and Information Science and Engineering | IIS | Division of Information & Intelligent Systems | 4900 | 4900 | [
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"por_cntn": "<div class=\"porColContainerWBG\">\n<div class=\"porContentCol\"><p>Intellectual Merit</p>\n<p>Scalable Optimization methods are the computational tools behind many successful tasks in economic analysis, machine learning, data analytics. computer vision, and pattern recognition. Traditional analyses of the convergence of optimization methods provide global bounds that guarantee convergence. But the price one pays for guaranteed global bounds is that the bounds are much more pessimistic than observed practice. This project was a first attempt to explain the detailed bahavior of such methods in practice. The results show that many methods go through a series of stages in which the optimal acceleration strategy can change radically. This leads to potential substantial, qualitative improvements in the behavior of the methods.</p>\n<p><br />Broader Impact</p>\n<p>Applications of this work were explored in the area of network analysis and bioinformatics. Social networks, computer networks, traffic networks, are all examples of networks that can be modelled as graphs with vertices and edges. The analysis of networks with one-way edges is much more challenging compared to graphs with undirected edges. However, one outcome of this project has been to show that many properties for directed graphs can be computed using almost the same formulas as for undirected graphs. This includes estimated the effective connectivity of vertices in terms of average one-way hitting or round-trip commute times. As part of this project, the propagation of trust through a social network was investigated. If the network is seeded with only a few pair-wise trust values, based on an initial series of transactions between two actors (vertices), one can rapidly predict trust values between any pair of actors in the network. It is also possible to compute the trust values if one must treat one node in the network as a pariah, such as if it is known to be a bad actor.</p><br>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t \tLast Modified: 10/23/2018<br>\n\t\t\t\t\tModified by: Daniel L Boley</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"porSideCol\"></div>\n</div>",
"por_txt_cntn": "\nIntellectual Merit\n\nScalable Optimization methods are the computational tools behind many successful tasks in economic analysis, machine learning, data analytics. computer vision, and pattern recognition. Traditional analyses of the convergence of optimization methods provide global bounds that guarantee convergence. But the price one pays for guaranteed global bounds is that the bounds are much more pessimistic than observed practice. This project was a first attempt to explain the detailed bahavior of such methods in practice. The results show that many methods go through a series of stages in which the optimal acceleration strategy can change radically. This leads to potential substantial, qualitative improvements in the behavior of the methods.\n\n\nBroader Impact\n\nApplications of this work were explored in the area of network analysis and bioinformatics. Social networks, computer networks, traffic networks, are all examples of networks that can be modelled as graphs with vertices and edges. The analysis of networks with one-way edges is much more challenging compared to graphs with undirected edges. However, one outcome of this project has been to show that many properties for directed graphs can be computed using almost the same formulas as for undirected graphs. This includes estimated the effective connectivity of vertices in terms of average one-way hitting or round-trip commute times. As part of this project, the propagation of trust through a social network was investigated. If the network is seeded with only a few pair-wise trust values, based on an initial series of transactions between two actors (vertices), one can rapidly predict trust values between any pair of actors in the network. It is also possible to compute the trust values if one must treat one node in the network as a pariah, such as if it is known to be a bad actor.\n\n\t\t\t\t\tLast Modified: 10/23/2018\n\n\t\t\t\t\tSubmitted by: Daniel L Boley"
} |
|
1311379 | NSF | Grant | Standard Grant | DISSERTATION RESEARCH: The influence of soil fertility on tropical tree species carbon and nutrient storage: A comparison between lowland and montane forests | 47.074 | 08010208 | null | Douglas Levey | 2013-05-15 | 2015-04-30 | 20,183 | 20,183 | 2013-05-01 | 2013-05-01 | Tropical rainforests support a rich diversity of life including over 50,000 tree species. One key to this diversity appears to be that different species grow on different soils. This project will explore the features of plant function that cause species to divide up the rainforest habitat in this way. Research will test the hypothesis that the ability of a tree species to store wood carbohydrates and nutrients in wood and then move them back out again for use in other parts of the tree determines where a species is found in the forest along a gradient from low to high soil fertility, a hypothesis not yet tested in tropical forests. The two main objectives are to compare 1) the stocks of carbohydrates and nutrients in wood in trees in different natural communities along parallel gradients of soil fertility in lowland and montane tropical forests in Panama, and 2) the ability of the saplings of related tree species that grow on different soils to remobilize stocks of nutrients in response to experimental defoliation.
This project will train a female Ph.D. student from the U.S. and expand international scientific collaboration with students and faculty from a local public university in Panama. As part of this collaboration, the Ph.D. student will mentor an undergraduate Panamanian student on a senior thesis project and serve as the teaching assistant for an undergraduate field course in Panama. In the U.S., the Ph.D. student will share her knowledge of plant biology as a volunteer in the Plants iView program, a six-week, after school, outreach experience at Urbana Middle School in Illinois. Besides this educational training and public outreach, the project will also benefit society by increasing understanding of how to maintain biodiversity. | 0 | BIO | Directorate for Biological Sciences | DEB | Division Of Environmental Biology | 4900 | 4900 | [
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"por_cntn": "<div class=\"porColContainerWBG\">\n<div class=\"porContentCol\"><p>Katherine Heineman has completed research for her dissertation project: “The influence of soil fertility on tropical tree species carbon and nutrient storage: A comparison between lowland and montane forests,” which was funded in part by the NSF Dissertation Improvement Grant. Ms. Heineman conducted this research as a Ph.D. student at the University of Illinois-Urbana Champaign in collaboration with the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute in Panama City, Panama. Ms. Heineman became interested in the topic of plant-soil interactions by observing the stark difference in tree species composition between high and low fertility soils in tropical forests. The goal of her dissertation was to determine the functional differences between tree species adapted to high vs. low fertility habitats, with a particular focus on the importance of functional variation in wood chemistry.</p>\n<p> </p>\n<p>In the first stage of this project, Ms. Heineman conducted observational sampling of tree species wood characteristics at Fortuna Forest Reserve in western Panama (Picture 1) and the Panama Canal watershed, where the forest spans a variety of geological materials contrasting in the availability of soil nutrients such as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg). The goal of this study was to determine if the concentration of these nutrients in the wood nutrient correlated with the availability of corresponding nutrients in the soil. We found considerable variation among species for all elements evaluated. However, despite this strong variation among, forest mean wood nutrient concentrations correlated strongly with soil nutrient availability for P, K, Ca, and Mg, but not N. These findings have important implications calculating biogeochemical pools of nutrients in tropical forests because majority of nutrients sequestered in plant material can be found in woody biomass.</p>\n<p> </p>\n<p>To determine the function of limiting elements in wood, Ms. Heineman conducted a leaf removal experiment on four tropical tree species (Picture 3) to determine if saplings (small trees) can mobilize N and P wood in order to create new leaf material. Ms. Heineman found that on low fertility soils, a large proportion of wood P (up to 30%) was remobilized to create new leaves after leaf removal. The magnitude of P remobilization was only significant in two species on high fertility habitats (Figure 1). A much smaller proportion nitrogen was remobilized from wood across all habitats (Figure 2). These results suggest that a large proportion of the P in wood is accessible by tropical trees for furture use, and this pool is important in mitigating nutrient limitation where soil resoruces are scares.</p>\n<p> </p>\n<p>Through her work on this project, Ms. Heineman had the opportunity to mentor two undergraduate students working at the University of Chiriqui in Panama. The students, Yosiat Vega and Lineth Gonzalez, did an independent project evaluating differences in leaf phenology and herbivory on the saplings utilized in the aforementioned defoliation experiment. Both students completed their licenciatura, similar to an undergrad thesis.</p>\n<p> </p>\n<p>Ms. Heineman has disseminated the results of this experiment though numerous oral presentations including at the Midwestern Ecology and Evolution Conference the Association for Tropical Biology and Conservation Annual Meeting. She hopes to published two manuscripts related to this research within the upcoming year, prior to her graduation in May 2016.</p>\n<p> </p><br>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t \tLast Modified: 07/09/2015<br>\n\t\t\t\t\tModified by: James W Dalling</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"porSideCol\">\n<div class=\"each-gallery\">\n<div class=\"galContent\" id=\"gallery0\">\n<div class=\"photoCount\" id=\"photoCount0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tImages (<span id=\"selectedPhoto0\">1</span> of <span class=\"totalNumber\"></span>)\t\t\n\t...",
"por_txt_cntn": "\nKatherine Heineman has completed research for her dissertation project: \"The influence of soil fertility on tropical tree species carbon and nutrient storage: A comparison between lowland and montane forests,\" which was funded in part by the NSF Dissertation Improvement Grant. Ms. Heineman conducted this research as a Ph.D. student at the University of Illinois-Urbana Champaign in collaboration with the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute in Panama City, Panama. Ms. Heineman became interested in the topic of plant-soil interactions by observing the stark difference in tree species composition between high and low fertility soils in tropical forests. The goal of her dissertation was to determine the functional differences between tree species adapted to high vs. low fertility habitats, with a particular focus on the importance of functional variation in wood chemistry.\n\n \n\nIn the first stage of this project, Ms. Heineman conducted observational sampling of tree species wood characteristics at Fortuna Forest Reserve in western Panama (Picture 1) and the Panama Canal watershed, where the forest spans a variety of geological materials contrasting in the availability of soil nutrients such as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg). The goal of this study was to determine if the concentration of these nutrients in the wood nutrient correlated with the availability of corresponding nutrients in the soil. We found considerable variation among species for all elements evaluated. However, despite this strong variation among, forest mean wood nutrient concentrations correlated strongly with soil nutrient availability for P, K, Ca, and Mg, but not N. These findings have important implications calculating biogeochemical pools of nutrients in tropical forests because majority of nutrients sequestered in plant material can be found in woody biomass.\n\n \n\nTo determine the function of limiting elements in wood, Ms. Heineman conducted a leaf removal experiment on four tropical tree species (Picture 3) to determine if saplings (small trees) can mobilize N and P wood in order to create new leaf material. Ms. Heineman found that on low fertility soils, a large proportion of wood P (up to 30%) was remobilized to create new leaves after leaf removal. The magnitude of P remobilization was only significant in two species on high fertility habitats (Figure 1). A much smaller proportion nitrogen was remobilized from wood across all habitats (Figure 2). These results suggest that a large proportion of the P in wood is accessible by tropical trees for furture use, and this pool is important in mitigating nutrient limitation where soil resoruces are scares.\n\n \n\nThrough her work on this project, Ms. Heineman had the opportunity to mentor two undergraduate students working at the University of Chiriqui in Panama. The students, Yosiat Vega and Lineth Gonzalez, did an independent project evaluating differences in leaf phenology and herbivory on the saplings utilized in the aforementioned defoliation experiment. Both students completed their licenciatura, similar to an undergrad thesis.\n\n \n\nMs. Heineman has disseminated the results of this experiment though numerous oral presentations including at the Midwestern Ecology and Evolution Conference the Association for Tropical Biology and Conservation Annual Meeting. She hopes to published two manuscripts related to this research within the upcoming year, prior to her graduation in May 2016.\n\n \n\n\t\t\t\t\tLast Modified: 07/09/2015\n\n\t\t\t\t\tSubmitted by: James W Dalling"
} |
|
1338014 | NSF | Grant | Standard Grant | MRI/RUI: Acquisition of a Combination Raman and FTIR for Research, Education, and Training | 47.049 | 03070000 | 7032922665 | Leonard Spinu | 2013-09-15 | 2015-08-31 | 280,000 | 280,000 | 2013-09-09 | 2013-09-09 | 1338014
Tabbetha Dobbins
TECHNICAL SUMMARY:
This award from the Major Research Instrumentation program will support researchers at Rowan University with the acquisition of a combined Raman and FTIR spectroscopy instrument and collaborators at Rutgers University in Camden will access the instrument. Rowan is rapidly growing as a research and research training university in southern New Jersey. Research is ongoing in biomedical science, chemistry, energy, environmental, and pharmaceutical science. Acquisition of the state-of-the-art instrumentation, which combines imaging and vibrational spectroscopy to enable collection of both Raman and FTIR signals at the sub-micron levels, will directly impact the faculty research projects. These projects include: (i) determining phonon density of states for nanostructured and doped metal hydrides for fuel cell and battery applications; (ii) measuring lattice dynamics and phonon, magnon and electro-magnon interactions in the rhombohedrally distorted perovskite structures; (iii) evaluating the structures of protic ionic liquid solutions to better understand proton-solvation mechanisms; (iv) generating asymmetric optical sidebands which can be red-shifted or blue-shifted relative to the carrier seed light depending on configuration; (v) measuring dynamic structural transitions in protein and polymer materials at various temperatures to form tunable biomaterials such as films, gels, particles, fibers, or composites which can be widely used for tissue regeneration medicine, controlled drug delivery, biosensors, and biophotonics; and (vi) understanding the full composition, and therefore physiological effects, of a new street drug, called "wet" by measuring its vibrational spectroscopic signature. Researchers at the partner institutions are actively working on nanomaterial and nanodevice development, novel chemicals for energy research, and design of advanced measurement devices for which optical property measurement is necessary. This acquisition will support the growth in experimental research opportunities and capabilities at Rowan University and to enhance collaboration with Rutgers University located only 20 minutes away in nearby Camden.
NON-TECHNICAL SUMMARY:
With this instrument acquisition award from the Major Research Instrumentation program researchers at Rowan University and collaborators at Rutgers University in Camden will now have expanded capabilities for studying molecules with light using a new system combining two powerful techniques. This combined instrument allows scientists to study how molecules vibrate. By learning about the vibrational frequencies, scientists can gain physical and chemical insights into materials regarding their identities, bond types, dopant atom positioning and bond strength. This instrument makes it possible to advance research and training at Rowan University and collaborating institutions in areas of materials science, physics, chemistry, biology, and biomedical science and engineering. Educational opportunities will also be available by including Raman and FTIR in the teaching of biophysics, cell biology, genetics, bioinformatics and forensic science courses; as well as in laboratory courses for senior-level students working in a research format. The faculty, students, and post-doctoral researchers impacted by this instrumental acquisition include: 14 faculty investigators, 24 undergraduate and 16 graduate research students and 216 students per year in courses offered in Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Forensic Science, and Electrical and Computer Engineering. | 0 | MPS | Directorate for Mathematical and Physical Sciences | DMR | Division Of Materials Research | 4900 | 4900 | [
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"por_cntn": "<div class=\"porColContainerWBG\">\n<div class=\"porContentCol\"><p>The instrument is fairly new to Rowan University (having been installed in late November, after Thanksgiving) and training begun in late January after the return from Spring break.</p>\n<p>One manuscript has been submitted for publication including data collected using the instrument. The manuscript was submitted by the research group of Dr. Timothy Vaden with acknowledgement to this grant. The manuscript was submitted on March 18, 2015 and is still going through the review process.<strong> </strong></p>\n<p>The instrument has been heavily subscribed in the Fall semester of 2015. Because of this, the PI (Dobbins) will prepare a google calendar for scheduling. This is a key outcome because the instrument brings a new capability to Rowan University students and the oversubscription shows that the capability has been embraced widely.<strong> </strong></p>\n<p>More than 80 undergraduate students have been trained on the operation of the instrument in the ten months since it has been installed. The operation training is supplemented with Raman Academy video explanations of the theories of Raman spectroscopy. These videos were produced by David Tuschel (Horiba corporation) and can be found at: http://wn.com/exact/David_Tuschel . Because the student users of the Raman instrument are juniors and seniors in Physics and Chemistry at Rowan University, these lectures and instrument use represent a capstone experience which requires them to employ their coursework understanding/knowledge to a sample set which they are measuring.</p>\n<p>Baseline work on all hydrides being used in the Dobbins' lab was also performed. This includes data measurement from over 25 hydride samples at room temperature Dobbins' group has begun elevated temperature work to carry out desorption experiments. The hotstage purchased with the instrument (Linkam hotstage TST250 with strain) has also been configured to send gases to a residual gas analyzer located nearby the instrument.</p>\n<p>Dobbins is working with Vaden in order to establish software to compute the theoretical Raman spectra for users of the instrument.</p>\n<p> </p><br>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t \tLast Modified: 09/24/2015<br>\n\t\t\t\t\tModified by: Tabbetha A Dobbins</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"porSideCol\"></div>\n</div>",
"por_txt_cntn": "\nThe instrument is fairly new to Rowan University (having been installed in late November, after Thanksgiving) and training begun in late January after the return from Spring break.\n\nOne manuscript has been submitted for publication including data collected using the instrument. The manuscript was submitted by the research group of Dr. Timothy Vaden with acknowledgement to this grant. The manuscript was submitted on March 18, 2015 and is still going through the review process. \n\nThe instrument has been heavily subscribed in the Fall semester of 2015. Because of this, the PI (Dobbins) will prepare a google calendar for scheduling. This is a key outcome because the instrument brings a new capability to Rowan University students and the oversubscription shows that the capability has been embraced widely. \n\nMore than 80 undergraduate students have been trained on the operation of the instrument in the ten months since it has been installed. The operation training is supplemented with Raman Academy video explanations of the theories of Raman spectroscopy. These videos were produced by David Tuschel (Horiba corporation) and can be found at: http://wn.com/exact/David_Tuschel . Because the student users of the Raman instrument are juniors and seniors in Physics and Chemistry at Rowan University, these lectures and instrument use represent a capstone experience which requires them to employ their coursework understanding/knowledge to a sample set which they are measuring.\n\nBaseline work on all hydrides being used in the Dobbins' lab was also performed. This includes data measurement from over 25 hydride samples at room temperature Dobbins' group has begun elevated temperature work to carry out desorption experiments. The hotstage purchased with the instrument (Linkam hotstage TST250 with strain) has also been configured to send gases to a residual gas analyzer located nearby the instrument.\n\nDobbins is working with Vaden in order to establish software to compute the theoretical Raman spectra for users of the instrument.\n\n \n\n\t\t\t\t\tLast Modified: 09/24/2015\n\n\t\t\t\t\tSubmitted by: Tabbetha A Dobbins"
} |
|
1321235 | NSF | Grant | Standard Grant | US-Colombia Planning Visit: Application of Stochastically Generated Material Properties in Numerical Simulations of Advanced Performance Testing | 47.079 | 01090000 | null | Sonia Ortega | 2013-09-15 | 2014-08-31 | 7,481 | 7,481 | 2013-09-11 | 2013-09-11 | This award supports travel by the Principal Investigator to Colombia to initiate a collaboration with Dr. Silvia Caro of the Universidad de Los Andes in Bogota, Colombia, and Ms. Sara Alzate of Road Sciences Corporation in Los Angeles, CA. The topic of the collaboration is to use stochastically generated material properties in numerical simulations of advanced lab tests of asphalt concrete. The numerical simulations will address the variability of material properties. The use of stochastic modeling will allow consideration of the actual characteristics of the microstructure and its impact on the response of the material.
The meeting will also develop a framework for students to engage in international research and exchanges. In addition to the academic studies, benefits to industry are anticipated. | 0 | O/D | Office Of The Director | OISE | Office of International Science and Engineering | 4900 | 4900 | [
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"por_cntn": "<div class=\"porColContainerWBG\">\n<div class=\"porContentCol\"><p>The understanding of the behavior of pavements is critical to the effectiveness and safety of roadway infrastructure, both in the United States and abroad. One type of pavement, asphalt concrete, is composed of rock, asphalt cement (the black sticky stuff), and air. Researchers know how much of each component is within asphalt concrete, but how the material is distributed is not consistent. This random distribution is one reason asphalt concrete is called a heterogeneous material. This research tested dozens of laboratory samples, all with the same amount of rock, asphalt cement, and air, but had different distributions of the components. Tests run include creep compliance, which is an indication of the rutting susceptibility of asphalt concrete, and the Semi-Circular Bend fracture test, which is an indication of cracking. The variation of material distribution caused different test results, which were then input into a computer simulation. By using a computer simulation, a better understanding about the probability of the distribution of components was obtained. Ideally, computer simulations save both time and money when evaluating the performance of new and innovative materials for asphalt concrete. This is the first step in better using computers to simulate laboratory testing, and will lead to better predictions of actual field performance in the future.</p><br>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t \tLast Modified: 09/25/2014<br>\n\t\t\t\t\tModified by: Andrew Braham</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"porSideCol\"></div>\n</div>",
"por_txt_cntn": "\nThe understanding of the behavior of pavements is critical to the effectiveness and safety of roadway infrastructure, both in the United States and abroad. One type of pavement, asphalt concrete, is composed of rock, asphalt cement (the black sticky stuff), and air. Researchers know how much of each component is within asphalt concrete, but how the material is distributed is not consistent. This random distribution is one reason asphalt concrete is called a heterogeneous material. This research tested dozens of laboratory samples, all with the same amount of rock, asphalt cement, and air, but had different distributions of the components. Tests run include creep compliance, which is an indication of the rutting susceptibility of asphalt concrete, and the Semi-Circular Bend fracture test, which is an indication of cracking. The variation of material distribution caused different test results, which were then input into a computer simulation. By using a computer simulation, a better understanding about the probability of the distribution of components was obtained. Ideally, computer simulations save both time and money when evaluating the performance of new and innovative materials for asphalt concrete. This is the first step in better using computers to simulate laboratory testing, and will lead to better predictions of actual field performance in the future.\n\n\t\t\t\t\tLast Modified: 09/25/2014\n\n\t\t\t\t\tSubmitted by: Andrew Braham"
} |
|
1263774 | NSF | Grant | Standard Grant | Collaborative Proposal: DNA guided assembly of enzyme cascades for biocatalytic fuel cell applications | 47.041 | 07020000 | 7032922895 | Christina Payne | 2013-08-01 | 2017-07-31 | 410,000 | 487,255 | 2013-07-26 | 2016-04-25 | Enzymatic fuel cells have received considerable attention because of their potential for direct conversion of abundant raw materials to electricity. The use of multi-enzyme cascades is particularly attractive as they offer the possibility of achieving a higher current density by the sequential oxidization of fuels. However, efficient substrate and electron channeling are two of the most important bottlenecks in improving the power output of multi-enzyme fuel cells. An award from the National Science Foundation Catalysis & Biocatalysis Program to Professors Wilfred Chen of the University of Delaware and Nosang Myung of the University of California-Riverside will support investigation of approaches to surmount these obstacles. The overall objective of this proposal is to investigate the use of a genetically controlled, DNA-based modular scaffold approach for the spatially-defined self-assembly of a multi-enzyme cascade for enhanced substrate and electron channeling. A simple and scalable electrospinning method will be developed to synthesize nanofiber mat electrodes with a very high surface area. A genetically designed mediator will then connect the assembly to the mat electrode. The modular nature of the proposed design allows easy alteration of spacing between the enzymes, mediators and the electrodes for investigating the optimal substrate and electron channeling in a rational manner. The unique combination of nanoengineering and bioengineering approaches will enable Chen and Myung to systematically investigate the factors affecting the overall performance of the multi-enzyme fuel cell. The initial testing of the concept will be demonstrated for the conversion of cellulose to gluconic acid, with other reactions to be studied subsequently.
The proposed research is scientifically significant because the concept is built on ideas from biology extending to an entirely new engineering application. Because of the modular nature of the design, it is anticipated that the proposed framework will have a huge impact on the assembly of other multi-enzyme cascades. The proposed methodology will provide a future platform useful for the self-assembly of a wide range of multienzyme systems for fuel cell applications. From an educational perspective, graduate students participating in this research will gain an integrated perspective of the important interfaces and synergies connecting biochemistry, electrochemistry, and nanotechnology. The PIs plan outreach programs through the Mathematics Engineering Science Achievement Program at UC Riverside and the establishment of a Homeschoolers Day program in Delaware. | 0 | ENG | Directorate for Engineering | CBET | Division of Chemical, Bioengineering, Environmental, and Transport Systems | 4900 | 4900 | [
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"por_cntn": "<div class=\"porColContainerWBG\">\n<div class=\"porContentCol\"><ul>\n<li><strong>Award Title: </strong>Collaborative Proposal: DNA guided assembly of enzyme cascades for biocatalytic fuel cell applications</li>\n<li><strong>Federal Award ID: </strong>1263774</li>\n<li><strong>Report Submission Period: </strong>07/01/2013 to 07/31/2017</li>\n</ul>\n<p>The search for clean and efficient power generation is highly desirable. Fuel cells, an alternative power generation technology to thermo-mechanical power generation<strong> </strong>processes, directly convert chemical fuels into electricity with a<strong> </strong>theoretical efficiency of 100%. Unlike chemical fuel cells, biofuel cells that utilize microbial or enzymatic<strong> </strong>biocatalysts can effectively catalyze redox reactions of abundant raw materials (e.g. methanol, glucose) to electrical energy under ambient conditions and neutral<strong> </strong>pH values. In contrast to<strong> </strong>noble metals, biocatalysts are renewable and the cost of production can be very low, as<strong> </strong>microorganisms and the corresponding enzymes can be economically produced<strong> </strong>by large-scale fermentation. Our strategy is to develop a biological approach for enzyme organization that can be used to create a multi-enzyme fuel cell for the conversion of cellulose to electricity. A synthetic DNA scaffold was used to allow the site-specific organization of endoglucanase, exoglucanase, CBD, β-glucosidase, and GOX for the efficient conversion of cellulose to gluconic acid.</p>\n<p>We first demonstrated the ability to assemble a complex four-component artificial cellulosome in a position-specific manner by conjugating single stranded DNA onto each protein component to enable cellulosome assembly through DNA hybridization. Since direct chemical modification of a DNA linker to proteins can sometimes lead to functional loss, the self-labeling HaloTag was used for conjugation. By genetically tethering HaloTag to the different cellulosomal components, CH-modified DNA oligonucleotides can be site-specifically conjugated for cellulosome assembly. By combining sequence specific DNA hybridization with RCA, we demonstrated up to 5.1-fold enhancement in glucose liberation from cellulose using a complex four-component cellulosome structure.</p>\n<p>Since the synergistic effect of enzyme assembly on the conversion of cellobiose to gluconic acid and H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> by BglA and GOX has never been shown, we next developed a two-enzyme cascade to demonstrate that the conversion rate was almost 11-fold higher for the assembled BglA/GOx complex. We further investigated the effect of the five-enzyme assembly on the overall conversion of cellulose to gluconic acid to H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2. </sub> Consistent with the increase in glucose production, the overall H2O2 production rate was improved by 1.5-fold with the assembled enzymes. This improvement is significantly lower than the 11-fold enhancement observed using cellobiose as the substrate for the BglA and GOX bi-enzyme system. One possible reason is the much lower level of cellobiose produced from direct cellulose hydrolysis, resulting in the very fast turnover by GOX. Another plausible reason is the well-known H2O2 inhibition on enzyme activity, which can play a role in reducing the overall enhancement by enzyme assembly. This inhibition can be easily removed by coupling with HRP.</p><br>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t \tLast Modified: 10/10/2017<br>\n\t\t\t\t\tModified by: Wilfred Chen</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"porSideCol\"></div>\n</div>",
"por_txt_cntn": "\nAward Title: Collaborative Proposal: DNA guided assembly of enzyme cascades for biocatalytic fuel cell applications\nFederal Award ID: 1263774\nReport Submission Period: 07/01/2013 to 07/31/2017\n\n\nThe search for clean and efficient power generation is highly desirable. Fuel cells, an alternative power generation technology to thermo-mechanical power generation processes, directly convert chemical fuels into electricity with a theoretical efficiency of 100%. Unlike chemical fuel cells, biofuel cells that utilize microbial or enzymatic biocatalysts can effectively catalyze redox reactions of abundant raw materials (e.g. methanol, glucose) to electrical energy under ambient conditions and neutral pH values. In contrast to noble metals, biocatalysts are renewable and the cost of production can be very low, as microorganisms and the corresponding enzymes can be economically produced by large-scale fermentation. Our strategy is to develop a biological approach for enzyme organization that can be used to create a multi-enzyme fuel cell for the conversion of cellulose to electricity. A synthetic DNA scaffold was used to allow the site-specific organization of endoglucanase, exoglucanase, CBD, β-glucosidase, and GOX for the efficient conversion of cellulose to gluconic acid.\n\nWe first demonstrated the ability to assemble a complex four-component artificial cellulosome in a position-specific manner by conjugating single stranded DNA onto each protein component to enable cellulosome assembly through DNA hybridization. Since direct chemical modification of a DNA linker to proteins can sometimes lead to functional loss, the self-labeling HaloTag was used for conjugation. By genetically tethering HaloTag to the different cellulosomal components, CH-modified DNA oligonucleotides can be site-specifically conjugated for cellulosome assembly. By combining sequence specific DNA hybridization with RCA, we demonstrated up to 5.1-fold enhancement in glucose liberation from cellulose using a complex four-component cellulosome structure.\n\nSince the synergistic effect of enzyme assembly on the conversion of cellobiose to gluconic acid and H2O2 by BglA and GOX has never been shown, we next developed a two-enzyme cascade to demonstrate that the conversion rate was almost 11-fold higher for the assembled BglA/GOx complex. We further investigated the effect of the five-enzyme assembly on the overall conversion of cellulose to gluconic acid to H2O2. Consistent with the increase in glucose production, the overall H2O2 production rate was improved by 1.5-fold with the assembled enzymes. This improvement is significantly lower than the 11-fold enhancement observed using cellobiose as the substrate for the BglA and GOX bi-enzyme system. One possible reason is the much lower level of cellobiose produced from direct cellulose hydrolysis, resulting in the very fast turnover by GOX. Another plausible reason is the well-known H2O2 inhibition on enzyme activity, which can play a role in reducing the overall enhancement by enzyme assembly. This inhibition can be easily removed by coupling with HRP.\n\n\t\t\t\t\tLast Modified: 10/10/2017\n\n\t\t\t\t\tSubmitted by: Wilfred Chen"
} |
|
1332049 | NSF | Grant | Standard Grant | I/UCRC FRP: Electron Beam Atomic Spectroscopy (EBAS) | 47.041 | 07050000 | 7032925341 | Prakash Balan | 2013-08-01 | 2016-07-31 | 199,448 | 199,448 | 2013-07-16 | 2013-07-16 | This proposal seeks funding for the Center for Resource Recovery and Recycling (CR3) located at the Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI). Funding Requests for Fundamental Research are authorized by an NSF approved solicitation, NSF 11-570. The solicitation invites I/UCRCs to submit proposals for support of industry-defined fundamental research.
The proposed study "Electron Beam Atomic Spectroscopy" (EBAS) is a method to determine elemental compositions by measuring the atomic emission spectra produced when an electron beam impinges on a target material. Although the mechanisms underlying EBAS are not well understood, EBAS has the potential to greatly reduce the energy use and improve the productivity of industrial processes that can use it for process control while manufacturing a part. In these processes, high value and critical metals are produced by melting recycled scrap. A key property of EBAS is its potential to have much lower limits of detection (LOD) than conventional measurements, especially of those used at industrial sites. With EBAS, the results are provided nearly instantly, which allows the operator to reduce the melt time as alloying can also be done nearly instantly. This saved time means less energy is used to melt and alloy and more time is available on the furnace to produce additional product.
The proposed work has the potential to enable the optimization of the recovery and recycling of high temperature metals in ways that have not been done previously. The potential impact is the development of a new measurement technique for vacuum processing of metals. The center will encourage high school students and teachers, and minority students to be involved. The PI will integrate the K-12 outreach into the existing program at WPI. Interested high school students will be invited to the metal Processing Institute and participate in sub-projects associated with the proposed research under the supervision of the PI and graduate students. | 0 | ENG | Directorate for Engineering | EEC | Division of Engineering Education and Centers | 4900 | 4900 | [
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"por_cntn": "<div class=\"porColContainerWBG\">\n<div class=\"porContentCol\"><p>The recycling and recovery of high value and high temperature metals, known as refractory metals, is important, as refractory metals are near critical or critical materials. To process these materials, which are used by the aerospace, semiconductor, and nuclear industries, electron beam melting is used. Electron beam melting allows producers to meet the high purity requirements that these industries need. Currently though, there is no in-situ melt cognition to help improve electron beam melting techniques. There exists an opportunity to develop an in-situ technique to measure composition. In some experimental trials using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS), representatives from the Energy Research Company (ERCo) noted that very clear spectra were being generated even without laser excitation during electron beam melting. This phenomenon was termed Electron-Beam Atomic Spectroscopy (EBAS), as it is a novel environment for measuring composition using spectroscopy. Initial trials showed good correlation of peak intensities to changes in composition.</p>\n<p>EBAS is a method to determine the elemental composition of a melt by measuring the optical emission spectra produced when a high power electron beam impinges on a target material. To develop this technology, a fundamental understanding of the physics is needed. So the objectives of the work were to: (1) Investigate the physics of EBAS by modeling the process; and (2) Conduct experimental work to confirm and guide the modeling.</p>\n<p>The main impact of EBAS is to enable the optimization of the recovery and recycling of refractory metals in a way that has not been previously done. Currently, composition is controlled by measuring the composition of small samples taken along the length of an ingot after production. This method can ensure quality, but it is slow, and does not allow much insight into the dynamics of the melting process that created it. An in-situ method would result in a more complete measurement of the composition throughout an ingot and allow for measurement of the dynamic processes, such as element specific evaporation rates, during the melting and purification process.</p>\n<p>EBAS may also have potential as a new spectroscopic technique to use in other applications. The requirements for the EBAS phenomenon seem to be the use of a high-powered electron beam in a vacuum, so it should open up other electron-beam processes for improvement by using spectroscopy to dynamically measure plasma composition and characteristics. </p>\n<p>It was the goal of this work to help develop Electron Beam Atomic Spectroscopy by providing a basis for the physics behind electron beam plasmas, presenting various plasma models, a thorough description of the coronal model and its uses, and the challenges that will need to be faced in further development. Real-time composition measurement with EBAS may provide dynamic measurement for improving electron beam melting practices and provide an enabling tool for recovery and recycling of refractory metals.</p>\n<p>The team described the physics of electron beam plasmas are described by first presenting a picture of the electron beam impact and plasma generation. The densities, energy distributions, and key interactions of each particle are then described in turn. The key particle groups are the neutral atoms, the electrons, and the ions. The interactions both within and between these groups of particles are represented by the use of cross sections, which are essentially the ‘area’ that is presented by each particle for that interaction; the higher the area, the more likely that interaction will occur. The most important interactions for electron beam plasmas are excitation and ionization of the neutral vapor by electron impact. </p>\n<p>The three plasma models considered are the Local Thermal Equilibrium model (LTE), as used with LIBS, the Collisional-Radiative model (CRM), and the Coronal model. LTE is applicable when collisions dominate energy transfer in the plasma, Coronal model is applicable when the plasma is collisionless, and CRM is applicable in between these regimes. After analyzing these various models, it was determined that the coronal model is most appropriate for the majority of electron beam plasmas. Many of the electron beam plasmas found in literature are strictly within the regime of CRM, but CRM is complex, and the atomic data required for its use is nonexistent for refractory metals. </p>\n<p>The accuracy of the coronal model depends on the accuracy of all the variables involved, but most importantly is the availability of accurate cross sections. This data is currently nonexistent for refractory metals. With careful experimental setup, the coronal model has been used to measure cross sections optically, which is much cheaper and simpler than the traditional experiments to measure these values. In addition, the line-ratio method, which makes use of the coronal model, has been used to measure the electron temperature and even the electron energy distribution function of a plasma with enough experimental data. In this way, the coronal model may help overcome some of the primary challenges associated with developing a calibration-free EBAS method. </p>\n<p> </p>\n<p> </p>\n<p> </p><br>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t \tLast Modified: 03/09/2017<br>\n\t\t\t\t\tModified by: Diran Apelian</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"porSideCol\">\n<div class=\"each-gallery\">\n<div class=\"galContent\" id=\"gallery0\">\n<div class=\"photoCount\" id=\"photoCount0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tImage\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</div>\n<div class=\"galControls onePhoto\" id=\"controls0\"></div>\n<div class=\"galSlideshow\" id=\"slideshow0\"></div>\n<div class=\"galEmbox\" id=\"embox\">\n<div class=\"image-title\"></div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"galNavigation onePhoto\" id=\"navigation0\">\n<ul class=\"thumbs\" id=\"thumbs0\">\n<li>\n<a href=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2017/1332049/1332049_10258213_1489089535489_EBASTIFF--rgov-214x142.jpg\" original=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2017/1332049/1332049_10258213_1489089535489_EBASTIFF--rgov-800width.jpg\" title=\"EBAS Plasma Components\"><img src=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2017/1332049/1332049_10258213_1489089535489_EBASTIFF--rgov-66x44.jpg\" alt=\"EBAS Plasma Components\"></a>\n<div class=\"imageCaptionContainer\">\n<div class=\"imageCaption\">Diagram of electron beam plasma components.</div>\n<div class=\"imageCredit\">P. Gasper</div>\n<div class=\"imagePermisssions\">Public Domain</div>\n<div class=\"imageSubmitted\">Diran Apelian</div>\n<div class=\"imageTitle\">EBAS Plasma Components</div>\n</div>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>",
"por_txt_cntn": "\nThe recycling and recovery of high value and high temperature metals, known as refractory metals, is important, as refractory metals are near critical or critical materials. To process these materials, which are used by the aerospace, semiconductor, and nuclear industries, electron beam melting is used. Electron beam melting allows producers to meet the high purity requirements that these industries need. Currently though, there is no in-situ melt cognition to help improve electron beam melting techniques. There exists an opportunity to develop an in-situ technique to measure composition. In some experimental trials using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS), representatives from the Energy Research Company (ERCo) noted that very clear spectra were being generated even without laser excitation during electron beam melting. This phenomenon was termed Electron-Beam Atomic Spectroscopy (EBAS), as it is a novel environment for measuring composition using spectroscopy. Initial trials showed good correlation of peak intensities to changes in composition.\n\nEBAS is a method to determine the elemental composition of a melt by measuring the optical emission spectra produced when a high power electron beam impinges on a target material. To develop this technology, a fundamental understanding of the physics is needed. So the objectives of the work were to: (1) Investigate the physics of EBAS by modeling the process; and (2) Conduct experimental work to confirm and guide the modeling.\n\nThe main impact of EBAS is to enable the optimization of the recovery and recycling of refractory metals in a way that has not been previously done. Currently, composition is controlled by measuring the composition of small samples taken along the length of an ingot after production. This method can ensure quality, but it is slow, and does not allow much insight into the dynamics of the melting process that created it. An in-situ method would result in a more complete measurement of the composition throughout an ingot and allow for measurement of the dynamic processes, such as element specific evaporation rates, during the melting and purification process.\n\nEBAS may also have potential as a new spectroscopic technique to use in other applications. The requirements for the EBAS phenomenon seem to be the use of a high-powered electron beam in a vacuum, so it should open up other electron-beam processes for improvement by using spectroscopy to dynamically measure plasma composition and characteristics. \n\nIt was the goal of this work to help develop Electron Beam Atomic Spectroscopy by providing a basis for the physics behind electron beam plasmas, presenting various plasma models, a thorough description of the coronal model and its uses, and the challenges that will need to be faced in further development. Real-time composition measurement with EBAS may provide dynamic measurement for improving electron beam melting practices and provide an enabling tool for recovery and recycling of refractory metals.\n\nThe team described the physics of electron beam plasmas are described by first presenting a picture of the electron beam impact and plasma generation. The densities, energy distributions, and key interactions of each particle are then described in turn. The key particle groups are the neutral atoms, the electrons, and the ions. The interactions both within and between these groups of particles are represented by the use of cross sections, which are essentially the ?area? that is presented by each particle for that interaction; the higher the area, the more likely that interaction will occur. The most important interactions for electron beam plasmas are excitation and ionization of the neutral vapor by electron impact. \n\nThe three plasma models considered are the Local Thermal Equilibrium model (LTE), as used with LIBS, the Collisional-Radiative model (CRM), and the Coronal model. LTE is applicable when collisions dominate energy transfer in the plasma, Coronal model is applicable when the plasma is collisionless, and CRM is applicable in between these regimes. After analyzing these various models, it was determined that the coronal model is most appropriate for the majority of electron beam plasmas. Many of the electron beam plasmas found in literature are strictly within the regime of CRM, but CRM is complex, and the atomic data required for its use is nonexistent for refractory metals. \n\nThe accuracy of the coronal model depends on the accuracy of all the variables involved, but most importantly is the availability of accurate cross sections. This data is currently nonexistent for refractory metals. With careful experimental setup, the coronal model has been used to measure cross sections optically, which is much cheaper and simpler than the traditional experiments to measure these values. In addition, the line-ratio method, which makes use of the coronal model, has been used to measure the electron temperature and even the electron energy distribution function of a plasma with enough experimental data. In this way, the coronal model may help overcome some of the primary challenges associated with developing a calibration-free EBAS method. \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n\t\t\t\t\tLast Modified: 03/09/2017\n\n\t\t\t\t\tSubmitted by: Diran Apelian"
} |
|
1202267 | NSF | Grant | Continuing Grant | Collaborative Research: Continued Study of Ultra Low Frequency (ULF) Waves at Cusp Latitudes on Svalbard to Probe Earth's Space Environment | 47.050 | 06020202 | null | Janet U. Kozyra | 2013-08-01 | 2016-07-31 | 185,940 | 185,940 | 2013-08-01 | 2015-06-12 | A large array of ground based instruments has been installed on the Svalbard archipelago in Norway. Svalbard is frequently on polar cusp field lines that map to the outer boundary of the Earth's magnetosphere where it interacts with the solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field (IMF). This proposal has two parts: One part is for support for the continued operation of and processing data from an array of four search coil magnetometers (induction antennas). The second part is to carry out analysis of data from these four instruments. Svalbard is the only place in the northern hemisphere where polar cusp field lines can be observed for extended periods in darkness at noon. In addition to the four search coil magnetometers auroral imagers and photometers, several radars (EISCAT, SPEAR and SuperDarn) and the northernmost fluxgate magnetometers of the IMAGE chain are located on Svalbard. This makes Svalbard an excellent place to carry out observations of ionospheric phenomena on magnetic field lines that map to the magnetopause.
Three main types of studies using the data from the search coils and other instruments are:
a.) Make a concentrated effort to understand the observations of Pc 1-2 waves in the cusp and their effect on radiation belt dynamics. In the Pc 1-2 frequency range electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves (EMIC) are thought to interact resonantly with MeV electrons in the radiation belts. The waves and radiation belt dynamics and the persistence of waves (sometimes seen for days) will be studied as well as waves associated with auroral precipitation.
b.) Probe the Ionosphere Alfvén Resonator (IAR) by using the Space Plasma Exploration by Active Radar (SPEAR) heater facility in conjunction with the EISCAT radar. The IAR is a region in the ionosphere bounded by the F or E region at lower altitudes and by a peak in the Alfvén velocity at higher altitudes. This research will characterize the quality factor (Q) of the IAR. The quality factor relates the energy stored in the resonator with the energy dissipated. If the IAR is driven long enough the energy contained in the resonator will be proportional to Q. By controlling the input energy from the SPEAR heater they will be able to determine Q.
c.) Investigate the properties of PC3-4 waves at very high latitudes. In this study SuperDARN radar will be used along with the search coils to determine the intensity of PC 3-4 as a function of position with respect to the cusp. The goal will be to determine how these ULF waves reach the high latitude ionosphere.
The data from the four closely space magnetometers are very valuable for a number of space physics studies. The team will make the data available to the scientific community through the NASA Virtual Observatories. This proposal will support a graduate student at the University of New Hampshire and an undergraduate researcher at Augsburg College. | 0 | GEO | Directorate for Geosciences | AGS | Division of Atmospheric and Geospace Sciences | 4900 | 4900 | [
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"por_cntn": "<div class=\"porColContainerWBG\">\n<div class=\"porContentCol\"><p>NSF Grant AGS-1202267, awarded to Augsburg College, together with NSF Grant AGS-1202827 to the University of New Hampshire, continued a collaborative effort to use data from a closely-spaced array of search coil magnetometers, built at the University of New Hampshire, to study the Earth’s high-latitude space environment. These instruments were deployed on Svalbard, a Norwegian island archipelago in the high Arctic that is also the site of a number of other scientific instruments deployed by the international space science community. Search coil magnetometers are of particular use in detecting ultra-low-frequency (ULF) plasma waves.</p>\n<p>The combination of data from these multiple instruments and from research satellites has provided an improved understanding of several categories of waves that originate in the magnetosphere, the region of near-Earth space bounded by Earth’s magnetic field, or in the bow shock, the region where the solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) first interact with the magnetosphere. These detailed studies help the worldwide space science community to better understand “space weather,” the natural variability in Earth’s space environment driven by activity on the sun, and to be able to better predict and prepare for the magnetic storms that can disrupt or even seriously damage many components of our world’s high-tech electrical infrastructure and electronic communications.</p>\n<p>During the period of this grant members of the Augsburg team were first authors of three published refereed papers; a fourth was recently submitted to a scientific journal. </p>\n<p>--Posch et al. [2013] provided additional information on the spatial characteristics of the long-period ULF signals that are generated by transient instabilities near the bow shock and of the bursts of higher frequency (~1 Hz) waves often associated with them.</p>\n<p>--Bier et al. [2014], in a study of the IMF control of mid-period (Pc3-4) ULF waves, which are generated just upstream of the bow shock, documented for the first time some of the limitations of the existing spacecraft that monitor the solar wind and IMF from their positions at the upstream L1 Lagrangian point. The use of data from spacecraft much closer to Earth’s magnetosphere is much to be preferred, when available. </p>\n<p>--Posch et al. [2015] provided a comprehensive survey of the lowest-frequency population of magnetosonic waves (below 32 Hz) that permeate the Earth’s magnetosphere, and were able to confirm several predictions of recent theoretical studies and provide evidence that in the dayside sector these waves were generated just outside the plasmapause. </p>\n<p>This grant has also provided research training to five undergraduate physics majors at Augsburg College. The two students who have now graduated are enrolled in Ph. D. programs in STEM fields. </p>\n<p> </p><br>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t \tLast Modified: 08/30/2016<br>\n\t\t\t\t\tModified by: Mark J Engebretson</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"porSideCol\"></div>\n</div>",
"por_txt_cntn": "\nNSF Grant AGS-1202267, awarded to Augsburg College, together with NSF Grant AGS-1202827 to the University of New Hampshire, continued a collaborative effort to use data from a closely-spaced array of search coil magnetometers, built at the University of New Hampshire, to study the Earth?s high-latitude space environment. These instruments were deployed on Svalbard, a Norwegian island archipelago in the high Arctic that is also the site of a number of other scientific instruments deployed by the international space science community. Search coil magnetometers are of particular use in detecting ultra-low-frequency (ULF) plasma waves.\n\nThe combination of data from these multiple instruments and from research satellites has provided an improved understanding of several categories of waves that originate in the magnetosphere, the region of near-Earth space bounded by Earth?s magnetic field, or in the bow shock, the region where the solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) first interact with the magnetosphere. These detailed studies help the worldwide space science community to better understand \"space weather,\" the natural variability in Earth?s space environment driven by activity on the sun, and to be able to better predict and prepare for the magnetic storms that can disrupt or even seriously damage many components of our world?s high-tech electrical infrastructure and electronic communications.\n\nDuring the period of this grant members of the Augsburg team were first authors of three published refereed papers; a fourth was recently submitted to a scientific journal. \n\n--Posch et al. [2013] provided additional information on the spatial characteristics of the long-period ULF signals that are generated by transient instabilities near the bow shock and of the bursts of higher frequency (~1 Hz) waves often associated with them.\n\n--Bier et al. [2014], in a study of the IMF control of mid-period (Pc3-4) ULF waves, which are generated just upstream of the bow shock, documented for the first time some of the limitations of the existing spacecraft that monitor the solar wind and IMF from their positions at the upstream L1 Lagrangian point. The use of data from spacecraft much closer to Earth?s magnetosphere is much to be preferred, when available. \n\n--Posch et al. [2015] provided a comprehensive survey of the lowest-frequency population of magnetosonic waves (below 32 Hz) that permeate the Earth?s magnetosphere, and were able to confirm several predictions of recent theoretical studies and provide evidence that in the dayside sector these waves were generated just outside the plasmapause. \n\nThis grant has also provided research training to five undergraduate physics majors at Augsburg College. The two students who have now graduated are enrolled in Ph. D. programs in STEM fields. \n\n \n\n\t\t\t\t\tLast Modified: 08/30/2016\n\n\t\t\t\t\tSubmitted by: Mark J Engebretson"
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|
1311729 | NSF | Grant | Standard Grant | Collaborative Research: Regular synthesis for multi-input optimal control problems with applications to biomedicine | 47.049 | 03040000 | null | Mary Ann Horn | 2013-10-01 | 2016-09-30 | 174,994 | 174,994 | 2013-09-17 | 2013-09-17 | In this project, fully interacting nonlinear multi-input control systems will be analyzed as optimal control problems. The motivation for this research comes from a systematic study of mathematical models for cancer treatment that combine various structures that form the tumor microenvironment. In modern oncology, a tumor is viewed as not just cancerous cells, but as a system of interacting components that in various ways aid and abet the tumor (e.g., the tumor vasculature), but also fight it (e.g., the immune system). Current treatments therefore are multi-targeted therapies that not only kill cancer cells, but also include antiangiogenic therapy, immunotherapy and many other options. The search for best ways of administering these therapeutic agents naturally leads to formulations as multi-input nonlinear optimal control problems. The aim of the research is to develop local syntheses of optimal controls for such systems, a difficult task even for single-input systems with only partial results known. These new results will be developed in connection with the study of systems that describe (i) cancer treatment within the complex context of the tumor microenvironment and (ii) optimal strategies for the control of the spread of diseases in epidemiology. In the latter field, mathematical models have been a relevant tool in analyzing the underlying dynamics, whereas in this project a much less explored optimal control approach to the problem will be pursued. While one aim is to develop general methods and procedures that have wide applicability, a second important aspect of the research is to provide qualitative and quantitative insights into the structure of optimal solutions for important real-life problems. Motivated by timely problems in biomedicine, like how to design metronomic chemotherapy protocols, challenging problems in optimal control theory will be considered whose solutions require developing new tools and methods. Because of its applied and interdisciplinary character, the project is expected to be of strong interest to students from mathematics and engineering and consequently it contains a substantial educational component. Efforts to attract women and minorities will be continued and expanded by reaching out to engineering students where participation of these groups is particularly low.
In modern oncology, a tumor is viewed as not just cancerous cells, but as a system of interacting components that in various ways aid and abet the tumor (e.g., the tumor vasculature), but also fight it (e.g., the immune system). Current treatments therefore are multi-targeted therapies that not only kill cancer cells, but also include antiangiogenic therapy, immunotherapy and many other options. It is very difficult and expensive to test complex multi-target protocols in medical trials. For this reason, the analysis of mathematical models becomes of intrinsic value. The medical community has become more and more aware that not only what drug is given, but also how it is administered, i.e., dosage, frequency and sequencing, can have a major impact on the outcome of the treatment. This led to a recently launched "Metronomics Global Health Initiative". The proposed research is motivated by the biomedical ideas of this initiative and the investigators believe that the tools of geometric optimal control are best suited to give mathematical answers to these questions and thus provide insights into how a metronomic protocol should be designed. Regarding a second topic, infectious diseases continue to be one of the most important health problems worldwide. In this project, the investigators seek theoretical results that can give practical guidelines how to pursue joint efforts of vaccination and treatment in an optimal way to maximize the effectiveness and minimize the social economic cost. Because of its applied and interdisciplinary character, the project is expected to be of strong interest to students from mathematics and engineering and consequently it contains a substantial educational component. Efforts to attract women and minorities will be continued and expanded by reaching out to engineering students where participation of these groups is particularly low. | 0 | MPS | Directorate for Mathematical and Physical Sciences | DMS | Division Of Mathematical Sciences | 4900 | 4900 | [
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"por_cntn": "<div class=\"porColContainerWBG\">\n<div class=\"porContentCol\"><p>Geometric methods from modern optimal control theory were applied and, if necessary, developed to analyze mathematical models for cancer treatments. Fully interacting, nonlinear, single- and multi-input control systems which model various aspects of the tumor microenvironment under chemotherapy were analyzed from an optimal control perspective. In order to provide a theoretical base for our application oriented research, procedures and methods for the analysis of these and similar control problems were developed. For example, directly applicable sufficient conditions for strong local minima for general control problems based on the construction of fields of broken extremals have been given. Overall, combining a deeper theoretical analysis which goes beyond traditional necessary conditions for optimality with numerical approaches, both a qualitative theoretical understanding of the structure of optimal protocols and quantitative results were developed. Specifically, the following outcomes were achieved:</p>\n<p>A minimally parameterized mathematical model for metronomic chemotherapy (i.e., the almost continuous administration of specific chemotherapeutic agents at low doses) which includes the cancerous cells, tumor immune system interactions and anti-angiogenic effects on the vasculature was formulated and analyzed first as a dynamical system under constant controls (bifurcations of equilibria and their stability properties) and then as an optimal control problem. The model exhibits a wide range of dynamical behaviors that encompass a variety of medically realistic scenarios ranging from cases when (i) low-dose metronomic chemotherapy is able to eradicate the tumor (all trajectories converge to a tumor-free equilibrium point) to situations when (ii) tumor dormancy is induced (a unique, globally asymptotically stable benign equilibrium point exists) to (iii) multi-stable situations that have both persistent benign and malignant behaviors separated by the stable manifold of an unstable equilibrium point and finally to (iv) situations when tumor growth cannot be overcome by low-dose metronomic chemotherapy. Thus the model is able to capture the most important structural features of tumor development. In addition, an optimal control problem for a mathematical model for cancer chemotherapy when phenotypic heterogeneity is modeled by a continuum of traits was formulated and its analysis from an optimal control perspective was initiated.</p>\n<p>In our formulations of the mathematical objective to be minimized we have developed a novel approach that motivates the functional expressions by the dynamical properties of the uncontrolled system, i.e., ultimately by the underlying biology. Different from the more conventional approaches, which aim at eradicating the tumor while limiting side effects, in these formulations the aim becomes to move the state of the system into a more benign region where less toxic treatments become an option over prolonged time periods. Rather than trying to eradicate the cancer, medically the objective becomes to make the disease manageable, i.e., chronic.</p>\n<p>The models we considered are minimally parameterized and thus are oversimplified to give reliable quantitative results, but they give conclusive answers about the qualitative forms of optimal solutions and with this provide insights as to how in principle treatments should be administered. Such results provide in silico guidance and even make suggestions as to the structures of therapy protocols, a quite important medical question. In addition, optimal solutions provide benchmarks to which realizable protocols can be compared and even if optimal controls do not represent practically realizable protocols, based on their knowledge simple therapy protocols can be constructed whose outcomes are close to optimal.</p>\n<p>The results of this research were disseminated through publications in scientific, peer-reviewed journals and presentations at both national and international conferences and workshops. These include both discipline specific conferences on optimal control and optimization and multi-disciplinary conferences in medicine and pharmacology. A manuscript \"Optimal Control for Mathematical Models of Cancer Therapies\" was published adding to the resources in our field. Training and development activities under this grant concerned the training of graduate students in the area of optimal control at both the master’s and doctoral level. </p><br>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t \tLast Modified: 12/03/2016<br>\n\t\t\t\t\tModified by: Heinz M Schaettler</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"porSideCol\"></div>\n</div>",
"por_txt_cntn": "\nGeometric methods from modern optimal control theory were applied and, if necessary, developed to analyze mathematical models for cancer treatments. Fully interacting, nonlinear, single- and multi-input control systems which model various aspects of the tumor microenvironment under chemotherapy were analyzed from an optimal control perspective. In order to provide a theoretical base for our application oriented research, procedures and methods for the analysis of these and similar control problems were developed. For example, directly applicable sufficient conditions for strong local minima for general control problems based on the construction of fields of broken extremals have been given. Overall, combining a deeper theoretical analysis which goes beyond traditional necessary conditions for optimality with numerical approaches, both a qualitative theoretical understanding of the structure of optimal protocols and quantitative results were developed. Specifically, the following outcomes were achieved:\n\nA minimally parameterized mathematical model for metronomic chemotherapy (i.e., the almost continuous administration of specific chemotherapeutic agents at low doses) which includes the cancerous cells, tumor immune system interactions and anti-angiogenic effects on the vasculature was formulated and analyzed first as a dynamical system under constant controls (bifurcations of equilibria and their stability properties) and then as an optimal control problem. The model exhibits a wide range of dynamical behaviors that encompass a variety of medically realistic scenarios ranging from cases when (i) low-dose metronomic chemotherapy is able to eradicate the tumor (all trajectories converge to a tumor-free equilibrium point) to situations when (ii) tumor dormancy is induced (a unique, globally asymptotically stable benign equilibrium point exists) to (iii) multi-stable situations that have both persistent benign and malignant behaviors separated by the stable manifold of an unstable equilibrium point and finally to (iv) situations when tumor growth cannot be overcome by low-dose metronomic chemotherapy. Thus the model is able to capture the most important structural features of tumor development. In addition, an optimal control problem for a mathematical model for cancer chemotherapy when phenotypic heterogeneity is modeled by a continuum of traits was formulated and its analysis from an optimal control perspective was initiated.\n\nIn our formulations of the mathematical objective to be minimized we have developed a novel approach that motivates the functional expressions by the dynamical properties of the uncontrolled system, i.e., ultimately by the underlying biology. Different from the more conventional approaches, which aim at eradicating the tumor while limiting side effects, in these formulations the aim becomes to move the state of the system into a more benign region where less toxic treatments become an option over prolonged time periods. Rather than trying to eradicate the cancer, medically the objective becomes to make the disease manageable, i.e., chronic.\n\nThe models we considered are minimally parameterized and thus are oversimplified to give reliable quantitative results, but they give conclusive answers about the qualitative forms of optimal solutions and with this provide insights as to how in principle treatments should be administered. Such results provide in silico guidance and even make suggestions as to the structures of therapy protocols, a quite important medical question. In addition, optimal solutions provide benchmarks to which realizable protocols can be compared and even if optimal controls do not represent practically realizable protocols, based on their knowledge simple therapy protocols can be constructed whose outcomes are close to optimal.\n\nThe results of this research were disseminated through publications in scientific, peer-reviewed journals and presentations at both national and international conferences and workshops. These include both discipline specific conferences on optimal control and optimization and multi-disciplinary conferences in medicine and pharmacology. A manuscript \"Optimal Control for Mathematical Models of Cancer Therapies\" was published adding to the resources in our field. Training and development activities under this grant concerned the training of graduate students in the area of optimal control at both the master?s and doctoral level. \n\n\t\t\t\t\tLast Modified: 12/03/2016\n\n\t\t\t\t\tSubmitted by: Heinz M Schaettler"
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|
1320977 | NSF | Grant | Standard Grant | NeTS: Small: Towards an Accurate, Geo-Aware, PoP-Level Perspective of the Internet's Inter-AS Connectivity | 47.070 | 05050000 | null | Darleen Fisher | 2013-10-01 | 2017-09-30 | 499,994 | 531,994 | 2013-08-20 | 2015-08-04 | Understanding where and how the more than 40,000 actively routed Autonomous Systems (ASes) in today's Internet interconnect is essential for meaningfully investigating a wide range of critical Internet-related problems such as the vulnerability of the Internet to physical damage. However, much of the published work on Internet topology has focused primarily on discovering the existence of such interconnections (e.g., logical connectivity such as AS-to-AS links or physical connectivity such as router-to-router links). Considerably less attention has been paid to the where and in how many different locations these interconnections have been established. For example, the often-studied AS-level view of the Internet is too coarse as mapping entire ASes to single geographic locations eliminates essential details (e.g. AS-level path diversity). At the same time, the popular router-level view of the Internet is not only too detailed, but also inherently difficult to capture.
Intellectual Merit: The main goal of this project is to design, develop and rigorously evaluate techniques to accurately map the geographic location of all the PoPs (Point-of-Presence) of a given target AS and determine the inter-AS connections that are established at each PoP (point of presence) of this AS. A significant fraction of the Internet's physical infrastructure (e.g. routers, switches) is hosted at a relatively small number of physical building complexes, called colocation (or colo) facilities or data centers that can be accurately geo-located. Thus, a core element of this project is the design of new targeted active measurement campaigns specifically developed to map a given colo facility by identifying not only all the PoPs of all the ASes present in that colo facility, but also the corresponding inter-AS connectivity that is visible to active probing at that location.
Broader Impact: The inferred PoP-level maps are leveraged to develop a new and improved simulation environment, called cBGP+, that is built on the existing simulator (cBGP) but supports real-world AS path diversity. This new simulator will enable many Internet stakeholders (e.g. ISPs, DHS) to meaningfully assess, evaluate, and predict the inter-AS reachability of the Internet in the presence of certain events or changes (e.g., political unrests or the results of natural or man-made disasters). | 0 | CSE | Directorate for Computer and Information Science and Engineering | CNS | Division Of Computer and Network Systems | 4900 | 4900 | [
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},
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"por_cntn": "<div class=\"porColContainerWBG\">\n<div class=\"porContentCol\"><p> </p>\n<p>Internet interconnections are the means by which networks exchange traffic between one another. These interconnections are typically established in facilities that have known geographic locations, and are owned and operated by so-called colocation and interconnection services providers (e.g., Equinix, CoreSite, and EdgeConneX). These previously under-studied colocation facilities and the critical role they play in solving the notoriously difficult problem of obtaining a comprehensive view of the structure and evolution of the interconnections in today's Internet were the focus of this project.</p>\n<p>The main outcome of the project was the design, development and evaluation of <em>mi<sup>2</sup></em>, a new approach for systematically mapping (both inferring and pinning) all private and public Internet Interconnections inside a given colocation facility. <em>mi<sup>2</sup></em> relies on the information derived from carefully designed traceroute-based measurement campaigns to infer the likely interconnections at a colcation facilityand leverages the Belief Propagation algorithm that has been shown to be an effective way for solving inference problems arising in diverse areas such as statistical physics, computer vision, and Artificial Intelligence. In particular, <em>mi<sup>2</sup></em> uses the Belief Propagation algorithm on a specially defined Markov Random Field graphical model to pin (geolocate) each end of inferred interconnections to the inside or outside of a target facility. <em>mi<sup>2</sup></em> was evaluated by applying it to a diverse set of US-based colocation facilities. The results were also compared against those obtained by two recently developed related techniques. The comparisons illustrate observed discrepancies that result from how the different techniques determine the ownership of (border) routers.</p>\n<p>As an important by-product, the project also revealed drastic changes in today's Internet interconnection ecosystem (e.g., new infrastructures in the form of cloud exchanges that offer new peering options in the form of virtual private interconnections to new customers in the form of enterprise networks without an AS number). These observed changes have far-reaching implications for future efforts aimed at obtaining an accurate and comprehensive map of the Internet's interconnections.</p>\n<p> </p><br>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t \tLast Modified: 04/20/2018<br>\n\t\t\t\t\tModified by: Reza Rejaie</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"porSideCol\"></div>\n</div>",
"por_txt_cntn": "\n \n\nInternet interconnections are the means by which networks exchange traffic between one another. These interconnections are typically established in facilities that have known geographic locations, and are owned and operated by so-called colocation and interconnection services providers (e.g., Equinix, CoreSite, and EdgeConneX). These previously under-studied colocation facilities and the critical role they play in solving the notoriously difficult problem of obtaining a comprehensive view of the structure and evolution of the interconnections in today's Internet were the focus of this project.\n\nThe main outcome of the project was the design, development and evaluation of mi2, a new approach for systematically mapping (both inferring and pinning) all private and public Internet Interconnections inside a given colocation facility. mi2 relies on the information derived from carefully designed traceroute-based measurement campaigns to infer the likely interconnections at a colcation facilityand leverages the Belief Propagation algorithm that has been shown to be an effective way for solving inference problems arising in diverse areas such as statistical physics, computer vision, and Artificial Intelligence. In particular, mi2 uses the Belief Propagation algorithm on a specially defined Markov Random Field graphical model to pin (geolocate) each end of inferred interconnections to the inside or outside of a target facility. mi2 was evaluated by applying it to a diverse set of US-based colocation facilities. The results were also compared against those obtained by two recently developed related techniques. The comparisons illustrate observed discrepancies that result from how the different techniques determine the ownership of (border) routers.\n\nAs an important by-product, the project also revealed drastic changes in today's Internet interconnection ecosystem (e.g., new infrastructures in the form of cloud exchanges that offer new peering options in the form of virtual private interconnections to new customers in the form of enterprise networks without an AS number). These observed changes have far-reaching implications for future efforts aimed at obtaining an accurate and comprehensive map of the Internet's interconnections.\n\n \n\n\t\t\t\t\tLast Modified: 04/20/2018\n\n\t\t\t\t\tSubmitted by: Reza Rejaie"
} |
|
1308508 | NSF | Grant | Contract Interagency Agreement | eOPF Maintenance | null | 02040003 | null | Jeffrey Cunningham | 2012-11-15 | 2013-11-30 | 26,040 | 113,123 | 2013-02-07 | 2018-08-13 | null | 0 | IRM | Office of Information & Resource Management | HRM | Division Of Human Resource Management | 4900 | 4900 | [
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|
1321665 | NSF | Grant | Continuing Grant | Washington Internships for Native Students - WINS 2013-2016 | 47.083 | 01060000 | 7032925151 | Bernice Anderson | 2013-06-01 | 2017-05-31 | 346,384 | 166,238 | 2013-05-17 | 2016-06-17 | The Washington Internship for Native Students, established under the auspices of The American University's Washington Semester Program, was developed in response to the White House Initiative to help American Indian, Alaskan Native and Native Hawaiian (AI/NA/HN) students develop knowledge and leadership skills necessary to enhance their potential to contribute to their tribal communities, and the nation. Having access to a significant pool of AI/NA/HN students, the program focuses on experiential learning by coupling internships with coursework and ensuring that traditional values and practices of sovereign nations and tribes are incorporated in the program. WINS will continue to collaborate with the National Science Foundation to provide internship placements for AI/NA/HN students, a group sorely under-represented in the STEM workforce. It is anticipated as a result of this effort, the NSF will serve as a conduit to broaden participation of this under-represented group, and diversify the future STEM enterprise, needed to keep the US competitive in a global environment. | 0 | O/D | Office Of The Director | OIA | OIA-Office of Integrative Activities | 4900 | 4900 | [
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"por_cntn": "<div class=\"porColContainerWBG\">\n<div class=\"porContentCol\"><p>Over the course of four years (2013-2017), American University’s School of Professional & Extended Studies (SPExS) hosted through its Washington Internships for Native Students (WINS) program, a concerted effort to connect more Native American, Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiians (AI/AN/NH) with policy makers and agencies in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) related fields. WINS has had a track-record of more than two decades of outreach to and support of AI/AN/NH students and communities and has brought thousands of undergraduate and graduate students to Washington DC to learn first-hand about the relationship between American Indian country and the Federal government and to gain greater understanding of and exposure to the STEM related professions, organizations and issues.</p>\n<p>Specifically, with this grant from the NSF, WINS was able to identify, recruit and support eleven (11) AI/AN/NH students with academic and professional interests in STEM related fields from across the country to join the National Science Foundation as interns in various offices. The grant sought to advance the NSF strategic goals of expanded representation of underrepresented groups and diverse institutions in NSF programs and of building capacity through education. </p>\n<p>WINS worked with tribal leaders, non-governmental organizations and professional associations, administration at tribal colleges and universities (some with STEM programming), national and regional student groups, American Indian media outlets, officials representing relevant scholarships and grants, and alumni of the WINS program to identify the most qualified candidates for the program. Selection criteria included not only subject matter interests and professional aspirations, but also geographic and cultural diversity. A comprehensive program of course work, site visits and alumni networking complemented the NSF internship placements to expose participating interns to a wide variety of perspectives, policy issues and prospective career options.</p>\n<p>As a consequence of funding and activities during this reporting period, we were able to expand the network of WINS participants in STEM fields and strengthen the national presence of NSF scholarship recipients in multiple regions. The students selected for NSF placements majored in agricultural sciences, life sciences and environmental sciences at institutions of higher learning across the South, Southwest, and the Great Plains. These students joined a network of more than 1100 WINS alumni since 1995. A steadily growing database of 1121 WINS alumni compiled during the grant period allows us to continue to reach out and draw on this diverse pool of talented individuals who also have been connected with each other via social media, notably on Facebook.</p>\n<p> Most importantly, NSF WINS Fellows gained in-depth exposure and knowledge to career and research opportunities in STEM fields and to the public sector, adding to a more diverse pool of talent available to the NSF and related agencies. For many of our students participating in the NSF WINS program, this is the first opportunity they have had to observe policy making first hand and to understand how research and policies interact and impact their own communities. NSF WINS Fellows also established their own professional networks of contacts in and out of government for future use. Students were able to gather new information for their own academic work, that they could not have acquired in their home communities or schools. A survey administered at the end of the Summer 2016 program noted the following kinds of impact for the students:</p>\n<p>- “I was able to learn more in depth about the Federal government and agency's role in 'Indian Country'. …the program provided information about the wide range of Indian Country that could not be learned from just a textbook.”</p>\n<p>- “It got me interested in public service.”</p>\n<p>-“This program provided me with an internship, something I otherwise would not have received.”</p>\n<p>- “I walked away with real life work experience, and a better understanding of what living in D.C. is like.”</p>\n<p>In addition, these students had a chance to connect with their own and peers’ cultures and cultural traditions. Not only did WINS students connect with thought leaders from across many different tribes and nations, but they also organized the annual “Pow Wow”, a cultural festival designed to celebrate their American Indian, Native Hawaiian and Alaska Native heritage. Again, for some students, this was the first time that they this kind of immersive exposure to their own cultures.</p>\n<p> Thus, the NSF Grant not only advanced NSF objectives to diversify and expand the next generation of STEM leaders and policy advocates, but also supported dissemination of ideas and professional experiences in STEM fields across a much wider range of underrepresented communities and across the country. Participants were able to draw important linkages between scientific research and policies and their own communities. </p>\n<p> </p><br>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t \tLast Modified: 09/29/2017<br>\n\t\t\t\t\tModified by: Carola Weil</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"porSideCol\"></div>\n</div>",
"por_txt_cntn": "\nOver the course of four years (2013-2017), American University?s School of Professional & Extended Studies (SPExS) hosted through its Washington Internships for Native Students (WINS) program, a concerted effort to connect more Native American, Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiians (AI/AN/NH) with policy makers and agencies in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) related fields. WINS has had a track-record of more than two decades of outreach to and support of AI/AN/NH students and communities and has brought thousands of undergraduate and graduate students to Washington DC to learn first-hand about the relationship between American Indian country and the Federal government and to gain greater understanding of and exposure to the STEM related professions, organizations and issues.\n\nSpecifically, with this grant from the NSF, WINS was able to identify, recruit and support eleven (11) AI/AN/NH students with academic and professional interests in STEM related fields from across the country to join the National Science Foundation as interns in various offices. The grant sought to advance the NSF strategic goals of expanded representation of underrepresented groups and diverse institutions in NSF programs and of building capacity through education. \n\nWINS worked with tribal leaders, non-governmental organizations and professional associations, administration at tribal colleges and universities (some with STEM programming), national and regional student groups, American Indian media outlets, officials representing relevant scholarships and grants, and alumni of the WINS program to identify the most qualified candidates for the program. Selection criteria included not only subject matter interests and professional aspirations, but also geographic and cultural diversity. A comprehensive program of course work, site visits and alumni networking complemented the NSF internship placements to expose participating interns to a wide variety of perspectives, policy issues and prospective career options.\n\nAs a consequence of funding and activities during this reporting period, we were able to expand the network of WINS participants in STEM fields and strengthen the national presence of NSF scholarship recipients in multiple regions. The students selected for NSF placements majored in agricultural sciences, life sciences and environmental sciences at institutions of higher learning across the South, Southwest, and the Great Plains. These students joined a network of more than 1100 WINS alumni since 1995. A steadily growing database of 1121 WINS alumni compiled during the grant period allows us to continue to reach out and draw on this diverse pool of talented individuals who also have been connected with each other via social media, notably on Facebook.\n\n Most importantly, NSF WINS Fellows gained in-depth exposure and knowledge to career and research opportunities in STEM fields and to the public sector, adding to a more diverse pool of talent available to the NSF and related agencies. For many of our students participating in the NSF WINS program, this is the first opportunity they have had to observe policy making first hand and to understand how research and policies interact and impact their own communities. NSF WINS Fellows also established their own professional networks of contacts in and out of government for future use. Students were able to gather new information for their own academic work, that they could not have acquired in their home communities or schools. A survey administered at the end of the Summer 2016 program noted the following kinds of impact for the students:\n\n- \"I was able to learn more in depth about the Federal government and agency's role in 'Indian Country'. …the program provided information about the wide range of Indian Country that could not be learned from just a textbook.\"\n\n- \"It got me interested in public service.\"\n\n-\"This program provided me with an internship, something I otherwise would not have received.\"\n\n- \"I walked away with real life work experience, and a better understanding of what living in D.C. is like.\"\n\nIn addition, these students had a chance to connect with their own and peers? cultures and cultural traditions. Not only did WINS students connect with thought leaders from across many different tribes and nations, but they also organized the annual \"Pow Wow\", a cultural festival designed to celebrate their American Indian, Native Hawaiian and Alaska Native heritage. Again, for some students, this was the first time that they this kind of immersive exposure to their own cultures.\n\n Thus, the NSF Grant not only advanced NSF objectives to diversify and expand the next generation of STEM leaders and policy advocates, but also supported dissemination of ideas and professional experiences in STEM fields across a much wider range of underrepresented communities and across the country. Participants were able to draw important linkages between scientific research and policies and their own communities. \n\n \n\n\t\t\t\t\tLast Modified: 09/29/2017\n\n\t\t\t\t\tSubmitted by: Carola Weil"
} |
|
1329255 | NSF | Grant | Standard Grant | Acoustic Foundations of Speech Perception | 47.075 | 04040000 | null | Uri Hasson | 2013-09-01 | 2017-06-30 | 475,958 | 475,958 | 2013-08-29 | 2013-08-29 | Our brains have evolved a highly-sophisticated auditory system for the analysis of sounds, which underlies more complicated abilities such as speech perception. We currently know very little about the organization of human auditory cortex at the interface between the auditory inputs from the peripheral sensory receptors in the ear and the higher-level language systems of the brain. Understanding the nature of the inputs to higher-level speech perception systems is critical to understanding what kind of information is ultimately used in speech perception and how this information is extracted computationally. With support from the National Science Foundation, Dr. Alyssa Brewer and colleagues Dr. Gregory Hickok and Dr. Kourosh Saberi will use functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to measure the functional organization of the human auditory cortex with a level of detail that has not previously been achieved. They will then use these measurements to examine how cortical responses to particular types of speech and speech-related stimuli relate to these lower-level cortical regions. This study will thus provide the first systematic measurements of the human speech perception system from the fundamental organization of auditory cortex to cortical speech representations.
Acquired and developmental disorders of hearing, speech and language affect millions of individuals. The knowledge gained from this study will give us a better understanding of the organization and function of these systems, which will have clinical benefits for the treatment of both peripheral auditory diseases and central language disorders. The research team will continue to share the results through "Brain Day" programs in the local K-8 elementary schools to bring the excitement of neuroscience research to the local communities. Furthermore, PI Brewer has developed ongoing "Brilliant Brain" workshops with Girls Inc., which include special presentations and summer workshops on the organization, function, and diseases of the brain. Girls Inc. is a non-profit organization that provides research and STEM-based experiences to girls ages 6-18 across the U.S. and Canada designed to help them navigate gender, economic, and social barriers. Finally, this study incorporates training of new neuroscientists at the undergraduate, graduate, and postdoctoral levels for whom these studies will serve as a foundation of neuroscience research. | 0 | SBE | Directorate for Social, Behavioral and Economic Sciences | BCS | Division of Behavioral and Cognitive Sciences | 4900 | 4900 | [
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"fund_name": "NSF RESEARCH & RELATED ACTIVIT",
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"por_cntn": "<div class=\"porColContainerWBG\">\n<div class=\"porContentCol\"><p>Acquired and developmental disorders of hearing, speech and language affect millions of individuals. Excellent progress has been made in understanding the peripheral auditory system and the neural basis of language disorders, leading to translational applications. Substantially less progress has been made in understanding the organization of the system at the interface between the auditory periphery and language systems, namely, human auditory cortex, the organization of which is largely inferred from animal studies and a handful of relatively course-grained imaging studies.</p>\n<p> </p>\n<p>The research funded by this grant has generated a once-in-a-generation leap forward in our understanding of the cortical organization of the human auditory system. When compared to the human visual system, the organization of the human auditory system is just beginning to be understood. Sounds are inherently spectral (ranging in frequency) and temporal (ranging in time), and modulated by intensity (ranging in loudness). Until recently, the primary theory of auditory cortical organization postulated that the fundamental unit of the auditory system was frequency response, which is distributed systematically in topographic patterns across auditory cortex (tonotopy). Research funded by this grant has fundamentally altered our understanding of the auditory system, clearly indicating two fundamental topographical dimensions of auditory cortex: frequency selectivity (tonotopy) and temporal selectivity (periodotopy). This organization mirrors the most basic characteristics of sound, and also reflects the organization of the visual system, which is similarly organized around visual responses of the retinae.</p>\n<p> </p>\n<p>We have demonstrated that human auditory cortex contains cells that are systematically organized with neurons representing nearby dimensional values (nearby frequencies or nearby temporal envelopes) located nearby on the cortical sheet. Furthermore, these dimensions are represented orthogonally to one another, such that a population of neurons represents each unique combination of spectral and temporal values in the range of human perception. Each complete set of spectrotemporal representations is known as an auditory field map (AFM). We have now shown that each hemisphere of the human brain contains more than twenty such AFMs, each of which is specialized to detect one or more auditory features. In fact, we also demonstrated that these AFMs are grouped into cloverleaf clusters in which each AFM is very specifically oriented relative to its neighbors despite not being oriented particularly strongly with respect to anatomical landmarks.</p>\n<p> </p>\n<p>This knowledge is incredibly important because the entire human auditory system deals with information that first enters cortex organized as we have demonstrated. All models of auditory system organization, ranging from low-level feature detection to high-level language processing, are thus affected by the data that has resulted from funding by this grant. From the perspective of impact for a fellow auditory neuroscientist, our findings provide an efficient method that can now localize at least forty AFMs in individual human subjects with minimal scan time for the subject compared to performing a localizer for each AFM individually. These results have already and will continue to overturn traditional models of the human cortical auditory system, revolutionizing our understanding of auditory processing and allowing future development of specialized methods to assess dysfunction and guide medical treatment.</p><br>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t \tLast Modified: 07/23/2018<br>\n\t\t\t\t\tModified by: Kourosh Saberi</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"porSideCol\"></div>\n</div>",
"por_txt_cntn": "\nAcquired and developmental disorders of hearing, speech and language affect millions of individuals. Excellent progress has been made in understanding the peripheral auditory system and the neural basis of language disorders, leading to translational applications. Substantially less progress has been made in understanding the organization of the system at the interface between the auditory periphery and language systems, namely, human auditory cortex, the organization of which is largely inferred from animal studies and a handful of relatively course-grained imaging studies.\n\n \n\nThe research funded by this grant has generated a once-in-a-generation leap forward in our understanding of the cortical organization of the human auditory system. When compared to the human visual system, the organization of the human auditory system is just beginning to be understood. Sounds are inherently spectral (ranging in frequency) and temporal (ranging in time), and modulated by intensity (ranging in loudness). Until recently, the primary theory of auditory cortical organization postulated that the fundamental unit of the auditory system was frequency response, which is distributed systematically in topographic patterns across auditory cortex (tonotopy). Research funded by this grant has fundamentally altered our understanding of the auditory system, clearly indicating two fundamental topographical dimensions of auditory cortex: frequency selectivity (tonotopy) and temporal selectivity (periodotopy). This organization mirrors the most basic characteristics of sound, and also reflects the organization of the visual system, which is similarly organized around visual responses of the retinae.\n\n \n\nWe have demonstrated that human auditory cortex contains cells that are systematically organized with neurons representing nearby dimensional values (nearby frequencies or nearby temporal envelopes) located nearby on the cortical sheet. Furthermore, these dimensions are represented orthogonally to one another, such that a population of neurons represents each unique combination of spectral and temporal values in the range of human perception. Each complete set of spectrotemporal representations is known as an auditory field map (AFM). We have now shown that each hemisphere of the human brain contains more than twenty such AFMs, each of which is specialized to detect one or more auditory features. In fact, we also demonstrated that these AFMs are grouped into cloverleaf clusters in which each AFM is very specifically oriented relative to its neighbors despite not being oriented particularly strongly with respect to anatomical landmarks.\n\n \n\nThis knowledge is incredibly important because the entire human auditory system deals with information that first enters cortex organized as we have demonstrated. All models of auditory system organization, ranging from low-level feature detection to high-level language processing, are thus affected by the data that has resulted from funding by this grant. From the perspective of impact for a fellow auditory neuroscientist, our findings provide an efficient method that can now localize at least forty AFMs in individual human subjects with minimal scan time for the subject compared to performing a localizer for each AFM individually. These results have already and will continue to overturn traditional models of the human cortical auditory system, revolutionizing our understanding of auditory processing and allowing future development of specialized methods to assess dysfunction and guide medical treatment.\n\n\t\t\t\t\tLast Modified: 07/23/2018\n\n\t\t\t\t\tSubmitted by: Kourosh Saberi"
} |
|
1207065 | NSF | Grant | Continuing Grant | Thermodynamic and Atomic Vibrational Properties of Metal Nanoparticles: Size, Support, and Adsorbate Effects | 47.049 | 03070000 | null | Judith Yang | 2013-09-15 | 2017-08-31 | 345,000 | 345,000 | 2013-07-09 | 2015-07-30 | TECHNICAL SUMMARY:
This project aims to gain insight into the size-dependent evolution of the melting and Debye temperatures, thermal expansion coefficient, sintering behavior and phonon density of states of supported metallic nanoparticles. As nanoparticle size decreases, it becomes progressively more difficult to produce samples with a well-defined size distribution. Small changes in size produce a large change in the fraction of atoms at free surfaces relative to those in contact with the support. Small nanoparticles are expected to be strongly affected by their local environment, such as the supporting materials and surface adsorbates. This study addresses these challenges through a combination of highly controlled sample synthesis to produce large volumes of well-defined ordered metal nanostructures through inverse micelle encapsulation and highly sensitive in situ and ex situ characterization techniques at shared user facilities (Brookhaven National Laboratory-BNL and Argonne National Laboratory) as well as in the PI's research lab. The material systems under investigation include Pt and Fe nanoparticles supported on strongly (Al2O3, SrTiO3) and weakly (SiO2) interacting substrates. The characterization techniques available for this project are: (i) atomic force microscopy (AFM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) for structural characterization, (ii) X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) for electronic and chemical characterization, and (iii) X-ray absorption spectroscopy (EXAFS and XANES) and nuclear resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (NRIXS) for structural, thermodynamic and lattice-vibrational characterization. The intellectual merit of this application relies on: (i) the improvement of our current understanding of the thermal properties of metal nanoparticles < 3 nm and (ii) how these characteristics change because of particle size-effects, nanoparticle-adsorbate and nanoparticle-support interactions. This study will contribute insight into the role of the support and its pre-treatment on nanoparticle sintering phenomena, temperature-dependent atomic order-disorder transitions and structural phase transitions involving soft phonon modes.
NON-TECHNICAL SUMMARY:
Anomalous thermodynamic properties, such as superheating, negative thermal expansion and ultra-low thermal conductivities, have been reported for nanostructured metals. The origins of these effects are heavily debated. This is due in part to the scientific challenge posed by the complexity of these systems and the need to consider the influence of a number of variables simultaneously, such as the nanoparticle geometry and environment. Through this project, insight into the evolution of important characteristics, such as the melting temperature, thermal expansion coefficient and sintering behavior, of nanoparticles with decreasing size will be sought. A deeper knowledge of the thermodynamic properties of nano-metallic systems may lead to future advances in nanotechnology and materials science, including improving the thermal stability and operation regime of nanoparticles, heat generation and distribution in plasmonic nano-antennae, thermoelectric applications, and nanostructured metal-organic composites for solar cell applications. This project will contribute to the training of PhD and undergraduate students in university and national laboratory settings and will provide the first research experience to two K-12 students. The PI will work with the local Science Center in the organization of an exhibit entitled "Art in Science, Science in Art," intended to draw the attention of the general public to state-of-the-art scientific research in the nanoscience area through visually appealing posters, including microscopy images from the proposed research. | 0 | MPS | Directorate for Mathematical and Physical Sciences | DMR | Division Of Materials Research | 4900 | 4900 | [
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"fund_oblg_amt": 115000,
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"fund_oblg_amt": 115000,
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{
"fund_oblg_amt": 115000,
"fund_oblg_fiscal_yr": 2015
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"por_cntn": "<div class=\"porColContainerWBG\">\n<div class=\"porContentCol\"><p>This project investigated the structure, electronic and vibrational properties of mono- and bimetallic nanoparticles and thin films and their evolution as a function of the nanoparticle size, shape, support, surface ligands and environment (gaseous or liquid). In particular, in depth insight into the modifications of the phonon density of states taking place in nanomaterials was achieved. Especial emphasis was given to finding correlations between each of the former parameters and novel thermodynamic properties of the materials.</p>\n<p>An array of target material systems were used, including free and ligated-gold, platinum and palladium nanoparticles, deposited on Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, SiO<sub>2</sub>, TiO<sub>2</sub>, and carbon as well as ZnO nanowires and La-Fe-Si films.</p>\n<p>Furthermore, within this research program, state of the art microscopy, spectroscpy and scattering methods were used to improve, among others, the understanding of the origin of the excellent magneto- and barocaloric properties of materials such as La-Fe-Si. Such methods encompass nuclear resonant inelastic X-ray scattering, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray absorption fine-structure spectroscopy, atomic force microscoy and scanning tunneling microscopy.</p>\n<p>In addition, it was shown that the modifications of the phonon density of states in different chemical environment, including those taking place in an electrolyte and under potential control can be used as signature for structural and chemical changes in catalysts under reaction conditions,</p><br>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t \tLast Modified: 04/25/2018<br>\n\t\t\t\t\tModified by: Beatriz Roldan Cuenya</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"porSideCol\"></div>\n</div>",
"por_txt_cntn": "\nThis project investigated the structure, electronic and vibrational properties of mono- and bimetallic nanoparticles and thin films and their evolution as a function of the nanoparticle size, shape, support, surface ligands and environment (gaseous or liquid). In particular, in depth insight into the modifications of the phonon density of states taking place in nanomaterials was achieved. Especial emphasis was given to finding correlations between each of the former parameters and novel thermodynamic properties of the materials.\n\nAn array of target material systems were used, including free and ligated-gold, platinum and palladium nanoparticles, deposited on Al2O3, SiO2, TiO2, and carbon as well as ZnO nanowires and La-Fe-Si films.\n\nFurthermore, within this research program, state of the art microscopy, spectroscpy and scattering methods were used to improve, among others, the understanding of the origin of the excellent magneto- and barocaloric properties of materials such as La-Fe-Si. Such methods encompass nuclear resonant inelastic X-ray scattering, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray absorption fine-structure spectroscopy, atomic force microscoy and scanning tunneling microscopy.\n\nIn addition, it was shown that the modifications of the phonon density of states in different chemical environment, including those taking place in an electrolyte and under potential control can be used as signature for structural and chemical changes in catalysts under reaction conditions,\n\n\t\t\t\t\tLast Modified: 04/25/2018\n\n\t\t\t\t\tSubmitted by: Beatriz Roldan Cuenya"
} |
|
1300138 | NSF | Grant | Continuing Grant | Extremal and Probabilistic Questions on Hypergraphs | 47.049 | 03040000 | 7032924885 | Tomek Bartoszynski | 2013-08-01 | 2019-07-31 | 350,001 | 357,151 | 2013-07-31 | 2017-06-10 | The PI will develop the theory of hypergraphs, or families of sets, focusing on extremal and probabilistic questions. Three directions of study are proposed: quasirandomness, extremal Turan-type problems, and ramsey theory. In each of these areas, the PI will extend classical results in graph theory that have been around for decades to hypergraphs. For example, extending the foundational results of Thomason and Chung-Graham-Wilson on quasirandom graphs to hypergraphs has received considerable attention since the early 1990's and the PI has made further progress recently; he plans to explore the sparse case in this project. The PI (together with coauthors) has recently extended the Erdos-Gallai theorem about paths and cycles in graphs to hypergraphs; further extensions of the new method that was developed will be explored for other forbidden structures. Finally, there have been relatively few results in hypergraph Ramsey theory since some basic bounds of Erdos and others from the 1950's and the PI will use modern approaches to tackle some outstanding problems in these areas.
The extremal and probabilistic theory of hypergraphs impacts several areas of Mathematics (number theory, combinatorics, logic) as well as other fields like information theory, coding theory, and theoretical computer science. The study of random structures and randomized algorithms has gained particular importance in recent years due to the many large real world networks that have emerged and are being studied. Developing new techniques to study these complex systems will be a major task for future researchers. The theory of quasirandom hypergraphs may form a theoretical foundation for studying large scale behavior of more complicated networks where groups of more than two nodes are connected to each other. One theme common to most problems that will be investigated in this project is to understand the quantitative relationship between the local and global behavior of a large system.
| 0 | MPS | Directorate for Mathematical and Physical Sciences | DMS | Division Of Mathematical Sciences | 4900 | 4900 | [
{
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{
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"por_cntn": "<div class=\"porColContainerWBG\">\n<div class=\"porContentCol\"><p>The project studied extremal questions on hypergraphs. Many theoretical developments resulted from this award. These include furthering our understanding of some of the most basic questions in Ramsey theory for hypergraphs, extending the classical Turan theory from graphs to multigraphs, solving basic enumeration questions for hypergraph cycles, and developing the extremal theory of convex geometric graphs and hypergraphs. </p>\n<p>The most important research that resulted from this award was in hypergraph Ramsey theory. More specifically, substantial progress was made on a problem posed by Erdos and Hajnal in 1972 about the transition of generalized Ramsey numbers. The two main questions posed by Erdos and Hajnal were solved, one in joint work of the PI and Suk, and another in joint work of the PI and Razborov. The second result was especially notable as it settled a question for which Paul Erdos offered a $500 prize. As expected, it was necessary for new methods to be developed for both probems, and we expect that these new approaches will have impact well into the future.</p>\n<p>In addition to the intellectual outcomes produced by the award as described above, there were other substantial broader impacts. Five Ph.D. students were supervised and successfully graduated. They now have employment in academia and industry, approximately 50 lectures were given by the PI, at both national and international venues, conferences were organized, and local outreach was performed by teaching middle school students in the Chicago area.</p><br>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t \tLast Modified: 08/01/2019<br>\n\t\t\t\t\tModified by: Dhruv Mubayi</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"porSideCol\"></div>\n</div>",
"por_txt_cntn": "\nThe project studied extremal questions on hypergraphs. Many theoretical developments resulted from this award. These include furthering our understanding of some of the most basic questions in Ramsey theory for hypergraphs, extending the classical Turan theory from graphs to multigraphs, solving basic enumeration questions for hypergraph cycles, and developing the extremal theory of convex geometric graphs and hypergraphs. \n\nThe most important research that resulted from this award was in hypergraph Ramsey theory. More specifically, substantial progress was made on a problem posed by Erdos and Hajnal in 1972 about the transition of generalized Ramsey numbers. The two main questions posed by Erdos and Hajnal were solved, one in joint work of the PI and Suk, and another in joint work of the PI and Razborov. The second result was especially notable as it settled a question for which Paul Erdos offered a $500 prize. As expected, it was necessary for new methods to be developed for both probems, and we expect that these new approaches will have impact well into the future.\n\nIn addition to the intellectual outcomes produced by the award as described above, there were other substantial broader impacts. Five Ph.D. students were supervised and successfully graduated. They now have employment in academia and industry, approximately 50 lectures were given by the PI, at both national and international venues, conferences were organized, and local outreach was performed by teaching middle school students in the Chicago area.\n\n\t\t\t\t\tLast Modified: 08/01/2019\n\n\t\t\t\t\tSubmitted by: Dhruv Mubayi"
} |
|
1335276 | NSF | Grant | Standard Grant | Nanofibers from Multilayered Forced Assembly Polymer Films | 47.041 | 07030000 | null | Tom Kuech | 2013-09-01 | 2017-08-31 | 299,963 | 299,963 | 2013-08-24 | 2013-08-24 | This grant provides funding for the development of a novel processing approach for the scalable and versatile fabrication of polymer nanofibers. Specifically, the approach is based on an unusual combination of conventional polymer processing, namely co-extrusion, and multi-layering with transverse cutting. The major aims of this proposal are (1) to provide fundamental understanding of this novel process; (2) to assess the flexibility of the polymer systems amenable to nanofiber fabrication; and (3) to examine targeted biomedical applications which build upon orientation and cross-sectional variations. It is our goal to push the processing envelope to obtain small diameter nanofibers (for example, 75-200 nm) with variations in cross-sectional area to ultimately probe surface area and porosity limits. We will also integrate a fiber drawing unit with accurate temperature control immediately after the extrusion system as an in-situ takeoff and orienting unit, which will largely increase production efficiency and add significant strength to the fibers due to chain orientation.
If successful, the results of this research will provide a deeper understanding of this novel process and a detailed assessment of the scope of polymer systems that are amenable to fiber fabrication via this unique process. Also, it is expected that the results of this research will reveal the potentially broad impact of the technology, with a specific focus on applications in the area of human health, including nanofiber scaffolding for regenerative medicine and drug delivery. The proposed work will be an important contribution to the area of polymer processing and can lay the foundation for an entirely new polymer nanofiber manufacturing process. Moreover, the work can lead to the development of important applications of polymer nanofibers that are impractical using conventional nanofiber processing methods. | 0 | ENG | Directorate for Engineering | CMMI | Division of Civil, Mechanical, and Manufacturing Innovation | 4900 | 4900 | [
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] | null |
|
1250917 | NSF | Grant | Standard Grant | Examining the mentoring of undergraduates engaged in science research: An empirical study of undergraduate-postgraduate-faculty triads | 47.076 | 11090000 | null | Finbarr Sloane | 2013-10-01 | 2014-10-31 | 382,213 | 382,213 | 2013-09-20 | 2013-09-20 | PROJECT SUMMARY
The PI proposes to conduct a 2-year empirical study that will: (1) identify the mentoring structures that are empirically observable in undergraduate research experiences at research universities, in terms of the strength and function of relationships within the undergraduate-postgraduate-faculty triad; (2) examine how different mentoring structures relate to the cognitive, behavioral, and affective outcomes undergraduates realize from participating in research; and (3) determine the extent to which women and underrepresented minority undergraduates experience different mentoring structures or realize outcomes differentially in comparison to majority students. | 0 | EDU | Directorate for STEM Education | DRL | Division of Research on Learning in Formal and Informal Settings (DRL) | 4900 | 4900 | [
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|
1266063 | NSF | Grant | Standard Grant | Collaborative Research: Needles with High Inclination Angle Cutting Edge and Polished Surfaces for High Performance Biopsy | 47.041 | 07030000 | null | Bruce Kramer | 2013-08-01 | 2017-07-31 | 129,999 | 149,999 | 2013-04-15 | 2015-01-23 | The objective of this project is to improve the fundamental understanding of needle design and manufacturing in order to enable more efficient needle core biopsy. The tissue biopsy length will be increased by optimizing the high-inclination-angle needle cutting edges and smoothing the needle surfaces to reduce friction at the tissue-needle interface and thereby reduce the required cutting forces. This project involves three tasks. Task 1 is to realize simultaneous internal and external polishing of 18-gauge stainless steel needle tubes using magnetic abrasive finishing. Task 2 is to design and machine (i.e., grind and polish) the high-inclination-angle needle cutting edges. Task 3 is to measure the friction force between tissue and the needle interior, develop the mathematical model of the biopsy length as a function of the needle cutting edge and internal friction force, and optimize the needle design and manufacture to give the maximum biopsy length possible.
If successful, the outcomes of this research will reveal the micro-machining (deformation and cutting) mechanisms of soft tissue using the engineered biopsy needles. Modifications to the existing metal-cutting models and observations of new phenomena in cutting tissue can broaden the application of the traditional field of machining to biomedical and healthcare components. Biopsy is a widely used medical procedure in which a tissue sample is cut and removed for examination to identify and diagnose diseases. The improvement in the tissue-cutting efficiency will reduce pain and improve accuracy in pathology diagnosis, and the innovative needle design and manufacturing will be translatable to any field of medicine that uses needles. The research activities will be integrated into graduate and undergraduate courses creating a learning environment that engages the students in the university engineering experience and enhances their long-term retention in engineering careers. | 0 | ENG | Directorate for Engineering | CMMI | Division of Civil, Mechanical, and Manufacturing Innovation | 4900 | 4900 | [
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},
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"por_cntn": "<div class=\"porColContainerWBG\">\n<div class=\"porContentCol\"><p><strong>Needles with Less Pain and Better Diagnostic Accuracy</strong></p>\n<p> This research studies the needle cutting edge and inside surface finish to reduce the insertion forces and increase the tissue sample length in core needle biopsy, which is widely used in active surveillance for low risk prostate cancer. In prostate biopsy, a hollow needle is inserted into the cancer site in which the tissue is cut by the needle tip for medical examination to determine the type of cancer. Longer tissue length has a better chance that cancer will be found. The current needle is limited due to lacking a good cutting edge geometry and rough inside surface. Good cutting edge will have lower insertion force and less pain. Smoother inside surface will have a lower friction force and longer length for tissue in the needle. Limited tissue length often leads to false negative diagnosis and delay the treatments.</p>\n<p> This project has established the fundamental understanding of the needle insertion forces and surface roughness on the tissue core length. To increase the tissue core length, the magnetic abrasive finishing (MAF) technique (see Fig. 1) was applied to polish the needle inner surface, aiming to decrease the friction force. MAF can lower the needle insertion force (see Fig. 2) and yield longer core length by significantly reducing the inner surface roughness. Smoothly polished needle can lead to smallest friction force and longer tissue length.</p>\n<p> Needle is the most common feature in medical devices. The knowledge gained from this project can improve the minimally invasive needle procedures in clinic. Large volume of biopsy in each needle insertion on the suspicious cancer site is critical to improve the accuracy of diagnosis. Research lays the foundation for new needle biopsy device with sharp geometry and good surface finish for effective needle biopsy. The finding can be applied to various needles in different clinical procedures such as liver, kidney, pancreatic cancer diagnosis. </p>\n<p> This Project Outcomes Report for the General Public is displayed verbatim as submitted by the Principal Investigator (PI) for this award. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this Report are those of the PI and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation; NSF has not approved or endorsed its content.</p><br>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t \tLast Modified: 05/12/2017<br>\n\t\t\t\t\tModified by: Albert J Shih</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"porSideCol\">\n<div class=\"each-gallery\">\n<div class=\"galContent\" id=\"gallery0\">\n<div class=\"photoCount\" id=\"photoCount0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tImages (<span id=\"selectedPhoto0\">1</span> of <span class=\"totalNumber\"></span>)\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</div>\n<div class=\"galControls\" id=\"controls0\"></div>\n<div class=\"galSlideshow\" id=\"slideshow0\"></div>\n<div class=\"galEmbox\" id=\"embox\">\n<div class=\"image-title\"></div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"galNavigation\" id=\"navigation0\">\n<ul class=\"thumbs\" id=\"thumbs0\">\n<li>\n<a href=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2017/1266063/1266063_10241117_1494561953667_Fig.1--rgov-214x142.jpg\" original=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2017/1266063/1266063_10241117_1494561953667_Fig.1--rgov-800width.jpg\" title=\"Fig 1\"><img src=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2017/1266063/1266063_10241117_1494561953667_Fig.1--rgov-66x44.jpg\" alt=\"Fig 1\"></a>\n<div class=\"imageCaptionContainer\">\n<div class=\"imageCaption\">Needle inside surface</div>\n<div class=\"imageCredit\">Albert Shih</div>\n<div class=\"imagePermisssions\">Public Domain</div>\n<div class=\"imageSubmitted\">Albert J Shih</div>\n<div class=\"imageTitle\">Fig 1</div>\n</div>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a href=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2017/1266063/1266063_10241117_1494562167502_Fig.2--rgov-214x142.jpg\" original=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2017/1266063/1266063_10241117_1494562167502_Fig.2--rgov-800width.jpg\" title=\"Fig 2\"><img src=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2017/1266063/1266063_10241117_1494562167502_Fig.2--rgov-66x44.jpg\" alt=\"Fig 2\"></a>\n<div class=\"imageCaptionContainer\">\n<div class=\"imageCaption\">Insertion force of unpolished and internally polished needles</div>\n<div class=\"imageCredit\">Albert Shih</div>\n<div class=\"imagePermisssions\">Copyrighted</div>\n<div class=\"imageSubmitted\">Albert J Shih</div>\n<div class=\"imageTitle\">Fig 2</div>\n</div>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>",
"por_txt_cntn": "\nNeedles with Less Pain and Better Diagnostic Accuracy\n\n This research studies the needle cutting edge and inside surface finish to reduce the insertion forces and increase the tissue sample length in core needle biopsy, which is widely used in active surveillance for low risk prostate cancer. In prostate biopsy, a hollow needle is inserted into the cancer site in which the tissue is cut by the needle tip for medical examination to determine the type of cancer. Longer tissue length has a better chance that cancer will be found. The current needle is limited due to lacking a good cutting edge geometry and rough inside surface. Good cutting edge will have lower insertion force and less pain. Smoother inside surface will have a lower friction force and longer length for tissue in the needle. Limited tissue length often leads to false negative diagnosis and delay the treatments.\n\n This project has established the fundamental understanding of the needle insertion forces and surface roughness on the tissue core length. To increase the tissue core length, the magnetic abrasive finishing (MAF) technique (see Fig. 1) was applied to polish the needle inner surface, aiming to decrease the friction force. MAF can lower the needle insertion force (see Fig. 2) and yield longer core length by significantly reducing the inner surface roughness. Smoothly polished needle can lead to smallest friction force and longer tissue length.\n\n Needle is the most common feature in medical devices. The knowledge gained from this project can improve the minimally invasive needle procedures in clinic. Large volume of biopsy in each needle insertion on the suspicious cancer site is critical to improve the accuracy of diagnosis. Research lays the foundation for new needle biopsy device with sharp geometry and good surface finish for effective needle biopsy. The finding can be applied to various needles in different clinical procedures such as liver, kidney, pancreatic cancer diagnosis. \n\n This Project Outcomes Report for the General Public is displayed verbatim as submitted by the Principal Investigator (PI) for this award. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this Report are those of the PI and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation; NSF has not approved or endorsed its content.\n\n\t\t\t\t\tLast Modified: 05/12/2017\n\n\t\t\t\t\tSubmitted by: Albert J Shih"
} |
|
1340233 | NSF | CoopAgrmnt | Cooperative Agreement | EarthCube Test Enterprise Governance: An Agile Approach | 47.050 | 06010000 | null | Eva Zanzerkia | 2013-09-15 | 2016-09-30 | 2,999,789 | 3,599,687 | 2013-09-26 | 2016-09-21 | This project for Test Enterprise Governance outlines an agile model to identify, test and evaluate governance models to manage the development of Geosciences cyberinfrastructure. This model seeks broad engagement and participation of the EarthCube stakeholders to define and assess governance models while seeking evaluation and cross-checks from advisory committees and evaluation mechanisms.
This proposal employs an iterative deployment across the range of EarthCube stakeholders to encourage transparency, consensus, and inclusiveness. A broad coalition of stakeholder groups will comprise the "Assembly? to serve as a preliminary venue for evaluating and testing governance models in Stage I, while a "Secretariat" will act as the coordinating body throughout the project, carrying out duties such as planning, organizing, communicating, and reporting and serve as an a priori governance test scenario itself. To ensure broader end-user participation in evaluating governance models, a "Crowd-Source? approach will be used for members not involved in the Assembly.
In Stage II, a community selected test governance pilot will be deployed. The organizational structure will be demonstrated and evaluated. The structure and activities related to Stage II demonstration will depend heavily on the outcomes of Stage I. The role of the test governance demonstration is to facilitate community convergence on a reference architecture, procedures for standards, and coordination among emerging EarthCube elements.
The agile approach for Test Enterprise Governance has the potential to advance knowledge by providing community-guided solutions to the governance of cyberinfrastructure for the geosciences. It intends to incorporate multiple science disciplines and encourage broader participation of early career scientists. This proposal encourages cross-disciplinary research and discovery, not only across core science disciplines but also the computer and information sciences.
By building a collaborative, virtual community of practice, this proposal will enable distributed knowledge communities to cooperate, pool resources and work together across disciplines, geography, and cultures. Building upon existing NSF investments in cyberinfrastructure, this proposal allows for, and enables, a diverse set of end users previously unengaged in discussions within cyberinfrastructure - to define expectations, decision-making and leadership processes, leading to a sustainable and adaptable cyberinfrastructure for the geosciences that is extensible and scalable.
A significant responsibility of the Test Enterprise Governance is facilitation of geosciences community activities related to cyberinfrastructure, data policies and standards, and outreach related to these issues. The project will provide web services, forum and other engagement activities to facilitiate this outreach.
| 0 | GEO | Directorate for Geosciences | RISE | Integrative and Collaborative Education and Research (ICER) | 4900 | 4900 | [
{
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},
{
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"pi_first_name": "Tina",
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},
{
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"pi_end_date": "2013-12-18",
"pi_first_name": "Ilya",
"pi_full_name": "Ilya Zaslavsky",
"pi_last_name": "Zaslavsky",
"pi_mid_init": "",
"pi_role": "Former Co-Principal Investigator",
"pi_start_date": "2013-09-26",
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{
"nsf_id": "000227419",
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"pi_end_date": null,
"pi_first_name": "Christopher",
"pi_full_name": "Christopher M Keane",
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"pi_mid_init": "M",
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"pi_start_date": "2013-09-26",
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{
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"pi_end_date": null,
"pi_first_name": "Erin",
"pi_full_name": "Erin M Robinson",
"pi_last_name": "Robinson",
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{
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"por_cntn": "<div class=\"porColContainerWBG\">\n<div class=\"porContentCol\"><p id=\"docs-internal-guid-920090cd-27b4-9599-e00b-96408d5f52f6\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-family: Calibri; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;\">The EarthCube Test Enterprise Governance Project (ECTEG), awarded to and executed by the Tucson-based Arizona Geological Survey (AZGS), met the specific responsibilities and core expectations required in the National Science Foundation EarthCube Solicitation 13-529, Amendment I. The Project’s Principal Investigator was M. Lee Allison, AZGS Director and State Geologist, until his untimely death two months before the Project ended. Professional staff support was provided by Kimberly Patten, Anna Katz, Kate Kretschmann, Rachael Black, Rowena Davis, James Ryan, Tina Lee, Mike Conway, Pam Barry-Santos, Stephanie Mar, Kendra Decker, Randi Bellassai, Christopher Hanson, Cindy Dick, and Bruce Caron. <br /></span></p>\n<p> </p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-family: Calibri; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;\">During its three-year existence, ECTEG successfully implemented two stages of activities, Planning and Demonstration, designed to establish a voluntary, community-based organizational framework through which an EarthCube cyberinfrastructure could be developed. The goal of an EarthCube cyberinfrastructure is to transform geoscience research by improving access, sharing, visualization, and analysis of all forms of geosciences data and related resources. </span></p>\n<p> </p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-family: Calibri; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;\">The following </span><span style=\"font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-family: Calibri; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;\">key outcomes</span><span style=\"font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-family: Calibri; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;\"> resulted from ECTEG’s work with the EarthCube community:</span></p>\n<p> </p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-family: Calibri; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;\">EarthCube Governance </span></p>\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-family: Calibri; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-family: Calibri; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;\">The community governance nominating and election processes were designed, established and implemented for all seats on six EarthCube governance groups, completing the governance structure as currently defined.</span></p>\n</li>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-family: Calibri; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-family: Calibri; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;\">Key governance and cyberinfastructure concept documents, including an EarthCube charter, governance groups’ charters, a Science Strategic Plan, a Technology Strategic Plan, a Strategic Roadmap and Implementation Plan, and an Architecture Development Plan were developed and approved by the community or are currently in preparation.</span></p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p> </p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-family: Calibri; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;\">Cyberinfrastructure Building</span></p>\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-family: Calibri; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-family: Calibri; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;\">ECTEG helped establish and execute regular virtual meetings (teleconferences), workshops, and face-to-face meetings for the EarthCube community to coordinate, organize, set priorities, and define goals, standards, and boundaries for cyberinfrastructure development. </span></p>\n</li>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-family: Calibri; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-family: Calibri; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;\">Progress towards community convergence on a viable reference architecture was made by designing, establishing, and undertaking processes and procedures for gathering, sharing and validating broad community input and points of disagreement and consensus.</span></p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p> </p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-family: Calibri; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;\">Community Building</span></p>\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-family: Calibri; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-family: Calibri; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;\">ECTEG facilitated and supported opportunities for EarthCube working groups, governance groups, and funded project teams to engage with each other and with the broader community to gather requirements for the cyberinfrastructure, to define priorities for development, and to share milestones and achievements towards fulfillment of their mission and goals. </span></p>\n</li>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-family: Calibri; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-family: Calibri; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;\">The vision, mission, and goals of EarthCube were widely broadcast to the larger geosciences communities through ECTEG’s participation, posters, exhibits, and presentations at more than 20 conferences and annual meetings.</span></p>\n</li>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-family: Calibri; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-family: Calibri; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;\">ECTEG managed Twitter and Facebook accounts to disseminate news, grow the community, and provide a platform for cohesive communication. ECTEG also produced a Communications Plan aimed at growing the EarthCube community through targeted messaging to research scientists and other relevant professions. </span></p>\n</li>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-family: Calibri; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-family: Calibri; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;\">ECTEG disseminated weekly updates and monthly newsletters to provide members with opportunities for outreach and collaboration across governance groups and funded projects</span></p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\">\n<br />\n</ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\">\n<br />\n</ul>\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-family: Calibri; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;\">ECTEG makes the following </span><span style=\"font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-family: Calibri; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;\">recommendations</span><span style=\"font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-family: Calibri; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;\"> for the governance of the EarthCube Project going forward:</span></p>\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-family: Calibri; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-family: Calibri; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;\">Improve transparency of the Leadership Council’s decision-making processes by prioritizing key decisions to be made within its purview, by delegating decision-making authority to lower-level governance groups for certain activities and efforts, and by delegating responsibility to the EarthCube Science Support Office for implementation of LC-approved EarthCube policies and programs.</span></p>\n</li>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-family: Calibri; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-family: Calibri; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;\">To reduce volunteer burnout, utilize the resources of the EarthCube Science Support Office as a corporate management arm of the EarthCube Governance to implement governance-approved decisions, policies, and programs. </span></p>\n</li>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-family: Calibri; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-family: Calibri; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;\">Establish metrics to evaluate progress and successful achievements with regard to cyberinfrastructure development and community adoption as it pertains to collaborative geosciences research and discoveries. </span></p>\n</li>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-family: Calibri; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-family: Calibri; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;\">Establish a strong ‘capacity building/training’ program to engage the next generation of geoscientists with EarthCube cyberinfrastructure and seek and use their feedback to continually upgrade and improve the utility of the cyberinfrastructure.</span></p>\n</li>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-family: Calibri; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-family: Calibri; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;\">Step up efforts to seek out and leverage externally-developed computational tools and services where they can be used to expand the EarthCube cyberinfrastructure resources;and develop and pursue collaborations and validation tactics with external data and sciences organizations whose efforts/goals overlap with EarthCube’s. </span></p>\n</li>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-family: Calibri; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-family: Calibri; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;\">Incentivize use of EarthCube cyberinfrastructure resources, particularly by Early Career domain scientists, whose engagement with EarthCube cyberinfrastructure will broaden and define how collaborative geosciences research gets done in the 21st century. </span></p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-family: Calibri; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;\"> </span></p><br>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t \tLast Modified: 12/30/2016<br>\n\t\t\t\t\tModified by: Tina T Lee</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"porSideCol\"></div>\n</div>",
"por_txt_cntn": "The EarthCube Test Enterprise Governance Project (ECTEG), awarded to and executed by the Tucson-based Arizona Geological Survey (AZGS), met the specific responsibilities and core expectations required in the National Science Foundation EarthCube Solicitation 13-529, Amendment I. The Project?s Principal Investigator was M. Lee Allison, AZGS Director and State Geologist, until his untimely death two months before the Project ended. Professional staff support was provided by Kimberly Patten, Anna Katz, Kate Kretschmann, Rachael Black, Rowena Davis, James Ryan, Tina Lee, Mike Conway, Pam Barry-Santos, Stephanie Mar, Kendra Decker, Randi Bellassai, Christopher Hanson, Cindy Dick, and Bruce Caron. \n\n\n \nDuring its three-year existence, ECTEG successfully implemented two stages of activities, Planning and Demonstration, designed to establish a voluntary, community-based organizational framework through which an EarthCube cyberinfrastructure could be developed. The goal of an EarthCube cyberinfrastructure is to transform geoscience research by improving access, sharing, visualization, and analysis of all forms of geosciences data and related resources. \n\n \nThe following key outcomes resulted from ECTEG?s work with the EarthCube community:\n\n \nEarthCube Governance \n\n\nThe community governance nominating and election processes were designed, established and implemented for all seats on six EarthCube governance groups, completing the governance structure as currently defined.\n\n\nKey governance and cyberinfastructure concept documents, including an EarthCube charter, governance groups? charters, a Science Strategic Plan, a Technology Strategic Plan, a Strategic Roadmap and Implementation Plan, and an Architecture Development Plan were developed and approved by the community or are currently in preparation.\n\n\n\n \nCyberinfrastructure Building\n\n\nECTEG helped establish and execute regular virtual meetings (teleconferences), workshops, and face-to-face meetings for the EarthCube community to coordinate, organize, set priorities, and define goals, standards, and boundaries for cyberinfrastructure development. \n\n\nProgress towards community convergence on a viable reference architecture was made by designing, establishing, and undertaking processes and procedures for gathering, sharing and validating broad community input and points of disagreement and consensus.\n\n\n\n \nCommunity Building\n\n\nECTEG facilitated and supported opportunities for EarthCube working groups, governance groups, and funded project teams to engage with each other and with the broader community to gather requirements for the cyberinfrastructure, to define priorities for development, and to share milestones and achievements towards fulfillment of their mission and goals. \n\n\nThe vision, mission, and goals of EarthCube were widely broadcast to the larger geosciences communities through ECTEG?s participation, posters, exhibits, and presentations at more than 20 conferences and annual meetings.\n\n\nECTEG managed Twitter and Facebook accounts to disseminate news, grow the community, and provide a platform for cohesive communication. ECTEG also produced a Communications Plan aimed at growing the EarthCube community through targeted messaging to research scientists and other relevant professions. \n\n\nECTEG disseminated weekly updates and monthly newsletters to provide members with opportunities for outreach and collaboration across governance groups and funded projects\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nECTEG makes the following recommendations for the governance of the EarthCube Project going forward:\n\n\nImprove transparency of the Leadership Council?s decision-making processes by prioritizing key decisions to be made within its purview, by delegating decision-making authority to lower-level governance groups for certain activities and efforts, and by delegating responsibility to the EarthCube Science Support Office for implementation of LC-approved EarthCube policies and programs.\n\n\nTo reduce volunteer burnout, utilize the resources of the EarthCube Science Support Office as a corporate management arm of the EarthCube Governance to implement governance-approved decisions, policies, and programs. \n\n\nEstablish metrics to evaluate progress and successful achievements with regard to cyberinfrastructure development and community adoption as it pertains to collaborative geosciences research and discoveries. \n\n\nEstablish a strong ?capacity building/training? program to engage the next generation of geoscientists with EarthCube cyberinfrastructure and seek and use their feedback to continually upgrade and improve the utility of the cyberinfrastructure.\n\n\nStep up efforts to seek out and leverage externally-developed computational tools and services where they can be used to expand the EarthCube cyberinfrastructure resources;and develop and pursue collaborations and validation tactics with external data and sciences organizations whose efforts/goals overlap with EarthCube?s. \n\n\nIncentivize use of EarthCube cyberinfrastructure resources, particularly by Early Career domain scientists, whose engagement with EarthCube cyberinfrastructure will broaden and define how collaborative geosciences research gets done in the 21st century. \n\n\n \n\n\t\t\t\t\tLast Modified: 12/30/2016\n\n\t\t\t\t\tSubmitted by: Tina T Lee"
} |
|
1321720 | NSF | Grant | Standard Grant | Effects of Saharan Dust on African Easterly Waves and Tropical Cyclones | 47.050 | 06020105 | 7032924715 | Nicholas Anderson | 2013-07-01 | 2017-06-30 | 413,154 | 413,154 | 2013-06-06 | 2013-06-06 | The primary objective of this research project is to advance understanding of the effects of Saharan mineral dust on the African easterly Jet, African easterly waves, and tropical cyclones. A unified work plan is designed that combines theory, numerical experiments, data assimilation, and model verification. Standard analytical, numerical, and diagnostic methods will be used to execute the plan. A new theoretical framework will be developed whose goal is to illuminate causal relationships between Saharan dust, the African easterly jet, and African easterly waves. The theoretical framework will serve as a tool for interpreting results obtained from the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, which will be used to carry out comprehensive simulations involving dust-radiative-microphysical interactions.
The intellectual merit of the research includes advancing understanding of how Saharan mineral dust operates over the synoptic scale environment to the tropical cyclone scale to affect the path and intensification of tropical cyclones. This research will assess the relative importance dust-radiation and dust-microphysical interactions on tropical cyclone activity, which will lead to improved prediction of TCs.
The broader impacts of the research include model validation results with various data sets, which is critical to assessing model performance and forecasts. This award will develop a new understanding of the effects of dust on tropical cyclones, which can be used to help improve existing diagnostic and statistical tools for tropical cyclone forecasts. Additionally, this award will provide research training for both undergraduate and graduate students.
| 0 | GEO | Directorate for Geosciences | AGS | Division of Atmospheric and Geospace Sciences | 4900 | 4900 | [
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"pi_end_date": null,
"pi_first_name": "Shu-Hua",
"pi_full_name": "Shu-Hua Chen",
"pi_last_name": "Chen",
"pi_mid_init": "",
"pi_role": "Principal Investigator",
"pi_start_date": "2013-06-06",
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{
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"pi_email_addr": "[email protected]",
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"pi_first_name": "Terrence",
"pi_full_name": "Terrence R Nathan",
"pi_last_name": "Nathan",
"pi_mid_init": "R",
"pi_role": "Co-Principal Investigator",
"pi_start_date": "2013-06-06",
"pi_sufx_name": ""
}
] | {
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{
"pgm_ref_code": "OTHR",
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{
"app_code": "0113",
"app_name": "NSF RESEARCH & RELATED ACTIVIT",
"app_symb_id": "040100",
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"fund_name": "NSF RESEARCH & RELATED ACTIVIT",
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"por_cntn": "<div class=\"porColContainerWBG\">\n<div class=\"porContentCol\"><p>North Africa is home to the African easterly jet, a current of strong easterly winds located in the lower atmosphere. The African easterly jet often gives birth to weather systems known as African easterly waves. Together the jet and the waves form a complex system whose influence on weather can extend to the United States. That influence often manifests as tropical cyclones (TCs), whose genesis has been linked to the easterly waves. Consequently, to understand the connection between the weather over North Africa and the development of TCs, it is important to understand the processes that affect the African easterly jet?African easterly wave (AEJ-AEW) system. Of those processes, the heating effects of Saharan dust storms are among the least understood, yet potentially among the most important.</p>\n<p>The central objective of the project was to advance understanding of the effects of Saharan dust storms on the AEJ-AEW system and TC development over the Eastern Atlantic Ocean. To achieve this objective, a unified work plan was developed that combines numerical experiments, observational analysis, and model verification. To guide the numerical experiments and to aid in the interpretation of the results, a theoretical framework was developed that exposes the dust-modified physics operating within the system.</p>\n<p>The project has resulted in several major outcomes, among which are the following: Saharan dust increases the growth rate of easterly waves and increases the peak amplitude of the most rapidly growing waves. A new theoretical framework was developed that can serve as a predictive tool for determining the Saharan dust distributions that are most apt to lead to the birth of easterly waves. Through a sequence of carefully designed numerical experiments using the Weather Research and Forecasting model, considered among the most advanced regional weather forecast models currently available, a deeper understanding of how different dust particle sizes, which constitute the dust plume, affect the life cycles of the AEJ-AEW system. Saharan dust was also shown to significantly affect the speed and track of Hurricane Helene (2006); the Saharan dust causes Helene’s modeled storm track to be in closer agreement with the observed track, where the dust-radiative forcing reduced the error in the model’s 7-day track forecasts by an average of 27% (~205km). Further research has shown that without the dust radiative effect, two TCs develop, one of which is “false” and the other of which is Hurricane Ernesto (2006), the “true TC. With the dust radiative effect, the “false” TC is eliminated. <strong></strong></p>\n<p>Collectively, the major outcomes from the project show that in order to improve weather forecasts over North Africa, particularly regarding TC development, the Saharan dust field must be accurately represented in weather forecast models.</p><br>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t \tLast Modified: 09/22/2017<br>\n\t\t\t\t\tModified by: Shu-Hua Chen</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"porSideCol\">\n<div class=\"each-gallery\">\n<div class=\"galContent\" id=\"gallery0\">\n<div class=\"photoCount\" id=\"photoCount0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tImages (<span id=\"selectedPhoto0\">1</span> of <span class=\"totalNumber\"></span>)\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</div>\n<div class=\"galControls\" id=\"controls0\"></div>\n<div class=\"galSlideshow\" id=\"slideshow0\"></div>\n<div class=\"galEmbox\" id=\"embox\">\n<div class=\"image-title\"></div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"galNavigation\" id=\"navigation0\">\n<ul class=\"thumbs\" id=\"thumbs0\">\n<li>\n<a href=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2017/1321720/1321720_10250477_1506127371567_FINALOUTCOMES--FIG1--rgov-214x142.jpg\" original=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2017/1321720/1321720_10250477_1506127371567_FINALOUTCOMES--FIG1--rgov-800width.jpg\" title=\"Influence of dust on a tropical cyclone track\"><img src=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2017/1321720/1321720_10250477_1506127371567_FINALOUTCOMES--FIG1--rgov-66x44.jpg\" alt=\"Influence of dust on a tropical cyclone track\"></a>\n<div class=\"imageCaptionContainer\">\n<div class=\"imageCaption\">Schematic of tropical storm (TC) positon along its track at three different times relative to the dust plume position at the same times. As the plume is swept to the west by the steering winds (arrow), the TC becomes embedded within the plume (T2), where the dust causes a change in TC?s track.</div>\n<div class=\"imageCredit\">Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society</div>\n<div class=\"imagePermisssions\">Copyrighted</div>\n<div class=\"imageSubmitted\">Shu-Hua Chen</div>\n<div class=\"imageTitle\">Influence of dust on a tropical cyclone track</div>\n</div>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a href=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2017/1321720/1321720_10250477_1506127100746_FINALOUTCOMES--FIG2--rgov-214x142.jpg\" original=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2017/1321720/1321720_10250477_1506127100746_FINALOUTCOMES--FIG2--rgov-800width.jpg\" title=\"Influence of dust on tropical cyclone genesis\"><img src=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2017/1321720/1321720_10250477_1506127100746_FINALOUTCOMES--FIG2--rgov-66x44.jpg\" alt=\"Influence of dust on tropical cyclone genesis\"></a>\n<div class=\"imageCaptionContainer\">\n<div class=\"imageCaption\">Forecasted 10-meter wind speed (shaded) and mean sea level pressure (contours) (a) with and (b) without the dust radiative effect. The storm in (a) is Hurricane Ernesto (2006). The storm in the red box in (b) is a ?false? storm, which is eliminated after including the dust radiative effect.</div>\n<div class=\"imageCredit\">Kenneth Kearl and Shu-Hua Chen at University of California Davis</div>\n<div class=\"imagePermisssions\">Public Domain</div>\n<div class=\"imageSubmitted\">Shu-Hua Chen</div>\n<div class=\"imageTitle\">Influence of dust on tropical cyclone genesis</div>\n</div>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>",
"por_txt_cntn": "\nNorth Africa is home to the African easterly jet, a current of strong easterly winds located in the lower atmosphere. The African easterly jet often gives birth to weather systems known as African easterly waves. Together the jet and the waves form a complex system whose influence on weather can extend to the United States. That influence often manifests as tropical cyclones (TCs), whose genesis has been linked to the easterly waves. Consequently, to understand the connection between the weather over North Africa and the development of TCs, it is important to understand the processes that affect the African easterly jet?African easterly wave (AEJ-AEW) system. Of those processes, the heating effects of Saharan dust storms are among the least understood, yet potentially among the most important.\n\nThe central objective of the project was to advance understanding of the effects of Saharan dust storms on the AEJ-AEW system and TC development over the Eastern Atlantic Ocean. To achieve this objective, a unified work plan was developed that combines numerical experiments, observational analysis, and model verification. To guide the numerical experiments and to aid in the interpretation of the results, a theoretical framework was developed that exposes the dust-modified physics operating within the system.\n\nThe project has resulted in several major outcomes, among which are the following: Saharan dust increases the growth rate of easterly waves and increases the peak amplitude of the most rapidly growing waves. A new theoretical framework was developed that can serve as a predictive tool for determining the Saharan dust distributions that are most apt to lead to the birth of easterly waves. Through a sequence of carefully designed numerical experiments using the Weather Research and Forecasting model, considered among the most advanced regional weather forecast models currently available, a deeper understanding of how different dust particle sizes, which constitute the dust plume, affect the life cycles of the AEJ-AEW system. Saharan dust was also shown to significantly affect the speed and track of Hurricane Helene (2006); the Saharan dust causes Helene?s modeled storm track to be in closer agreement with the observed track, where the dust-radiative forcing reduced the error in the model?s 7-day track forecasts by an average of 27% (~205km). Further research has shown that without the dust radiative effect, two TCs develop, one of which is \"false\" and the other of which is Hurricane Ernesto (2006), the \"true TC. With the dust radiative effect, the \"false\" TC is eliminated. \n\nCollectively, the major outcomes from the project show that in order to improve weather forecasts over North Africa, particularly regarding TC development, the Saharan dust field must be accurately represented in weather forecast models.\n\n\t\t\t\t\tLast Modified: 09/22/2017\n\n\t\t\t\t\tSubmitted by: Shu-Hua Chen"
} |
|
1302040 | NSF | Grant | Standard Grant | US-Japan Networking Research Collaboration Workshop, November 12-14, 2013 in Kyobashi Chuo-Ku, Tokyo, Japan | 47.070 | 05050000 | null | John Brassil | 2012-11-01 | 2016-10-31 | 41,884 | 41,884 | 2012-10-25 | 2015-10-20 | This workshop will examine three areas in networking in which combining the research strengths of both Japan and the US could benefit both countries. These areas are: network design and modeling, mobility services on a large scale, and optical networking. The workshop will bring together key researchers from the US and Japan these three areas of computer networking. Japan brings unique research strengths to each of the major areas and US research can be expected to benefit from the exposure to the Japanese technology. Moreover, the areas under discussion are expected to have significant long-term impact on US network research infrastructures. To facilitate dissemination of workshop results the PI will maintain a public website containing workshop presentations and reports. | 0 | CSE | Directorate for Computer and Information Science and Engineering | CNS | Division Of Computer and Network Systems | 4900 | 4900 | [
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"por_cntn": "<div class=\"porColContainerWBG\">\n<div class=\"porContentCol\"><p>The major activity of this project was to host a Research Collaboration Workshop of computer networking researchers from Japan and the US to foster future research collaborations. The workshop invited a number of leading scientists from both the US and Japan to submit position statements and possible future opportunities in the following three areas: 1) Network Design & Modeling, 2) Mobility, 3) Optical Networking. From the US side, 17 scientists submitted their research thoughts in these three areas, which were summarized by three representatives who presented these summaries to the entire audience at the workshop. The workshop information is at http://netrel.umkc.edu/usjw2012/ and is also archived at http://web.archive.org/web/20170130164128/http://netrel.umkc.edu/usjw2012/ </p>\n<p>This workshop was then followed up later on by a joint US-Japan solicitation (NSF Program Solicitation # 13-574) that led to submission joint US-Japan research projects. Seven joint projects were then selected and funded after a competitive review process by the NSF and NICT that funded researchers in 10 US universities. The funded projects are mentioned in the NSF <span>Press Release 14-020 </span> https://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=130239 -- they cover a wide range of research projects from wireless networking, to optical networking, to next-generation routing for the future Internet.</p>\n<p>As a follow up, this grant also supported travel funds for a number of US scientists to attend research progress meetings in Japan.</p>\n<p> </p><br>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t \tLast Modified: 01/30/2017<br>\n\t\t\t\t\tModified by: Deepankar Medhi</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"porSideCol\"></div>\n</div>",
"por_txt_cntn": "\nThe major activity of this project was to host a Research Collaboration Workshop of computer networking researchers from Japan and the US to foster future research collaborations. The workshop invited a number of leading scientists from both the US and Japan to submit position statements and possible future opportunities in the following three areas: 1) Network Design & Modeling, 2) Mobility, 3) Optical Networking. From the US side, 17 scientists submitted their research thoughts in these three areas, which were summarized by three representatives who presented these summaries to the entire audience at the workshop. The workshop information is at http://netrel.umkc.edu/usjw2012/ and is also archived at http://web.archive.org/web/20170130164128/http://netrel.umkc.edu/usjw2012/ \n\nThis workshop was then followed up later on by a joint US-Japan solicitation (NSF Program Solicitation # 13-574) that led to submission joint US-Japan research projects. Seven joint projects were then selected and funded after a competitive review process by the NSF and NICT that funded researchers in 10 US universities. The funded projects are mentioned in the NSF Press Release 14-020 https://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=130239 -- they cover a wide range of research projects from wireless networking, to optical networking, to next-generation routing for the future Internet.\n\nAs a follow up, this grant also supported travel funds for a number of US scientists to attend research progress meetings in Japan.\n\n \n\n\t\t\t\t\tLast Modified: 01/30/2017\n\n\t\t\t\t\tSubmitted by: Deepankar Medhi"
} |
|
1329310 | NSF | Grant | Continuing Grant | Standard Research Grant: Conditions Favoring Consensus in State-Level Energy Policy | 47.075 | 04050000 | null | Frederick Kronz | 2013-09-15 | 2016-08-31 | 208,763 | 208,763 | 2013-09-04 | 2014-06-09 | Overview
This STS study in technology and policy will examine conditions that favor enhanced or reduced bipartisanship on bills concerning energy diversification and improvements in efficiency. The project will make use of newly available state government databases on bills and laws to track votes of individual legislators to perform quantitative analysis, which will be complemented by ethnographic interviews with the staff of state legislators who are highly involved in energy legislation. The project will contribute to technology studies and the technology policy side of interdisciplinary STS inquiry, specifically the body of research on transitions of large technological systems that focuses on sustainability transitions.
Intellectual Merit
The project breaks new methodological ground by using newly available state government databases; previous research has used only the vote of the whole legislature. At a theoretical level, the project will integrate research on transitions, which tends to have a strong management and policy orientation, with work in political sociology. That is to say, it will bring a political sociological approach to the study of the transitions of large technological systems, and likewise it will bring technology studies theory into the political sociology of science. Thus, the project will make substantial and rather broad theoretical and methodological contributions to the literature on energy transitions and the science and technology studies of large technological systems. It will also contribute knowledge to a practical and important policy problem.
Broader Impacts
One of the broader goals of the project is to affect policy by informing state legislators, and possibly Congress, about the types of energy laws that are most and least likely to achieve bipartisan support. The results of this project should be valuable to legislators across partisan divisions and with widely divergent views about optimal energy futures, and the material will also be publicly available for use in energy and technology policy courses. The project will have two publication components. A web site will be created that provides the first detailed analysis of votes on energy legislation by political party affiliation in state legislatures. A policy brief will be made publicly available; it will include summary statistics of votes by law name, description and type of legislation, and party affiliation, as well as an analysis of law types that tend to produce higher levels of bipartisanship based on the quantitative and qualitative analysis. State legislative offices will be contacted by email when the brief is available, and there will be a press release as well. | 0 | SBE | Directorate for Social, Behavioral and Economic Sciences | SES | Division of Social and Economic Sciences | 4900 | 4900 | [
{
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"por_cntn": "<div class=\"porColContainerWBG\">\n<div class=\"porContentCol\"><p><strong> </strong></p>\n<p><strong> </strong>This grant provided support for training of graduate students in the area of science and technology studies (STS) and for a research project on the conditions affecting consensus in state-level energy policy. For the graduate student training, a summer seminar was held at Vanderbilt University for students selected from a pool of applicants at the PhD level who were at the pre-dissertation stage and who did not have full access to these areas of expertise in their universities. Fifteen students from PhD programs across the country as well as three students from Vanderbilt and one student (self-funded) from the Netherlands attended the training seminar. The students noted that the week was transformative for their thinking about their dissertation projects.</p>\n<p>Intellectual Merit</p>\n<p> In addition to the general graduate training, there was an associated research project that involved intensive training of students at Vanderbilt University. The research project brings a perspective into the energy and environmental policy studies literature that is based on work in science and technology studies (STS) and political sociology. Rather than study a general category such as energy policy or even a subcategory such as renewable-energy and energy-efficiency (REEE) policy, we bring draw on the rich body of work in STS on the social meanings of technology design by breaking down the field of REEE into many constituent technologies and policies. We then develop a methodology for linking these detailed policy types (e.g., a tax credit for rooftop solar) to specific frames attached to an associated bill (e.g., reduce taxes) that in turn have ideological valences (small government). Using this method, we can examine clearly the political valences of technologies and associated policy formulations, and we can explain relative rates of success and failure. For example, we can explain why a solar energy carve-out of a renewable portfolio standard is controversial, but a law to reduce government regulations (“red tape”) for businesses and homes that want to have rooftop solar is more likely to succeed. This methodology is generalizable; it can be used for the study of a range of technology policies. More generally, the project brings together the research fields of STS, energy policy, and political sociology.</p>\n<p> </p>\n<p>Broader Impact</p>\n<p> With respect to the policy issue, the project addresses the problem of how to achieve greater consensus on policies involving energy policy. We challenge the view that this issue has become entirely polarized by providing evidence for ongoing support of Republican legislators for some types of REEE laws, and we show that this support occurs not only in Democrat-controlled legislatures but also in split and Republican-controlled legislatures. Using both qualitative interviews with state legislators and quantitative analysis of support for proposed bills and votes on passed laws, we show several conditions that affect bipartisanship that go beyond standard considerations such as bipartisan bill sponsors. </p>\n<p>This approach results in practical knowledge that can be applied in policy settings based on three connected strategies. First, we show how it is important to pay attention to different REEE technologies, such as solar versus other renewable energies, or technologies that affect power plants versus buildings. Second, we show that the technology itself is not enough; the legislation must also be configured in ways that reduces political conflict. For example, whereas building efficiency standards for private-sector buildings may be seen as unwanted government intrusion into markets, when configured as support for business development (such as in property-assessed clean energy policies), it is possible to achieve greater support for the same types of energy-efficiency technology, including crucial support from the private sector. Thus, it is important to pay attention not only to the technology but also to the ideological valences connected with the policy formulation that supports it. Furthermore, we use quantitative analysis to show that the following characteristics of a bill will tend to increase support: reduce government regulations for REEE projects, reduce taxes by providing tax credits for REEE projects, reduce government spending by providing guidelines for energy efficiency for government buildings, and provide consumer and business choices (such as by enabling REEE improvements to buildings). Conversely, bills configured as government mandates or that increase the size of government, such as by creating government commissions, will tend to lose broad support. Third, we identify process strategies that have been associated with higher levels of bipartisan support, such as having a pre-legislative stakeholder process, finding support from business communities that benefit from the REEE policies, and shifting some issues from the legislative process to the public utilities commission. Although these three sets of strategies will not solve the problem of gridlock and partisan conflict on this issue, they provide indications of important factors that have practical policy implications, and they provide practical guidelines to legislators and advocates who wish to build bipartisan consensus.</p><br>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t \tLast Modified: 09/13/2016<br>\n\t\t\t\t\tModified by: David Hess</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"porSideCol\"></div>\n</div>",
"por_txt_cntn": "\n \n\n This grant provided support for training of graduate students in the area of science and technology studies (STS) and for a research project on the conditions affecting consensus in state-level energy policy. For the graduate student training, a summer seminar was held at Vanderbilt University for students selected from a pool of applicants at the PhD level who were at the pre-dissertation stage and who did not have full access to these areas of expertise in their universities. Fifteen students from PhD programs across the country as well as three students from Vanderbilt and one student (self-funded) from the Netherlands attended the training seminar. The students noted that the week was transformative for their thinking about their dissertation projects.\n\nIntellectual Merit\n\n In addition to the general graduate training, there was an associated research project that involved intensive training of students at Vanderbilt University. The research project brings a perspective into the energy and environmental policy studies literature that is based on work in science and technology studies (STS) and political sociology. Rather than study a general category such as energy policy or even a subcategory such as renewable-energy and energy-efficiency (REEE) policy, we bring draw on the rich body of work in STS on the social meanings of technology design by breaking down the field of REEE into many constituent technologies and policies. We then develop a methodology for linking these detailed policy types (e.g., a tax credit for rooftop solar) to specific frames attached to an associated bill (e.g., reduce taxes) that in turn have ideological valences (small government). Using this method, we can examine clearly the political valences of technologies and associated policy formulations, and we can explain relative rates of success and failure. For example, we can explain why a solar energy carve-out of a renewable portfolio standard is controversial, but a law to reduce government regulations (\"red tape\") for businesses and homes that want to have rooftop solar is more likely to succeed. This methodology is generalizable; it can be used for the study of a range of technology policies. More generally, the project brings together the research fields of STS, energy policy, and political sociology.\n\n \n\nBroader Impact\n\n With respect to the policy issue, the project addresses the problem of how to achieve greater consensus on policies involving energy policy. We challenge the view that this issue has become entirely polarized by providing evidence for ongoing support of Republican legislators for some types of REEE laws, and we show that this support occurs not only in Democrat-controlled legislatures but also in split and Republican-controlled legislatures. Using both qualitative interviews with state legislators and quantitative analysis of support for proposed bills and votes on passed laws, we show several conditions that affect bipartisanship that go beyond standard considerations such as bipartisan bill sponsors. \n\nThis approach results in practical knowledge that can be applied in policy settings based on three connected strategies. First, we show how it is important to pay attention to different REEE technologies, such as solar versus other renewable energies, or technologies that affect power plants versus buildings. Second, we show that the technology itself is not enough; the legislation must also be configured in ways that reduces political conflict. For example, whereas building efficiency standards for private-sector buildings may be seen as unwanted government intrusion into markets, when configured as support for business development (such as in property-assessed clean energy policies), it is possible to achieve greater support for the same types of energy-efficiency technology, including crucial support from the private sector. Thus, it is important to pay attention not only to the technology but also to the ideological valences connected with the policy formulation that supports it. Furthermore, we use quantitative analysis to show that the following characteristics of a bill will tend to increase support: reduce government regulations for REEE projects, reduce taxes by providing tax credits for REEE projects, reduce government spending by providing guidelines for energy efficiency for government buildings, and provide consumer and business choices (such as by enabling REEE improvements to buildings). Conversely, bills configured as government mandates or that increase the size of government, such as by creating government commissions, will tend to lose broad support. Third, we identify process strategies that have been associated with higher levels of bipartisan support, such as having a pre-legislative stakeholder process, finding support from business communities that benefit from the REEE policies, and shifting some issues from the legislative process to the public utilities commission. Although these three sets of strategies will not solve the problem of gridlock and partisan conflict on this issue, they provide indications of important factors that have practical policy implications, and they provide practical guidelines to legislators and advocates who wish to build bipartisan consensus.\n\n\t\t\t\t\tLast Modified: 09/13/2016\n\n\t\t\t\t\tSubmitted by: David Hess"
} |
|
1338501 | NSF | Grant | Standard Grant | Fourth International Conference on Mathematical Modeling and Analysis of Populations in Biological Systems | 47.049 | 03040000 | null | Mary Ann Horn | 2013-09-01 | 2014-08-31 | 19,000 | 19,000 | 2013-07-31 | 2013-07-31 | This proposal is for partial funding for the Fourth International Conference on Mathematical Modeling and Analysis of Populations in Biological Systems that will be held at the campus of Texas Tech University in Lubbock, Texas, on October 4-6, 2013. The conference will provide a venue that will foster new collaborations that stimulate novel ideas, advancing the field of mathematical modeling in the analysis of populations across several biological levels. Specific topics to be addressed include: cell signaling, chemotaxis, epidemiology, species range shifts, and macroecology.
Interdisciplinary collaborations are crucial in developing applications pertaining to human health and biodiversity conservation in our rapidly changing world. This conference will bring together researchers and students at all levels from multiple disciplines to foster such collaborations and to identify areas of common ground linking otherwise relatively disparate research areas. Special efforts have been taken to include members of underrepresented groups at all levels. The results of the conference will be disseminated via a conference website and a special issue in the Journal of Biological Dynamics.
| 0 | MPS | Directorate for Mathematical and Physical Sciences | DMS | Division Of Mathematical Sciences | 4900 | 4900 | [
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},
{
"nsf_id": "000368236",
"pi_email_addr": "[email protected]",
"pi_end_date": null,
"pi_first_name": "Sophia",
"pi_full_name": "Sophia R Jang",
"pi_last_name": "Jang",
"pi_mid_init": "R",
"pi_role": "Co-Principal Investigator",
"pi_start_date": "2013-07-31",
"pi_sufx_name": ""
},
{
"nsf_id": "000255499",
"pi_email_addr": "[email protected]",
"pi_end_date": null,
"pi_first_name": "Nancy",
"pi_full_name": "Nancy E McIntyre",
"pi_last_name": "McIntyre",
"pi_mid_init": "E",
"pi_role": "Co-Principal Investigator",
"pi_start_date": "2013-07-31",
"pi_sufx_name": ""
},
{
"nsf_id": "000333262",
"pi_email_addr": "[email protected]",
"pi_end_date": null,
"pi_first_name": "Lih-Ing",
"pi_full_name": "Lih-Ing W Roeger",
"pi_last_name": "Roeger",
"pi_mid_init": "W",
"pi_role": "Co-Principal Investigator",
"pi_start_date": "2013-07-31",
"pi_sufx_name": ""
}
] | {
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{
"pgm_ref_code": "7556",
"pgm_ref_txt": "CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOPS"
}
] | [
{
"app_code": "0113",
"app_name": "NSF RESEARCH & RELATED ACTIVIT",
"app_symb_id": "040100",
"fund_code": "01001314DB",
"fund_name": "NSF RESEARCH & RELATED ACTIVIT",
"fund_symb_id": "040100"
}
] | [
{
"fund_oblg_amt": 19000,
"fund_oblg_fiscal_yr": 2013
}
] | {
"por_cntn": "<div class=\"porColContainerWBG\">\n<div class=\"porContentCol\"><p>Plenary talks (5), minisymposia (8) and contributed sessions (8) were held over 2.5 days for ICMA IV, October 4-6, 2013, hosted by Texas Tech University. Five plenary speakers were Thomas Hillen, University of Alberta, Robert Holt, University of Florida, Yuan Lou, Ohio State University, Pauline van den Driessche, University of Victoria, and Abdul-Aziz Yakubu, Howard University. Contributed talks were identified by topics: ecology, epidemiology, epidemiology/immunology, chemotaxis/population. Minisymposium titles are listed below:</p>\n<p>M1: Persistence and Permanence in Multi-Species Population Models</p>\n<p>M2: Modeling for Biosurveillance and Risk Assessment of Emerging Infectious Diseases</p>\n<p>M3: Population-Level Epidemiological Modeling with an Ecological Perspective</p>\n<p>M4: Evolutionary Modeling in Ecology</p>\n<p>M5: Chemotactic Modeling of Inflammatory Type Diseases</p>\n<p>M6: Mathematical Modeling of Prion Dynamics and Transmission</p>\n<p>M7: Recent Advances in Mathematical Epidemiology and Ecology</p>\n<p>M8: Stochastic and Deterministic Modeling and Analysis of Biological Systems<br /><br />A total of 93 participants registered for ICMA IV with 60 invited or contributed talks, 11 posters, and 5 plenary talks during 2.5 days, Friday, Saturday, and Sunday morning, October 4-6, 2013. The final schedule of presentations for ICMA IV and the abstracts can be found at the conference website:</p>\n<p>www.math.ttu.edu/icma/</p>\n<p>The website for the conference acknowledges NSF support (financial aid, poster advertisement and sponsors) and provides other information about the conference.</p>\n<p>The conference provided ample opportunities for interactions between participants following each plenary address, morning and afternoon, and during lunch breaks. A Friday evening reception and poster presentation also provided opportunities for discussions among participants. </p>\n<p>A special issue devoted to ICMA IV will be published by the <em>Journal of Biological Dynamics</em> (JBD). Editors of this special issue are L. J. S. Allen, J. Li, and P. van den Driessche. Manuscripts for this issue are currently under review or revision or are being processed.<br /><br />Recipients of NSF support through this award were for travel and/or lodging to participate and to present either a poster or an oral presentation at ICMA IV. The recipients included 28 early career investigators and 2 plenary speakers. All early career investigators were either graduate students, postdoctoral associates or recent PhD graduates (<6 years) with special consideration given to underrepresented groups with respect to gender, ethnic, geographic, and institutional diversity. </p><br>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t \tLast Modified: 08/24/2014<br>\n\t\t\t\t\tModified by: Linda J Allen</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"porSideCol\"></div>\n</div>",
"por_txt_cntn": "\nPlenary talks (5), minisymposia (8) and contributed sessions (8) were held over 2.5 days for ICMA IV, October 4-6, 2013, hosted by Texas Tech University. Five plenary speakers were Thomas Hillen, University of Alberta, Robert Holt, University of Florida, Yuan Lou, Ohio State University, Pauline van den Driessche, University of Victoria, and Abdul-Aziz Yakubu, Howard University. Contributed talks were identified by topics: ecology, epidemiology, epidemiology/immunology, chemotaxis/population. Minisymposium titles are listed below:\n\nM1: Persistence and Permanence in Multi-Species Population Models\n\nM2: Modeling for Biosurveillance and Risk Assessment of Emerging Infectious Diseases\n\nM3: Population-Level Epidemiological Modeling with an Ecological Perspective\n\nM4: Evolutionary Modeling in Ecology\n\nM5: Chemotactic Modeling of Inflammatory Type Diseases\n\nM6: Mathematical Modeling of Prion Dynamics and Transmission\n\nM7: Recent Advances in Mathematical Epidemiology and Ecology\n\nM8: Stochastic and Deterministic Modeling and Analysis of Biological Systems\n\nA total of 93 participants registered for ICMA IV with 60 invited or contributed talks, 11 posters, and 5 plenary talks during 2.5 days, Friday, Saturday, and Sunday morning, October 4-6, 2013. The final schedule of presentations for ICMA IV and the abstracts can be found at the conference website:\n\nwww.math.ttu.edu/icma/\n\nThe website for the conference acknowledges NSF support (financial aid, poster advertisement and sponsors) and provides other information about the conference.\n\nThe conference provided ample opportunities for interactions between participants following each plenary address, morning and afternoon, and during lunch breaks. A Friday evening reception and poster presentation also provided opportunities for discussions among participants. \n\nA special issue devoted to ICMA IV will be published by the Journal of Biological Dynamics (JBD). Editors of this special issue are L. J. S. Allen, J. Li, and P. van den Driessche. Manuscripts for this issue are currently under review or revision or are being processed.\n\nRecipients of NSF support through this award were for travel and/or lodging to participate and to present either a poster or an oral presentation at ICMA IV. The recipients included 28 early career investigators and 2 plenary speakers. All early career investigators were either graduate students, postdoctoral associates or recent PhD graduates (<6 years) with special consideration given to underrepresented groups with respect to gender, ethnic, geographic, and institutional diversity. \n\n\t\t\t\t\tLast Modified: 08/24/2014\n\n\t\t\t\t\tSubmitted by: Linda J Allen"
} |
|
1258998 | NSF | Grant | Continuing Grant | SHINE: Incorporating 3D Reduced Magnetohydrodynamics (RMHD) Turbulence Simulations and Kinetic Plasma Physics into a Two-Fluid Model of the Solar Wind | 47.050 | 06020203 | null | Ilia Roussev | 2013-08-01 | 2017-07-31 | 428,674 | 428,674 | 2013-08-07 | 2016-04-28 | With this three-year SHINE project, the researchers will explore the means by which the solar wind and Alfven-wave turbulence are affected by variations in the amplitude, wavenumber spectrum, and frequency spectrum of the waves that are launched by the Sun. The project team will also consider the effects of magnetic geometry (in particular, the degree of super-radial expansion) on the properties of turbulence and the background solar wind, which will enable them to explore the possible relevance of Alfven-wave turbulence to the heating and acceleration of both the fast solar wind and the slow solar wind. The team will compare the results obtained from numerical simulations to a wide range of observations of coronal holes and the near-Sun solar wind, including measurements of Faraday rotation, ion temperatures, and electron densities. This research project is expected to significantly advance the community's understanding of the role that Alfven-wave turbulence may play in the origin of the solar wind.
During this project, the team will co-organize sessions on turbulence and the solar wind at the annual SHINE Workshop. The PI will also deliver lectures at summer schools on plasma physics and heliospheric physics for advanced undergraduate students and graduate students. The PI will incorporate results from this project into courses that he teaches at the University of New Hampshire, to expose students to current research in heliospheric physics. The project team will also share and discuss the results of this work with members of the Solar Probe Plus FIELDS and SWEAP experiments, to offer guidance as to the possible relation between future measurements from Solar Probe Plus and Alfven-wave turbulence in the solar wind. The research and EPO agenda supports the Strategic Goals of the AGS Division in discovery, learning, diversity, and interdisciplinary research. | 0 | GEO | Directorate for Geosciences | AGS | Division of Atmospheric and Geospace Sciences | 4900 | 4900 | [
{
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"pi_end_date": null,
"pi_first_name": "Benjamin",
"pi_full_name": "Benjamin D Chandran",
"pi_last_name": "Chandran",
"pi_mid_init": "D",
"pi_role": "Principal Investigator",
"pi_start_date": "2013-08-07",
"pi_sufx_name": ""
}
] | {
"cong_dist_code": "01",
"inst_city_name": "DURHAM",
"inst_country_name": "United States",
"inst_name": "University of New Hampshire",
"inst_phone_num": "6038622172",
"inst_state_code": "NH",
"inst_state_name": "New Hampshire",
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{
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{
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},
{
"pgm_ref_code": "9150",
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},
{
"pgm_ref_code": "EGCH",
"pgm_ref_txt": "ENVIRONMENT AND GLOBAL CHANGE"
}
] | [
{
"app_code": "0113",
"app_name": "NSF RESEARCH & RELATED ACTIVIT",
"app_symb_id": "040100",
"fund_code": "01001314DB",
"fund_name": "NSF RESEARCH & RELATED ACTIVIT",
"fund_symb_id": "040100"
},
{
"app_code": "0114",
"app_name": "NSF RESEARCH & RELATED ACTIVIT",
"app_symb_id": "040100",
"fund_code": "01001415DB",
"fund_name": "NSF RESEARCH & RELATED ACTIVIT",
"fund_symb_id": "040100"
},
{
"app_code": "0115",
"app_name": "NSF RESEARCH & RELATED ACTIVIT",
"app_symb_id": "040100",
"fund_code": "01001516DB",
"fund_name": "NSF RESEARCH & RELATED ACTIVIT",
"fund_symb_id": "040100"
}
] | [
{
"fund_oblg_amt": 117735,
"fund_oblg_fiscal_yr": 2013
},
{
"fund_oblg_amt": 153173,
"fund_oblg_fiscal_yr": 2014
},
{
"fund_oblg_amt": 157766,
"fund_oblg_fiscal_yr": 2015
}
] | {
"por_cntn": "<div class=\"porColContainerWBG\">\n<div class=\"porContentCol\"><p>This project led to a number of advances in our understanding of the role played by turbulence and kinetic plasma physics in the solar wind. (Plasma is high-temperature, ionized gas, and the solar wind is the quasi-steady outflow of plasma from the Sun.) Using a combination of theoretical calculations and numerical simulations, the project team investigated the development of Alfven-wave turbulence in the solar wind, which is one of the primary channels by which the Sun energizes the solar wind, as well as the way that Alfven-wave turbulence interacts with the background solar wind. (Alfven waves are like waves on a string, where the role of the string is played by the magnetic field.) The project team also investigated multiple-fluid effects in the solar wind, and in particular the role played by Helium nuclei (alpha particles), which are observed to flow away from the Sun with an average velocity that is significantly larger than the average proton and electron velocities. The alpha particles excite, and are then decelerated by, small-scale fluctuations in the electric and magnetic fields, and this alpha-particle deceleration releases free energy that is available to heat the plasma. Additional topics were also investigated, including turbulent heating of ions, methods for analyzing observations of solar-wind turbulence, and instabilities related to compressive fluctuations in the solar wind. The project also contributed to the planning and organization of the annual SHINE Workshop, which has a strong focus on training students and integrating research and education.</p><br>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t \tLast Modified: 10/05/2017<br>\n\t\t\t\t\tModified by: Benjamin D Chandran</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"porSideCol\"></div>\n</div>",
"por_txt_cntn": "\nThis project led to a number of advances in our understanding of the role played by turbulence and kinetic plasma physics in the solar wind. (Plasma is high-temperature, ionized gas, and the solar wind is the quasi-steady outflow of plasma from the Sun.) Using a combination of theoretical calculations and numerical simulations, the project team investigated the development of Alfven-wave turbulence in the solar wind, which is one of the primary channels by which the Sun energizes the solar wind, as well as the way that Alfven-wave turbulence interacts with the background solar wind. (Alfven waves are like waves on a string, where the role of the string is played by the magnetic field.) The project team also investigated multiple-fluid effects in the solar wind, and in particular the role played by Helium nuclei (alpha particles), which are observed to flow away from the Sun with an average velocity that is significantly larger than the average proton and electron velocities. The alpha particles excite, and are then decelerated by, small-scale fluctuations in the electric and magnetic fields, and this alpha-particle deceleration releases free energy that is available to heat the plasma. Additional topics were also investigated, including turbulent heating of ions, methods for analyzing observations of solar-wind turbulence, and instabilities related to compressive fluctuations in the solar wind. The project also contributed to the planning and organization of the annual SHINE Workshop, which has a strong focus on training students and integrating research and education.\n\n\t\t\t\t\tLast Modified: 10/05/2017\n\n\t\t\t\t\tSubmitted by: Benjamin D Chandran"
} |
|
1320561 | NSF | Grant | Standard Grant | NeTS: Small: Networked Robotic Gerridae for Sensing and Communications in Aquatic Environments | 47.070 | 05050000 | null | Thyagarajan Nandagopal | 2013-10-01 | 2017-09-30 | 499,999 | 499,999 | 2013-09-09 | 2016-01-29 | The objectives of this project include the design of networked mobile robotic sensor nodes, which are
inspired by insects within the family gerridae, that can monitor water quality in lakes and rivers, and jump
repeatedly to enhance communication capability to overcome the effect of water on radio signal propagation.
This work will also develop energy efficient algorithms that carefully select sensor nodes to jump to gain the
benefit of longer distance communication while managing the energy required to jump. The robotic sensor
can harvest solar energy in a outdoor environment to maintain long term performance. New methods for
sensor localization as the sensor floats within a lake or river will be developed as well as efficient algorithms to collect sensor data and deliver it to the cyber infrastructure that could be used for hydrology modeling and prediction.
The results of this research effort should significantly enhance the capability of networked mobile sensor
systems for water quality monitoring in response to water pollution or other environmental conditions. These
concerns can be from oil spills, issues of bacterial levels, or even detection of levels of radiation from nuclear power plant disasters. This research should provide a cost-effective approach for water quality monitoring that can protect health and emergency management such as advising people to vacate areas of environmental damage. Furthermore, new sensor technology should be developed that provides enhanced opportunities for business and job opportunities to industries and society and provides students with a platform to learn and understand all levels of sensor development and operation. | 0 | CSE | Directorate for Computer and Information Science and Engineering | CNS | Division Of Computer and Network Systems | 4900 | 4900 | [
{
"nsf_id": "000394145",
"pi_email_addr": "[email protected]",
"pi_end_date": null,
"pi_first_name": "Matt",
"pi_full_name": "Matt W Mutka",
"pi_last_name": "Mutka",
"pi_mid_init": "W",
"pi_role": "Principal Investigator",
"pi_start_date": "2013-09-09",
"pi_sufx_name": ""
},
{
"nsf_id": "000099369",
"pi_email_addr": "[email protected]",
"pi_end_date": null,
"pi_first_name": "Ning",
"pi_full_name": "Ning Xi",
"pi_last_name": "Xi",
"pi_mid_init": "",
"pi_role": "Co-Principal Investigator",
"pi_start_date": "2013-09-09",
"pi_sufx_name": ""
},
{
"nsf_id": "000244982",
"pi_email_addr": "[email protected]",
"pi_end_date": null,
"pi_first_name": "Li",
"pi_full_name": "Li Xiao",
"pi_last_name": "Xiao",
"pi_mid_init": "",
"pi_role": "Co-Principal Investigator",
"pi_start_date": "2013-09-09",
"pi_sufx_name": ""
}
] | {
"cong_dist_code": "07",
"inst_city_name": "EAST LANSING",
"inst_country_name": "United States",
"inst_name": "Michigan State University",
"inst_phone_num": "5173555040",
"inst_state_code": "MI",
"inst_state_name": "Michigan",
"inst_street_address": "426 AUDITORIUM RD RM 2",
"inst_street_address_2": "",
"inst_zip_code": "488242600",
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"org_uei_num": "R28EKN92ZTZ9",
"st_cong_dist_code": "MI07"
} | {
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} | [
{
"pgm_ele_code": "736300",
"pgm_ele_name": "Networking Technology and Syst"
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] | [
{
"pgm_ref_code": "7923",
"pgm_ref_txt": "SMALL PROJECT"
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] | [
{
"app_code": "0113",
"app_name": "NSF RESEARCH & RELATED ACTIVIT",
"app_symb_id": "040100",
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"fund_name": "NSF RESEARCH & RELATED ACTIVIT",
"fund_symb_id": "040100"
}
] | [
{
"fund_oblg_amt": 499999,
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}
] | {
"por_cntn": "<div class=\"porColContainerWBG\">\n<div class=\"porContentCol\"><p>This project considered the design of a novel networked robotic sensor nodes that can be on water surfaces and jump repeatedly to enhance communication capability to overcome the effects of water on radio signal propagation. The project considered new methods for sensor localization as the sensor floats, and provide efficient algorithms to collect sensor data and deliver it to the cyber infrastructure.</p>\n<p>To build an efficient water surface jumping robot, we focused on our research efforts to unravel fundamental principles for jumping from water surface. We examined the dynamic process for water jumping so that we can optimize the robot design and established the dynamic model for the interaction between the robot foot and the water surface. The model is complicated since, instead of the reaction force from the rigid ground, the feet experience many forces including surface tension force, hydrostatic force, and hydrodynamic force. The lift force is dominated by the hydrodynamic force which is related to the speed of the feet push water surface.</p>\n<p>We considered two approaches for the design of the jumping robot. The first approach for repetitive jumping from water surface was actuated by DC motor, while the second one is actuated by shape memory alloy. The first approach relies on a carbon fiber strip to store the energy, a DC motor actuated gear train to charge and release energy, and two symmetric flat parts to flap the water. This design aimed to achieve autonomous jumping from water surface. Once this is accomplished, repetitive jumping can be realized by designing a self-righting mechanism to recover from the posture when the robot falls on the water surface. The second approach is based on the principle of buckling for elastic parts. Specifically, a superelastic wire made from shape memory alloy is hosted in a rectangular part, which will float on water surface. By applying a downward force on the wire, it will snap to the other side to push against the water and jump up. The downward force can be generated from a shape memory alloy coiled actuator. Such a mechanism will allow the robot to be extremely lightweight. With a mass of about 6 grams, the robot can jump up to 20 centimeters in height.</p>\n<p>We considered several issues regarding collaborative exchange of signals among sensors for improving the localization of the sensors within a sensor field. In addition to leveraging signal strength detection of a slowly spinning sensor, we considered the introduction of the sets of sensors that are commonly available on a smartphone with the idea that future sensors in the field for these types of applications will integrate such collection of signals When each sensor shares its own estimated location with neighboring sensors, and each sensor receives radio signals from multiple sources that may relate to distances, corrections of estimated locations computed by dead reckoning can be made. </p>\n<p>We looked into the problems of energy efficient duty cycling with limited throughput and long end-to-end delay in wireless sensor networks. We have introduced a traffic-adaptive synchronous MAC protocol that assigns time slots only to nodes that are located on active routes, addressing the underutilization problem in TDMA from a new perspective. The proposed protocol separates the traffic notification and the data transmission scheduling. Each process is tailored according to its special duties, which greatly improves the efficiency of the proposed protocol. More specifically, the traffic notification packets are only responsible for notifying nodes on active routes of incoming data packets. The size of a traffic notification packet is minimized and a traffic notification packet is transmitted in a “pulse” mode to achieve fast traffic notification. In data transmission scheduling phase, a concise representation of channel access schedule is proposed along with a low overhead schedule exchange mechanism. The schedule exchange ensures that time slots are distributed only among nodes that are on active routes and thus the channel utilization is improved in a different way from the slot stealing, providing similar high throughput and low delay with much lower power consumption. </p>\n<p>The results of this research effort have impact for broad areas of science and society. It proposed a new method for providing a cost-effective approach and a new sensor technology for water quality monitoring that can protect health and enable the better use of public policy when advising people to vacate areas of environmental damage. The project provided students with a platform to learn and understand all levels of sensor development and operation. Educational impacts have been felt by students in the undergraduate and graduate courses conducted by the PIs of the project. Graduate students from underrepresented groups have worked on the project. Outreach activities such as robotics summer camps for high school students have been conducted related to this project.</p><br>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t \tLast Modified: 11/22/2017<br>\n\t\t\t\t\tModified by: Matt W Mutka</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"porSideCol\">\n<div class=\"each-gallery\">\n<div class=\"galContent\" id=\"gallery0\">\n<div class=\"photoCount\" id=\"photoCount0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tImages (<span id=\"selectedPhoto0\">1</span> of <span class=\"totalNumber\"></span>)\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</div>\n<div class=\"galControls\" id=\"controls0\"></div>\n<div class=\"galSlideshow\" id=\"slideshow0\"></div>\n<div class=\"galEmbox\" id=\"embox\">\n<div class=\"image-title\"></div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"galNavigation\" id=\"navigation0\">\n<ul class=\"thumbs\" id=\"thumbs0\">\n<li>\n<a href=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2017/1320561/1320561_10277395_1510583553575_Picture1--rgov-214x142.jpg\" original=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2017/1320561/1320561_10277395_1510583553575_Picture1--rgov-800width.jpg\" title=\"Robot placed on a table\"><img src=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2017/1320561/1320561_10277395_1510583553575_Picture1--rgov-66x44.jpg\" alt=\"Robot placed on a table\"></a>\n<div class=\"imageCaptionContainer\">\n<div class=\"imageCaption\">Developed Water Jumping Robot placed on a table. All the components are included except the battery.</div>\n<div class=\"imageCredit\">Jianguo Zhao</div>\n<div class=\"imagePermisssions\">Creative Commons</div>\n<div class=\"imageSubmitted\">Matt W Mutka</div>\n<div class=\"imageTitle\">Robot placed on a table</div>\n</div>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a href=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2017/1320561/1320561_10277395_1510583638590_Picture2--rgov-214x142.jpg\" original=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2017/1320561/1320561_10277395_1510583638590_Picture2--rgov-800width.jpg\" title=\"Robot placed on water surface\"><img src=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2017/1320561/1320561_10277395_1510583638590_Picture2--rgov-66x44.jpg\" alt=\"Robot placed on water surface\"></a>\n<div class=\"imageCaptionContainer\">\n<div class=\"imageCaption\">Developed Water Jumping Robot placed on water surface. All the components are included except the battery. The ruler beside it is used to measure the jumping performance.</div>\n<div class=\"imageCredit\">Jianguo Zhao</div>\n<div class=\"imagePermisssions\">Creative Commons</div>\n<div class=\"imageSubmitted\">Matt W Mutka</div>\n<div class=\"imageTitle\">Robot placed on water surface</div>\n</div>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a href=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2017/1320561/1320561_10277395_1510583789835_Picture3--rgov-214x142.jpg\" original=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2017/1320561/1320561_10277395_1510583789835_Picture3--rgov-800width.jpg\" title=\"Robot jumping sequence\"><img src=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2017/1320561/1320561_10277395_1510583789835_Picture3--rgov-66x44.jpg\" alt=\"Robot jumping sequence\"></a>\n<div class=\"imageCaptionContainer\">\n<div class=\"imageCaption\">The four figures in this image come from a video recorded by a high speed camera. They show the robot?s position after taking off from water surface at different time steps.</div>\n<div class=\"imageCredit\">Jianguo Zhao</div>\n<div class=\"imageSubmitted\">Matt W Mutka</div>\n<div class=\"imageTitle\">Robot jumping sequence</div>\n</div>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>",
"por_txt_cntn": "\nThis project considered the design of a novel networked robotic sensor nodes that can be on water surfaces and jump repeatedly to enhance communication capability to overcome the effects of water on radio signal propagation. The project considered new methods for sensor localization as the sensor floats, and provide efficient algorithms to collect sensor data and deliver it to the cyber infrastructure.\n\nTo build an efficient water surface jumping robot, we focused on our research efforts to unravel fundamental principles for jumping from water surface. We examined the dynamic process for water jumping so that we can optimize the robot design and established the dynamic model for the interaction between the robot foot and the water surface. The model is complicated since, instead of the reaction force from the rigid ground, the feet experience many forces including surface tension force, hydrostatic force, and hydrodynamic force. The lift force is dominated by the hydrodynamic force which is related to the speed of the feet push water surface.\n\nWe considered two approaches for the design of the jumping robot. The first approach for repetitive jumping from water surface was actuated by DC motor, while the second one is actuated by shape memory alloy. The first approach relies on a carbon fiber strip to store the energy, a DC motor actuated gear train to charge and release energy, and two symmetric flat parts to flap the water. This design aimed to achieve autonomous jumping from water surface. Once this is accomplished, repetitive jumping can be realized by designing a self-righting mechanism to recover from the posture when the robot falls on the water surface. The second approach is based on the principle of buckling for elastic parts. Specifically, a superelastic wire made from shape memory alloy is hosted in a rectangular part, which will float on water surface. By applying a downward force on the wire, it will snap to the other side to push against the water and jump up. The downward force can be generated from a shape memory alloy coiled actuator. Such a mechanism will allow the robot to be extremely lightweight. With a mass of about 6 grams, the robot can jump up to 20 centimeters in height.\n\nWe considered several issues regarding collaborative exchange of signals among sensors for improving the localization of the sensors within a sensor field. In addition to leveraging signal strength detection of a slowly spinning sensor, we considered the introduction of the sets of sensors that are commonly available on a smartphone with the idea that future sensors in the field for these types of applications will integrate such collection of signals When each sensor shares its own estimated location with neighboring sensors, and each sensor receives radio signals from multiple sources that may relate to distances, corrections of estimated locations computed by dead reckoning can be made. \n\nWe looked into the problems of energy efficient duty cycling with limited throughput and long end-to-end delay in wireless sensor networks. We have introduced a traffic-adaptive synchronous MAC protocol that assigns time slots only to nodes that are located on active routes, addressing the underutilization problem in TDMA from a new perspective. The proposed protocol separates the traffic notification and the data transmission scheduling. Each process is tailored according to its special duties, which greatly improves the efficiency of the proposed protocol. More specifically, the traffic notification packets are only responsible for notifying nodes on active routes of incoming data packets. The size of a traffic notification packet is minimized and a traffic notification packet is transmitted in a \"pulse\" mode to achieve fast traffic notification. In data transmission scheduling phase, a concise representation of channel access schedule is proposed along with a low overhead schedule exchange mechanism. The schedule exchange ensures that time slots are distributed only among nodes that are on active routes and thus the channel utilization is improved in a different way from the slot stealing, providing similar high throughput and low delay with much lower power consumption. \n\nThe results of this research effort have impact for broad areas of science and society. It proposed a new method for providing a cost-effective approach and a new sensor technology for water quality monitoring that can protect health and enable the better use of public policy when advising people to vacate areas of environmental damage. The project provided students with a platform to learn and understand all levels of sensor development and operation. Educational impacts have been felt by students in the undergraduate and graduate courses conducted by the PIs of the project. Graduate students from underrepresented groups have worked on the project. Outreach activities such as robotics summer camps for high school students have been conducted related to this project.\n\n\t\t\t\t\tLast Modified: 11/22/2017\n\n\t\t\t\t\tSubmitted by: Matt W Mutka"
} |
|
1239422 | NSF | Grant | Fixed Amount Award | IOS Broadening Participation: Choose Development | 47.074 | 08090000 | null | Michael Mishkind | 2013-04-01 | 2017-03-31 | 285,000 | 285,000 | 2013-04-25 | 2016-03-15 | Built upon a culture of inclusiveness, Choose Development is a three-year project through which the Society for Developmental Biology (SDB) aims to augment the diversity of undergraduate students that enter doctoral (PhD) programs in their pursuit of research careers in fields related to developmental biology. This pioneering program emphasizes professional development and research training under long-term and continuing supervision by expert developmental biology research faculty. Undergraduates with disabilities and those belonging to under-represented minority (URM) groups will be selected from a national applicant pool and matched to research laboratories with trained faculty mentors committed to enhancing their preparation to enter graduate programs. Students will be recognized as an elite group of SDB Fellows who will spend two summers (and possibly an academic year as well) carrying out independent research in the mentor's laboratory. The Society will ensure dissemination of their research accomplishments through the students' participation in SDB regional and/or national meetings, complemented by strong support and encouragement from members of this scientific community. It is expected that most, if not all of these SDB Fellows will choose and be accepted into graduate programs on developmental biology or related areas. This project will have important implications toward enhancing training strategies that aim to diversify the population of investigators in the discipline of developmental biology, as well as that of our future scientific workforce to coincide with the expected demographic changes in the United States. SDB will also develop and implement resources to assist other scientific and disciplinary societies that plan to adopt similar approaches. | 0 | BIO | Directorate for Biological Sciences | IOS | Division Of Integrative Organismal Systems | 4900 | 4900 | [
{
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"pi_first_name": "Graciela",
"pi_full_name": "Graciela A Unguez",
"pi_last_name": "Unguez",
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"pi_first_name": "Ida",
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"pi_role": "Co-Principal Investigator",
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{
"app_code": "0113",
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{
"fund_oblg_amt": 285000,
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"por_cntn": "<div class=\"porColContainerWBG\">\n<div class=\"porContentCol\"><p><strong>PROJECT OUTCOMES: </strong></p>\n<p><strong><em>IOS Broadening Participation: Choose Development! </em>Award # 1239422; </strong><strong>04/01/13 to 03/31/16.</strong></p>\n<p><strong><br /></strong></p>\n<p><strong>The goal of the NSF </strong><em>Choose Development! </em>Award #1239422 to broaden the participation of underrepresented minority (URM) scientists in developmental biology increased the participation of URMs in developmental biology and incorporated diversity goals into the strategic plans of the Society for Developmental Biology (SDB). We set four specific aims for a 5-year grant proposal that was curtailed to 3 years, and these were:<strong> </strong></p>\n<p><strong> </strong></p>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Aim 1</span>: To increase the number of URM undergraduates and students with disabilities (SWD) entering graduate programs in developmental biology.</p>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Aim 2:</span> To increase and retain the number of SDB members from the populations of URMs and persons with disabilities by at least 25% of current figures<sup>*</sup>. (<sup>*</sup>As of 2011 survey 0f 671 SDB respondents)</p>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Aim 3</span>: To increase URM members who participate in SDB activities (i.e., elected offices, committees, chairing annual and regional meetings).</p>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Aim 4</span>: To promote a better understanding of developmental biology and its contribution to society through active outreach activities.</p>\n<p>The aims were not modified from those stated in the original application and the outcomes obtained for each aim are summarized below.</p>\n<p><strong> </strong></p>\n<p><strong>General Outcomes</strong></p>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Aim 1:</span> At the end of our 3-year grant and a no-cost extension 4<sup>th</sup> year, we report evidence that strongly support our original hypothesis tested in this project and that is, <strong><em>long-term advocacy (and mentoring) is successful</em></strong>. The pioneering program <em>Choose Development! </em>established by the Society for Developmental Biology (SDB) in 2013 (<a href=\"http://www.sdbonline.org/choose_development\">http://www.sdbonline.org/choose_development</a>) is a summer research intensive program designed with a multi-level mentoring approach to be carried out over successive summers in the laboratories of established SDB members. We accepted a total of 19 URM undergraduate students as Fellows, 21 Mentors and 19 Lab Mentors representing the demographics shown below.</p>\n<p> </p>\n<div>\n<table border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"4\" width=\"505\" valign=\"top\">\n<p><strong><em>Choose Development! Program</em></strong><strong>: Demographics (2013-2016)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"131\" valign=\"top\">\n<p><strong> </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\n<p><strong>Fellows</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td width=\"126\" valign=\"top\">\n<p><strong>Acad Mentors</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td width=\"126\" valign=\"top\">\n<p><strong>Lab Mentors</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"131\" valign=\"top\">\n<p>Hispanic</p>\n</td>\n<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\n<p>14</p>\n</td>\n<td width=\"126\" valign=\"top\">\n<p>3</p>\n</td>\n<td width=\"126\" valign=\"top\">\n<p>5</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"131\" valign=\"top\">\n<p>African American</p>\n</td>\n<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\n<p>6</p>\n</td>\n<td width=\"126\" valign=\"top\">\n<p>0</p>\n</td>\n<td width=\"126\" valign=\"top\">\n<p>0</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"131\" valign=\"top\">\n<p>American Indian</p>\n</td>\n<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\n<p>1</p>\n</td>\n<td width=\"126\" valign=\"top\">\n<p>0</p>\n</td>\n<td width=\"126\" valign=\"top\">\n<p>0</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"131\" valign=\"top\">\n<p>With Disabilities</p>\n</td>\n<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\n<p>3</p>\n</td>\n<td width=\"126\" valign=\"top\">\n<p>n/a</p>\n</td>\n<td width=\"126\" valign=\"top\">\n<p>n/a</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"131\" valign=\"top\">\n<p>Female</p>\n</td>\n<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\n<p>8</p>\n</td>\n<td width=\"126\" valign=\"top\">\n<p>16</p>\n</td>\n<td width=\"126\" valign=\"top\">\n<p>10</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"131\" valign=\"top\">\n<p>Male</p>\n</td>\n<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\n<p>11</p>\n</td>\n<td width=\"126\" valign=\"top\">\n<p>3</p>\n</td>\n<td width=\"126\" valign=\"top\">\n<p>9</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"131\" valign=\"top\">\n<p>TOTAL</p>\n</td>\n<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\n<p>19</p>\n</td>\n<td width=\"126\" valign=\"top\">\n<p>19</p>\n</td>\n<td width=\"126\" valign=\"top\">\n<p>19</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n</div>\n<p> </p>\n<p>Note: Two Academic Mentors had 2 different Fellows each. Several Fellows self-declared more than one ethnicity/race or a disability. Two Fellows experimented two different labs. Six Fellows had the opportunity of spending one week at the Embryology Course at the Marine Biology Laboratory in Woods Hole, MA. </p>\n<p> </p>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Aim 2</span>: The SDB membership increased by 20% during the granting period (2012-2017) and the number of under-represented groups also increased as follows: Hispanic, 13%, African American 15%, American Indian 4%. Interestingly, the percentage of members with disabilities decreased from 4% in 2012 survey to 1% in 2017. The distribution of female and male members has been relatively even (49% for both sexes and 2% for undeclared) throughout recent years while the percentage of white members decreased by 14% during the granting period. </p>\n<p> </p>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Aim 3</span>: The successful funding of this proposal was widely publicized to all SDB members through its website, announcements at SDB annual and regional meetings, as well as the Society for the Advancement of Chicanos and Native Americans in Science (SACNAS) and the Annual Biomedical Research Conference for Minority Students (ABRCMS). Moreover, it provided an impetus to take action and increase URM members who participate in SDB committees and elected offices. A new Inclusion and Outreach Committee (IOC) was formed with representation on the Board of Directors. It will oversee the design and implementation of programs to support and provide equal opportunity to anyone interested in developmental biology to join and excel within the SDB community (http://www.sdbonline.org/ioc#mission). Dr. Carmen Domingo from San Francisco State University was also elected the West Coast Representative on the Board (<a href=\"http://www.sdbonline.org/board_of_directors\">http://www.sdbonline.org/board_of_directors</a>).</p>\n<p> </p>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Aim 4</span>: SDB continues to pursue active participation in venues that facilitate the promotion to better understand developmental biology and its contribution to society by setting up educational booths in national scientific conferences (SACNAS, ABRCMS) and the USA Science and Engineering Festivals. </p>\n<p><strong> </strong></p>\n<p><strong>Significance</strong></p>\n<p>Our 4-year cumulative outcomes strongly support our original hypothesis tested in this project and that is, <strong><em>long-term advocacy (and mentoring) is successful</em></strong>. The introduction of the <em>Choose Development!</em> Program to the SDB community raised awareness and appreciation for the benefits of good mentoring at all levels and of training a diverse population of future scientists. An atmosphere of inclusiveness and welcoming in the laboratories and classrooms of students belonging to the different ethnic, socio-economic, cultural and academic backgrounds is essential to foster and train students that will comprise the future workforce demographics in this country. In sum, we have met each of our 4 aims with activities that can spur on continued growth of the SDB demographics and participation of its members to develop and sustain these and new activities to help transform the “face” of scientific research in the USA.</p><br>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t \tLast Modified: 07/20/2017<br>\n\t\t\t\t\tModified by: Ida Chow</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"porSideCol\">\n<div class=\"each-gallery\">\n<div class=\"galContent\" id=\"gallery0\">\n<div class=\"photoCount\" id=\"photoCount0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tImages (<span id=\"selectedPhoto0\">1</span> of <span class=\"totalNumber\"></span>)\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</div>\n<div class=\"galControls\" id=\"controls0\"></div>\n<div class=\"galSlideshow\" id=\"slideshow0\"></div>\n<div class=\"galEmbox\" id=\"embox\">\n<div class=\"image-title\"></div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"galNavigation\" id=\"navigation0\">\n<ul class=\"thumbs\" id=\"thumbs0\">\n<li>\n<a href=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2017/1239422/1239422_10342350_1500558808005_2015AnnualMeeting--rgov-214x142.jpg\" original=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2017/1239422/1239422_10342350_1500558808005_2015AnnualMeeting--rgov-800width.jpg\" title=\"Fellows with Co-Pi at SDB 2015 annual meeting\"><img src=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2017/1239422/1239422_10342350_1500558808005_2015AnnualMeeting--rgov-66x44.jpg\" alt=\"Fellows with Co-Pi at SDB 2015 annual meeting\"></a>\n<div class=\"imageCaptionContainer\">\n<div class=\"imageCaption\">Co-PI with 11 Choose Development Fellows at the SDB 2015 Annual Meeting.</div>\n<div class=\"imageCredit\">I.Chow</div>\n<div class=\"imagePermisssions\">Copyrighted</div>\n<div class=\"imageSubmitted\">Ida Chow</div>\n<div class=\"imageTitle\">Fellows with Co-Pi at SDB 2015 annual meeting</div>\n</div>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a href=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2017/1239422/1239422_10342350_1500558406550_2014PosterSession--rgov-214x142.jpg\" original=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2017/1239422/1239422_10342350_1500558406550_2014PosterSession--rgov-800width.jpg\" title=\"Fellows at SDB 2014 annual meeting\"><img src=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2017/1239422/1239422_10342350_1500558406550_2014PosterSession--rgov-66x44.jpg\" alt=\"Fellows at SDB 2014 annual meeting\"></a>\n<div class=\"imageCaptionContainer\">\n<div class=\"imageCaption\">Fellows presenting posters of data from the previous year's research, at the SDB 2014 annual meeting</div>\n<div class=\"imageCredit\">I.Chow</div>\n<div class=\"imagePermisssions\">Copyrighted</div>\n<div class=\"imageSubmitted\">Ida Chow</div>\n<div class=\"imageTitle\">Fellows at SDB 2014 annual meeting</div>\n</div>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>",
"por_txt_cntn": "\nPROJECT OUTCOMES: \n\nIOS Broadening Participation: Choose Development! Award # 1239422; 04/01/13 to 03/31/16.\n\n\n\n\nThe goal of the NSF Choose Development! Award #1239422 to broaden the participation of underrepresented minority (URM) scientists in developmental biology increased the participation of URMs in developmental biology and incorporated diversity goals into the strategic plans of the Society for Developmental Biology (SDB). We set four specific aims for a 5-year grant proposal that was curtailed to 3 years, and these were: \n\n \n\nAim 1: To increase the number of URM undergraduates and students with disabilities (SWD) entering graduate programs in developmental biology.\n\nAim 2: To increase and retain the number of SDB members from the populations of URMs and persons with disabilities by at least 25% of current figures*. (*As of 2011 survey 0f 671 SDB respondents)\n\nAim 3: To increase URM members who participate in SDB activities (i.e., elected offices, committees, chairing annual and regional meetings).\n\nAim 4: To promote a better understanding of developmental biology and its contribution to society through active outreach activities.\n\nThe aims were not modified from those stated in the original application and the outcomes obtained for each aim are summarized below.\n\n \n\nGeneral Outcomes\n\nAim 1: At the end of our 3-year grant and a no-cost extension 4th year, we report evidence that strongly support our original hypothesis tested in this project and that is, long-term advocacy (and mentoring) is successful. The pioneering program Choose Development! established by the Society for Developmental Biology (SDB) in 2013 (http://www.sdbonline.org/choose_development) is a summer research intensive program designed with a multi-level mentoring approach to be carried out over successive summers in the laboratories of established SDB members. We accepted a total of 19 URM undergraduate students as Fellows, 21 Mentors and 19 Lab Mentors representing the demographics shown below.\n\n \n\n\n\n\n\n\nChoose Development! Program: Demographics (2013-2016)\n\n\n\n\n\n \n\n\n\nFellows\n\n\n\nAcad Mentors\n\n\n\nLab Mentors\n\n\n\n\n\nHispanic\n\n\n\n14\n\n\n\n3\n\n\n\n5\n\n\n\n\n\nAfrican American\n\n\n\n6\n\n\n\n0\n\n\n\n0\n\n\n\n\n\nAmerican Indian\n\n\n\n1\n\n\n\n0\n\n\n\n0\n\n\n\n\n\nWith Disabilities\n\n\n\n3\n\n\n\nn/a\n\n\n\nn/a\n\n\n\n\n\nFemale\n\n\n\n8\n\n\n\n16\n\n\n\n10\n\n\n\n\n\nMale\n\n\n\n11\n\n\n\n3\n\n\n\n9\n\n\n\n\n\nTOTAL\n\n\n\n19\n\n\n\n19\n\n\n\n19\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n\nNote: Two Academic Mentors had 2 different Fellows each. Several Fellows self-declared more than one ethnicity/race or a disability. Two Fellows experimented two different labs. Six Fellows had the opportunity of spending one week at the Embryology Course at the Marine Biology Laboratory in Woods Hole, MA. \n\n \n\nAim 2: The SDB membership increased by 20% during the granting period (2012-2017) and the number of under-represented groups also increased as follows: Hispanic, 13%, African American 15%, American Indian 4%. Interestingly, the percentage of members with disabilities decreased from 4% in 2012 survey to 1% in 2017. The distribution of female and male members has been relatively even (49% for both sexes and 2% for undeclared) throughout recent years while the percentage of white members decreased by 14% during the granting period. \n\n \n\nAim 3: The successful funding of this proposal was widely publicized to all SDB members through its website, announcements at SDB annual and regional meetings, as well as the Society for the Advancement of Chicanos and Native Americans in Science (SACNAS) and the Annual Biomedical Research Conference for Minority Students (ABRCMS). Moreover, it provided an impetus to take action and increase URM members who participate in SDB committees and elected offices. A new Inclusion and Outreach Committee (IOC) was formed with representation on the Board of Directors. It will oversee the design and implementation of programs to support and provide equal opportunity to anyone interested in developmental biology to join and excel within the SDB community (http://www.sdbonline.org/ioc#mission). Dr. Carmen Domingo from San Francisco State University was also elected the West Coast Representative on the Board (http://www.sdbonline.org/board_of_directors).\n\n \n\nAim 4: SDB continues to pursue active participation in venues that facilitate the promotion to better understand developmental biology and its contribution to society by setting up educational booths in national scientific conferences (SACNAS, ABRCMS) and the USA Science and Engineering Festivals. \n\n \n\nSignificance\n\nOur 4-year cumulative outcomes strongly support our original hypothesis tested in this project and that is, long-term advocacy (and mentoring) is successful. The introduction of the Choose Development! Program to the SDB community raised awareness and appreciation for the benefits of good mentoring at all levels and of training a diverse population of future scientists. An atmosphere of inclusiveness and welcoming in the laboratories and classrooms of students belonging to the different ethnic, socio-economic, cultural and academic backgrounds is essential to foster and train students that will comprise the future workforce demographics in this country. In sum, we have met each of our 4 aims with activities that can spur on continued growth of the SDB demographics and participation of its members to develop and sustain these and new activities to help transform the \"face\" of scientific research in the USA.\n\n\t\t\t\t\tLast Modified: 07/20/2017\n\n\t\t\t\t\tSubmitted by: Ida Chow"
} |
|
1262470 | NSF | Grant | Standard Grant | Collaborative Research: RCN: EukHiTs: Eukaryotic biodiversity research using High-Throughput Sequencing | 47.074 | 08080000 | null | Peter McCartney | 2013-09-15 | 2019-08-31 | 201,859 | 201,859 | 2013-09-12 | 2013-09-12 | The University of New Hampshire and the University of California, Davis are awarded a grant to develop a Research Coordination Network focused on eukaryotic biodiversity research using high-throughput sequencing (RCN EukHiTS). Microscopic eukaryote species (organisms <1mm, such as nematodes, fungi, protists, etc.) are abundant and ubiquitous-yet invisible to the naked eye-in every ecosystem on earth. The biodiversity and geographic distributions for most of these species are largely unknown, and represent one of the major knowledge gaps in biology. High-throughput DNA sequencing technologies now allow for deep examination of virtually all microscopic organisms present in an environmental sample. For microbial eukaryote taxa, en masse biodiversity assessment using traditional loci (rRNA genes) can be conducted at a fraction of the time and cost required for traditional (morphological) approaches. Despite this promise, current bottlenecks include the lack of useful distributed tools for analysis and common data standards to allow global comparisons across individual studies as well as missing links between molecules and morphology. The EukHiTS RCN will focus on developing community capabilities for computational approaches focused on eukaryotic taxa and the infrastructure, both cyber and human, needed for effective interpretation of large high-throughput datasets. The steering committee of RCN EukHiTS includes expertise from computational biology, functional genomics, computer science, taxonomy, ecology, database resource management, and representatives of end‐user communities to ensure that all aspects of the community are well-represented.
RCN EukHiTs will offer extensive scientific outreach, education and training, including a heavy focus on technology and social media tools. Key network activities will be devoted to training the next generation of scientists to take up the challenges of global biodiversity assessment; a strong focus on undergraduate opportunities ("Bioinformatics Bootcamps" and institutional research exchanges) will enable students to develop their research skill set through interdisciplinary training, and gain career insight though planned social interactions with established researchers at different career stages. Research coordination activities will include yearly catalysis meetings (held as satellite events to well-attended, interdisciplinary scientific conferences), working groups, and RCN-sponsored conference symposia. An RCN portal website will disseminate RCN activities and inform the wider community of eukaryotic biodiversity research priorities and long-term goals. Similarly, web-based content, including blog posts and Twitter feeds, will serve to engage public audiences and raise awareness of new DNA sequencing technologies and the role of microbial eukaryotes in natural ecosystems. | 0 | BIO | Directorate for Biological Sciences | DBI | Division of Biological Infrastructure | 4900 | 4900 | [
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"por_cntn": "<div class=\"porColContainerWBG\">\n<div class=\"porContentCol\"><p>During the course of this award, bioinformatics training was provided in 12 different workshops, with 373 participants. Two of the workshops were conducted with a focus on training underrepresented undergraduate students in bioinformatics, as well as mentoring two faculty sponsors in their endeavors to integrate bioinformatics into their curricula at their home institutions. The participants in the other 10 workshops had a variety of education and experience levels (undergraduate, Master’s, Ph.D., and faculty) and focused on the development and application of bioinformatics tools for understanding eukaryotic biodiversity. Workshops focused specifically on bringing together researchers doing molecular work with researchers with expertise in morphological identification to foster the development of multidisciplinary collaborations to advance inclusive expertise in the field.</p>\n<p> </p>\n<p>In addition to the workshops described above, two symposia for Ecometagenomics were held at the national/international Ecological Society meetings and were attended by ~225 participants. Drs. Thomas and Bik gave 19 invited lectures over the course of the award in addition to conducting the workshops described above. </p>\n<p> </p>\n<p>The PIs published 1 book chapter and 3 peer reviewed manuscripts. From the final EukHiTS workshop in 2019 (31 attendees), a review paper and white paper are currently being prepared for submission by the core organizers and attendees that have been involved throughout the project and shaped the narrative of the workshops and meetings.</p>\n<p> </p>\n<p>During the last 5 years, RCN EukHiTS has focused on developing community resources and infrastructure for the effective interpretation of large, high-throughput datasets generated for microscopic eukaryotic species. The target cohort for the training and education in the application of various “-omics”, bioinformatics, and other technologies will impact the future of how these technologies and resources are applied in the future. For the participants (both students and faculty mentors), understanding how these technologies affect downstream aspects of everyday life, biomedical relevance, and societal implications will be critical to the ongoing development of future leaders I these research areas, as well as education and training future policy makers about the applications and impacts of these technologies.</p><br>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t \tLast Modified: 12/31/2019<br>\n\t\t\t\t\tModified by: William K Thomas</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"porSideCol\"></div>\n</div>",
"por_txt_cntn": "\nDuring the course of this award, bioinformatics training was provided in 12 different workshops, with 373 participants. Two of the workshops were conducted with a focus on training underrepresented undergraduate students in bioinformatics, as well as mentoring two faculty sponsors in their endeavors to integrate bioinformatics into their curricula at their home institutions. The participants in the other 10 workshops had a variety of education and experience levels (undergraduate, Master’s, Ph.D., and faculty) and focused on the development and application of bioinformatics tools for understanding eukaryotic biodiversity. Workshops focused specifically on bringing together researchers doing molecular work with researchers with expertise in morphological identification to foster the development of multidisciplinary collaborations to advance inclusive expertise in the field.\n\n \n\nIn addition to the workshops described above, two symposia for Ecometagenomics were held at the national/international Ecological Society meetings and were attended by ~225 participants. Drs. Thomas and Bik gave 19 invited lectures over the course of the award in addition to conducting the workshops described above. \n\n \n\nThe PIs published 1 book chapter and 3 peer reviewed manuscripts. From the final EukHiTS workshop in 2019 (31 attendees), a review paper and white paper are currently being prepared for submission by the core organizers and attendees that have been involved throughout the project and shaped the narrative of the workshops and meetings.\n\n \n\nDuring the last 5 years, RCN EukHiTS has focused on developing community resources and infrastructure for the effective interpretation of large, high-throughput datasets generated for microscopic eukaryotic species. The target cohort for the training and education in the application of various \"-omics\", bioinformatics, and other technologies will impact the future of how these technologies and resources are applied in the future. For the participants (both students and faculty mentors), understanding how these technologies affect downstream aspects of everyday life, biomedical relevance, and societal implications will be critical to the ongoing development of future leaders I these research areas, as well as education and training future policy makers about the applications and impacts of these technologies.\n\n\t\t\t\t\tLast Modified: 12/31/2019\n\n\t\t\t\t\tSubmitted by: William K Thomas"
} |
|
1330832 | NSF | Grant | Standard Grant | Dynamics of Reductive Dehalogenating Communities Associated with Dehalorespiration Under Conditions of Competition for Hydrogen | 47.074 | 08070700 | null | edward crane | 2013-10-01 | 2017-09-30 | 893,635 | 893,635 | 2013-09-18 | 2013-09-18 | Chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons, such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichloroethene (TCE) are the most abundant groundwater contaminants of US aquifers. While bioremediation of these pollutants via reductively dehalogenating microorganisms has been successful at many sites, there are numerous sites where the success has been limited. This limited success is frequently due to a lack of understanding of in situ microbial reductive dehalogenation and complex biogeochemical processes. Dehalococcoides mccartyi (Dhc) species appear to be the most important microbes for complete dechlorination of PCE and TCE to the harmless ethene. As members of the rare, slow growing biosphere, Dehalococcoides sp. are strictly anaerobic microbes, are highly niche-adapted to reductive dehalogenation, are difficult to isolate in pure culture, and are metabolically integrated in unknown ways into a supporting microbial community. This collaborative, interdisciplinary engineering and science research will provide a fundamental understanding of the dynamics of slow growing, reductively dehalogenating microbes, their populations, and the associated microbial communities during reductive dehalogenation of chloroethenes at fluctuating low concentrations of hydrogen their preferred electron donor. A better understanding will be achieved by a combined approach consisting of experimentally determining molecular and organismal properties of the competition for hydrogen by different microbes of a dehalogenating community and of developing a predictive mathematical model to simulate the competition for hydrogen among the microbial community. The expected outcome is a deeper systems-level understanding of how in a natural microbial ecosystem, dynamically changing diverse electron donors and alternate electron acceptors cause shifts in composition of the microbial community and populations of dehalogenating microbes.
Broader Impacts. The broader impacts of this research will be on three levels: 1) Successful engineering of microbial reductive dehalogenation for bioremediation of groundwater contaminated with chloroethenes. The collaborative interdisciplinary research will provide insights into crucial data and modeling needed for engineering more efficient bioremediation systems. This type of combined molecular/experimental, statistical and mathematical approach is expected to be transferable for engineering the remediation of other high priority environmental contaminants, such fluorohydrocarbons, heavy metals, or radionuclides; 2) Fundamental insights will be obtained into the (eco) physiological dynamics and natural population structure of Dehalococcoides sp. which are members of the highly-niche adapted, rare, slow growing biosphere. Studies will enable scientists to begin to frame and answer some crucial questions on the biology of such microbes and on life under low-growth conditions in general; 3) The students involved in this project will be trained in microbial physiology and molecular methods, statistical methods for the analysis of molecular information, in environmental engineering and in mathematical modeling of biological or geochemical systems. The students will learn the fundamentals either in engineering or microbiology as their core discipline, and will also be trained in using statistical methods and modeling to educate the next generation of collaborative microbiologists and environmental engineers. | 0 | BIO | Directorate for Biological Sciences | MCB | Division of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences | 4900 | 4900 | [
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"por_cntn": "<div class=\"porColContainerWBG\">\n<div class=\"porContentCol\"><p>Chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons, such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichloroethene (TCE) are the most abundant groundwater contaminants of US aquifers. While bioremediation of these pollutants via reductively dehalogenating microorganisms has been successful at many sites, there are numerous sites where the success has been limited. This limited success is frequently due to a lack of understanding of <em>in situ</em> microbial reductive dehalogenation and complex biogeochemical processes. <em>Dehalococcoides mccartyi</em> (Dhc)<em> </em>species appear to be the most important microbes for complete dechlorination of PCE and TCE to the harmless ethene. As members of the rare, slow growing biosphere, <em>Dehalococcoides</em> sp. are strictly anaerobic microbes, are highly niche-adapted to reductive dehalogenation, are difficult to isolate in pure culture, and are metabolically integrated in unknown ways into a supporting microbial community. This collaborative, interdisciplinary engineering and science research has provided a fundamental understanding of the dynamics of slow growing, reductively dehalogenating microbes, their populations, and the associated microbial communities during reductive dehalogenation of chloroethenes at fluctuating low concentrations of hydrogen their preferred electron donor. A better understanding was obtained by experimentally determining molecular and organismal properties of the competition for substrate (hydrogen)<strong> </strong>by different microbes of a dehalogenating community. </p>\n<p>This research was successful on three levels: 1) Successful engineering of microbial reductive dehalogenation for bioremediation of groundwater contaminated with chloroethenes. The collaborative interdisciplinary research provided insights into crucial data needed for engineering more efficient bioremediation systems. This type of combined molecular/experimental, statistical and mathematical approach is expected to be transferable for engineering the remediation of other high priority environmental contaminants, such fluorohydrocarbons, heavy metals, or radionuclides; 2) Fundamental insights were obtained into the (eco) physiological dynamics and natural population structure of <em>Dehalococcoides</em> sp. which are members of the highly-niche adapted, rare, slow growing biosphere. Our studies enabled us to begin to frame and answer some crucial questions on the biology of such microbes and on life under low-growth conditions in general; 3) The students involved were trained in microbial physiology and molecular methods, statistical methods for the analysis of molecular information, in environmental engineering and in mathematical modeling of biological or geochemical systems. The students learned the fundamentals either in engineering or microbiology as their core discipline, and were trained to use statistical methods and modeling to educate the next generation of collaborative microbiologists and environmental engineers.</p>\n<p>Our results underscore the importance of food source (substrate, electron donor)/contaminant (chloroethene) stoichiometry whether formate or more commonly used substrates (e.g., lactate or emulsified vegetable oil) are used. The competition for substrate is a well-recognized determinant of dechlorination efficiency<em> </em>in the environment to non-toxic endproducts, ethene or carbon dioxide. A number of previous investigations have shown that competing processes (e.g. metal reduction, methanogenesis, or sulfate reduction), can diminish rates of dechlorination and survival of <em>Dehalococcoides. </em>In this study, we demonstrated that electron donor scarcity alone, in the absence of competing metabolic processes or inhibitory concentrations of intermediate dechlorination products, is sufficient to greatly alter intra-<em>Dehalococcoides </em>population structure. Where the flux of available hydrogen (as a substrate) is in stoichiometric deficit to TCE input, our results suggest that <em>tceA-</em>containing <em>Dehalococcoides, </em>if present,<em> </em>will likely outcompete <em>vcrA-</em>containing populations, increasing the risk of incomplete chloroethene removal. Figure 1 is a cartoon of what was observed under very controlled chemostat reactors our laboratory. These chemostats were operated for 7 years with excess and limited supply of substrate. Over the long period when substrate (electron donor) was limited, the transformation rates of TCE and especially vinyl chloride (VC) were reduced. Thus, TCE was being transformed mainly to VC, which is a known carcinogen. Novel molecular methods were used to track the populations of <em>D. mccartyi</em> (tceA) that promote the transformation of TCE to VC and <em>D. mccartyi</em> (vcrA) that transform VC to ethene, a non-toxic end product. Upon the addition of ample substrate the population of <em>D. mccartyi</em> (vcrA) was restored and rates of VC transformation to ethene increased. Under these conditions, TCE was transformed completely to ethene in the reactor.</p>\n<p>All four of the students who performed research on the project, graduated with MS and PhD degrees and are now successfully employed with environmental consulting firms that work on the remediation of hazardous waste sites. Several of the students now work on bioremediation projects in these firms. One student conducted research on the project for her undergraduate Honor College Thesis at Oregon State University. She received the award for the outstanding STEM field Honor College Thesis the year she graduated.</p>\n<p> </p><br>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t \tLast Modified: 12/15/2017<br>\n\t\t\t\t\tModified by: Lewis Semprini</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"porSideCol\">\n<div class=\"each-gallery\">\n<div class=\"galContent\" id=\"gallery0\">\n<div class=\"photoCount\" id=\"photoCount0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tImage\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</div>\n<div class=\"galControls onePhoto\" id=\"controls0\"></div>\n<div class=\"galSlideshow\" id=\"slideshow0\"></div>\n<div class=\"galEmbox\" id=\"embox\">\n<div class=\"image-title\"></div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"galNavigation onePhoto\" id=\"navigation0\">\n<ul class=\"thumbs\" id=\"thumbs0\">\n<li>\n<a href=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2017/1330832/1330832_10281589_1513383374562_Presentation1--rgov-214x142.jpg\" original=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2017/1330832/1330832_10281589_1513383374562_Presentation1--rgov-800width.jpg\" title=\"Rates of TCE and VC Transformation in a Chemostat Reactor in Response to Substrate Feeding\"><img src=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2017/1330832/1330832_10281589_1513383374562_Presentation1--rgov-66x44.jpg\" alt=\"Rates of TCE and VC Transformation in a Chemostat Reactor in Response to Substrate Feeding\"></a>\n<div class=\"imageCaptionContainer\">\n<div class=\"imageCaption\">Figure 1 is a cartoon of what was observed under very controlled chemostat reactors our laboratory. These chemostats were operated for 7 years with excess and limited supply of substrate. Over the long period when substrate (electron donor) was limited, the transformation rates of TCE and especiall</div>\n<div class=\"imageCredit\">Koshlan Blackwell-Mayer</div>\n<div class=\"imagePermisssions\">Public Domain</div>\n<div class=\"imageSubmitted\">Lewis Semprini</div>\n<div class=\"imageTitle\">Rates of TCE and VC Transformation in a Chemostat Reactor in Response to Substrate Feeding</div>\n</div>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>",
"por_txt_cntn": "\nChlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons, such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichloroethene (TCE) are the most abundant groundwater contaminants of US aquifers. While bioremediation of these pollutants via reductively dehalogenating microorganisms has been successful at many sites, there are numerous sites where the success has been limited. This limited success is frequently due to a lack of understanding of in situ microbial reductive dehalogenation and complex biogeochemical processes. Dehalococcoides mccartyi (Dhc) species appear to be the most important microbes for complete dechlorination of PCE and TCE to the harmless ethene. As members of the rare, slow growing biosphere, Dehalococcoides sp. are strictly anaerobic microbes, are highly niche-adapted to reductive dehalogenation, are difficult to isolate in pure culture, and are metabolically integrated in unknown ways into a supporting microbial community. This collaborative, interdisciplinary engineering and science research has provided a fundamental understanding of the dynamics of slow growing, reductively dehalogenating microbes, their populations, and the associated microbial communities during reductive dehalogenation of chloroethenes at fluctuating low concentrations of hydrogen their preferred electron donor. A better understanding was obtained by experimentally determining molecular and organismal properties of the competition for substrate (hydrogen) by different microbes of a dehalogenating community. \n\nThis research was successful on three levels: 1) Successful engineering of microbial reductive dehalogenation for bioremediation of groundwater contaminated with chloroethenes. The collaborative interdisciplinary research provided insights into crucial data needed for engineering more efficient bioremediation systems. This type of combined molecular/experimental, statistical and mathematical approach is expected to be transferable for engineering the remediation of other high priority environmental contaminants, such fluorohydrocarbons, heavy metals, or radionuclides; 2) Fundamental insights were obtained into the (eco) physiological dynamics and natural population structure of Dehalococcoides sp. which are members of the highly-niche adapted, rare, slow growing biosphere. Our studies enabled us to begin to frame and answer some crucial questions on the biology of such microbes and on life under low-growth conditions in general; 3) The students involved were trained in microbial physiology and molecular methods, statistical methods for the analysis of molecular information, in environmental engineering and in mathematical modeling of biological or geochemical systems. The students learned the fundamentals either in engineering or microbiology as their core discipline, and were trained to use statistical methods and modeling to educate the next generation of collaborative microbiologists and environmental engineers.\n\nOur results underscore the importance of food source (substrate, electron donor)/contaminant (chloroethene) stoichiometry whether formate or more commonly used substrates (e.g., lactate or emulsified vegetable oil) are used. The competition for substrate is a well-recognized determinant of dechlorination efficiency in the environment to non-toxic endproducts, ethene or carbon dioxide. A number of previous investigations have shown that competing processes (e.g. metal reduction, methanogenesis, or sulfate reduction), can diminish rates of dechlorination and survival of Dehalococcoides. In this study, we demonstrated that electron donor scarcity alone, in the absence of competing metabolic processes or inhibitory concentrations of intermediate dechlorination products, is sufficient to greatly alter intra-Dehalococcoides population structure. Where the flux of available hydrogen (as a substrate) is in stoichiometric deficit to TCE input, our results suggest that tceA-containing Dehalococcoides, if present, will likely outcompete vcrA-containing populations, increasing the risk of incomplete chloroethene removal. Figure 1 is a cartoon of what was observed under very controlled chemostat reactors our laboratory. These chemostats were operated for 7 years with excess and limited supply of substrate. Over the long period when substrate (electron donor) was limited, the transformation rates of TCE and especially vinyl chloride (VC) were reduced. Thus, TCE was being transformed mainly to VC, which is a known carcinogen. Novel molecular methods were used to track the populations of D. mccartyi (tceA) that promote the transformation of TCE to VC and D. mccartyi (vcrA) that transform VC to ethene, a non-toxic end product. Upon the addition of ample substrate the population of D. mccartyi (vcrA) was restored and rates of VC transformation to ethene increased. Under these conditions, TCE was transformed completely to ethene in the reactor.\n\nAll four of the students who performed research on the project, graduated with MS and PhD degrees and are now successfully employed with environmental consulting firms that work on the remediation of hazardous waste sites. Several of the students now work on bioremediation projects in these firms. One student conducted research on the project for her undergraduate Honor College Thesis at Oregon State University. She received the award for the outstanding STEM field Honor College Thesis the year she graduated.\n\n \n\n\t\t\t\t\tLast Modified: 12/15/2017\n\n\t\t\t\t\tSubmitted by: Lewis Semprini"
} |
|
1301396 | NSF | Grant | Standard Grant | Universal Meshes for Coupled Crack Propagation Problems and their Application to Hydraulic Fracturing | 47.041 | 07030000 | 7032922211 | Siddiq Qidwai | 2013-03-01 | 2017-02-28 | 301,598 | 301,598 | 2013-02-07 | 2013-02-07 | The research objective of this award is to create a class of algorithms to simulate problems with moving or evolving three-dimensional geometries; in particular, problems in which a crack or fracture propagates in an object. Simulations of such problems require partitioning the geometry into regular parts, such as straight and curved tetrahedrons. This partition is called a mesh. For any given geometry, this is generally a labor-intensive step requiring human intervention. Such intervention is unfeasible in problems in which the geometry is continuously changing. This award will investigate a class of algorithms to deform a unique mesh so as to exactly partition an entire class of geometries. Such unique mesh is called a Universal Mesh. The goal is to identify conditions to make these algorithms automatic and robust, meaning that a computer should not require human intervention to perform the calculation. A byproduct of this project will be the investigation of algorithms to construct adaptively refined meshes in a prism of acute-angled tetrahedrons in three-dimensions.
If successful, these studies would constitute an important step towards the simulation of hydraulic fracture strategies for oil and gas extraction and for enhanced geothermal system engineering. In particular, they would facilitate the simulation of the propagation of fractures in transient scenarios in which time-scales are important, such as thermally-induced fracture and fracture in poroelastic materials. More generally, the outcomes of this award would advance the state-of-the-art in the simulation of problems with evolving geometries. Universal meshes have extensive applications to fluid-structure interaction problems, shape optimization problems, and melting or solidification problems, among others. This project will support a graduate student at Stanford, and will expose undergraduate students from underrepresented minorities institutions to computational mechanics and applied mechanics, by working on aspects related to the project in the context of an ongoing summer internship program. | 0 | ENG | Directorate for Engineering | CMMI | Division of Civil, Mechanical, and Manufacturing Innovation | 4900 | 4900 | [
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"por_cntn": "<div class=\"porColContainerWBG\">\n<div class=\"porContentCol\"><p>The intellectual merits of this award are:</p>\n<p>(a) The creation of Universal Meshes for smooth geometries in two- and three-dimensions. In problems in which the domain (geometry) of the problem is smooth and changes smoothly, it is now possible to automatically mesh the evolving geometry with triangles or tetrahedra by always deforming a single background mesh. Such mesh is called a Universal Mesh. The key advantages of this new approach are that the connectivity of the mesh does not change, that the algorithm can be guaranteed to succeed in deforming the background mesh, and that a wide variety of meshes can be used as Universal Meshes. These enable faster computations, less user intervention, and enable the construction of high-order methods for some problems with evolving geometries, in a way not possible before this award.</p>\n<p>(b) The construction of a framework to construct high-order time integration methods for some problems with moving domains. These are problems such as simulating the melting of a solid, or the motion of a propeller in a fluid. High-order methods can provide more accurate approximations for lower computing cost. During the project error estimates guaranteeing the accuracy (order) of the resulting time-integrators were proved.</p>\n<p>(c) The creation of algorithms to compute the propagation of cracks in two-dimensional problems resulting in converged crack path with minimal or no mesh refinement. This algorithms take advantage of the Universal Mesh technology, and a pair of algorithms created during the award to compute high-order approximations of the stresses around a crack tip. These algorithms have eliminated the often observed dependence of the computed crack path on the choice of the mesh used in the computation. Because of the minimal mesh refinement and absence of user intervention in remeshing, it is now possible to use this algorithm to explore a design space of possible propagating cracks, and one such exploration was performed in the award.</p>\n<p>(d) The creation of algorithms to propagate curvilinear hydraulic fractures in two-dimensions. This is one of the few algorithms to simulate hydraulic fractures in which the fluid lags behind the crack tip.</p>\n<p> </p>\n<p>The broader impacts of this aware are:</p>\n<p>(a) The training of four Ph.D. students and two undergraduate students. Two of the graduate students are now professors at U.S. universities, and one is a research engineer at a start-up company in the bay area.</p>\n<p>(b) The algorithm to construct universal meshes is now being used as part of the printing planning process of a leading polymer 3D printer manufacturing every time a user around the world submits a printing job.</p>\n<p>(c) The crack propagation algorithms are now being adopted to study some problems in Geophysics involving the propagation of magma-filled dikes, and could potentially be adopted for the planning of fracking strategies. </p><br>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t \tLast Modified: 06/12/2017<br>\n\t\t\t\t\tModified by: Adrian J Lew</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"porSideCol\"></div>\n</div>",
"por_txt_cntn": "\nThe intellectual merits of this award are:\n\n(a) The creation of Universal Meshes for smooth geometries in two- and three-dimensions. In problems in which the domain (geometry) of the problem is smooth and changes smoothly, it is now possible to automatically mesh the evolving geometry with triangles or tetrahedra by always deforming a single background mesh. Such mesh is called a Universal Mesh. The key advantages of this new approach are that the connectivity of the mesh does not change, that the algorithm can be guaranteed to succeed in deforming the background mesh, and that a wide variety of meshes can be used as Universal Meshes. These enable faster computations, less user intervention, and enable the construction of high-order methods for some problems with evolving geometries, in a way not possible before this award.\n\n(b) The construction of a framework to construct high-order time integration methods for some problems with moving domains. These are problems such as simulating the melting of a solid, or the motion of a propeller in a fluid. High-order methods can provide more accurate approximations for lower computing cost. During the project error estimates guaranteeing the accuracy (order) of the resulting time-integrators were proved.\n\n(c) The creation of algorithms to compute the propagation of cracks in two-dimensional problems resulting in converged crack path with minimal or no mesh refinement. This algorithms take advantage of the Universal Mesh technology, and a pair of algorithms created during the award to compute high-order approximations of the stresses around a crack tip. These algorithms have eliminated the often observed dependence of the computed crack path on the choice of the mesh used in the computation. Because of the minimal mesh refinement and absence of user intervention in remeshing, it is now possible to use this algorithm to explore a design space of possible propagating cracks, and one such exploration was performed in the award.\n\n(d) The creation of algorithms to propagate curvilinear hydraulic fractures in two-dimensions. This is one of the few algorithms to simulate hydraulic fractures in which the fluid lags behind the crack tip.\n\n \n\nThe broader impacts of this aware are:\n\n(a) The training of four Ph.D. students and two undergraduate students. Two of the graduate students are now professors at U.S. universities, and one is a research engineer at a start-up company in the bay area.\n\n(b) The algorithm to construct universal meshes is now being used as part of the printing planning process of a leading polymer 3D printer manufacturing every time a user around the world submits a printing job.\n\n(c) The crack propagation algorithms are now being adopted to study some problems in Geophysics involving the propagation of magma-filled dikes, and could potentially be adopted for the planning of fracking strategies. \n\n\t\t\t\t\tLast Modified: 06/12/2017\n\n\t\t\t\t\tSubmitted by: Adrian J Lew"
} |
|
1314897 | NSF | Grant | Standard Grant | SBIR Phase I: Tracking Algorithms for Uncovering Complex Dynamic Interactions in Live Cells | 47.084 | 15030000 | 7032927795 | Jesus Soriano Molla | 2013-07-01 | 2013-12-31 | 149,952 | 149,952 | 2013-06-17 | 2013-06-17 | This Small Business Innovation Research Program (SBIR) Phase I project will develop algorithms and prototype software to track and quantify forces experienced by single-biomolecules in living cells. The approach is built on recent advances in time series analysis to: (1) fit 2-D/3-D stochastic differential equations that accurately characterize the underlying particle kinetics (methods for checking models against experimental data will be provided); and, (2) form reliable tracks from crowded and noisy image sequences containing many molecules by extending state-of-the-art algorithms from target tracking applications. Such analysis tools do not exist in current single particle tracking software. The tools will be utilized to extract new kinetic information on protein motion in the primary cilium of mouse cells due to the system's relevance in biophysics, cell signaling, and cancer research. The algorithms and software will provide more accurate estimates of kinetic parameters with the unique addition of goodness-of-fit hypothesis testing metrics.
The broader impact/commercial potential of this project will be the development of new software tools capable of producing powerful insights into cellular and synthetic biological systems by enabling the extraction of novel information characterizing bimolecular motion in live cells. Such insights will positively influence numerous research areas ranging from enhanced drug delivery to improved yields in synthetic biology applications. The commercial software will enable researchers with various backgrounds to: (1) produce reliable tracks from large image sequences (with metrics describing the quality of the candidate tracks); (2) extract the underlying kinetic information; and, (3) test the assumptions behind standard biophysical models. The algorithms and software developed by this effort will serve as the basis for a unique commercial product offering that will meet unmet demand in the biological imaging market. | 0 | TIP | Directorate for Technology, Innovation, and Partnerships | TI | Translational Impacts | 4900 | 4900 | [
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"por_cntn": "<div class=\"porColContainerWBG\">\n<div class=\"porContentCol\"><p><strong>Problem Background: </strong></p>\n<p><strong> </strong>Advances in microscopy have equipped scientists with tools capable of measuring the motion of individual molecules (i.e., proteins, DNA, RNA, etc.) inside of living cells with high spatial and temporal resolution. Prior to these advances, many scientists were constrained to resolution limits imposed by the diffraction barrier of light (i.e., a spatial resolution of roughly 200 nanometers). This resolution limit has hindered scientists’ ability to monitor the motion of individual molecules in their native cellular environment (single molecules in the cell are typically much smaller than 200 nanometers). Various super-resolution microscopy techniques have recently overcome the diffraction limit. Numerous labs now are routinely producing high volumes of data characterizing molecular motion since quantitative information about the motion of individual molecules in the cell allows scientists to address many open problems in biophysics and molecular biology. However, statistical techniques capable of efficiently extracting the wealth of molecular information detectable by modern microscopes are under-developed. Reliably extracting scientific information from super-resolution measurements poses exciting challenges at the interface of several disciplines.</p>\n<p> </p>\n<p> </p>\n<p><strong>Intellectual Merit:</strong></p>\n<p><strong> </strong>During the six month Phase I SBIR grant, we developed new time series and tracking algorithms for reliably extracting quantitative information characterizing the motion of molecules in living cells from measurements produced by single-molecule imaging experiments. New algorithms for estimating parameters of 2D and 3D stochastic models were developed. Statistical techniques for checking assumptions implicit in the fitted/assumed observations were also generated (these techniques addressed technical complications facing real-world laboratory measurements). Computational routines for enhancing and extending “track association” were also produced.</p>\n<p> </p>\n<p>These algorithms leveraged new ideas coming from Statistics, Applied Mathematics, and Mathematical Finance to address open issues associated with analyzing complex experimental super-resolution data. The new algorithms were tested on both simulation [1] and experimental [2-3] data. In addition to the aforementioned publications, the ideas underlying the algorithms have been publicly presented at several academic conferences and seminars.</p>\n<p> </p>\n<p>During Phase I, the primary focus was on applying our new algorithms and computational tools to biological systems of interest to practicing scientists. The aim was to demonstrate the utility of our envisioned software product when it is applied to assist in analyzing experimental single-molecule data. In terms of specific applications studied, we developed new methods for characterizing protein transport in the primary cilium in a mouse cell line. The primary cilium is an organelle found in nearly all mammalian cells. This organelle is believed to be important in organizing several signaling cascades related to normal fundamental development and various diseases including cancer. However, the mechanisms by which proteins are transported into and out of this organelle are not currently understood. The single-molecule analysis techniques explored in this Phase I work demonstrated promise in giving new insights about the nature of diffusion and directed transport experienced by proteins in the primary cilium of live mammalian cells [3].</p>\n<p> </p>\n<p>In addition, we have begun modifying and applying the computational tools to quantify force generation and sensing by the mitotic spindle during cell division. ...",
"por_txt_cntn": "\nProblem Background: \n\n Advances in microscopy have equipped scientists with tools capable of measuring the motion of individual molecules (i.e., proteins, DNA, RNA, etc.) inside of living cells with high spatial and temporal resolution. Prior to these advances, many scientists were constrained to resolution limits imposed by the diffraction barrier of light (i.e., a spatial resolution of roughly 200 nanometers). This resolution limit has hindered scientistsÆ ability to monitor the motion of individual molecules in their native cellular environment (single molecules in the cell are typically much smaller than 200 nanometers). Various super-resolution microscopy techniques have recently overcome the diffraction limit. Numerous labs now are routinely producing high volumes of data characterizing molecular motion since quantitative information about the motion of individual molecules in the cell allows scientists to address many open problems in biophysics and molecular biology. However, statistical techniques capable of efficiently extracting the wealth of molecular information detectable by modern microscopes are under-developed. Reliably extracting scientific information from super-resolution measurements poses exciting challenges at the interface of several disciplines.\n\n \n\n \n\nIntellectual Merit:\n\n During the six month Phase I SBIR grant, we developed new time series and tracking algorithms for reliably extracting quantitative information characterizing the motion of molecules in living cells from measurements produced by single-molecule imaging experiments. New algorithms for estimating parameters of 2D and 3D stochastic models were developed. Statistical techniques for checking assumptions implicit in the fitted/assumed observations were also generated (these techniques addressed technical complications facing real-world laboratory measurements). Computational routines for enhancing and extending \"track association\" were also produced.\n\n \n\nThese algorithms leveraged new ideas coming from Statistics, Applied Mathematics, and Mathematical Finance to address open issues associated with analyzing complex experimental super-resolution data. The new algorithms were tested on both simulation [1] and experimental [2-3] data. In addition to the aforementioned publications, the ideas underlying the algorithms have been publicly presented at several academic conferences and seminars.\n\n \n\nDuring Phase I, the primary focus was on applying our new algorithms and computational tools to biological systems of interest to practicing scientists. The aim was to demonstrate the utility of our envisioned software product when it is applied to assist in analyzing experimental single-molecule data. In terms of specific applications studied, we developed new methods for characterizing protein transport in the primary cilium in a mouse cell line. The primary cilium is an organelle found in nearly all mammalian cells. This organelle is believed to be important in organizing several signaling cascades related to normal fundamental development and various diseases including cancer. However, the mechanisms by which proteins are transported into and out of this organelle are not currently understood. The single-molecule analysis techniques explored in this Phase I work demonstrated promise in giving new insights about the nature of diffusion and directed transport experienced by proteins in the primary cilium of live mammalian cells [3].\n\n \n\nIn addition, we have begun modifying and applying the computational tools to quantify force generation and sensing by the mitotic spindle during cell division. We have proposed to continue this work in our Phase II SBIR effort since a molecular level understanding of cell division is a long-standing , important, and open problem. \n\n \n\n \n\nBroader Impacts: \n\nThe algorithms have been implemented in a prototype software package which can wrap around popular image processing tools currently in the stand..."
} |
|
1325333 | NSF | Grant | Continuing Grant | Biostratigraphic and paleogeographic utility of Cambrian-Ordovician trilobite faunas in Alaska | 47.050 | 06030207 | 7032927431 | Dena Smith-Nufio | 2013-08-15 | 2018-07-31 | 119,753 | 119,753 | 2013-07-11 | 2015-06-23 | Biostratigraphic and paleogeographic utility of Cambrian-Ordovician
trilobite faunas in Alaska
by
John Taylor, Indiana University of Pennsylvania
EAR-1325333
ABSTRACT
Paleogeographic maps of North America, which depict our continent as it appeared at certain times in Earth history, are utilized by geologists exploring for fossil fuels and other critical societal resources, climate specialists seeking greater insight to conditions that prevailed on our planet in 'deep time', and geoscientists investigating the behavior of tectonic plates and derivative processes that shape the surface of our planet. But the data for constructing such maps for the Cambrian and Ordovician Periods, a time of greenhouse climate, are exceedingly sparse for the northern half of the continent, and the Arctic regions in general. This project will improve that situation through detailed study of Cambrian-Ordovician trilobite (extinct marine arthropod) faunas)from the Arctic Alaska Terrane (AAT) of northern Alaska, and the Yukon Stable Block (YSB) of eastern Alaska. It will utilize large fossil collections archived by geologists of the U.S. and Canadian Geological Surveys over the past century, supplemented by new material collected in several key areas in Alaska. The goal for the AAT is to test, by comparing newly discovered faunas from its North Slope Subterrane (NST) with trilobites previously reported from the Seward Terrane (ST) in western Alaska, the hypothesis that the thick limestone succession in the NST was deposited somewhere in northeastern (modern coordinates) North America, whereas the ST originated in or near Siberia. In the YSB, thorough documentation of rocks and fossils in the Jones Ridge Limestone will refine correlation with rocks of the same age in other regions. For many of the horizons targeted for study, the data from Jones Ridge will be the first information acquired from the entire northern half of the continent. The refined time control through this thick (ca. 450m) stack of limestone preserved near the northwestern corner of North America will serve to test the claim of continent wide (and perhaps global) extent for numerous events documented across broad areas in the U.S. and southern Canada, on the opposite side of the continent. These include (among others), 1) a number of significant rises and falls in sea level and 2) episodes of platform-wide suppression of microbial reef development in the aftermath stage boundary extinctions in the late Cambrian.
The scientific results of the proposed project will benefit society by advancing knowledge of the Arctic region, an area rich in vital resources but still a frontier with respect to our understanding of even basic aspects of its tectonic history. Extensive involvement of undergraduate Geology majors and Earth and Space Science Education majors as junior collaborators in the project will produce a cadre of professional geoscientists with exceptional insight and secondary school teachers able to teach science with the enthusiasm and knowledge of someone who has actually done science. | 0 | GEO | Directorate for Geosciences | EAR | Division Of Earth Sciences | 4900 | 4900 | [
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"por_cntn": "<div class=\"porColContainerWBG\">\n<div class=\"porContentCol\"><p>During the Cambrian and Ordovician Periods, roughly 445 to 510 million years ago, much of what is now North America was a smaller paleocontinent called Laurentia. Sediments that formed in the tropical seaways that covered most of Laurentia formed limestones that are now exposed in many areas of North America, including the mountains of Alaska and the Yukon. However, not all Cambrian-Ordovician limestone deposits in northwestern North America formed on or adjacent to Laurentia. Some originated on volcanic oceanic islands or on other tropical paleocontinents such as Siberia, and came to be attached to our continent through later collisions. Fortunately, Laurentian deposits can be distinguished from such \"exotic\" rocks by their fossils, specifically by the trilobites (extinct marine arthropods) that evolved in isolation in the shallow seas of that paleocontinent.</p>\n<p>Trilobites from Jones Ridge in the Ogilvie Mountains near the Alaska-Yukon border (see Figure 1 for locations), and fossils of similar age in the Selwyn Basin in the Yukon, are unquestionably Laurentian. Of less certain affinity at the start of this project were the rocks of the Alaskan North Slope, where fossils recovered from the Nanook Limestone in the Shublik Mountains and the Neruokpuk Formation in the British Mountains had been interpreted in earlier studies as being Siberian and Laurentian, respectively. Trilobites from what is called the Doonerak Window, in the center of the Brooks Range, had been interpreted without reservation as being of Siberian affinity. All these faunas were re-evaluated in the current project with additional fossil specimens extracted from material archived from the previous studies, and new collections made in the same areas in field seasons from 2010 through 2014. </p>\n<p>Several uniquely Laurentian trilobite genera were recovered from both archived and new collections from the Nanook Limestone, refuting the earlier claim of a Siberian origin for the rocks of the Shublik Mountains. In contrast, scrutiny of large fossil collections extracted from limestone intermingled with thousands of feet of volcanic rocks in the Neruokpuk Formation in the British Mountains (the Whale Mountain Volcanics -- see Figure 2) reveal these rocks to have originated off the Laurentian continent around oceanic volcanoes, but close to Laurentia. The Galapagos Islands off the coast of Ecuador are a good modern example of such a setting. Re-examination of expanded collections from the Doonerak Window confirms that the trilobites there are indeed Siberian. Other new collections from Mt. Snowden yielded several more Siberian trilobite genera to reinforce the connection of the rocks in the central Brooks Range to that paleocontinent. </p>\n<p>The project also sought to more thoroughly document the diversity of trilobites and agnostoids (tiny trilobite-like arthropods..see Figure 3) in this remote region. The Jones Ridge Formation was of particular interest because it formed at the extreme, outer edge of the Laurentian continental shelf, an environment whose deposits are rarely preserved intact, but instead usually are severely deformed when oceanic island chains and/or other continents collide with the edge of the shelf. At Jones Ridge, over 500 meters (more than 1600 feet) of intact, shelf-edge limestone is preserved. Only a few hundred fossils were recovered from 6 horizons through the Cambrian part of the Jones Ridge in earlier studies. Sampling in this project produced well over 1000 specimens form nearly fifty productive horizons. The expanded collections more than doubled the number of trilobite species and quintupled the number of agnostoids recovered. Many of these species are new, and will be described and named over the next few years. Earlier studies reported only two species from two horizons through roughly 65 meters (200+ feet) of early Ordovician rock at Jones Ridge. In this study (see Figure 4) eight different horizons produced fossils that represent at least 10 different species. Although most (perhaps all) are new, some strongly resemble species from Greenland and the northern Appalachians. </p>\n<p>Some trilobites and agnostoids found for the first time in the Jones Ridge are previously described species that refine correlation (more precisely match ages) to rocks in other areas of North America. Such precise correlation is essential for construction of detailed reconstructions of Laurentia like those seen in the figures provided. Much more precise dating and correlation of the rocks at Jones Ridge (and other units studied in the project) also has been aided by recovery of conodonts, phosphatic microfossils (teeth) that were dissolved out of the scrap rock created by processing the trilobite collections at the labs of the U.S. Geological Survey. Ten undergraduate students participated in the research, assisting with sampling, sample processing, data interpretation and formal presentation of the results. Three posters prepared by IUP students are provided as figures to demonstrate the breadth of involvement and quality of the collective effort. All have graduated and are now professional geoscientists or teachers working and/or teaching with the insight of someone who has actually done science. </p>\n<p> </p>\n<p> </p><br>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t \tLast Modified: 10/29/2018<br>\n\t\t\t\t\tModified by: John F Taylor</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"porSideCol\">\n<div class=\"each-gallery\">\n<div class=\"galContent\" id=\"gallery0\">\n<div class=\"photoCount\" id=\"photoCount0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tImages (<span id=\"selectedPhoto0\">1</span> of <span class=\"totalNumber\"></span>)\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</div>\n<div class=\"galControls\" id=\"controls0\"></div>\n<div class=\"galSlideshow\" id=\"slideshow0\"></div>\n<div class=\"galEmbox\" id=\"embox\">\n<div class=\"image-title\"></div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"galNavigation\" id=\"navigation0\">\n<ul class=\"thumbs\" id=\"thumbs0\">\n<li>\n<a href=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2018/1325333/1325333_10257304_1540832310217_Fig4_JonesRidge_Ord--rgov-214x142.jpg\" original=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2018/1325333/1325333_10257304_1540832310217_Fig4_JonesRidge_Ord--rgov-800width.jpg\" title=\"Figure 4 Ordovician fossils at Jones Ridge\"><img src=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2018/1325333/1325333_10257304_1540832310217_Fig4_JonesRidge_Ord--rgov-66x44.jpg\" alt=\"Figure 4 Ordovician fossils at Jones Ridge\"></a>\n<div class=\"imageCaptionContainer\">\n<div class=\"imageCaption\">Poster presented by undergraduate student Savannah Irwin at Indiana University of Pennsylvania 2016 Undergraduate Scholar's Forum, showing rich collections of trilobites recovered from the roughly 65 meters of early Ordovician strata in the Jones Ridge Formation</div>\n<div class=\"imageCredit\">Poster created by PI and student for the forum</div>\n<div class=\"imagePermisssions\">Public Domain</div>\n<div class=\"imageSubmitted\">John F Taylor</div>\n<div class=\"imageTitle\">Figure 4 Ordovician fossils at Jones Ridge</div>\n</div>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a href=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2018/1325333/1325333_10257304_1540820687372_Figure1_maps--rgov-214x142.jpg\" original=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2018/1325333/1325333_10257304_1540820687372_Figure1_maps--rgov-800width.jpg\" title=\"Figure 1 Location maps\"><img src=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2018/1325333/1325333_10257304_1540820687372_Figure1_maps--rgov-66x44.jpg\" alt=\"Figure 1 Location maps\"></a>\n<div class=\"imageCaptionContainer\">\n<div class=\"imageCaption\">Maps showing the locations in northern Alaska and the Yukon from which the fossils studied in this project were collected.</div>\n<div class=\"imageCredit\">Figure drafted by PI from elements used in creating figures for publications and grant proposals</div>\n<div class=\"imageSubmitted\">John F Taylor</div>\n<div class=\"imageTitle\">Figure 1 Location maps</div>\n</div>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a href=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2018/1325333/1325333_10257304_1540823473844_Fig2_BrMts_poster--rgov-214x142.jpg\" original=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2018/1325333/1325333_10257304_1540823473844_Fig2_BrMts_poster--rgov-800width.jpg\" title=\"Figure 2 British Mountains discoveries\"><img src=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2018/1325333/1325333_10257304_1540823473844_Fig2_BrMts_poster--rgov-66x44.jpg\" alt=\"Figure 2 British Mountains discoveries\"></a>\n<div class=\"imageCaptionContainer\">\n<div class=\"imageCaption\">Poster presented by undergraduate student Jon King at the IUP (Indiana University of Pennsylvania) 2015 Undergraduate Scholar's Forum, showing early results from the British Mountains (Whale Mountain area) on the Alaskan North Slope.</div>\n<div class=\"imageCredit\">Created by PI and student from original images</div>\n<div class=\"imagePermisssions\">Public Domain</div>\n<div class=\"imageSubmitted\">John F Taylor</div>\n<div class=\"imageTitle\">Figure 2 British Mountains discoveries</div>\n</div>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a href=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2018/1325333/1325333_10257304_1540830463656_Figure3_DempVolc_bugs--rgov-214x142.jpg\" original=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2018/1325333/1325333_10257304_1540830463656_Figure3_DempVolc_bugs--rgov-800width.jpg\" title=\"Figure 3 Agnostoids of Dempster Volcanics in Selwyn Basin\"><img src=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2018/1325333/1325333_10257304_1540830463656_Figure3_DempVolc_bugs--rgov-66x44.jpg\" alt=\"Figure 3 Agnostoids of Dempster Volcanics in Selwyn Basin\"></a>\n<div class=\"imageCaptionContainer\">\n<div class=\"imageCaption\">Poster presented by undergraduate student Wesley Kamerer at Indiana University of Pennsylvania 2016 Undergraduate Scholar's Forum, showing agnostoids recovered from limestone intermingled with the Whale Mountain (Alaskan North Slope) and Dempster (Selwyn Basin) volcanics.</div>\n<div class=\"imageCredit\">Poster created from scratch by PI and student</div>\n<div class=\"imagePermisssions\">Public Domain</div>\n<div class=\"imageSubmitted\">John F Taylor</div>\n<div class=\"imageTitle\">Figure 3 Agnostoids of Dempster Volcanics in Selwyn Basin</div>\n</div>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>",
"por_txt_cntn": "\nDuring the Cambrian and Ordovician Periods, roughly 445 to 510 million years ago, much of what is now North America was a smaller paleocontinent called Laurentia. Sediments that formed in the tropical seaways that covered most of Laurentia formed limestones that are now exposed in many areas of North America, including the mountains of Alaska and the Yukon. However, not all Cambrian-Ordovician limestone deposits in northwestern North America formed on or adjacent to Laurentia. Some originated on volcanic oceanic islands or on other tropical paleocontinents such as Siberia, and came to be attached to our continent through later collisions. Fortunately, Laurentian deposits can be distinguished from such \"exotic\" rocks by their fossils, specifically by the trilobites (extinct marine arthropods) that evolved in isolation in the shallow seas of that paleocontinent.\n\nTrilobites from Jones Ridge in the Ogilvie Mountains near the Alaska-Yukon border (see Figure 1 for locations), and fossils of similar age in the Selwyn Basin in the Yukon, are unquestionably Laurentian. Of less certain affinity at the start of this project were the rocks of the Alaskan North Slope, where fossils recovered from the Nanook Limestone in the Shublik Mountains and the Neruokpuk Formation in the British Mountains had been interpreted in earlier studies as being Siberian and Laurentian, respectively. Trilobites from what is called the Doonerak Window, in the center of the Brooks Range, had been interpreted without reservation as being of Siberian affinity. All these faunas were re-evaluated in the current project with additional fossil specimens extracted from material archived from the previous studies, and new collections made in the same areas in field seasons from 2010 through 2014. \n\nSeveral uniquely Laurentian trilobite genera were recovered from both archived and new collections from the Nanook Limestone, refuting the earlier claim of a Siberian origin for the rocks of the Shublik Mountains. In contrast, scrutiny of large fossil collections extracted from limestone intermingled with thousands of feet of volcanic rocks in the Neruokpuk Formation in the British Mountains (the Whale Mountain Volcanics -- see Figure 2) reveal these rocks to have originated off the Laurentian continent around oceanic volcanoes, but close to Laurentia. The Galapagos Islands off the coast of Ecuador are a good modern example of such a setting. Re-examination of expanded collections from the Doonerak Window confirms that the trilobites there are indeed Siberian. Other new collections from Mt. Snowden yielded several more Siberian trilobite genera to reinforce the connection of the rocks in the central Brooks Range to that paleocontinent. \n\nThe project also sought to more thoroughly document the diversity of trilobites and agnostoids (tiny trilobite-like arthropods..see Figure 3) in this remote region. The Jones Ridge Formation was of particular interest because it formed at the extreme, outer edge of the Laurentian continental shelf, an environment whose deposits are rarely preserved intact, but instead usually are severely deformed when oceanic island chains and/or other continents collide with the edge of the shelf. At Jones Ridge, over 500 meters (more than 1600 feet) of intact, shelf-edge limestone is preserved. Only a few hundred fossils were recovered from 6 horizons through the Cambrian part of the Jones Ridge in earlier studies. Sampling in this project produced well over 1000 specimens form nearly fifty productive horizons. The expanded collections more than doubled the number of trilobite species and quintupled the number of agnostoids recovered. Many of these species are new, and will be described and named over the next few years. Earlier studies reported only two species from two horizons through roughly 65 meters (200+ feet) of early Ordovician rock at Jones Ridge. In this study (see Figure 4) eight different horizons produced fossils that represent at least 10 different species. Although most (perhaps all) are new, some strongly resemble species from Greenland and the northern Appalachians. \n\nSome trilobites and agnostoids found for the first time in the Jones Ridge are previously described species that refine correlation (more precisely match ages) to rocks in other areas of North America. Such precise correlation is essential for construction of detailed reconstructions of Laurentia like those seen in the figures provided. Much more precise dating and correlation of the rocks at Jones Ridge (and other units studied in the project) also has been aided by recovery of conodonts, phosphatic microfossils (teeth) that were dissolved out of the scrap rock created by processing the trilobite collections at the labs of the U.S. Geological Survey. Ten undergraduate students participated in the research, assisting with sampling, sample processing, data interpretation and formal presentation of the results. Three posters prepared by IUP students are provided as figures to demonstrate the breadth of involvement and quality of the collective effort. All have graduated and are now professional geoscientists or teachers working and/or teaching with the insight of someone who has actually done science. \n\n \n\n \n\n\t\t\t\t\tLast Modified: 10/29/2018\n\n\t\t\t\t\tSubmitted by: John F Taylor"
} |
|
1309876 | NSF | Grant | Continuing Grant | Collaborative Research: Convergence and Contingencies in Savanna Grasslands | 47.074 | 08010209 | null | Henry L. Gholz | 2012-09-15 | 2014-03-31 | 118,740 | 118,740 | 2013-04-11 | 2013-04-11 | Grasslands and savannas occupy one eighth of the land surface on Earth, are economically important as grazing lands, and are highly impacted by human activities. They also have tremendous conservation value and support most remaining large native grazing animals in the world, particularly in Africa. A fundamental understanding of the factors most important for sustaining savanna grasslands, including their natural fire and grazing regimes, is required for their management and conservation. Scientists have questioned whether grasslands in different regions function similarly. Convergence in functioning would mean that ecological understanding and conservation strategies could be generalized for savanna grasslands worldwide. But contingent factors specific to a region, such as differences in evolutionary history or the types of grazers present, may lead to unique responses in some savanna grasslands. The goal of this research is to compare responses of key ecological processes to fire and grazing in North American and South African savanna grasslands. Scientists will take advantage of three ongoing, long-term experiments that manipulate fire return interval and the presence of large grazers. Responses of plant productivity, plant diversity and nutrient cycling will be compared, and the mechanisms underlying responses, such as differences in plant traits or evolutionary histories, will be assessed.
Comparative research elucidating the consequences of human alterations of fire and grazing regimes worldwide is needed to enable development of management strategies that can insure the sustainability of ecologically and economically important savanna grasslands. This research will provide the basic knowledge necessary to do so, as well as afford training and important global and cultural experiences for young scientists, graduate students and undergraduates. Finally, though collaborations that are already established, results will be made available to scientists and managers in South Africa. | 0 | BIO | Directorate for Biological Sciences | DEB | Division Of Environmental Biology | 4900 | 4900 | [
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"por_cntn": "<div class=\"porColContainerWBG\">\n<div class=\"porContentCol\"><p>In grasslands and savannas, human have changed the patterns of fire and grazing that have long been important in these ecosystems. In most savanna grasslands today, either all or most native large herbivores have been lost and historic fire regimes have been changed to either complete fire suppression or annual burning. Because both fire and grazing are important in these systems, our research project’s goal was to learn more about the consequences of the combined alteration of fire and grazing. This is particularly important for African savanna grasslands that still harbor diverse, large herbivore populations that exist nowhere else. Such knowledge is necessary for managing and conserving these ecologically and economically important ecosystems.</p>\n<p>For almost a decade, we have compared how savanna grasslands in North America (Konza Prairie Biological Station, Kansas, USA) and South Africa (Kruger National Park) respond to changes in fire frequency and the loss of grazers. Our experiments have shown that fire and grazing have similar effects on many processes, such as how much grass is produced each year, but also very divergent effects on the number and types of plants (the plant communities) at Konza and Kruger. The most striking difference was found in experiments where grazers were removed from the savanna grasslands. We observed dramatic changes in plant communities, in particular a large reduction in plant diversity, with the loss of grazers at Konza but very little change in Kruger. We conclude that the unexpected lack of response to removal of grazers in South Africa is due several important traits in the grasses that are most abundant at Kruger. The most important trait is that one of the most abundant grasses is unpalatable due to the presence of multiple aromatic chemical compounds produced in its leaves. Thus, grazers avoid this grass when possible, and thus these savanna grasslands do not respond strongly to the removal of grazers. In contrast, the most abundant grasses at Konza are palatable and are preferred as food by grazers. Here, when grazers are removed, rapid plant community and grass production responses occur.</p>\n<p>The comparisons between Konza and Kruger have been invaluable for enhancing our depth of understanding of both systems. In particular for Kruger, this knowledge is essential for determining how to best manage this savanna grassland in one of the world’s premier national park and the crown jewel of the South African National Parks system, with >1 million visitors each year.</p>\n<p> </p>\n<p> </p><br>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t \tLast Modified: 08/04/2014<br>\n\t\t\t\t\tModified by: Melinda Smith</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"porSideCol\"></div>\n</div>",
"por_txt_cntn": "\nIn grasslands and savannas, human have changed the patterns of fire and grazing that have long been important in these ecosystems. In most savanna grasslands today, either all or most native large herbivores have been lost and historic fire regimes have been changed to either complete fire suppression or annual burning. Because both fire and grazing are important in these systems, our research projectÆs goal was to learn more about the consequences of the combined alteration of fire and grazing. This is particularly important for African savanna grasslands that still harbor diverse, large herbivore populations that exist nowhere else. Such knowledge is necessary for managing and conserving these ecologically and economically important ecosystems.\n\nFor almost a decade, we have compared how savanna grasslands in North America (Konza Prairie Biological Station, Kansas, USA) and South Africa (Kruger National Park) respond to changes in fire frequency and the loss of grazers. Our experiments have shown that fire and grazing have similar effects on many processes, such as how much grass is produced each year, but also very divergent effects on the number and types of plants (the plant communities) at Konza and Kruger. The most striking difference was found in experiments where grazers were removed from the savanna grasslands. We observed dramatic changes in plant communities, in particular a large reduction in plant diversity, with the loss of grazers at Konza but very little change in Kruger. We conclude that the unexpected lack of response to removal of grazers in South Africa is due several important traits in the grasses that are most abundant at Kruger. The most important trait is that one of the most abundant grasses is unpalatable due to the presence of multiple aromatic chemical compounds produced in its leaves. Thus, grazers avoid this grass when possible, and thus these savanna grasslands do not respond strongly to the removal of grazers. In contrast, the most abundant grasses at Konza are palatable and are preferred as food by grazers. Here, when grazers are removed, rapid plant community and grass production responses occur.\n\nThe comparisons between Konza and Kruger have been invaluable for enhancing our depth of understanding of both systems. In particular for Kruger, this knowledge is essential for determining how to best manage this savanna grassland in one of the worldÆs premier national park and the crown jewel of the South African National Parks system, with >1 million visitors each year.\n\n \n\n \n\n\t\t\t\t\tLast Modified: 08/04/2014\n\n\t\t\t\t\tSubmitted by: Melinda Smith"
} |
|
1321409 | NSF | Grant | Standard Grant | Polymer Science Curriculum for the 21st Century | 47.049 | 03070000 | null | Freddy Khoury | 2013-03-01 | 2014-02-28 | 9,000 | 9,000 | 2013-01-29 | 2013-01-29 | A planning workshop is proposed whose first day is focussed on defining the needs in the Polymer Science curriculum in the 21st century and establishing a network of polymer science faculty to advance the curriculum. Strategies will also be considered for engaging high school students with research-based polymer experiments . On the day following the workshop, and as a prelude to student reseach presentations, faculty attendees will deliver a session to undergraduates designed to help them better understand and explore research presentations and publications. | 0 | MPS | Directorate for Mathematical and Physical Sciences | DMR | Division Of Materials Research | 4900 | 4900 | [
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"por_txt_cntn": "\n \n\n Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE \nA planning workshop focused on defining the needs in the polymer science curriculum in the 21st century and establishing a network of polymer science faculty to advance the curriculum was held in conjunction with the American Chemical Society Division of Polymer Chemistry Symposium on Undergraduate Research in Polymer Science and the CHED/POLY Symposium on Integrating Polymer Science and Chemistry into the Classroom at the 245th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, April 7 – 11, 2013 in New Orleans. The workshop brought together ten faculty members from diverse undergraduate and graduate institutions across the country engaged in polymer research and education to address the curriculum at the undergraduate and high school level. A list of recommendations was developed by the team, with the first recommendation being to develop an easily accessible web-based resource center that can serve as a portal for polymer educators. A website was created, \"Polymer Undergraduate Network of Knowledge (Punk)\" (http://punkpolymer.org/), which is currently under construction and will be populated in the summer of 2014. Two presentations concerning the network will be provided at the Spring 2014 ACS national meeting in Dallas, March 16-24. \n Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE \nThe Undergraduate Research in Polymer Science symposium hosted 22 oral and 40 poster presentations from students from 31 universities across the country. The symposium began with a workshop on reviewing research articles and presentations for undergraduates. It included a keynote lecture from Prof. Kristi L. Kiick entitled \"Biopolymer Hydrogels for Cardiovascular Surgery\" followed by a discussion of the research and career opportunities for polymer scientists.\nThe joint CHED/POLY Symposium on Integrating Polymer Science and Chemistry in the Classroom hosted 15 oral presentations highlighting university/high school programs building research-based curricula in polymer science and chemistry. Graduate students, faculty members, and high school teachers from across the country participating in NSF sponsored RET and GK-12 programs met to share ideas and best practices. \n\n \n\n \n\n\t\t\t\t\tLast Modified: 01/29/2014\n\n\t\t\t\t\tSubmitted by: Sarah E Morgan"
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1315855 | NSF | Grant | Standard Grant | SBIR Phase I: Flat ceramic nanoparticles with two functionally different surfaces for self-generating coatings | 47.084 | 15030000 | 7032928323 | Benaiah Schrag | 2013-07-01 | 2013-12-31 | 150,000 | 150,000 | 2013-06-20 | 2013-06-20 | This Small Business Innovation Research Phase I project will focus on the development of ceramic nanosheets with structurally different sides (sticky/slick), which will be used to form a self-generating tribological coating for improved lubrication. This coating will be automatically created during normal operation. The controlled self-assembly of nanostructures with defined properties is one of the enabling promises of nanotechnology. The creation of these low-friction tribological coatings has been previously observed but requires further analysis and understanding for robustness and reproducibility in commercial applications. Optimization of parameters, such as size, shape, and surface dopants, is required for market application of the nearly frictionless coatings to be formed using these powders. Follow-on applications of these anisotropic nanostructures are envisioned in the areas of catalyst supports, plastic fillers, and smart materials.
The broader impact/commercial potential of this project will be a technology/product for improving the performance of already existing/operating machinery. The enhanced knowledge resulting from the completion of this research will further broaden and enhance the overall scientific understanding of the applications of anisotropic layered nanomaterials. Upon successful commercialization, various industrial and commercial clients will benefit from increased component longevity and more efficient operation of machinery, coupled with labor and energy savings. From a societal perspective, this technology aims to save a considerable amount of energy lost due to friction, while simultaneously reducing wear-related material/component failures and associated costs. Other researchers have predicted that a system-wide application of the proposed technology in existing transportation systems will enable energy savings that exceeds the total energy generated by all deployed wind, biomass, geothermal and photovoltaic sources combined. | 0 | TIP | Directorate for Technology, Innovation, and Partnerships | TI | Translational Impacts | 4900 | 4900 | [
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"por_cntn": "<div class=\"porColContainerWBG\">\n<div class=\"porContentCol\"><p>This NSF Phase I SBIR was <span>focused on the feasibility study to produce novel nanomaterial consisting of ceramic nanosheets with structurally different sides that generate functional anisotropy. With such approach we demonstrated essentially flat particles with different surfaces (sticky/slick), designed to be used to form a self-generating tribological coating for improved lubrication and resistance to wear. </span></p>\n<p>The intrinsic property of such material is the ability to form into a self-creating layer particle by particle under shear and noraml forces. The controlled self-assembly of nanostructures with defined properties is one of the enabling promises of nanotechnology. The formation of these low-friction tribological coatings as well as feasibility of modyfying structural and functional properties by controling material synthesis parameters and composition had been demonstrated. Further work is required to increase amount of material produced to enable commercial applications. Optimization of parameters, such as size, shape, and surface dopants, is required for market application of the nearly frictionless coatings to be formed. The reported feasibility study accomplished a major milestone: increase amount of material generated per batch by three orders of magnitude and establised a robust process to investigate the possibility of tailoring properties further. </p>\n<p>Follow-on applications of these anisotropic nanostructures are envisioned in the areas of catalyst supports, plastic fillers, and smart materials. The broader impact/commercial potential of this project will be a technology/product for improving the performance of already existing/operating machinery. The enhanced knowledge resulting from the completion of this research will broaden and enhance the overall scientific understanding of the applications of anisotropic layered nanomaterials. As a small business our focus is to bring novel material to the market as usable technology to service and improve already deployed machinery such as moving and energy producing equipment. Upon successful commercialization, various industrial and commercial clients will benefit from increased component longevity and more efficient operation of machinery, coupled with labor and energy savings. From a societal perspective, this technology aims to save a considerable amount of energy lost due to friction, while simultaneously reducing wear-related material/component failures and associated costs. The benefits of advanced functional coatings had been praised for a long time, unfortunately their use prevail in newly produced machinery due to complexity of application. The unique benefit targeted by our materilal is ability to improve machinery that had been deployed and running for years without costly disassembly and downtime. We are looking for early collaboration on applications where large gains are possible with a small amount of material such as difficult to service, remotely deployed or constantly online industrial equipment.</p><br>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t \tLast Modified: 01/21/2015<br>\n\t\t\t\t\tModified by: Pavlo Rudenko</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"porSideCol\"></div>\n</div>",
"por_txt_cntn": "\nThis NSF Phase I SBIR was focused on the feasibility study to produce novel nanomaterial consisting of ceramic nanosheets with structurally different sides that generate functional anisotropy. With such approach we demonstrated essentially flat particles with different surfaces (sticky/slick), designed to be used to form a self-generating tribological coating for improved lubrication and resistance to wear. \n\nThe intrinsic property of such material is the ability to form into a self-creating layer particle by particle under shear and noraml forces. The controlled self-assembly of nanostructures with defined properties is one of the enabling promises of nanotechnology. The formation of these low-friction tribological coatings as well as feasibility of modyfying structural and functional properties by controling material synthesis parameters and composition had been demonstrated. Further work is required to increase amount of material produced to enable commercial applications. Optimization of parameters, such as size, shape, and surface dopants, is required for market application of the nearly frictionless coatings to be formed. The reported feasibility study accomplished a major milestone: increase amount of material generated per batch by three orders of magnitude and establised a robust process to investigate the possibility of tailoring properties further. \n\nFollow-on applications of these anisotropic nanostructures are envisioned in the areas of catalyst supports, plastic fillers, and smart materials. The broader impact/commercial potential of this project will be a technology/product for improving the performance of already existing/operating machinery. The enhanced knowledge resulting from the completion of this research will broaden and enhance the overall scientific understanding of the applications of anisotropic layered nanomaterials. As a small business our focus is to bring novel material to the market as usable technology to service and improve already deployed machinery such as moving and energy producing equipment. Upon successful commercialization, various industrial and commercial clients will benefit from increased component longevity and more efficient operation of machinery, coupled with labor and energy savings. From a societal perspective, this technology aims to save a considerable amount of energy lost due to friction, while simultaneously reducing wear-related material/component failures and associated costs. The benefits of advanced functional coatings had been praised for a long time, unfortunately their use prevail in newly produced machinery due to complexity of application. The unique benefit targeted by our materilal is ability to improve machinery that had been deployed and running for years without costly disassembly and downtime. We are looking for early collaboration on applications where large gains are possible with a small amount of material such as difficult to service, remotely deployed or constantly online industrial equipment.\n\n\t\t\t\t\tLast Modified: 01/21/2015\n\n\t\t\t\t\tSubmitted by: Pavlo Rudenko"
} |
|
1245580 | NSF | Grant | Standard Grant | Developing a New Paleoclimate Proxy for Polar and Alpine Glacial Regions Based on Noble Gases | 47.078 | 06090300 | null | thomas wilch | 2012-11-01 | 2016-10-31 | 271,167 | 271,167 | 2012-10-19 | 2012-10-19 | Intellectual Merit:
Noble gases in groundwater systems can indicate past climates in ice-free regions through estimation of noble gas temperatures. Traditional noble gas temperatures cannot be derived in ice-covered regions where water is not in contact with the atmosphere. The goal of the proposed work is to take advantage of noble gas properties in ice covered lakes at the ice/water interface to develop a new paleoclimate proxy with the potential to be routinely used in both polar and alpine glacial regions. The evolution of the Taylor Valley lakes is intimately connected to the dynamics of nearby glaciers, as well as the advance and retreat of the Ross Ice Shelf, both of which are dictated by climate change. The perennial ice cover of the lakes form at the water/ice interface and sublimate at the top rendering these lakes ideal to test and develop this new proxy. The proposed research involves conducting an extensive noble gas sampling campaign of lake water, stream water, ice covers and glacial ice. This data set, together with data continuously collected in the area will provide a solid basis to develop, test and refine mathematical models capable of accurately describing heavy noble gas concentration profiles as well as their overall inventory in the lakes over time. These will provide information on the occurrence of major climatic events while simultaneously providing temporal constraints on such events.
Broader impacts:
The findings of this work will be inserted into a new class that the PI has created at the University of Michigan targeted at non-science majors. It will create research opportunities for 1-2 undergraduates each year and will support a PhD student. The outcomes of this research could have strong societal relevance. | 0 | GEO | Directorate for Geosciences | OPP | Office of Polar Programs (OPP) | 4900 | 4900 | [
{
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"pi_full_name": "M. Clara Castro",
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"pi_role": "Principal Investigator",
"pi_start_date": "2012-10-19",
"pi_sufx_name": ""
},
{
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"pi_end_date": null,
"pi_first_name": "Peter",
"pi_full_name": "Peter T Doran",
"pi_last_name": "Doran",
"pi_mid_init": "T",
"pi_role": "Co-Principal Investigator",
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{
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"pi_first_name": "Fabien",
"pi_full_name": "Fabien P Kenig",
"pi_last_name": "Kenig",
"pi_mid_init": "P",
"pi_role": "Co-Principal Investigator",
"pi_start_date": "2012-10-19",
"pi_sufx_name": ""
}
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"por_cntn": "<div class=\"porColContainerWBG\">\n<div class=\"porContentCol\"><p>High latitude regions such as Antarctica are extremely sensitive to and are significant drivers of climate change due to the enormous water masses they store. Understanding past climate shifts in the Antarctica margins is even more critical as these areas may be particularly sensitive to global climate forcing. East Antarctica and the McMurdo Dry Valleys area are of particular interest as this region is likely influenced by the North Atlantic Deep Water circulation. However, reliable millennial-scale continental records of climate in this area have been provided mostly by the Taylor Dome ice core. Additional independent paleoclimate proxies and further chronology controls are needed in this region to clarify the evolution of regional and global climate change.</p>\n<p>Stable noble gases (He - Helium, Ne - Neon, Ar – Argon, Kr – Krypton, Xe – Xenon) have the potential to provide an independent paleoclimate proxy for this region. This proposal explored and developed this potential by taking advantage of some of the noble gas properties in ice covered lakes at the ice/water interface to develop a new paleoclimate proxy with the potential to be used in both polar and Alpine Glacial regions. It takes advantage of the differential partition between noble gases at the ice/water interface where the smaller atoms of He and, to some extent Ne, are more favorably incorporated in ice as opposed to Ar, Kr, and Xe which concentrate in the residual liquid water as ice forms.</p>\n<p>Because the Taylor Valley lakes, McMurdo Dry Valleys, depend almost entirely upon stream meltwater supplied by nearby glaciers in addition to advances and retreats of the Ross Ice Shelf, their evolution is intimately connected to the dynamics of these ice masses which, in turn, are dictated by climate change. The perennial ice covers of these lakes form at the water/ice interface and sublimate at the top rendering these lakes ideal to test and develop this new proxy, which is based on estimation of ice rate formations based mostly on He, Kr and Xe concentration profiles. These are expected to record the long-term lake history and thus climate evolution.</p>\n<p>Lake Bonney is a perennially ice-covered lake in the Taylor Valley. It is divided into two lobes, West Lake Bonney (WLB) and East Lake Bonney (ELB) that are separated by a narrow ridge. The two lobes currently receive surface melt water during austral summers from glacier-fed ephemeral streams and this meltwater enters the lake via a narrow ring, or moat, of liquid water that forms around the lake during summer. The West Lobe also receives water from direct input of melt water from Taylor glacier and saline water from irregular subglacial discharge. Water samples for analysis of noble gases were collected in both lobes during the austral summer of 2007/2008 throughout the entire water column of the lakes, from immediately below the ice cover down to ~40 m depth from both WLB and ELB.</p>\n<p>He, Kr and Xe concentration data were used to constrain a diffusion finite-difference transport model over the last ~5000-6000 yrs in Lake Bonney. These numerical simulations combine diffusive transport of noble gases within the stratified water column of Lake Bonney, along with ice ablation at the top of the ice cover, partitioning of noble gases between water and ice, plus exchange of noble gases between WLB and ELB. Results strongly suggest that open moats have only operated for about 2 to 3 centuries within the last millennium. These results are corroborated by the high concentration of He, especially within WLB, which points to a history of ice cover with no open moats operating for both lobes for at least about 5 millennia. In addition, the distribution of He, Kr and Xe suggest that a significant rise of the water level of Lake Bonney associated with a warmer period may have been interrupted by a roughly 4-5 century long cold period during which the moats were not large enough to allow air saturated water into the lake, with this cold period ending about one century ago. In the last century Lake Bonney levels have been rising, pointing either to more extended austral summers or elevated summer temperatures, a rise that is compatible with the heavy noble gas record in the upper portion of the lake.</p>\n<p>With the work conducted and future noble gas related work in this and other ice-covered lakes we expect to create a new paleoclimate proxy based mostly on the heaviest noble gases that can be specifically applied to Antarctica, the Arctic and Alpine Glacial regions. We expect also to bring further awareness to the importance of ice sheets and its impact on the overall Earth’s climate and the fragility of the hydrologic Earth’s cycle balance.</p>\n<p> </p><br>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t \tLast Modified: 01/30/2017<br>\n\t\t\t\t\tModified by: M. Clara Castro</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"porSideCol\"></div>\n</div>",
"por_txt_cntn": "\nHigh latitude regions such as Antarctica are extremely sensitive to and are significant drivers of climate change due to the enormous water masses they store. Understanding past climate shifts in the Antarctica margins is even more critical as these areas may be particularly sensitive to global climate forcing. East Antarctica and the McMurdo Dry Valleys area are of particular interest as this region is likely influenced by the North Atlantic Deep Water circulation. However, reliable millennial-scale continental records of climate in this area have been provided mostly by the Taylor Dome ice core. Additional independent paleoclimate proxies and further chronology controls are needed in this region to clarify the evolution of regional and global climate change.\n\nStable noble gases (He - Helium, Ne - Neon, Ar – Argon, Kr – Krypton, Xe – Xenon) have the potential to provide an independent paleoclimate proxy for this region. This proposal explored and developed this potential by taking advantage of some of the noble gas properties in ice covered lakes at the ice/water interface to develop a new paleoclimate proxy with the potential to be used in both polar and Alpine Glacial regions. It takes advantage of the differential partition between noble gases at the ice/water interface where the smaller atoms of He and, to some extent Ne, are more favorably incorporated in ice as opposed to Ar, Kr, and Xe which concentrate in the residual liquid water as ice forms.\n\nBecause the Taylor Valley lakes, McMurdo Dry Valleys, depend almost entirely upon stream meltwater supplied by nearby glaciers in addition to advances and retreats of the Ross Ice Shelf, their evolution is intimately connected to the dynamics of these ice masses which, in turn, are dictated by climate change. The perennial ice covers of these lakes form at the water/ice interface and sublimate at the top rendering these lakes ideal to test and develop this new proxy, which is based on estimation of ice rate formations based mostly on He, Kr and Xe concentration profiles. These are expected to record the long-term lake history and thus climate evolution.\n\nLake Bonney is a perennially ice-covered lake in the Taylor Valley. It is divided into two lobes, West Lake Bonney (WLB) and East Lake Bonney (ELB) that are separated by a narrow ridge. The two lobes currently receive surface melt water during austral summers from glacier-fed ephemeral streams and this meltwater enters the lake via a narrow ring, or moat, of liquid water that forms around the lake during summer. The West Lobe also receives water from direct input of melt water from Taylor glacier and saline water from irregular subglacial discharge. Water samples for analysis of noble gases were collected in both lobes during the austral summer of 2007/2008 throughout the entire water column of the lakes, from immediately below the ice cover down to ~40 m depth from both WLB and ELB.\n\nHe, Kr and Xe concentration data were used to constrain a diffusion finite-difference transport model over the last ~5000-6000 yrs in Lake Bonney. These numerical simulations combine diffusive transport of noble gases within the stratified water column of Lake Bonney, along with ice ablation at the top of the ice cover, partitioning of noble gases between water and ice, plus exchange of noble gases between WLB and ELB. Results strongly suggest that open moats have only operated for about 2 to 3 centuries within the last millennium. These results are corroborated by the high concentration of He, especially within WLB, which points to a history of ice cover with no open moats operating for both lobes for at least about 5 millennia. In addition, the distribution of He, Kr and Xe suggest that a significant rise of the water level of Lake Bonney associated with a warmer period may have been interrupted by a roughly 4-5 century long cold period during which the moats were not large enough to allow air saturated water into the lake, with this cold period ending about one century ago. In the last century Lake Bonney levels have been rising, pointing either to more extended austral summers or elevated summer temperatures, a rise that is compatible with the heavy noble gas record in the upper portion of the lake.\n\nWith the work conducted and future noble gas related work in this and other ice-covered lakes we expect to create a new paleoclimate proxy based mostly on the heaviest noble gases that can be specifically applied to Antarctica, the Arctic and Alpine Glacial regions. We expect also to bring further awareness to the importance of ice sheets and its impact on the overall Earth?s climate and the fragility of the hydrologic Earth?s cycle balance.\n\n \n\n\t\t\t\t\tLast Modified: 01/30/2017\n\n\t\t\t\t\tSubmitted by: M. Clara Castro"
} |
|
1347325 | NSF | Grant | Standard Grant | ZagApps: Mobile Device Applications Laboratory | 47.076 | 11040200 | 7032922832 | Paul Tymann | 2013-05-20 | 2014-10-31 | 26,158 | 26,158 | 2013-07-22 | 2013-07-22 | The Computer Science Mobile Device Application Lab project (ZagApps) at Gonzaga University is creating a curriculum to enhance computer science study with mobile device/smart phone application development. The laboratory and curriculum use Apple 'Touch' technology. Gonzaga computer science students work closely with area STEM teachers to create applications for use in K-12 classrooms. The STEM teachers are involved in both the design and the use of the applications and provide feedback on the usefulness of the applications. As a result of working with their high school teacher and student 'customers', Gonzaga students are better prepared for the software industry processes of developing applications based on user needs and of testing the final application for reliability. They expand their technical skills in mobile device/smart phone application development, testing, and field deployment and their people skills in customer relations, active listening, and problem solving.
The project impacts high school students in the selected STEM classrooms by generating positive experiences between teachers, students, and collegiate computing majors. The high school students meet college undergraduates and learn about the importance of computer science as well as the importance of their math and science studies. The project also provides a foundation for better collaboration between university computer science programs and high school STEM teachers and students. The developed curriculum is applicable to other colleges and universities. | 0 | EDU | Directorate for STEM Education | DUE | Division Of Undergraduate Education | 4900 | 4900 | [
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"por_cntn": "<div class=\"porColContainerWBG\">\n<div class=\"porContentCol\"><div class=\"tinyMCEContent\">\n<p>Do computer science projects that are relevant to students and are deployed to external customers show an increase in student confidence, in student interest, and in student recognition that customer interaction will constitute a significant part of their future career? This grant focused upon the development of applications for smart devices (iPhone/iPod Touch) that were deployed to customers outside of the students' department. The original grant proposed to use local high school teachers as the customers and required that the students develop applications for use in the high school classroom. This requirement was modified after the first year to include other types of external customers.</p>\n<p>The outcomes for this grant were decidedly mixed. While many of the students related an increased appreciation of the need for customer interaction and for better customer service, the self-assessment of their skills showed little improvement. In part, this may have been because the grant-associated course was the students' first exposure to mobile device applications development. The complexity of this development was beyond what almost all of the students had previously encountered.</p>\n<p>The results were not statistically significant, but did show trends that were anticipated at the start of the grant. The major findings were that incorporating high school teachers as customers should be planned carefully and cautiously, the selection of the target platform (e.g. iPhone, Android, etc.) is critical to the success of the projects, and that the early introduction of projects with actual, often non-technical, customers into the curriculum can be done and can assist with the students' appreciation for the soft skills that must be used to interact with customers.</p>\n<p>The main findings of this grant are therefore given not as the achievement of the original grant goals, but rather as the highlighting of the pitfalls of this type of project.</p>\n<p>First, when using external customers, and in particular primary and secondary teachers, the time commitment required for successful projects must be clearly detailed to both the customers (teachers, etc.) and to the developers (the university students). While this information was given to these two groups, there was not a clear recognition of the impact such time commitments would have upon other activities. In response to this, the design of such an educational experience might be better moved to a two-semester sequence rather than a single semester course.</p>\n<p>Second, the students involved in such courses will likely experience the realization that developing mobile applications is much more difficult than they had initially estimated. In part, this is due to the complexity of the interfaces with the various mobile device sensors (e.g. cameras, accelerometers, etc.). In large part, this is also due to the chaotic nature of both the device operating system and the development environment. Throughout the run of three semesters of the course associated with the grant, the development and target environments are in a state of constant change. During the initial offering of the course (Fall 2011) both iOS and XCode (the development environment) changed three times. This was extremely frustrating for the students and their frustration was often apparent to their customers.</p>\n<p>Third, the idea of \"projects early\" while appealing pedagogically, may have its limits for education impact. The soft skills that we had hoped to develop were lost in the technical complexity of the projects and the platform. In fact, a better model might well be to have the younger, less experienced students serve as the technical liaisons to the external customers while the students taking the mobile application development course focus upon the implementation details.</p>\n<p>In summary, the main idea behi...",
"por_txt_cntn": "\n\nDo computer science projects that are relevant to students and are deployed to external customers show an increase in student confidence, in student interest, and in student recognition that customer interaction will constitute a significant part of their future career? This grant focused upon the development of applications for smart devices (iPhone/iPod Touch) that were deployed to customers outside of the students' department. The original grant proposed to use local high school teachers as the customers and required that the students develop applications for use in the high school classroom. This requirement was modified after the first year to include other types of external customers.\n\nThe outcomes for this grant were decidedly mixed. While many of the students related an increased appreciation of the need for customer interaction and for better customer service, the self-assessment of their skills showed little improvement. In part, this may have been because the grant-associated course was the students' first exposure to mobile device applications development. The complexity of this development was beyond what almost all of the students had previously encountered.\n\nThe results were not statistically significant, but did show trends that were anticipated at the start of the grant. The major findings were that incorporating high school teachers as customers should be planned carefully and cautiously, the selection of the target platform (e.g. iPhone, Android, etc.) is critical to the success of the projects, and that the early introduction of projects with actual, often non-technical, customers into the curriculum can be done and can assist with the students' appreciation for the soft skills that must be used to interact with customers.\n\nThe main findings of this grant are therefore given not as the achievement of the original grant goals, but rather as the highlighting of the pitfalls of this type of project.\n\nFirst, when using external customers, and in particular primary and secondary teachers, the time commitment required for successful projects must be clearly detailed to both the customers (teachers, etc.) and to the developers (the university students). While this information was given to these two groups, there was not a clear recognition of the impact such time commitments would have upon other activities. In response to this, the design of such an educational experience might be better moved to a two-semester sequence rather than a single semester course.\n\nSecond, the students involved in such courses will likely experience the realization that developing mobile applications is much more difficult than they had initially estimated. In part, this is due to the complexity of the interfaces with the various mobile device sensors (e.g. cameras, accelerometers, etc.). In large part, this is also due to the chaotic nature of both the device operating system and the development environment. Throughout the run of three semesters of the course associated with the grant, the development and target environments are in a state of constant change. During the initial offering of the course (Fall 2011) both iOS and XCode (the development environment) changed three times. This was extremely frustrating for the students and their frustration was often apparent to their customers.\n\nThird, the idea of \"projects early\" while appealing pedagogically, may have its limits for education impact. The soft skills that we had hoped to develop were lost in the technical complexity of the projects and the platform. In fact, a better model might well be to have the younger, less experienced students serve as the technical liaisons to the external customers while the students taking the mobile application development course focus upon the implementation details.\n\nIn summary, the main idea behind the design of this grant effort, the early exposure to customer relations and the soft skills required for such interactions, appeared to b..."
} |
|
1261525 | NSF | Grant | Standard Grant | IRES: US-Australia Collaboration on a Fundamental Approach to Generating New Classes of Lightweight, High Performance,High Entropy Alloys | 47.079 | 01090000 | 7032924940 | Maija Kukla | 2013-05-15 | 2016-12-31 | 223,438 | 223,438 | 2013-05-17 | 2013-05-17 | Through this International Research Experiences for Students award, Harvey Mudd College (HMC) undergraduate students will participate in an ongoing collaboration with researchers in the School of Materials Science and Engineering and the Electron Microscope Unit at the University of New South Wales (UNSW) in Sydney, Australia. Principal investigator Lori Bassman and lead UNSW collaborators Dr. Kevin Laws and Professor Michael Ferry will develop project directions for year-round research by participating students (four per year), with 10 week visits by the students and PI to UNSW each year. At UNSW the students will have extensive access to physical metallurgy laboratories, microscope facilities, training, and discipline-specific expertise unavailable at HMC.
Through the collaboration, HMC students will develop novel metallic high entropy alloys (HEAs) with mechanical properties greatly exceeding those of conventional engineering metals. Unlike traditional alloys that have one primary constituent element, HEAs have five or more elements in roughly equiatomic proportions. HEAs have excellent potential in a vast range of applications, from making lighter-weight, high-strength structures to usage in high temperature applications to forming coatings for high wear or corrosive environments. Given their complexity, the range of possible alloys to be developed is as extensive as the periodic table itself, with tremendous promise for tailoring material properties for a great many different applications.
The mechanisms by which these complex alloys are formed and improved properties are achieved are not well understood. The central goal of this project is to develop a fundamental approach for predicting compositions that form stable metallic solid solutions. This approach will be used to generate new classes of alloys with application-specific properties. The specific projects to be performed by HMC undergraduates will focus on alloy development, fabrication, mechanical characterization and microstructural characterization, as well as computational modeling of alloy structures. An experimentally validated, systematic model based on first-principles calculations will enable efficient development of further HEA systems.
This project will contribute to the maturation of undergraduate students into confident, enthusiastic researchers who are prepared for science and engineering careers in international research environments. | 0 | O/D | Office Of The Director | OISE | Office of International Science and Engineering | 4900 | 4900 | [
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"por_cntn": "<div class=\"porColContainerWBG\">\n<div class=\"porContentCol\"><p>In collaboration with researchers in the School of Materials Science and Engineering and the Electron Microscope Unit at the University of New South Wales (UNSW) in Sydney, Australia, thirteen undergraduate students from Harvey Mudd College (an all-undergraduate institution) developed and characterized two new families of metallic high entropy alloys that demonstrate combinations of strength, ductility, and magnetic properties distinct from those of traditional alloys.</p>\n<p>In the first family, a base alloy of copper, manganese and nickel in equal atomic proportions was built on with stepwise additions of aluminum, tin and/or zinc to produce a family of new, compositionally-complex brasses and bronzes. Various alloys in this family exhibit strengths and hardnesses considerably higher than those of conventional brasses and bronzes and good compressive ductility. Due to specific structural ordering, some of these alloys exhibit soft magnetic properties.</p>\n<p>The second alloy family has a platinum-palladium base with additions of cobalt, chromium and/or nickel, which were selected for their high mutual and extended solid solubilities in binary combinations. Some of these alloys demonstrate varied magnetic properties, high hardness, and good ductility. </p>\n<p>Parallel to this experimental work, students conducted computational studies on the alloy systems using density functional theory to understand the crystal structures formed by the complex compositions of four or more atomic species, their levels of disorder (of placement of atomic species on the regular crystal lattice), the fault energies that influence the nature of deformation and ductility, and their magnetic properties.</p>\n<p>In addition to having the opportunity to conduct substantial international research at a major university with facilities and discipline-specific expertise not available at Harvey Mudd, the participating students gained experience disseminating their work. They presented their research in student posters at national and international conferences, authored or co-authored journal papers, learned to write proposals for computational resources, and contributed to patents. They also presented their work annually to their peers at Harvey Mudd to inspire other undergraduates to seek research opportunities.</p>\n<p> </p><br>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t \tLast Modified: 10/14/2019<br>\n\t\t\t\t\tModified by: Lori Bassman</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"porSideCol\">\n<div class=\"each-gallery\">\n<div class=\"galContent\" id=\"gallery0\">\n<div class=\"photoCount\" id=\"photoCount0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tImages (<span id=\"selectedPhoto0\">1</span> of <span class=\"totalNumber\"></span>)\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</div>\n<div class=\"galControls\" id=\"controls0\"></div>\n<div class=\"galSlideshow\" id=\"slideshow0\"></div>\n<div class=\"galEmbox\" id=\"embox\">\n<div class=\"image-title\"></div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"galNavigation\" id=\"navigation0\">\n<ul class=\"thumbs\" id=\"thumbs0\">\n<li>\n<a href=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2019/1261525/1261525_10246411_1571031079538_ArcMelting2016--rgov-214x142.jpg\" original=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2019/1261525/1261525_10246411_1571031079538_ArcMelting2016--rgov-800width.jpg\" title=\"Arc melting at UNSW\"><img src=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2019/1261525/1261525_10246411_1571031079538_ArcMelting2016--rgov-66x44.jpg\" alt=\"Arc melting at UNSW\"></a>\n<div class=\"imageCaptionContainer\">\n<div class=\"imageCaption\">IRES-supported undergraduates producing an alloy via arc melting at UNSW</div>\n<div class=\"imageCredit\">Lori Bassman</div>\n<div class=\"imagePermisssions\">Copyrighted</div>\n<div class=\"imageSubmitted\">Lori Bassman</div>\n<div class=\"imageTitle\">Arc melting at UNSW</div>\n</div>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a href=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2019/1261525/1261525_10246411_1571031302180_SEMwithQuadir2015--rgov-214x142.jpg\" original=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2019/1261525/1261525_10246411_1571031302180_SEMwithQuadir2015--rgov-800width.jpg\" title=\"IRES students at scanning electron microscope at UNSW\"><img src=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2019/1261525/1261525_10246411_1571031302180_SEMwithQuadir2015--rgov-66x44.jpg\" alt=\"IRES students at scanning electron microscope at UNSW\"></a>\n<div class=\"imageCaptionContainer\">\n<div class=\"imageCaption\">IRES-supported undergraduates and an Australian mentor performing scanning electron microscope microstructural characterization of an alloy they produced at UNSW</div>\n<div class=\"imageCredit\">Lori Bassman</div>\n<div class=\"imagePermisssions\">Copyrighted</div>\n<div class=\"imageSubmitted\">Lori Bassman</div>\n<div class=\"imageTitle\">IRES students at scanning electron microscope at UNSW</div>\n</div>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>",
"por_txt_cntn": "\nIn collaboration with researchers in the School of Materials Science and Engineering and the Electron Microscope Unit at the University of New South Wales (UNSW) in Sydney, Australia, thirteen undergraduate students from Harvey Mudd College (an all-undergraduate institution) developed and characterized two new families of metallic high entropy alloys that demonstrate combinations of strength, ductility, and magnetic properties distinct from those of traditional alloys.\n\nIn the first family, a base alloy of copper, manganese and nickel in equal atomic proportions was built on with stepwise additions of aluminum, tin and/or zinc to produce a family of new, compositionally-complex brasses and bronzes. Various alloys in this family exhibit strengths and hardnesses considerably higher than those of conventional brasses and bronzes and good compressive ductility. Due to specific structural ordering, some of these alloys exhibit soft magnetic properties.\n\nThe second alloy family has a platinum-palladium base with additions of cobalt, chromium and/or nickel, which were selected for their high mutual and extended solid solubilities in binary combinations. Some of these alloys demonstrate varied magnetic properties, high hardness, and good ductility. \n\nParallel to this experimental work, students conducted computational studies on the alloy systems using density functional theory to understand the crystal structures formed by the complex compositions of four or more atomic species, their levels of disorder (of placement of atomic species on the regular crystal lattice), the fault energies that influence the nature of deformation and ductility, and their magnetic properties.\n\nIn addition to having the opportunity to conduct substantial international research at a major university with facilities and discipline-specific expertise not available at Harvey Mudd, the participating students gained experience disseminating their work. They presented their research in student posters at national and international conferences, authored or co-authored journal papers, learned to write proposals for computational resources, and contributed to patents. They also presented their work annually to their peers at Harvey Mudd to inspire other undergraduates to seek research opportunities.\n\n \n\n\t\t\t\t\tLast Modified: 10/14/2019\n\n\t\t\t\t\tSubmitted by: Lori Bassman"
} |
|
1257944 | NSF | Grant | Standard Grant | Collaborative Research: Disrupted Nitrogen Cycles in the Brazilian Amazon | 47.074 | 08010209 | null | Elizabeth Blood | 2013-10-01 | 2017-09-30 | 888,731 | 1,065,604 | 2013-09-19 | 2015-12-22 | Funds are provided to study nitrogen (N) cycles in the Brazilian Amazon. The research aims at quantifying N transformation and transport pathways in natural and agricultural settings in the Neotropics. The shift in agriculture combined with the increase in nitrogen fertilizer inputs in tropical regions have the potential to drive profound losses of nitrous oxide to the atmosphere, or increased movement of soluble N to rivers and streams. The proposed field research will quantify N2O fluxes and N fate in the vadose zone, groundwater and streams under natural conditions (tropical forest), single cropping of soybeans, and double cropping with soybeans and maize. Remote sensing will be used to scale up results from the field and model to the Amazon region, and incorporation of research results into a dynamic vegetation model (IBIS) that has been parameterized for the Amazon and will be used to estimate N emissions under different climate and land use management scenarios in the future. The work will test two hypotheses: (1) that increased N fertilization will lead to moderately but not greatly higher N2O emissions compared to natural forest because soils are well-drained and are not expected to go anaerobic long enough for accumulation of N2O, and (2) that N losses to streams will be minimal in N-fertilized plots because of high rates of uptake by maize crop and retention of any residual N leachates in deep, clay soils through anion exchange.
The research will aid in understanding effects of changing agricultural practices on greenhouse gas emissions and stream pollution in the Amazon. Partnerships with local Brazilian scientists and training of US and Brazilian students will be important impacts from the research. Public outreach and broad dissemination of results will be achieved through regular presentations to agricultural producers and policy makers in Brazil through established contacts, as well as the support of a US journalist to visit the research field sites, which are locations of long-term ecological and biogeochemical research. | 0 | BIO | Directorate for Biological Sciences | DEB | Division Of Environmental Biology | 4900 | 4900 | [
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] | {
"por_cntn": "<div class=\"porColContainerWBG\">\n<div class=\"porContentCol\"><p><span style=\"white-space: pre;\"> </span>The extent and intensity of production of the globally-traded commodity crops soybeans and corn have increased faster in the tropical forests and savannas of Brazil than anywhere on Earth. At the center of this region is Mato Grosso, a Texas-sized state where land use and agricultural practices have shifted from forest to pasture to single-cropped soybeans since the mid-1980s. During the last ten years, more than half of this cropland shifted from single-cropped soybeans to double-cropped soybeans with corn, planted sequentially during the same growing season. This rapid expansion and intensification of agriculture has the potential to increase greenhouse gas emissions and nutrient runoff to surface waters, as widely observed in fertilizer-intensive soybean- and corn-producing regions of North America, Europe, and Asia. Because the climate and soils in tropical regions differ from those in the temperate zone, it is unclear whether the magnitude and controls on greenhouse gas emissions and nutrient runoff from tropical croplands will follow patterns observed in other places. This is important to understand, given that most future expansion of croplands worldwide will occur in the tropics.</p>\n<p><span style=\"white-space: pre;\"> </span>This project quantified emissions of the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide, as well as the runoff of nitrogen and phosphorus from native forests and intensifying croplands on a large commercial soybean farm in Mato Grosso. Experimental watersheds ranged from 2-13 km<sup>2</sup>, allowing comparison of runoff and nutrient concentrations in groundwater and stream water across land uses, including 3 watersheds in forest, 3 in single-cropped soybeans, and 3 in double-cropped soybeans and corn. The project also included a controlled nitrogen fertilizer addition experiment in soybean-corn cropland, which compared the fate of nitrogen applied at levels that ranged from no nitrogen to 200 kg N per hectare, and included the current practice of 80 kg N per hectare.</p>\n<p> <span style=\"white-space: pre;\"> </span>Results indicated that the transition from forest to cropland increases water discharge from small watersheds by about four-fold. However, the transition from forest to single-cropping and later double-cropping did not increase the concentrations of dissolved inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus in groundwater or streams. This demonstrates a surprising and important buffering against changes in nutrient concentration in runoff, caused primarily by deep and highly-weathered tropical soils and deep, groundwater-dominated water flowpaths that result in nutrient adsorption and retention.</p>\n<p><span style=\"white-space: pre;\"> </span>Comparison of the fate of applied nitrogen fertilizer to the corn cropping phase showed that at current nitrogen application rates most nitrogen is used by the corn crop and little ends up as surplus in soils. Higher rates of nitrogen fertilizer resulted in excess N, which ended up adsorbed in soils at depths to 4 meters or greater. This demonstrated a mechanism that currently prevents nitrogen from moving from crop fields to groundwater and streams. Under current management practices, emissions of the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide were similar among forest, single-cropped soybeans, and double-cropped soybeans and corn. Higher rates of nitrogen fertilizer application also resulted in very modest increases of the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide from less than 0.3 kg N per hectare (no fertilizer) to 0.8 kg N per hectare (200 kg N per hectare of fertilizer). Fluxes of other nitrogen gases (nitrous oxide and di-nitrogen gas) represented more important pathways of nitrogen fertilizer loss, but these were small compared with the total nitrogen added to the system by nitrogen-fixing soybeans and fertilizers.</p>\n<p><span style=\"white-space: pre;\"> </span>These results show that the understanding of nitrous oxide emissions and nitrogen runoff derived from studies in temperate croplands is a poor predictor of patterns observed in intensifying Amazon croplands. Deep soil retention of nitrogen in the form of nitrate is an underappreciated mechanism that buffers ground and surface waters from the negative effects of nitrogen runoff. The magnitude of this adsorption capacity is not known, but will likely determine the time frame over which intensive Amazon cropping can occur without nutrient pollution of surface waters. </p><br>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t \tLast Modified: 01/10/2018<br>\n\t\t\t\t\tModified by: Marcia N Macedo</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"porSideCol\">\n<div class=\"each-gallery\">\n<div class=\"galContent\" id=\"gallery0\">\n<div class=\"photoCount\" id=\"photoCount0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tImages (<span id=\"selectedPhoto0\">1</span> of <span class=\"totalNumber\"></span>)\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</div>\n<div class=\"galControls\" id=\"controls0\"></div>\n<div class=\"galSlideshow\" id=\"slideshow0\"></div>\n<div class=\"galEmbox\" id=\"embox\">\n<div class=\"image-title\"></div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"galNavigation\" id=\"navigation0\">\n<ul class=\"thumbs\" id=\"thumbs0\">\n<li>\n<a href=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2018/1257944/1257944_10282945_1515594727376_Streamdischagemeasurement--rgov-214x142.jpg\" original=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2018/1257944/1257944_10282945_1515594727376_Streamdischagemeasurement--rgov-800width.jpg\" title=\"Stream discharge measurement\"><img src=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2018/1257944/1257944_10282945_1515594727376_Streamdischagemeasurement--rgov-66x44.jpg\" alt=\"Stream discharge measurement\"></a>\n<div class=\"imageCaptionContainer\">\n<div class=\"imageCaption\">Leonardo Maracahipes and Aline Castro make a measurement of discharge in a cropland stream at Tanguro Ranch. Stream discharge measurements are coupled with solute concentrations to quantify watershed nitrogen export</div>\n<div class=\"imageCredit\">Chris Neill</div>\n<div class=\"imagePermisssions\">Copyrighted</div>\n<div class=\"imageSubmitted\">Marcia N Macedo</div>\n<div class=\"imageTitle\">Stream discharge measurement</div>\n</div>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a href=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2018/1257944/1257944_10282945_1515594655789_Fertilizerexperimenttream--rgov-214x142.jpg\" original=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2018/1257944/1257944_10282945_1515594655789_Fertilizerexperimenttream--rgov-800width.jpg\" title=\"Fertilizer experiment team\"><img src=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2018/1257944/1257944_10282945_1515594655789_Fertilizerexperimenttream--rgov-66x44.jpg\" alt=\"Fertilizer experiment team\"></a>\n<div class=\"imageCaptionContainer\">\n<div class=\"imageCaption\">The project team after successful installation of a controlled nitrogen fertilizer addition experiment in a double-cropped soybean and corn field at Tanguro Ranch. Team members are (standing l to r) Aline Castro, Gillian Galford, Darlisson Nunes, Sebastião do Nasimento, Paul Lefebvre, Keith Spangle</div>\n<div class=\"imageCredit\">Chris Neill</div>\n<div class=\"imagePermisssions\">Copyrighted</div>\n<div class=\"imageSubmitted\">Marcia N Macedo</div>\n<div class=\"imageTitle\">Fertilizer experiment team</div>\n</div>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a href=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2018/1257944/1257944_10282945_1515594576728_Fertilizerexperimentsetup--rgov-214x142.jpg\" original=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2018/1257944/1257944_10282945_1515594576728_Fertilizerexperimentsetup--rgov-800width.jpg\" title=\"Fertilizer experiment set up\"><img src=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2018/1257944/1257944_10282945_1515594576728_Fertilizerexperimentsetup--rgov-66x44.jpg\" alt=\"Fertilizer experiment set up\"></a>\n<div class=\"imageCaptionContainer\">\n<div class=\"imageCaption\">Planting of the corn crop in a double-cropped soybean and corn field by Tanguro Ranch equipment at the start of a controlled nitrogen fertilizer addition experiment. Project team members at right supervised application of nitrogen fertilizer at 0, 80, 120, 160 and 200 kg N per hectare.</div>\n<div class=\"imageCredit\">Chris Neill</div>\n<div class=\"imagePermisssions\">Copyrighted</div>\n<div class=\"imageSubmitted\">Marcia N Macedo</div>\n<div class=\"imageTitle\">Fertilizer experiment set up</div>\n</div>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>",
"por_txt_cntn": "\n The extent and intensity of production of the globally-traded commodity crops soybeans and corn have increased faster in the tropical forests and savannas of Brazil than anywhere on Earth. At the center of this region is Mato Grosso, a Texas-sized state where land use and agricultural practices have shifted from forest to pasture to single-cropped soybeans since the mid-1980s. During the last ten years, more than half of this cropland shifted from single-cropped soybeans to double-cropped soybeans with corn, planted sequentially during the same growing season. This rapid expansion and intensification of agriculture has the potential to increase greenhouse gas emissions and nutrient runoff to surface waters, as widely observed in fertilizer-intensive soybean- and corn-producing regions of North America, Europe, and Asia. Because the climate and soils in tropical regions differ from those in the temperate zone, it is unclear whether the magnitude and controls on greenhouse gas emissions and nutrient runoff from tropical croplands will follow patterns observed in other places. This is important to understand, given that most future expansion of croplands worldwide will occur in the tropics.\n\n This project quantified emissions of the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide, as well as the runoff of nitrogen and phosphorus from native forests and intensifying croplands on a large commercial soybean farm in Mato Grosso. Experimental watersheds ranged from 2-13 km2, allowing comparison of runoff and nutrient concentrations in groundwater and stream water across land uses, including 3 watersheds in forest, 3 in single-cropped soybeans, and 3 in double-cropped soybeans and corn. The project also included a controlled nitrogen fertilizer addition experiment in soybean-corn cropland, which compared the fate of nitrogen applied at levels that ranged from no nitrogen to 200 kg N per hectare, and included the current practice of 80 kg N per hectare.\n\n Results indicated that the transition from forest to cropland increases water discharge from small watersheds by about four-fold. However, the transition from forest to single-cropping and later double-cropping did not increase the concentrations of dissolved inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus in groundwater or streams. This demonstrates a surprising and important buffering against changes in nutrient concentration in runoff, caused primarily by deep and highly-weathered tropical soils and deep, groundwater-dominated water flowpaths that result in nutrient adsorption and retention.\n\n Comparison of the fate of applied nitrogen fertilizer to the corn cropping phase showed that at current nitrogen application rates most nitrogen is used by the corn crop and little ends up as surplus in soils. Higher rates of nitrogen fertilizer resulted in excess N, which ended up adsorbed in soils at depths to 4 meters or greater. This demonstrated a mechanism that currently prevents nitrogen from moving from crop fields to groundwater and streams. Under current management practices, emissions of the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide were similar among forest, single-cropped soybeans, and double-cropped soybeans and corn. Higher rates of nitrogen fertilizer application also resulted in very modest increases of the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide from less than 0.3 kg N per hectare (no fertilizer) to 0.8 kg N per hectare (200 kg N per hectare of fertilizer). Fluxes of other nitrogen gases (nitrous oxide and di-nitrogen gas) represented more important pathways of nitrogen fertilizer loss, but these were small compared with the total nitrogen added to the system by nitrogen-fixing soybeans and fertilizers.\n\n These results show that the understanding of nitrous oxide emissions and nitrogen runoff derived from studies in temperate croplands is a poor predictor of patterns observed in intensifying Amazon croplands. Deep soil retention of nitrogen in the form of nitrate is an underappreciated mechanism that buffers ground and surface waters from the negative effects of nitrogen runoff. The magnitude of this adsorption capacity is not known, but will likely determine the time frame over which intensive Amazon cropping can occur without nutrient pollution of surface waters. \n\n\t\t\t\t\tLast Modified: 01/10/2018\n\n\t\t\t\t\tSubmitted by: Marcia N Macedo"
} |
|
1302693 | NSF | Grant | Continuing Grant | SHF:Medium: Energy Efficient and Stochastically Robust Resource Allocation for Heterogeneous Computing | 47.070 | 05010000 | 7032927498 | Almadena Chtchelkanova | 2013-05-15 | 2017-12-31 | 850,000 | 850,000 | 2013-05-08 | 2015-04-30 | Parallel and distributed computing systems are often a heterogeneous mix of machines. As these systems continue to expand rapidly in capability, their computational energy expenditure has skyrocketed, requiring elaborate cooling facilities, which themselves consume significant energy. The need for energy-efficient resource management is thus paramount. Moreover, these systems frequently experience degraded performance and high power consumption due to circumstances that change unpredictably, such as thermal hotspots caused by load imbalances or sudden machine failures. As the complexity of systems grows, so does the importance of making system operation robust against these uncertainties. The goal of this award is to study stochastic-based models, metrics, and algorithmic strategies for deriving resource allocations that are energy-efficient and robust. The research focus is on deriving stochastic robustness and energy models from real-world data from heterogeneous computing machines; applying stochastic models for resource management strategies that co-optimize performance, robustness, computation energy, and cooling energy; developing novel schemes for real-time thermal modeling; and driving and validating the research with feedback collected from real-world petascale systems (Yellowstone at National Center of Atmospheric Research and Jaguar at Oak Ridge National Lab) and terascale systems (Colorado State University's ISTeC cluster and clusters at Oak Ridge National Lab).
The research is expected to realize resource management strategies that are resilient to various sources of uncertainty at run-time while also considering the dynamics of temperature variations and cooling capacity to meet performance guarantees with unprecedented gains in system energy-efficiency in high performance computing environments. By lowering the energy costs and impact of uncertainties associated with computing, this research will ultimately render high performance computing accessible to a wider population of researchers and scientific problems. In the long term, the theoretical foundations and tools that emerge from this research will play a vital role in achieving the grand promise of sustainable computing at extreme scales within realistic power budgets. The broader impacts of the research include: incorporate research results into all levels of teaching, including graduate, undergraduate, secondary, and even elementary education; increase participation by underrepresented groups; and foster close ties with industry and government labs to transfer the developed knowledge quickly into real-world deployments. | 0 | CSE | Directorate for Computer and Information Science and Engineering | CCF | Division of Computing and Communication Foundations | 4900 | 4900 | [
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"pi_full_name": "Sudeep Pasricha",
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"pi_role": "Co-Principal Investigator",
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{
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"por_cntn": "<div class=\"porColContainerWBG\">\n<div class=\"porContentCol\"><p>High Performance Computing (HPC) systems are widely used in fields as diverse as weather modeling, financial predictions, fluid dynamics, and big data searches, and are opening the doors to new discoveries. For instance, the field of genomics relies heavily on very large supercomputers. Because of genomics, we have new drugs, ways of diagnosing disease, and crime investigation techniques. But the energy costs of operating HPC systems, whether it be supercomputers, data centers, or clusters of machines, are becoming prohibitive as HPC systems evolve. As an example, the K supercomputer in Japan consumes enough energy to power 10,000 homes, at a cost of $10 million/year. The petascale Yellowstone supercomputer at NCAR in Wyoming, USA has an energy expenditure of $2 million/year. Even smaller terascale HPC clusters, such as those at Colorado State University (CSU) and Oak Ridge National Lab (ORNL), have significant computational and cooling energy costs, ranging from $20K-200K per year. These energy costs impose a huge monetary burden on the scientific community, taking HPC systems out of the reach of those who have the greatest potential to make groundbreaking discoveries that can benefit society. Prior efforts to improve energy-efficiency in computing are unfortunately either not applicable to large HPC platforms or ignore important facets of the problem, such as cooling/thermal costs and uncertainties that often surface in HPC platforms at runtime.</p>\n<p class=\"Default\">The overarching theme of this proposal has been to devise a new software-based resource management framework that can intelligently manage the execution of applications on large-scale HPC platforms, while minimizing the energy needed for computation and cooling. The fundamental innovation that has emerged from this project is the discovery of the complex relationship between cooling and computation energy in HPC platforms, and its characterization using stochastic performance, robustness, and power models derived from real-world data (from terascale and petascale HPC systems). The insights from these models have guided the design of new strategies to co-optimize computing performance, robustness, computation power, and cooling power in large-scale HPC platforms. These strategies have further benefitted from new models that have been developed for 1) quantifying the impact of interference in shared memory and network subsystems; 2) fast real-time thermal characterization; and 3) cooling energy costs and capacity.</p>\n<p class=\"Default\">Rigorous experimental analysis has shown that the developed models and framework significantly outperform the best known prior efforts to quantify and optimize energy usage in HPC platforms. This project has also contributed to the integration of energy-efficient resource management in production HPC systems at ORNL and the Department of Defense (DoD). The research contributions ultimately represent unique and valuable solutions to overcome the energy challenge facing the design of future HPC platforms. The innovations from this research have been widely disseminated through over 50 peer-reviewed scientific journal/conference publications, as well as several invited industry and conference seminar talks, keynotes, and tutorials. The technical outcomes of this project have thus made significant and lasting contributions towards the goal of meeting current national needs for energy-efficient and cost-effective HPC systems.</p>\n<p>Beyond the technical objectives accomplished, this project also has had an immense broader impact. The techniques developed as part of this project have the potential to be applied to a variety of computing and communication system environments. As an example, the algorithms and models for energy-efficient HPC resource management from the project were successfully applied to solve multi-objective resource management problems in manycore electronic chip design. Several students have been fully or partially supported by this project. A total of eight Ph.D. students, two post-doctoral fellows, three M.S. students, and seven senior undergraduate students have conducted research with the faculty as part of this project. As part of K-12 outreach, four high school students also have been provided opportunities to work with the senior students on this project, and learn about the exciting opportunities in computer engineering. By exposing these students to the diverse aspects of modeling and analysis, optimization algorithms, emerging hardware, and software applications, and disseminating the developed ideas and outcomes via curriculum enhancements at CSU, the proposed research has also significantly contributed to an agile high-tech workforce that will maintain continued USA leadership in technological innovation. </p><br>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t \tLast Modified: 01/26/2018<br>\n\t\t\t\t\tModified by: Sudeep Pasricha</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"porSideCol\">\n<div class=\"each-gallery\">\n<div class=\"galContent\" id=\"gallery0\">\n<div class=\"photoCount\" id=\"photoCount0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tImage\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</div>\n<div class=\"galControls onePhoto\" id=\"controls0\"></div>\n<div class=\"galSlideshow\" id=\"slideshow0\"></div>\n<div class=\"galEmbox\" id=\"embox\">\n<div class=\"image-title\"></div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"galNavigation onePhoto\" id=\"navigation0\">\n<ul class=\"thumbs\" id=\"thumbs0\">\n<li>\n<a href=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2018/1302693/1302693_10244169_1516989959872_1--rgov-214x142.jpg\" original=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2018/1302693/1302693_10244169_1516989959872_1--rgov-800width.jpg\" title=\"Overview of energy-efficient and robust resource management in heterogeneous HPC systems\"><img src=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2018/1302693/1302693_10244169_1516989959872_1--rgov-66x44.jpg\" alt=\"Overview of energy-efficient and robust resource management in heterogeneous HPC systems\"></a>\n<div class=\"imageCaptionContainer\">\n<div class=\"imageCaption\">Block diagram of the resource management framework that optimizes computational and cooling energy in a large HPC data center. The specific HPC data center shown is for illustrative purposes only, and the framework can be applied to any data center configuration.</div>\n<div class=\"imageCredit\">Mark Oxley, Sudeep Pasricha</div>\n<div class=\"imagePermisssions\">Copyrighted</div>\n<div class=\"imageSubmitted\">Sudeep Pasricha</div>\n<div class=\"imageTitle\">Overview of energy-efficient and robust resource management in heterogeneous HPC systems</div>\n</div>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>",
"por_txt_cntn": "\nHigh Performance Computing (HPC) systems are widely used in fields as diverse as weather modeling, financial predictions, fluid dynamics, and big data searches, and are opening the doors to new discoveries. For instance, the field of genomics relies heavily on very large supercomputers. Because of genomics, we have new drugs, ways of diagnosing disease, and crime investigation techniques. But the energy costs of operating HPC systems, whether it be supercomputers, data centers, or clusters of machines, are becoming prohibitive as HPC systems evolve. As an example, the K supercomputer in Japan consumes enough energy to power 10,000 homes, at a cost of $10 million/year. The petascale Yellowstone supercomputer at NCAR in Wyoming, USA has an energy expenditure of $2 million/year. Even smaller terascale HPC clusters, such as those at Colorado State University (CSU) and Oak Ridge National Lab (ORNL), have significant computational and cooling energy costs, ranging from $20K-200K per year. These energy costs impose a huge monetary burden on the scientific community, taking HPC systems out of the reach of those who have the greatest potential to make groundbreaking discoveries that can benefit society. Prior efforts to improve energy-efficiency in computing are unfortunately either not applicable to large HPC platforms or ignore important facets of the problem, such as cooling/thermal costs and uncertainties that often surface in HPC platforms at runtime.\nThe overarching theme of this proposal has been to devise a new software-based resource management framework that can intelligently manage the execution of applications on large-scale HPC platforms, while minimizing the energy needed for computation and cooling. The fundamental innovation that has emerged from this project is the discovery of the complex relationship between cooling and computation energy in HPC platforms, and its characterization using stochastic performance, robustness, and power models derived from real-world data (from terascale and petascale HPC systems). The insights from these models have guided the design of new strategies to co-optimize computing performance, robustness, computation power, and cooling power in large-scale HPC platforms. These strategies have further benefitted from new models that have been developed for 1) quantifying the impact of interference in shared memory and network subsystems; 2) fast real-time thermal characterization; and 3) cooling energy costs and capacity.\nRigorous experimental analysis has shown that the developed models and framework significantly outperform the best known prior efforts to quantify and optimize energy usage in HPC platforms. This project has also contributed to the integration of energy-efficient resource management in production HPC systems at ORNL and the Department of Defense (DoD). The research contributions ultimately represent unique and valuable solutions to overcome the energy challenge facing the design of future HPC platforms. The innovations from this research have been widely disseminated through over 50 peer-reviewed scientific journal/conference publications, as well as several invited industry and conference seminar talks, keynotes, and tutorials. The technical outcomes of this project have thus made significant and lasting contributions towards the goal of meeting current national needs for energy-efficient and cost-effective HPC systems.\n\nBeyond the technical objectives accomplished, this project also has had an immense broader impact. The techniques developed as part of this project have the potential to be applied to a variety of computing and communication system environments. As an example, the algorithms and models for energy-efficient HPC resource management from the project were successfully applied to solve multi-objective resource management problems in manycore electronic chip design. Several students have been fully or partially supported by this project. A total of eight Ph.D. students, two post-doctoral fellows, three M.S. students, and seven senior undergraduate students have conducted research with the faculty as part of this project. As part of K-12 outreach, four high school students also have been provided opportunities to work with the senior students on this project, and learn about the exciting opportunities in computer engineering. By exposing these students to the diverse aspects of modeling and analysis, optimization algorithms, emerging hardware, and software applications, and disseminating the developed ideas and outcomes via curriculum enhancements at CSU, the proposed research has also significantly contributed to an agile high-tech workforce that will maintain continued USA leadership in technological innovation. \n\n\t\t\t\t\tLast Modified: 01/26/2018\n\n\t\t\t\t\tSubmitted by: Sudeep Pasricha"
} |
|
1251193 | NSF | Grant | Continuing Grant | Crustal Deformation across the U.S. from Harmonic Analysis of Receiver Functions | 47.050 | 06030000 | 7032927233 | Margaret Benoit | 2013-05-01 | 2018-04-30 | 205,414 | 205,414 | 2013-02-07 | 2017-02-21 | The EarthScope Transportable Array is collecting seismic data on a previously unprecedented continent-wide scale with station locations ~70 km apart. Since the thickness of the crust across the U.S. varies from ~20 - 55 km, such dense station spacing still offers mostly spot illumination of the crust under each station when teleseismic earthquake waves (with steep incidence angles under the station) are used for imaging structure. With such illumination, the crustal structure is typically assumed to be locally one-dimensional (locally horizontal interfaces) when teleseismic body waves and ambient noise and teleseismic surface waves are used. Crustal material is also typically assumed to be seismically isotropic (direction-independent wave propagation).
The receiver function technique illuminates interfaces under a seismic station where an incident compressional wave partly converts to a shear wave. If an interface is not horizontal, or if a contrast in seismic anisotropy is present, the converted waves show a systematic and potentially high-amplitude signal that varies with the azimuth of arrival of the incident wave. Across the Transportable Array, roughly 20% of the radial and 40% of the transverse component total receiver function signal amplitude consists of arrivals with a systematic variation matching dipping or anisotropic interfaces, and the signal strength is well correlated to tectonic provinces. Dipping crustal interfaces as well as crustal anisotropy result from deformation of the crust. The azimuthally varying signal in receiver functions can therefore be used to map crustal deformation. Rather than attempting to fit the waveform exactly by varying interface dip and/or anisotropy, which is a highly non-unique process, this project maps the signal strength, depth, and orientation of interfaces and anisotropic layers (somewhat akin to mapping delay time and fast orientation in split SKS waves, except that the receiver function method also offers depth information). The resulting maps are compared to surface geology and models or geological histories of crustal deformation and thus offer the chance for hypothesis testing related to those models or histories. The project is based on close collaboration between a seismologist and a geologist and engages undergraduate research assistants through RESESS (Research Experiences in Solid Earth Sciences for Students, a program providing research opportunities for minority undergraduate interns by pairing them with mentors). | 0 | GEO | Directorate for Geosciences | EAR | Division Of Earth Sciences | 4900 | 4900 | [
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{
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{
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"por_cntn": "<div class=\"porColContainerWBG\">\n<div class=\"porContentCol\"><p>Most of the land masses on Earth consist of continental crust. While oceanic crust is less buoyant and sinks back into Earth at subduction zones, continental crust is long-lived and records billions of years of Earth history. It is compressed in collision that form mountains and stretched when a continent is pulled apart, and bits of continental crust travel past each other in areas such as the San Andreas Fault. All of these types of deformation can lead to earthquakes in the shallow crust, where rocks are brittle and break. Deeper down, temperatures and pressures are usually too high for rocks to break, and the rock instead deforms slowly. During this deformation, minerals in the rocks align and record the movement. This project developed a method to image such deformed rock and read the alignment of the minerals using seismic waves from faraway earthquakes. We applied the method to seismic data fm the EartScope Transportable Array crossing the continent. The map shows hot (yellow, orange, red) colors where the crust is highly deformed, and cool (blue, purple) colors where the rock has a weak of no deformation signature. The black bars show the orientation of rock foliation. The western U.S. is tectonically active and shows warm colors. The central U.S. has been inactive for a long time and displays cool colors. Some ancient features such a the Midcontinent Rift (Great Lakes and south-southwest) are still seen in the deformation record. Mountain chains in the East and South (Appalachians, Ouachita Belt) are older than those in the West, but also show deformed subsurface rocks. Our method thus allows us to read the deformation history of the continent.</p><br>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t \tLast Modified: 07/10/2018<br>\n\t\t\t\t\tModified by: Vera Schulte-Pelkum</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"porSideCol\">\n<div class=\"each-gallery\">\n<div class=\"galContent\" id=\"gallery0\">\n<div class=\"photoCount\" id=\"photoCount0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tImage\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</div>\n<div class=\"galControls onePhoto\" id=\"controls0\"></div>\n<div class=\"galSlideshow\" id=\"slideshow0\"></div>\n<div class=\"galEmbox\" id=\"embox\">\n<div class=\"image-title\"></div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"galNavigation onePhoto\" id=\"navigation0\">\n<ul class=\"thumbs\" id=\"thumbs0\">\n<li>\n<a href=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2018/1251193/1251193_10231892_1531269599462_fig8_A1fracstrike--rgov-214x142.jpg\" original=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2018/1251193/1251193_10231892_1531269599462_fig8_A1fracstrike--rgov-800width.jpg\" title=\"Rock deformation across continental U.S.\"><img src=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2018/1251193/1251193_10231892_1531269599462_fig8_A1fracstrike--rgov-66x44.jpg\" alt=\"Rock deformation across continental U.S.\"></a>\n<div class=\"imageCaptionContainer\">\n<div class=\"imageCaption\">Deformation signal in deep rock across the continental U.S. Warm colors are strongly deformed regions. For details, see text.</div>\n<div class=\"imageCredit\">Tectonics</div>\n<div class=\"imagePermisssions\">Copyrighted</div>\n<div class=\"imageSubmitted\">Vera Schulte-Pelkum</div>\n<div class=\"imageTitle\">Rock deformation across continental U.S.</div>\n</div>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>",
"por_txt_cntn": "\nMost of the land masses on Earth consist of continental crust. While oceanic crust is less buoyant and sinks back into Earth at subduction zones, continental crust is long-lived and records billions of years of Earth history. It is compressed in collision that form mountains and stretched when a continent is pulled apart, and bits of continental crust travel past each other in areas such as the San Andreas Fault. All of these types of deformation can lead to earthquakes in the shallow crust, where rocks are brittle and break. Deeper down, temperatures and pressures are usually too high for rocks to break, and the rock instead deforms slowly. During this deformation, minerals in the rocks align and record the movement. This project developed a method to image such deformed rock and read the alignment of the minerals using seismic waves from faraway earthquakes. We applied the method to seismic data fm the EartScope Transportable Array crossing the continent. The map shows hot (yellow, orange, red) colors where the crust is highly deformed, and cool (blue, purple) colors where the rock has a weak of no deformation signature. The black bars show the orientation of rock foliation. The western U.S. is tectonically active and shows warm colors. The central U.S. has been inactive for a long time and displays cool colors. Some ancient features such a the Midcontinent Rift (Great Lakes and south-southwest) are still seen in the deformation record. Mountain chains in the East and South (Appalachians, Ouachita Belt) are older than those in the West, but also show deformed subsurface rocks. Our method thus allows us to read the deformation history of the continent.\n\n\t\t\t\t\tLast Modified: 07/10/2018\n\n\t\t\t\t\tSubmitted by: Vera Schulte-Pelkum"
} |
|
1264377 | NSF | Grant | Standard Grant | Multimode Smartphone Biosensor | 47.041 | 07020000 | null | Leon Esterowitz | 2013-06-01 | 2018-05-31 | 600,000 | 600,000 | 2013-01-14 | 2013-01-14 | 1264377
Cunningham
The smartphone biosensor will utilize the internal camera as a spectrometer, and the internal LED as a broadband light source. Demonstrated applications will include detection of biomarker proteins that are used to indicate the nutritional status of children, detection of a toxic chemical that can contaminate harvested corn, detection of mRNA sequences used to identify a bacterial pathogen, and detection of an HIV viral antibody. The wide availability of a low-cost, robust, and multimode biosensor detection capability will spur accelerated development of sensing applications in myriad settings where laboratory capabilities are lacking, or where current ?closed? platforms are aimed at only a very specific commercial market. Smartphone-based detection systems are expected to find applications in situations where laboratory facilities are not available such as point-of-care analysis in the home, clinic, farm, or remote locations. The data-sharing capabilities of smartphone-based sensors will enable distributed networks of sensors to be deployed across large physical areas, but with cloud-based systems that can collate and map data. Such systems can aid in the interpretation of sensor data, or make data readily available to clinicians who are not at the same location as the patient. | 0 | ENG | Directorate for Engineering | CBET | Division of Chemical, Bioengineering, Environmental, and Transport Systems | 4900 | 4900 | [
{
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"por_cntn": "<div class=\"porColContainerWBG\">\n<div class=\"porContentCol\"><p>In this project, we designed, built, and tested an inexpensive cradle that can interface with ordinary mobile devices to turn their rear-facing camera into a high performance spectrophotometer for measuring the most common medical diagnostic tests that are typically formed in a laboratory environment. The system uses the mobile device's internal LED (usually used for flash photography) as a light source that can illuminate a microfluidic cartridge as it is swiped past a stationary detection point, in the same manner that credit cards are swiped through magnetic stripe readers. The cartridge contains a linear series of liquid compartments or paper-based testing pads for medical diagnostic tests, along with compartments for experimental controls and calibrators to ensure that the measured results are valid.</p>\n<p>The system is called the Transmission-Reflection-Intensity (TRI) Analyzer, as it can measure the spectra for liquid absorption, fluorescence emission, label-free optical biosensors, and solid surface scattering with similar accuracy as expensive and large labotory-based instruments. The resulting capabilities are remininscent of the Star Trek TriCorder, which enables rapid and highly specific medical diagnosis to be performed at the point of care.</p>\n<p>The system was demonstrated on representative assays in the field of maternal health, infant health, and child nutrition, as common tests that are performed routinely in advanced nations, but that are not possible in developing parts of the world. The system enables inexpensive, rapid, and convenient performance of large classes of FDA-approved medical diagnostic tests, and immediate sharing of results with cloud-based service systems. We envision that the system will enable internet-based medical services in which patients will obtain tests from local vendors (such as pharmacies and department stores), perform them without going to a health clinic in person, and interact with online physicians and pharmaceutical providers in concert with their healthcare network. The intelletual property surrounding the TRI Analyzer has been licensed to Reliant Immune Diagnostics (Austin, TX).</p><br>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t \tLast Modified: 08/02/2018<br>\n\t\t\t\t\tModified by: Brian Cunningham</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"porSideCol\">\n<div class=\"each-gallery\">\n<div class=\"galContent\" id=\"gallery0\">\n<div class=\"photoCount\" id=\"photoCount0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tImages (<span id=\"selectedPhoto0\">1</span> of <span class=\"totalNumber\"></span>)\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</div>\n<div class=\"galControls\" id=\"controls0\"></div>\n<div class=\"galSlideshow\" id=\"slideshow0\"></div>\n<div class=\"galEmbox\" id=\"embox\">\n<div class=\"image-title\"></div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"galNavigation\" id=\"navigation0\">\n<ul class=\"thumbs\" id=\"thumbs0\">\n<li>\n<a href=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2018/1264377/1264377_10228401_1533238749110_TRIAnalyzer2--rgov-214x142.jpg\" original=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2018/1264377/1264377_10228401_1533238749110_TRIAnalyzer2--rgov-800width.jpg\" title=\"Smartphone TRI Analyzer for Mobile Diagnostics\"><img src=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2018/1264377/1264377_10228401_1533238749110_TRIAnalyzer2--rgov-66x44.jpg\" alt=\"Smartphone TRI Analyzer for Mobile Diagnostics\"></a>\n<div class=\"imageCaptionContainer\">\n<div class=\"imageCaption\">Schematic drawing of the TRI Analyzer: a cradle that turns a smartphone's camera into a high performance spectrophotometer that can perform broad classes of medial diagnostic tests with identica performance to laboratory instruments.</div>\n<div class=\"imageCredit\">Kenneth Long, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign</div>\n<div class=\"imagePermisssions\">Royalty-free (restricted use - cannot be shared)</div>\n<div class=\"imageSubmitted\">Brian Cunningham</div>\n<div class=\"imageTitle\">Smartphone TRI Analyzer for Mobile Diagnostics</div>\n</div>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a href=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2018/1264377/1264377_10228401_1533238896599_TRIAnalyzer1--rgov-214x142.jpg\" original=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2018/1264377/1264377_10228401_1533238896599_TRIAnalyzer1--rgov-800width.jpg\" title=\"Smartphone TRI Analyzer for Mobile Diagnostics\"><img src=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2018/1264377/1264377_10228401_1533238896599_TRIAnalyzer1--rgov-66x44.jpg\" alt=\"Smartphone TRI Analyzer for Mobile Diagnostics\"></a>\n<div class=\"imageCaptionContainer\">\n<div class=\"imageCaption\">Photo of the TRI Analyzer as a microfluidic cartridge is swiped thorugh the system. The smartphone records video frames as software determines the spectra from each compartment in series. Detection is performed in a similar fashion to swiping a credit card.</div>\n<div class=\"imageCredit\">Kenneth Long, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign</div>\n<div class=\"imagePermisssions\">Royalty-free (restricted use - cannot be shared)</div>\n<div class=\"imageSubmitted\">Brian Cunningham</div>\n<div class=\"imageTitle\">Smartphone TRI Analyzer for Mobile Diagnostics</div>\n</div>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>",
"por_txt_cntn": "\nIn this project, we designed, built, and tested an inexpensive cradle that can interface with ordinary mobile devices to turn their rear-facing camera into a high performance spectrophotometer for measuring the most common medical diagnostic tests that are typically formed in a laboratory environment. The system uses the mobile device's internal LED (usually used for flash photography) as a light source that can illuminate a microfluidic cartridge as it is swiped past a stationary detection point, in the same manner that credit cards are swiped through magnetic stripe readers. The cartridge contains a linear series of liquid compartments or paper-based testing pads for medical diagnostic tests, along with compartments for experimental controls and calibrators to ensure that the measured results are valid.\n\nThe system is called the Transmission-Reflection-Intensity (TRI) Analyzer, as it can measure the spectra for liquid absorption, fluorescence emission, label-free optical biosensors, and solid surface scattering with similar accuracy as expensive and large labotory-based instruments. The resulting capabilities are remininscent of the Star Trek TriCorder, which enables rapid and highly specific medical diagnosis to be performed at the point of care.\n\nThe system was demonstrated on representative assays in the field of maternal health, infant health, and child nutrition, as common tests that are performed routinely in advanced nations, but that are not possible in developing parts of the world. The system enables inexpensive, rapid, and convenient performance of large classes of FDA-approved medical diagnostic tests, and immediate sharing of results with cloud-based service systems. We envision that the system will enable internet-based medical services in which patients will obtain tests from local vendors (such as pharmacies and department stores), perform them without going to a health clinic in person, and interact with online physicians and pharmaceutical providers in concert with their healthcare network. The intelletual property surrounding the TRI Analyzer has been licensed to Reliant Immune Diagnostics (Austin, TX).\n\n\t\t\t\t\tLast Modified: 08/02/2018\n\n\t\t\t\t\tSubmitted by: Brian Cunningham"
} |
|
1329469 | NSF | CoopAgrmnt | Cooperative Agreement | Collaborative Research: The Western Consortium for Watershed Analysis, Visualization, and Exploration (WC-WAVE) | 47.083 | 01060100 | null | Raffaella Montelli | 2013-08-01 | 2017-07-31 | 2,000,000 | 2,000,000 | 2013-07-23 | 2014-08-21 | Mechanisms responsible for observed and projected hydrologic change in high-elevation catchments are poorly understood, especially with respect to snowpack dynamics, surface-water/groundwater linkages, and interactions with vegetation. Idaho, Nevada, and New Mexico envision a Western Consortium for Watershed Analysis, Visualization, and Exploration (WC-WAVE) whose overarching goal is to advance watershed science, workforce development, and education with cyberinfrastructure (CI)-enabled discovery and innovation. WC-WAVE has three integrated components, with associated goals and approaches:
1. Watershed Science: Advance understanding of hydrologic interactions and their impact on ecosystem services using a virtual watershed (VW) framework. Watershed scientists and students parameterize, run, validate, and integrate watershed models; specify VW user requirements; and provide feedback on the evolving CI platform.
2. Visualization and Data CI: Accelerate collaborative, interdisciplinary watershed research and discovery through innovative visualization environments and through streamlined data management, discovery, and access. The CI team develops, tests, deploys and integrates the VW data and service platform components. CI advancements provide a user-friendly VW platform that supports advanced analysis, modeling, and visualization activities and is based on robust CI that enables data preservation, data assimilation, and data and model interoperability.
3. Workforce Development and Education: Engage university faculty and graduate students in interdisciplinary team-based watershed research, and broaden undergraduate student participation in STEM through modeling and visualization. The Consortium supports: graduate workforce development through a series of institutes and research activities that provide interdisciplinary training and workforce preparation; and two cohorts of diverse undergraduates and their faculty mentors that acquire and use skills in modeling and visualization to create education modules that can be incorporated into curricula.
WC-WAVE collaborations and impacts are sustained beyond the award via collaborative research projects; incorporation of data and models in open-community-based data centers and code repositories; and CI adoption by State programs.
Intellectual Merit:
Mountain watersheds provide a large proportion of water and ecosystem services to communities in the intermountain west. Climate change impacts affect the ability of watersheds to provide hydrological services such as water storage, flow moderation, and water quality improvement. Interactions among precipitation, vegetation growth, fire regime, soil moisture, runoff, and other landscape properties create systems in which even subtle changes in climate may lead to complex responses and cascading impacts. Integration of creative observation and analytical strategies using advanced modeling approaches and CI made possible in a virtual watershed framework is critical to understanding and predicting complex responses to climate and hydrologic change. WC-WAVE CI enables increased understanding of watershed dynamics in the western US by allowing researchers to: easily acquire and integrate data, use an integrated suite of models to discover processes linking components of the hydrologic cycle, to identify environmental consequences of hydrologic changes, and to visualize and interpret data and model results. The VW framework capabilities will simulate watershed drivers and dynamics and lead to new discoveries.
Broader Impacts:
Immersive virtual reality environments provide platforms that foster interdisciplinary discussion and creative insight into complex scientific questions and enable innovations that result in groundbreaking discoveries. Further, developing three-dimensional thinking skills is an important goal for science education. The Workforce Development and Education program focuses on: (1) implementing an NSF IGERT-like program that prepares graduate students to work in collaborative, interdisciplinary teams to effectively address complex scientific issues, (2) promoting undergraduate faculty professional development and preparing diverse undergraduates for future STEM education and/or employment, and (3) developing education modules that can be incorporated in undergraduate curricula. These activities are leading to a workforce that is prepared to tackle STEM challenges requiring interdisciplinary collaboration and computational thinking skills. | 0 | O/D | Office Of The Director | OIA | OIA-Office of Integrative Activities | 4900 | 4900 | [
{
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"por_cntn": "<div class=\"porColContainerWBG\">\n<div class=\"porContentCol\"><p>A Western Consortium (WC) consisting of scientists and engineers from Idaho, Nevada and New Mexico successfully completed a Watershed Analysis, Visualization and Exploration project (WC-WAVE) resulting in a physically-based, virtual watershed platform (VWP). The WC-WAVE team recognized that integrating their experimental knowledge and computational skills could provide innovative to help themselves and others who study the complex problems facing watershed science. To ensure that the resulting VWP applied the best data management, visualization techniques and tools, a team of faculty and students with computational expertise and watershed processes and modeling expertise worked collaboratively on common goals. The ultimate goal of the project was to provide the computational and visualization tools necessary to better understand the hydrological impact of changing climate on snow-dominated watersheds in the Western U.S. Instead of starting with a computer-generated simulation of a watershed to develop the VWP, actual watersheds in all three states—Dry and Reynolds Creeks in Idaho, Lehman Creek in Nevada and the Jemez River watershed in New Mexico—were used as the basis for VWP development. Information about the characteristics of these four watersheds was ingested into the data management system and converted into formats required for both computer modeling efforts and VWP development. Watershed scientists collaborated with computer science experts to develop software that connects the results of individual model runs and a complementary suite of applications to see the results visually. The long-term goal of the VWP is to expand this product for use beyond the models used in this project to any model and environmental parameter of interest to scientists seeking to visualize their data and modeling results. The resulting VWP allows watershed scientists to not only access and model data, it also provides a means to visualize data and model results across time (e.g., past and future) and space (e.g. different locations within a landscape).</p>\n<p> The WC-WAVE project enhanced research capacity for 80 total participants from 13 different academic institutions across the three states. The project gave both undergraduates and graduate students the opportunity to learn about watershed processes, to model the impact of climate on those processes, and to develop computer data management and visualization tools. One of the significant training efforts of this project was the Undergraduate Visualization and Modeling Network (UVMN), which provided an opportunity for faculty and graduate students to mentor 24 faculty and 26 undergraduates from Primarily Undergraduate Institutions (PUIs) such as Mesalands Community College and Southwestern Indian Polytechnic Institute in New Mexico. Key results from this effort included the development of a virtual watershed sandbox as a portable educational tool to demonstrate the effect of topography on surface water flow. It is also used for training in the use of geographic information systems to overlay and analyze various environmental conditions. The UVMN team estimates that the training they received, and in turn disseminated to other PUIs and people from the general public, has now reached at least 5,000 individuals.</p>\n<p>Project activities will sustain into the future, and the teams have already deployed another instance of the VWP in Idaho. In addition, they have hired post-doctoral scholars and recruited new graduate students to continue VWP improvements, explore new watershed model efforts, and use the VWP within the classroom to train new computer and watershed science students.</p>\n<p>Overall, this project produced 61 journal articles or conference proceedings and 52 professional presentations. Ten undergraduate and 23 graduate students engaged in the project successfully completed degrees.</p>\n<p> </p><br>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t \tLast Modified: 10/19/2017<br>\n\t\t\t\t\tModified by: Gayle L Dana</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"porSideCol\">\n<div class=\"each-gallery\">\n<div class=\"galContent\" id=\"gallery0\">\n<div class=\"photoCount\" id=\"photoCount0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tImages (<span id=\"selectedPhoto0\">1</span> of <span class=\"totalNumber\"></span>)\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</div>\n<div class=\"galControls\" id=\"controls0\"></div>\n<div class=\"galSlideshow\" id=\"slideshow0\"></div>\n<div class=\"galEmbox\" id=\"embox\">\n<div class=\"image-title\"></div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"galNavigation\" id=\"navigation0\">\n<ul class=\"thumbs\" id=\"thumbs0\">\n<li>\n<a href=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2017/1329469/1329469_10260150_1507310790758_LehmanCreekTourNV_2015--rgov-214x142.jpg\" original=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2017/1329469/1329469_10260150_1507310790758_LehmanCreekTourNV_2015--rgov-800width.jpg\" title=\"LehmanCreekTourNV_2015\"><img src=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2017/1329469/1329469_10260150_1507310790758_LehmanCreekTourNV_2015--rgov-66x44.jpg\" alt=\"LehmanCreekTourNV_2015\"></a>\n<div class=\"imageCaptionContainer\">\n<div class=\"imageCaption\">Great Basin National Park Ecologist explains data on Lehman Creek Watershed to WC-WAVE students and faculty</div>\n<div class=\"imageCredit\">Lynn Fenstermaker</div>\n<div class=\"imagePermisssions\">Copyrighted</div>\n<div class=\"imageSubmitted\">Gayle L Dana</div>\n<div class=\"imageTitle\">LehmanCreekTourNV_2015</div>\n</div>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a href=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2017/1329469/1329469_10260150_1507311695504_StreamFlowMeas_VallesCalderaNM_2014--rgov-214x142.jpg\" original=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2017/1329469/1329469_10260150_1507311695504_StreamFlowMeas_VallesCalderaNM_2014--rgov-800width.jpg\" title=\"StreamFLowMeas_VallesCalderaNM_2014\"><img src=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2017/1329469/1329469_10260150_1507311695504_StreamFlowMeas_VallesCalderaNM_2014--rgov-66x44.jpg\" alt=\"StreamFLowMeas_VallesCalderaNM_2014\"></a>\n<div class=\"imageCaptionContainer\">\n<div class=\"imageCaption\">Stream flow measurement training at Valles Caldera, NM</div>\n<div class=\"imageCredit\">Lynn Fenstermaker</div>\n<div class=\"imagePermisssions\">Copyrighted</div>\n<div class=\"imageSubmitted\">Gayle L Dana</div>\n<div class=\"imageTitle\">StreamFLowMeas_VallesCalderaNM_2014</div>\n</div>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a href=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2017/1329469/1329469_10260150_1507311766473_Virtual-Actual_Watershed--rgov-214x142.jpg\" original=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2017/1329469/1329469_10260150_1507311766473_Virtual-Actual_Watershed--rgov-800width.jpg\" title=\"Virtual-Actual_Watershed\"><img src=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2017/1329469/1329469_10260150_1507311766473_Virtual-Actual_Watershed--rgov-66x44.jpg\" alt=\"Virtual-Actual_Watershed\"></a>\n<div class=\"imageCaptionContainer\">\n<div class=\"imageCaption\">Virtual Vs Actual Watershed</div>\n<div class=\"imageCredit\">Lynn Fenstermaker</div>\n<div class=\"imagePermisssions\">Copyrighted</div>\n<div class=\"imageSubmitted\">Gayle L Dana</div>\n<div class=\"imageTitle\">Virtual-Actual_Watershed</div>\n</div>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a href=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2017/1329469/1329469_10260150_1507311847596_VirtualSandbox--rgov-214x142.jpg\" original=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2017/1329469/1329469_10260150_1507311847596_VirtualSandbox--rgov-800width.jpg\" title=\"VirtualSandbox\"><img src=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2017/1329469/1329469_10260150_1507311847596_VirtualSandbox--rgov-66x44.jpg\" alt=\"VirtualSandbox\"></a>\n<div class=\"imageCaptionContainer\">\n<div class=\"imageCaption\">Sierra Nevada College faculty and students demonstrating their virtual watershed sandbox</div>\n<div class=\"imageCredit\">Michele Casella</div>\n<div class=\"imagePermisssions\">Copyrighted</div>\n<div class=\"imageSubmitted\">Gayle L Dana</div>\n<div class=\"imageTitle\">VirtualSandbox</div>\n</div>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a href=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2017/1329469/1329469_10260150_1507311931644_VWP_ModelTrendView--rgov-214x142.jpg\" original=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2017/1329469/1329469_10260150_1507311931644_VWP_ModelTrendView--rgov-800width.jpg\" title=\"VWP_ModelTrendView\"><img src=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2017/1329469/1329469_10260150_1507311931644_VWP_ModelTrendView--rgov-66x44.jpg\" alt=\"VWP_ModelTrendView\"></a>\n<div class=\"imageCaptionContainer\">\n<div class=\"imageCaption\">Virtual Watershed Platform trend graph showing model data at a specific point</div>\n<div class=\"imageCredit\">Lynn Fenstermaker</div>\n<div class=\"imagePermisssions\">Copyrighted</div>\n<div class=\"imageSubmitted\">Gayle L Dana</div>\n<div class=\"imageTitle\">VWP_ModelTrendView</div>\n</div>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a href=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2017/1329469/1329469_10260150_1507312002872_VWP_TerrainView--rgov-214x142.jpg\" original=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2017/1329469/1329469_10260150_1507312002872_VWP_TerrainView--rgov-800width.jpg\" title=\"VWP_TerrainView\"><img src=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2017/1329469/1329469_10260150_1507312002872_VWP_TerrainView--rgov-66x44.jpg\" alt=\"VWP_TerrainView\"></a>\n<div class=\"imageCaptionContainer\">\n<div class=\"imageCaption\">Virtual Watershed Platform user interface and visualization tools in terrain view</div>\n<div class=\"imageCredit\">Lynn Fenstermaker</div>\n<div class=\"imagePermisssions\">Copyrighted</div>\n<div class=\"imageSubmitted\">Gayle L Dana</div>\n<div class=\"imageTitle\">VWP_TerrainView</div>\n</div>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>",
"por_txt_cntn": "\nA Western Consortium (WC) consisting of scientists and engineers from Idaho, Nevada and New Mexico successfully completed a Watershed Analysis, Visualization and Exploration project (WC-WAVE) resulting in a physically-based, virtual watershed platform (VWP). The WC-WAVE team recognized that integrating their experimental knowledge and computational skills could provide innovative to help themselves and others who study the complex problems facing watershed science. To ensure that the resulting VWP applied the best data management, visualization techniques and tools, a team of faculty and students with computational expertise and watershed processes and modeling expertise worked collaboratively on common goals. The ultimate goal of the project was to provide the computational and visualization tools necessary to better understand the hydrological impact of changing climate on snow-dominated watersheds in the Western U.S. Instead of starting with a computer-generated simulation of a watershed to develop the VWP, actual watersheds in all three states—Dry and Reynolds Creeks in Idaho, Lehman Creek in Nevada and the Jemez River watershed in New Mexico—were used as the basis for VWP development. Information about the characteristics of these four watersheds was ingested into the data management system and converted into formats required for both computer modeling efforts and VWP development. Watershed scientists collaborated with computer science experts to develop software that connects the results of individual model runs and a complementary suite of applications to see the results visually. The long-term goal of the VWP is to expand this product for use beyond the models used in this project to any model and environmental parameter of interest to scientists seeking to visualize their data and modeling results. The resulting VWP allows watershed scientists to not only access and model data, it also provides a means to visualize data and model results across time (e.g., past and future) and space (e.g. different locations within a landscape).\n\n The WC-WAVE project enhanced research capacity for 80 total participants from 13 different academic institutions across the three states. The project gave both undergraduates and graduate students the opportunity to learn about watershed processes, to model the impact of climate on those processes, and to develop computer data management and visualization tools. One of the significant training efforts of this project was the Undergraduate Visualization and Modeling Network (UVMN), which provided an opportunity for faculty and graduate students to mentor 24 faculty and 26 undergraduates from Primarily Undergraduate Institutions (PUIs) such as Mesalands Community College and Southwestern Indian Polytechnic Institute in New Mexico. Key results from this effort included the development of a virtual watershed sandbox as a portable educational tool to demonstrate the effect of topography on surface water flow. It is also used for training in the use of geographic information systems to overlay and analyze various environmental conditions. The UVMN team estimates that the training they received, and in turn disseminated to other PUIs and people from the general public, has now reached at least 5,000 individuals.\n\nProject activities will sustain into the future, and the teams have already deployed another instance of the VWP in Idaho. In addition, they have hired post-doctoral scholars and recruited new graduate students to continue VWP improvements, explore new watershed model efforts, and use the VWP within the classroom to train new computer and watershed science students.\n\nOverall, this project produced 61 journal articles or conference proceedings and 52 professional presentations. Ten undergraduate and 23 graduate students engaged in the project successfully completed degrees.\n\n \n\n\t\t\t\t\tLast Modified: 10/19/2017\n\n\t\t\t\t\tSubmitted by: Gayle L Dana"
} |
|
1302739 | NSF | Grant | Standard Grant | Doctoral Dissertation Research: The Historical Geography of Electricity in Eastern North Carolina | 47.075 | 04050000 | null | Frederick Kronz | 2013-05-01 | 2014-04-30 | 12,365 | 12,365 | 2013-03-11 | 2013-03-11 | Introduction
This doctoral dissertation improvement grant is jointly supported by the Science, Technology, and Society program and the Geography and Spatial Sciences program.
In eastern North Carolina, some towns charge electricity rates nearly double those in nearby towns. These differences result from the patchwork of electricity providers that serve the region. These electric utilities can be grouped into three ownership types: investor owned, municipally owned, and cooperatively owned. The proposed research seeks to understand how and why this patchwork of electric utilities and varying prices emerged. It is guided by two interlocking hypotheses. First, electric utilities were compelled to overcome a series of obstacles, including difficulty obtaining capital investment for infrastructure; a necessity to increase revenues from electricity sales; and ongoing attempts to stave off the devaluation of fixed assets. Second, the developing electric utilities both shaped, and were shaped by, local and regional social, economic and political geographies. As electric utilities began operating in eastern North Carolina, varying alliances and configurations worked to undermine the interests of African Americans and the working classes.
Intellectual merit
This research employs geographic approaches to research electric utilities, including archival research, GIS mapping, and interviews with key informants, to consider how the ownership and financing models of the different electric utilities developed in relation to the ideologies of the Progressive Era and Jim Crow segregation. It also considers electricity's development in the American South, a region previously unexamined by historians of electricity.
Broader Impacts
This project provides insights into how electricity infrastructures are developed, and how they influence the development of the cities they power. This will inform current debates over the relations between the industry, the state, and infrastructure, and in eastern North Carolina will inform ongoing debates over electricity prices. Project outputs include a geodatabase of historic power plant information, and an interactive online mapping tool that allows users to explore the development of electricity in several North Carolina towns. | 0 | SBE | Directorate for Social, Behavioral and Economic Sciences | SES | Division of Social and Economic Sciences | 4900 | 4900 | [
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"por_cntn": "<div class=\"porColContainerWBG\">\n<div class=\"porContentCol\"><p>Many towns in eastern North Carolina face a number of challenges common to the rural South, including high rates of poverty and diminishing employment opportunities. However, some residents of this region also confront a unique hardship—electricity prices that are vastly higher than those of surrounding areas. This dissertation research examined the origins of pricing inequalities in the electricity market of eastern North Carolina—namely how such inequalities developed and their role in the production of racial and economic disparities in the South.</p>\n<p>This dissertation examined the evolving relations between federal and state agencies, corporations, and electric utilities, and asks why these interactions produced varying social outcomes across different places and spatial settings. Twelve months of archival research focused on the origins and subsequent development of electric utilities in eastern North Carolina, and examined how electricity as a material technology interacted with geographies of race and class, as well as the need to meet a certain return on investment. This approach enabled a rethinking of several concepts that are rarely examined by scholars of electric utilities, most notably the monopoly service territory, which I argue served as a spatial fix to profitability problems in the industry. Further, examining the way that electric utilities developed in North Carolina during the 20<sup>th</sup> century brings to the forefront the at times contradictory relationships among systems of electricity provision, Jim Crow segregation, the Progressive Era, and the New Deal. Such a focus highlights the important role that the control of electricity provision played in shaping racial inequalities that continue to persist in the region. With most urban areas were electrified in the 1930s, the research also traced the electricity distribution lines as they moved out of cities through rural electrification programs, a shift that highlights the state as a multi-scalar and variegated actor that both aided and impeded electrification efforts by various institutional and corporate entities. Ultimately, I argue that the historical geography of electricity is a critical factor that must be considered in order to adequately understand and address the issues of inequality and poverty that continue to persist in the region.</p><br>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t \tLast Modified: 06/16/2014<br>\n\t\t\t\t\tModified by: Conor M Harrison</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"porSideCol\"></div>\n</div>",
"por_txt_cntn": "\nMany towns in eastern North Carolina face a number of challenges common to the rural South, including high rates of poverty and diminishing employment opportunities. However, some residents of this region also confront a unique hardship—electricity prices that are vastly higher than those of surrounding areas. This dissertation research examined the origins of pricing inequalities in the electricity market of eastern North Carolina—namely how such inequalities developed and their role in the production of racial and economic disparities in the South.\n\nThis dissertation examined the evolving relations between federal and state agencies, corporations, and electric utilities, and asks why these interactions produced varying social outcomes across different places and spatial settings. Twelve months of archival research focused on the origins and subsequent development of electric utilities in eastern North Carolina, and examined how electricity as a material technology interacted with geographies of race and class, as well as the need to meet a certain return on investment. This approach enabled a rethinking of several concepts that are rarely examined by scholars of electric utilities, most notably the monopoly service territory, which I argue served as a spatial fix to profitability problems in the industry. Further, examining the way that electric utilities developed in North Carolina during the 20th century brings to the forefront the at times contradictory relationships among systems of electricity provision, Jim Crow segregation, the Progressive Era, and the New Deal. Such a focus highlights the important role that the control of electricity provision played in shaping racial inequalities that continue to persist in the region. With most urban areas were electrified in the 1930s, the research also traced the electricity distribution lines as they moved out of cities through rural electrification programs, a shift that highlights the state as a multi-scalar and variegated actor that both aided and impeded electrification efforts by various institutional and corporate entities. Ultimately, I argue that the historical geography of electricity is a critical factor that must be considered in order to adequately understand and address the issues of inequality and poverty that continue to persist in the region.\n\n\t\t\t\t\tLast Modified: 06/16/2014\n\n\t\t\t\t\tSubmitted by: Conor M Harrison"
} |
|
1323064 | NSF | Grant | Standard Grant | A Comparative Study of Different Forms of Assistance in individual civil justice problems | 47.075 | 04050000 | null | helena silverstein | 2013-08-15 | 2015-07-31 | 141,000 | 141,000 | 2013-08-13 | 2013-08-13 | This study will enhance understanding of how different forms of representation and assistance with procedures affect civil court proceedings for low-income participants in hearings. The investigators will evaluate how different assistance models shape proceedings in the context of individual-level proceedings, specifically civil contempt hearings.
In this study examining how different assistance models shape legal access, the investigators examine and compare child support enforcement hearings in several sites across two states, selected because each state utilizes a distinct model of assistance. The study draws on four sources of data across the two models of legal assistance: focus groups with professionals who handle relevant cases, participant observation of proceedings, transcripts of proceedings, and review and analysis of corresponding court records. The study will contribute to an under-theorized area in the literature on assistance with state procedures. Thus far, research has focused primarily on analyzing the outcomes of civil cases in an effort to gauge the overall efficacy of assistance in obtaining positive case outcomes. This study examines an area that has received little attention, namely, how representation and other forms of legal assistance make a difference, and what kind of a difference assistance makes.
This study informs the ongoing policy debate about how best to secure fair proceedings for people with individual-level claims. This project will provide the empirical base necessary for creating evidence-based policy and intervention. | 0 | SBE | Directorate for Social, Behavioral and Economic Sciences | SES | Division of Social and Economic Sciences | 4900 | 4900 | [
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"por_cntn": "<div class=\"porColContainerWBG\">\n<div class=\"porContentCol\"><p>This multidisciplinary, theory-building study seeks to enhance our understanding of how attorney representation and other more limited forms of legal assistance affect civil court proceedings for low-income litigants. Thus far, research has focused primarily on analyzing the outcomes of civil cases in an effort to gauge the overall efficacy of representation and legal assistance in securing positive case outcomes. This study examines an area that has received little attention, namely, <em>how </em>representation and other forms of legal assistance make a difference. The investigators build theory by exploring the mechanisms by which access to justice interventions influence civil proceedings. </p>\n<p> </p>\n<p>Using the case of child support enforcement proceedings, this study compares two states – Wisconsin, which provides representation to indigent litigants, and Illinois, which provides more limited assistance designed to help litigants self-represent. It draws upon 112 interviews with legal professionals and approximately 185 hours of ethnographic observation of enforcement hearing proceedings. Focus groups and interviews with legal professionals reveal the culture of the court system and the institutional context within which the child support proceedings occur. They tell us not only what these individuals do in their professional roles, but how they perceive the obligors with whom they interact; how they deploy power in the legal process; how they relate to one another; their goals (e.g., substantive fairness, case processing, procedural fairness, etc.); what a “typical” case looks like to them; their perceptions regarding how unrepresented obligors negotiate the court process; and, in the case of attorneys, how they shape their clients’ understanding of their situations and options. Ethnographic observations supplement this data by revealing how various parties construct meaning during the hearing process itself. This data uncovers the narratives presented by child support lawyers to justify civil incarceration as an enforcement remedy when parents are delinquent in their child support payments, whether delinquent obligors acquiesce in these accounts or present a counter-narrative in their defense, and under what circumstances (and how) the parties struggle over their competing narratives. By taking a comparative approach, this study analyzes the influence of attorney representation on the construction of social meaning during the legal process.</p>\n<p> </p>\n<p>This project informs the ongoing policy debate about how best to secure civil justice for low-income, unrepresented litigants. The question of whether and how to provide legal assistance to individuals who cannot afford civil counsel is a pressing nationwide issue. Studies confirm that at most 20% of the legal needs of low-income communities are met and that the vast majority of low-income civil litigants are unrepresented. By examining how various legal assistance delivery models shape access to justice, this study provides the empirical base necessary for creating evidence-based policy and intervention. Pursuant to the Supreme Court’s recent decision in <em>Turner v. Rogers</em>, state child support agencies are required to develop new assistance measures to ensure that unrepresented obligors have meaningful access to the courts. Findings from this study will be influential in the ongoing discussion of how to provide effective legal assistance to these parties. </p>\n<p> </p><br>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t \tLast Modified: 08/01/2016<br>\n\t\t\t\t\tModified by: Tonya L Brito</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"porSideCol\"></div>\n</div>",
"por_txt_cntn": "\nThis multidisciplinary, theory-building study seeks to enhance our understanding of how attorney representation and other more limited forms of legal assistance affect civil court proceedings for low-income litigants. Thus far, research has focused primarily on analyzing the outcomes of civil cases in an effort to gauge the overall efficacy of representation and legal assistance in securing positive case outcomes. This study examines an area that has received little attention, namely, how representation and other forms of legal assistance make a difference. The investigators build theory by exploring the mechanisms by which access to justice interventions influence civil proceedings. \n\n \n\nUsing the case of child support enforcement proceedings, this study compares two states – Wisconsin, which provides representation to indigent litigants, and Illinois, which provides more limited assistance designed to help litigants self-represent. It draws upon 112 interviews with legal professionals and approximately 185 hours of ethnographic observation of enforcement hearing proceedings. Focus groups and interviews with legal professionals reveal the culture of the court system and the institutional context within which the child support proceedings occur. They tell us not only what these individuals do in their professional roles, but how they perceive the obligors with whom they interact; how they deploy power in the legal process; how they relate to one another; their goals (e.g., substantive fairness, case processing, procedural fairness, etc.); what a \"typical\" case looks like to them; their perceptions regarding how unrepresented obligors negotiate the court process; and, in the case of attorneys, how they shape their clients? understanding of their situations and options. Ethnographic observations supplement this data by revealing how various parties construct meaning during the hearing process itself. This data uncovers the narratives presented by child support lawyers to justify civil incarceration as an enforcement remedy when parents are delinquent in their child support payments, whether delinquent obligors acquiesce in these accounts or present a counter-narrative in their defense, and under what circumstances (and how) the parties struggle over their competing narratives. By taking a comparative approach, this study analyzes the influence of attorney representation on the construction of social meaning during the legal process.\n\n \n\nThis project informs the ongoing policy debate about how best to secure civil justice for low-income, unrepresented litigants. The question of whether and how to provide legal assistance to individuals who cannot afford civil counsel is a pressing nationwide issue. Studies confirm that at most 20% of the legal needs of low-income communities are met and that the vast majority of low-income civil litigants are unrepresented. By examining how various legal assistance delivery models shape access to justice, this study provides the empirical base necessary for creating evidence-based policy and intervention. Pursuant to the Supreme Court?s recent decision in Turner v. Rogers, state child support agencies are required to develop new assistance measures to ensure that unrepresented obligors have meaningful access to the courts. Findings from this study will be influential in the ongoing discussion of how to provide effective legal assistance to these parties. \n\n \n\n\t\t\t\t\tLast Modified: 08/01/2016\n\n\t\t\t\t\tSubmitted by: Tonya L Brito"
} |
|
1342577 | NSF | Grant | Standard Grant | EAGER: Photoconductivity Characterization of Polymeric Nanocomposites | 47.041 | 07030000 | null | Mary Toney | 2013-07-15 | 2014-12-31 | 99,962 | 99,962 | 2013-07-14 | 2013-07-14 | This EArly Grant for Exploratory Research (EAGER) award provides funding to explore the feasibility of using nanostructured particles and thin films as key components in a polymeric nanocomposite suitable for solar applications. The synthesis of the nanocomposite polymers will focus on key constituents in the polymer/nanoparticle matrix that have the potential to aid in the strategic placement of the functional molecules, i.e. chromophores, in a solar cell. This feasibility study will evaluate the photo conversion behavior of the nanocomposite, focusing on photoconductive atomic force microscopy and electrical characterization of bulk solar cell devices as well as examination of the topography and interfacial zones of the nanocomposite.
If successful, the data from this study will provide guidance for the feasibility of water-based manufacturability of nanoparticle/conductive polymer thin film flexible solar materials, and will guide future research into fundamental studies of photovoltaic nanocomposite materials. The effort will contribute to the development of a new strategy for solar heterojunction materials that is based on the dispersion of customized nanoparticles within conductive polymer arrays using facile self-assembly within aqueous phases. An additional advantage is that the material system would be amenable to inkjet printing and roll-to-roll processing for flexible solar materials manufacturing. | 0 | ENG | Directorate for Engineering | CMMI | Division of Civil, Mechanical, and Manufacturing Innovation | 4900 | 4900 | [
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"fund_name": "NSF RESEARCH & RELATED ACTIVIT",
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"por_cntn": "<div class=\"porColContainerWBG\">\n<div class=\"porContentCol\"><p>This project explores the feasibility of using nanostructured components in a polymeric nanocomposite suitable for solar applications. The synthesis of the nanocomposite polymers focused on key constituents in the polymer/nanoparticle matrix that have the potential to aid in the strategic placement of the functional molecules, i.e. chromophores, in a solar cell. This feasibility study evaluated the electrical behavior of the nanocomposite, focusing on conductive atomic force microscopy and electrical characterization of nanostructured materials as well as examination of the topography and interfacial zones of the nanocomposite.</p>\n<p>The nanostructured composite material is synthesized using a facile, water-based process. As such, the data from this study provides guidance for the feasibility of water-based manufacturability of nanoparticle/conductive polymer thin film flexible solar materials, and will guide future research into fundamental studies of photovoltaic nanocomposite materials. An additional advantage is that the material system would be amenable to inkjet printing and roll-to-roll processing for flexible solar materials manufacturing.</p>\n<p><span>The research activities supported by this study provided an opportunity for undergraduate students to participate in the synthesis and characterization of the nanocomposite materials. Undergraduate chemistry and engineering students were afforded the opportunity to learn the principles behind and operation of various microscopy and electrical characterization instruments. Research results from this effort were disseminated to the technical community via conference and invited presentations as well as through peer-reviewed journal publications.</span></p>\n<p> </p><br>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t \tLast Modified: 04/05/2015<br>\n\t\t\t\t\tModified by: Rebecca Cortez</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"porSideCol\"></div>\n</div>",
"por_txt_cntn": "\nThis project explores the feasibility of using nanostructured components in a polymeric nanocomposite suitable for solar applications. The synthesis of the nanocomposite polymers focused on key constituents in the polymer/nanoparticle matrix that have the potential to aid in the strategic placement of the functional molecules, i.e. chromophores, in a solar cell. This feasibility study evaluated the electrical behavior of the nanocomposite, focusing on conductive atomic force microscopy and electrical characterization of nanostructured materials as well as examination of the topography and interfacial zones of the nanocomposite.\n\nThe nanostructured composite material is synthesized using a facile, water-based process. As such, the data from this study provides guidance for the feasibility of water-based manufacturability of nanoparticle/conductive polymer thin film flexible solar materials, and will guide future research into fundamental studies of photovoltaic nanocomposite materials. An additional advantage is that the material system would be amenable to inkjet printing and roll-to-roll processing for flexible solar materials manufacturing.\n\nThe research activities supported by this study provided an opportunity for undergraduate students to participate in the synthesis and characterization of the nanocomposite materials. Undergraduate chemistry and engineering students were afforded the opportunity to learn the principles behind and operation of various microscopy and electrical characterization instruments. Research results from this effort were disseminated to the technical community via conference and invited presentations as well as through peer-reviewed journal publications.\n\n \n\n\t\t\t\t\tLast Modified: 04/05/2015\n\n\t\t\t\t\tSubmitted by: Rebecca Cortez"
} |
|
1338278 | NSF | Grant | Continuing Grant | ELT Collaborative research: Evolutionary and ecological responses of small mammal communities to habitat and climate change over the last 5 million years | 47.050 | 06030207 | null | Yusheng Liu | 2013-08-15 | 2014-01-31 | 136,617 | 23,143 | 2013-08-08 | 2013-08-08 | Technical description: The goal of this project is to test three models of faunal change in response to biotic and abiotic forcings during the transition to the modern grassland ecosystem in the Great Plains over the last 4.5 My: the Red Queen, the Court Jester, and the Equilibrium Theory of Island Biogeography. In doing so, we will answer four specific research questions: 1) Do long-term changes in local habitat or climate control taxonomic diversity dynamics? 2) Does climate change associated with the onset of Northern Hemisphere glaciation at 2.5 Ma impact diversity dynamics or the ecological structure of communities? 3) How do catastrophic events (major ashfalls) impact diversity dynamics and ecological structure of communities? 4) How are immigrant species accommodated in the ecological structure of the contemporary community? We will analyze diversity dynamics with an existing database of species occurrences in the Meade Basin, SW Kansas in relation to reconstructions of local paleoecology, paleoenvironment, and paleoclimate. We will characterize ecological structure of communities with body sizes estimated from tooth dimensions and trophic categories reconstructed from carbon isotope compositions of tooth enamel using laser ablation isotope ratio mass spectrometry and a novel combination of morphometric analyses based on high resolution microCT scans. Interpretation of paleodiet proxies will be constrained by isotopic and morphometric analyses of modern species with known diets and habitats from existing museum collections and live trapping in grasslands around Meade, KS. Paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic reconstructions will be based on a comprehensive suite of proxies measured on paleosol carbonates and bulk sediment samples collected in stratigraphic association with known fossil sites and major ashfalls: carbon isotope ratios of bulk organic matter, carbon and hydrogen isotope ratios of leaf wax n-alkanes, lignin phenol ratios, plant phytolith assemblages, carbonate clumped isotope paleothermometry, and paleosol elemental geochemistry and mineralogy. Paleoclimate proxies and isotopic data will be compared to output of regional scale, isotope-enabled paleoclimate simulations under various forcings. Finally, we will construct ecological niche models for modern mammal species and genera in the region and use paleoclimate model output to test how climate change may have forced range shifts and taxonomic turnover in the Meade record.
Non-technical description: Understanding the origin of modern communities is a fundamental goal of ecology, but reconstructing the history of communities that include species with stratigraphic durations on the scale of hundreds of thousands to millions of years necessarily requires data from the fossil record. Similarly, inferences about the paleoecology of past communities are most robust when informed by data from both living and fossil populations of extant species. Despite the logical connections between ecology and paleoecology, relatively few studies have bridged the gaps in the characteristic observational timescales and methodologies of these disciplines to achieve a comprehensive view of the long-term evolution of specific modern communities. The need to bridge these disciplinary gaps is increasingly pressing in the face of anthropogenic climate change and uncertainty about the magnitude and direction of responses by local communities. This project will examine the ecological, environmental, and climatic context of the origin of the modern small mammal community in the grasslands of the central USA over the last five million years. We will test the effects of both biological and non-biological factors on long-term taxonomic turnover and ecological change in a stratigraphic sequence of local communities using a combination of ecomorphology, biogeochemistry, paleoclimate modeling, and biogeography. This project will link evolution, ecology, and paleoecology with biogeochemistry to trace the emergence of a modern ecosystem over geological time. | 0 | GEO | Directorate for Geosciences | EAR | Division Of Earth Sciences | 4900 | 4900 | [
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}
] | {
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{
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] | [
{
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] | null |
|
1348480 | NSF | Grant | Standard Grant | EAGER: Understanding fundamental mechanisms involved in turbulence, current and wave interactions for offshore wind-turbines | 47.041 | 07020000 | 7032927470 | Gregory Rorrer | 2013-10-01 | 2015-09-30 | 45,139 | 45,139 | 2013-09-08 | 2013-09-08 | PI: Bhaganagar, Kiran
Proposal Number: 1348480
Institution: University of Texas at San Antonio
Title: EAGER: Understanding fundamental mechanisms involved in turbulence, current and wave interactions for offshore wind-turbines
The wake-wake interactions are quite substantial in an offshore wind turbines (WT) compared to onshore WT due to additional loading that arises due to sea current and wave-induced forcing. The effect of wave forcing on the wakes has been one of the important bottlenecks in the design of offshore WT. Though wind energy has matured to a technology, still offshore WT has not been realized in United States yet. To address this concern, there is a strong impetus to advance fundamental understanding of key external factors limiting the wind farms performance. Towards this direction, this project will address the challenges involved in the wake-current-air interactions by using large eddy simulation (LES) as a tool to systematically understand the effect of wave/current amplitude forcing and wind speed on the wake-wake interactions. The objectives of the current study are to determine the hydrodynamic forces due to the wave-current interaction on wind turbines. The PI will develop scaling laws of the mean and turbulence flow in the wake region in terms of dynamic forcing parameters. The scaling laws developed will be compared with the existing wakemodels.
The intellectual merit of this study is that it is fundamental in nature as by understanding the interplay of key hydrodynamic and aerodynamic processes affecting the WT, we will be able to lay down the scaling laws of the loss of wind velocity and enhancement of turbulence intensity in terms of the dynamic parameters of wave/current/wind in the wake region. The research is transformative as these scaling laws in the near-wake region of offshore WT will provide, for the first time, accurate parameterization for the existing wake models. The present study will advance the fundamental understanding of the following 3 fundamental aspects in the wake region of offshore WT: (1) Scaling of modified surface roughness, mean velocity deficit and turbulence in the wake region (2) Understanding resonance due to the nonlinear response of the wave energy (3) Isolating the wave-generated turbulence, WT-generated turbulence and turbulence due to wind.
The broader impacts of this project are its direct relevance to energy crisis in United States, where there is an urgent need to make wind energy more accessible, and a major source of sustainable form of energy. The results of this study will provide more realistic predictive tools, which will serve as important guidelines for future of offshore wind-farm installations. Specific efforts are being targeted as a part of this proposal to encourage more women to pursue education and careers in engineering. | 0 | ENG | Directorate for Engineering | CBET | Division of Chemical, Bioengineering, Environmental, and Transport Systems | 4900 | 4900 | [
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"por_cntn": "<div class=\"porColContainerWBG\">\n<div class=\"porContentCol\"><p>Fundamental work has been performed by Bhaganagar's group to understand the effect of daytime/nighttime conditions on the power generation of a wind turbine. For this purpose, large eddy simulation (LES) tool has been used as a numerical tool to simuate the atmospheric boundary layer subject to differrent strafification conditions. The study is one of the first ones to isolate the large-scale and turbulence forcings of the atmosphere on the wind turbine wake structure. One of the key findings of the study is the significance of low-level jets on wind turbines. Presence of low-level jets modify the wind shear and temperature gradients that effect the turbulence production in the wake region. The findings of the study are of important significance of US on-shore wind farms and clearly demonstrate the need to include the low-level jets in predictions of wind energy.</p>\n<p>The study has not only served as a milestone in fundamental understanding of atmospheric effects on wind turbine wakes but it also provides an important direction for on-shore wind turbine power prediction in United States Wind Farms.</p>\n<p>The work has been reported in various press releases including:</p>\n<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 6\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\"><ol style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<li>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12.000000pt; font-family: 'Wingdings';\">? </span><span style=\"font-size: 12.000000pt; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT';\">State Impact Texas </span><span style=\"font-size: 12.000000pt; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; color: rgb(0.000000%, 0.000000%, 100.000000%);\">https://stateimpact.npr.org/texas/2014/02/28/what-do- plane-flights-and-wind-farms-have-in-common-turbulence/ </span></p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12.000000pt; font-family: 'Wingdings';\">? </span><span style=\"font-size: 12.000000pt; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT';\">High Plains Public Radio </span><span style=\"font-size: 12.000000pt; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; color: rgb(0.000000%, 0.000000%, 100.000000%);\">http://hppr.org/post/new-study-reveals-wind- turbine-placement-could-reduce-yield#stream/0 </span></p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12.000000pt; font-family: 'Wingdings';\">? </span><span style=\"font-size: 12.000000pt; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT';\">Eureka Alert </span><span style=\"font-size: 12.000000pt; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; color: rgb(0.000000%, 0.000000%, 100.000000%);\">http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2013-11/uota- uea110613.php </span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<p><br />An integrated research and educational initiative has been completed. A new course for the gradute students at UTSA has been developed. 1 MS student, 1 Ph.D. student and 1 undergradute student have been trained in state-of-art tools in wind turbine.</p>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div><br>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t \tLast Modified: 12/28/2015<br>\n\t\t\t\t\tModified by: Kiran Bhaganagar</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"porSideCol\"></div>\n</div>",
"por_txt_cntn": "\nFundamental work has been performed by Bhaganagar's group to understand the effect of daytime/nighttime conditions on the power generation of a wind turbine. For this purpose, large eddy simulation (LES) tool has been used as a numerical tool to simuate the atmospheric boundary layer subject to differrent strafification conditions. The study is one of the first ones to isolate the large-scale and turbulence forcings of the atmosphere on the wind turbine wake structure. One of the key findings of the study is the significance of low-level jets on wind turbines. Presence of low-level jets modify the wind shear and temperature gradients that effect the turbulence production in the wake region. The findings of the study are of important significance of US on-shore wind farms and clearly demonstrate the need to include the low-level jets in predictions of wind energy.\n\nThe study has not only served as a milestone in fundamental understanding of atmospheric effects on wind turbine wakes but it also provides an important direction for on-shore wind turbine power prediction in United States Wind Farms.\n\nThe work has been reported in various press releases including:\n\n\n\n\n\n? State Impact Texas https://stateimpact.npr.org/texas/2014/02/28/what-do- plane-flights-and-wind-farms-have-in-common-turbulence/ \n\n? High Plains Public Radio http://hppr.org/post/new-study-reveals-wind- turbine-placement-could-reduce-yield#stream/0 \n\n? Eureka Alert http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2013-11/uota- uea110613.php \n\n\n\n\nAn integrated research and educational initiative has been completed. A new course for the gradute students at UTSA has been developed. 1 MS student, 1 Ph.D. student and 1 undergradute student have been trained in state-of-art tools in wind turbine.\n\n\n\n\n\t\t\t\t\tLast Modified: 12/28/2015\n\n\t\t\t\t\tSubmitted by: Kiran Bhaganagar"
} |
|
1336636 | NSF | Grant | Standard Grant | SusChEM: Biomolecular and cellular engineering for hydrocarbon biofuel production | 47.041 | 07020000 | 7032922418 | Carole Read | 2013-09-01 | 2017-02-28 | 423,108 | 457,973 | 2013-07-03 | 2016-09-14 | PI: Marsh, E. Neil
Proposal Number: 1336636
Institution: University of Michigan Ann Arbor
Title: SusChEM: Biomolecular and cellular engineering for hydrocarbon biofuel production
The proposal will develop a new biological route for efficient production of advanced ?drop-in? hydrocarbon fuels from renewable resources, by integrating enzyme, metabolic pathway and cellular engineering. Today ethanol and biodiesel are the only biofuels produced and utilized at a large scale. However, each has severe drawbacks due to incompatibility with current infrastructures and/or very limited supply of suitable feedstocks. Therefore, there is both a pressing need and increasing scope for developing a new generation of biofuels.
Target of this project is to produce short- and medium-chain alkanes and alkenes (C8-C20) derived from fatty acids, which can be used as direct substitute of petroleum based fuels. To enable the production of these advanced biofuels using recombinant E. coli strains, the PI will investigate and optimize hydrocarbon-producing enzymes, fatty acid biosynthetic pathways, and whole-cell machinery, via (1) Mechanistic studies and engineering of key enzymes in two hydrocarbon-producing pathways, (2) Metabolic pathway engineering for increasing fatty acids as hydrocarbon precursors, and (3) Pathway integration and cellular engineering for hydrocarbon production from cellulosic biomass.
The successful completion of this project will lead to several potentially transformative outcomes. First, this project will develop an innovative strategy across multiple scales for creating efficient whole-cell biocatalysts. Second, the PIs will generate E. coli strains capable of producing high-grade hydrocarbon biofuels from renewable resources. Third, the PIs will advance fundamental understanding of mechanisms of hydrocarbon-producing enzymes, regulation of fatty acids synthesis, and whole-cell metabolism. The genome engineering and ultrahigh-throughput screening approach represents a major innovation in microbial engineering and its variation/extension can be employed for improving a wide variety of complex phenotypes. More generally, the scientific knowledge generated through these activities will prove valuable for other bio-engineering applications.
The scientific findings resulted from this project will make significant contributions to the ultimate development of cost-effective and sustainable production of hydrocarbon biofuels, which helps solve one of the most pressing challenges currently faced by our society. The education and outreach activities will focus on fostering academic and professional development of involved graduate student and postdoc, supporting undergraduate research, and promoting underrepresented groups. Expanding previous and ongoing activities, the PIs also plan to engage middle/high school students in summer research within a team setting with undergraduates. | 0 | ENG | Directorate for Engineering | CBET | Division of Chemical, Bioengineering, Environmental, and Transport Systems | 4900 | 4900 | [
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"por_cntn": "<div class=\"porColContainerWBG\">\n<div class=\"porContentCol\"><p>Using genetically engineered microorganisms to produce chemical feedstocks and fuels represents an environmentally friendly alternative to producing them from oil and gas, as is currently the case. This requires both designing new biochemical pathways that allows chemicals of interest to be produced from common cellular metabolites and then engineering new enzymes into a suitable microbe, which are required to convert the metabolites into useful chemicals. In this project we have focused on the biochemical production of styrene, which is an important chemical feedstock used in the production of plastics such as polystyrene.</p>\n<p> </p>\n<p>Some microbes such as yeast will naturally produce styrene and related chemicals when growing in the presence of various food preservatives such as cinnamic acid, which is the principal flavoring component of cinnamon. The yeast converts cinnamic acid to styrene through the action of a decarboxylase enzyme. Decarboxylases are an important class of enzymes that remove carbon dioxide from organic molecules, such as cinnamic acid, that contain a carboxylic acid group. </p>\n<p> </p>\n<p>Previous studies examining how yeast convert cinnamic acid to styrene suggested that two particular enzymes might be involved, but the literature was confused as to why two enzymes would be needed. We isolated and purified both enzymes and showed that, in fact, only one enzyme catalyzed the decarboxylation reaction. We found that the other enzyme, instead, made a cofactor needed by decarboxylase to catalyze the decarboxylation reaction. Cofactors are typically small organic molecules - are bound by enzymes and allow them to catalyze chemical reactions that would otherwise be very hard to perform. In this case the cofactor turned out to be a completely new organic molecule termed a prenyl-flavin, which is a derivative of riboflavin, or vitamin B2.</p>\n<p> </p>\n<p>We have studied how the decarboxylase enzyme uses prenyl-flavin to convert cinnamic acid to styrene and carbon dioxide. It appears that chemical mechanism is completely different to any other enzyme-catalyzed decarboxylation reaction. In the process, we have shown that the enzyme will decarboxylate a wide range of chemically modified versions of cinnamic acid that results in new types of styrene-like molecules that may find uses as high value specialty chemicals. </p>\n<p> </p>\n<p>We also showed that the prenyl-flavin synthesizing enzyme is present in other microorganisms, including pathogenic bacteria, where this cofactor is likely important in ubiquinone biosynthesis. Since ubiquinone is vital to the ability of many bacteria to grow, these findings could lead to the development of new types of antibiotics.</p>\n<p> </p>\n<p>Building on our increased understanding of the two enzymes described above, we also initiated efforts in incorporating the biosynthesis pathway into industrially relevant microbial chassis systems. In particular, we designed a synthetic microbial consortium (aka. microbial mixed culture) for converting lignocellulosic biomass such as corn stalks and leaves to styrene. This consortium consists of a fungal strain capable of degrading lignocellulose effectively and a genetically engineered bacterial strain that is able to convert sugars released from hydrolysis of lignocellulose to styrene. Lignocellulosic biomass holds great promise as an abundant and inexpensive feedstock for renewable and sustainable production of fuels and chemicals. Due to its complex structure, this bio-resource is highly recalcitrant to decomposition, which represents a major barrier for its wide-spread utilization. Our synthetic microbial consortia technology has the potential to reduce significantly both the capital and operational costs of producing styrene or many other biochemicals from lignocellulose.</p>\n<p> </p>\n<p> </p>\n<p> </p>\n<p> </p>\n<p> </p><br>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t \tLast Modified: 06/15/2017<br>\n\t\t\t\t\tModified by: E. Neil G Marsh</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"porSideCol\"></div>\n</div>",
"por_txt_cntn": "\nUsing genetically engineered microorganisms to produce chemical feedstocks and fuels represents an environmentally friendly alternative to producing them from oil and gas, as is currently the case. This requires both designing new biochemical pathways that allows chemicals of interest to be produced from common cellular metabolites and then engineering new enzymes into a suitable microbe, which are required to convert the metabolites into useful chemicals. In this project we have focused on the biochemical production of styrene, which is an important chemical feedstock used in the production of plastics such as polystyrene.\n\n \n\nSome microbes such as yeast will naturally produce styrene and related chemicals when growing in the presence of various food preservatives such as cinnamic acid, which is the principal flavoring component of cinnamon. The yeast converts cinnamic acid to styrene through the action of a decarboxylase enzyme. Decarboxylases are an important class of enzymes that remove carbon dioxide from organic molecules, such as cinnamic acid, that contain a carboxylic acid group. \n\n \n\nPrevious studies examining how yeast convert cinnamic acid to styrene suggested that two particular enzymes might be involved, but the literature was confused as to why two enzymes would be needed. We isolated and purified both enzymes and showed that, in fact, only one enzyme catalyzed the decarboxylation reaction. We found that the other enzyme, instead, made a cofactor needed by decarboxylase to catalyze the decarboxylation reaction. Cofactors are typically small organic molecules - are bound by enzymes and allow them to catalyze chemical reactions that would otherwise be very hard to perform. In this case the cofactor turned out to be a completely new organic molecule termed a prenyl-flavin, which is a derivative of riboflavin, or vitamin B2.\n\n \n\nWe have studied how the decarboxylase enzyme uses prenyl-flavin to convert cinnamic acid to styrene and carbon dioxide. It appears that chemical mechanism is completely different to any other enzyme-catalyzed decarboxylation reaction. In the process, we have shown that the enzyme will decarboxylate a wide range of chemically modified versions of cinnamic acid that results in new types of styrene-like molecules that may find uses as high value specialty chemicals. \n\n \n\nWe also showed that the prenyl-flavin synthesizing enzyme is present in other microorganisms, including pathogenic bacteria, where this cofactor is likely important in ubiquinone biosynthesis. Since ubiquinone is vital to the ability of many bacteria to grow, these findings could lead to the development of new types of antibiotics.\n\n \n\nBuilding on our increased understanding of the two enzymes described above, we also initiated efforts in incorporating the biosynthesis pathway into industrially relevant microbial chassis systems. In particular, we designed a synthetic microbial consortium (aka. microbial mixed culture) for converting lignocellulosic biomass such as corn stalks and leaves to styrene. This consortium consists of a fungal strain capable of degrading lignocellulose effectively and a genetically engineered bacterial strain that is able to convert sugars released from hydrolysis of lignocellulose to styrene. Lignocellulosic biomass holds great promise as an abundant and inexpensive feedstock for renewable and sustainable production of fuels and chemicals. Due to its complex structure, this bio-resource is highly recalcitrant to decomposition, which represents a major barrier for its wide-spread utilization. Our synthetic microbial consortia technology has the potential to reduce significantly both the capital and operational costs of producing styrene or many other biochemicals from lignocellulose.\n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n\t\t\t\t\tLast Modified: 06/15/2017\n\n\t\t\t\t\tSubmitted by: E. Neil G Marsh"
} |
|
1315156 | NSF | Grant | Standard Grant | SBIR Phase I: Made in USA-Profitably | 47.084 | 15030000 | 7032922174 | Rajesh Mehta | 2013-07-01 | 2014-06-30 | 149,683 | 149,683 | 2013-06-14 | 2013-06-14 | This Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) Phase I project seeks to develop a framework for a unified Computer Aided Engineering software for the design of systems that obtain their functionality through material compliance. The first element required in this software is an interface that defines problem specifications such as desired motion and forcing functions, available package space, manufacturing limitations, material strength, and fatigue properties. The second element is an engine that sorts through feasible candidate solutions to find the best-suited form. The final element is an engine that iterates subtle candidate-solution details to identify tradeoffs between costs, manufacturing, and function. While commercially available design software can assist users in evaluating designs, they lack the ability to tackle optimal design of compliant mechanical solutions. Though the proprietary algorithms necessary for full-service compliant design software exist, they have yet to be woven into a common environment that can be accessed by a "non-expert" user. It is envisioned that such a generic, easy-to-use, commercial software would proliferate compliant solutions in the marketplace. This would promote an increase in domestic production as labor-intensive "classical" mechanisms are replaced with compliant ones.
The broader impact/commercial potential of this project is the proliferation of compliant mechanical solutions enabled to the global marketplace. Single-piece compliant mechanisms are mechanical systems that deform significantly under external load to perform a motion or forcing task. As a result of the ?one-piece? construction, goods can be manufactured using techniques that require no assembly. This attribute is especially of interest to domestic manufacturing, where jobs are otherwise shipped overseas because of labor intensive designs. In other words, shipping costs and value lost in supply chain delays and inventories cannot be offset when labor is minimized. As an example of the simplest class of compliant mechanisms, flip-top bottles are commonly designed with motion localized in a "living hinge". While they provide a low-cost motion function using unsophisticated design and manufacturing methods, their overall life is limited. In contrast, mechanisms with "distributed compliance" enable more demanding and complex motion functions as they meet demanding fatigue requirements. These mechanisms can serve applications in every sector of the economy, from consumer products to aviation. The motive of this proposal is to develop a CAE environment to serve compliant design, and in turn, promote design practices that favor "point of use" (i.e. domestic) manufacturing. | 0 | TIP | Directorate for Technology, Innovation, and Partnerships | TI | Translational Impacts | 4900 | 4900 | [
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"por_cntn": "<div class=\"porColContainerWBG\">\n<div class=\"porContentCol\"><p>Part count reduction has always been an important pathway to manufacturing with higher profits and enhanced product reliability. Reducing part-count can reduce labor, material, manufacturing costs, and even reduce failure modes because fewer parts mean less assembly risk and fewer interfaces to fail. Part consolidation is critical because “multi-part assemblies” drive offshoring to low wage countries.</p>\n<p>Most engineered systems that transmit mechanical motions or forces or energy, comprise of a plurality of components connected by various interfaces or joints. These systems are built to be strong and stiff. Strength and flexibility are often mutually exclusive. Nature prefers strength combined with flexibility (or compliance) considering that 95% of all the animal species are invertebrates lacking (stiff) backbones.</p>\n<p>This Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) project seeks to develop a framework for integrated Computer Aided Engineering (CAE) software design tool for a new paradigm in mechanical design that exploits material elasticity to create strong and compliant monoforms or joint-less mechanisms – thereby drastically reduce part count, lower manufacturing costs and higher product reliability. Scientific American<a href=\"file://flexsys-server/FlexShare/CURRENT%20PROGRAMS/NSF-SBIR-PH1/Reports/Phase%20I%20Outcome%20Report/NSF-SBIR-PH1-Outcome%20Report.docx#_edn1\">[i]</a> (May 2014 issue) dubbed our compliant design paradigm as “Flexible bio-inspired machines are the future of engineering.”</p>\n<p>Consider a mundane windshield wiper in Figure 1 (top) - it has many rigid parts connected by a plethora of joints and mechanical links that function to distribute force evenly across the complex windshield surface while conforming to the varying contours of the glass. It illustrates how deeply we are indoctrinated into using rigid components and joints even though the wiper must be <em>flexible </em>enough to conform to many varying contours. Compare this to the compliant wiper we developed as shown in Figure 1 (bottom) – it virtually eliminates assembly. This joint-less design can drastically reduce assembly cost and improve product quality by eliminating complexity associated with conventional springs, sliders, and detents. This is especially of interest to domestic manufacturing, where labor intensive designs are often outsourced overseas. In other words, on-shoring results when labor costs are so minimal, that shipping costs, supply chain delays, and inventory costs from offshoring cannot be justified.</p>\n<div>\n<p>Currently, there are no tools that exist today for conceptualizing a compliant design. Although existing CAE tools can be used to optimize a conceptual design, they require an experienced designer who is knowledgeable in various areas, including material elasticity, kinematics of machine components, finite element analysis, and parametric design optimization. Additionally, the design effort requires great skill and tedious trial-and-error iterations.</p>\n<p>In the NSF SBIR Phase I, we have (i) developed a unified framework, as illustrated in Figure 2, that begins with user-defined specifications, automatically generates a conceptual design, and subsequently create a detailed optimal design through our software prototype; and (ii) demonstrated the robustness of the underlying algorithms by solving various mechanical design problems. The design process starts with user prescribed engineering specifications, such as motion (kinematic) functionality, available packaging size, choice of materials, range of motion, external load, and feature-size constraints related to preferred method of manufacturing. Thus, even novice users can create compliant designs without advanced technical knowledge or prior compliant design experience. This provides a solid foundation to create a commercialized compliant design so...",
"por_txt_cntn": "\nPart count reduction has always been an important pathway to manufacturing with higher profits and enhanced product reliability. Reducing part-count can reduce labor, material, manufacturing costs, and even reduce failure modes because fewer parts mean less assembly risk and fewer interfaces to fail. Part consolidation is critical because \"multi-part assemblies\" drive offshoring to low wage countries.\n\nMost engineered systems that transmit mechanical motions or forces or energy, comprise of a plurality of components connected by various interfaces or joints. These systems are built to be strong and stiff. Strength and flexibility are often mutually exclusive. Nature prefers strength combined with flexibility (or compliance) considering that 95% of all the animal species are invertebrates lacking (stiff) backbones.\n\nThis Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) project seeks to develop a framework for integrated Computer Aided Engineering (CAE) software design tool for a new paradigm in mechanical design that exploits material elasticity to create strong and compliant monoforms or joint-less mechanisms – thereby drastically reduce part count, lower manufacturing costs and higher product reliability. Scientific American[i] (May 2014 issue) dubbed our compliant design paradigm as \"Flexible bio-inspired machines are the future of engineering.\"\n\nConsider a mundane windshield wiper in Figure 1 (top) - it has many rigid parts connected by a plethora of joints and mechanical links that function to distribute force evenly across the complex windshield surface while conforming to the varying contours of the glass. It illustrates how deeply we are indoctrinated into using rigid components and joints even though the wiper must be flexible enough to conform to many varying contours. Compare this to the compliant wiper we developed as shown in Figure 1 (bottom) – it virtually eliminates assembly. This joint-less design can drastically reduce assembly cost and improve product quality by eliminating complexity associated with conventional springs, sliders, and detents. This is especially of interest to domestic manufacturing, where labor intensive designs are often outsourced overseas. In other words, on-shoring results when labor costs are so minimal, that shipping costs, supply chain delays, and inventory costs from offshoring cannot be justified.\n\n\nCurrently, there are no tools that exist today for conceptualizing a compliant design. Although existing CAE tools can be used to optimize a conceptual design, they require an experienced designer who is knowledgeable in various areas, including material elasticity, kinematics of machine components, finite element analysis, and parametric design optimization. Additionally, the design effort requires great skill and tedious trial-and-error iterations.\n\nIn the NSF SBIR Phase I, we have (i) developed a unified framework, as illustrated in Figure 2, that begins with user-defined specifications, automatically generates a conceptual design, and subsequently create a detailed optimal design through our software prototype; and (ii) demonstrated the robustness of the underlying algorithms by solving various mechanical design problems. The design process starts with user prescribed engineering specifications, such as motion (kinematic) functionality, available packaging size, choice of materials, range of motion, external load, and feature-size constraints related to preferred method of manufacturing. Thus, even novice users can create compliant designs without advanced technical knowledge or prior compliant design experience. This provides a solid foundation to create a commercialized compliant design software that enables engineers at every skill level to design for minimal assembly through dramatic part-count reduction.\n\nAlthough our current software prototype was created using MATLAB® scripting language in the SBIR Phase I, we will create a stand-alone version with enhanced features..."
} |
|
1331409 | NSF | Grant | Standard Grant | EAGER: Increasing the Supply of High-Quality Computer Science Instructors to Low-Income Communities | 47.070 | 05050000 | null | Kamau Bobb | 2013-08-01 | 2015-01-31 | 107,143 | 116,781 | 2013-08-09 | 2014-01-24 | Teach For America (TFA) will conduct a pilot to develop a new model for recruiting and training new teachers to effectively teach Exploring Computer Science (ECS) at 5-10 New York City public high schools in 2013-2014. The course will be taught by TFA corps members who are qualified to teach a secondary core subject and who also have taken 2 or more semester-long core CS courses in college. TFA will conduct targeted recruitment of CS college students on 10 New York and New Jersey university campuses. This recruitment will include outreach to CS departments, presentations to CS classes, engagement with TFA campus recruitment teams, participation of TFA alums with a CS background, and a general messaging campaign articulating CS education as an equity issue. An external evaluation consultant will conduct teacher surveys at the beginning and end of the course, interviews with school leaders in the schools in which ECS is being taught, and analysis of student work and instructional materials. In addition, TFA will assess whether targeted CS recruitment efforts lead to an increase in the number of people with a CS background who apply to TFA and who are accepted to TFA. This pilot will test a novel model for pre-service teacher recruitment and professional development that will contribute to the CS 10K initiative. Students in the participating high schools that currently lack CS courses and CS teachers will be directly affected. In addition, this pilot can inform expansion of CS courses within NYC and throughout high schools in other TFA regions around the country. The model of recruiting recent college graduates with CS expertise and training them to be CS teachers also has the potential to inform recruitment strategies of pre-service teachers at other college campuses. | 0 | CSE | Directorate for Computer and Information Science and Engineering | CNS | Division Of Computer and Network Systems | 4900 | 4900 | [
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"por_cntn": "<div class=\"porColContainerWBG\">\n<div class=\"porContentCol\"><p>This project trained and supported a group of six new TFA teachers to teach an Exploring Computer Science (ECS) courses in high-need TFA placement partner schools—two public charter and four traditional district schools—in the New York City Region during the 2013-14 school year. The project provided participating corps members an initial five-day ECS training and ongoing professional development throughout the school year in the form of monthly in-person trainings, focused on pedagogy, lesson writing, and rubric design; an Edmodo online learning community where student work and exemplar lessons were posted; and individual coaching on lesson plans. Participants reported that the training and support was helpful.</p>\n<p>In addition, the project supported the recruitment of 19 new teachers in TFA’s New York region with computer science backgrounds who could potentially teach ECS in future years.</p>\n<p> </p>\n<p><strong>Intellectual Merit: </strong>This pilot project gave TFA insights into what strategies and best practices are most effective in successfully recruiting applicants with strong CS backgrounds to join TFA. Additionally, TFA learned valuable lessons about what strategies to implement to ensure greater prioritization of CS instruction at high-need placement partner schools. Specifically, this pilot helped inform the switch to a model in which teachers first spend a year acting as advocates for computer Science in their schools in order to deepen principal investment in and prioritization of CS, then teach the ECS course for a minimum of two years.</p>\n<p><strong> </strong></p>\n<p><strong>Broader Impacts: </strong>Through this project, TFA learned that several partner school principals found the CS courses taught by TFA teachers led to mindsets that supported students’ pursuit of CS learning. As a result, student investment and engagement grew over the course of the school year. This pilot served as a model for recruiting and training new teachers to effectively teach CS and informed the expansion of CS courses within the New York City Region and beyond. This project resulted in a significant increase in prioritization of Computer Science education efforts at Teach For America.</p><br>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t \tLast Modified: 04/17/2015<br>\n\t\t\t\t\tModified by: Raegen Miller</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"porSideCol\"></div>\n</div>",
"por_txt_cntn": "\nThis project trained and supported a group of six new TFA teachers to teach an Exploring Computer Science (ECS) courses in high-need TFA placement partner schools—two public charter and four traditional district schools—in the New York City Region during the 2013-14 school year. The project provided participating corps members an initial five-day ECS training and ongoing professional development throughout the school year in the form of monthly in-person trainings, focused on pedagogy, lesson writing, and rubric design; an Edmodo online learning community where student work and exemplar lessons were posted; and individual coaching on lesson plans. Participants reported that the training and support was helpful.\n\nIn addition, the project supported the recruitment of 19 new teachers in TFAÆs New York region with computer science backgrounds who could potentially teach ECS in future years.\n\n \n\nIntellectual Merit: This pilot project gave TFA insights into what strategies and best practices are most effective in successfully recruiting applicants with strong CS backgrounds to join TFA. Additionally, TFA learned valuable lessons about what strategies to implement to ensure greater prioritization of CS instruction at high-need placement partner schools. Specifically, this pilot helped inform the switch to a model in which teachers first spend a year acting as advocates for computer Science in their schools in order to deepen principal investment in and prioritization of CS, then teach the ECS course for a minimum of two years.\n\n \n\nBroader Impacts: Through this project, TFA learned that several partner school principals found the CS courses taught by TFA teachers led to mindsets that supported studentsÆ pursuit of CS learning. As a result, student investment and engagement grew over the course of the school year. This pilot served as a model for recruiting and training new teachers to effectively teach CS and informed the expansion of CS courses within the New York City Region and beyond. This project resulted in a significant increase in prioritization of Computer Science education efforts at Teach For America.\n\n\t\t\t\t\tLast Modified: 04/17/2015\n\n\t\t\t\t\tSubmitted by: Raegen Miller"
} |
|
1303082 | NSF | Grant | Standard Grant | Twisted commutative algebras | 47.049 | 03040000 | 7032922467 | James Matthew Douglass | 2013-09-01 | 2017-08-31 | 140,781 | 140,781 | 2013-08-27 | 2013-08-27 | This project is concerned with the study of certain algebraic objects called twisted commutative algebras (tca's), and closely related notions. A tca can be defined as a commutative algebra (typically very large), equipped with an action of the infinite general linear group. There are two reasons for studying these objects. The first is internal: joint work of the PI with Sam indicates that tca's enjoy a rich theory. For example, although these algebras are typically not finitely generated, the large group action mitigates this and in some ways they behave as finitely generated algebras; one can therefore attempt to extend known results from commutative algebra. The second reason is external: tca's can be used to study objects of independent interest. Typically, these applications are to the stable behavior of infinite families of objects. Some example applications: syzygies of Segre embeddings (PI), equations of secant varieties (Draisma--Kuttler), stable representation theory (PI and Sam), and cohomology of configuration spaces (Church--Farb--Ellenberg).
An important theme in mathematics is that of stability. Loosely speaking, one might say that a sequence of objects exhibits stability if it eventually acquires a regular behavior. This property is important because it often allows the entire sequence of objects to be described by a finite amount of data. In recent years, it has been observed by several researchers that certain sequences of invariants arising in algebra and geometry exhibit stability. The PI introduced a tool, called twisted commutative algebras, to study some of these invariants. Joint work of the PI and Sam has shown that these algebras are interesting in their own right. The purpose of this project is to continue to develop the theory and applications of these algebras. | 0 | MPS | Directorate for Mathematical and Physical Sciences | DMS | Division Of Mathematical Sciences | 4900 | 4900 | [
{
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"por_cntn": "<div class=\"porColContainerWBG\">\n<div class=\"porContentCol\"><p>About 10 years ago, several researchers (the PI among them) independently discovered a common, and thitherto largely unknown, finiteness principle in the field of algebra: this principle states that certain very large algebraic structures that possess very large amounts of symmetries behave like finite (and familiar) algebraic structures. However, at the time, the details of this principle were not clear. Two important questions were: To which large algebraic structures does this principle apply? And: In what ways do the structures behave like finite ones? The purposes of this project was to investigate these questions for a certain class of large algebraic structures called twisted commutative algebras (tca's), that seem to be particularly important.</p>\n<p>First question. We interpret this question precisely as \"which tca's satisfy the noetherian property.\" At the start of this project, the noetherian property was known only for so-called bounded tca's, where it is easy to prove. Two of the major results of this project establish a form of the noetherian property in two unbounded cases. The first result states that the module category for the tca Sym(Sym^2) is locally noetherian, which is a very strong form of the finiteness principle. The second result states that the tca Sym(Sym^3) -- which is quite a bit larger than Sym(Sym^2) -- is topologically noetherian, which is somewhat weaker. These theorems, and subsequent work in the area, suggest that the strongest form of the finiteness principle might apply to all finitely generated tca's. This statement seems to still be out of reach, however.</p>\n<p>Second question. We interpret this question as \"what is the structure of finitely generated modules over tca's?\", taken from the point of view of classical commutative algebra. At the start of this project, this question was only well understood in the case of FI-modules; this corresponds to the tca generated by a single element of degree 1. A third major result of this project resolves this question for tca's generated by any number of elements of degree 1. A number of auxiliary results in this project flesh out details in this direction. The aforementioned work on Sym(Sym^2) goes a long way towards answering the second question in this case as well, though a number of details still need to be resolved.</p>\n<p>To conclude, our knowledge of tca's has expanded dramatically since the start of this project, with this project playing a major role in this expansion.</p><br>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t \tLast Modified: 04/25/2018<br>\n\t\t\t\t\tModified by: Andrew Snowden</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"porSideCol\"></div>\n</div>",
"por_txt_cntn": "\nAbout 10 years ago, several researchers (the PI among them) independently discovered a common, and thitherto largely unknown, finiteness principle in the field of algebra: this principle states that certain very large algebraic structures that possess very large amounts of symmetries behave like finite (and familiar) algebraic structures. However, at the time, the details of this principle were not clear. Two important questions were: To which large algebraic structures does this principle apply? And: In what ways do the structures behave like finite ones? The purposes of this project was to investigate these questions for a certain class of large algebraic structures called twisted commutative algebras (tca's), that seem to be particularly important.\n\nFirst question. We interpret this question precisely as \"which tca's satisfy the noetherian property.\" At the start of this project, the noetherian property was known only for so-called bounded tca's, where it is easy to prove. Two of the major results of this project establish a form of the noetherian property in two unbounded cases. The first result states that the module category for the tca Sym(Sym^2) is locally noetherian, which is a very strong form of the finiteness principle. The second result states that the tca Sym(Sym^3) -- which is quite a bit larger than Sym(Sym^2) -- is topologically noetherian, which is somewhat weaker. These theorems, and subsequent work in the area, suggest that the strongest form of the finiteness principle might apply to all finitely generated tca's. This statement seems to still be out of reach, however.\n\nSecond question. We interpret this question as \"what is the structure of finitely generated modules over tca's?\", taken from the point of view of classical commutative algebra. At the start of this project, this question was only well understood in the case of FI-modules; this corresponds to the tca generated by a single element of degree 1. A third major result of this project resolves this question for tca's generated by any number of elements of degree 1. A number of auxiliary results in this project flesh out details in this direction. The aforementioned work on Sym(Sym^2) goes a long way towards answering the second question in this case as well, though a number of details still need to be resolved.\n\nTo conclude, our knowledge of tca's has expanded dramatically since the start of this project, with this project playing a major role in this expansion.\n\n\t\t\t\t\tLast Modified: 04/25/2018\n\n\t\t\t\t\tSubmitted by: Andrew Snowden"
} |
|
1257047 | NSF | Grant | Continuing Grant | Diversification and Functional Specialization of Cellulose Synthase | 47.074 | 08090300 | 7032925076 | Gerald Schoenknecht | 2013-02-01 | 2018-01-31 | 587,294 | 587,294 | 2013-01-23 | 2014-12-22 | Cellulose microfibrils provide strength to plant cell walls, as well as to the numerous commercial products made from wood and other plant fibers. Whereas cellulose provides desirable strength and durability in many applications, the biofuel industry would benefit from a supply of cellulose that is more susceptible to enzymatic or chemical breakdown. The structure and physical properties of cellulose microfibrils arise through the biosynthetic process and thus can potentially be modified. Cellulose is synthesized by membrane complexes (CSCs) that, in seed plants, consist of 24-36 cellulose synthase subunits of three different types arranged in a rosette shape. Comparative studies of algae and plants have demonstrated a relationship between CSC shape and cellulose microfibril structure. However, the factors that determine CSC shape are unknown. The CSCs of the model moss species, Physcomitrella patens, have a rosette shape like those of vascular plants, but they differ from seed plant CSCs in subunit composition. The investigators will use biochemical, genetic and molecular approaches to determine the subunit composition of the Physcomitrella patens CSCs and test specific hypotheses pertaining to their evolutionary origin. By clarifying the evolutionary history of cellulose synthase, the results of this investigation will guide efforts to determine the contributions of each of the distinct cellulose synthase types to the assembly and function of seed plant CSCs. The broader impacts of this project include training of graduate and undergraduate students, including those from underrepresented groups; development of learning modules for middle and high school students focusing on analysis and interpretation of data generated by graduate and undergraduate students; and generation of fundamental knowledge about the mechanism of cellulose biosynthesis that may contribute to efforts to genetically manipulate cellulose biosynthesis in commercial plants. | 0 | BIO | Directorate for Biological Sciences | IOS | Division Of Integrative Organismal Systems | 4900 | 4900 | [
{
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"pi_end_date": null,
"pi_first_name": "Alison",
"pi_full_name": "Alison W Roberts",
"pi_last_name": "Roberts",
"pi_mid_init": "W",
"pi_role": "Principal Investigator",
"pi_start_date": "2013-01-23",
"pi_sufx_name": ""
},
{
"nsf_id": "000586655",
"pi_email_addr": "[email protected]",
"pi_end_date": null,
"pi_first_name": "Joanna",
"pi_full_name": "Joanna H Norris",
"pi_last_name": "Norris",
"pi_mid_init": "H",
"pi_role": "Co-Principal Investigator",
"pi_start_date": "2013-01-23",
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}
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"por_cntn": "<div class=\"porColContainerWBG\">\n<div class=\"porContentCol\"><p class=\"Body\"><strong>Intellectual Merit:</strong></p>\n<p class=\"Body\">The microfibrillar structure of cellulose confers important functional properties on plant cell walls and products derived from them, including wood, textile fibers, paper, and cellulosic biofuels. Cellulose microfibril structure is controlled at the point of synthesis by membrane-embedded cellulose synthase complexes (CSCs). In seed plants, the assembly of six-particle ‘rosette’ CSCs depends on interactions among three distinct types of Cellulose Synthase catalytic subunits (CESAs). Because CSC organization affects microfibril structure, the interactions among the distinct CESA subunits within these ‘hetero-oligomeric’ CSCs have been a subject of intense interest. Our work in moss has shown that rosette CSCs can be ‘homo-oligomeric’, that is, they can assemble from identical CESA subunit. We have also shown that hetero-oligomeric rosette CSCs, as well as division of labor between primary and secondary cell wall CESAs, evolved independently in seed plants and mosses. These evolutionary perspectives have implications for understanding CESA-CESA interactions and how they impact microfibril structure.</p>\n<p class=\"Body\">Our results show that four moss CESAs are specialized for secondary cell wall deposition in leaves<em>.</em> We also found that moss secondary cell walls share structural similarities with the secondary cell walls of seed plants, including lateral aggregation of cellulose microfibrils. Functional specialization of CESA isoforms for secondary cell wall deposition is well known in seed plants. However, because the CESA families of seed plants and mosses evolved independently from a single ancestral protein, our results support convergent evolution of CESAs specialized for secondary cell wall deposition. We conclude that this division of labor evolved in response to selection favoring independent regulation of CESAs that deposit cellulose-rich secondary cell walls in specific cell types.</p>\n<p class=\"Body\">Results from diverse experiments showed that the CSCs that deposit cellulose in moss secondary cell walls have two unique types of sites occupied by functionally distinct pairs of CESAs. Similar results showed that primary cell wall cellulose is synthesized by a separate CESA functioning within homo-oligomeric CSCs. Thus, although seed plant CSCs have three unique types of sites, this is not a requirement for rosette CSC formation or function.</p>\n<p>Unexpected outcomes of this project include the isolation a novel arabinoglucan cell wall polysaccharide from moss and identification of the enzyme that synthesizes it. This moss arabinoglucan consists of 1,4-linked glucose and 1,3-linked arabinose, and is structurally similar to mixed-linkage glucan (MLG), an important soluble dietary fiber that is abundant in grains. MLG solubility depends on the distribution of 1,3- and 1,4-linkages along the polysaccharide chain, so we want to know how the enzymes that make MLG control linkage placement. Some seedless plants and algae make MLG with distinct linkage distributions, but their MLG synthases have not been identified. Fungi also make MLG using synthases that are very different from those that synthesize MLG in grains. The moss arabinoglucan synthase is more like the MLG synthases from fungi than those that have been characterized in grains. We found genes that encode proteins similar to the moss arabinoglucan synthase in algae and seedless plants, including some that are known to make MLG. This discovery may provide the key to identifying the MLG synthases and additional arabinoglucan synthases in these plants. By testing the activities of these proteins we can learn more about how enzyme activities evolve, how synthase variation is related to linkage placement, and ultimately how the solubility of mixed-linkage polysaccharides is controlled at the point of synthesis.</p>\n<p><strong>Broader impacts:</strong></p>\n<p>As we began this project, Rhode Island schools were cutting back on research-based classroom activities,which we had proposed to develop, and Science Fair participation in favor of standardized testing. In response, we initiated an after school ‘Young Scientists’ enrichment program where students conducted authentic investigations related to the objectives of the project. In partnership with a local community center, we extended this to a four-week summer program and recruited two students from the after-school program to serve as teaching assistants and mentors. Students who participated in both programs reported gains in understanding of scientific principles and research methods. We believe the program will serve as a model, as our college expands its educational outreach.</p>\n<p class=\"Body\">The impacts of the project on the development of human resources included training of three graduate students, nine undergraduate students, and two recent high-school graduates. All three graduate students coauthored papers and completed degrees, including two PhD students, who moved to postdoctoral positions, and one MS student, who is currently in a PhD program. Four of the undergraduate trainees coauthored papers, at least five enrolled in graduate programs, and three have jobs in STEM fields. The two high school graduates who were hired as teaching assistants and mentors for the summer high school research program are now in college majoring in STEM disciplines.</p><br>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t \tLast Modified: 05/01/2018<br>\n\t\t\t\t\tModified by: Alison W Roberts</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"porSideCol\"></div>\n</div>",
"por_txt_cntn": "Intellectual Merit:\nThe microfibrillar structure of cellulose confers important functional properties on plant cell walls and products derived from them, including wood, textile fibers, paper, and cellulosic biofuels. Cellulose microfibril structure is controlled at the point of synthesis by membrane-embedded cellulose synthase complexes (CSCs). In seed plants, the assembly of six-particle ?rosette? CSCs depends on interactions among three distinct types of Cellulose Synthase catalytic subunits (CESAs). Because CSC organization affects microfibril structure, the interactions among the distinct CESA subunits within these ?hetero-oligomeric? CSCs have been a subject of intense interest. Our work in moss has shown that rosette CSCs can be ?homo-oligomeric?, that is, they can assemble from identical CESA subunit. We have also shown that hetero-oligomeric rosette CSCs, as well as division of labor between primary and secondary cell wall CESAs, evolved independently in seed plants and mosses. These evolutionary perspectives have implications for understanding CESA-CESA interactions and how they impact microfibril structure.\nOur results show that four moss CESAs are specialized for secondary cell wall deposition in leaves. We also found that moss secondary cell walls share structural similarities with the secondary cell walls of seed plants, including lateral aggregation of cellulose microfibrils. Functional specialization of CESA isoforms for secondary cell wall deposition is well known in seed plants. However, because the CESA families of seed plants and mosses evolved independently from a single ancestral protein, our results support convergent evolution of CESAs specialized for secondary cell wall deposition. We conclude that this division of labor evolved in response to selection favoring independent regulation of CESAs that deposit cellulose-rich secondary cell walls in specific cell types.\nResults from diverse experiments showed that the CSCs that deposit cellulose in moss secondary cell walls have two unique types of sites occupied by functionally distinct pairs of CESAs. Similar results showed that primary cell wall cellulose is synthesized by a separate CESA functioning within homo-oligomeric CSCs. Thus, although seed plant CSCs have three unique types of sites, this is not a requirement for rosette CSC formation or function.\n\nUnexpected outcomes of this project include the isolation a novel arabinoglucan cell wall polysaccharide from moss and identification of the enzyme that synthesizes it. This moss arabinoglucan consists of 1,4-linked glucose and 1,3-linked arabinose, and is structurally similar to mixed-linkage glucan (MLG), an important soluble dietary fiber that is abundant in grains. MLG solubility depends on the distribution of 1,3- and 1,4-linkages along the polysaccharide chain, so we want to know how the enzymes that make MLG control linkage placement. Some seedless plants and algae make MLG with distinct linkage distributions, but their MLG synthases have not been identified. Fungi also make MLG using synthases that are very different from those that synthesize MLG in grains. The moss arabinoglucan synthase is more like the MLG synthases from fungi than those that have been characterized in grains. We found genes that encode proteins similar to the moss arabinoglucan synthase in algae and seedless plants, including some that are known to make MLG. This discovery may provide the key to identifying the MLG synthases and additional arabinoglucan synthases in these plants. By testing the activities of these proteins we can learn more about how enzyme activities evolve, how synthase variation is related to linkage placement, and ultimately how the solubility of mixed-linkage polysaccharides is controlled at the point of synthesis.\n\nBroader impacts:\n\nAs we began this project, Rhode Island schools were cutting back on research-based classroom activities,which we had proposed to develop, and Science Fair participation in favor of standardized testing. In response, we initiated an after school ?Young Scientists? enrichment program where students conducted authentic investigations related to the objectives of the project. In partnership with a local community center, we extended this to a four-week summer program and recruited two students from the after-school program to serve as teaching assistants and mentors. Students who participated in both programs reported gains in understanding of scientific principles and research methods. We believe the program will serve as a model, as our college expands its educational outreach.\nThe impacts of the project on the development of human resources included training of three graduate students, nine undergraduate students, and two recent high-school graduates. All three graduate students coauthored papers and completed degrees, including two PhD students, who moved to postdoctoral positions, and one MS student, who is currently in a PhD program. Four of the undergraduate trainees coauthored papers, at least five enrolled in graduate programs, and three have jobs in STEM fields. The two high school graduates who were hired as teaching assistants and mentors for the summer high school research program are now in college majoring in STEM disciplines.\n\n\t\t\t\t\tLast Modified: 05/01/2018\n\n\t\t\t\t\tSubmitted by: Alison W Roberts"
} |
|
1309525 | NSF | Grant | Standard Grant | Responsive Drug-Polymer Conjugate | 47.049 | 03070000 | null | Mohan Srinivasarao | 2013-07-01 | 2018-06-30 | 390,000 | 390,000 | 2013-06-20 | 2017-04-10 | This award by the Biomaterials program in the Division of Materials Research to University of Illinois is to develop a new generation of polymer-drug conjugates that afford precise control over polymer-drug compositions, structure, drug loading and release. Conventional polymer-drug conjugates share the common feature such as a pre-synthesized water-soluble polymer with drug molecules being covalently conjugated to the pendant, conjugation-amenable groups via cleavage linkers. One key drawback of this design of polymer-drug conjugate is the lack of control of the chemical structure and composition, especially the control over pendant groups used for drug conjugation. The resulting material is essentially a mixture of numerous structure- and composition-distinct polymer-drug conjugates that each has its own therapeutic profile, clearance rate, distribution property, tissue penetration efficiency, etc. The proposed new generation of polymer-drug conjugates (chain-shattering polymeric therapeutic) would result in precise control over polymer-drug compositions, structure, drug loading and release. This system is basically an "AB" type of block copolymer, and the resulting nanoparticles are designed to be stable in aqueous solution because of the urethane and carbonate backbone structure. However, once a specific trigger is applied and the protecting groups of trigger-responsive domain "A" are removed, the backbone structure of chain-shattering polymeric therapeutic system becomes instantly unstable and quickly shatters to monomeric fragments resulting in drug release. The technological broader impact of the proposed system could be the development of well controlled drug-delivery materials that allow trigger-responsive and precise control over drug release both in vitro and in vivo. This system also would have the property similar as drug encapsulated systems that drug in its original form can be instantly released and exhibit therapeutic effects. Students working on this project would be trained in multidisciplinary areas such as organic synthesis, carry out controlled polymerization, preparation of polymer-drug conjugates and cell culture. The materials research will be widely disseminated with different outreach activities at the campus.
Widely used present polymer based drug delivery systems share common features such as pre-synthesized water-soluble polymer with drug molecules being attached to pendant and conjugation-amenable groups via cleavage linkers. With this current system, it is difficult to overcome the drug being prematurely released from delivery systems prior to reaching their targets. To overcome some of these drawbacks, this research project will focus the development of drug conjugated systems (polymeric pro-drugs) with ease of handling and processability with no premature drug release. This system called chain-shattering polymeric therapeutics, in addition, would have the property similar to drug encapsulated systems with the drug in its original form that can be instantly be released for instant therapeutic effects. When the trigger is applied after the drug delivery materials arrive at the target or diseased tissue, the time, site and amount of drug released can be precisely controlled, which makes it possible to develop a personalized nanomedicine protocol. Students working on this research will be trained in the different aspects of materials research with respect to polymer based drug delivery system. The proposed research will be incorporated into outreach activities focusing underrepresented students at different levels from undergraduate to K-12. Other proposed outreach activities at University of Illinois include Discover Engineering Summer Camp programs and Engineering Open-House Program. | 0 | MPS | Directorate for Mathematical and Physical Sciences | DMR | Division Of Materials Research | 4900 | 4900 | [
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"por_cntn": "<div class=\"porColContainerWBG\">\n<div class=\"porContentCol\"><p>Polymeric nanomedicines have attracted much attention for cancer treatment. Self-assembled polymeric drug nanoparticles are promising delivery vehicles as the composition and surface functionality can be well controlled by chemical modification. Although significant progress has been made in the past 3 decades, challenges of precisely controlling drug loading and composition still remain to be overcome. These drawbacks increase the difficulties of handling for large-scale production of NP delivery vehicles, and prevent the NPs from achieving their full potential in clinical settings.</p>\n<p>Supported by the NSF Award (DMR- 1309525), we successfully developed a novel Chain-Shattering Polymeric Therapeutics (CSPTs) platform for cancer treatment. CSPT is a type of drug-containing polymers composing of alternate trigger-responsive domain (TBD) and bi-functional drugs. The incorporated trigger-responsive domain (TBD) to each repeating unit of the polymer can precisely control the release of the neighboring drug molecule. We demonstrated that the rationally designed first-generation CSPTs with ultraviolet (UV) light and hydrogen peroxide responsive domain, respectively, could be activated in cancer-related environment on demand in vitro and in vivo. CSPT Nanoparticles could be formed in the presence of FDA approved poly(ethylene glycol)-<em>block</em>-poly(L-lactide) (mPEG-PLA) polymer and both <em>in vitro</em> and in <em>vivo</em> antitumor therapeutic efficacy were demonstrated to show the promise of the platform (Angew Chem. Int. Ed., 2013, 52, 6435). We further developed a thiol responsive CSPT polymer with pending azide functional groups. The azide groups were further modified with PEG chain and the resulting polymer-drug conjugates can readily self-assemble into nanoparticles by nanoprecipitation method. The particle size could be controlled by formulation. The nanoparticles showed excellent stability in physiological condition and remarkable cytotoxicity to cancer cells. The in vivo antitumor effect of the thiol-responsive CSPT nanoparticles were also confirmed by a model xenograft breast tumor mice model. (Biomater. Sci., 2015, 3, 1061-1065). We have also successfully developed hypoxia (low level oxygen) and hydrogen peroxide-responsive CSPT nanoparticles that can co-encapsulate photosensitizer for photodynamic combination treatment of cancer. In vitro and in vivo studies confirm that both combinations are effective in killing cancer cells through hypoxia, and reactive oxygen species dependent mechanism respectively. The xenograft and orthotopic breast tumors were used to study the anti-tumor efficacy of the two combination nanomedicines. It was demonstrated that both combination nanoparticles had minimal toxicity and excellent tumor growth inhibition effect. With more work/publication underway, we believe we have had significant investigations on the Chain-Shattering Polymeric Therapeutics (CSPTs) for their design, synthesis and biological evaluation on their anti-cancer effect through this NSF support.</p>\n<p> </p><br>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t \tLast Modified: 10/03/2018<br>\n\t\t\t\t\tModified by: Jianjun Cheng</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"porSideCol\"></div>\n</div>",
"por_txt_cntn": "\nPolymeric nanomedicines have attracted much attention for cancer treatment. Self-assembled polymeric drug nanoparticles are promising delivery vehicles as the composition and surface functionality can be well controlled by chemical modification. Although significant progress has been made in the past 3 decades, challenges of precisely controlling drug loading and composition still remain to be overcome. These drawbacks increase the difficulties of handling for large-scale production of NP delivery vehicles, and prevent the NPs from achieving their full potential in clinical settings.\n\nSupported by the NSF Award (DMR- 1309525), we successfully developed a novel Chain-Shattering Polymeric Therapeutics (CSPTs) platform for cancer treatment. CSPT is a type of drug-containing polymers composing of alternate trigger-responsive domain (TBD) and bi-functional drugs. The incorporated trigger-responsive domain (TBD) to each repeating unit of the polymer can precisely control the release of the neighboring drug molecule. We demonstrated that the rationally designed first-generation CSPTs with ultraviolet (UV) light and hydrogen peroxide responsive domain, respectively, could be activated in cancer-related environment on demand in vitro and in vivo. CSPT Nanoparticles could be formed in the presence of FDA approved poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(L-lactide) (mPEG-PLA) polymer and both in vitro and in vivo antitumor therapeutic efficacy were demonstrated to show the promise of the platform (Angew Chem. Int. Ed., 2013, 52, 6435). We further developed a thiol responsive CSPT polymer with pending azide functional groups. The azide groups were further modified with PEG chain and the resulting polymer-drug conjugates can readily self-assemble into nanoparticles by nanoprecipitation method. The particle size could be controlled by formulation. The nanoparticles showed excellent stability in physiological condition and remarkable cytotoxicity to cancer cells. The in vivo antitumor effect of the thiol-responsive CSPT nanoparticles were also confirmed by a model xenograft breast tumor mice model. (Biomater. Sci., 2015, 3, 1061-1065). We have also successfully developed hypoxia (low level oxygen) and hydrogen peroxide-responsive CSPT nanoparticles that can co-encapsulate photosensitizer for photodynamic combination treatment of cancer. In vitro and in vivo studies confirm that both combinations are effective in killing cancer cells through hypoxia, and reactive oxygen species dependent mechanism respectively. The xenograft and orthotopic breast tumors were used to study the anti-tumor efficacy of the two combination nanomedicines. It was demonstrated that both combination nanoparticles had minimal toxicity and excellent tumor growth inhibition effect. With more work/publication underway, we believe we have had significant investigations on the Chain-Shattering Polymeric Therapeutics (CSPTs) for their design, synthesis and biological evaluation on their anti-cancer effect through this NSF support.\n\n \n\n\t\t\t\t\tLast Modified: 10/03/2018\n\n\t\t\t\t\tSubmitted by: Jianjun Cheng"
} |
|
1258218 | NSF | Grant | Standard Grant | Function and Assembly of the Novel MLT-10 Family of Extracellular Matrix Proteins in C. elegans | 47.074 | 08090100 | null | Steven Klein | 2013-09-15 | 2017-02-28 | 500,000 | 500,000 | 2013-09-06 | 2013-09-06 | Most animals grow by periodically shedding and rebuilding external skeletons (cuticles). However, the mechanisms by which cuticles are removed and remade have not been fully characterized in any organism. The molting cycles of roundworms are particularly interesting, because their skin is composed mostly of collagen produced by cells similar to human skin cells. Proliferation of these stem cells is coordinated with the molting cycle. This research focuses on characterization of the molecular mechanisms that orchestrate these complex events, using a combination of genetic, biochemical, cell and molecular biological, and biophysical approaches in the model roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans. Previous studies revealed a family of extracellular proteins, MLT10, that are required for proper cuticle formation and this work will follow up to uncover novel but conserved mechanisms that regulate extracellular matrix and stem cell dynamics. Similar processes are critical for development, tissue homeostasis, and wound repair; deregulation of these processes can lead to disorders of skin and connective tissue.
The anticipated scientific findings will produce new tools that will enable further studies of the role of extracellular matrix proteins in development. The activities will also educate and advance a diverse group of young scientists, including more than 120 students who will participate in an innovative and effective curriculum on scientific writing. The curriculum and related activities associated with pedagogical effort will be disseminated widely to enable faculty at other institutions to implement similar programs. | 0 | BIO | Directorate for Biological Sciences | IOS | Division Of Integrative Organismal Systems | 4900 | 4900 | [
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"por_cntn": "<div class=\"porColContainerWBG\">\n<div class=\"porContentCol\"><p><span><span style=\"white-space: pre;\"> </span>The protective, outermost layers and appendages of an animals' body are shed and replaced at some frequency. Birds, deer, seals, and snakes molt feathers, hair and skin. Insects, nematodes, and other Ecdysozoan animals periodically molt the entirety of their external skeleton (cuticle)—replacing the outmoded cuticle from the passing life stage with a larger and generally more complex cuticle for the upcoming life stage. More than 90% of animal species grow and develop this way. These myriad species shed and rebuild cuticles with vastly different components, physical properties, shapes, and sizes. But the molecular and mechanical mechanisms underlying the very process of molting remain unclear. </span><span>The NSF project addressed this gap in knowledge, by supporting studies of the molting cycle in the model nematode <em>C. elegans.</em></span></p>\n<p class=\"Body\"><span style=\"white-space: pre;\"> </span>Appreciating the broader mission of the NSF, the PI actively recruited, mentored, and promoted a vital and diverse group of students to participate in sponsored research activities across multiple academic semesters. The PI solicited applications from undergraduates partly supported by the work-study program at UCLA, in order to identify, engage, and promote talented students from historically underrepresented and underserved minorities (URMs). The undergraduate participants gained practical and theoretical knowledge about genetics, cell and molecular biology, and development; produced honors theses and contributed to scientific manuscripts. Almost all pursued doctorates, matriculating at Cornell University, MIT, and Stanford.</p>\n<p class=\"Body\"><span> </span></p>\n<p><span> Support from the NSF was essential for the PI to design and implement a new curriculum on scientific writing, which better supports first and second year graduate students through the process of drafting, editing, and submitting applications for extramural predoctoral fellowships. The curriculum includes an introductory workshop and subsequent one-to-one meetings between students and faculty coaches. Graduate Programs in Bioscience (GPB) incorporated the program, making it accessible to many more graduate students and their advisors. The PI continued to lead the workshop and coach participants in 2017 but was then assigned other teaching responsibilities. Nevertheless, the curriculum generated invaluable support and opportunities for URMs enrolled in our graduate program. Since the start of this program, the percentage of these students matriculating to UCLA has doubled. The faculty organizers actively encouraged URMs to participate and submit proposals to the National Science Foundation (NSF) and the Ford Foundation.</span></p>\n<p> </p><br>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t \tLast Modified: 05/26/2021<br>\n\t\t\t\t\tModified by: Alison R Frand</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"porSideCol\"></div>\n</div>",
"por_txt_cntn": "\n The protective, outermost layers and appendages of an animals' body are shed and replaced at some frequency. Birds, deer, seals, and snakes molt feathers, hair and skin. Insects, nematodes, and other Ecdysozoan animals periodically molt the entirety of their external skeleton (cuticle)—replacing the outmoded cuticle from the passing life stage with a larger and generally more complex cuticle for the upcoming life stage. More than 90% of animal species grow and develop this way. These myriad species shed and rebuild cuticles with vastly different components, physical properties, shapes, and sizes. But the molecular and mechanical mechanisms underlying the very process of molting remain unclear. The NSF project addressed this gap in knowledge, by supporting studies of the molting cycle in the model nematode C. elegans.\n Appreciating the broader mission of the NSF, the PI actively recruited, mentored, and promoted a vital and diverse group of students to participate in sponsored research activities across multiple academic semesters. The PI solicited applications from undergraduates partly supported by the work-study program at UCLA, in order to identify, engage, and promote talented students from historically underrepresented and underserved minorities (URMs). The undergraduate participants gained practical and theoretical knowledge about genetics, cell and molecular biology, and development; produced honors theses and contributed to scientific manuscripts. Almost all pursued doctorates, matriculating at Cornell University, MIT, and Stanford.\n \n\n Support from the NSF was essential for the PI to design and implement a new curriculum on scientific writing, which better supports first and second year graduate students through the process of drafting, editing, and submitting applications for extramural predoctoral fellowships. The curriculum includes an introductory workshop and subsequent one-to-one meetings between students and faculty coaches. Graduate Programs in Bioscience (GPB) incorporated the program, making it accessible to many more graduate students and their advisors. The PI continued to lead the workshop and coach participants in 2017 but was then assigned other teaching responsibilities. Nevertheless, the curriculum generated invaluable support and opportunities for URMs enrolled in our graduate program. Since the start of this program, the percentage of these students matriculating to UCLA has doubled. The faculty organizers actively encouraged URMs to participate and submit proposals to the National Science Foundation (NSF) and the Ford Foundation.\n\n \n\n\t\t\t\t\tLast Modified: 05/26/2021\n\n\t\t\t\t\tSubmitted by: Alison R Frand"
} |
|
1310704 | NSF | Grant | Fellowship Award | NSF East Asia and Pacific Summer Institute (EAPSI) for FY 2013 in Japan | 47.079 | 01090000 | null | Anne Emig | 2013-06-01 | 2014-05-31 | 5,070 | 5,070 | 2013-05-15 | 2013-05-15 | This action funds Agnieszka Szymanska of the Center for Biomedical Signal Processing and Computation, University of California, Irvine to conduct a research project in Engineering during the summer of 2013 at the Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo in Tokyo, Japan. The project title is "An Algorithm for Neuron Characterization In Vivo." The host scientist is Dr. Yuji Ikegaya, Associate Professor, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Japan.
While many techniques exist to study the functional organization of neurons, few can use extracellular action potentials (EAPs) to extract crucial neuron parameters such as the location, size, dendritic tree shape, and type of neurons being studied. This study develops a novel framework to monitor neural activity via both extracellular recording and functional multi-neuron calcium imaging (fMCI). Extracellular recording uses micro-sensors placed in neural tissue to detect action potentials from nearby neurons, whereas calcium imaging detects the flow of calcium ions into a cell, causing the cell to effectively light up during an action potential. Extracellular recordings from rat brain slices are analyzed using a new statistical signal processing algorithm to extract the location, size, and type of multiple neurons, while fMCI data provides confirmation of the results. Because extracellular recording is one of the only ways to study neural activity in live animals (in vivo) where direct imaging cannot be performed, the algorithm being tested here can ultimately improve studies of neuronal migration, plasticity, and brain computer interfacing. These kinds of studies can then lead to a better understanding of brain development, healing, and diseases such as dementia.
Broader impacts of an EAPSI fellowship include providing the Fellow a first-hand research experience outside the U.S.; an introduction to the science, science policy, and scientific infrastructure of the respective location; and an orientation to the society, culture and language. These activities meet the NSF goal to educate for international collaborations early in the career of its scientists, engineers, and educators, thus ensuring a globally aware U.S. scientific workforce. Furthermore, once tested, the analysis algorithm developed in this study will be freely disseminated as a software package to the neuroscience community at large. This will vastly improve in vivo studies of neural functionality, and therefore have long lasting impact on the scientific community. Neuron activity movies made during the study will also be presented in an outreach program to teach local elementary and high school students about neural network dynamics in an engaging way. | 0 | O/D | Office Of The Director | OISE | Office of International Science and Engineering | 4900 | 4900 | [
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"por_cntn": "<div class=\"porColContainerWBG\">\n<div class=\"porContentCol\"><p>The brain is a very complex system whose intricate processes, such as perception, motor function, and cognition, have puzzled neuroscientists for decades. Although many techniques have been employed in the study of higher order neural function, such as extracellular recording, multi-neuron calcium imaging, as well as electroencephalography (EEG) of the entire brain, they can all be stripped down to the study of a single phenomenon -- neuronal spikes. These spikes, or action potentials (APs), are the main form of neural communication, and computation, making them fundamental to neuroscience.</p>\n<p>However, regardless of the technique used, neuronal signals are very difficult to decode. To get useful information about neuronal function, the signals must first be detected and then analyzed. This project focused on making a custom software to detect and analyze neurological signals. Specifically, we want to extract crucial information, like the location, size, shape, and type of neurons under study, from multi-sensor extracellular recordings. To test the accuracy of the software, results were compared to calcium imaging data, which can show the active neurons directly. </p>\n<p>Detecting the action potentials in itself is a difficult task. Not only are the signals quite noisy, and therefore difficult to detect, but the process of manually going through large data sets to mark moments of activity is also very time consuming, tedious, and subject to bias. Under the NSF EAPSI program, the PI collaborated with Dr. Ikegaya’s lab at the University of Tokyo, to develop an automated neural activity detection software. Unlike existing methods, the software developed here can be used to detect neural activity for both calcium imaging and multiple-sensor extracellular recording data. This is possible due to a unique artificial intelligence approach, which allows the software to learn spike characteristics from the data directly, without making any preconceived assumptions about the signal. The preliminary results indicate that the automated detection algorithm performs as well as a trained scientist. The algorithm also helps eliminate analysts’ bias, while drastically decreasing the time needed for data analysis.</p>\n<p>The Neuron Characterization Algorithm (NCA) was also developed under this project to decode the detected signals. Currently, the NCA can determine neuron location and relative size from multi-sensor extracellular recordings. Preliminary results indicate that the derived locations of neurons match closely to those seen using calcium imaging. This can significantly change and vastly improve neurological data analysis at large, benefiting studies that range from neural functionality to brain computer interfaces.</p>\n<p>Besides advancing the field of experimental neuroscience, the NSF EAPSI fellowship has also resulted in a lasting international collaboration between the PI and the host lab (Dr. Yuji Ikegaya, University of Tokyo, Japan), with pending joint publications. Furthermore, neurological data collected during this study has provided research opportunities for two undergraduate students. As part of their training program, the PI has also developed neuronal spike detection software tutorials, as well as neuronal spike characterization software tutorials. These tutorials will be made freely available online, along with the software itself, once the algorithms have been published. </p>\n<p>Overall, the project has resulted in a successful software tool to help neuroscientist analyze neurological data. Once published, this will allow neuroscientists around the world to use our data processing tools and tutorials. The software and analysis tools being developed as part of this project will enhance the way in which neuroscientists study and draw conclusions about the brain and neuronal function. These studies will in turn improve our...",
"por_txt_cntn": "\nThe brain is a very complex system whose intricate processes, such as perception, motor function, and cognition, have puzzled neuroscientists for decades. Although many techniques have been employed in the study of higher order neural function, such as extracellular recording, multi-neuron calcium imaging, as well as electroencephalography (EEG) of the entire brain, they can all be stripped down to the study of a single phenomenon -- neuronal spikes. These spikes, or action potentials (APs), are the main form of neural communication, and computation, making them fundamental to neuroscience.\n\nHowever, regardless of the technique used, neuronal signals are very difficult to decode. To get useful information about neuronal function, the signals must first be detected and then analyzed. This project focused on making a custom software to detect and analyze neurological signals. Specifically, we want to extract crucial information, like the location, size, shape, and type of neurons under study, from multi-sensor extracellular recordings. To test the accuracy of the software, results were compared to calcium imaging data, which can show the active neurons directly. \n\nDetecting the action potentials in itself is a difficult task. Not only are the signals quite noisy, and therefore difficult to detect, but the process of manually going through large data sets to mark moments of activity is also very time consuming, tedious, and subject to bias. Under the NSF EAPSI program, the PI collaborated with Dr. IkegayaÆs lab at the University of Tokyo, to develop an automated neural activity detection software. Unlike existing methods, the software developed here can be used to detect neural activity for both calcium imaging and multiple-sensor extracellular recording data. This is possible due to a unique artificial intelligence approach, which allows the software to learn spike characteristics from the data directly, without making any preconceived assumptions about the signal. The preliminary results indicate that the automated detection algorithm performs as well as a trained scientist. The algorithm also helps eliminate analystsÆ bias, while drastically decreasing the time needed for data analysis.\n\nThe Neuron Characterization Algorithm (NCA) was also developed under this project to decode the detected signals. Currently, the NCA can determine neuron location and relative size from multi-sensor extracellular recordings. Preliminary results indicate that the derived locations of neurons match closely to those seen using calcium imaging. This can significantly change and vastly improve neurological data analysis at large, benefiting studies that range from neural functionality to brain computer interfaces.\n\nBesides advancing the field of experimental neuroscience, the NSF EAPSI fellowship has also resulted in a lasting international collaboration between the PI and the host lab (Dr. Yuji Ikegaya, University of Tokyo, Japan), with pending joint publications. Furthermore, neurological data collected during this study has provided research opportunities for two undergraduate students. As part of their training program, the PI has also developed neuronal spike detection software tutorials, as well as neuronal spike characterization software tutorials. These tutorials will be made freely available online, along with the software itself, once the algorithms have been published. \n\nOverall, the project has resulted in a successful software tool to help neuroscientist analyze neurological data. Once published, this will allow neuroscientists around the world to use our data processing tools and tutorials. The software and analysis tools being developed as part of this project will enhance the way in which neuroscientists study and draw conclusions about the brain and neuronal function. These studies will in turn improve our understanding of degenerative diseases such as dementia, ParkinsonÆs and AlzheimerÆs, help build better neuroprostheses, an..."
} |
|
1312739 | NSF | Grant | Standard Grant | Variational approaches to defect mechanics | 47.049 | 03040000 | null | Michael Steuerwalt | 2013-09-15 | 2017-08-31 | 163,886 | 163,886 | 2013-09-17 | 2013-09-17 | Bourdin
1312739
The goal of this project is to contribute to the development, analysis, and implementation of variational models for the mechanics of defects in solids, derived inductively from first principles, analyzed using the same mathematical methodology, and implemented on parallel supercomputers in a compatible numerical framework. Specifically, the investigator studies a concept of thermodynamically consistent evolutions as an alternative to global minimality for rate-independent material models. These evolutions are based on criticality and energy balance and avoid some of the paradoxes of global minimization while remaining compatible with first principles. The investigator also develops a novel, rigorous, and efficient numerical approach to plasticity, also based on a variational model.
The controversies around hydraulic stimulation in gas shales, induced seismicity and subsidence near geothermal fields, and sinkholes caused by collapsing made-man caverns and over-extraction of water from aquifers highlight how technology has gotten ahead of the predictive understanding of failure in solids. The goal of this project is to study consistent models for the mechanics of defects. These models for fracture, damage, and plasticity are well-rooted in theory yet applicable to realistic situations. They are implemented on parallel supercomputers in such a way that they can easily be combined in order to study complex problems. As applications, the investigator studies fracture of deep underground salt domes leading to surface sinkholes, fracture in thin films, which are commonly used in thermal barrier coatings in turbines, and damage in the manufacturing of micro-mechanical devices and sensors. The outcomes of this project affect diverse areas and industries ranging from geo-mechanics to structural engineering. | 0 | MPS | Directorate for Mathematical and Physical Sciences | DMS | Division Of Mathematical Sciences | 4900 | 4900 | [
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"por_cntn": "<div class=\"porColContainerWBG\">\n<div class=\"porContentCol\"><p>The main focus of this project has been on devising coupled phase-field models coupling damage and plasticity.</p>\n<p>In a first stage, we developed a novel algorithm for perfect associated plasticity tha leverage recent mathematical progres on variational formulations in plasticity. Our approach is based on alternating minimization with respect to displacement and plastic strain. We then propose a dual formulation for minimization with rtespect to the plastic strain that makes implementing complex plasticity model easy, efficient and robust.</p>\n<p>We later coupled these models with the PI's prior work on variational phase-field models of fracture. We extended the analysis of one-dimensional version of the model, and described the range of behavior based on a relative scaling of plastic and damage yield surfaces. In two and three dimension, we obtained good qualitative match of the brittle to ductile transition in Ti alloys as a function of their composition, and of necking and crack nucleation in uni-axially loaded metal rods. </p>\n<p>This project supported the research of five undergraduate students, has been acknowledged in over 20 oral conference presentations or seminars and 6 research articles.</p>\n<p>The codes produced as part of this project have been made available under an open source licence and are being used in the industry.</p><br>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t \tLast Modified: 01/16/2018<br>\n\t\t\t\t\tModified by: Blaise A Bourdin</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"porSideCol\"></div>\n</div>",
"por_txt_cntn": "\nThe main focus of this project has been on devising coupled phase-field models coupling damage and plasticity.\n\nIn a first stage, we developed a novel algorithm for perfect associated plasticity tha leverage recent mathematical progres on variational formulations in plasticity. Our approach is based on alternating minimization with respect to displacement and plastic strain. We then propose a dual formulation for minimization with rtespect to the plastic strain that makes implementing complex plasticity model easy, efficient and robust.\n\nWe later coupled these models with the PI's prior work on variational phase-field models of fracture. We extended the analysis of one-dimensional version of the model, and described the range of behavior based on a relative scaling of plastic and damage yield surfaces. In two and three dimension, we obtained good qualitative match of the brittle to ductile transition in Ti alloys as a function of their composition, and of necking and crack nucleation in uni-axially loaded metal rods. \n\nThis project supported the research of five undergraduate students, has been acknowledged in over 20 oral conference presentations or seminars and 6 research articles.\n\nThe codes produced as part of this project have been made available under an open source licence and are being used in the industry.\n\n\t\t\t\t\tLast Modified: 01/16/2018\n\n\t\t\t\t\tSubmitted by: Blaise A Bourdin"
} |
|
1339469 | NSF | Grant | Continuing Grant | Interactions Between Squall Lines and Isolated Supercell Thunderstorms via Storm-Generated Perturbations to the Local Environment | 47.050 | 06020105 | 7032924715 | Nicholas Anderson | 2013-08-15 | 2018-07-31 | 317,372 | 317,372 | 2013-07-22 | 2015-06-11 | The goal of this research award is to determine how quasi-linear convective systems (squall lines) and supercell thunderstorms interact by modifying their local environments when the two are in close proximity. A combination of observational techniques and numerical simulations will be utilized to: 1) identify common changes to storm structure and intensity that occur as a result of the proximity between the two storm types, and 2) relate these changes to specific environmental perturbations induced by the storms themselves. To date there has been extensive study on the role that background environmental parameters such as instability and wind shear play in modulating convective storm organization and intensity, but it is unclear how storm-generated perturbations to these parameters may influence neighboring convective storms. This represents an important gap in the knowledge base as widespread severe weather outbreaks often see multiple storm types (e.g., squall lines and supercells) evolving in close proximity to one another. Improving our understanding of how these storms interact will provide forecasters with a better idea of what to expect when issuing short-term forecasts and severe weather warnings.
Intellectual Merit: As the forecasting community seeks to improve severe weather warnings through new programs such as the Warn on Forecast Initiative, one of the key challenges to overcome is to improve the current understanding of local-scale environmental heterogeneity and its effect on severe thunderstorm evolution. The study will address this challenge by examining the role that localized, storm-induced perturbations to the environment play in modulating severe storm organization and intensity. The results of the work will be used to develop conceptual models to help forecasters understand and anticipate the effects of storm-induced environmental heterogeneity, despite not being able to observe these perturbations directly. Furthermore, much of what is known about convective storm dynamics comes from studies of thunderstorms or convective systems under comparatively "well-behaved" conditions. By investigating how multiple storms interact, the research will be significant as it will provide a test as to whether these generalized conceptual models apply when multiple storms are interacting.
Broader Impacts: The "big picture" goal for this research project is to improve short-term severe weather forecasts by improving the understanding of how squall lines and supercell thunderstorms interact. This should lead to more accurate and specific severe weather warnings, and thus a more effective means of protecting life and property during severe weather outbreaks. The project will support two graduate students over the course of the project. In doing so, the project will further the integration of research and education, engaging the students and providing them with valuable first-hand research experience. Results will be disseminated through presentations at national and regional conferences as well as through peer-reviewed journal articles. Additionally, the PI plans to incorporate data and examples into his regular coursework at the South Dakota School of Mines and Technology. | 0 | GEO | Directorate for Geosciences | AGS | Division of Atmospheric and Geospace Sciences | 4900 | 4900 | [
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"por_cntn": "<div class=\"porColContainerWBG\">\n<div class=\"porContentCol\"><p>This project was focused on improving our understanding of how nearby thunderstorms may interact with each other to alter storm structure and intensity. Specifically, we sought to understand the scenario where a line of thunderstorms (a “squall line”) is overtaking one or more discrete, intense supercell thunderstorms. This type of scenario is often observed during outbreaks of severe thunderstorms and tornadoes, and supercells in particular are responsible for large portion of high-end damage associated with thunderstorms (strong winds, large hail, and significant tornadoes). We set out two science objectives related to this issue:</p>\n<p>1) Examine the role that a nearby squall line plays in promoting changes in the structure or intensity of an isolated supercell located in the pre-line environment.</p>\n<p>2) Examine the role that a supercell may play in promoting 3-dimensional structures (bow echoes or meso-vortices) along a nearby squall line.</p>\n<p> Science objective 1 was addressed using a combination of observational analysis and numerical modeling. Observational results indicated a decline in supercell intensity as the squall line approached, however there was considerable case-to-case variability in the magnitude of the decline. Generally, longer-lived supercells experienced more noticeable weakening, while “younger” storms maintained their intensity. Low-level storm rotation generally weakened during the 30-60 minutes prior to the supercell merging with the squall line, followed by an increase during the 30 minutes immediately prior to the merger between the storms. Modeling results largely confirmed the observations of the supercell weakening as the squall line approached. This appears to be driven by a wave of sinking motion produced in response to the developing squall line. In simulations where shading effects from clouds are included, the supercells were weakened the most, sometimes dissipating completely ahead of the squall line. </p>\n<p> We also produced a set of model simulations to test how the supercell responded to the changes to the local environmental profiles of wind, temperature and relative humidity as the squall line approached. In general, changes to the winds were found to be small until just before the storms merged, and appeared to have little effect on the supercell. The biggest effect on the temperature and humidity profiles were a moistening trend as the squall line approached, which favored an increase in precipitation associated with the supercell.</p>\n<p> Science objective 2 was examined exclusively using numerical simulations. Our study found that merely including a supercell ahead of a squall line, independent of its location, had little effect on the squall line until the cold outflows from the storms began to interact. At this point, depending on the relative position of the storms, new mesovortices were sometimes observed to form where the outflows intersected. Additional mesovortices, as well as swaths of strong winds, were also observed after the precipitation cores of the storms merged, although the number of vortices and extent of the strong winds varied depending on where along the line the supercell merged. Following the merger between the storms, changes in the number and character of mesovortices were also observed well away from the merger location, implying that the interaction between the storms can be “felt” throughout the larger squall line.</p>\n<p> The project supported three graduate students at the South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, one of which was from a traditionally underrepresented group in science and engineering. Two of these have successfully completed their degrees, one of which has since gone on to a position in the National Weather Service, while the third will be completing his program in spring 2019. All three played leading roles in their respective parts of the research project and presented their results at national conferences. To date, this work has led to 11 conference presentations, including 5 presented at conferences that have an operational forecasting focus. Final results are being prepared for publication with additional publications expected in the coming year.</p><br>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t \tLast Modified: 10/30/2018<br>\n\t\t\t\t\tModified by: Adam J French</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"porSideCol\"></div>\n</div>",
"por_txt_cntn": "\nThis project was focused on improving our understanding of how nearby thunderstorms may interact with each other to alter storm structure and intensity. Specifically, we sought to understand the scenario where a line of thunderstorms (a \"squall line\") is overtaking one or more discrete, intense supercell thunderstorms. This type of scenario is often observed during outbreaks of severe thunderstorms and tornadoes, and supercells in particular are responsible for large portion of high-end damage associated with thunderstorms (strong winds, large hail, and significant tornadoes). We set out two science objectives related to this issue:\n\n1) Examine the role that a nearby squall line plays in promoting changes in the structure or intensity of an isolated supercell located in the pre-line environment.\n\n2) Examine the role that a supercell may play in promoting 3-dimensional structures (bow echoes or meso-vortices) along a nearby squall line.\n\n Science objective 1 was addressed using a combination of observational analysis and numerical modeling. Observational results indicated a decline in supercell intensity as the squall line approached, however there was considerable case-to-case variability in the magnitude of the decline. Generally, longer-lived supercells experienced more noticeable weakening, while \"younger\" storms maintained their intensity. Low-level storm rotation generally weakened during the 30-60 minutes prior to the supercell merging with the squall line, followed by an increase during the 30 minutes immediately prior to the merger between the storms. Modeling results largely confirmed the observations of the supercell weakening as the squall line approached. This appears to be driven by a wave of sinking motion produced in response to the developing squall line. In simulations where shading effects from clouds are included, the supercells were weakened the most, sometimes dissipating completely ahead of the squall line. \n\n We also produced a set of model simulations to test how the supercell responded to the changes to the local environmental profiles of wind, temperature and relative humidity as the squall line approached. In general, changes to the winds were found to be small until just before the storms merged, and appeared to have little effect on the supercell. The biggest effect on the temperature and humidity profiles were a moistening trend as the squall line approached, which favored an increase in precipitation associated with the supercell.\n\n Science objective 2 was examined exclusively using numerical simulations. Our study found that merely including a supercell ahead of a squall line, independent of its location, had little effect on the squall line until the cold outflows from the storms began to interact. At this point, depending on the relative position of the storms, new mesovortices were sometimes observed to form where the outflows intersected. Additional mesovortices, as well as swaths of strong winds, were also observed after the precipitation cores of the storms merged, although the number of vortices and extent of the strong winds varied depending on where along the line the supercell merged. Following the merger between the storms, changes in the number and character of mesovortices were also observed well away from the merger location, implying that the interaction between the storms can be \"felt\" throughout the larger squall line.\n\n The project supported three graduate students at the South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, one of which was from a traditionally underrepresented group in science and engineering. Two of these have successfully completed their degrees, one of which has since gone on to a position in the National Weather Service, while the third will be completing his program in spring 2019. All three played leading roles in their respective parts of the research project and presented their results at national conferences. To date, this work has led to 11 conference presentations, including 5 presented at conferences that have an operational forecasting focus. Final results are being prepared for publication with additional publications expected in the coming year.\n\n\t\t\t\t\tLast Modified: 10/30/2018\n\n\t\t\t\t\tSubmitted by: Adam J French"
} |
|
1329890 | NSF | Grant | Continuing Grant | Elucidation of Alkene Metabolism in Two Sulfate-Reducing Isolates Via Metabolite Profiling and Transcriptomics | 47.074 | 08070700 | 7032927123 | David Rockcliffe | 2013-09-01 | 2018-08-31 | 831,944 | 831,944 | 2013-08-29 | 2015-07-31 | Intellectual Merit
Anaerobic bacteria and archaea play key roles in biogeochemical cycling, the biotransformation of pollutants, and in both subsurface production and oxidation of methane, an important biofuel. The past 30 years of research have yielded novel mechanisms by which anaerobes activate hydrocarbons in the absence of oxygen. However, there is still a great deal to be learned regarding the enzymes catalyzing reactions in the requisite biochemical pathways. Alkenes are ubiquitous hydrocarbons derived from both natural and anthropogenic sources. Although more reactive than aromatic hydrocarbons and alkanes, little is known regarding the biochemistry of anaerobic alkene biotransformation. This project aims to elucidate the fundamental mechanisms of microbial activation and degradation of alkenes in two model strains of sulfate-reducers, Desulfatibacillum alkenivorans AK-01 and Desulfococcus oleovorans Hxd3, by coupling transcriptomics with metabolite profiling. The bacteria are not only model organisms for anaerobic hydrocarbon degradation, they are also two of only three sulfate-reducing, hydrocarbon-utilizing microbes (the other is the archaeon Archaeoglobus fulgidus) for which complete (i.e. closed) genome sequences are available. The project will shed light on the novel biochemistry of anaerobic alkene activation and degradation by a class of microorganisms that is both environmentally and economically important.
Broader Impacts
Alkenes are widely present in the environment, and are generated from both natural and industrial processes. These chemicals are economically and environmentally important. This project aims to increase understanding of the activation and biotransformation of alkene substrates and environmental contaminants with similar structures, as well as the biochemistry and physiology of the relevant organisms involved in biogeochemical cycling, bioremediation, and biofuel production. As part of this project, research activities will be integrated into the education of high-school, undergraduate, and graduate students by providing laboratory research experience and mentoring. Students will be trained in aspects of molecular biology, anaerobic cultivation and monitoring of microorganisms, metabolite profiling, microbial ecology, and "omics". Research will be incorporated into existing department courses, and future efforts are aimed toward developing a "Nucleotide Sequence Analysis" class that integrates the project's omics datasets into classroom learning, with the long-term goal of implementing a Biotechnology program at the University of Oklahoma. Educational outreach to the community will be coordinated through the K-20 Center for Education and Community Renewal, which partners faculty and graduate students with K-12 teachers and students and collaborates with over 800 Oklahoma schools and industrial partners to enhance learning across all educational levels. Goals to integrate diversity into NSF programs, projects and activities will be achieved through the McNair Scholars program, which prepares undergraduate students from underrepresented ethnicities for doctoral studies through research opportunities and activities. Efforts to disseminate project results and enhance scientific and technological understanding will be achieved via participation in the OU Annual Student Research and Performance Day, Science Café of Norman, and BioBlitz! Oklahoma. | 0 | BIO | Directorate for Biological Sciences | MCB | Division of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences | 4900 | 4900 | [
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"por_cntn": "<div class=\"porColContainerWBG\">\n<div class=\"porContentCol\"><p><strong>Background:</strong></p>\n<p>Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons that can be biosynthesized by bacteria, phytoplankton, plants, and fungi. They can also be found in microbial mats, some crude oils and gas condensates, as well as coal extracts. Economically, alkenes such as ethylene, serve as important raw materials for a myriad of industrial processes. Although more reactive than aromatic hydrocarbons and alkanes, few studies have focused on the activation and subsequent biodegradation of linear alkenes under anoxic conditions by bacteria and archaea. Anaerobes play key roles in biogeochemical cycling, the biotransformation of environmental pollutants, and in the subsurface production and oxidation of methane, an important biofuel, and yet, there is still a great deal to be learned regarding the novel metabolic pathways that govern these processes. The work herein focused on alkene metabolism in two model strains, <em>Desulfatibacillum alkenivorans</em> AK-01 and <em>Desulfococcus oleovorans</em> Hxd3. They are both metabolically versatile and can utilize <em>n</em>-alkanes, <em>n</em>-alkenes, alcohols, organic aids and saturated fatty acids under sulfate or thiosulfate-reducing conditions. Due to their industrial and environmental relevance as anaerobic hydrocarbon utilizers, AK-01 and Hxd3<strong> </strong>were sequenced by DOE JGI, and their genomes provide a platform for transcriptomic/proteomic studies. Given the ubiquitous distribution of double bonds in nature, this work aimed to broaden our understanding of the activation and biotransformation of alkene substrates, as well as the biochemistry and physiology of the requisite microorganisms involved in biogeochemical processes, bioremediation, and the production of biofuels.</p>\n<p><strong>Intellectual Merit and Outcomes</strong></p>\n<p>The objectives of the proposed work were to elucidate the mechanisms of 1-hexadecene activation and the subsequent biodegradation pathways in <em>D. alkenivorans</em> AK-01 and <em>Desulfococcus oleovorans</em> Hxd3 and to generate a candidate list of genes involved in 1-alkene metabolism in strains AK-01 and Hxd3. <em> </em>Using a combination of mass spectrometry techniques (GC-MS and HPLC-QTOF), we identified a metabolite consistent with the addition of 1-hexadecene to fumarate in strain AK-01. Further analysis via MS/MS suggests that the double bond is intact and that the requisite metabolite (2-(hexadec-15-en-2-yl)butanedioic acid) is rearranged to form a malonate ((2-methylhexadec-15-en-1-yl)propanedioic acid). Hexadecanoic and tetradecanoic acids were also identified and are consistent with futher degradation of the malonate. These findings were supported by RNASeq analysis of AK-01 grown on 1-hexadecene versus hexadecanoic acid, which showed that genes in alkylsuccinate synthase cluster 1 (<em>assA1</em>, <em>assB1</em>, <em>assD1</em>, <em>assE1</em>, <em>assK1</em>, <em>assJ1</em>, and a gene similar to <em>masE</em>) were upregulated, suggesting that the alkene molecule is activated via addition to fumarate. This finding is consistent with previous microarray analyses and RT-qPCR experiments that also showed upregulation of the genes in alkylsuccinate synthase cluster 1. In contrast to AK-01, Hxd3 appears to activate alkenes differently. No evidence of fumarate addition was found via metabolite analysis. Among the upregulated genes were several hypothetical proteins, benzoyl-CoA reductases/2-hydroxyglutaryl-CoA dehydratases, and cytochrome c (class III). The upregulation of genes related to benzoyl-CoA reductases/2-hydroxyglutaryl-CoA dehydratases is interesting given that the substrate is an aliphatic alkene molecule and not an aromatic compound. We hypothesize that this gene cluster is involved in either the activation of the alkene molecule or subsequent degradation of the first intermediate. Based on BLAST searches in NCBI, the closest protein matches of these reductases are to those found in other organisms that utilize alkanes, including AK-01 and <em>Smithella</em> sp. SDB.</p>\n<p>This study provided the first glimpse of the genetic machinery linked to anaerobic alkene metabolism in sulfate-reducing bacteria and also provides protein targets for future work. Few anaerobic enzymes catalyzing such processes have been purified and characterized. With this in hand, long-term goals include the development of genetic systems for both AK-01 and Hxd3, which will facilitate other efforts aimed toward characterizing novel anaerobic enzymes. </p>\n<p><strong>Broader Impacts.</strong> Dr. Callaghan (PI) mentored/trained one graduate student, three undergraduate students and three post-doctoral fellows in her laboratory since the start of this grant. Laboratory members were trained specifically in techniques related to anaerobic culturing methods, ion chromatography, gas chromatography, metabolite extraction and analysis, and bioinformatics. Additionally, as the departmental Chair of the Biotechnology Committee and Internship and Professional Development (IPD) Coordinator, Dr. Callaghan led efforts to reconcile STEM workforce goals and expectations with curriculum and professional development to strengthen technical and 'soft skills' among her department's majors, graduate students, and postdoctoral associates. In these roles, and in collaboration with Biotech committee members, OU's Director of Broader Impacts, and OU's Director of Corporate Engagement, she contributed to and/or led activities that established biotechnology concentrations for microbiology and plant biology majors, established a board of visitors, created a dialogue with local companies/foundations, hosted company visits, organized resume/interview workshops, and helped to establish a pilot internship program. </p>\n<p> </p>\n<p> </p><br>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t \tLast Modified: 11/29/2018<br>\n\t\t\t\t\tModified by: Amy V Callaghan</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"porSideCol\"></div>\n</div>",
"por_txt_cntn": "\nBackground:\n\nAlkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons that can be biosynthesized by bacteria, phytoplankton, plants, and fungi. They can also be found in microbial mats, some crude oils and gas condensates, as well as coal extracts. Economically, alkenes such as ethylene, serve as important raw materials for a myriad of industrial processes. Although more reactive than aromatic hydrocarbons and alkanes, few studies have focused on the activation and subsequent biodegradation of linear alkenes under anoxic conditions by bacteria and archaea. Anaerobes play key roles in biogeochemical cycling, the biotransformation of environmental pollutants, and in the subsurface production and oxidation of methane, an important biofuel, and yet, there is still a great deal to be learned regarding the novel metabolic pathways that govern these processes. The work herein focused on alkene metabolism in two model strains, Desulfatibacillum alkenivorans AK-01 and Desulfococcus oleovorans Hxd3. They are both metabolically versatile and can utilize n-alkanes, n-alkenes, alcohols, organic aids and saturated fatty acids under sulfate or thiosulfate-reducing conditions. Due to their industrial and environmental relevance as anaerobic hydrocarbon utilizers, AK-01 and Hxd3 were sequenced by DOE JGI, and their genomes provide a platform for transcriptomic/proteomic studies. Given the ubiquitous distribution of double bonds in nature, this work aimed to broaden our understanding of the activation and biotransformation of alkene substrates, as well as the biochemistry and physiology of the requisite microorganisms involved in biogeochemical processes, bioremediation, and the production of biofuels.\n\nIntellectual Merit and Outcomes\n\nThe objectives of the proposed work were to elucidate the mechanisms of 1-hexadecene activation and the subsequent biodegradation pathways in D. alkenivorans AK-01 and Desulfococcus oleovorans Hxd3 and to generate a candidate list of genes involved in 1-alkene metabolism in strains AK-01 and Hxd3. Using a combination of mass spectrometry techniques (GC-MS and HPLC-QTOF), we identified a metabolite consistent with the addition of 1-hexadecene to fumarate in strain AK-01. Further analysis via MS/MS suggests that the double bond is intact and that the requisite metabolite (2-(hexadec-15-en-2-yl)butanedioic acid) is rearranged to form a malonate ((2-methylhexadec-15-en-1-yl)propanedioic acid). Hexadecanoic and tetradecanoic acids were also identified and are consistent with futher degradation of the malonate. These findings were supported by RNASeq analysis of AK-01 grown on 1-hexadecene versus hexadecanoic acid, which showed that genes in alkylsuccinate synthase cluster 1 (assA1, assB1, assD1, assE1, assK1, assJ1, and a gene similar to masE) were upregulated, suggesting that the alkene molecule is activated via addition to fumarate. This finding is consistent with previous microarray analyses and RT-qPCR experiments that also showed upregulation of the genes in alkylsuccinate synthase cluster 1. In contrast to AK-01, Hxd3 appears to activate alkenes differently. No evidence of fumarate addition was found via metabolite analysis. Among the upregulated genes were several hypothetical proteins, benzoyl-CoA reductases/2-hydroxyglutaryl-CoA dehydratases, and cytochrome c (class III). The upregulation of genes related to benzoyl-CoA reductases/2-hydroxyglutaryl-CoA dehydratases is interesting given that the substrate is an aliphatic alkene molecule and not an aromatic compound. We hypothesize that this gene cluster is involved in either the activation of the alkene molecule or subsequent degradation of the first intermediate. Based on BLAST searches in NCBI, the closest protein matches of these reductases are to those found in other organisms that utilize alkanes, including AK-01 and Smithella sp. SDB.\n\nThis study provided the first glimpse of the genetic machinery linked to anaerobic alkene metabolism in sulfate-reducing bacteria and also provides protein targets for future work. Few anaerobic enzymes catalyzing such processes have been purified and characterized. With this in hand, long-term goals include the development of genetic systems for both AK-01 and Hxd3, which will facilitate other efforts aimed toward characterizing novel anaerobic enzymes. \n\nBroader Impacts. Dr. Callaghan (PI) mentored/trained one graduate student, three undergraduate students and three post-doctoral fellows in her laboratory since the start of this grant. Laboratory members were trained specifically in techniques related to anaerobic culturing methods, ion chromatography, gas chromatography, metabolite extraction and analysis, and bioinformatics. Additionally, as the departmental Chair of the Biotechnology Committee and Internship and Professional Development (IPD) Coordinator, Dr. Callaghan led efforts to reconcile STEM workforce goals and expectations with curriculum and professional development to strengthen technical and 'soft skills' among her department's majors, graduate students, and postdoctoral associates. In these roles, and in collaboration with Biotech committee members, OU's Director of Broader Impacts, and OU's Director of Corporate Engagement, she contributed to and/or led activities that established biotechnology concentrations for microbiology and plant biology majors, established a board of visitors, created a dialogue with local companies/foundations, hosted company visits, organized resume/interview workshops, and helped to establish a pilot internship program. \n\n \n\n \n\n\t\t\t\t\tLast Modified: 11/29/2018\n\n\t\t\t\t\tSubmitted by: Amy V Callaghan"
} |
|
1343389 | NSF | Grant | Standard Grant | Enabling Algorithms, Signal Processing, and Circuits for Agile Cognitive Radio in CMOS Technology | 47.049 | 03020000 | 7032922928 | Sandra Cruz-Pol | 2013-09-01 | 2015-07-31 | 1,199,583 | 1,199,583 | 2013-09-11 | 2013-09-11 | Cognitive radio techniques will be developed that enable rapid, wideband spectrum sensing in the presence of strong interference. Cognitive radios must detect available spectrum quickly in real time with high-probability of success, which requires extremely high dynamic range in the presence of powerful interference signals. Furthermore, future cognitive radio will operate over multiple frequency bands spread out over a wide frequency range. This compounds the challenges to the receiver design since all filtering must be capable of tuning over wide frequency ranges. Finally, the radio must agilely hop among frequency bands. The time required to detect the power in any channel is an overhead that limits the network throughput.
Most prior cognitive radio research applies digital baseband algorithms to conventional RF and analog radio circuitry, which is not designed to address the spectrum sensing application. This limits the achievable spectrum sensing bandwidth and agility and results in high power consumption for the RF, analog, and digital signal processing blocks. This work is fundamentally different in that it will customize the entire receive chain from the RF circuitry through the digital signal processing (DSP) to incorporate new techniques specifically targeted to address spectrum sensing. The techniques involve the injection of pseudonoise-modulated RF signals into the receiver to identify the blockers via correlation algorithms in the DSP as well as to calibrate and cancel the nonlinear characteristics of the receiver. We will develop and refine the proposed algorithms and demonstrate their utility in a 28-nm CMOS receiver integrated circuit.
| 0 | MPS | Directorate for Mathematical and Physical Sciences | AST | Division Of Astronomical Sciences | 4900 | 4900 | [
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1310211 | NSF | Grant | Continuing Grant | Dielectric Effects in Dynamical Self-Assembly of Anisotropic Colloids | 47.049 | 03070000 | 7032924942 | Daryl Hess | 2013-09-01 | 2017-08-31 | 315,000 | 315,000 | 2013-08-21 | 2015-07-01 | TECHNICAL SUMMARY
The Chemistry Division and Division of Materials Research contribute funds to this award. It supports theoretical and computation research and education on the self-assembly of colloidal particles, objects with sizes in the range 1 to 1000 nanometers, in suspension. This is a phenomenon of widespread interest, as it enables creation of materials with novel structures. Computer simulations of these systems usually ignore the presence of polarization charges at the surfaces of the colloids, induced by ions and other charged particles in solution. This research program focuses on including polarization effects in the theoretical description by developing efficient algorithms to calculate dielectric and induced magnetic effects in colloids. These methods will be used to understand and predict the dynamics and self-assembly of suspended dielectric and magnetic colloids under the influence of the external fields. The PI aims to significantly accelerate methods to compute induced charges that arise at surfaces separating regions of different dielectric constant. The developed techniques will be extended to account for induced magnetic interactions, which are subject to a very similar mathematical formalism. The resulting algorithm will be ported to LAMMPS, one of the most widely used molecular dynamics simulation packages and part of the software cyberinfrastructure of the materials research community.
This new methodology will be applied to control colloidal assembly, in which time-dependent external magnetic and electric fields could be used to induce interactions resulting in structures far from equilibrium. This research will be conducted in close collaboration with experimental groups. Furthermore, new methods will be used to uncover how electrostatically bound aggregates in biological systems are affected by dielectric mismatch. In particular, the effect of polarization charges on the stability of biological, electrostatically assembled aggregates will be examined for a range of systems, notably DNA bundles.
The self-assembly phenomena studied in the context of this research will become a part of the undergraduate classes. The research itself will involve high-school students, undergraduates, and graduate students. Students working on research projects will learn modern computational and theoretical techniques.
NONTECHNICAL SUMMARY
The Chemistry Division and Division of Materials Research contribute funds to this award. It supports theoretical and computation research and education on the self-assembly of colloidal particles, objects with sizes in the range 1 to 1000 nanometers, in suspension, a nanometer is about 100,000 times smaller than the diameter of a human hair. Self-assembly enables the creation of materials with novel structures and properties. Whereas computer simulations of these systems are now commonplace, they overwhelmingly ignore the presence of polarization charges at the surfaces of the colloids; polarization changes arise in response to ions and other charged particles in the solution. This research project will make possible the efficient simulation of these mobile dielectric or polarizable objects.
New algorithms will be developed and applied to design new approaches to colloidal assembly, in which applied magnetic and electric fields that vary in time are used to control self-assembly. These methods will be used to study how dielectric effects affect electrostatic aggregation in biological systems.
The proposed simulation methods will have an impact beyond the scope of this project by enabling the study of broad classes of systems ranging from soft condensed-matter systems to biologically relevant solutions. Furthermore, the self-assembly phenomena studied in the context of this research will become part of undergraduate classes. The research will involve high-school students, undergraduates, and graduate students. | 0 | MPS | Directorate for Mathematical and Physical Sciences | DMR | Division Of Materials Research | 4900 | 4900 | [
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"por_cntn": "<div class=\"porColContainerWBG\">\n<div class=\"porContentCol\"><p>Numerous materials that we use in daily life, e.g., cosmetics, food products, and devices, are made of so-called colloidal particles. These particles are often charged, which not only gives rise to conventional attractions and repulsions, but also to more complex “polarization effects.” In earlier NSF-supported work we have demonstrated that these effects can crucially the structures formed by colloidal particles, resulting in materials with new and unexpected properties. However, the calculations needed to demonstrate these properties are notoriously complex and time consuming, making predictive calculations difficult.</p>\n<p> </p>\n<p>Supported by this grant, we now have succeeded in developing highly efficient computational methods that bring large-scale calculations of colloidal materials within reach. Furthermore, we have employed these methods to examine the properties of a variety of colloidal materials, including so-called “active” particles, self-propelled particles that form different dynamic aggregates depending on an external parameter. To further encourage dissemination and application of our methodology, we have also published detailed comparison studies of the efficiency of our approach and existing alternative strategies.</p>\n<p> </p>\n<p>Beyond the creation and study of new colloidal materials, our methods also serve as the starting point for a new approach to study the large-scale properties of charged particles in environments with complex geometry, such as energy-storage devices. Direct application of simulations to such systems, in which ions interact with electrodes or other interfaces, will require further extension of the algorithm that we have proposed, but should be possible at a comparable computational cost.</p>\n<p> </p><br>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t \tLast Modified: 06/12/2018<br>\n\t\t\t\t\tModified by: Erik Luijten</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"porSideCol\"></div>\n</div>",
"por_txt_cntn": "\nNumerous materials that we use in daily life, e.g., cosmetics, food products, and devices, are made of so-called colloidal particles. These particles are often charged, which not only gives rise to conventional attractions and repulsions, but also to more complex \"polarization effects.\" In earlier NSF-supported work we have demonstrated that these effects can crucially the structures formed by colloidal particles, resulting in materials with new and unexpected properties. However, the calculations needed to demonstrate these properties are notoriously complex and time consuming, making predictive calculations difficult.\n\n \n\nSupported by this grant, we now have succeeded in developing highly efficient computational methods that bring large-scale calculations of colloidal materials within reach. Furthermore, we have employed these methods to examine the properties of a variety of colloidal materials, including so-called \"active\" particles, self-propelled particles that form different dynamic aggregates depending on an external parameter. To further encourage dissemination and application of our methodology, we have also published detailed comparison studies of the efficiency of our approach and existing alternative strategies.\n\n \n\nBeyond the creation and study of new colloidal materials, our methods also serve as the starting point for a new approach to study the large-scale properties of charged particles in environments with complex geometry, such as energy-storage devices. Direct application of simulations to such systems, in which ions interact with electrodes or other interfaces, will require further extension of the algorithm that we have proposed, but should be possible at a comparable computational cost.\n\n \n\n\t\t\t\t\tLast Modified: 06/12/2018\n\n\t\t\t\t\tSubmitted by: Erik Luijten"
} |
|
1349784 | NSF | Grant | Standard Grant | EAGER: Data Debugging | 47.070 | 05010000 | 7032927991 | Nina Amla | 2013-09-01 | 2016-02-29 | 150,000 | 150,000 | 2013-08-19 | 2013-08-19 | Today, systems rely as heavily on data as on the software that manipulates that data. Unlike software, data cannot be easily tested or analyzed for correctness. Part of the problem is that it is difficult to decide whether data is wrong. Typographical errors can change data items by orders of magnitude. For example, the number 1234 might be entered when the correct value is 12.34. Unfortunately, finding this kind of mistake via manual data auditing is onerous, unscalable, and error-prone. Data errors can be costly: Errors in spreadsheet data have led to million dollar losses, and poor data quality has been estimated to cost the US economy more than $600 billion per year.
Data debugging is a new approach for locating likely data errors by leveraging the interaction between data and the programs that operate on it. Since it is impossible to know a priori whether data is incorrect, data debugging aims to do the next best thing: identifying data that has an unusual impact on the computation. Intuitively, data with an inordinate impact on the result of a computation is either very important, or it is wrong. By contrast, wrong data whose presence has no particularly unusual effect on the final result does not matter. By calling attention to data with inordinately high impact, data debugging can provide insights into both the data and the computation and reveal errors. Data debugging is especially well-suited for data-intensive programming environments like databases and spreadsheets that intertwine data and programs. Data debugging can dramatically reduce the risks of human data entry errors or data corruption, increase the reliability of computations over data, and potentially save the US economy millions of dollars. | 0 | CSE | Directorate for Computer and Information Science and Engineering | CCF | Division of Computing and Communication Foundations | 4900 | 4900 | [
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"por_cntn": "<div class=\"porColContainerWBG\">\n<div class=\"porContentCol\"><p>Poor data quality is a challenging and persistent problem. Society's increasing reliance on data makes addressing this problem of paramount importance. This project developed algorithms and systems targeting the detection, prevention, and repair of errors in data, both for databases and spreadsheets. These approaches have the potential to dramatically reduce the incidence and impact of errors in data.</p>\n<p>Error detection in spreadsheets: Spreadsheets are the most widely used data management application for end users. Their wide use, notably in government, science, and industry, means that errors in spreadsheets can have a catastrophic impact. Unfortunately, because data is often entered manually, spreadsheets frequently contain serious data errors: on average, morethan 5% of data cells are wrong. While these errors are sometimes be benign, they can also dramatically change the results of a calculation. Due to the burden of auditing spreadsheets, which may contain hundreds or even thousands of data cells, these errors often go undetected. We designed a program-guided sensitivity analysis algorithm called \"data debugging\" that quickly locates the cells that have the largest effect on the results of spreadsheet formulas; these are either very important or wrong. We demonstrated data debugging with a point-and-click auditing tool called CheckCell, which we implemented as a plugin for Microsoft Excel. Our analysis using a corpus of real world spreadsheets and the influential but erroneous Reinhart-Rogoff spreadsheet shows that CheckCell quickly reveals suspect data so that users can prioritize their auditinge ffort on the data that has the largest impact. This work appeared at OOPSLA 2014, one of the premier venues for programming language research. CheckCell is available as an open-source,ready-to-install download at https://github.com/plasma-umass/DataDebug.</p>\n<p>Error detection in databases: In large-scale database applications, data is typically collected with a variety of methods and tools, and it is integrated across multiple data sources. This results in richer and more complete data, but it also introduces challenges, as data can contain conflicts. Traditional methods resolve conflicts naively, e.g., by trusting the values that are reported by a majority of sources. However, today it is common for data to be copied (e.g., from one website to another), so majority voting often results in erroneous data. We developed twoalgorithms, PrecRec and PrecRecCorr, that are more effective at detecting data errors than other state-of-the-art techniques. Our evaluation on three real-world datasets, as well as synthetic data showed that our algorithms can handle a variety of rich correlation scenarios. This work appeared in June 2014 at SIGMOD, one of the premier venues in data management.</p>\n<p>Error prevention: Data is almost always in a state of flux, evolving constantly as it is updated and augmented. Thus, even when a dataset has been cleaned of errors, it is unlikely to stay clean, as queries and other computations that operate on the data can easily introduce new errors. We developed a data error prevention tool, ConTest, which uses a novel data debugging methodology based on continuous testing. ConTest continuously monitors update accesses to data to identify potentially harmful operations. It provides a low-­overhead, delay-free technique that quickly identifies likely data errors by continuously executing domain­-specific test queries. A user study with 96 crowd workers showed that ConTest is extremely effective at guarding against data entry errors. With ConTest, users corrected 98.4% of their errors, as opposed to 40.2% without, even when we injected 40% false positives into ConTest's output. This work appeared at two premier software engineering conferences, FSE 2013 an...",
"por_txt_cntn": "\nPoor data quality is a challenging and persistent problem. Society's increasing reliance on data makes addressing this problem of paramount importance. This project developed algorithms and systems targeting the detection, prevention, and repair of errors in data, both for databases and spreadsheets. These approaches have the potential to dramatically reduce the incidence and impact of errors in data.\n\nError detection in spreadsheets: Spreadsheets are the most widely used data management application for end users. Their wide use, notably in government, science, and industry, means that errors in spreadsheets can have a catastrophic impact. Unfortunately, because data is often entered manually, spreadsheets frequently contain serious data errors: on average, morethan 5% of data cells are wrong. While these errors are sometimes be benign, they can also dramatically change the results of a calculation. Due to the burden of auditing spreadsheets, which may contain hundreds or even thousands of data cells, these errors often go undetected. We designed a program-guided sensitivity analysis algorithm called \"data debugging\" that quickly locates the cells that have the largest effect on the results of spreadsheet formulas; these are either very important or wrong. We demonstrated data debugging with a point-and-click auditing tool called CheckCell, which we implemented as a plugin for Microsoft Excel. Our analysis using a corpus of real world spreadsheets and the influential but erroneous Reinhart-Rogoff spreadsheet shows that CheckCell quickly reveals suspect data so that users can prioritize their auditinge ffort on the data that has the largest impact. This work appeared at OOPSLA 2014, one of the premier venues for programming language research. CheckCell is available as an open-source,ready-to-install download at https://github.com/plasma-umass/DataDebug.\n\nError detection in databases: In large-scale database applications, data is typically collected with a variety of methods and tools, and it is integrated across multiple data sources. This results in richer and more complete data, but it also introduces challenges, as data can contain conflicts. Traditional methods resolve conflicts naively, e.g., by trusting the values that are reported by a majority of sources. However, today it is common for data to be copied (e.g., from one website to another), so majority voting often results in erroneous data. We developed twoalgorithms, PrecRec and PrecRecCorr, that are more effective at detecting data errors than other state-of-the-art techniques. Our evaluation on three real-world datasets, as well as synthetic data showed that our algorithms can handle a variety of rich correlation scenarios. This work appeared in June 2014 at SIGMOD, one of the premier venues in data management.\n\nError prevention: Data is almost always in a state of flux, evolving constantly as it is updated and augmented. Thus, even when a dataset has been cleaned of errors, it is unlikely to stay clean, as queries and other computations that operate on the data can easily introduce new errors. We developed a data error prevention tool, ConTest, which uses a novel data debugging methodology based on continuous testing. ConTest continuously monitors update accesses to data to identify potentially harmful operations. It provides a low-­overhead, delay-free technique that quickly identifies likely data errors by continuously executing domain­-specific test queries. A user study with 96 crowd workers showed that ConTest is extremely effective at guarding against data entry errors. With ConTest, users corrected 98.4% of their errors, as opposed to 40.2% without, even when we injected 40% false positives into ConTest's output. This work appeared at two premier software engineering conferences, FSE 2013 and ISSTA 2015.\n\nError repair: Traditional data cleaning techniques attempt to fix errors directly by identifying the errors and inferring a fix. They ..."
} |
|
1232901 | NSF | Grant | Continuing Grant | Collaborative Research: GEOTRACES Peru-Tahiti Nitrogen Isotope Measurements | 47.050 | 06040300 | 7032927427 | Henrietta Edmonds | 2013-03-01 | 2016-02-29 | 159,058 | 159,058 | 2013-01-03 | 2014-07-18 | Nitrogen (N) is an essential macronutrient whose availability can limit primary production and the capacity of the biological pump to export carbon from the surface ocean on seasonal, annual, decadal, and millennial timescales. The inventory of fixed (bioavailable) N in the ocean is driven by biological processes such as nitrogen fixation, denitrification, and anaerobic ammonia oxidation (anammox). Water column oxygen deficient zones (ODZs) are important sites for fixed N loss, as well as N2O production, and they are projected to expand and intensify in the coming years as global warming increases ocean stratification and decreases ventilation. It is important to understand the distribution of nitrate, nitrite, and N2O isotopes in relation to current ocean conditions of oxygen and trace element availability order to interpret past and future changes in nitrate ä15N signals.
In this project, a team of researchers from Stanford University, University of Massachusetts at Dartmouth, and Brown University will measure the nitrogen- and oxygen-isotopic composition (del15N and del18O) of nitrate, nitrite, and nitrous oxide in seawater samples collected along the GEOTRACES Pacific Peru-Tahiti Section. Values of del15N and del18O will also be measured in nitrate from aerosol and rain samples to inform our interpretation of the N isotope budget and isotopic gradients within the tropical South Pacific. Finally, N2/Ar and N2 del15N will be determined to close the N mass and isotope budgets. Nitrate del15N is a GEOTRACES "core parameter" that will complement other measurements, such as bioactive trace element concentrations and speciation, Si isotope variations, as well as redox and productivity proxies.
The GEOTRACES Peru-Tahiti section provides a rare opportunity to track the fate of the isotopic signals of N loss from one of the largest water column ODZs. Furthermore, little is known about the effect of N recycling through hydrothermal vents on nitrate isotopes in the deep ocean, and this section will allow quantitative tracking of this input. Together, these measurements will yield insight into the relative rates of modern N cycle processes and will provide background information for paleoceanographic applications.
Broader impacts: This project will provide a high-quality nitrate isotope data set from undersampled parts of the South Pacific for use by the broader oceanographic community via BCO-DMO. Educational impacts include the mentoring of a graduate, undergraduate, and high school students at Stanford, and the inclusion of undergraduates in state-of-the-art collaborative research at Brown and UMass-Dartmouth. The project will also support development and implementation of an oceans component for the annual 6th grade teacher workshop offered by Stanford University's School of Earth. This program includes both instruction for the teachers on cutting-edge research in Earth Science and Oceanography, and support for them to include the material into their classroom activities. | 0 | GEO | Directorate for Geosciences | OCE | Division Of Ocean Sciences | 4900 | 4900 | [
{
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"por_cntn": "<div class=\"porColContainerWBG\">\n<div class=\"porContentCol\"><p> </p>\n<p>Nitrogen (N) is an essential nutrient whose availability in the ocean often limits biological production and its capacity to pump carbon from the surface for sequestration at depth. This nitrogen control on the ocean’s biological pump thus also influences atmospheric <ins datetime=\"2016-01-27T12:08\" cite=\"mailto:Mark%20Altabet\">CO<sub>2</sub></ins> concentration. The ocean’s inventory of bioavailable N in the ocean (mostly in the form of nitrate; NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>) is uniquely driven by biological processes such as nitrogen fixation (which creates bioavailable N from unavailable N<sub>2</sub> gas) and denitrification and anammox, which convert bioavailable N back into unavailable gaseous forms (N<sub>2</sub>O and N<sub>2</sub>). Oxygen deficient zones (ODZs) are important sites in the ocean for bioavailable N loss (up to half of global total), as well as N<sub>2</sub>O (a greenhouse gas) emission to the atmosphere, and they are projected to expand and intensify in the coming years as global warming increases ocean stratification and decreases O<sub>2</sub> renewal rates. It is important to understand the current distribution of relevant chemical forms of nitrogen and their isotopic composition and how these signals are spread from the ODZ out to the greater South Pacific Basin in order better constrain the operation of these N transformation processes at present and into the future.</p>\n<p> </p>\n<p>The stable isotope signals of nitrate in ODZs are some of the highest values observed anywhere in the global ocean, as a result of isotopic fractionation during nitrate consumption. These regions have far-reaching impacts on the mean isotopic composition of deep ocean nitrate. How these signals are transmitted and modified after leaving the ODZ is poorly understood. The GEOTRACES Peru-Tahiti (EPZT) section (Fig. 1) provided a rare opportunity to track the fate of the isotopic signals of N loss in one of the largest water column ODZs. Our 3-PI project measured isotopic composition of nitrate, nitrite, and nitrous oxide in seawater samples collected along this transect as well as in nitrate from aerosol and rain samples. In addition, we have measured biogenic N<sub>2</sub> and its isotope composition to close the N mass and isotope budgets (see Figs. 2 &3). Nitrate isotopic composition is a GEOTRACES “core parameter” that complements other measurements, such as bioactive trace element concentrations and speciation, and by itself provides important constraints on the oceanographic processes that drive its variation: N fixation, denitrification, and lateral nitrate transport.</p>\n<p> </p>\n<p>Combined, these measurements yielded insight into modern biogeochemical processes and provide first order background information for both modern physical oceanographic and paleoceanographic applications. For example, studies of sediments in the eastern tropical south Pacific suggest past changes in the rate of denitrification, based on variations over time in N isotopic composition. Progress in paleoceanographic interpretations relies on a more complete understanding of the determinants of isotope signals in oxygen deficient zone nitrate, and the transmission or attenuation of these signals though transit into the South Pacific.</p>\n<p> </p>\n<p>For UMD's portion of the project, the major field activity was first collection of samples for biogenic N<sub>2</sub> and N<sub>2</sub> isotope analysis along the Pacific GeoTraces transect. The major shore-based activity was analysis of these samples in the laboratory. So far we have been able to infer from these data that</p>\n<p> </p>\n<p>1) The slope of N deficit versus biogenic N<sub>2</sub> (x2) is slightly less than 1 (Fig. 3), suggesting that nitrogen to phosphorous (N:P) remineralization ratios may be...",
"por_txt_cntn": "\n \n\nNitrogen (N) is an essential nutrient whose availability in the ocean often limits biological production and its capacity to pump carbon from the surface for sequestration at depth. This nitrogen control on the oceanÆs biological pump thus also influences atmospheric CO2 concentration. The oceanÆs inventory of bioavailable N in the ocean (mostly in the form of nitrate; NO3-) is uniquely driven by biological processes such as nitrogen fixation (which creates bioavailable N from unavailable N2 gas) and denitrification and anammox, which convert bioavailable N back into unavailable gaseous forms (N2O and N2). Oxygen deficient zones (ODZs) are important sites in the ocean for bioavailable N loss (up to half of global total), as well as N2O (a greenhouse gas) emission to the atmosphere, and they are projected to expand and intensify in the coming years as global warming increases ocean stratification and decreases O2 renewal rates. It is important to understand the current distribution of relevant chemical forms of nitrogen and their isotopic composition and how these signals are spread from the ODZ out to the greater South Pacific Basin in order better constrain the operation of these N transformation processes at present and into the future.\n\n \n\nThe stable isotope signals of nitrate in ODZs are some of the highest values observed anywhere in the global ocean, as a result of isotopic fractionation during nitrate consumption. These regions have far-reaching impacts on the mean isotopic composition of deep ocean nitrate. How these signals are transmitted and modified after leaving the ODZ is poorly understood. The GEOTRACES Peru-Tahiti (EPZT) section (Fig. 1) provided a rare opportunity to track the fate of the isotopic signals of N loss in one of the largest water column ODZs. Our 3-PI project measured isotopic composition of nitrate, nitrite, and nitrous oxide in seawater samples collected along this transect as well as in nitrate from aerosol and rain samples. In addition, we have measured biogenic N2 and its isotope composition to close the N mass and isotope budgets (see Figs. 2 &3). Nitrate isotopic composition is a GEOTRACES \"core parameter\" that complements other measurements, such as bioactive trace element concentrations and speciation, and by itself provides important constraints on the oceanographic processes that drive its variation: N fixation, denitrification, and lateral nitrate transport.\n\n \n\nCombined, these measurements yielded insight into modern biogeochemical processes and provide first order background information for both modern physical oceanographic and paleoceanographic applications. For example, studies of sediments in the eastern tropical south Pacific suggest past changes in the rate of denitrification, based on variations over time in N isotopic composition. Progress in paleoceanographic interpretations relies on a more complete understanding of the determinants of isotope signals in oxygen deficient zone nitrate, and the transmission or attenuation of these signals though transit into the South Pacific.\n\n \n\nFor UMD's portion of the project, the major field activity was first collection of samples for biogenic N2 and N2 isotope analysis along the Pacific GeoTraces transect. The major shore-based activity was analysis of these samples in the laboratory. So far we have been able to infer from these data that\n\n \n\n1) The slope of N deficit versus biogenic N2 (x2) is slightly less than 1 (Fig. 3), suggesting that nitrogen to phosphorous (N:P) remineralization ratios may be less than the canonical 16:1 in ODZ waters. Previous studies have suggested organic matter remineralized in the ETSP ODZ may be similar to but slightly less than the canonical Redfield ratio.\n\n2) Estimates of the N:P of remineralized organic matter in the middle and lower ODZ (sigma theta density surfaces 26.4 to 26.8) may increase slightly away from the ODZ, As the N:P of phytoplankton can vary, longitudinal gradie..."
} |
|
1337861 | NSF | Grant | Standard Grant | Collaborative MRI: Development of Geophysical Earth Observatory for Ice Covered Environments (GEOICE) | 47.078 | 06090300 | 7032922181 | Douglas Kowalewski | 2013-10-01 | 2019-03-31 | 636,426 | 636,426 | 2013-09-12 | 2018-08-29 | Intellectual Merit:
The ice dynamics and tectonic history of Ice-covered regions are poorly understood. Scientific investigations of these regions are hindered by extreme weather and complex logistical support. The PIs propose development of a new, rapid deployment, dense footprint, seismic observatory for ice-covered regions, the Geophysical Earth Observatory for Ice-Covered Environments (GEOICE). This seismic array will provide increased observational capabilities and logistical efficiencies needed to seismically image the structures and dynamic behavior of both the solid Earth and overlying ice in remote ice-covered regions. Instruments developed for GEOICE will be designed to withstand icy and/or wet environments and require minimal logistics. Research enabled by GEOICE includes: ice mass and sea level changes, solid earth structure, tectonics and ice sheet stability, and deep Earth structure and processes.
Broader impacts:
GEOICE will provide a community tool for achieving a better understanding of the Earth's rapidly changing polar and ice-covered regions. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's 2007 report concluded that poor understanding of glacial dynamics prohibits robust estimates of future sea-level. GEOICE will enable research that helps address this societally relevant issue. Simplified logistics enabled by GEOICE could lower the technical and logistical barriers that hinder young investigators in the polar regions. | 0 | GEO | Directorate for Geosciences | OPP | Office of Polar Programs (OPP) | 4900 | 4900 | [
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"por_cntn": "<div class=\"porColContainerWBG\">\n<div class=\"porContentCol\"><p><strong>GEOICE Project Outcomes Report</strong></p>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">NSF Award #</span>: 1337861</p>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Award Title</span>: Collaborative MRI: Development of Geophysical Earth Observatory for Ice Covered Environments (GEOICE)</p>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Award Term</span>: October 1, 2013 to March 31, 2019</p>\n<ol>\n<li>Introduction</li>\n</ol>\n<p>The <strong>G</strong>eophysical <strong>E</strong>arth <strong>O</strong>bservatory for <strong>I</strong>ce <strong>C</strong>overed <strong>E</strong>nvironments (GEOICE) was a project supported by the National Science Foundation to develop a pool of seismic instruments that were specially designed for use in Earth?s ice-covered regions. The project, which began in 2013, lasted approximately five years and resulted in a state-of-the-art pool of seismometers and ancillary equipment that will allow scientists to make detailed recordings of earthquakes beneath the ice, as well as icequakes, glacial calving events, and other ice-related phenomena. GEOICE was made possible by a unique collaboration between glacial seismologists at Central Washington University, seismic engineers at the IRIS PASSCAL Instrument Center at New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology (NMT), and management staff from the Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology (IRIS). Together, these three groups brought the necessary expertise in seismology, instrumentation, and execution to see the project through to a successful conclusion. The resulting GEOICE pool of seismic equipment could not come at a more opportune time?both seismologists and society have developed an increasing interest in the rapid changes now occurring in Earth?s polar regions.</p>\n<ol>\n<li>Intellectual Merit</li>\n</ol>\n<p>While scientists today are fortunate to have seismic sensors installed all over the Earth, the polar regions remain more sparsely instrumented than elsewhere. This has direct impacts on the ability of seismologists to detect events happening in these regions, and also limits the quantity and types of observations that can be made for large earthquakes anywhere on Earth. For instance, when a large earthquake happens anywhere on the planet (e.g., California) the seismic waves travel through the Earth and are recorded by seismometers worldwide. The more observations we can make of those waves the more we can learn about the paths the waves have traveled through the Earth, which informs our understanding of Earth structure.</p>\n<p>Beyond recording distant earthquakes, seismometers in polar regions have proven vital to recording the significant changes these regions are seeing in a warming climate. In recent years, seismometers have produced spectacular recordings of calving glaciers in Greenland, tsunami-tossed icebergs in Antarctica, and the effects of melting of ice sheets and glaciers worldwide. Even for ice-covered regions that are not currently experiencing dramatic changes, the GEOICE equipment pool allows scientists to create an important record that can be compared against any changes in the future.</p>\n<p>The instrumentation array developed and built as part of the GEOICE project incorporates decades of lessons learned from earlier attempts to record earthquakes and related phenomena in ice-covered regions. For example, the GEOICE array is designed to be easily transported to some of the most remote locations on Earth, a significant improvement over earlier generations of seismic sensors. Once on-site, the sensors themselves are built to withstand extreme cold (<40?C) and can operate while submerged within the water of a melting glacier (Figure 1). The sensors require significantly less power than typical seismometers, allowing scientists to deploy them with fewer batteries, or for longer periods of time, while still gathering high-quality data.</p>\n<p>Figure 1 - A GEOICE seismometer at the bottom of a borehole in an Alaskan glacier.</p>\n<ol>\n<li>Broader Impacts</li>\n</ol>\n<p>The highly-specialized pool of seismic equipment produced by the GEOICE project provides the entire scientific community with a specialized tool for studying the Earth?s rapidly changing polar and ice-covered regions. The GEOICE pool contains 3 different types of seismic sensors: 10 larger ?broadband? sensors for recording distant sources, 55 smaller ?intermediate period? sensors for more recording of regional sources, and 200 small ?nodal? sensors for dense deployments studying nearby sources. The sensors themselves are housed at and maintained by the IRIS PASSCAL Instrument Center at NMT, funded by NSF under the SAGE award (Seismological Facilities for the Advancement of Geoscience) (Figure 2). There, expert staff maintain the equipment and make it available for free use by any scientist funded by the National Science Foundation. In this way, the GEOICE equipment is a true community resource, able to be used by a variety of scientists (e.g. seismologists, glaciologists, meteorologists, etc.) who wish to conduct scientific studies in Earth?s ice-covered regions. The lessons learned during the GEOICE project have been and continue to be shared with the broader scientific community through scientific conferences, meetings, and publications. Through the partnership with the IRIS PASSCAL Instrument Center at NMT, several geophysics graduate students have been involved with the project?gaining valuable experience with seismic instrumentation, and enhancing the knowledge of the next generation of scientists.</p>\n<p>Figure 2 - GEOICE seismometers undergoing testing at the IRIS PASSCAL Instrument Center (middle) alongside reference sensors (front, back).</p><br>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t \tLast Modified: 06/04/2019<br>\n\t\t\t\t\tModified by: Robert L Woodward</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"porSideCol\">\n<div class=\"each-gallery\">\n<div class=\"galContent\" id=\"gallery0\">\n<div class=\"photoCount\" id=\"photoCount0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tImages (<span id=\"selectedPhoto0\">1</span> of <span class=\"totalNumber\"></span>)\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</div>\n<div class=\"galControls\" id=\"controls0\"></div>\n<div class=\"galSlideshow\" id=\"slideshow0\"></div>\n<div class=\"galEmbox\" id=\"embox\">\n<div class=\"image-title\"></div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"galNavigation\" id=\"navigation0\">\n<ul class=\"thumbs\" id=\"thumbs0\">\n<li>\n<a href=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2019/1337861/1337861_10279426_1559671016077_Figure1-GEOICESeismometeratthebottomofaboreholeinanAlaskanglacier--rgov-214x142.jpg\" original=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2019/1337861/1337861_10279426_1559671016077_Figure1-GEOICESeismometeratthebottomofaboreholeinanAlaskanglacier--rgov-800width.jpg\" title=\"Figure #1\"><img src=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2019/1337861/1337861_10279426_1559671016077_Figure1-GEOICESeismometeratthebottomofaboreholeinanAlaskanglacier--rgov-66x44.jpg\" alt=\"Figure #1\"></a>\n<div class=\"imageCaptionContainer\">\n<div class=\"imageCaption\">GEOICE Seismometer at the bottom of a borehole in an Alaskan glacier</div>\n<div class=\"imageCredit\">IRIS</div>\n<div class=\"imagePermisssions\">Copyright owner is an institution with an existing agreement allowing use by NSF</div>\n<div class=\"imageSubmitted\">Robert L Woodward</div>\n<div class=\"imageTitle\">Figure #1</div>\n</div>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a href=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2019/1337861/1337861_10279426_1559671075110_Figure2-GEOICESeismometersundergoingtestingattheIRISPASSCALInstrumentCenter--rgov-214x142.jpg\" original=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2019/1337861/1337861_10279426_1559671075110_Figure2-GEOICESeismometersundergoingtestingattheIRISPASSCALInstrumentCenter--rgov-800width.jpg\" title=\"Figure #2\"><img src=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2019/1337861/1337861_10279426_1559671075110_Figure2-GEOICESeismometersundergoingtestingattheIRISPASSCALInstrumentCenter--rgov-66x44.jpg\" alt=\"Figure #2\"></a>\n<div class=\"imageCaptionContainer\">\n<div class=\"imageCaption\">GEOICE Seismometers undergoing testing at the IRIS PASSCAL Instrument Center</div>\n<div class=\"imageCredit\">IRIS</div>\n<div class=\"imagePermisssions\">Copyright owner is an institution with an existing agreement allowing use by NSF</div>\n<div class=\"imageSubmitted\">Robert L Woodward</div>\n<div class=\"imageTitle\">Figure #2</div>\n</div>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>",
"por_txt_cntn": "\nGEOICE Project Outcomes Report\n\nNSF Award #: 1337861\n\nAward Title: Collaborative MRI: Development of Geophysical Earth Observatory for Ice Covered Environments (GEOICE)\n\nAward Term: October 1, 2013 to March 31, 2019\n\nIntroduction\n\n\nThe Geophysical Earth Observatory for Ice Covered Environments (GEOICE) was a project supported by the National Science Foundation to develop a pool of seismic instruments that were specially designed for use in Earth?s ice-covered regions. The project, which began in 2013, lasted approximately five years and resulted in a state-of-the-art pool of seismometers and ancillary equipment that will allow scientists to make detailed recordings of earthquakes beneath the ice, as well as icequakes, glacial calving events, and other ice-related phenomena. GEOICE was made possible by a unique collaboration between glacial seismologists at Central Washington University, seismic engineers at the IRIS PASSCAL Instrument Center at New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology (NMT), and management staff from the Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology (IRIS). Together, these three groups brought the necessary expertise in seismology, instrumentation, and execution to see the project through to a successful conclusion. The resulting GEOICE pool of seismic equipment could not come at a more opportune time?both seismologists and society have developed an increasing interest in the rapid changes now occurring in Earth?s polar regions.\n\nIntellectual Merit\n\n\nWhile scientists today are fortunate to have seismic sensors installed all over the Earth, the polar regions remain more sparsely instrumented than elsewhere. This has direct impacts on the ability of seismologists to detect events happening in these regions, and also limits the quantity and types of observations that can be made for large earthquakes anywhere on Earth. For instance, when a large earthquake happens anywhere on the planet (e.g., California) the seismic waves travel through the Earth and are recorded by seismometers worldwide. The more observations we can make of those waves the more we can learn about the paths the waves have traveled through the Earth, which informs our understanding of Earth structure.\n\nBeyond recording distant earthquakes, seismometers in polar regions have proven vital to recording the significant changes these regions are seeing in a warming climate. In recent years, seismometers have produced spectacular recordings of calving glaciers in Greenland, tsunami-tossed icebergs in Antarctica, and the effects of melting of ice sheets and glaciers worldwide. Even for ice-covered regions that are not currently experiencing dramatic changes, the GEOICE equipment pool allows scientists to create an important record that can be compared against any changes in the future.\n\nThe instrumentation array developed and built as part of the GEOICE project incorporates decades of lessons learned from earlier attempts to record earthquakes and related phenomena in ice-covered regions. For example, the GEOICE array is designed to be easily transported to some of the most remote locations on Earth, a significant improvement over earlier generations of seismic sensors. Once on-site, the sensors themselves are built to withstand extreme cold (<40?C) and can operate while submerged within the water of a melting glacier (Figure 1). The sensors require significantly less power than typical seismometers, allowing scientists to deploy them with fewer batteries, or for longer periods of time, while still gathering high-quality data.\n\nFigure 1 - A GEOICE seismometer at the bottom of a borehole in an Alaskan glacier.\n\nBroader Impacts\n\n\nThe highly-specialized pool of seismic equipment produced by the GEOICE project provides the entire scientific community with a specialized tool for studying the Earth?s rapidly changing polar and ice-covered regions. The GEOICE pool contains 3 different types of seismic sensors: 10 larger ?broadband? sensors for recording distant sources, 55 smaller ?intermediate period? sensors for more recording of regional sources, and 200 small ?nodal? sensors for dense deployments studying nearby sources. The sensors themselves are housed at and maintained by the IRIS PASSCAL Instrument Center at NMT, funded by NSF under the SAGE award (Seismological Facilities for the Advancement of Geoscience) (Figure 2). There, expert staff maintain the equipment and make it available for free use by any scientist funded by the National Science Foundation. In this way, the GEOICE equipment is a true community resource, able to be used by a variety of scientists (e.g. seismologists, glaciologists, meteorologists, etc.) who wish to conduct scientific studies in Earth?s ice-covered regions. The lessons learned during the GEOICE project have been and continue to be shared with the broader scientific community through scientific conferences, meetings, and publications. Through the partnership with the IRIS PASSCAL Instrument Center at NMT, several geophysics graduate students have been involved with the project?gaining valuable experience with seismic instrumentation, and enhancing the knowledge of the next generation of scientists.\n\nFigure 2 - GEOICE seismometers undergoing testing at the IRIS PASSCAL Instrument Center (middle) alongside reference sensors (front, back).\n\n\t\t\t\t\tLast Modified: 06/04/2019\n\n\t\t\t\t\tSubmitted by: Robert L Woodward"
} |
|
1343673 | NSF | Grant | Standard Grant | NUE: Development of Multidisciplinary Nanotechnology Undergraduate Education Program at the University of Rochester Integrated Nanosystems Center | 47.041 | 07050000 | null | Mary Poats | 2014-01-01 | 2016-12-31 | 200,000 | 200,000 | 2013-08-21 | 2013-08-21 | This NUE in Engineering program entitled, "NUE: Development of Multidisciplinary Nanotechnology Undergraduate Education Program at the University of Rochester Integrated Nanosystems Center", at the University of Rochester (UR), is under the direction of Dr. Nicholas P. Bigelow. The Integrated Nanosystems Center (URNano) is truly interdisciplary, and involves faculty and students from the Departments of Optics, Chemistry, Physics, Biomedical, Chemical, Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, as well as the UR Medical Center. The primary goals of this NUE project are: 1) creating a coherent education program at the UR, promoting collaboration between several UR departments to introduce undergraduate students to the field of nanotechnology; 2) creating a transformable model of collaboration in nanotechnology between a university with state-of-the-art, experimental facilities, and Monroe Community College (MCC); and 3) developing reproducible hands-on experiments ("mini-labs"), learning materials and pedagogical methods to educate students with diverse backgrounds, including freshmen and non-STEM-major community college students. The same "mini-labs" will be introduced in various UR courses for UR freshmen and sophomores. Based on earlier NSF supported collaboration between the UR and MCC, both institutions will continue this collaboration to educate nanotechnology students with diverse backgrounds. Establishing the URNano education program and involving in it MCC will lay the foundation for future projects of the UR and MCC with other community colleges of Upstate New York.
This project impacts a variety of science and engineering students with diverse backgrounds including under-represented groups (~34% of MCC students are minorities and over 50% are women). This project will attract more community college students to the universities involved in this NUE program. Summer NSF REU and RET programs and interactive workshops including participation in the ALPhA immersion program will provide students and teachers from other institutions, especially community colleges and small univesities, with an opportunity to learn about affordable "mini-labs' at the UR and MCC. Teachers from the City of Rochester Northwest College Preparatory School serving mostly minority students will be invited to the interactive workshop. | 0 | ENG | Directorate for Engineering | EEC | Division of Engineering Education and Centers | 4900 | 4900 | [
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"pi_role": "Co-Principal Investigator",
"pi_start_date": "2013-08-21",
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"pgm_ele_name": "NANOTECHNOLOGY UNDERGRAD EDUCA"
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"pgm_ele_name": "Advanced Tech Education Prog"
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"por_cntn": "<div class=\"porColContainerWBG\">\n<div class=\"porContentCol\"><p>A training program was created for the University of Rochester (UR) undergraduate students specializing in different areas of nanotechnology, with a Certificate in Nanoscience and Nanoengineering issued upon program completion. 9 students were awarded the Certificate and 10 other students are working in this direction. To complete this Program, students have to pass through the specially developed Nanometrology Laboratory course, two other courses on nanotechnology which were already offered at the UR, and either a research or design project on nanotechnology involving an industrial partner. Nanoscience and nanotechnology materials and lab experiments were included into several other classes for students outside the Certificate program. More than 130 UR students including freshmen benefited from this project. <br /> In addition to offering a Certificate Program, the goal of this project was also to develop and test various versions of mini-labs and supporting materials to facilitate understanding concepts and tools of nanotechnology by students with <em>diverse backgrounds</em>. Collaboration with Monroe Community College (MCC) led to development of a combination of lecture modules on modern physics and nanotechnology with experimental demonstrations and hands-on experiments for both lower-division, general-education students and STEM majors. MCC students carried out some of these hand-on experiments at the UR as part of the laboratory portion of MCC courses on Modern Physics both for Engineering and Liberal Arts students. At the UR, MCC students carried out UV photolithography in a clean room and atomic force microscopy of nanoparticles. UR instructors delivered the lectures to MCC students with demonstration of capabilities of the multi-million-dollar-federal-funding UR Integrated Nanosystems Center. 52 MCC students were taught at the UR. This project demonstrates a reproducible model of collaboration between a university with strong programs in science and technology and modern experimental facilities, and a nearby, two-year community college.</p>\n<p><strong>Intellectual merit:</strong> The project addressed one of the most important concepts of modern science and engineering education that is now being applied to important technological problems. Nanotechnology has the potential to create many new materials and devices with wide-ranging applications, such as in medicine, electronics, and energy production. It is important to familiarize the future workforce with these new ideas as well as to provide students hands-on experience in nanotechnology methods and tools.</p>\n<p><strong>Broader impact:</strong> The project directly impacted a variety of science and engineering students with diverse backgrounds including under-represented groups (~25% of MCC students are minorities and 50% are women). After project's completion with establishing the educational program at the UR and MCC for Engineering and Liberal Art students, we negotiated with another MCC department (Optical System Technology) by inviting its Endowed Chair to join our team in future NSF educational projects. This department trains technicians to work within the optics industry. </p>\n<p>The results of the project were widely disseminated: (1) a website of the project was developed: https://www.rochester.edu/urnano/education; (2) we presented our results at the national and international conferences that permitted to build a network with similar course instructors; (3) a detailed paper about this project will be published in the Proceeding of the International Conference in Education and Training in Optics and Photonics (ETOP) 2017; (4) UR teaching experiments in nanoscience and nanotechnology were demonstrated to many visitors.</p>\n<p>Six figures of this report demonstrate both MCC students' training at the UR (Figs. 1 ans 2) and UR students training towards the Cerificate (Figs. 3-6).</p><br>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t \tLast Modified: 03/31/2017<br>\n\t\t\t\t\tModified by: Svetlana Lukishova</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"porSideCol\">\n<div class=\"each-gallery\">\n<div class=\"galContent\" id=\"gallery0\">\n<div class=\"photoCount\" id=\"photoCount0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tImages (<span id=\"selectedPhoto0\">1</span> of <span class=\"totalNumber\"></span>)\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</div>\n<div class=\"galControls\" id=\"controls0\"></div>\n<div class=\"galSlideshow\" id=\"slideshow0\"></div>\n<div class=\"galEmbox\" id=\"embox\">\n<div class=\"image-title\"></div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"galNavigation\" id=\"navigation0\">\n<ul class=\"thumbs\" id=\"thumbs0\">\n<li>\n<a href=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2017/1343673/1343673_10269284_1490756839675_1_MCC_students_UR_clean_room--rgov-214x142.jpg\" original=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2017/1343673/1343673_10269284_1490756839675_1_MCC_students_UR_clean_room--rgov-800width.jpg\" title=\"Monroe Community College students at the University of Rochester (1)\"><img src=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2017/1343673/1343673_10269284_1490756839675_1_MCC_students_UR_clean_room--rgov-66x44.jpg\" alt=\"Monroe Community College students at the University of Rochester (1)\"></a>\n<div class=\"imageCaptionContainer\">\n<div class=\"imageCaption\">Figure 1. Monroe Community College students in a clean room of the University of Rochester Integrated Nanosystems Center</div>\n<div class=\"imageCredit\">Prof. P. D'Alessandris, Monroe Community College</div>\n<div class=\"imagePermisssions\">Copyright owner is an institution with an existing agreement allowing use by NSF</div>\n<div class=\"imageSubmitted\">Svetlana Lukishova</div>\n<div class=\"imageTitle\">Monroe Community College students at the University of Rochester (1)</div>\n</div>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a href=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2017/1343673/1343673_10269284_1490757195025_2_Sample_MCC_students--rgov-214x142.jpg\" original=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2017/1343673/1343673_10269284_1490757195025_2_Sample_MCC_students--rgov-800width.jpg\" title=\"Monroe Community College students at the University of Rochester (2)\"><img src=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2017/1343673/1343673_10269284_1490757195025_2_Sample_MCC_students--rgov-66x44.jpg\" alt=\"Monroe Community College students at the University of Rochester (2)\"></a>\n<div class=\"imageCaptionContainer\">\n<div class=\"imageCaption\">Sample prepared by Monroe Community College Students byUV-lithography in a clean room facility of the University of Rochester Integrated Nanosystems Center. Samples contain logos of both institutions</div>\n<div class=\"imageCredit\">Prof. P. D'Alessandris, Monroe Community College</div>\n<div class=\"imagePermisssions\">Copyright owner is an institution with an existing agreement allowing use by NSF</div>\n<div class=\"imageSubmitted\">Svetlana Lukishova</div>\n<div class=\"imageTitle\">Monroe Community College students at the University of Rochester (2)</div>\n</div>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a href=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2017/1343673/1343673_10269284_1490757695576_3_AFM_LLE_UR_Students--rgov-214x142.jpg\" original=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2017/1343673/1343673_10269284_1490757695576_3_AFM_LLE_UR_Students--rgov-800width.jpg\" title=\"University of Rochester Certificate Program on Nanoscience and Nanoengineering (1)\"><img src=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2017/1343673/1343673_10269284_1490757695576_3_AFM_LLE_UR_Students--rgov-66x44.jpg\" alt=\"University of Rochester Certificate Program on Nanoscience and Nanoengineering (1)\"></a>\n<div class=\"imageCaptionContainer\">\n<div class=\"imageCaption\">Figure 3. Laboratory for Laser Energetics Scientist, Dr. S. Papernov, is shown here with four of the eight students during a teaching session on atomic force microscopy (AFM). The AFM instruction is part of OPT 254, a required undergraduate laboratory course offered through the Institute of Optics.</div>\n<div class=\"imageCredit\">Eugene Kowaluk, Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester</div>\n<div class=\"imagePermisssions\">Copyright owner is an institution with an existing agreement allowing use by NSF</div>\n<div class=\"imageSubmitted\">Svetlana Lukishova</div>\n<div class=\"imageTitle\">University of Rochester Certificate Program on Nanoscience and Nanoengineering (1)</div>\n</div>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a href=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2017/1343673/1343673_10269284_1490758046365_4_UR_class_Quantum_Nano_Optics_Labs--rgov-214x142.jpg\" original=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2017/1343673/1343673_10269284_1490758046365_4_UR_class_Quantum_Nano_Optics_Labs--rgov-800width.jpg\" title=\"University of Rochester Program on the Certificate on Nanoscience and Nanoengineering (2)\"><img src=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2017/1343673/1343673_10269284_1490758046365_4_UR_class_Quantum_Nano_Optics_Labs--rgov-66x44.jpg\" alt=\"University of Rochester Program on the Certificate on Nanoscience and Nanoengineering (2)\"></a>\n<div class=\"imageCaptionContainer\">\n<div class=\"imageCaption\">Figure 4. Students of OPT 254 class on Quantum and Nano-Optics Laboratory at the lecture on single-emitter nanocrystals and fluorescence enhancement using photonic and plasmonic nanostructures.</div>\n<div class=\"imageCredit\">Prof. Svetlana Lukishova, University of Rochester</div>\n<div class=\"imagePermisssions\">Copyright owner is an institution with an existing agreement allowing use by NSF</div>\n<div class=\"imageSubmitted\">Svetlana Lukishova</div>\n<div class=\"imageTitle\">University of Rochester Program on the Certificate on Nanoscience and Nanoengineering (2)</div>\n</div>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a href=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2017/1343673/1343673_10269284_1490758788376_5_BioMed_Eng_Optics_students--rgov-214x142.jpg\" original=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2017/1343673/1343673_10269284_1490758788376_5_BioMed_Eng_Optics_students--rgov-800width.jpg\" title=\"University of Rochester Program on the Certificate on Nanoscience and Nanoengineering (3)\"><img src=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2017/1343673/1343673_10269284_1490758788376_5_BioMed_Eng_Optics_students--rgov-66x44.jpg\" alt=\"University of Rochester Program on the Certificate on Nanoscience and Nanoengineering (3)\"></a>\n<div class=\"imageCaptionContainer\">\n<div class=\"imageCaption\">Figure 5. Students of two departments of the University of Rochester (Optics and Biomedical Engineering) in preparation to the atomic force microscopy of nanodiamonds.</div>\n<div class=\"imageCredit\">Prof. Svetlana Lukishova, University of Rochester</div>\n<div class=\"imagePermisssions\">Copyright owner is an institution with an existing agreement allowing use by NSF</div>\n<div class=\"imageSubmitted\">Svetlana Lukishova</div>\n<div class=\"imageTitle\">University of Rochester Program on the Certificate on Nanoscience and Nanoengineering (3)</div>\n</div>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a href=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2017/1343673/1343673_10269284_1490759018949_6_Nano_Diamonds_Project--rgov-214x142.jpg\" original=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2017/1343673/1343673_10269284_1490759018949_6_Nano_Diamonds_Project--rgov-800width.jpg\" title=\"University of Rochester Certificate Program on Nanoscience and Nanoengineering (4)\"><img src=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2017/1343673/1343673_10269284_1490759018949_6_Nano_Diamonds_Project--rgov-66x44.jpg\" alt=\"University of Rochester Certificate Program on Nanoscience and Nanoengineering (4)\"></a>\n<div class=\"imageCaptionContainer\">\n<div class=\"imageCaption\">Figure 6. University of Rochester undergraduate student on his research project on single-photon source for secure quantum communication based on single-color center fluorescence in nanodiamonds.</div>\n<div class=\"imageCredit\">Prof. Svetlana Lukishova, University of Rochester</div>\n<div class=\"imagePermisssions\">Copyright owner is an institution with an existing agreement allowing use by NSF</div>\n<div class=\"imageSubmitted\">Svetlana Lukishova</div>\n<div class=\"imageTitle\">University of Rochester Certificate Program on Nanoscience and Nanoengineering (4)</div>\n</div>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>",
"por_txt_cntn": "\nA training program was created for the University of Rochester (UR) undergraduate students specializing in different areas of nanotechnology, with a Certificate in Nanoscience and Nanoengineering issued upon program completion. 9 students were awarded the Certificate and 10 other students are working in this direction. To complete this Program, students have to pass through the specially developed Nanometrology Laboratory course, two other courses on nanotechnology which were already offered at the UR, and either a research or design project on nanotechnology involving an industrial partner. Nanoscience and nanotechnology materials and lab experiments were included into several other classes for students outside the Certificate program. More than 130 UR students including freshmen benefited from this project. \n In addition to offering a Certificate Program, the goal of this project was also to develop and test various versions of mini-labs and supporting materials to facilitate understanding concepts and tools of nanotechnology by students with diverse backgrounds. Collaboration with Monroe Community College (MCC) led to development of a combination of lecture modules on modern physics and nanotechnology with experimental demonstrations and hands-on experiments for both lower-division, general-education students and STEM majors. MCC students carried out some of these hand-on experiments at the UR as part of the laboratory portion of MCC courses on Modern Physics both for Engineering and Liberal Arts students. At the UR, MCC students carried out UV photolithography in a clean room and atomic force microscopy of nanoparticles. UR instructors delivered the lectures to MCC students with demonstration of capabilities of the multi-million-dollar-federal-funding UR Integrated Nanosystems Center. 52 MCC students were taught at the UR. This project demonstrates a reproducible model of collaboration between a university with strong programs in science and technology and modern experimental facilities, and a nearby, two-year community college.\n\nIntellectual merit: The project addressed one of the most important concepts of modern science and engineering education that is now being applied to important technological problems. Nanotechnology has the potential to create many new materials and devices with wide-ranging applications, such as in medicine, electronics, and energy production. It is important to familiarize the future workforce with these new ideas as well as to provide students hands-on experience in nanotechnology methods and tools.\n\nBroader impact: The project directly impacted a variety of science and engineering students with diverse backgrounds including under-represented groups (~25% of MCC students are minorities and 50% are women). After project's completion with establishing the educational program at the UR and MCC for Engineering and Liberal Art students, we negotiated with another MCC department (Optical System Technology) by inviting its Endowed Chair to join our team in future NSF educational projects. This department trains technicians to work within the optics industry. \n\nThe results of the project were widely disseminated: (1) a website of the project was developed: https://www.rochester.edu/urnano/education; (2) we presented our results at the national and international conferences that permitted to build a network with similar course instructors; (3) a detailed paper about this project will be published in the Proceeding of the International Conference in Education and Training in Optics and Photonics (ETOP) 2017; (4) UR teaching experiments in nanoscience and nanotechnology were demonstrated to many visitors.\n\nSix figures of this report demonstrate both MCC students' training at the UR (Figs. 1 ans 2) and UR students training towards the Cerificate (Figs. 3-6).\n\n\t\t\t\t\tLast Modified: 03/31/2017\n\n\t\t\t\t\tSubmitted by: Svetlana Lukishova"
} |
|
1317184 | NSF | Grant | Standard Grant | Collaborative Research: A Bioarchaeological and Biogeochemical Approach to Understanding the Intersection of Social Identities and Local Biologies in the Context of Childhood | 47.075 | 04040000 | 7032927850 | Rebecca Ferrell | 2013-07-01 | 2017-06-30 | 120,478 | 120,478 | 2013-06-25 | 2013-06-25 | In the pre-Hispanic Andes, as in many regions, there is a tension between the relative importance of state and local communities in many aspects of everyday life. To better understand state-level organization in the Andes and its impact on lived experiences in the past, this collaborative project will test models of pluralism versus centralized control in the Middle Horizon (ca. AD 500-1100) Tiwanaku polity of the South Central Andes. Using the theoretical framework of 'local biologies,' which acknowledges that individuals are shaped by local environmental factors as well as culturally specific beliefs, this research project examines the relative role of the Tiwanaku polity in socialization of children and the formation and maintenance of social identities, like gender and ethnicity. These questions are addressed through three years of bioarchaeological and biogeochemical data collection and analysis in Moquegua, Peru, and Tiwanaku, Bolivia, and at the University of Vermont and Arizona State University in the United States. The project also will systematically compile a database of existing information dispersed in archives at multiple institutions in the United States and abroad. The data generated through this project will advance the fields of bioarchaeology and archaeological chemistry, as well as more general understandings of childhood in the past and present.
Broader impacts of this project include the education and training of students and professionals from the United States, Peru, and Bolivia. Project members will participate in each stage of the research process and gain skills allowing them to apply this knowledge to their own research. More generally, this research provides a long-term perspective on the complexities of social and biological constructions of childhood, particularly those impacting child and maternal health. Finally, the project will integrate diversity into its education and research programs with two female directors and researchers from four different countries. By creating new international collaborations and integrating diverse professionals and students into the research, the project will create a scientific community that reflects the global population and will train future scholars to thrive in such an environment. | 0 | SBE | Directorate for Social, Behavioral and Economic Sciences | BCS | Division of Behavioral and Cognitive Sciences | 4900 | 4900 | [
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"por_cntn": "<div class=\"porColContainerWBG\">\n<div class=\"porContentCol\"><p>Dr. Deborah Blom has completed research for her collaborative research project titled “A Bioarchaeological and Biogeochemical Approach to Understanding the Intersection of Social Identities and Local Biologies in the Context of Childhood.” Although the archaeology of childhood has been a recognized field since the 1980s, little attention had been paid to childhood and the roles of children in the ancient Andes in general. Recognizing the importance of this topic, Dr. Blom’s project focused on childhood in the ancient Tiwanaku state, which flourished in the South Central Andes between ca. 500-1100AD through migration and culture contact across portions of modern-day Bolivia, Peru, Chile and Argentina.</p>\n<p>This interdisciplinary project integrated various lines of archaeological evidence, including data from mortuary offerings and architecture, grave location, the analysis of human bone for indicators of activity, health, trauma, body modification, cause of death, and mortuary practices. The project also drew from early documents recorded by conquering Spanish about indigenous life in the Andes, as well as information on more modern groups that maintained traditional practices. Using these multiple lines of evidence, the project concentrates on the life experiences of children and how childrearing practices, such as infant feeding, healthcare, and child labor, varied based on children’s sex, ethnicity, and class, as well as residence in the different ecological zones making up the Tiwanaku realm, from the Pacific coast in modern-day Peru to the highland Andean mountains of Bolivia. The way the lives of children were structured and shaped is fundamental to understanding the formation and maintenance of states, such as Tiwanaku, and their impact on the life experiences of children and adults.</p>\n<p>With the support of the National Science Foundation, Dr. Blom supervised and carried out more than six months of fieldwork spread over four years on collections housed in the Museo Contisuyo in Moquegua, Peru and at the site of Tiwanaku in Bolivia. Through these activities, the project compiled bioarchaeological data on more than 1600 sets of human skeletal remains from ancient Andean contexts. In order to provide the results and interpretations of the project to fellow scholars, Dr. Blom and her collaborators presented peer-reviewed publications and papers at international and national conferences in the United States, Bolivia and Peru. These works and presentations to government officials, museum staff, and the general public have been in both Spanish and English. The project has also provided the raw data and compiled field notes to the local museums that hold the materials so that museum staff and future scholars will have access to the information.</p>\n<p>Through the course of the project, Dr. Blom oversaw the training of 37 undergraduate and high school students, scholars and community members from the United States, Bolivia and Peru. These individuals were trained in osteology, archaeological photography, and collections and laboratory management. Of the individuals benefitting from professional development and training opportunities with the project, all but two come from groups underrepresented in science, specifically people of color and women, and many went on to employment or graduate school in archaeology. In addition, Dr. Blom and the project also provided public outreach, such as teacher and tourist-guide workshops, donated equipment to Bolivian university laboratories and aided in the preparation of inventories and curation of the human remains housed in the host museums. Through these activities, Dr. Blom and her collaborators have contributed to the project’s broader goals to enhance education and research infrastructure in North and South America and create a more diverse scientific community.</p><br>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t \tLast Modified: 01/15/2018<br>\n\t\t\t\t\tModified by: Deborah E Blom</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"porSideCol\"></div>\n</div>",
"por_txt_cntn": "\nDr. Deborah Blom has completed research for her collaborative research project titled \"A Bioarchaeological and Biogeochemical Approach to Understanding the Intersection of Social Identities and Local Biologies in the Context of Childhood.\" Although the archaeology of childhood has been a recognized field since the 1980s, little attention had been paid to childhood and the roles of children in the ancient Andes in general. Recognizing the importance of this topic, Dr. Blom?s project focused on childhood in the ancient Tiwanaku state, which flourished in the South Central Andes between ca. 500-1100AD through migration and culture contact across portions of modern-day Bolivia, Peru, Chile and Argentina.\n\nThis interdisciplinary project integrated various lines of archaeological evidence, including data from mortuary offerings and architecture, grave location, the analysis of human bone for indicators of activity, health, trauma, body modification, cause of death, and mortuary practices. The project also drew from early documents recorded by conquering Spanish about indigenous life in the Andes, as well as information on more modern groups that maintained traditional practices. Using these multiple lines of evidence, the project concentrates on the life experiences of children and how childrearing practices, such as infant feeding, healthcare, and child labor, varied based on children?s sex, ethnicity, and class, as well as residence in the different ecological zones making up the Tiwanaku realm, from the Pacific coast in modern-day Peru to the highland Andean mountains of Bolivia. The way the lives of children were structured and shaped is fundamental to understanding the formation and maintenance of states, such as Tiwanaku, and their impact on the life experiences of children and adults.\n\nWith the support of the National Science Foundation, Dr. Blom supervised and carried out more than six months of fieldwork spread over four years on collections housed in the Museo Contisuyo in Moquegua, Peru and at the site of Tiwanaku in Bolivia. Through these activities, the project compiled bioarchaeological data on more than 1600 sets of human skeletal remains from ancient Andean contexts. In order to provide the results and interpretations of the project to fellow scholars, Dr. Blom and her collaborators presented peer-reviewed publications and papers at international and national conferences in the United States, Bolivia and Peru. These works and presentations to government officials, museum staff, and the general public have been in both Spanish and English. The project has also provided the raw data and compiled field notes to the local museums that hold the materials so that museum staff and future scholars will have access to the information.\n\nThrough the course of the project, Dr. Blom oversaw the training of 37 undergraduate and high school students, scholars and community members from the United States, Bolivia and Peru. These individuals were trained in osteology, archaeological photography, and collections and laboratory management. Of the individuals benefitting from professional development and training opportunities with the project, all but two come from groups underrepresented in science, specifically people of color and women, and many went on to employment or graduate school in archaeology. In addition, Dr. Blom and the project also provided public outreach, such as teacher and tourist-guide workshops, donated equipment to Bolivian university laboratories and aided in the preparation of inventories and curation of the human remains housed in the host museums. Through these activities, Dr. Blom and her collaborators have contributed to the project?s broader goals to enhance education and research infrastructure in North and South America and create a more diverse scientific community.\n\n\t\t\t\t\tLast Modified: 01/15/2018\n\n\t\t\t\t\tSubmitted by: Deborah E Blom"
} |
|
1304252 | NSF | Grant | Fellowship Award | PostDoctoral Research Fellowship | 47.049 | 03040000 | 7032924878 | Andrew Pollington | 2013-10-01 | 2017-09-30 | 150,000 | 150,000 | 2013-03-31 | 2013-03-31 | This award is made as part of the FY 2013 Mathematical Sciences Postdoctoral Research Fellowships Program. Each of the fellowships supports a research and training project at a host institution in the mathematical sciences, including applications to other disciplines, under the mentorship of a sponsoring scientist. The title of the project for this fellowship to Matthew Borman is "Quantitative Symplectic Topology." The host institution for the fellowship is Stanford University, and the sponsoring scientist is Dr. Yakov Eliashberg. | 0 | MPS | Directorate for Mathematical and Physical Sciences | DMS | Division Of Mathematical Sciences | 4900 | 4900 | [
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|
1253842 | NSF | Grant | Continuing Grant | CAREER: Medical Cyber-Physical Systems | 47.070 | 05050000 | 7032925197 | Marilyn McClure | 2013-06-01 | 2019-05-31 | 410,000 | 410,000 | 2013-02-26 | 2017-07-06 | This project develops the foundations of modeling, synthesis and development of verified medical device software and systems, from verified closed-loop models of the device and organ(s). The effort spans both implantable medical devices such as cardiac pacemakers and physiological control systems such as drug infusion pumps that have multiple networked medical systems. In both cases, the devices are physically connected to the body and exert direct control over the physiology and safety of the patient-in-the-loop. The goal is to ensure the device will never drive the patient into an unsafe state, while providing effective therapy. The contributions of are in three areas: closed-loop patient-device modeling; quantitative verification for optimized patient-specific devices; platforms for life-critical systems. Integrated modeling methodologies are developed to produce both the functional physiological signals, for clinically relevant testing with a medical device, and also generate the formal timing of device-patient interaction for formal verification. Starting with the problem of verifying the safety and correctness of medical device software, probabilistic patient models based on physiological data are then used to develop quantitative verification techniques to maintain the therapy?s efficacy on the patient and operational efficiency of the device. To facilitate participation of the CPS community, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), physicians and manufacturers, open source libraries of device/patient models, software tools for verification and model translation and hardware platforms for testing with real medical devices are developed.
The closed-loop design and verification techniques for medical device software and patients, developed here, have direct potential benefits on human health, and the quality and cost of medical care. Design of bug-free and safe medical device software is challenging, especially in complex implantable devices that control and actuate organs who's response is not fully understood. Safety recalls of pacemakers and implantable ?cardioverter? defibrillators between 1990 and 2000 affected over 600,000 devices. Of these, 200,000 or 41%, were due to firmware issues (i.e. software) that continue to increase in frequency. There is currently no formal methodology or open experimental platform to test and verify the correct operation of medical device software within the closed-loop context of the patient. If successful, this project has potential to not only increase the safety of such devices, but also to accelerate the development and certification process. The latter could reduce costs, and shorten the time to market for new devices. The project also has an extensive education and outreach component, including curriculum development in medical cyber-physical systems, involvement of undergraduate and graduate students in research, and cooperation with hospitals, makers of medical devices, and the FDA. The cross-cutting nature of the project brings together communities involving clinical physicians, electrical engineers, computer scientists and regulators of health care safety. | 0 | CSE | Directorate for Computer and Information Science and Engineering | CNS | Division Of Computer and Network Systems | 4900 | 4900 | [
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"por_cntn": "<div class=\"porColContainerWBG\">\n<div class=\"porContentCol\"><div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 3\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<p><span>The design of safe and bug-free medical device software and systems is a challenging task, especially in devices used for </span><span>physiological closed-loop control</span><span>. Software failures resulted in 24% of all medical device recalls in 2011, while almost 2,000,000 software-based devices have been recalled in the past decade. T</span>here is a need for formal design methodology and open experimental platforms to ensure the correct operation of medical devices within the closed-loop context. With effective modeling, formal verification and validation approaches, software-controlled medical devices will be able to reach the full potential in providing the best possible patient care and reducing the soaring healthcare costs. To this effect, this project focused on the development of high-confidence medical systems where a single device or several interoperable devices are used for physiological closed-loop control.</p>\n<p><strong>Intellectual Merit:</strong> This research has developed new approaches to integrated functional and formal modeling of closed-loop physiological systems and medical devices to ensure the safety under all possible physiological conditions. To address the challenge, the PI and his team developed:</p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Models of the heart and medical devices</strong> such as implantable pacemakers and implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs). These models allow for both verification of the logic in the device such that it does not adversely affect the heart under all possible inputs from the heart to device. These verified formal models are then transformed automatically to simulation-based richer models for model-in-loop testing and then generated into code for embedded platforms for physical testing. </li>\n<li><strong>Automatic verification of device function</strong> was accomplished by generating a tree of model abstractions. This way, more abstract models covering more behavior coarsely can be used efficiently for simpler safety properties. For more complex safety properties, the model abstraction tree is automatically navigated to the most general model that expresses the the appropriate heart-device interaction to capture the interaction for complex properties.</li>\n<li><strong>Model translation tool for verified models to verified code</strong> was developed to demonstrate the value of integrated end-to-end modeling, verification, code-generation and testing process for complex software-controlled embedded systems. </li>\n<li><strong>Test Automation Platform for closed-loop medical devices</strong> was developed to evaluate the tolerance necessary by verification approaches using abstract models of the system so that the code generated by those verified models does work as specified with a robust timing and memory footprint margin. </li>\n<li><strong>Outreach activities</strong> with high-school students, undergraduates, REUs, industry groups (Mathworks, BMES, ASME, Medical Device Industry Consortium) and regulatory agencies (FDA) were conducted to communicate the importance of medical device software verification and testing.</li>\n<li><strong>Dissemination of research results to the community and in education:</strong> The models and tools developed in this research have been downloaded several hundred times and are used as reference models for researchers working on medical cyber-physical systems in several institutions. We continue to support the community and maintain the models/tools. The outcome of this effort has be integrated into a graduate-level course on Digital Twins: Model-based Embedded Systems to capture key techniques to address the hazards and risks in software development for life-critical systems. </li>\n</ol>\n<p>This project produced several national and international impactful outcomes:</p>\n<ol>\n<li>The PI was awarded the 2016 PECASE for this effort</li>\n<li>This work resulted in over 26 direct publications and 3 PhD Thesis</li>\n<li>The models developed are open-sourced and are being extensively used by the Medical Cyber-Physical Systems community</li>\n<li>This work is captured in a course that is now taught at UPenn, UVA, Oregon State University, ShanghaiTech University and University of Northern Arizona - Digital Twins: Model-based Embedded Systems</li>\n<li>The primary students supported by this research are tenure-track Assistant Professors in Duke University, ShanghaiTech University, and Oregon State University. </li>\n<li>Several REU students were mentored in the development of testing, hardware platforms and verification. Three went on to pursue graduate school successfully. </li>\n<li>This work won one Best Paper Award at CPSweek, Best in Session award at Semiconductor Research Corporation's TECHCON, and was nominated for another Best Paper Award in TACAS.</li>\n</ol></div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p> </p>\n<p><span><strong>Broader Impacts:</strong> This project brings to light the life-critical nature of embedded software in medical devices and provides a framework to address the safety hazards in the design and development of these devices in the closed-loop contest of the physiological system. </span>Several hardware prototypes and testbeds were developed and demonstrated to show how formal verification can realize working code to interface with real medical devices. All models, tools and software developed in this project are free and open-source at http://medcps.org</p>\n<p> </p><br>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t \tLast Modified: 10/27/2019<br>\n\t\t\t\t\tModified by: Rahul Mangharam</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"porSideCol\">\n<div class=\"each-gallery\">\n<div class=\"galContent\" id=\"gallery0\">\n<div class=\"photoCount\" id=\"photoCount0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tImages (<span id=\"selectedPhoto0\">1</span> of <span class=\"totalNumber\"></span>)\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</div>\n<div class=\"galControls\" id=\"controls0\"></div>\n<div class=\"galSlideshow\" id=\"slideshow0\"></div>\n<div class=\"galEmbox\" id=\"embox\">\n<div class=\"image-title\"></div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"galNavigation\" id=\"navigation0\">\n<ul class=\"thumbs\" id=\"thumbs0\">\n<li>\n<a href=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2019/1253842/1253842_10233908_1572195873588_Heart-on-a-chipplatform--rgov-214x142.jpg\" original=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2019/1253842/1253842_10233908_1572195873588_Heart-on-a-chipplatform--rgov-800width.jpg\" title=\"Heart-on-a-chip platform\"><img src=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2019/1253842/1253842_10233908_1572195873588_Heart-on-a-chipplatform--rgov-66x44.jpg\" alt=\"Heart-on-a-chip platform\"></a>\n<div class=\"imageCaptionContainer\">\n<div class=\"imageCaption\">Heart-on-a-chip platform</div>\n<div class=\"imageCredit\">Rahul Mangharam</div>\n<div class=\"imagePermisssions\">Copyrighted</div>\n<div class=\"imageSubmitted\">Rahul Mangharam</div>\n<div class=\"imageTitle\">Heart-on-a-chip platform</div>\n</div>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a href=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2019/1253842/1253842_10233908_1572195535655_Closed-loopInteractiveHeartMoldel--rgov-214x142.jpg\" original=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2019/1253842/1253842_10233908_1572195535655_Closed-loopInteractiveHeartMoldel--rgov-800width.jpg\" title=\"Closed-loop Interactive Heart Model\"><img src=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2019/1253842/1253842_10233908_1572195535655_Closed-loopInteractiveHeartMoldel--rgov-66x44.jpg\" alt=\"Closed-loop Interactive Heart Model\"></a>\n<div class=\"imageCaptionContainer\">\n<div class=\"imageCaption\">Closed-loop Interactive Heart Model</div>\n<div class=\"imageCredit\">Rahul Mangharam</div>\n<div class=\"imagePermisssions\">Public Domain</div>\n<div class=\"imageSubmitted\">Rahul Mangharam</div>\n<div class=\"imageTitle\">Closed-loop Interactive Heart Model</div>\n</div>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a href=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2019/1253842/1253842_10233908_1572195593109_MBCTtoolchain--rgov-214x142.jpg\" original=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2019/1253842/1253842_10233908_1572195593109_MBCTtoolchain--rgov-800width.jpg\" title=\"Model-based Clinical Trials toolchain\"><img src=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2019/1253842/1253842_10233908_1572195593109_MBCTtoolchain--rgov-66x44.jpg\" alt=\"Model-based Clinical Trials toolchain\"></a>\n<div class=\"imageCaptionContainer\">\n<div class=\"imageCaption\">Model-based Clinical Trials toolchain</div>\n<div class=\"imageCredit\">Rahul Mangharam</div>\n<div class=\"imagePermisssions\">Public Domain</div>\n<div class=\"imageSubmitted\">Rahul Mangharam</div>\n<div class=\"imageTitle\">Model-based Clinical Trials toolchain</div>\n</div>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a href=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2019/1253842/1253842_10233908_1572195804325_Multi-scalemodelingforclosed-loopmedicaldeviceandheartmodelinteraction--rgov-214x142.jpg\" original=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2019/1253842/1253842_10233908_1572195804325_Multi-scalemodelingforclosed-loopmedicaldeviceandheartmodelinteraction--rgov-800width.jpg\" title=\"Multi-scale modeling for closed-loop medical device and heart model interaction\"><img src=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2019/1253842/1253842_10233908_1572195804325_Multi-scalemodelingforclosed-loopmedicaldeviceandheartmodelinteraction--rgov-66x44.jpg\" alt=\"Multi-scale modeling for closed-loop medical device and heart model interaction\"></a>\n<div class=\"imageCaptionContainer\">\n<div class=\"imageCaption\">Multi-scale modeling for closed-loop medical device and heart model interaction</div>\n<div class=\"imageCredit\">Rahul Mangharam</div>\n<div class=\"imagePermisssions\">Public Domain</div>\n<div class=\"imageSubmitted\">Rahul Mangharam</div>\n<div class=\"imageTitle\">Multi-scale modeling for closed-loop medical device and heart model interaction</div>\n</div>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a href=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2019/1253842/1253842_10233908_1572195359954_Slide12--rgov-214x142.jpg\" original=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2019/1253842/1253842_10233908_1572195359954_Slide12--rgov-800width.jpg\" title=\"Medical Cyber-Physical Systems\"><img src=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2019/1253842/1253842_10233908_1572195359954_Slide12--rgov-66x44.jpg\" alt=\"Medical Cyber-Physical Systems\"></a>\n<div class=\"imageCaptionContainer\">\n<div class=\"imageCaption\">From verified models of the closed-loop medical device and physiology to verified code for safe operation of the device in the context of the physiology</div>\n<div class=\"imageCredit\">Rahul Mangharam</div>\n<div class=\"imagePermisssions\">Public Domain</div>\n<div class=\"imageSubmitted\">Rahul Mangharam</div>\n<div class=\"imageTitle\">Medical Cyber-Physical Systems</div>\n</div>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>",
"por_txt_cntn": "\n\n\n\nThe design of safe and bug-free medical device software and systems is a challenging task, especially in devices used for physiological closed-loop control. Software failures resulted in 24% of all medical device recalls in 2011, while almost 2,000,000 software-based devices have been recalled in the past decade. There is a need for formal design methodology and open experimental platforms to ensure the correct operation of medical devices within the closed-loop context. With effective modeling, formal verification and validation approaches, software-controlled medical devices will be able to reach the full potential in providing the best possible patient care and reducing the soaring healthcare costs. To this effect, this project focused on the development of high-confidence medical systems where a single device or several interoperable devices are used for physiological closed-loop control.\n\nIntellectual Merit: This research has developed new approaches to integrated functional and formal modeling of closed-loop physiological systems and medical devices to ensure the safety under all possible physiological conditions. To address the challenge, the PI and his team developed:\n\nModels of the heart and medical devices such as implantable pacemakers and implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs). These models allow for both verification of the logic in the device such that it does not adversely affect the heart under all possible inputs from the heart to device. These verified formal models are then transformed automatically to simulation-based richer models for model-in-loop testing and then generated into code for embedded platforms for physical testing. \nAutomatic verification of device function was accomplished by generating a tree of model abstractions. This way, more abstract models covering more behavior coarsely can be used efficiently for simpler safety properties. For more complex safety properties, the model abstraction tree is automatically navigated to the most general model that expresses the the appropriate heart-device interaction to capture the interaction for complex properties.\nModel translation tool for verified models to verified code was developed to demonstrate the value of integrated end-to-end modeling, verification, code-generation and testing process for complex software-controlled embedded systems. \nTest Automation Platform for closed-loop medical devices was developed to evaluate the tolerance necessary by verification approaches using abstract models of the system so that the code generated by those verified models does work as specified with a robust timing and memory footprint margin. \nOutreach activities with high-school students, undergraduates, REUs, industry groups (Mathworks, BMES, ASME, Medical Device Industry Consortium) and regulatory agencies (FDA) were conducted to communicate the importance of medical device software verification and testing.\nDissemination of research results to the community and in education: The models and tools developed in this research have been downloaded several hundred times and are used as reference models for researchers working on medical cyber-physical systems in several institutions. We continue to support the community and maintain the models/tools. The outcome of this effort has be integrated into a graduate-level course on Digital Twins: Model-based Embedded Systems to capture key techniques to address the hazards and risks in software development for life-critical systems. \n\n\nThis project produced several national and international impactful outcomes:\n\nThe PI was awarded the 2016 PECASE for this effort\nThis work resulted in over 26 direct publications and 3 PhD Thesis\nThe models developed are open-sourced and are being extensively used by the Medical Cyber-Physical Systems community\nThis work is captured in a course that is now taught at UPenn, UVA, Oregon State University, ShanghaiTech University and University of Northern Arizona - Digital Twins: Model-based Embedded Systems\nThe primary students supported by this research are tenure-track Assistant Professors in Duke University, ShanghaiTech University, and Oregon State University. \nSeveral REU students were mentored in the development of testing, hardware platforms and verification. Three went on to pursue graduate school successfully. \nThis work won one Best Paper Award at CPSweek, Best in Session award at Semiconductor Research Corporation's TECHCON, and was nominated for another Best Paper Award in TACAS.\n\n\n\n\n \n\nBroader Impacts: This project brings to light the life-critical nature of embedded software in medical devices and provides a framework to address the safety hazards in the design and development of these devices in the closed-loop contest of the physiological system. Several hardware prototypes and testbeds were developed and demonstrated to show how formal verification can realize working code to interface with real medical devices. All models, tools and software developed in this project are free and open-source at http://medcps.org\n\n \n\n\t\t\t\t\tLast Modified: 10/27/2019\n\n\t\t\t\t\tSubmitted by: Rahul Mangharam"
} |
|
1323822 | NSF | Grant | Fellowship Award | OCE-PRF: Quantifying the genetic and epigenetic contribution to stress response in corals | 47.050 | 06040000 | 7032927589 | Judith Pugh | 2014-07-01 | 2016-06-30 | 170,000 | 170,000 | 2013-07-15 | 2013-07-15 | Overview: A combination of global and local stressors threaten the persistence of coral reef ecosystems. Atmospheric CO2 and global mean temperatures are expected to increase significantly. The rapid influx of atmospheric CO2 into the oceans will result in ocean acidification (OA), or a shift in the buffering capacity and chemistry of seawater leading to declines in pH and carbonate ions. Together, these stressors are predicted to result in mass coral bleaching, declines in coral calcification of more than 40%, and even extinction. It is thought that the current rate of climate change will outpace the potential for coral reefs to undergo necessary evolutionary adaptation. There is, however, enormous variability in the response of corals to stress and differential survival of species, suggesting that some corals possess mechanisms to better respond to climate change. These mechanisms include innovations related to genetic adaptation, rapid acclimatization through epigenetic mechanisms via parental effects, and the associated symbiotic communities (Symbiodinium, bacteria, fungi, and viruses). In corals, the overall contribution of these factors to resilience is understudied. The fellow's PhD research was the first to identify positive responses of coral offspring to OA and increasing temperature via trans-generational acclimatization (i.e., an epigenetic process).
The fellow will employ novel experimental approaches to test hypotheses suggesting that there is a greater genetic, epigenetic, and symbiotic potential for corals to respond to and resist the adverse effects of increased temperature and OA than was previously thought. If true, the outcome of this research will have the potential to transform our understanding of coral response to environmental stress and to develop well-parameterized predictions of the future of coral reef ecosystems. The objectives of this research are to quantify the genetic, epigenetic, and symbiotic contributions to stress response in reef-building corals.
Intellectual Merit: The oceans play an important role in human health through factors such as food production, economics, and regulation of atmospheric gases, climate, water supply, and protection from physical disturbances. Although coral reefs cover a small proportion of the ocean (<1%), they generate vast revenue, valued in the hundreds of billions of dollars annually. By describing and quantifying potential genetic, epigenetic, and symbiotic processes of resilience and resistance this research will advance our understanding of the genuine threats that changing climate poses to coral reefs and the resulting economic, physical, and cultural consequences of the coral reef ecosystem resource loss.
Broader Impacts: The fellow will be responsible for shared mentoring of PhD, MS, and undergraduate students. The proposed research will be disseminated broadly to the university and public community in Hawaii through existing connections to the public tour and education department at the University of Hawaii and the Waikiki Aquarium, and internationally through scientific conferences and publication in peer-reviewed journals, in addition to online video tutorials of experimental research and analyses.
The host organizations are the University of Hawaii at Manoa's Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology (HIMB)and the James Cook University's (JCU)Australian Research Council Center of Excellence. Together they provide the ideal organizations located on coral reefs to perform the research, to broaden scientific participation, and to provide diverse international mentoring and prolific networking opportunities with world experts. The mentors include: (1) primary mentor and expert coral biologist Ruth D. Gates, PhD at HIMB; (2) expert in larval biology and quantitative genetics Robert J. Toonen, PhD at HIMB; and (3) international mentor and Super Science Fellow at JCU and expert in coral stress response and coral microbial associations, Tracy D. Ainsworth, PhD. Together these mentors provide world-class expertise in coral biology, genetics, symbiosis, and experimental design. | 0 | GEO | Directorate for Geosciences | OCE | Division Of Ocean Sciences | 4900 | 4900 | null | {
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{
"pgm_ele_code": "689900",
"pgm_ele_name": "OCE-Ocean Sciences Research"
},
{
"pgm_ele_code": "820500",
"pgm_ele_name": "OCE Postdoctoral Fellowships"
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{
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"pgm_ref_txt": "POSTDOCTORAL FELLOWSHIPS"
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{
"app_code": "0113",
"app_name": "NSF RESEARCH & RELATED ACTIVIT",
"app_symb_id": "040100",
"fund_code": "01001314DB",
"fund_name": "NSF RESEARCH & RELATED ACTIVIT",
"fund_symb_id": "040100"
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{
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"por_cntn": "<div class=\"porColContainerWBG\">\n<div class=\"porContentCol\"><p>Coral reef ecosystems have been declining due to a variety of human impacts such as overfishing, coastal development, and pollution. Reefs are now also under threat from global climate change factors such as increased temperature and ocean acidification. The rate of change in the ocean environment may outpace the potential for corals to build reefs that provide services that humans depend on. In order to understand how corals may respond to rapid climate change we studied the variation in coral genetics, epigenetics (information in addition to, or on top of genetics), and symbiosis (nutritional relationship with algae). We have identified DNA methylation, an epigenetic markings on the DNA that directs the outcome of the genetic message, as a method of acclimatization that can be caused by ocean acidification. Upon exposure to low pH, corals varied in their sensitivity to ocean acidification in both growth and metabolism. Our examination of epigenetic mechanisms suggests this variation in performance is linked to differences in DNA methylation between coral species, with environmentally sensitive species having more dynamic methylation responses. We also expected that mechanisms like DNA methylation, or changes in the endosymbiotic algae that provide energy for the coral host, could provide a memory of prior stress and therefore condition the coral to withstand that stress in the future. Our results indicate that brooding corals are able to perform better under low pH conditions when their parents were exposed to those conditions during the period in which they were developing their offspring. Further, we demonstrated that spawning corals have a “memory” of prior bleaching events up to one year after the event and previously bleached and recovered corals appear to perform better (e.g., have high rates of productivity, grow faster, and reproduce at a higher frequency), likely due to the performance or genetic identity of their algal symbionts. While a component of the coral response is attributed to genetic variation, there appears to be a large role for coral DNA methylation (epigenetics) and changes in the symbiotic algae in facilitating acclimatization to increased temperature and ocean acidification. Our findings provide insight into the potential for corals to acclimatize to some aspects of climate change through innovative mechanisms. These results can be used to inform active management strategies such as endurance training through conditioning to improve coral performance, or inducing symbiont community changes to influence coral health under future ocean conditions. Further the examination of epigenetics and DNA methylation in corals provides a comparative context for epigenetic research in vertebrates and other invertebrate taxa. As we increase our understanding of the buffering capacity that may be gained through these acclimatization mechanisms, we can better forecast how corals may adapt to a rapidly changing climate.</p><br>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t \tLast Modified: 09/27/2016<br>\n\t\t\t\t\tModified by: Hollie M Putnam</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"porSideCol\">\n<div class=\"each-gallery\">\n<div class=\"galContent\" id=\"gallery0\">\n<div class=\"photoCount\" id=\"photoCount0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tImages (<span id=\"selectedPhoto0\">1</span> of <span class=\"totalNumber\"></span>)\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</div>\n<div class=\"galControls\" id=\"controls0\"></div>\n<div class=\"galSlideshow\" id=\"slideshow0\"></div>\n<div class=\"galEmbox\" id=\"embox\">\n<div class=\"image-title\"></div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"galNavigation\" id=\"navigation0\">\n<ul class=\"thumbs\" id=\"thumbs0\">\n<li>\n<a href=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2016/1323822/1323822_10258125_1475017854360_Image2_Mcap_spawning--rgov-214x142.jpg\" original=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2016/1323822/1323822_10258125_1475017854360_Image2_Mcap_spawning--rgov-800width.jpg\" title=\"Coral Spawning and Fertilization\"><img src=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2016/1323822/1323822_10258125_1475017854360_Image2_Mcap_spawning--rgov-66x44.jpg\" alt=\"Coral Spawning and Fertilization\"></a>\n<div class=\"imageCaptionContainer\">\n<div class=\"imageCaption\">Spawning of the rice coral Montipora capitata releases egg/sperm bundles that break apart to release eggs and sperm. The eggs are fertilized and develop into swimming larvae</div>\n<div class=\"imageCredit\">Hollie Putnam</div>\n<div class=\"imagePermisssions\">Copyrighted</div>\n<div class=\"imageSubmitted\">Hollie M Putnam</div>\n<div class=\"imageTitle\">Coral Spawning and Fertilization</div>\n</div>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a href=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2016/1323822/1323822_10258125_1475018867910_Image3_Larval_spawning_setup--rgov-214x142.jpg\" original=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2016/1323822/1323822_10258125_1475018867910_Image3_Larval_spawning_setup--rgov-800width.jpg\" title=\"Coral Spawning Experimental Infrastructure\"><img src=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2016/1323822/1323822_10258125_1475018867910_Image3_Larval_spawning_setup--rgov-66x44.jpg\" alt=\"Coral Spawning Experimental Infrastructure\"></a>\n<div class=\"imageCaptionContainer\">\n<div class=\"imageCaption\">Corals are isolated for spawning and breeding crosses are conducted in individual conical tanks. pH is controlled in the experimental tanks of the experimental system.</div>\n<div class=\"imageCredit\">Hollie Putnam</div>\n<div class=\"imagePermisssions\">Copyrighted</div>\n<div class=\"imageSubmitted\">Hollie M Putnam</div>\n<div class=\"imageTitle\">Coral Spawning Experimental Infrastructure</div>\n</div>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a href=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2016/1323822/1323822_10258125_1475016424842_Image1_Pdam_settlement--rgov-214x142.jpg\" original=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2016/1323822/1323822_10258125_1475016424842_Image1_Pdam_settlement--rgov-800width.jpg\" title=\"Coral Settlement and Growth on Tiles\"><img src=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2016/1323822/1323822_10258125_1475016424842_Image1_Pdam_settlement--rgov-66x44.jpg\" alt=\"Coral Settlement and Growth on Tiles\"></a>\n<div class=\"imageCaptionContainer\">\n<div class=\"imageCaption\">Settlement of Pocillopora damicornis larvae (elongated structure), to form primary polyps (left image), which grow to multiple polyp juveniles</div>\n<div class=\"imageCredit\">Hollie Putnam</div>\n<div class=\"imagePermisssions\">Copyrighted</div>\n<div class=\"imageSubmitted\">Hollie M Putnam</div>\n<div class=\"imageTitle\">Coral Settlement and Growth on Tiles</div>\n</div>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>",
"por_txt_cntn": "\nCoral reef ecosystems have been declining due to a variety of human impacts such as overfishing, coastal development, and pollution. Reefs are now also under threat from global climate change factors such as increased temperature and ocean acidification. The rate of change in the ocean environment may outpace the potential for corals to build reefs that provide services that humans depend on. In order to understand how corals may respond to rapid climate change we studied the variation in coral genetics, epigenetics (information in addition to, or on top of genetics), and symbiosis (nutritional relationship with algae). We have identified DNA methylation, an epigenetic markings on the DNA that directs the outcome of the genetic message, as a method of acclimatization that can be caused by ocean acidification. Upon exposure to low pH, corals varied in their sensitivity to ocean acidification in both growth and metabolism. Our examination of epigenetic mechanisms suggests this variation in performance is linked to differences in DNA methylation between coral species, with environmentally sensitive species having more dynamic methylation responses. We also expected that mechanisms like DNA methylation, or changes in the endosymbiotic algae that provide energy for the coral host, could provide a memory of prior stress and therefore condition the coral to withstand that stress in the future. Our results indicate that brooding corals are able to perform better under low pH conditions when their parents were exposed to those conditions during the period in which they were developing their offspring. Further, we demonstrated that spawning corals have a \"memory\" of prior bleaching events up to one year after the event and previously bleached and recovered corals appear to perform better (e.g., have high rates of productivity, grow faster, and reproduce at a higher frequency), likely due to the performance or genetic identity of their algal symbionts. While a component of the coral response is attributed to genetic variation, there appears to be a large role for coral DNA methylation (epigenetics) and changes in the symbiotic algae in facilitating acclimatization to increased temperature and ocean acidification. Our findings provide insight into the potential for corals to acclimatize to some aspects of climate change through innovative mechanisms. These results can be used to inform active management strategies such as endurance training through conditioning to improve coral performance, or inducing symbiont community changes to influence coral health under future ocean conditions. Further the examination of epigenetics and DNA methylation in corals provides a comparative context for epigenetic research in vertebrates and other invertebrate taxa. As we increase our understanding of the buffering capacity that may be gained through these acclimatization mechanisms, we can better forecast how corals may adapt to a rapidly changing climate.\n\n\t\t\t\t\tLast Modified: 09/27/2016\n\n\t\t\t\t\tSubmitted by: Hollie M Putnam"
} |
|
1315443 | NSF | Grant | Standard Grant | SBIR Phase I: Smart Petri Dish with Built-in Imaging Capabilities for Cell Culture Monitoring | 47.084 | 15030000 | 7032922160 | Ruth Shuman | 2013-07-01 | 2013-12-31 | 145,843 | 145,843 | 2013-06-21 | 2013-06-21 | This Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) Phase I project will develop the Smart Petri Dish, a lens-free subpixel resolution microscope, which will automate cell culture monitoring from within the incubator in a low-cost, easy-to-use system that provides high-resolution images over a wide field of view. Current cell culture experiments require significant manual labor, making them costly and inconvenient. To develop the Smart Petri Dish, we will design a unique demountable image sensor cartridge with thermal control, develop a novel multithread sparse convolution filtering software algorithm for subpixel resolution image construction, enhance the spatial resolution of the lens-free imaging method with a dense illumination array, and test the resulting prototype Smart Petri Dish for its ability to reliably culture cells. It is anticipated that this research will demonstrate the feasibility of a commercially viable prototype system that can be further developed into a successful commercial product in Phase II of the project.
The broader impact/commercial potential of this project, if successful, will be a system that will automate cell culture experiments and remove much of the cumbersome manual labor. As a low-cost, compact diagnostic tool, it will enable research and diagnosis in geographically dispersed regions where there is limited access to centralized cell culture laboratories. And, in primary education laboratories, it will introduce a large number of high school students to cell culture experimental methods and techniques, thanks to its low cost and simplicity of operation. Together, these impacts will enhance scientific and technological understanding of cell growth, and bring new tools to research, diagnosis, and education. The potential commercial value of the Smart Petri Dish is $10 M per year in revenues by the third year of production, based upon realistic projections of market size and potential market share. | 0 | TIP | Directorate for Technology, Innovation, and Partnerships | TI | Translational Impacts | 4900 | 4900 | [
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"por_cntn": "<div class=\"porColContainerWBG\">\n<div class=\"porContentCol\"><p>ePetri Inc. used its NSF SBIR Phase I grant to develop the Smart Petri Dish, a cell culture monitoring system that operates automatically within a cell incubator, imaging the cells as they grow. The Smart Petri Dish will facilitate cell culture experiments in biomedical research and diagnostics by providing low-cost, automated monitoring of cell growth, increasing the workflow in large laboratories and making automated cell culture monitoring available to smaller research, diagnostic, and educational laboratories. The Smart Petri Dish accomplishes this using a method called sub-pixel perspective sweeping microscopy (SPSM) to image cells grown directly upon the surface of a CMOs imaging sensor chip with better than the native resolution of the sensor. This unique imaging method produces microscopic images with resolution comparable to a high power microscope but with a far larger field of view, and does not require any lenses, only a camera sensor and an illuminator made of an inexpensive array of light sources such as light emitting diodes (LEDs). The Smart Petri dish can be operated through an ordinary laptop computer through a USB interface.</p>\n<p>ePetri Inc. did research to improve three aspects of the microscope performance. The first was to test methods of mounting image sensor chips into the microscope in a manner that could not only allow users to insert and remove the sensors easily, but also permit the microscope's thermal control system to keep the sensor temperature from increasing above the surrounding air temperature. Incubators maintain cultures at precise temperatures to encourage cell growth, and higher temperatures can interfere with growth or even kill the cells. We found a sensor socket with a bolt-on clamp cover that met both requirements under test.</p>\n<p>ePetri Inc. also investigated whether using illuminators with more LEDs would increase the resolution of the images. We found that a 16x16 array of LEDs would yield better images than an 8x8 array, both because more LEDs meant more camera frames could be collected to average into the final image, but also because the larger array needed to be positioned farther from the sensor and this reduced the image blur due to the LED size.</p>\n<p>Third, ePetri Inc. investigated using a parallel processing algorithm to speed up the computation of the images by SPSM. Through this work we reduced the image computation time more than tenfold, to less than 40 seconds on a typical laptop computer.</p>\n<p>Finally, we showed that the Smart Petri Dish could grow and image cells by culturing HeLa cells within an incubator. </p><br>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t \tLast Modified: 01/16/2014<br>\n\t\t\t\t\tModified by: Phil Willems</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"porSideCol\">\n<div class=\"each-gallery\">\n<div class=\"galContent\" id=\"gallery0\">\n<div class=\"photoCount\" id=\"photoCount0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tImage\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</div>\n<div class=\"galControls onePhoto\" id=\"controls0\"></div>\n<div class=\"galSlideshow\" id=\"slideshow0\"></div>\n<div class=\"galEmbox\" id=\"embox\">\n<div class=\"image-title\"></div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"galNavigation onePhoto\" id=\"navigation0\">\n<ul class=\"thumbs\" id=\"thumbs0\">\n<li>\n<a href=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2014/1315443/1315443_10253368_1389910242318_epetri_in_incubator7--rgov-214x142.jpg\" original=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2014/1315443/1315443_10253368_1389910242318_epetri_in_incubator7--rgov-800width.jpg\" title=\"Figure 1\"><img src=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2014/1315443/1315443_10253368_1389910242318_epetri_in_incubator7--rgov-66x44.jpg\" alt=\"Figure 1\"></a>\n<div class=\"imageCaptionContainer\">\n<div class=\"imageCaption\">A prototype Smart Petri dish inside an incubator</div>\n<div class=\"imageCredit\">ePetri Inc.</div>\n<div class=\"imagePermisssions\">Public Domain</div>\n<div class=\"imageSubmitted\">Phil Willems</div>\n<div class=\"imageTitle\">Figure 1</div>\n</div>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>",
"por_txt_cntn": "\nePetri Inc. used its NSF SBIR Phase I grant to develop the Smart Petri Dish, a cell culture monitoring system that operates automatically within a cell incubator, imaging the cells as they grow. The Smart Petri Dish will facilitate cell culture experiments in biomedical research and diagnostics by providing low-cost, automated monitoring of cell growth, increasing the workflow in large laboratories and making automated cell culture monitoring available to smaller research, diagnostic, and educational laboratories. The Smart Petri Dish accomplishes this using a method called sub-pixel perspective sweeping microscopy (SPSM) to image cells grown directly upon the surface of a CMOs imaging sensor chip with better than the native resolution of the sensor. This unique imaging method produces microscopic images with resolution comparable to a high power microscope but with a far larger field of view, and does not require any lenses, only a camera sensor and an illuminator made of an inexpensive array of light sources such as light emitting diodes (LEDs). The Smart Petri dish can be operated through an ordinary laptop computer through a USB interface.\n\nePetri Inc. did research to improve three aspects of the microscope performance. The first was to test methods of mounting image sensor chips into the microscope in a manner that could not only allow users to insert and remove the sensors easily, but also permit the microscope's thermal control system to keep the sensor temperature from increasing above the surrounding air temperature. Incubators maintain cultures at precise temperatures to encourage cell growth, and higher temperatures can interfere with growth or even kill the cells. We found a sensor socket with a bolt-on clamp cover that met both requirements under test.\n\nePetri Inc. also investigated whether using illuminators with more LEDs would increase the resolution of the images. We found that a 16x16 array of LEDs would yield better images than an 8x8 array, both because more LEDs meant more camera frames could be collected to average into the final image, but also because the larger array needed to be positioned farther from the sensor and this reduced the image blur due to the LED size.\n\nThird, ePetri Inc. investigated using a parallel processing algorithm to speed up the computation of the images by SPSM. Through this work we reduced the image computation time more than tenfold, to less than 40 seconds on a typical laptop computer.\n\nFinally, we showed that the Smart Petri Dish could grow and image cells by culturing HeLa cells within an incubator. \n\n\t\t\t\t\tLast Modified: 01/16/2014\n\n\t\t\t\t\tSubmitted by: Phil Willems"
} |
|
1261460 | NSF | Grant | Standard Grant | Examining Neural Markers of Implicit Speech Rhythm during Silent Reading | 47.075 | 04040000 | null | alumit ishai | 2013-06-15 | 2016-05-31 | 121,338 | 121,338 | 2013-06-10 | 2013-06-10 |
Speech rhythm, the patterns of varying pitch, loudness and tempo in spoken language, plays a major role in language acquisition and comprehension. For example, sensitivity to speech rhythm during early childhood has been found to be a predictor of acquisition of good reading skills and introducing rhythmic regularity can help when speech comprehension or production is disrupted. Yet it remains unclear whether and how rhythmic regularity affects reading. With funding from the National Science Foundation, Cyrille Magne, Ph.D., of Middle Tennessee State University, will investigate how linguistic rhythm affects the processing of both structure and meaning of written sentences in English. Dr. Magne will use electrophysiological methods to measure how linguistic rhythm influences brain activity during reading. Dr. Magne expects to answer the question whether rhythmic information is actively used to constrain reading and whether a regular rhythm may be used as a mean to facilitate reading comprehension.
The knowledge obtained from this research has the potential to have far-reaching impacts on both educational and clinical applications. Specifically, the findings may be of crucial importance for researchers attempting to use neural markers to support the development of new methods for reading assessment, progress monitoring, and intervention. The experimental findings may lead to discovery of biological markers useful in the study of reading disorders such as dyslexia. Furthermore, this project also offers a unique opportunity for school practitioners, currently enrolled in the Ph.D. program in Literacy Studies at Middle Tennessee State University, to conduct research using cognitive neuroscience tools. Finally, Dr. Magne will participate in the big data sharing effort by making the data available to support other coordinated NSF efforts that aim to make use of real data in the teaching of STEM-related courses and to enable participation in discovery science by those who would otherwise have no access to such data.
This project is cofunded by the Office of Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive Research (EPSCoR). | 0 | SBE | Directorate for Social, Behavioral and Economic Sciences | BCS | Division of Behavioral and Cognitive Sciences | 4900 | 4900 | [
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"por_cntn": "<div class=\"porColContainerWBG\">\n<div class=\"porContentCol\"><p>Intellectual Merits</p>\n<p>This project examined to what extent information about speech rhythm (i.e., patterns of alternating stressed and unstressed syllables in spoken language) is automatically retrieved during silent reading and whether these rhythmic cues are actively used to constrain aspects of the reading process. Using a combination of Electroencephalography (EEG) and behavioral measures, we conducted a total of 6 experiments to identify neural indices of speech rhythm sensitivity during both speech perception and silent reading, and to examine how they related to reading comprehension skills and auditory rhythm perception abilities. Our findings revealed that words with an unexpected stress pattern elicited similar electrophysiological responses during speech perception and silent reading. These findings support previous research suggesting that information about word stress pattern is reactivated during reading. We also found that a neural marker, normally seen when the meaning of a word does not fit with the context of a sentence, was reduced when the sentence had a regular stress pattern. This suggests that readers are sensitive to rhythmic cues when reading a text, and that a highly predictable rhythm may facilitate comprehension of written sentences. In addition, we found that sensitivity to speech rhythm cues was positively correlated with individual measures of reading comprehension skills and musical rhythm discrimination abilities. This support the view that speech rhythm sensitivity may be a foundational skill to reading competence and that it may rely largely on non-domain specific auditory rhythm perception mechanisms. Our present findings therefore support the idea that sensitivity to both segmental and suprasegmentally phonological cues contributes to reading comprehension.</p>\n<p> </p>\n<p>Broader Impacts</p>\n<p>Speech rhythm has previously been assumed to be solely a property of spoken language, yet recent findings suggest that it may have a significant role in reading as well. Sensitivity to speech rhythm during early childhood has been found to be a predictor of acquisition of good reading skills. The present findings may therefore inform education policies as well as reading intervention strategies. Results were presented to peers at several national and international conferences, as well as to local school professionals and general public community. The current project also provided research opportunities and hands-on experience to three doctoral students, three Master’s students and 14 undergraduate students (including 11 women). All doctoral students were students in a Ph.D. in Education program and received training in conducting cognitive neuroscience research (including electroencephalography/event-related potentials). </p>\n<p> </p><br>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t \tLast Modified: 08/30/2016<br>\n\t\t\t\t\tModified by: Cyrille Magne</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"porSideCol\"></div>\n</div>",
"por_txt_cntn": "\nIntellectual Merits\n\nThis project examined to what extent information about speech rhythm (i.e., patterns of alternating stressed and unstressed syllables in spoken language) is automatically retrieved during silent reading and whether these rhythmic cues are actively used to constrain aspects of the reading process. Using a combination of Electroencephalography (EEG) and behavioral measures, we conducted a total of 6 experiments to identify neural indices of speech rhythm sensitivity during both speech perception and silent reading, and to examine how they related to reading comprehension skills and auditory rhythm perception abilities. Our findings revealed that words with an unexpected stress pattern elicited similar electrophysiological responses during speech perception and silent reading. These findings support previous research suggesting that information about word stress pattern is reactivated during reading. We also found that a neural marker, normally seen when the meaning of a word does not fit with the context of a sentence, was reduced when the sentence had a regular stress pattern. This suggests that readers are sensitive to rhythmic cues when reading a text, and that a highly predictable rhythm may facilitate comprehension of written sentences. In addition, we found that sensitivity to speech rhythm cues was positively correlated with individual measures of reading comprehension skills and musical rhythm discrimination abilities. This support the view that speech rhythm sensitivity may be a foundational skill to reading competence and that it may rely largely on non-domain specific auditory rhythm perception mechanisms. Our present findings therefore support the idea that sensitivity to both segmental and suprasegmentally phonological cues contributes to reading comprehension.\n\n \n\nBroader Impacts\n\nSpeech rhythm has previously been assumed to be solely a property of spoken language, yet recent findings suggest that it may have a significant role in reading as well. Sensitivity to speech rhythm during early childhood has been found to be a predictor of acquisition of good reading skills. The present findings may therefore inform education policies as well as reading intervention strategies. Results were presented to peers at several national and international conferences, as well as to local school professionals and general public community. The current project also provided research opportunities and hands-on experience to three doctoral students, three Master?s students and 14 undergraduate students (including 11 women). All doctoral students were students in a Ph.D. in Education program and received training in conducting cognitive neuroscience research (including electroencephalography/event-related potentials). \n\n \n\n\t\t\t\t\tLast Modified: 08/30/2016\n\n\t\t\t\t\tSubmitted by: Cyrille Magne"
} |
|
1333988 | NSF | Grant | Standard Grant | Student Travel Support for the Tenth Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI) | 47.070 | 05050000 | 7032925197 | Marilyn McClure | 2013-04-15 | 2014-03-31 | 10,000 | 10,000 | 2013-04-09 | 2013-04-09 | This project funds approximately 10-12 US-based graduate students to attend the Tenth Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI?13) to be held April 3-5, 2013 in Lombard, IL. Participation in NSDI and similar conferences is a valuable and important part of the graduate school experience and will provides students with the opportunity to interact with more senior researchers in the field, and exposes students to leading edge work in the field. The conference focuses on the design principles of large-scale networks
and distributed systems. | 0 | CSE | Directorate for Computer and Information Science and Engineering | CNS | Division Of Computer and Network Systems | 4900 | 4900 | [
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"por_cntn": "<div class=\"porColContainerWBG\">\n<div class=\"porContentCol\"><div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 1\">\n<div class=\"section\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<p><span>This award was used to provide student travel support to allow students to attend the tenth Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI) in 2013. </span></p>\n<p><span>The NSDI conference was created by and is sponsored by USENIX, SIGCOMM, and SIGOPS, the premier professional associations for researchers in networking and systems. NSDI focuses on the design principles and challenges in the construction of large-scale networks and distributed systems. Particular areas of interest include cloud services, wireless, internet routing, peer-to-peer systems, sensor nets, scalable web services, data center networking, distributed malware, and distributed network measurement. The goal of the conference is to bring together researchers from across the networking and systems community, including computer networking, distributed systems, and operating systems to foster cross-disciplinary approaches and to address shared research challenges. </span></p>\n<p><span>NSDI 2013 was held in Lombard, IL April 2-5, 2013. </span>There were 258 total attendees at NSDI ‘13. Of these, 211 were from the US. Non-US attendees came from: Austria, Brazil, Canada, China, Germany, Hong Kong, India, Ireland, Japan, Norway, Romania, Singapore, South Korea,Spain, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. </p>\n<p><span>The award enabled the participation of students who otherwise would not have been able to attend NSDI. </span>Travel support was provided for thirteen students to attend NSDI. </p>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p> </p><br>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t \tLast Modified: 06/06/2014<br>\n\t\t\t\t\tModified by: Jacobus Van Der Merwe</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"porSideCol\"></div>\n</div>",
"por_txt_cntn": "\n\n\n\n\nThis award was used to provide student travel support to allow students to attend the tenth Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI) in 2013. \n\nThe NSDI conference was created by and is sponsored by USENIX, SIGCOMM, and SIGOPS, the premier professional associations for researchers in networking and systems. NSDI focuses on the design principles and challenges in the construction of large-scale networks and distributed systems. Particular areas of interest include cloud services, wireless, internet routing, peer-to-peer systems, sensor nets, scalable web services, data center networking, distributed malware, and distributed network measurement. The goal of the conference is to bring together researchers from across the networking and systems community, including computer networking, distributed systems, and operating systems to foster cross-disciplinary approaches and to address shared research challenges. \n\nNSDI 2013 was held in Lombard, IL April 2-5, 2013. There were 258 total attendees at NSDI æ13. Of these, 211 were from the US. Non-US attendees came from: Austria, Brazil, Canada, China, Germany, Hong Kong, India, Ireland, Japan, Norway, Romania, Singapore, South Korea,Spain, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. \n\nThe award enabled the participation of students who otherwise would not have been able to attend NSDI. Travel support was provided for thirteen students to attend NSDI. \n\n\n\n\n\n \n\n\t\t\t\t\tLast Modified: 06/06/2014\n\n\t\t\t\t\tSubmitted by: Jacobus Van Der Merwe"
} |
|
1265970 | NSF | Grant | Standard Grant | Planning Grant: I/UCRC for e-Design: IT Enabled Design and Realization of Engineered Products and Systems | 47.041 | 07050000 | null | Lawrence A. Hornak | 2013-03-15 | 2014-02-28 | 14,380 | 14,380 | 2013-03-07 | 2013-03-07 | A new site is to be planned at Oregon State University for the Industry/University Cooperative Research Center (I/UCRC) for e-Design. The I/UCRC for e-Design conducts research that supports a new design paradigm for the development of engineered products and systems that allows customer driven design and product realization and virtual simulation and prototyping that encompasses the entire product life cycle. The planned Oregon State site will complement the existing center?s activities through focus in the following areas: 1) optimization of products and systems, 2) failure, reliability, and robustness analysis; 3) early stage design theories and methodologies, 4) manufacturing and lifecycle analysis, 5) cost and choice modeling; 6) design for sustainability; 7) computational design; and 8) design innovation education.
The e-Design center addresses an area central to the competitiveness of U.S. manufacturing. The center site at Oregon State University has the potential to further expand the diversity of member companies in the overall center and expose all member firms to a broader base of discovery in the e-Design area. Results of the site?s research efforts will be integrated into the educational curriculum in design, modeling and simulation, decision analysis, and optimization. Student engagement in center work will include laboratory and field studies, attendance of and presentations at interdisciplinary conferences and workshops, a design colloquium series, participation in interdisciplinary activities and journal publications, as well as training in the ethical conduct of research. The addition of Oregon State University to the Center contributes to the diversity of the Center, with the leadership team and 30% of participating faculty being women, typically underrepresented in engineering.
| 0 | ENG | Directorate for Engineering | EEC | Division of Engineering Education and Centers | 4900 | 4900 | [
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"por_cntn": "<div class=\"porColContainerWBG\">\n<div class=\"porContentCol\"><p>This NSF award was a planning grant to support for the addition of Oregon State University (OSU) as a full university member research site in the existing multi-university I/UCRC Center for e-Design. The major goal of this planning grant was for OSU to plan and hold a meeting with a number of industrial, university, and government representatives with a purpose to inform participants about the benefits and policies of membership in the multi-university Industry/University Cooperative Research Center. </p>\n<p>The primary contribution of the OSU team will include be in the three following areas: 1) System Design Analysis and Optimization, 2) Decision Analysis; 3) Computational Design and Innovation. From these areas, 15 potential projects have been selected initially (with more under discussion) that provided the basis for presentations and posters that will be presented at the planning meeting. These projects draw on significant expertise and many build upon prior work with industry and agencies.</p>\n<p>Review of the projects by the industry participants resulted in five of the 15 projects being rated as either High or Medium interest to the companies:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Digital Design and Manufacturing</li>\n<li>Failure-Resistant Design of Complex Systems Under Uncertainty Effectuation in New Product Development and Design</li>\n<li>Capturing Existing Corporate Knowledge for Computer-Directed Design</li>\n<li>Computer-Assisted Geometric Remediation of Part-to-Part Connectivity in the Design of Mechanical Assemblies</li>\n<li>Design Optimization using Adhesive Bonding</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Of the ten industries that were represented at the meeting, five were recruited to join the OSU site of the Center for e-Design.</p><br>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t \tLast Modified: 04/03/2014<br>\n\t\t\t\t\tModified by: Robert B Stone</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"porSideCol\"></div>\n</div>",
"por_txt_cntn": "\nThis NSF award was a planning grant to support for the addition of Oregon State University (OSU) as a full university member research site in the existing multi-university I/UCRC Center for e-Design. The major goal of this planning grant was for OSU to plan and hold a meeting with a number of industrial, university, and government representatives with a purpose to inform participants about the benefits and policies of membership in the multi-university Industry/University Cooperative Research Center. \n\nThe primary contribution of the OSU team will include be in the three following areas: 1) System Design Analysis and Optimization, 2) Decision Analysis; 3) Computational Design and Innovation. From these areas, 15 potential projects have been selected initially (with more under discussion) that provided the basis for presentations and posters that will be presented at the planning meeting. These projects draw on significant expertise and many build upon prior work with industry and agencies.\n\nReview of the projects by the industry participants resulted in five of the 15 projects being rated as either High or Medium interest to the companies:\n\nDigital Design and Manufacturing\nFailure-Resistant Design of Complex Systems Under Uncertainty Effectuation in New Product Development and Design\nCapturing Existing Corporate Knowledge for Computer-Directed Design\nComputer-Assisted Geometric Remediation of Part-to-Part Connectivity in the Design of Mechanical Assemblies\nDesign Optimization using Adhesive Bonding\n\n\nOf the ten industries that were represented at the meeting, five were recruited to join the OSU site of the Center for e-Design.\n\n\t\t\t\t\tLast Modified: 04/03/2014\n\n\t\t\t\t\tSubmitted by: Robert B Stone"
} |
|
1264662 | NSF | Grant | Standard Grant | FRG: Collaborative Research: Wall-crossings in Geometry and Physics | 47.049 | 03040000 | null | Christopher Stark | 2013-07-01 | 2017-06-30 | 264,673 | 264,673 | 2013-04-26 | 2013-04-26 | This project will investigate wall-crossing formulas for a wide class of invariants which appear in a priori different situations in mathematics and physics. Mathematically, those invariants are typically described as virtual Euler characteristics of some moduli spaces. The wall-crossing phenomenon is related to the presence of real codimension one "walls" in the space of parameters, where the invariants jump. In the case of Donaldson-Thomas invariants, the walls live in the moduli space of Bridgeland stability conditions on the ppropriate Calabi-Yau categories. Similar walls also occur in the theory of representations of quivers and cluster algebras. In mirror symmetry, walls correspond to jumps in the number of pseudo-holomorphic discs bounded by the torus fibers of an SYZ Lagrangian fibration. In supersymmetric gauge theories in physics, the number of BPS states jumps across "walls of marginal stability". The Kontsevich-Soibelman wall-crossing formulas for Donaldson-Thomas invariants thus occur in the physics literature on topics such as moduli spaces of vector ultiplets of 4-dimensional supersymmetric theories and supersymmetric black holes. Since these various wall-crossing formulas look so similar, one can ask for a common formalism. The aim of the FRG is to study the underlying "wall-crossing structures" and demonstrate hat the above-mentioned similarities are not coincidental, but rather reflect a deep underlying theory.
It is a frequently encountered situation in mathematics and physics that numerical quantities which in principle depend on various parameters actually are constant for general parameter values (they are "invariants"), but jump along certain "walls" in the parameter space. Wall-crossing formulas describe these "jumps" quantitatively. The subject of wall-crossing has recently become a very active one due to its relevance to a number of different areas of mathematics and physics. The aim of this project is to develop the concept of "wall-crossing structure" rigorously and apply it to problems both old and new in which wall-crossing formulas appear. The results arising from this project will be in demand by both the mathematics and physics communities. The FRG will also build a research community around this coordinated effort, involving a mix of junior and senior researchers, training opportunities for graduate students, and the rganization of several workshops. | 0 | MPS | Directorate for Mathematical and Physical Sciences | DMS | Division Of Mathematical Sciences | 4900 | 4900 | [
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"por_cntn": "<div class=\"porColContainerWBG\">\n<div class=\"porContentCol\"><p>Wall-crossing phenomena, where a mathematical quantity that ought to be independent of all choices (an \"invariant\") exhibits discrete jumps across \"walls\" in the parameter space, occur in a variety of settings in modern mathematics. The structure of wall-crossing jumps gives a unique window into subtle geometric phenomena, and can be exploited to arrive at new mathematical results. This project has focused on wall-crossing phenomena in symplectic geometry (the geometry of phase spaces of mechanical systems) and mirror symetry (a conjectural relationship between symplectic geometry and algebraic geometry, inspired by ideas in theoretical physics).<br /><br />Major progress has been accomplished on mirror symmetry for spaces defined by a single polynomial equation, whose algebraic geometry has been shown to be equivalent to the symplectic geometry of monomial functions. This extends Kontsevich's celebrated Homological Mirror Symmetry conjecture to a new setting (general affine hypersurfaces).<br /><br />Second, the project has studied Lagrangian tori -- geometric objects that arise in classical mechanics as energy surfaces for locally integrable systems, and also play a key role in quantization. New examples of monotone Lagrangian tori were found in the complex projective plane and in 6-dimensional space. These come in infinite families, in sharp contrast with experts' general expectation that the very small number of previously known cases formed a complete classification. Wall-crossing formulas play a crucial role in showing that the new examples are different from the previously known ones.<br /><br />The results obtained validate the idea that wall-crossing phenomena in mirror symmetry not only are a powerful computational tool to verify mirror symmetry conjectures themselves, but also can be used to find new answers to classical problems in symplectic geometry.<br /><br />The project has also trained several graduate students and provided the subject matter for two PhD dissertations.<br /><br />Finally, conferences held at University of Miami and UC Berkeley have contributed to the dissemination of new ideas about the significance of wall-crossing in modern geometry, making them accessible to a broader audience of mathematicians at the beginning of their careers, and serving as a catalyst for further progress in the field.</p><br>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t \tLast Modified: 05/31/2017<br>\n\t\t\t\t\tModified by: Denis Auroux</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"porSideCol\"></div>\n</div>",
"por_txt_cntn": "\nWall-crossing phenomena, where a mathematical quantity that ought to be independent of all choices (an \"invariant\") exhibits discrete jumps across \"walls\" in the parameter space, occur in a variety of settings in modern mathematics. The structure of wall-crossing jumps gives a unique window into subtle geometric phenomena, and can be exploited to arrive at new mathematical results. This project has focused on wall-crossing phenomena in symplectic geometry (the geometry of phase spaces of mechanical systems) and mirror symetry (a conjectural relationship between symplectic geometry and algebraic geometry, inspired by ideas in theoretical physics).\n\nMajor progress has been accomplished on mirror symmetry for spaces defined by a single polynomial equation, whose algebraic geometry has been shown to be equivalent to the symplectic geometry of monomial functions. This extends Kontsevich's celebrated Homological Mirror Symmetry conjecture to a new setting (general affine hypersurfaces).\n\nSecond, the project has studied Lagrangian tori -- geometric objects that arise in classical mechanics as energy surfaces for locally integrable systems, and also play a key role in quantization. New examples of monotone Lagrangian tori were found in the complex projective plane and in 6-dimensional space. These come in infinite families, in sharp contrast with experts' general expectation that the very small number of previously known cases formed a complete classification. Wall-crossing formulas play a crucial role in showing that the new examples are different from the previously known ones.\n\nThe results obtained validate the idea that wall-crossing phenomena in mirror symmetry not only are a powerful computational tool to verify mirror symmetry conjectures themselves, but also can be used to find new answers to classical problems in symplectic geometry.\n\nThe project has also trained several graduate students and provided the subject matter for two PhD dissertations.\n\nFinally, conferences held at University of Miami and UC Berkeley have contributed to the dissemination of new ideas about the significance of wall-crossing in modern geometry, making them accessible to a broader audience of mathematicians at the beginning of their careers, and serving as a catalyst for further progress in the field.\n\n\t\t\t\t\tLast Modified: 05/31/2017\n\n\t\t\t\t\tSubmitted by: Denis Auroux"
} |
|
1309933 | NSF | Grant | Standard Grant | Collaborative Research: Optimization of Sperm Sorting in Microfluidic Channels Using Coarse-Grained Modeling | 47.041 | 07020000 | 7032927030 | Ron Joslin | 2013-09-01 | 2017-08-31 | 293,025 | 293,025 | 2013-08-13 | 2013-08-13 | 5.3 million American couples of reproductive age are affected by infertility. Among these cases, male factors account for up to 50%, necessitating the identification of key parameters dictating male fertility, including sperm count, morphology and motility. Assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) have emerged as powerful tools to address male infertility problems in modern clinical practice. In vitro fertilization (IVF) with or without intra cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) has become the most widely used assisted reproductive technology (ART) in modern clinical practice to overcome male infertility challenges. One of the obstacles of IVF and ICSI lies in identifying and isolating the most motile, and healthiest sperm from semen samples that have low sperm counts (oligozoospermia), low sperm motility (oligospermaesthenia).
Selection of the best performing sperm based in the selection criteria including motility is the keystone for successful outcomes of fertilization and full term pregnancy. However, it remains a clinical challenge to select the most motile normal/healthy sperm. The researchers propose to develop a GPU accelerated computational framework that will enable the multi-scale coarsegrained modeling of sperm motility in micro-channels. Towards achieving this goal, they will develop a computationally efficient model of sperm motility and interactions, and design a
computer-optimized space-constrained microfluidic sorting (SCMS) system, integrated with a lensless technology, for rapid monitoring, selection and sorting of sperm. As they are utilizing such microchip technology, the proposed device can be easily transformed into a scalable device composed of multiplexed channels. In the long term, this computational platform can be used to design micro-fluidic devices for the selection and sorting of not only spermatozoa, but also other types of biological entities, such as circulating tumors cells (CTCs) or HIV from blood.
The broader impacts of this proposal include educational and scientific outcomes that will open new avenues for physical and biological research and have a considerable impact on fundamental and applied science, education, and medicine. This proposal will facilitate the participation of undergraduates in year round research activities, and directly support the training of graduate students at the interface between physics, engineering and medicine at Harvard, MIT and WPI. The PIs will actively participate in recruitment efforts to broaden the
participation of underrepresented groups in the biological, physical sciences, and engineering by attending national meetings and via Harvard's underrepresented minority program. They will continue to advise undergraduates through the Undergraduate Research Opportunities Program
(UROP) and the mandatory senior theses (MQPs) at WPI. The PIs will also develop graduate courses, and arrange field trips with local high schools in educating students about computational biophysics and microfluidics research. At the national and international level, the PIs will educate the students and the public at other institutions on technological and scientific challenges by giving lectures at NSF supported international summer schools, and by organizing hands-on workshops. | 0 | ENG | Directorate for Engineering | CBET | Division of Chemical, Bioengineering, Environmental, and Transport Systems | 4900 | 4900 | [
{
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"pi_first_name": "Erkan",
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{
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"pi_end_date": null,
"pi_first_name": "Xinming",
"pi_full_name": "Xinming Huang",
"pi_last_name": "Huang",
"pi_mid_init": "",
"pi_role": "Co-Principal Investigator",
"pi_start_date": "2013-08-13",
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"por_cntn": "<div class=\"porColContainerWBG\">\n<div class=\"porContentCol\"><div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 3\">\n<div class=\"section\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<p><span>Human infertility is a worldwide disease of epidemic proportions with an estimated 80 million couples affected. In developed countries, from 1-3% of all births are conceived with assisted reproduction, most commonly </span><span>in vitro </span><span>fertilization (IVF) and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). Among infertility causes, one-third are of male origin and many such cases are treated with assisted reproduction (ART). Although powerful enough to bypass human infertility, assisted reproductive techniques commonly fail to do so, with live birth rates averaging less than 35% per cycle in the U.S. in 2014. In addition, ART may have associated risks to offspring which include: a) increased risk of sex chromosome anomalies, (b) increased risk of genomic imprinting disorders, (c) controversial increased risk of birth defects, and d) transmission of paternal or maternal infertility issues. Although helpful to many couples, ART is still limited in its ability to overcome most of human infertility. When ART is used for male factor infertility, sperm are usually processed with conventional gradient wash or swim-up techniques to enhance for motile and morphologically normal sperm. With ICSI, sperm are then selected by trained embryologists who choose individual sperm for egg injection based on morphological features. However, these techniques have deleterious effect on sperm including DNA fragmentation, resulting in lower fertilization rates, impaired embryo progression, and lower pregnancy rate. Thus, such methods are inefficient, manual labour intensive, time consuming, and the outcomes vary from technician to technician. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop innovative technologies that improve the efficiency of sperm sorting especially with samples that have low sperm count, abnormal sperm morphology or low sperm motility, which are the most common causes of male infertility. </span></p>\n<p><span>While microfluidic devices have been widely used widely for applications in various fields (</span><span>e.g., </span><span>diagnostics), the applications of these technologies to reproductive medicine, particularly to sperm sorting, have only recently been explored. Here, we have developed a Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) accelerated computational framework that will enable the multi-scale coarse-grained modeling of sperm motility in microfluidic device. Based on the created GPU modelling, we have designed and fabricated a microfluidic based sperm sorting device for ART applications. The developed sperm sorting device is inexpensive (<$1 material costs), disposable, simple to use, and rapidly (<30 min) sort highly motile sperm with high DNA integrity and normal epigenetic profile without the need for sophisticated instrumentation. In our next step, we aim to facilitate clinical evaluation the device in IVF labs. Since ARTs are labor intensive, such an easy-to-use device can assist the sperm selection process, reduce dependence on operator skills, and facilitate repeatable and reliable operational steps. Further, this innovative technology can be broadly applied to other fields including sorting exosomes, circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and clusters (CTM) from blood and infectious diseases. </span></p>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p> </p><br>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t \tLast Modified: 07/20/2018<br>\n\t\t\t\t\tModified by: Erkan Tuzel</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"porSideCol\"></div>\n</div>",
"por_txt_cntn": "\n\n\n\n\nHuman infertility is a worldwide disease of epidemic proportions with an estimated 80 million couples affected. In developed countries, from 1-3% of all births are conceived with assisted reproduction, most commonly in vitro fertilization (IVF) and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). Among infertility causes, one-third are of male origin and many such cases are treated with assisted reproduction (ART). Although powerful enough to bypass human infertility, assisted reproductive techniques commonly fail to do so, with live birth rates averaging less than 35% per cycle in the U.S. in 2014. In addition, ART may have associated risks to offspring which include: a) increased risk of sex chromosome anomalies, (b) increased risk of genomic imprinting disorders, (c) controversial increased risk of birth defects, and d) transmission of paternal or maternal infertility issues. Although helpful to many couples, ART is still limited in its ability to overcome most of human infertility. When ART is used for male factor infertility, sperm are usually processed with conventional gradient wash or swim-up techniques to enhance for motile and morphologically normal sperm. With ICSI, sperm are then selected by trained embryologists who choose individual sperm for egg injection based on morphological features. However, these techniques have deleterious effect on sperm including DNA fragmentation, resulting in lower fertilization rates, impaired embryo progression, and lower pregnancy rate. Thus, such methods are inefficient, manual labour intensive, time consuming, and the outcomes vary from technician to technician. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop innovative technologies that improve the efficiency of sperm sorting especially with samples that have low sperm count, abnormal sperm morphology or low sperm motility, which are the most common causes of male infertility. \n\nWhile microfluidic devices have been widely used widely for applications in various fields (e.g., diagnostics), the applications of these technologies to reproductive medicine, particularly to sperm sorting, have only recently been explored. Here, we have developed a Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) accelerated computational framework that will enable the multi-scale coarse-grained modeling of sperm motility in microfluidic device. Based on the created GPU modelling, we have designed and fabricated a microfluidic based sperm sorting device for ART applications. The developed sperm sorting device is inexpensive (<$1 material costs), disposable, simple to use, and rapidly (<30 min) sort highly motile sperm with high DNA integrity and normal epigenetic profile without the need for sophisticated instrumentation. In our next step, we aim to facilitate clinical evaluation the device in IVF labs. Since ARTs are labor intensive, such an easy-to-use device can assist the sperm selection process, reduce dependence on operator skills, and facilitate repeatable and reliable operational steps. Further, this innovative technology can be broadly applied to other fields including sorting exosomes, circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and clusters (CTM) from blood and infectious diseases. \n\n\n\n\n\n \n\n\t\t\t\t\tLast Modified: 07/20/2018\n\n\t\t\t\t\tSubmitted by: Erkan Tuzel"
} |
|
1338297 | NSF | Grant | Standard Grant | US-China planning visit: Development of High Performance and Multifunctional Infrastructure Material | 47.079 | 01090000 | null | Anne Emig | 2013-12-01 | 2017-11-30 | 12,818 | 12,818 | 2013-07-26 | 2017-02-06 | The primary objective of this proposal is to develop collaboration between Dr. Shaopeng Wu of Wuhan University of Technology in Wuhan, China and the PI of this project, Dr. Hao Wang of Rutgers University in New Brunswick, U.S. for innovative developments in the field of infrastructure material and pavement engineering. The focus area is the development of multifunctional asphalt materials with superior mechanical properties and as well as self-sensing potential through the integration of experimental investigation and computational modeling. This collaboration will provide a foundation to advance fundamental understanding and development of high performance and multifunctional infrastructure material using nanotechnology. This will not only have the potential of improving mechanical properties (stiffness, fracture toughness) and durability of infrastructure material, but also change its electro-mechanical properties (i.e. piezoresistivity), and thermal conductivity. This offers an opportunity to tailor and produce a new smart material. Although the research is mainly focused on asphalt materials, the knowledge developed from the proposed collaboration is also applied to other construction materials.
The foreign partner in China has an extensive experimental facility for U.S. students to work as exchange students. The PI will incorporate findings from this project into civil engineering courses and a new graduate course. The proposed collaboration will recruit women undergraduate students into future research activities, in collaboration with The Academy at Rutgers for Girls in Engineering and Technology (TARGET) program. | 0 | O/D | Office Of The Director | OISE | Office of International Science and Engineering | 4900 | 4900 | [
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"por_cntn": "<div class=\"porColContainerWBG\">\n<div class=\"porContentCol\"><p>The primary objective of this planning visit is to initiate a long-term collaboration between Rutgers University in New Brunswick, United States, and Wuhan University of Technology in Wuhan, China in developing high performance and multifunctional materials for pavement engineering and transportation infrastructure. The focus area is to develop innovative and long-lasting asphalt materials with superior mechanical properties and multifunction through the integration of experimental testing and computational modeling.</p>\n<p>The Rutgers team conducted multiple visits to the partner university in China in the project period. The activities during the visits include workshop presentations, laboratory tours, field site visits, and meetings with industry partner. These visits and meetings helped understand the unique expertise, resources, and facilities from both institutions. With the collaboration from the partner university, the research team has developed a hierarchical multi-scale approach to predict thermal and mechanical (fracture) properties of asphalt concrete considering contributions of individual components and volumetric compositions. Several journal papers have been published to disseminate the research findings. The developed computer simulation methodology can be used for the genome of civil infrastructure material and accelerate development of new and smart materials with the reduced experiment effort and economic cost. The project also developed a framework for future student and scholar exchanges between two institutions. This can provide unique training and educational opportunities by providing students and postdocs global research experience and different cultural experiences in countries outside of their home country.</p>\n<p> </p><br>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t \tLast Modified: 02/28/2018<br>\n\t\t\t\t\tModified by: Hao Wang</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"porSideCol\"></div>\n</div>",
"por_txt_cntn": "\nThe primary objective of this planning visit is to initiate a long-term collaboration between Rutgers University in New Brunswick, United States, and Wuhan University of Technology in Wuhan, China in developing high performance and multifunctional materials for pavement engineering and transportation infrastructure. The focus area is to develop innovative and long-lasting asphalt materials with superior mechanical properties and multifunction through the integration of experimental testing and computational modeling.\n\nThe Rutgers team conducted multiple visits to the partner university in China in the project period. The activities during the visits include workshop presentations, laboratory tours, field site visits, and meetings with industry partner. These visits and meetings helped understand the unique expertise, resources, and facilities from both institutions. With the collaboration from the partner university, the research team has developed a hierarchical multi-scale approach to predict thermal and mechanical (fracture) properties of asphalt concrete considering contributions of individual components and volumetric compositions. Several journal papers have been published to disseminate the research findings. The developed computer simulation methodology can be used for the genome of civil infrastructure material and accelerate development of new and smart materials with the reduced experiment effort and economic cost. The project also developed a framework for future student and scholar exchanges between two institutions. This can provide unique training and educational opportunities by providing students and postdocs global research experience and different cultural experiences in countries outside of their home country.\n\n \n\n\t\t\t\t\tLast Modified: 02/28/2018\n\n\t\t\t\t\tSubmitted by: Hao Wang"
} |
|
1308621 | NSF | Grant | Continuing Grant | Collaborative Research: Loud, Bright, and Hot Compact Binary Mergers | 47.049 | 03010000 | 7032927372 | Pedro Marronetti | 2013-09-01 | 2017-08-31 | 180,463 | 180,463 | 2013-08-20 | 2015-06-17 | Observing highly energetic astrophysical sources through fundamentally different radiation channels will be crucial in order to better understand some of the most intriguing, even exotic, objects and events in our universe. Included among these are compact binary objects, composed of black holes and neutron stars, as well as gamma ray bursts and related phenomena. Such objects are powerful engines for the production of gravitational, electromagnetic and neutrino radiation. Many research groups as well as observatories and experiments (both planned and already in operation), are engaged in attempting to observe, interpret and understand these emissions. Their overall understanding will be enhanced and furthered as theoretical insight and predictions are used to aid in their detection and in testing fundamental theories and phenomena. Our purpose here is to systematically consider non-vacuum compact binary systems and to do so with sufficient fidelity to obtain their emissions in gravitational and electromagnetic waves. We will do so by incorporating realistic equations of state, electromagnetic interactions and cooling effects. In particular, our approach is to tie ever more tightly together our theoretical understanding of the possible components and sources of multi-messenger astrophysics. We will build our efforts on a strong computational foundation, namely a robust implementation of the equations of general relativistic, resistive magnetohydrodynamics with adaptive mesh refinement.
This research is of broad interest and naturally combines expertise and know-how that reaches beyond physicists to astrophysicists and mathematicians. It will advance our understanding of some of the most intriguing processes in the universe, and will provide valuable candidate waveforms for gravitational wave observatories (e.g. LIGO). Our participation in multinational efforts to compare waveforms and approaches will be especially valuable to the gravitational wave and astrophysical communities. The activities described here will help further undergraduate, graduate, and postdoctoral research and training, including a number of underrepresented individuals. Also, this work uses the HAD infrastructure and thus helps support broadly useful, publicly released, software. Additionally, this research involves some of the most exotic objects in our universe that captures the imagination of the general public. | 0 | MPS | Directorate for Mathematical and Physical Sciences | PHY | Division Of Physics | 4900 | 4900 | [
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{
"fund_oblg_amt": 63324,
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},
{
"fund_oblg_amt": 58149,
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},
{
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] | {
"por_cntn": "<div class=\"porColContainerWBG\">\n<div class=\"porContentCol\"><p>This project studied the mergers of black holes and neutron stars in binary systems. These systems involve strong field and dynamic gravity and their merger releases a huge amount of energy. And they represent a prime target for observation by the LIGO and Virgo gravitational wave observatories.Indeed, during the course of this project, the first direct detection of gravitational waves was achieved by the LIGO Science Collaboration.Since that time in 2015, three additional detections have been made,all binary black hole mergers.</p>\n<p><br />With this award we significantly advanced our ability to simulate such mergers. Most of our efforts were dedicated toward increasing the realism of binary neutron star mergers. Such mergers have not been announced so far by LIGO, but these detections are expected soon.</p>\n<p><br />Most significantly we have enabled our code to use a realistic equation of state to describe the fluid constituting the stars. Beyond additional realism, this feature means that we keep track of the finite temperature and composition of the fluid. Indeed, this is a prerequisite for accounting for the cooling effect of neutrino production, and we have added this ability with what is called a neutrino leakage scheme. In so doing, we developed a novel technique for computing the optical depth which has been adopted by others in the field.</p>\n<p><br />Results with this new code suggest that it will be difficult to differentiate the equation of state with gravitational wave signals from neutron star binaries without tuning the detector to extend to higher frequencies. However, we do so see significant differences in the ejecta and neutrino production between the various equations of state considered. If kilonova afterglows in the infrared are observed,our results suggest that a soft equation of state is favored.</p>\n<p><br />We also used a subgrid model for the magnetic field evolution to try to capture the dynamical growth from small scale instabilities that are otherwise overwhelmingly difficult to resolve. Such studies indicate that the magnetic field fails to affect the large scale dynamics, but may affect the ejecta composition and therefore the afterglow.</p>\n<p><br />We also studied binary black hole mergers in various alternative forms of gravity to establish constraints on Einstein's general relativity from the gravitational wave detections. Such studies included scalar-tensor, Einstein-Maxwell dilaton, and non-violent, non-local phenomenological model.</p>\n<p> </p><br>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t \tLast Modified: 09/30/2017<br>\n\t\t\t\t\tModified by: Steven L Liebling</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"porSideCol\"></div>\n</div>",
"por_txt_cntn": "\nThis project studied the mergers of black holes and neutron stars in binary systems. These systems involve strong field and dynamic gravity and their merger releases a huge amount of energy. And they represent a prime target for observation by the LIGO and Virgo gravitational wave observatories.Indeed, during the course of this project, the first direct detection of gravitational waves was achieved by the LIGO Science Collaboration.Since that time in 2015, three additional detections have been made,all binary black hole mergers.\n\n\nWith this award we significantly advanced our ability to simulate such mergers. Most of our efforts were dedicated toward increasing the realism of binary neutron star mergers. Such mergers have not been announced so far by LIGO, but these detections are expected soon.\n\n\nMost significantly we have enabled our code to use a realistic equation of state to describe the fluid constituting the stars. Beyond additional realism, this feature means that we keep track of the finite temperature and composition of the fluid. Indeed, this is a prerequisite for accounting for the cooling effect of neutrino production, and we have added this ability with what is called a neutrino leakage scheme. In so doing, we developed a novel technique for computing the optical depth which has been adopted by others in the field.\n\n\nResults with this new code suggest that it will be difficult to differentiate the equation of state with gravitational wave signals from neutron star binaries without tuning the detector to extend to higher frequencies. However, we do so see significant differences in the ejecta and neutrino production between the various equations of state considered. If kilonova afterglows in the infrared are observed,our results suggest that a soft equation of state is favored.\n\n\nWe also used a subgrid model for the magnetic field evolution to try to capture the dynamical growth from small scale instabilities that are otherwise overwhelmingly difficult to resolve. Such studies indicate that the magnetic field fails to affect the large scale dynamics, but may affect the ejecta composition and therefore the afterglow.\n\n\nWe also studied binary black hole mergers in various alternative forms of gravity to establish constraints on Einstein's general relativity from the gravitational wave detections. Such studies included scalar-tensor, Einstein-Maxwell dilaton, and non-violent, non-local phenomenological model.\n\n \n\n\t\t\t\t\tLast Modified: 09/30/2017\n\n\t\t\t\t\tSubmitted by: Steven L Liebling"
} |
|
1346888 | NSF | Grant | Standard Grant | EAGER: Modeling Network Dynamics in the Epileptic Brain to Develop Translational Tools for Seizure Localization and Detection | 47.041 | 07010000 | null | Radhakisan Baheti | 2013-09-15 | 2015-05-31 | 150,724 | 150,724 | 2013-07-24 | 2013-07-24 | Objective: Epilepsy affects 60 million people worldwide who suffer from recurrent seizures, and 40% of patients do not respond to any drug therapy. These patients would greatly benefit from closed-loop neuro-stimulation therapy to suppress seizures, but the efficacy of such therapy critically depends on whether the stimulus is administered close to the seizure origin (epileptogenic zone, EZ) and immediately prior to or at seizure onset. This program develops novel computational tools for effective EZ localization and seizure onset detection from multi-channel intracranial EEG (iEEG) recordings.
Intellectual Merit: The tools are derived by (i) analyzing the dynamics of the brain network as a seizure approaches and (ii) developing a model-based framework that combines multivariate statistics, Bayesian estimation, and optimal control. The tools use iEEG recordings to (1) reconstruct and track the topology of the brain network over time, and (2) identify topological signatures that are specific of the seizure state and uniquely localize the EZ. The rule that detects these signatures from sequential iEEG measurements is adaptive and optimizes the trade-off between specificity and sensitivity by minimizing a cost function of both the detection delay and the probability of false positives.
Broader Impacts: Multiple translational impacts will occur at the interface between engineering and neuroscience. First, the proposed tools will allow more accurate EZ localization and resection, more efficient review of iEEG signals, and more effective treatments for seizure suppression (more effective placement of the stimulation electrodes and more efficient neuro-stimulation devices). Overall, these outcomes will reduce the hospitalization time and potentially avoid fatal accidents to epilepsy patients, save lives, extend life-expectancy, and improve the administration of drugs. Also, this program will introduce a transformative detection paradigm that generalizes to any application involving hidden state transition detection relevant to a wide array of disciplines (e.g., early earthquake detection or threats detection). Finally, this program will support the development of courses in multivariate signal processing and statistical modeling at Johns Hopkins University and of outreach activities that will inspire high school students (especially from minorities) from the Baltimore metropolitan area to pursue a career in engineering. | 0 | ENG | Directorate for Engineering | ECCS | Division of Electrical, Communications and Cyber Systems | 4900 | 4900 | [
{
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|
1347630 | NSF | Grant | Standard Grant | SPLASH 2013 Travel Support | 47.070 | 05010000 | 7032927885 | Anindya Banerjee | 2013-09-01 | 2014-08-31 | 12,000 | 12,000 | 2013-08-19 | 2013-08-19 | This award will support student travel to The Fourth Annual ACM Conference on Systems, Programming, Languages and Applications: Software for Humanity (SPLASH 2013). The conference is being held in Indianapolis, Indiana during October 26-31, 2013. SPLASH includes OOPSLA, one of the flagship ACM SIGPLAN conferences, as well as many co-located events: Onward!, Wavefront, the Dynamic Languages Symposium, SPLASH-E (Education), the International Conference on Generative Programming: Concepts & Experiences, the International Conference on Software Language Engineering. SPLASH also includes a program of tutorials, posters, demonstrations, a Doctoral Symposium, and an ACM SIGPLAN Student Research Competition. Supporting student travel to attend professional conferences and workshops is a very important mission of the NSF. The funding provided will enable broader student participation, especially by those without adequate support at their home institution, and will help build the next generation of programming language and software engineering researchers. | 0 | CSE | Directorate for Computer and Information Science and Engineering | CCF | Division of Computing and Communication Foundations | 4900 | 4900 | [
{
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"pi_end_date": null,
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"por_cntn": "<div class=\"porColContainerWBG\">\n<div class=\"porContentCol\"><p><span>The ACM SIGPLAN conference on </span><strong>Systems, Programming, Languages and Applications: Software for Humanity (SPLASH)</strong><span> embraces all aspects of software construction and delivery to make it the premier conference at the intersection of programming, languages, and software engineering. </span></p>\n<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 1\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<p><span>SPLASH is the top technical forum for new and exciting advances in programming languages, especially those involving objects and beyond, including matters of programming in the large, reusability, design and programmer productivity. The conference covers a wide range of topics including: requirements, modeling, prototyping, design, implementation, generation, analysis, verification, testing, evaluation, maintenance, reuse, replacement, and retirement of software systems; studies of large-scale software repositories; tools (such as new languages, program analyses, or runtime systems); and techniques (such as new methodologies, design processes, code organization approaches, and management techniques). </span></p>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p><span>SPLASH is the umbrella event for both the OOPSLA Research and Onward! conferences. <span>OOPSLA (Object-Oriented Programming, Systems, Languages, and Applications) is the premier conference on Object-Oriented Programming, having been the forum for some of the most important software developments over the last several decades. OOPSLA was the incubator for CRC cards, CLOS, design patterns, Self, agile methodologies, service-oriented architectures, wikis, UML, test driven design, refactoring, Java, dynamic compilation, and aspect-oriented programming, to name a few important innovations. OOPSLA is not only about objects but it never strays far from them. <span>Onward! is a multidisciplinary conference focused on everything to do with programming and software: including processes, methods, languages, communities, and applications. Onward! is more radical, more visionary, and more open than other conferences to not yet well-proven but well-argued ideas.</span></span></span></p>\n<p>In 2013 SPLASH was also host to the International Conference on Software Language Engineering (SLE), the ACM SIGPLAN Conference on Generative Programming Concepts and Experiences (GPCE), and the Dynamic Languages Symposium.</p>\n<p>There were 610 attendees at SPLASH 2013 drawn from major government and industry research labs, universities, and corporate development. Of these attendees, over 100 were full-time students from around the world.</p>\n<p>NSF provided support to SPLASH 2013 to encourage US-based research student attendance at SPLASH by defraying the cost of their travel and accommodation expenses. The focus is on encouraging students in PhD graduate programs at US universities who would otherwise be unable to cover the costs of attendance at SPLASH. A key focus of NSF support is to promote attendance by women, underrepresented minority, and younger students new to the research area. Students made formal application to the ACM SIGPLAN Professional Activities Committee, indicating their financial need, and eligible applicants were selected for funding on the basis of their being registered students in accredited graduate programs at US institutions.</p>\n<p>In 2013 NSF travel support was provided to 14 students. Of these, one was female, and one an under-represented minority. In addition, NSF support subsidized free registrations for 53 student volunteers (including 11 women).</p><br>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t \tLast Modified: 02/09/2015<br>\n\t\t\t\t\tModified by: Antony L Hosking</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"porSideCol\"></div>\n</div>",
"por_txt_cntn": "\nThe ACM SIGPLAN conference on Systems, Programming, Languages and Applications: Software for Humanity (SPLASH) embraces all aspects of software construction and delivery to make it the premier conference at the intersection of programming, languages, and software engineering. \n\n\n\n\nSPLASH is the top technical forum for new and exciting advances in programming languages, especially those involving objects and beyond, including matters of programming in the large, reusability, design and programmer productivity. The conference covers a wide range of topics including: requirements, modeling, prototyping, design, implementation, generation, analysis, verification, testing, evaluation, maintenance, reuse, replacement, and retirement of software systems; studies of large-scale software repositories; tools (such as new languages, program analyses, or runtime systems); and techniques (such as new methodologies, design processes, code organization approaches, and management techniques). \n\n\n\n\nSPLASH is the umbrella event for both the OOPSLA Research and Onward! conferences. OOPSLA (Object-Oriented Programming, Systems, Languages, and Applications) is the premier conference on Object-Oriented Programming, having been the forum for some of the most important software developments over the last several decades. OOPSLA was the incubator for CRC cards, CLOS, design patterns, Self, agile methodologies, service-oriented architectures, wikis, UML, test driven design, refactoring, Java, dynamic compilation, and aspect-oriented programming, to name a few important innovations. OOPSLA is not only about objects but it never strays far from them. Onward! is a multidisciplinary conference focused on everything to do with programming and software: including processes, methods, languages, communities, and applications. Onward! is more radical, more visionary, and more open than other conferences to not yet well-proven but well-argued ideas.\n\nIn 2013 SPLASH was also host to the International Conference on Software Language Engineering (SLE), the ACM SIGPLAN Conference on Generative Programming Concepts and Experiences (GPCE), and the Dynamic Languages Symposium.\n\nThere were 610 attendees at SPLASH 2013 drawn from major government and industry research labs, universities, and corporate development. Of these attendees, over 100 were full-time students from around the world.\n\nNSF provided support to SPLASH 2013 to encourage US-based research student attendance at SPLASH by defraying the cost of their travel and accommodation expenses. The focus is on encouraging students in PhD graduate programs at US universities who would otherwise be unable to cover the costs of attendance at SPLASH. A key focus of NSF support is to promote attendance by women, underrepresented minority, and younger students new to the research area. Students made formal application to the ACM SIGPLAN Professional Activities Committee, indicating their financial need, and eligible applicants were selected for funding on the basis of their being registered students in accredited graduate programs at US institutions.\n\nIn 2013 NSF travel support was provided to 14 students. Of these, one was female, and one an under-represented minority. In addition, NSF support subsidized free registrations for 53 student volunteers (including 11 women).\n\n\t\t\t\t\tLast Modified: 02/09/2015\n\n\t\t\t\t\tSubmitted by: Antony L Hosking"
} |
|
1346922 | NSF | Grant | Standard Grant | Type I: Collaborative Research: FRABJOUS CS - Framing a Rigorous Approach to Beauty and Joy for Outreach to Underrepresented Students in Computing at Scale | 47.070 | 05050000 | null | Janice Cuny | 2013-02-01 | 2019-07-31 | 352,831 | 1,004,705 | 2013-09-24 | 2018-07-20 | The University of California, Berkeley and the University of North Carolina, Charlotte propose a collaborative effort?called FRABJOUS?to develop and deploy a proposed, new Advanced Placement (AP) computing course that can successfully achieve outreach ? attracting women and underrepresented minorities ? while having a technically rigorous programming component. The work extends the PIs? previous work on the Berkeley ?Beauty and Joy of Computing? course and the College Board?s CS Principles course to the high school level, addressing the development and study of new instructional materials as well as the impact of teacher professional development on student learning outcomes. The course uses a visually rich programming environment, called Snap, that is based on Scratch. Scratch has had well-documented success in teaching computer programming to 8-14 year olds because of the power of its visual metaphor. Snap extends the metaphor to teach more advanced methods, including recursion, higher order procedures, and object-oriented programming, to 14-19 year olds. Specifically the FRABJOUS project will
? Develop a core group of mentor teachers in the Berkeley and Charlotte areas,
? Conduct and evaluate intensive summer professional development workshops for in-service high school teachers,
? Develop regional partnerships between universities and high schools, creating CSTA chapters and connecting them through the STARS Alliance,
? Study university and high school student learning outcomes,
disaggregating data by race, gender, age, course, and curricular models to
understand the curriculum's effectiveness, ease of use, and impact, particularly
the introduction of advanced concepts (higher order functions, recursion,
distributed computing, concurrency, simulation) at this early level,
? Compare outcomes for students and teaches trained directly by the PIs with those trained by the mentor teachers, and
? Expand the capability of Snap.
The project thus includes tool and materials development, assessments of student learning outcomes, and study of the impact of teacher professional development via workshops and school year support activities, including peer-to-peer and online support. | 0 | CSE | Directorate for Computer and Information Science and Engineering | CNS | Division Of Computer and Network Systems | 4900 | 4900 | [
{
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{
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{
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{
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"por_cntn": "<div class=\"porColContainerWBG\">\n<div class=\"porContentCol\"><p><span id=\"docs-internal-guid-6716694a-7fff-a3fe-980d-0e1d26656ed8\"><span>This FRABJOUS CS project helped build the infrastructure and materials needed to create the Beauty and Joy of Computing (BJC) Computer Science Principles professional development model and annual workshops for 650 teachers from 2012-2019. The</span><strong> intellectual merit</strong><span> of this project includes the creation of a 5-day teacher professional development model to prepare high school teachers to teach BJC, a train the trainer model and materials that allow the scaling of rigorous computer science professional development. The project conducted an evaluation of the impact of the curriculum and teacher professional development, surveying 484 students and 13 instructors from 14 high schools, showing that students valued the course and planned to continue studying CS, and that the teachers valued the collaborative nature of PD and the creative curricular resources. These results were published at ACM’s 2016 Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education (SIGCSE 2016). The project has conducted design-based implementation research to refine the curriculum from a six-week to a one-week model and this work was published at the 2019 ACM conference on Innovations and Technology in Computer Science Education (ITiCSE 2019). The </span><strong>broader impacts</strong><span> include the training of 37 BJC Master Teachers who have led regional teacher professional development workshops held from 2012-2019 that have prepared over 650 teachers to teach rigorous computer science courses in high schools, potentially impacting up to 13,000 high school students each year. The project led directly to the foundation of the BJC STARS Corp non-profit established to support computer science education and teacher professional development.</span></span></p><br>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t \tLast Modified: 11/29/2019<br>\n\t\t\t\t\tModified by: Tiffany M Barnes</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"porSideCol\"></div>\n</div>",
"por_txt_cntn": "\nThis FRABJOUS CS project helped build the infrastructure and materials needed to create the Beauty and Joy of Computing (BJC) Computer Science Principles professional development model and annual workshops for 650 teachers from 2012-2019. The intellectual merit of this project includes the creation of a 5-day teacher professional development model to prepare high school teachers to teach BJC, a train the trainer model and materials that allow the scaling of rigorous computer science professional development. The project conducted an evaluation of the impact of the curriculum and teacher professional development, surveying 484 students and 13 instructors from 14 high schools, showing that students valued the course and planned to continue studying CS, and that the teachers valued the collaborative nature of PD and the creative curricular resources. These results were published at ACM’s 2016 Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education (SIGCSE 2016). The project has conducted design-based implementation research to refine the curriculum from a six-week to a one-week model and this work was published at the 2019 ACM conference on Innovations and Technology in Computer Science Education (ITiCSE 2019). The broader impacts include the training of 37 BJC Master Teachers who have led regional teacher professional development workshops held from 2012-2019 that have prepared over 650 teachers to teach rigorous computer science courses in high schools, potentially impacting up to 13,000 high school students each year. The project led directly to the foundation of the BJC STARS Corp non-profit established to support computer science education and teacher professional development.\n\n\t\t\t\t\tLast Modified: 11/29/2019\n\n\t\t\t\t\tSubmitted by: Tiffany M Barnes"
} |
|
1243842 | NSF | Grant | Standard Grant | Ion-selectivity and Mechanisms of P-type IIC ATPases | 47.074 | 08070600 | null | Gregory W. Warr | 2013-06-15 | 2015-05-31 | 139,999 | 139,999 | 2013-06-07 | 2013-06-07 | INTELLECTUAL MERIT
All cells maintain ion gradients across the plasma membrane, which provides energy for multiple physiological processes. This gradient is established and maintained by the Na/K pump, a P-type 2 ATPase. Members of this protein class are present in all phyla and transport different metals with nearly identical mechanisms. Ion recognition and ion driven conformational changes are an essential part of this universal mechanism that gives singularity to each ATPase and are poorly understood. This project focuses on P-type IIC ATPases, proteins expressed by all animals, whose function is essential for adaptation to different salinities, digestion and cellular homeostasis. The research will use a combined approach of molecular biology, high-temporal resolution electrophysiology and fluorescence techniques to study the molecular mechanisms that allow recognition of the transported ions by P-type IIC ATPases and how ion transport is controlled by protein conformational changes. In particular, structural information from crystal structures of P-type IIC ATPases will be used to target changes in the regions that bind ions and in intracellular regions of the proteins, with functional affects monitored by voltage clamp techniques combined with fluorescence. The results from this project will provide critical insight and hopefully resolve prevailing models regarding the molecular mechanics of the P-type ATPase superfamily.
BROADER IMPACTS
The broader impacts goal of this project is to inspire undergraduate students to pursue careers in fundamental basic sciences, and to develop the technical skills and attitudes towards discovery through scientific research. The PI's laboratory has a history of involving undergraduate and graduate students in scientific discovery, with trainees serving as co-authors on articles in high-impact journals, as well as presenting their findings at national scientific meetings. Several of trainees have pursued scientific careers. This project will involve undergraduate students from various programs and disciplines, including a focus on the recruitment of underrepresented minorities from institutional programs such as the Plains Bridges to Baccalaureate program. The results from this project will be disseminated by publications in high-impact journals, courses, invited lectures and presentations at high visibility national and international scientific meetings. | 0 | BIO | Directorate for Biological Sciences | MCB | Division of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences | 4900 | 4900 | [
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"por_cntn": "<div class=\"porColContainerWBG\">\n<div class=\"porContentCol\"><p>Intellectual merit: The main objective of this one year grant was to study the mechanisms of function sodium/potassium ATPase, a protein that is essential for the life of animals, because it maintains the normal sodium and potassium concentration inside and outside the cells. We proposed to study the mechanisms involved in transport of protons throughout this protein that normally transports sodium and potassium. We achieved our main goal and we published an article (Mitchell et al. (2014) Biophysical Journal 106:2555-65), which was selected for a new and notable commentary by the journal (Apell (2014) Biophysical Journal, 106: 2552-2554. We had a secondary aim that we proposed to advance as much as possible, given that our original 3 year proposal was awarded one year of funding. This second aim: to determine the mechanism of function and the selectivity for ions in the proton/potassium ATPase, a protein closely related to the sodium/potassium pump that transports proton in exchange for potassium instead of sodium in exchange for potassium. We achieved some progress on this subject prior to the end of the one year grant and were granted a no cost extension in 2014. Since then, an abstract and a symposium talk from the NSF funded research regarding proton transport were presented by the PI at the international conference, sodium potassium ATPase and related ATPases, held in the Netherlands in September 2014. We also published two abstracts corresponding to poster presentations at the Biophysical Society meeting in 2015.</p>\n<p>One of those abstracts, entitled “<a href=\"http://www.cell.com/biophysj/abstract/S0006-3495%2814%2902023-2\">Voltage Dependent Reactions in the Non-Gastric H/K-ATPase</a>” (Meyer et al, 2015, Biophysical Journal, Vol. 108, Issue 2, p148a), is a report of our study of the proton/potassium ATPase, a protein important for the reabsorption of potassium in animals. In particular, we discovered that the interaction of the ions with this protein induce electrical signals that can be used to investigate how the different ions (protons, potassium and sodium, for example) bind to the protein and alter its function. Based on these electrical signals, we were also able to investigate how modifications introduced in the proton/potassium ATPase molecule affect the ions that can interact with and be transported by this protein. The other abstract, entitled “Mechanism of Action of Salt Adaptation Mutations in <em>Artemia</em> Franciscana” (Eastman et al., 2015, Biophysical Journal, Vol. 108, Issue 2, p93a), is a preliminary report of our study of the functional effect of two amino acid substitutions in the sodium/potassium ATPase protein that allow brine shrimp to live in extremely high salt concentrations. These substitutions distinctly change the strength of interaction of sodium and potassium with the protein, therefore changing how it selects ions. Importantly, the high sodium concentration in lakes like Salt lake in Utah would make it impossible for the sodium/potassium ATPases to export the sodium from the cells, because it inhibits their function. These naturally occurring modifications allow the pumps expressed by the brine shrimp to be less sensitive to the high sodium concentration.</p>\n<p>We are currently finishing experiments regarding how many sodium and how many potassium ions are exchanged cycle by the sodium/potassium ATPase responsible for brine shrimp adaptation to high salinity. We are also finishing experiments to understand how many ions are exchanged by the modified proton/potassium ATPases. Once these experiments are finished we expect to submit two manuscripts for publication in peer reviewed journals. </p>\n<p>Broader impacts: This directly funded the research work of 5 undergraduates from TTU, the University of Wisconsin at Stout, and the South Plains College. One of these students is a ...",
"por_txt_cntn": "\nIntellectual merit: The main objective of this one year grant was to study the mechanisms of function sodium/potassium ATPase, a protein that is essential for the life of animals, because it maintains the normal sodium and potassium concentration inside and outside the cells. We proposed to study the mechanisms involved in transport of protons throughout this protein that normally transports sodium and potassium. We achieved our main goal and we published an article (Mitchell et al. (2014) Biophysical Journal 106:2555-65), which was selected for a new and notable commentary by the journal (Apell (2014) Biophysical Journal, 106: 2552-2554. We had a secondary aim that we proposed to advance as much as possible, given that our original 3 year proposal was awarded one year of funding. This second aim: to determine the mechanism of function and the selectivity for ions in the proton/potassium ATPase, a protein closely related to the sodium/potassium pump that transports proton in exchange for potassium instead of sodium in exchange for potassium. We achieved some progress on this subject prior to the end of the one year grant and were granted a no cost extension in 2014. Since then, an abstract and a symposium talk from the NSF funded research regarding proton transport were presented by the PI at the international conference, sodium potassium ATPase and related ATPases, held in the Netherlands in September 2014. We also published two abstracts corresponding to poster presentations at the Biophysical Society meeting in 2015.\n\nOne of those abstracts, entitled \"Voltage Dependent Reactions in the Non-Gastric H/K-ATPase\" (Meyer et al, 2015, Biophysical Journal, Vol. 108, Issue 2, p148a), is a report of our study of the proton/potassium ATPase, a protein important for the reabsorption of potassium in animals. In particular, we discovered that the interaction of the ions with this protein induce electrical signals that can be used to investigate how the different ions (protons, potassium and sodium, for example) bind to the protein and alter its function. Based on these electrical signals, we were also able to investigate how modifications introduced in the proton/potassium ATPase molecule affect the ions that can interact with and be transported by this protein. The other abstract, entitled \"Mechanism of Action of Salt Adaptation Mutations in Artemia Franciscana\" (Eastman et al., 2015, Biophysical Journal, Vol. 108, Issue 2, p93a), is a preliminary report of our study of the functional effect of two amino acid substitutions in the sodium/potassium ATPase protein that allow brine shrimp to live in extremely high salt concentrations. These substitutions distinctly change the strength of interaction of sodium and potassium with the protein, therefore changing how it selects ions. Importantly, the high sodium concentration in lakes like Salt lake in Utah would make it impossible for the sodium/potassium ATPases to export the sodium from the cells, because it inhibits their function. These naturally occurring modifications allow the pumps expressed by the brine shrimp to be less sensitive to the high sodium concentration.\n\nWe are currently finishing experiments regarding how many sodium and how many potassium ions are exchanged cycle by the sodium/potassium ATPase responsible for brine shrimp adaptation to high salinity. We are also finishing experiments to understand how many ions are exchanged by the modified proton/potassium ATPases. Once these experiments are finished we expect to submit two manuscripts for publication in peer reviewed journals. \n\nBroader impacts: This directly funded the research work of 5 undergraduates from TTU, the University of Wisconsin at Stout, and the South Plains College. One of these students is a minority student. Other undergraduates were also involved in the project as they were finishing their work for publication. The Biophysical Journal article was co-first authored by a graduate and an undergraduat..."
} |
|
1319460 | NSF | Grant | Standard Grant | AF: Small: New Perspectives on Special Methods for Graph Algorithms | 47.070 | 05010000 | null | Tracy Kimbrel | 2013-09-01 | 2015-07-31 | 177,392 | 177,392 | 2013-06-20 | 2013-06-20 | Classical algorithms for many important graph primitives were designed at a time when the conventional notion of efficiency was polynomial running time. However, many of today's applications involve graphs consisting of millions, or even billions, of nodes. On these massive inputs, practical algorithms must run in time that is as close to linear as possible in the size of the input.
The spectral approach to designing graph algorithms views the instance graph as a matrix and makes use of the algebraic properties of the corresponding linear operator. Recently, research in this area has led to the design of faster spectral algorithms for many essential graph problems, such as electrical flow, maximum flow and graph partitioning in undirected graphs. The goal of this project is to develop a novel algorithmic approach by combining spectral methods and the idea of regularization from optimization. Regularization is a mechanism for modifying a given optimization problem to make it more amenable to known algorithms without changing its salient characteristics. Surprisingly, many of the recent breakthroughs in the design of fast spectral algorithms can be viewed as applying different types of regularization. This research aims to exploit this interpretation to design algorithms that are faster, simpler to analyze and easier to implement. Another aim of this research is to integrate different perspectives on regularization from Machine Learning, Statistics and Convex Optimization, to create new bridges between these fields and the design of algorithms.
Due to the practical importance of the graph problems under consideration, the work will also focus on empirically evaluating the algorithms designed. These evaluations will be disseminated to the relevant audiences to maximize the impact of the award. Moreover, because this project aims to develop new fundamental techniques in the design of algorithms, a particular effort will be devoted to incorporating material from this research into the PI's teaching activity and to preparing educational material for the public. | 0 | CSE | Directorate for Computer and Information Science and Engineering | CCF | Division of Computing and Communication Foundations | 4900 | 4900 | [
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1301953 | NSF | Grant | Standard Grant | BRIGE: OS-SPECIFIC MANY-CORE DESIGN | 47.041 | 07010000 | null | Lawrence Goldberg | 2012-09-01 | 2017-04-30 | 169,020 | 220,020 | 2012-10-24 | 2016-08-24 | Intellectual Merit: The objective of this BRIGE research project is to leverage current microprocessor design to support and meet the increasing demand on system performance/ throughput. The ever-increasing complexity of microprocessors makes it necessary to renovate the current technology. The project will explore the design space of many-core microprocessors, centered on reducing the operating system overhead and interference with user applications via hardware support. This project is expected to yield a more detailed understanding of the interactions between the hardware and system software that take part during the execution of applications. A transformative scheme is proposed to distribute the operating system services onto dedicated and specialized cores. The novelty of this research lies in an attempt to combine research fronts at different layers of the microarchitectural design into a unified framework, with specific focus on scalability, adaptivity, and improved fault handling. This project will advance the fundamental understanding of principles of designing such systems and introduce creative concepts and perspectives. These advantages will pave the way towards taking advantage of the computing power of future many-core systems.
Broader Impacts: This BRIGE project aims to tightly integrate the research with different levels of education to attract traditionally underrepresented ethnic and gender groups into the engineering and computing pipeline and to pursue a successful higher education. An associated broadening participation plan will support a number of mentoring and outreach activities for disseminating knowledge of the advancements in modern microprocessor design into high school and university classrooms. It will include an outreach to K-12 students and teachers and local community college in a predominantly underprivileged and social-economically impacted neighborhood of Miami, Florida, leveraging upon the existing university programs to attract underrepresented students to the discipline of engineering. Several undergraduate researchers selected from a diversified student body will be actively involved with the proposed research activities. The integration of experimental effort along with theoretical analysis will offer invaluable experiences to graduate and undergraduate researchers involved in the project. The educational component also includes development of a specific course on many-core architecture and its interaction with operating systems, integrated with the research program. The advances expected from this project will enable the design of next generation high-performance microprocessors that will impact the computing ability and performance of future personal computers and the public at large. | 0 | ENG | Directorate for Engineering | ECCS | Division of Electrical, Communications and Cyber Systems | 4900 | 4900 | [
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{
"fund_oblg_amt": 169020,
"fund_oblg_fiscal_yr": 2011
},
{
"fund_oblg_amt": 41000,
"fund_oblg_fiscal_yr": 2012
},
{
"fund_oblg_amt": 10000,
"fund_oblg_fiscal_yr": 2016
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"por_cntn": "<div class=\"porColContainerWBG\">\n<div class=\"porContentCol\"><p>The objective of this BRIGE project is to explore the design space of many-core microprocessors, to support and meet the increasing demand on system performance/throughput. The project yielded a more detailed understanding on the interactions between the hardware and system software that take part during the execution of applications. We studied how to pin certain OS services to specific core, such as XML parsing, as well as how to accelerate XML parsing through pre-fetching. We also introduced the concept of Extremely Heterogeneous Architecture (EHA), a novel architecture that incorporates both general-purpose and specialized cores on the same chip. We examined many different applications and how to accelerate them on many-core processors, such as biometrics applications, cryptography, as well as the combination of the two (Biometric Cryptosystems). As energy-aware computing is a big challenge in many-core era, we focused on automatic tuning of software programs on many-core platform, and proposed several effective solutions towards the enery-aware computing target. We also studied how to monitor virtual machine behavior using run-time information and help the hypervisor of the host OS to manage the virtual machines more effectively. On the other hand, we strive to introduce the concept of many-core processor design into the university classroom at both undergraduate and graduate level. A course on many-core architecture has been offered, which focuses on the interaction between many-core processor and operating systems. A group of undergraduate and graduate researchers with a diverse background have been actively involved with the research activities of the project. The concepts and perspectives introduced by the research conducted under this project can help us pave the way towards taking advantage of the computing power of many-core systems. </p><br>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t \tLast Modified: 10/07/2017<br>\n\t\t\t\t\tModified by: Chen Liu</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"porSideCol\"></div>\n</div>",
"por_txt_cntn": "\nThe objective of this BRIGE project is to explore the design space of many-core microprocessors, to support and meet the increasing demand on system performance/throughput. The project yielded a more detailed understanding on the interactions between the hardware and system software that take part during the execution of applications. We studied how to pin certain OS services to specific core, such as XML parsing, as well as how to accelerate XML parsing through pre-fetching. We also introduced the concept of Extremely Heterogeneous Architecture (EHA), a novel architecture that incorporates both general-purpose and specialized cores on the same chip. We examined many different applications and how to accelerate them on many-core processors, such as biometrics applications, cryptography, as well as the combination of the two (Biometric Cryptosystems). As energy-aware computing is a big challenge in many-core era, we focused on automatic tuning of software programs on many-core platform, and proposed several effective solutions towards the enery-aware computing target. We also studied how to monitor virtual machine behavior using run-time information and help the hypervisor of the host OS to manage the virtual machines more effectively. On the other hand, we strive to introduce the concept of many-core processor design into the university classroom at both undergraduate and graduate level. A course on many-core architecture has been offered, which focuses on the interaction between many-core processor and operating systems. A group of undergraduate and graduate researchers with a diverse background have been actively involved with the research activities of the project. The concepts and perspectives introduced by the research conducted under this project can help us pave the way towards taking advantage of the computing power of many-core systems. \n\n\t\t\t\t\tLast Modified: 10/07/2017\n\n\t\t\t\t\tSubmitted by: Chen Liu"
} |
|
1313597 | NSF | Grant | Standard Grant | RAPID: Socio-Technical Restoration of Hurricane Isaac Power Outages | 47.041 | 07030000 | null | Dennis Wenger | 2013-01-15 | 2014-07-31 | 31,737 | 31,737 | 2013-01-02 | 2013-01-02 | This Rapid Response Research Grant (RAPID) project focuses on the Louisiana power outages caused by Hurricane Isaac on August 29, 2012. The hurricane resulted in loss of power to some customers in at least 24 parishes. For New Orleans, the size of the power outage caused by the hurricane is second only to Hurricane Katrina. The power outage and restoration process led to broad, vocal criticism of the two major private power companies serving Louisiana from the public and government officials. The goal of this project is to understand how power restoration speed, power utility actions, and other factors influence the real and perceived impacts to customers, as well as reactions of the public and government officials. In other words, are public and government criticisms of power restoration speed rooted in measurable impacts to customers with increasing outage times? As part of this project, the power outage patterns and the social, economic, and ecological impacts related to them will be identified and documented. Reactions to the power restoration activities and performance from a sampling of customers, emergency managers, and government officials will be documented. Restoration decisions of the two major power companies, as well as the context that might have influenced these decisions will be characterized. Detailed data will be collected from area business with respect to power outage characteristics, impacts, and reactions from the businesses. Project data will be analyzed to explore whether outage time results in a quantifiable difference in business impacts, as well as whether outage patterns effected some types of customers more so than others. Data collection for this project will be done through document compilation, field interviews, direct observation, and phone surveys. The expectation is that findings will show public and political calls for faster or improved restoration is not based on measurable impacts of increasing outage time, but for other reasons that are specific to different type of customers and government functions.
This research will contribute to reducing power outage impacts to businesses, households, and government services. The results of the project will also help to set reasonable, objective guidelines and criteria for restoration performance of power companies. Utility providers and emergency management agencies will benefit from this research through eventual improvement to power restoration practices with respect to both technical performance and public or government relations. Alternatively, consumer strategies can be developed based on results of this work to avoid negative impacts from outages. This work will establish a basis for other researchers to investigate the merits of new tools, policies, and practices for improving community recovery from disasters with widespread power outages. | 0 | ENG | Directorate for Engineering | CMMI | Division of Civil, Mechanical, and Manufacturing Innovation | 4900 | 4900 | [
{
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"por_cntn": "<div class=\"porColContainerWBG\">\n<div class=\"porContentCol\"><p>This study developed a case study of the restoration, impacts, and perceptions related to power outages caused by Hurricane Isaac in Louisiana. Hurricane Isaac had few other impacts besides the power outage, which made it particularly fruitful for a scientific study. Data collected and analyzed for this study included news stories, government reports, a survey of over 150 businesses, and in-depth interviews with public officials, emergency managers, and business representatives in Jefferson, Plaquemines, St. John the Baptist, and Orleans parishes.</p>\n<p>The hurricane was only a Category 1, but sustained winds greater than 30mph lasted for approximately 56 hours. This is twice as long as what has been experienced with other hurricanes in the state. This resulted in a roughly two and a half day delay before winds died down enough for power companies to legally send their work crews up in buckets to do repairs.</p>\n<p>In Louisiana, Hurricane Isaac left nearly 900,000 (43%) customers without power. This number is comparable to the power outages in Louisiana resulting from Hurricane Katrina and Hurricane Gustav. In some locations, customers were without power for 10 days after Isaac. The power companies in the study area restored over 90% of customers within five days once work crews could begin work. A common industry benchmark for restoration is 70 percent of customers within five to seven days.</p>\n<p>Three themes about the impacts of the power outage emerged: transportation impacts, business impacts, and health care impacts. Transportation was mentioned as the most significant infrastructure impact. There was significant traffic congestion during the power outage with trips taking three to four times longer than normal. There was very limited access to gasoline during the power outage. Few gas stations had backup generators. While many interviewees brought up issues surrounding business impacts and operations, most felt that the power outage had little to moderate impact to businesses overall. They also said they did not expect any long-term impacts to businesses even though power was out for several days. These opinions were clearly supported by survey responses from businesses. Few assisted living facilities had generators. Of nursing homes with backup generators, generators were often inadequate for operating air conditioning systems. Once generators were obtained, lack of fuel became a problem.</p>\n<p>The power restoration process led to vocal criticism of the two power companies in the study area within the media and from government officials. Many residents complained about seeing repair trucks sitting idle. Poor communication from the power companies was mentioned often in interviews. The public’s different perceptions of the two power companies before the hurricane seemed to predict to their perception of power restoration performance. Survey participants rated the performance of one company lower than the other. The survey found that the power company served of the business was the biggest factor on whether speed of power restoration was given a low rating. The next biggest factor was whether respondents saw idle repair trucks. These two factors were more significant than the number of days businesses were without electricity or the amount of revenue lost as a result of the power outage.</p>\n<p>The power companies in the study area experienced several challenges with Hurricane Isaac restoration. Perhaps the most significant was the delay to their ability to start restoring electricity. The power companies and the Louisiana public had never experienced such a situation. Evacuation for Hurricane Isaac was uncommon due to the storm’s small size. The power companies were not accustomed to having the public around during the restoration process. The presence of the public added to the traffic congestion, slowing damage assessment and mobilization in...",
"por_txt_cntn": "\nThis study developed a case study of the restoration, impacts, and perceptions related to power outages caused by Hurricane Isaac in Louisiana. Hurricane Isaac had few other impacts besides the power outage, which made it particularly fruitful for a scientific study. Data collected and analyzed for this study included news stories, government reports, a survey of over 150 businesses, and in-depth interviews with public officials, emergency managers, and business representatives in Jefferson, Plaquemines, St. John the Baptist, and Orleans parishes.\n\nThe hurricane was only a Category 1, but sustained winds greater than 30mph lasted for approximately 56 hours. This is twice as long as what has been experienced with other hurricanes in the state. This resulted in a roughly two and a half day delay before winds died down enough for power companies to legally send their work crews up in buckets to do repairs.\n\nIn Louisiana, Hurricane Isaac left nearly 900,000 (43%) customers without power. This number is comparable to the power outages in Louisiana resulting from Hurricane Katrina and Hurricane Gustav. In some locations, customers were without power for 10 days after Isaac. The power companies in the study area restored over 90% of customers within five days once work crews could begin work. A common industry benchmark for restoration is 70 percent of customers within five to seven days.\n\nThree themes about the impacts of the power outage emerged: transportation impacts, business impacts, and health care impacts. Transportation was mentioned as the most significant infrastructure impact. There was significant traffic congestion during the power outage with trips taking three to four times longer than normal. There was very limited access to gasoline during the power outage. Few gas stations had backup generators. While many interviewees brought up issues surrounding business impacts and operations, most felt that the power outage had little to moderate impact to businesses overall. They also said they did not expect any long-term impacts to businesses even though power was out for several days. These opinions were clearly supported by survey responses from businesses. Few assisted living facilities had generators. Of nursing homes with backup generators, generators were often inadequate for operating air conditioning systems. Once generators were obtained, lack of fuel became a problem.\n\nThe power restoration process led to vocal criticism of the two power companies in the study area within the media and from government officials. Many residents complained about seeing repair trucks sitting idle. Poor communication from the power companies was mentioned often in interviews. The publicÆs different perceptions of the two power companies before the hurricane seemed to predict to their perception of power restoration performance. Survey participants rated the performance of one company lower than the other. The survey found that the power company served of the business was the biggest factor on whether speed of power restoration was given a low rating. The next biggest factor was whether respondents saw idle repair trucks. These two factors were more significant than the number of days businesses were without electricity or the amount of revenue lost as a result of the power outage.\n\nThe power companies in the study area experienced several challenges with Hurricane Isaac restoration. Perhaps the most significant was the delay to their ability to start restoring electricity. The power companies and the Louisiana public had never experienced such a situation. Evacuation for Hurricane Isaac was uncommon due to the stormÆs small size. The power companies were not accustomed to having the public around during the restoration process. The presence of the public added to the traffic congestion, slowing damage assessment and mobilization in some instances. Even with the challenges, one power company reported that the restoration was their fas..."
} |
|
1305697 | NSF | Grant | Standard Grant | String-Math 2013 | 47.049 | 03040000 | null | Christopher Stark | 2013-05-15 | 2014-07-31 | 59,722 | 59,722 | 2013-05-10 | 2013-05-10 | The Simons Center for Geometry and Physics, Stony Brook, USA is hosting a String-Math 2013 conference in June 17-21, 2013. (http://scgp.stonybrook.edu/events/event-pages/string-math-2013) This is a third annual meeting of String-Math series of conferences. The main goal of the conference is to bring together mathematicians and physicists who work on ideas related to string theory. String theory, as well as quantum field theory, has contributed a series of profound ideas which gave rise to entirely new mathematical fields and revitalized older ones. For mathematics, string theory has been a source of many significant inspirations, ranging from Seiberg-Witten theory in four-manifolds, to enumerative geometry and Gromov-Witten theory in algebraic geometry, to work on the Jones polynomial in knot theory, to advances in symplectic topology, to recent progress in the geometric Langlands program and the development of derived algebraic geometry and n-category theory. In the other direction, mathematics has provided physicists with powerful tools, ranging from powerful differential geometric techniques for solving or analyzing key partial differential equations, to toric geometry, to K-theory and derived categories in D-branes, to the analysis of Calabi-Yau manifolds and string compactifications, to the use of modular forms and other arithmetic techniques. The depth, power and novelty of the results obtained in both fields thanks to their interaction is truly mind boggling. String-Math is the annual conference that was founded to reflect the most significant progress at the interface of string theory and mathematics.
String theory is the attempt to build a mathematical model which describes all four fundamental forces and all forms of matter. It assumes that the fundamental objects of the theory are one-dimensional objects - "strings" with elementary particles (i.e., electrons and quarks) being oscillations of fundamental strings. In particular, string theory aims to reconcile gravity, i.e., general relativity, with quantum mechanics which is the formalism in which the other three forces are described. String theory is very mathematical in nature and its development was based on advances in modern mathematics and inspired many recent developments in mathematics. The main goal of the String-Math conference is to bring together mathematicians and physicists who work on ideas related to string theory. By now there is a large and rapidly growing number of both mathematicians and physicists working at the string-theoretic interface between the two academic fields. The influence flows in both directions, with mathematical techniques and ideas contributing crucially to major advances in string theory. Following the success of first two meetings of String-Math series the conference String-Math 2013 is expected to have a major impact on the field and to serve as a record of the state of the art in string-related mathematics. | 0 | MPS | Directorate for Mathematical and Physical Sciences | DMS | Division Of Mathematical Sciences | 4900 | 4900 | [
{
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"pi_email_addr": "[email protected]",
"pi_end_date": null,
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{
"nsf_id": "000298499",
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"pi_first_name": "Alexander",
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}
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"por_cntn": "<div class=\"porColContainerWBG\">\n<div class=\"porContentCol\"><p>The goal of this project was to hold the third meeting of String-Math series of conferences in June 2013 at the Simons Center for Geometry and Physics. The main goal of the conference is to bring together mathematicians and physicists who work on ideas related to string theory. String theory, as well as quantum field theory, has contributed a series of profound ideas which gave rise to entirely new mathematical fields and revitalized older ones. By now there is a large and rapidly growing number of both mathematicians and physicists working at the string-theoretic interface between the two academic fields. The influence flows in both directions, with math- ematical techniques and ideas contributing crucially to major advances in string theory. For mathematics, string theory has been a source of many significant inspirations, ranging from Seiberg-Witten theory in four-manifolds, to enumerative geometry and Gromov-Witten the- ory in algebraic geometry, to work on the Jones polynomial in knot theory, to recent progress in the geometric Langlands program and the development of derived algebraic geometry and n-category theory. In the other direction, mathematics has provided physicists with powerful tools, ranging from powerful differential geometric techniques for solving or analyzing key par- tial differential equations, to toric geometry, to K-theory and derived categories in D-branes, to the analysis of Calabi-Yau manifolds and string compactifications, to the use of modular forms and other arithmetic techniques. The depth, power and novelty of the results obtained in both fields thanks to their interaction is truly mind boggling.</p>\n<p>The String Math Conference was held at the Simons Center for Geometry and Physics from June 17-21, 2013. The local organizing committee was comprised of: Aexander Abanov, Michael Douglas, Ljudmila Kamenova, Claude LeBrun, John Morgan, Nikita Nekrasov, Leonardo Rastelli, and Martin Rocek. The organizers were guided by a steering committee comprised of: Ron Donagi, Dan Freed, Nigel Hitchin, Sheldon Katz, Maxim Kontsevich, David Morrison, Edward Witten, Shing-Tung Yau as well as an International Advisory Committee comprised of: Mina Aganagic, Michael Atiyah, Niklas Beisert, Jean-Pierre Bourguignon, Kevin Costello, Robbert Dijkgraff, Jacques Distler, Simon Donaldson, Edward Frenkel, Matthias Gaberdiel, Jerome Gauntlett, Rajesh Gopakumar, Antonella Grassi, Mark Gross, Chris Hull, Ludmil Katzarkov, Albrecht Klemm, Juan Maldacena, Marcos Marino, Greg Moore, , Hirosi Ooguri, Tony Pantev, Nicholas Read, Volker Schomerus, Ashoke Sen, Samson Shatashvili, Cumrun Vafa, Johannes Walcher, Katrin Wendland, Paul Wiegmann, Maxim Zabzine, and Eric Zaslow.</p>\n<p>The objectives of this conference were to bring together mathematicians and physicists who work on ideas related to string theory. String theory, as well as quantum field theory, has contributed a series of profound ideas which gave rise to entirely new mathematical fields and revitalized older ones. By now there is a large and rapidly growing number of both mathematicians and physicists working at the string-theoretic interface between the two academic fields. The influence flows in both directions, with mathematical techniques and ideas contributing crucially to major advances in string theory.</p>\n<p>For mathematics, string theory has been a source of many significant inspirations, ranging from Seiberg-Witten theory in four-manifolds, to enumerative geometry and Gromov-Witten theory in algebraic geome- try, to work on the Jones polynomial in knot theory, to advances in symplectic topology, to recent progress in the geometric Langlands program and the development of derived algebraic geometry and n-category theory.</p>\n<p>In the other direction, mathematics has provided physicists with powerful tools, ranging from powerful differential geometric techniques for solving or analyzin...",
"por_txt_cntn": "\nThe goal of this project was to hold the third meeting of String-Math series of conferences in June 2013 at the Simons Center for Geometry and Physics. The main goal of the conference is to bring together mathematicians and physicists who work on ideas related to string theory. String theory, as well as quantum field theory, has contributed a series of profound ideas which gave rise to entirely new mathematical fields and revitalized older ones. By now there is a large and rapidly growing number of both mathematicians and physicists working at the string-theoretic interface between the two academic fields. The influence flows in both directions, with math- ematical techniques and ideas contributing crucially to major advances in string theory. For mathematics, string theory has been a source of many significant inspirations, ranging from Seiberg-Witten theory in four-manifolds, to enumerative geometry and Gromov-Witten the- ory in algebraic geometry, to work on the Jones polynomial in knot theory, to recent progress in the geometric Langlands program and the development of derived algebraic geometry and n-category theory. In the other direction, mathematics has provided physicists with powerful tools, ranging from powerful differential geometric techniques for solving or analyzing key par- tial differential equations, to toric geometry, to K-theory and derived categories in D-branes, to the analysis of Calabi-Yau manifolds and string compactifications, to the use of modular forms and other arithmetic techniques. The depth, power and novelty of the results obtained in both fields thanks to their interaction is truly mind boggling.\n\nThe String Math Conference was held at the Simons Center for Geometry and Physics from June 17-21, 2013. The local organizing committee was comprised of: Aexander Abanov, Michael Douglas, Ljudmila Kamenova, Claude LeBrun, John Morgan, Nikita Nekrasov, Leonardo Rastelli, and Martin Rocek. The organizers were guided by a steering committee comprised of: Ron Donagi, Dan Freed, Nigel Hitchin, Sheldon Katz, Maxim Kontsevich, David Morrison, Edward Witten, Shing-Tung Yau as well as an International Advisory Committee comprised of: Mina Aganagic, Michael Atiyah, Niklas Beisert, Jean-Pierre Bourguignon, Kevin Costello, Robbert Dijkgraff, Jacques Distler, Simon Donaldson, Edward Frenkel, Matthias Gaberdiel, Jerome Gauntlett, Rajesh Gopakumar, Antonella Grassi, Mark Gross, Chris Hull, Ludmil Katzarkov, Albrecht Klemm, Juan Maldacena, Marcos Marino, Greg Moore, , Hirosi Ooguri, Tony Pantev, Nicholas Read, Volker Schomerus, Ashoke Sen, Samson Shatashvili, Cumrun Vafa, Johannes Walcher, Katrin Wendland, Paul Wiegmann, Maxim Zabzine, and Eric Zaslow.\n\nThe objectives of this conference were to bring together mathematicians and physicists who work on ideas related to string theory. String theory, as well as quantum field theory, has contributed a series of profound ideas which gave rise to entirely new mathematical fields and revitalized older ones. By now there is a large and rapidly growing number of both mathematicians and physicists working at the string-theoretic interface between the two academic fields. The influence flows in both directions, with mathematical techniques and ideas contributing crucially to major advances in string theory.\n\nFor mathematics, string theory has been a source of many significant inspirations, ranging from Seiberg-Witten theory in four-manifolds, to enumerative geometry and Gromov-Witten theory in algebraic geome- try, to work on the Jones polynomial in knot theory, to advances in symplectic topology, to recent progress in the geometric Langlands program and the development of derived algebraic geometry and n-category theory.\n\nIn the other direction, mathematics has provided physicists with powerful tools, ranging from powerful differential geometric techniques for solving or analyzing key partial differential equations, to toric geometry, to K-theory and derived categories in D..."
} |
|
1248473 | NSF | Grant | Standard Grant | SBIR Phase I: Rething Recommendations | 47.084 | 15030000 | null | Muralidharan Nair | 2013-01-01 | 2013-06-30 | 150,000 | 150,000 | 2012-12-19 | 2012-12-19 | This Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) Phase I project addresses the
problem of learning predictive models of individual choice behavior using sparse
information on the behavior of any single individual. The intellectual merit of the
project is developing a novel parsimonious view of this problem by modeling
choice behavior as a distribution over permutations of alternatives, and making
this view implementable at scale. A unit of data in this paradigm is a single
comparison between two alternatives. Data of this sort can be derived in a variety
of contexts ranging from product reviews to transaction data. While being a
parsimonious modeling viewpoint, exact computation, or even representing such
models is intractable. The project will focus on developing approximate solutions
that, in the spirit of recent advances in high-dimensional statistics, exploit the
potential of sparse approximations to such models. Given the vast quantities of
data available to build such models it will be important for the algorithms
developed to be amenable to parallelization in a manner reminiscent of the
Map/Reduce computational paradigm. The algorithms developed will fit this
paradigm with key algorithmic steps decomposing across data collected for a
single individual. In summary, this project will develop a massively parallelizable
approach to modeling individual choice behavior using unstructured data from a
variety of sources.
The broader impact/commercial potential of this project rests in enabling the
emerging, all pervasive transition from 'search' to 'discovery'. This transition can
be witnessed in sectors ranging from e-commerce to offline retail to matching
impressions to advertisers on demand side platforms. The key stumbling block in
this transition is the seeming requirement to build attribute rich models for a given
context as opposed to a black box approach. The approach taken in this project
is of the latter variety. As a concrete example, the task of merchandising requires
an offline retailer to decide on the right assortment of products to carry in
segments ranging from tooth paste to clothing; the approach here will power such
decision making in an entirely data driven fashion. In a different direction, serving
ads based on models that capture a surfer's preferences across the various silos
of products and topics on the web can be enabled at scale and incredible
granularity using the approach here. The level of granularity made possible by
the approach here cannot be achieved with 'parametric' attribute driven
approaches. In summary, the tools developed in this project have the potential to
do for `discovery' what the PageRank algorithm did for search. | 0 | TIP | Directorate for Technology, Innovation, and Partnerships | TI | Translational Impacts | 4900 | 4900 | [
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} | [
{
"pgm_ele_code": "537100",
"pgm_ele_name": "SBIR Phase I"
}
] | [
{
"pgm_ref_code": "4080",
"pgm_ref_txt": "ADVANCED COMP RESEARCH PROGRAM"
},
{
"pgm_ref_code": "5371",
"pgm_ref_txt": "SMALL BUSINESS PHASE I"
},
{
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},
{
"pgm_ref_code": "HPCC",
"pgm_ref_txt": "HIGH PERFORMANCE COMPUTING & COMM"
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] | [
{
"app_code": "0112",
"app_name": "NSF RESEARCH & RELATED ACTIVIT",
"app_symb_id": "040100",
"fund_code": "01001213DB",
"fund_name": "NSF RESEARCH & RELATED ACTIVIT",
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] | [
{
"fund_oblg_amt": 150000,
"fund_oblg_fiscal_yr": 2013
}
] | {
"por_cntn": "<div class=\"porColContainerWBG\">\n<div class=\"porContentCol\"><p><strong>Summary. </strong>The primary outcome of this project is development of fundamentally new and powerful recommendation technology that can provide meaningful recommendations by utilizing all sorts of data simultaneously. The foundations for the project are firmly based upon the multiple awards winning research of PIs starting early 2007 as well as development done as part of this project.</p>\n<p> </p>\n<p><strong>Broader Impact. </strong> A `recommendation' system is everywhere in any of the modern information system – be it setting like Netflix, Amazon or Yelp. The goal of such a system is to understand the `preferences', `likes and dislikes' or more generally `choices' of an individual, a community or entire population so that it can provide meaningful suggestions or ordered list of options from a potentially large pool of options, that are of interest to the particular individual, community or the population. Naturally design of such a system requires access to preferences or choices of individuals, communities and entire population. In the recent times, emergence of variety of `sensing platforms' like mobile phones, web-interfaces and electronic recording systems have led to the availability of large amounts of such preference data in variety of contexts. Therefore, in principle, it seems feasible to develop such an ambitious `recommendation system'.</p>\n<p> </p>\n<p>In reality, however, the state-of-art recommendation systems fall short from achieving this. The primary reason being -- the available preference data, generated in the existing settings mentioned above, is very heterogeneous in their natural representation while existing systems are primarily designed to work with a specific representation. For example, electronic transactions suggest which products where purchased; web or mobile phone app logs capture browsing behaviors and written reviews capture detailed preferences in the textual form. However, popular recommendation systems (known as collaborative filtering) work with preference data that is present in form of `star rating', 'scores' or 'thumbs up/down'.</p>\n<p> </p>\n<p><strong>Intellectual merit. </strong>This project precisely addressed this fundamental challenge of developing recommendation system that can operate with heterogeneous preference data and provide very meaningful recommendations across whole gamut of settings. Intellectually, development of this technology has advanced the state-of-art for machine learning and statistics, social choice and policy making and large-scale data processing.</p>\n<p> </p>\n<p>This system is based on the following simple and powerful insight of PIs: most, if not all, forms of heterogenous preference data can be viewed in form of comparisons. This includes all forms of preference data mentioned above: browsing log, web-or-app-clicks, transactions, reviews, scores or ratings, likes/dislikes, etc. For example, consider a user using entertainment media portal like Netflix: while browsing the web-interface of it, if the user clicks on the movie `Fargo' while having `Salt' and `About a boy' on the visual screen for the user, it can be immediately concluded that s/he prefers `Fargo' over the other two movies. And this can be thought as two comparisons: `Fargo' > `Salt' and `Fargo' > `About a boy'. Similarly, if the user in a physical (or online) store purchased DVD of `Fargo' while having `Salt' and `About a Boy' on the same shelf (or browsed during the transaction), then similar conclusion (and comparisons) as above can be derived. Indeed, the intensity of comparison between two settings could be (and most likely, should be) different -- a click on an item while browsing is not as strong a preference signal as a purchase. <strong> </strong></p>\n<p> </p>\n<p>In summary, the technology problem solved by this project – given ...",
"por_txt_cntn": "\nSummary. The primary outcome of this project is development of fundamentally new and powerful recommendation technology that can provide meaningful recommendations by utilizing all sorts of data simultaneously. The foundations for the project are firmly based upon the multiple awards winning research of PIs starting early 2007 as well as development done as part of this project.\n\n \n\nBroader Impact. A `recommendation' system is everywhere in any of the modern information system – be it setting like Netflix, Amazon or Yelp. The goal of such a system is to understand the `preferences', `likes and dislikes' or more generally `choices' of an individual, a community or entire population so that it can provide meaningful suggestions or ordered list of options from a potentially large pool of options, that are of interest to the particular individual, community or the population. Naturally design of such a system requires access to preferences or choices of individuals, communities and entire population. In the recent times, emergence of variety of `sensing platforms' like mobile phones, web-interfaces and electronic recording systems have led to the availability of large amounts of such preference data in variety of contexts. Therefore, in principle, it seems feasible to develop such an ambitious `recommendation system'.\n\n \n\nIn reality, however, the state-of-art recommendation systems fall short from achieving this. The primary reason being -- the available preference data, generated in the existing settings mentioned above, is very heterogeneous in their natural representation while existing systems are primarily designed to work with a specific representation. For example, electronic transactions suggest which products where purchased; web or mobile phone app logs capture browsing behaviors and written reviews capture detailed preferences in the textual form. However, popular recommendation systems (known as collaborative filtering) work with preference data that is present in form of `star rating', 'scores' or 'thumbs up/down'.\n\n \n\nIntellectual merit. This project precisely addressed this fundamental challenge of developing recommendation system that can operate with heterogeneous preference data and provide very meaningful recommendations across whole gamut of settings. Intellectually, development of this technology has advanced the state-of-art for machine learning and statistics, social choice and policy making and large-scale data processing.\n\n \n\nThis system is based on the following simple and powerful insight of PIs: most, if not all, forms of heterogenous preference data can be viewed in form of comparisons. This includes all forms of preference data mentioned above: browsing log, web-or-app-clicks, transactions, reviews, scores or ratings, likes/dislikes, etc. For example, consider a user using entertainment media portal like Netflix: while browsing the web-interface of it, if the user clicks on the movie `Fargo' while having `Salt' and `About a boy' on the visual screen for the user, it can be immediately concluded that s/he prefers `Fargo' over the other two movies. And this can be thought as two comparisons: `Fargo' > `Salt' and `Fargo' > `About a boy'. Similarly, if the user in a physical (or online) store purchased DVD of `Fargo' while having `Salt' and `About a Boy' on the same shelf (or browsed during the transaction), then similar conclusion (and comparisons) as above can be derived. Indeed, the intensity of comparison between two settings could be (and most likely, should be) different -- a click on an item while browsing is not as strong a preference signal as a purchase. \n\n \n\nIn summary, the technology problem solved by this project – given a collection of options or choices (e.g. movies, books), and preference data in the form of bag comparisons produces by a collection of individuals, develop system that provides rank ordered set of options for each of the individual – and this ..."
} |
|
1263723 | NSF | Grant | Standard Grant | Enabling Technologies Laboratory Student Design Program | 47.041 | 07020000 | 7032922191 | Aleksandr Simonian | 2013-09-01 | 2019-08-31 | 124,985 | 124,985 | 2013-08-19 | 2015-06-23 | PI: Erlandson
Proposal Number: 1263723
The Enabling Technologies Laboratory (ETL) Student Design Program provides Wayne State University's undergraduate engineering students with the opportunity to design and create prototypes, custom designed devices, software and services to aid persons with disabilities. Students conduct their design activities in an environment that not only complements and integrates their previous academic experiences, but also naturally integrates research, education, and community service. The student design projects are coordinated with ETL research on the impact and effectiveness of technologies that enhance human performance, both physically and cognitively, with an emphasis on the needs of individuals with disabilities. Accessible and universal design principles are key elements in these research and design activities ETL's client base and collaborator network has continued to grow over the past fifteen years. Veterans with disabilities and their respective organizations have recently been added to ETL's historically diverse community network of CARF and NISH affiliated agencies, special education schools and training centers, small business seeking to hire or retain workers with disabilities, and local rehabilitation clinics. ETL's student design projects reflect the needs of this increasingly diverse population. Loosely speaking, universal and accessible design seek to support accessibility and competent participation by as many people as possible with as broad a range of abilities as possible without the need for accommodations or assistive technology. Physical accessibility remains a priority and as such ergonomic considerations are a significant element in all design projects. However, cognitive accessibility has taken on greater significance with our aging population and the increase of people with one form or another of cognitive impairments or traumatic brain injury. A fundamental design principle of universal and accessible design is to build intelligence into the environment, product or service so that such "ambient intelligence" or "ubiquitous computing" can provide cognitive support if required.
Intellectual merit: ETL student projects tend to fall into three broad technological areas: mechatronic systems, ambient intelligence systems, and universal design. Mechatronic systems can address ergonomic and physical needs. Ambient intelligence enables the universal design principle of building intelligence into environments, products and services by the integration of embedded microprocessors, smart sensors, and wireless communications technologies that can communicate with people providing information, guidance and support. Such design efforts possess intellectual merit in that they are intellectually challenging and afford ETL students the opportunity to work with state-of-the-art technologies related to human/system interactions.
Broader Impacts: The ETL student design process ensures that the teams are out in the community. They meet and interact with users of their designs as well as representatives from the participating organizations. Based on past experience it has been clearly demonstrated that such active engagements create the broader impacts of the project: 1) interfacing with the local community through ETL's strong community network, 2) using technology to help persons with disabilities, 3) educating the community on how and where to obtain resources and services, 4) supporting persons with disabilities in work, education, leisure and community participation, 5) providing the participating engineering students exposure to people with disabilities, their needs and challenges, 6) engagement with practicing engineers and area businesses, 7) industry support of ETL equipment needs and resources, and more recently 8) raising the entrepreneurial awareness of our students and supporting their entrepreneurial interests with programs such as the collaboration of ETL and Life Beyond Barriers. Life Beyond Barriers is a program to stimulate and support student entrepreneurism. It is a partnership of Wayne State University, the Rehabilitation Institute of Michigan and Urban Science a company owned by a Wayne State graduate who is funding the entrepreneurial initiatives. | 0 | ENG | Directorate for Engineering | CBET | Division of Chemical, Bioengineering, Environmental, and Transport Systems | 4900 | 4900 | [
{
"nsf_id": "000328768",
"pi_email_addr": "[email protected]",
"pi_end_date": "2015-06-23",
"pi_first_name": "Robert",
"pi_full_name": "Robert F Erlandson",
"pi_last_name": "Erlandson",
"pi_mid_init": "F",
"pi_role": "Former Principal Investigator",
"pi_start_date": "2013-08-19",
"pi_sufx_name": ""
},
{
"nsf_id": "000327970",
"pi_email_addr": "[email protected]",
"pi_end_date": null,
"pi_first_name": "Abhilash",
"pi_full_name": "Abhilash Pandya",
"pi_last_name": "Pandya",
"pi_mid_init": "",
"pi_role": "Principal Investigator",
"pi_start_date": "2015-06-23",
"pi_sufx_name": ""
},
{
"nsf_id": "000321936",
"pi_email_addr": "[email protected]",
"pi_end_date": null,
"pi_first_name": "Michele",
"pi_full_name": "Michele J Grimm",
"pi_last_name": "Grimm",
"pi_mid_init": "J",
"pi_role": "Co-Principal Investigator",
"pi_start_date": "2015-06-23",
"pi_sufx_name": ""
},
{
"nsf_id": "000515385",
"pi_email_addr": "[email protected]",
"pi_end_date": null,
"pi_first_name": "Amar",
"pi_full_name": "Amar S Basu",
"pi_last_name": "Basu",
"pi_mid_init": "S",
"pi_role": "Co-Principal Investigator",
"pi_start_date": "2015-06-23",
"pi_sufx_name": ""
},
{
"nsf_id": "000548035",
"pi_email_addr": "[email protected]",
"pi_end_date": null,
"pi_first_name": "Wen",
"pi_full_name": "Wen Chen",
"pi_last_name": "Chen",
"pi_mid_init": "",
"pi_role": "Co-Principal Investigator",
"pi_start_date": "2015-06-23",
"pi_sufx_name": ""
}
] | {
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"inst_city_name": "DETROIT",
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} | [
{
"pgm_ele_code": "534200",
"pgm_ele_name": "Disability & Rehab Engineering"
}
] | [
{
"pgm_ref_code": "010E",
"pgm_ref_txt": "DISABILITY RES & HOMECARE TECH"
}
] | [
{
"app_code": "0113",
"app_name": "NSF RESEARCH & RELATED ACTIVIT",
"app_symb_id": "040100",
"fund_code": "01001314DB",
"fund_name": "NSF RESEARCH & RELATED ACTIVIT",
"fund_symb_id": "040100"
}
] | [
{
"fund_oblg_amt": 124985,
"fund_oblg_fiscal_yr": 2013
}
] | {
"por_cntn": "<div class=\"porColContainerWBG\">\n<div class=\"porContentCol\"><p>Engineering needs to benefit everyone and currently, college students are not adequately exposed to building systems that help the elderly and the disabled.</p>\n<p>This project has been a multi-year effort to create project prototypes, custom designed devices, software, and services with the goal of introducing students to the needs persons with disabilities. We have strived to create at least 8-10 projects per year. It has been an effort that integrates research, education and community service. There have been very imaginative projects for instance that allow students to create games for the disabled to creating lift assist devices (sit to stand) or even systems that help with grocery lists, and garden care. </p>\n<p>The intellectual merit of this undertaking was the exposure of students of engineering to the field of creating system to assist the disable. These students gained knowledge in not only the development of these systems (programming, hardware, sensors, mathematics), but also the methods of finding the issues a person is facing (questioning, visiting, observing) and developing solutions that can help. It has been a tremendous success in this regard. These students now have another way to apply their engineering skills learned to help the disabled. We are hopeful that this project will lead students to create companies and products that will assist the dire needs of the disabled community. </p>\n<p> </p><br>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t \tLast Modified: 10/28/2019<br>\n\t\t\t\t\tModified by: Abhilash Pandya</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"porSideCol\"></div>\n</div>",
"por_txt_cntn": "\nEngineering needs to benefit everyone and currently, college students are not adequately exposed to building systems that help the elderly and the disabled.\n\nThis project has been a multi-year effort to create project prototypes, custom designed devices, software, and services with the goal of introducing students to the needs persons with disabilities. We have strived to create at least 8-10 projects per year. It has been an effort that integrates research, education and community service. There have been very imaginative projects for instance that allow students to create games for the disabled to creating lift assist devices (sit to stand) or even systems that help with grocery lists, and garden care. \n\nThe intellectual merit of this undertaking was the exposure of students of engineering to the field of creating system to assist the disable. These students gained knowledge in not only the development of these systems (programming, hardware, sensors, mathematics), but also the methods of finding the issues a person is facing (questioning, visiting, observing) and developing solutions that can help. It has been a tremendous success in this regard. These students now have another way to apply their engineering skills learned to help the disabled. We are hopeful that this project will lead students to create companies and products that will assist the dire needs of the disabled community. \n\n \n\n\t\t\t\t\tLast Modified: 10/28/2019\n\n\t\t\t\t\tSubmitted by: Abhilash Pandya"
} |
Subsets and Splits