Dataset Viewer
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1262535 | NSF | Grant | Standard Grant | Discovering Collaboration Network Structures and Dynamics in Big Data | 47.075 | 04010000 | null | maryann feldman | 2013-08-01 | 2016-07-31 | 290,566 | 306,566 | 2013-06-25 | 2014-08-01 | Understanding how individual scientists interact with one another and how such interaction impacts research productivity and knowledge diffusion is important for understanding the dynamics of scientific research collaboration. At the same time, information about patterns of collaboration and their consequences have implications for science policy. In quantitative research on collaboration networks, publication co-authorships and citation-linkages have been the primary source of data. As large data repositories, one of the signposts for cyberinfrastructure-enabled, data-driven science, become increasingly prevalent, however, they offer an alternative source of information about networks of scientific collaboration. This project investigates research collaboration networks emerging around one such international data repository, GenBank, and develops data products to support data-driven science policymaking and research. By utilizing this novel data source the project provides an unprecedented opportunity to validate and expand the theory of complex networks while generating rich data outputs and products to support science policy research and policymaking. This study fills a number of theoretical and methodological gaps identified by the 2008 roadmap for Science of Science Policy (SoSP), with a specific focus on how scientific collaboration networks form and evolve. The outcomes of this study address the lack of models and tools for network analysis, visual analytics, and science mapping outlined in the 2008 roadmap for SoSP. To accomplish the data collection and processing required for this project new computational programs will be developed to parse, extract, store, transform, split, merge, and filter the data; these will be applicable to the analysis of other similar data sources for science policy and innovation research.
Broader impacts. By making available dataset product prototypes the project will allow researchers, policy makers, and students to explore research networks in GenBank from longitudinal, thematic, geographical, institutional, and author dimensions. The multi-dimensional, interactive presentations of such datasets enable data-intensive science policy research and support science policymaking through filtering, sorting, associating, and visualization capabilities. The datasets and data products will be made available through an open access mechanism, so educators and undergraduate and graduate students have ample opportunities to use these resources for teaching and research. Students enrolled in Syracuse University's newly established Certificate for Advanced Study in Data Science (CAS DS) program will be able to participate in the project and gain skills in programming for data collection and processing, data quality verification, analysis, and visualization. In addition, the collaboration network analysis provides interested doctoral students an opportunity to do independent study or dissertation research. Findings from studying cyberinfrastructure-supported data sharing and knowledge diffusion is expected to advance policymakers' ability to properly assess the outcomes of federally funded research. | 0 | SBE | Directorate for Social, Behavioral and Economic Sciences | SMA | SBE Office of Multidisciplinary Activities | 4900 | 4900 | [
{
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"pi_first_name": "Jian",
"pi_full_name": "Jian Qin",
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"pi_role": "Principal Investigator",
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{
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"pi_end_date": null,
"pi_first_name": "Jeffrey",
"pi_full_name": "Jeffrey M Stanton",
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"pi_start_date": "2013-06-25",
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{
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"pi_mid_init": "",
"pi_role": "Co-Principal Investigator",
"pi_start_date": "2013-06-25",
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{
"fund_oblg_amt": 290566,
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{
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] | {
"por_cntn": "<div class=\"porColContainerWBG\">\n<div class=\"porContentCol\"><p class=\"p1\">This project used a novel data source -- the metadata from an international data repository GenBank -- to study research collaboration network structures and dynamics. Examining genetic sequence data submissions and associated publications side by side provides a new perspective on how cyberinfrastructure-enabled collaboration networks have contributed to the advances of data-intensive biology. The resulting datasets, computational code, data products, and methodological workflows demonstrate the feasibility of this novel data source for science policy research and can be shared and reused through depositing to an open data repository. The resulting datasets made it possible for future research to incorporate other data sources (e.g., funding, taxonomy) to perform data-driven science policy research.</p>\n<p class=\"p1\">The results from this project led to the development of a new metric framework for measuring the impact of cyberinfrastructure-enabled scientific capacity on the extent and rate of knowledge diffusion. This framework uses collaboration capacity as the proxy measure for scientific capacity, in which the ability to garner a large data production team will have impact on the extent and rate of knowledge diffusion. It is assumed that a high level of scientific capacity can accelerate the extent of knowledge diffusion while a low level can hinder knowledge diffusion. Collaboration capacity as a proxy of scientific capacity can be operationalized by data submission network features, including the sizes and distribution patterns of data submission networks, core and peripheral positions of nodes, temporal features, and taxonomic features, and can be cross-examined through publication and patent data. This novel framework for measuring the impact of cyberinfrastructure-enabled collaboration on the extent and rate of knowledge diffusion represents a unique contribution to the knowledge of scientometric and science policy research.</p>\n<p class=\"p1\">The fact that the data source contained information about dataset and associated research publications allows the study to establish a grand picture over a period of almost two decades, during which time the cyberinfrastructure was shaping up by the advances in information technology and biotechnology. The longitudinal data on genetic sequence submissions to the GenBank repository coupled with associated publications reveal some very interesting phenomena that have policy implications to science research and are worth further exploration by integrating data from other sources such as workforce, economic indicators, R&D expenditures, funding, and major social and political events that may have impacted the rise and/or fall of scientific capacity and hence the output of scientific production.</p>\n<p>Key outcomes from this project include:</p>\n<p>1) This project computed statistical characteristics of research networks and visualized network characteristics through data tables, power law graphs, degree distribution charts, and network structures by year. These tables, graphs, charts, and network structures offer an evolutionary view of the collaboration networks during the turn of data-intensive biology.</p>\n<p>2) Metadata records in GenBank are semi-structured and in plain text format. As such it is extremely challenging to process and transform them into computable structures and formats. We deployed a wide variety of approaches and methods to ensure the quality of data. The large amount of R scripts and data objects produced can be published for sharing and reuse by the research and education community, once they are verified and documentation for them is created.</p>\n<p>3) The GenBank metadata collection contains millions of records, hence the only feasible way to make any of this data collection usable is through computational methods. We made detailed documentation of the workflows, rationale for using a particular approach or method, data file dependencies, as well as data models and structures. The documentation will be valuable information for data verification, checking for errors and/or duplicates, and research provenance.</p>\n<p>4) This project is one of the first to use metadata in data repositories as the source of data for studying collaboration networks and assessing the impact of cyberinfrastructure-enabled collaboration networks. The novel metrics developed from this project will provide a new theoretic framework for guiding the interpretation of the findings for this type of research.</p><br>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t \tLast Modified: 10/29/2016<br>\n\t\t\t\t\tModified by: Jian Qin</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"porSideCol\">\n<div class=\"each-gallery\">\n<div class=\"galContent\" id=\"gallery0\">\n<div class=\"photoCount\" id=\"photoCount0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tImages (<span id=\"selectedPhoto0\">1</span> of <span class=\"totalNumber\"></span>)\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</div>\n<div class=\"galControls\" id=\"controls0\"></div>\n<div class=\"galSlideshow\" id=\"slideshow0\"></div>\n<div class=\"galEmbox\" id=\"embox\">\n<div class=\"image-title\"></div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"galNavigation\" id=\"navigation0\">\n<ul class=\"thumbs\" id=\"thumbs0\">\n<li>\n<a href=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2016/1262535/1262535_10254207_1477792519729_SciSIPfianal-reportimage1datanetworks--rgov-214x142.jpg\" original=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2016/1262535/1262535_10254207_1477792519729_SciSIPfianal-reportimage1datanetworks--rgov-800width.jpg\" title=\"GenBank data submission networks 1994-2012\"><img src=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2016/1262535/1262535_10254207_1477792519729_SciSIPfianal-reportimage1datanetworks--rgov-66x44.jpg\" alt=\"GenBank data submission networks 1994-2012\"></a>\n<div class=\"imageCaptionContainer\">\n<div class=\"imageCaption\">GenBank data submission networks 1994-2012 (Blue = authors, Red = publications, Green = data submissions). Over time the publication-centric pattern gradually changed into a data-centric pattern with more nodes branching out while still interconnected.</div>\n<div class=\"imageCredit\">Jian Qin, Mark R. Costa, Sarah E. Bratt, Qianqian Chen, & Yingxue Xiao</div>\n<div class=\"imagePermisssions\">Royalty-free (restricted use - cannot be shared)</div>\n<div class=\"imageSubmitted\">Jian Qin</div>\n<div class=\"imageTitle\">GenBank data submission networks 1994-2012</div>\n</div>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a href=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2016/1262535/1262535_10254207_1477793401710_SciSIPfianal-reportimage3SARScollaborationnetworks--rgov-214x142.jpg\" original=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2016/1262535/1262535_10254207_1477793401710_SciSIPfianal-reportimage3SARScollaborationnetworks--rgov-800width.jpg\" title=\"Collaboration networks in polymerase chain reaction research 1989-2012\"><img src=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2016/1262535/1262535_10254207_1477793401710_SciSIPfianal-reportimage3SARScollaborationnetworks--rgov-66x44.jpg\" alt=\"Collaboration networks in polymerase chain reaction research 1989-2012\"></a>\n<div class=\"imageCaptionContainer\">\n<div class=\"imageCaption\">PCR, or polymerase chain reaction, was a new technique developed for amplifying DNA that dramatically accelerated the pace of genetic research. This image shows a network of 1165 publications in GenBank on PCR and and their authors between 1989-2012.</div>\n<div class=\"imageCredit\">Jian Qin, Mark R. Costa, Sarah E. Bratt, Qianqian Chen, & Yingxue Xiao</div>\n<div class=\"imagePermisssions\">Creative Commons</div>\n<div class=\"imageSubmitted\">Jian Qin</div>\n<div class=\"imageTitle\">Collaboration networks in polymerase chain reaction research 1989-2012</div>\n</div>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a href=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2016/1262535/1262535_10254207_1477795026541_SciSIPfinal-reportimage2SARSnetworks--rgov-214x142.jpg\" original=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2016/1262535/1262535_10254207_1477795026541_SciSIPfinal-reportimage2SARSnetworks--rgov-800width.jpg\" title=\"Collaboration networks in SARS research between 2006-2010\"><img src=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2016/1262535/1262535_10254207_1477795026541_SciSIPfinal-reportimage2SARSnetworks--rgov-66x44.jpg\" alt=\"Collaboration networks in SARS research between 2006-2010\"></a>\n<div class=\"imageCaptionContainer\">\n<div class=\"imageCaption\">Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) was a disease outbreak causing a spike in SARS sequence submissions to GenBank. Scientists submitted SARS protein sequences beginning in 2003, with a high concentration of research produced byChinese scientists.</div>\n<div class=\"imageCredit\">Jian Qin, Mark R. Costa, Sarah E. Bratt, Qianqian Chen, & Yingxue Xiao</div>\n<div class=\"imagePermisssions\">Creative Commons</div>\n<div class=\"imageSubmitted\">Jian Qin</div>\n<div class=\"imageTitle\">Collaboration networks in SARS research between 2006-2010</div>\n</div>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>",
"por_txt_cntn": "This project used a novel data source -- the metadata from an international data repository GenBank -- to study research collaboration network structures and dynamics. Examining genetic sequence data submissions and associated publications side by side provides a new perspective on how cyberinfrastructure-enabled collaboration networks have contributed to the advances of data-intensive biology. The resulting datasets, computational code, data products, and methodological workflows demonstrate the feasibility of this novel data source for science policy research and can be shared and reused through depositing to an open data repository. The resulting datasets made it possible for future research to incorporate other data sources (e.g., funding, taxonomy) to perform data-driven science policy research.\nThe results from this project led to the development of a new metric framework for measuring the impact of cyberinfrastructure-enabled scientific capacity on the extent and rate of knowledge diffusion. This framework uses collaboration capacity as the proxy measure for scientific capacity, in which the ability to garner a large data production team will have impact on the extent and rate of knowledge diffusion. It is assumed that a high level of scientific capacity can accelerate the extent of knowledge diffusion while a low level can hinder knowledge diffusion. Collaboration capacity as a proxy of scientific capacity can be operationalized by data submission network features, including the sizes and distribution patterns of data submission networks, core and peripheral positions of nodes, temporal features, and taxonomic features, and can be cross-examined through publication and patent data. This novel framework for measuring the impact of cyberinfrastructure-enabled collaboration on the extent and rate of knowledge diffusion represents a unique contribution to the knowledge of scientometric and science policy research.\nThe fact that the data source contained information about dataset and associated research publications allows the study to establish a grand picture over a period of almost two decades, during which time the cyberinfrastructure was shaping up by the advances in information technology and biotechnology. The longitudinal data on genetic sequence submissions to the GenBank repository coupled with associated publications reveal some very interesting phenomena that have policy implications to science research and are worth further exploration by integrating data from other sources such as workforce, economic indicators, R&D expenditures, funding, and major social and political events that may have impacted the rise and/or fall of scientific capacity and hence the output of scientific production.\n\nKey outcomes from this project include:\n\n1) This project computed statistical characteristics of research networks and visualized network characteristics through data tables, power law graphs, degree distribution charts, and network structures by year. These tables, graphs, charts, and network structures offer an evolutionary view of the collaboration networks during the turn of data-intensive biology.\n\n2) Metadata records in GenBank are semi-structured and in plain text format. As such it is extremely challenging to process and transform them into computable structures and formats. We deployed a wide variety of approaches and methods to ensure the quality of data. The large amount of R scripts and data objects produced can be published for sharing and reuse by the research and education community, once they are verified and documentation for them is created.\n\n3) The GenBank metadata collection contains millions of records, hence the only feasible way to make any of this data collection usable is through computational methods. We made detailed documentation of the workflows, rationale for using a particular approach or method, data file dependencies, as well as data models and structures. The documentation will be valuable information for data verification, checking for errors and/or duplicates, and research provenance.\n\n4) This project is one of the first to use metadata in data repositories as the source of data for studying collaboration networks and assessing the impact of cyberinfrastructure-enabled collaboration networks. The novel metrics developed from this project will provide a new theoretic framework for guiding the interpretation of the findings for this type of research.\n\n\t\t\t\t\tLast Modified: 10/29/2016\n\n\t\t\t\t\tSubmitted by: Jian Qin"
} |
|
1344335 | NSF | Grant | Standard Grant | Planning Meeting on Indicators of Doctoral Education | 47.075 | 04010000 | null | maryann feldman | 2013-08-01 | 2014-12-31 | 50,000 | 50,000 | 2013-07-20 | 2013-07-20 | The National Research Council (NRC) of the National Academy of Sciences will hold a planning meeting to discuss the creation of a program to collect and disseminate information about research doctoral education. Participants will include representatives of graduate research programs, higher education associations, organizations that provide comparative information on doctoral programs, and others with relevant knowledge and expertise. This meeting will consider the range of data currently available about doctoral education and the potential uses of additional data that could be obtained with a regular program of data collection. The meeting will also consider several practical aspects of such a program, including the willingness of universities to participate and the possible role of the NRC. The goal of the planning meeting is to determine if there is enough interest in and expected value from an ongoing indicators program to warrant further development work.
The NRC has conducted three prior studies of research doctorate programs that were carried out on an ad hoc basis, with reports published in 1982, 1995, and 2010. The planning meeting will consider the results of these prior studies for insights about the types of data that might be included in an ongoing indicators program, the technical challenges in constructing these different types of data, and the potential value to the field of making such data available. In particular, the planning meeting will consider the use of reputational rankings and the production of program rankings, both of which were criticized in the prior NRC studies. In addition the planning meeting will consider the implications for the design of an ongoing program to provide information about research doctoral education of new information sources that have recently become available, including commercial efforts to provide comparative information on publication and citation data across doctoral programs.
Broader Impacts. A set of doctoral indicators could potentially provide the graduate education community with a number of benefits, including benchmarks for institutional self-improvement, data for higher education research, and comparative information for policymakers and prospective students. As a result, an ongoing indicator program could help drive substantial increases in the quality of research doctoral programs. | 0 | SBE | Directorate for Social, Behavioral and Economic Sciences | SMA | SBE Office of Multidisciplinary Activities | 4900 | 4900 | [
{
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"pi_mid_init": "F",
"pi_role": "Principal Investigator",
"pi_start_date": "2013-07-20",
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}
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{
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"por_cntn": "<div class=\"porColContainerWBG\">\n<div class=\"porContentCol\"><p>This project called for a planning meeting to discuss the need for and issues in building a program to collect and make available indicators of research doctorate programs in the United States. The planning meeting involved bringing together individuals from the higher education community, the education statistics community, the science and engineering workforce policy community, and potential public- and private-sector funders. The discussions focused on the following topics:</p>\n<p>1) The range and importance of analytical, research, and policy making uses of the data collected on doctoral programs in the prior NRC study (2005-2010);</p>\n<p>2) The extent to which universities would be interested in and willing to invest in a program to continue collection and dissemination of such data; and</p>\n<p>3) The feasiblity of lodging within the NRC or some other organization either a continuing program or a prototype, proof-of-concept operation.</p>\n<p> </p>\n<p>The goal for the meeting was to provide NRC staff, key stakeholders, and potential project funders with advice on how to proceed with future work in this area. Several important points were made during the day’s discussions. First, participants emphasized that if there is to be another project in this area, it should begin soon. They noted the length of time required for the prior project (5 years) and called for any future project to move more quickly.</p>\n<p>Second, participants thought that the prior committee had been charged to serve too many roles. The earlier committee identified the data to collect, collected it, analyzed it, made decisions about ways to characterize institutional quality, and prepared a report on institutional quality. Participants advised that separation of responsibilities might increase the perceived integrity of the results. They described a strategy that would separate the responsibilities among three entities. One group might convene a group to define the outcomes to measure and possibly produce a model survey. Another organization might take the lead in collecting the data and producing the indicators of quality and/or rankings. A third group might review/oversee the data collection and the resulting indicators/rankings.</p>\n<p>With these points in mind, NRC project staff have begun to pursue a future project. A week after the planning meeting, project staff met to compare notes and identify a strategy to follow up on participants’ ideas. They also discussed the project at several staff and board of directors meetings to solicit their feedback and advice. NRC staff are now following up to determine the next steps in establishing the feasibility and desirability of an activity to regularly collect useful information on research doctoral programs.</p><br>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t \tLast Modified: 01/20/2015<br>\n\t\t\t\t\tModified by: Constance F Citro</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"porSideCol\"></div>\n</div>",
"por_txt_cntn": "\nThis project called for a planning meeting to discuss the need for and issues in building a program to collect and make available indicators of research doctorate programs in the United States. The planning meeting involved bringing together individuals from the higher education community, the education statistics community, the science and engineering workforce policy community, and potential public- and private-sector funders. The discussions focused on the following topics:\n\n1) The range and importance of analytical, research, and policy making uses of the data collected on doctoral programs in the prior NRC study (2005-2010);\n\n2) The extent to which universities would be interested in and willing to invest in a program to continue collection and dissemination of such data; and\n\n3) The feasiblity of lodging within the NRC or some other organization either a continuing program or a prototype, proof-of-concept operation.\n\n \n\nThe goal for the meeting was to provide NRC staff, key stakeholders, and potential project funders with advice on how to proceed with future work in this area. Several important points were made during the dayÆs discussions. First, participants emphasized that if there is to be another project in this area, it should begin soon. They noted the length of time required for the prior project (5 years) and called for any future project to move more quickly.\n\nSecond, participants thought that the prior committee had been charged to serve too many roles. The earlier committee identified the data to collect, collected it, analyzed it, made decisions about ways to characterize institutional quality, and prepared a report on institutional quality. Participants advised that separation of responsibilities might increase the perceived integrity of the results. They described a strategy that would separate the responsibilities among three entities. One group might convene a group to define the outcomes to measure and possibly produce a model survey. Another organization might take the lead in collecting the data and producing the indicators of quality and/or rankings. A third group might review/oversee the data collection and the resulting indicators/rankings.\n\nWith these points in mind, NRC project staff have begun to pursue a future project. A week after the planning meeting, project staff met to compare notes and identify a strategy to follow up on participantsÆ ideas. They also discussed the project at several staff and board of directors meetings to solicit their feedback and advice. NRC staff are now following up to determine the next steps in establishing the feasibility and desirability of an activity to regularly collect useful information on research doctoral programs.\n\n\t\t\t\t\tLast Modified: 01/20/2015\n\n\t\t\t\t\tSubmitted by: Constance F Citro"
} |
|
1315290 | NSF | Grant | Standard Grant | Ocean Acidification: Implications for Respiratory Gas Exchange and Acid-Base Balance in Estuarine Fish | 47.074 | 08040000 | null | Irwin Forseth | 2013-08-01 | 2018-07-31 | 723,801 | 723,801 | 2013-05-30 | 2013-05-30 | Anthropogenic carbon dioxide release is causing unprecedented change in the oceanic carbonate system (partial pressure of CO2, pH and alkalinity), and if current trends continue ocean PCO2 could reach 1,000 µatm before the end of the century. This predicted change in ocean chemistry has been shown to impact marine fish in a number of ways, from sensory and behavioral disturbances to reduced growth and survival. These cumulative impacts are estimated to profoundly affect global fish populations; however, to truly comprehend the population level consequences of ocean acidification, it is crucial to understand the underlying physiological mechanisms that impact individuals. Respiration is the key physiological process governing internal PCO2 levels and acid-base status, and therefore is particularly important when considering the impacts of ocean acidification. Recent work has shown ocean acidification to impair CO2 excretion in fish, resulting in a compensated respiratory acidosis with downstream physiological implications related to intestinal water balance. This research will focus on the estuarine red drum to build upon previous work through continued investigation of the respiratory and acid-base consequences of ocean acidification, as well as the potential for physiological adaptations in response to environmental change. More specifically this work will examine three specific areas related to respiratory gas exchange and acid-base implications of ocean acidification: 1) the ventilatory responses to ocean acidification in estuarine fish, 2) the adaptive capacity of respiratory gas exchange pathways in response to ocean acidification, and 3) the ontogeny of acid-base regulation and its role in determining larval sensitivity to ocean acidification. These studies will provide an in-depth examination of an inherently integrative process, using a combination of molecular biology, biochemistry and whole animal physiology. Furthermore, this work will not only seek to provide a worst-case scenario for ocean acidification, but also investigate possible routes of physiological adaptation in response to this unprecedented environmental change. These research activities will train multiple undergraduate and graduate students, as well as one post-doctoral researcher. The findings of this work will also be used in a variety of outreach programs intended to inform the public about the impacts of ocean acidification on fish populations. | 0 | BIO | Directorate for Biological Sciences | EF | Emerging Frontiers | 4900 | 4900 | [
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"por_cntn": "<div class=\"porColContainerWBG\">\n<div class=\"porContentCol\"><p>Ocean acidification refers to the increased levels of carbon dioxide predicted in the marine environment in the near future, and is an impending environmental concern for all marine life. For marine fishes, ocean acidification causes distress by making it more difficult for fish to remove carbon dioxide from their bodies, which results in a cascade of downstream acid-base disturbances that can jeopardize ecological performance. The primary objective of this work was to explore the ability of an economically important sportfish, the red drum, to offset these effects through respiratory and acid-base plasticity, which refers to the ability of animals to alter their physiology as a consequence of environmental change. A secondary objective of this work was to explore the secondary consequences of any observed plasticity according to the premise that physiological adaptations may have significant trade-offs.</p>\n<p>We first explored respiratory plasticity following exposure to ocean acidification using a combination of gene expression, enzyme assays and morphological characterization in the gills and red blood cells. Our results suggest that while fish were not able to manipulate their red blood cells to offset ocean acidification, they did reduce the thickness of their gills which theoretically reduces the diffusion limitations of carbon dioxide across the gill epithelium. Despite this observation, we were not able to quantify any tangible benefit of acclimation on the carbon dioxide load within fish plasma, as compared to control fish. Nonetheless, several trade-offs of the change in branchial diffusion distance were observed, all of which related to osmoregulatory physiology. The thinner gills of acclimated fish are also more prone to water loss to the marine environment, and to compensate fish were found to increase the osmoregulatory enzymes in their gills and intestines. Importantly, these osmoregulatory trade-offs were likely exacerbated by an increased ventilation rate in fish exposed to ocean acidification. While our work estimated that the ventilatory response reduced the change in blood chemistry following exposure to ocean acidification by about 40%, this also would result in additional water loss owing to the osmorespiratory compromise. A final aspect of this work was then to quantify the metabolic costs associated with ocean acidification acclimation with the hypothesis that the baseline cost of living (i.e. standard metabolic rate) for acclimated fish would be higher than fish acclimated to normal conditions. Contrary to our expectation, no significant change in standard or metabolic rate was detected. A subsequent study determined that this finding likely stemmed from the fact that osmoregulation itself only accounts for a fraction of standard metabolic rate.</p>\n<p>The second series of studies explored the plasticity of acid-base physiological systems in both early and later life stage red drum. With respect to later life stages, we found that red drum did have the potential for plasticity; however, this was not activated until fish were exposed to much higher carbon dioxide levels than those related to ocean acidification. Similar findings were observed with respect to acid-base plasticity in early life, whereby no significant changes in acid-base pathway were noted in fish reared under elevated carbon dioxide. Importantly, ocean acidification was found to significantly reduce embryonic survival during these studies, yet a significant number of larvae were also found to be tolerant to carbon dioxide levels an order of magnitude higher than ocean acidification. The overall conclusion of this work suggests that red drum generally maintain sufficient acid-base machinery in their bodies to tolerate typical environmental stressors, including ocean acidification. Furthermore, while sensitive individuals were observed in early life stages, there were also significant numbers of tolerant individuals that may serve as the bedrock for adaption. Additionally, several novel aspects of acid-base compensation were observed during these studies, including the presence of an anion exchanger (slc26a5) previously only found in the inner ear of higher vertebrates. Our work suggests that this transporter is found within the specialized ion transporting cells of the gills with an apical localization that may contribute to bicarbonate absorption from seawater.</p>\n<p>With respect to the broader impacts of this work, a total of four graduate students, one post-doc and nine undergraduates were trained as a part of this work. Furthermore, four international visiting graduate students were incorporated into these studies. Our data was publically disseminated to local stakeholders in a variety of avenues, including public presentations at the University of Texas at Austin, Texas State Aquarium and Coastal Conservation Agency members meeting. Finally, members of our research group incorporated our work into a variety of K-12 education initiatives including the University of Texas Marine Science Institute?s summer science program and a scientist in residence program that places graduate students directly in K-12 classrooms in Port Aransas, Texas.</p>\n<p> </p><br>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t \tLast Modified: 10/30/2018<br>\n\t\t\t\t\tModified by: Andrew Esbaugh</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"porSideCol\"></div>\n</div>",
"por_txt_cntn": "\nOcean acidification refers to the increased levels of carbon dioxide predicted in the marine environment in the near future, and is an impending environmental concern for all marine life. For marine fishes, ocean acidification causes distress by making it more difficult for fish to remove carbon dioxide from their bodies, which results in a cascade of downstream acid-base disturbances that can jeopardize ecological performance. The primary objective of this work was to explore the ability of an economically important sportfish, the red drum, to offset these effects through respiratory and acid-base plasticity, which refers to the ability of animals to alter their physiology as a consequence of environmental change. A secondary objective of this work was to explore the secondary consequences of any observed plasticity according to the premise that physiological adaptations may have significant trade-offs.\n\nWe first explored respiratory plasticity following exposure to ocean acidification using a combination of gene expression, enzyme assays and morphological characterization in the gills and red blood cells. Our results suggest that while fish were not able to manipulate their red blood cells to offset ocean acidification, they did reduce the thickness of their gills which theoretically reduces the diffusion limitations of carbon dioxide across the gill epithelium. Despite this observation, we were not able to quantify any tangible benefit of acclimation on the carbon dioxide load within fish plasma, as compared to control fish. Nonetheless, several trade-offs of the change in branchial diffusion distance were observed, all of which related to osmoregulatory physiology. The thinner gills of acclimated fish are also more prone to water loss to the marine environment, and to compensate fish were found to increase the osmoregulatory enzymes in their gills and intestines. Importantly, these osmoregulatory trade-offs were likely exacerbated by an increased ventilation rate in fish exposed to ocean acidification. While our work estimated that the ventilatory response reduced the change in blood chemistry following exposure to ocean acidification by about 40%, this also would result in additional water loss owing to the osmorespiratory compromise. A final aspect of this work was then to quantify the metabolic costs associated with ocean acidification acclimation with the hypothesis that the baseline cost of living (i.e. standard metabolic rate) for acclimated fish would be higher than fish acclimated to normal conditions. Contrary to our expectation, no significant change in standard or metabolic rate was detected. A subsequent study determined that this finding likely stemmed from the fact that osmoregulation itself only accounts for a fraction of standard metabolic rate.\n\nThe second series of studies explored the plasticity of acid-base physiological systems in both early and later life stage red drum. With respect to later life stages, we found that red drum did have the potential for plasticity; however, this was not activated until fish were exposed to much higher carbon dioxide levels than those related to ocean acidification. Similar findings were observed with respect to acid-base plasticity in early life, whereby no significant changes in acid-base pathway were noted in fish reared under elevated carbon dioxide. Importantly, ocean acidification was found to significantly reduce embryonic survival during these studies, yet a significant number of larvae were also found to be tolerant to carbon dioxide levels an order of magnitude higher than ocean acidification. The overall conclusion of this work suggests that red drum generally maintain sufficient acid-base machinery in their bodies to tolerate typical environmental stressors, including ocean acidification. Furthermore, while sensitive individuals were observed in early life stages, there were also significant numbers of tolerant individuals that may serve as the bedrock for adaption. Additionally, several novel aspects of acid-base compensation were observed during these studies, including the presence of an anion exchanger (slc26a5) previously only found in the inner ear of higher vertebrates. Our work suggests that this transporter is found within the specialized ion transporting cells of the gills with an apical localization that may contribute to bicarbonate absorption from seawater.\n\nWith respect to the broader impacts of this work, a total of four graduate students, one post-doc and nine undergraduates were trained as a part of this work. Furthermore, four international visiting graduate students were incorporated into these studies. Our data was publically disseminated to local stakeholders in a variety of avenues, including public presentations at the University of Texas at Austin, Texas State Aquarium and Coastal Conservation Agency members meeting. Finally, members of our research group incorporated our work into a variety of K-12 education initiatives including the University of Texas Marine Science Institute?s summer science program and a scientist in residence program that places graduate students directly in K-12 classrooms in Port Aransas, Texas.\n\n \n\n\t\t\t\t\tLast Modified: 10/30/2018\n\n\t\t\t\t\tSubmitted by: Andrew Esbaugh"
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1338917 | NSF | Grant | Continuing Grant | I/UCRC: Phase III: Center for Lasers and Plasmas for Advanced Manufacturing (LPAM) | 47.041 | 07050000 | 7032925341 | Prakash Balan | 2013-08-15 | 2023-07-31 | 196,100 | 344,778 | 2013-08-09 | 2023-07-19 | The proposal requests Phase III funding for the University of Virginia (UVA) to remain as an active lead site in the Center for Lasers and Plasmas for Advanced Manufacturing (LPAM).
The primary focus of the center's research is in laser and plasma applications for advanced manufacturing. With the advances in laser and plasma technology such as availability of high power diode, solid state and fiber lasers, and atmospheric plasma sources, there is continued growth of laser and plasma applications for industrial manufacturing. Lasers allow non-contact material processing to provide high precision, faster throughput and applicability to variety of materials such as metals, ceramics, polymers and composites. Some of the centers research activities have been in the areas of laser removal of oxides, laser micromachining of titanium, laser micro-texturing, optical imaging sensors for laser welding, micromachining of aluminum alloys, atmospheric plasma treatment of polymeric surfaces etc. Lasers and plasma sources continue to play an important role in various industrial sectors such as energy (specifically solar energy), automobile, aerospace, microelectronics, biomedical and general manufacturing. The center will continue to support industry research through innovation, participation of graduate and undergraduate students, leveraging the existing facilities and through multi-university partnerships.
The performance of industry research by lead center and various sites, allows the U.S. industry to be more competitive in advanced manufacturing and hence the LPAM center provides a great economic benefit to the society. The LPAM center develops new manufacturing processes and process monitoring tools, as well as provides fundamental understanding of technical issues related to current processes for the benefit of the center industrial members. The LPAM center also provides education and training to graduate and undergraduate student in research areas of interest to industry to meet their future workforce needs. The LPAM center creates a unique opportunity for students to be able to collaborate with industrial researchers and engineers. The LPAM center provides opportunities for team building and carrying out research in collaboration with students at participating universities and industrial members. The center has also involved undergraduate students through Research Experience for Undergraduates program and has provided a valuable experience at early stage of student's career. | 0 | ENG | Directorate for Engineering | EEC | Division of Engineering Education and Centers | 4900 | 4900 | [
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"por_cntn": "<div class=\"porColContainerWBG\">\n<div class=\"porContentCol\"><p><span>The Center</span><span>'s</span><span> mission was to develop </span><span>a </span><span>science, engineering</span><span>,</span><span> and technology base for laser and plasma processing of materials, devices</span><span>,</span><span> and systems for advanced manufacturing. The center</span><span>'s</span><span> capabilities included laser processing of materials (micromachining, drilling, cutting, welding, surface microtexturing, sintering), plasma applications for coatings and surface modification, process diagnostics</span><span>,</span><span> and sensor development. </span><span>E</span><span>xamples of industrial projects include laser microtexturing of titanium and silicon, laser welding of high</span><span>-</span><span>strength steel, laser imaging of weld pool</span><span>s</span><span>, erosion</span><span>-</span><span>resistant coatings, laser cleaning of surfaces, laser cladding, plasma sensors, </span><span>cold atmospheric plasma for surface modifications, </span><span>etc. Some industrial members included General Motors, Lockheed </span><span>M</span><span>artin, Halliburton, Trumpf lasers, Navair, GE Global, Army </span><span>R</span><span>ese</span><span>a</span><span>rch </span><span>Laboratory, </span><span>Areva</span><span>,</span><span> etc. The center provided</span><span> </span><span>a unique environment for industry partners to stay abreast of the latest developments in advanced manufacturing technologies and access an outstanding team of scientists with top</span><span>-</span><span>class facilities for research projects while offering excellent networking opportunities with key government personnel, industry p</span><span>e</span><span>ers</span><span>,</span><span> and potential future employees. The center openly invited </span><span>the </span><span>industry to look, witness, and eval</span><span>ua</span><span>te </span><span>endless research possibilities for their company and</span><span> enjoy the spirit of collaboration and networking </span><span>with </span><span>\"world</span><span>-</span><span>class\" individuals and organizations. The center produced </span><span>a </span><span>large number of research papers, patents</span><span>,</span><span> and new technologies and provided higher education to </span><span>a </span><span>large number of graduate and undergraduate students. </span><span>The center also allowed students to work with industry members and their projects, allowing them to appreciate the nature of practical high-value projects relevant to society. The center received Phase I, II, and III awards, clearly indicating the substantial benefit the U.S. industry received from the center’s research and development.</span></p><br>\n<p>\n Last Modified: 01/01/2024<br>\nModified by: Mool C Gupta</p></div>\n<div class=\"porSideCol\"\n></div>\n</div>\n",
"por_txt_cntn": "\n\nThe Center's mission was to develop a science, engineering, and technology base for laser and plasma processing of materials, devices, and systems for advanced manufacturing. The center's capabilities included laser processing of materials (micromachining, drilling, cutting, welding, surface microtexturing, sintering), plasma applications for coatings and surface modification, process diagnostics, and sensor development. Examples of industrial projects include laser microtexturing of titanium and silicon, laser welding of high-strength steel, laser imaging of weld pools, erosion-resistant coatings, laser cleaning of surfaces, laser cladding, plasma sensors, cold atmospheric plasma for surface modifications, etc. Some industrial members included General Motors, Lockheed Martin, Halliburton, Trumpf lasers, Navair, GE Global, Army Research Laboratory, Areva, etc. The center provided a unique environment for industry partners to stay abreast of the latest developments in advanced manufacturing technologies and access an outstanding team of scientists with top-class facilities for research projects while offering excellent networking opportunities with key government personnel, industry peers, and potential future employees. The center openly invited the industry to look, witness, and evaluate endless research possibilities for their company and enjoy the spirit of collaboration and networking with \"world-class\" individuals and organizations. The center produced a large number of research papers, patents, and new technologies and provided higher education to a large number of graduate and undergraduate students.The center also allowed students to work with industry members and their projects, allowing them to appreciate the nature of practical high-value projects relevant to society. The center received Phase I, II, and III awards, clearly indicating the substantial benefit the U.S. industry received from the centers research and development.\t\t\t\t\tLast Modified: 01/01/2024\n\n\t\t\t\t\tSubmitted by: MoolCGupta\n"
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1243792 | NSF | Grant | Continuing Grant | Discovery of the Mechanisms Enabling the Dynamic Architecture of the Plant ER | 47.074 | 08070000 | 7032922283 | Charles Cunningham | 2013-04-01 | 2019-03-31 | 629,999 | 715,780 | 2013-02-28 | 2017-01-30 | INTELLECTUAL MERIT
A central question in eukaryotic cell biology is how the identity of organelles is established and maintained. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an essential organelle of the secretory pathway for the production of a wide variety of the cell's building blocks, as well as for the control of essential stress and hormonal signaling pathways. To achieve maximum efficiency, the ER assumes a unique architecture characterized by a network of interconnected membrane tubules and sheets to form closed polygons. Discoveries in ER integrity are emerging from studies in various model organisms/systems such as fruit flies, yeast and cultured human cells. Compared with these systems, however, the ER has acquired unique morphological and functional features in the plant lineage that are likely linked to its important role in lipid synthesis together with chloroplast, intercellular communication, protein storage and plant-specific hormone signaling. The goal of this project is to investigate the unique regulatory mechanisms that maintain plant ER integrity by using genetic mutants, live cell imaging and biochemical approaches. These approaches have identified several genes that encode critical players involved in ER integrity and architecture including an Arabidopsis ER-associated dynamin-like protein, named RHD3. The project research aims to elucidate the mechanistic role of RHD3, as well as other gene products identified by mutant screens, in maintaining the architecture and functions of the plant ER. Since integrity and function are two inextricably linked features of the ER, the research will advance the general understanding of ER roles in the plant secretory pathway in the context of a multicellular organism and contribute to answering fundamental questions regarding differences in ER organization and function across eukaryotic systems.
BROADER IMPACTS
Plants are the direct or indirect primary carbon and nitrogen source of all animals and humans, in addition to their role in providing materials and fuels. The secretory pathway of plants plays a fundamental role in the conversion of fixed carbon into energy-rich materials, such as proteins, lipids and complex sugars. These plant-derived products are not only important for nutrition, but have the potential to be used as renewable fuels, lubricants, textiles and building materials. Because unique variations exist among eukaryotes as a result of evolutionary adaptation, it is important to study the unique properties of the plant ER which is the key organelle for the biosynthesis of important building blocks of cells and for essential signaling path-ways in growth, development and stress responses. The project will also broaden the impact of on the plant cell science research community by providing unique plant lines and constructs which will be made available to other plant cell biologists. The research will promote teaching, research training and outreach activities through multiple avenues both at Michigan State University as well as the local community. In particular, project personnel will continue to communicate to students and teachers discoveries in plant science and their impact on the society by engaging students and teachers in research activities in the lab and by performing science presentations at schools. | 0 | BIO | Directorate for Biological Sciences | MCB | Division of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences | 4900 | 4900 | [
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"por_cntn": "<div class=\"porColContainerWBG\">\n<div class=\"porContentCol\"><p>Research in our lab focuses on understanding how the subcompartments of the plant cell attain their shape throughout their lifespan. Research in this award focused on defining the mechanisms that underlie the morphological and functional integrity of the plant endoplasmic reticulum (ER).</p>\n<p>The ER is an essential organelle that produces one third of the proteome, lipids and sugars. The ER is one of the organelles with the largest membrane extension; it pervades the cell and is in close contact with all the other organelles. The ER structure assumes a reticulated appearance of tubules and flattened cisternae that are dynamically interconnected. The movement of the tubules is largely dependent on the actin cytoskeleton. Despite the importance of the ER to the life of the cell – and therefore for the entire organism – the mechanisms underlying the structure and dynamics of the ER are not completely understood, especially in plant cells. Addressing this knowledge gap is fundamentally important in eukaryotic cell biology and provides the means for manipulating ER productivity, which can result in crop improvement.</p>\n<p>To understand the mechanisms underlying the dynamic morphology of the ER, in our lab we pursued our earlier results that led to the identification of the first plant ER membrane fusogen, RHD3, as well as mutants of the ER that we identified using confocal microscopy screens in the model plant species Arabidopsis thaliana. We made important new discoveries in the biology of the ER. For example, we defined critical mechanisms for the cellular function of RHD3. We also discovered that the ER changes shape and movement rate as the cell grows, and that it influences the intracellular movement and distribution of the other organelles. By utilizing RHD3-depleted mutants we were also able to show that shape defects can compromise the ability of the ER to signal to the nucleus. Furthermore, we identified and characterized the first actin-ER linker, SYP73, an actin-binding protein that is anchored to the ER. When SYP73 is either depleted or over-abundant in the cell, the ER changes shape.</p>\n<p>Our findings have been published in numerous research articles and discussed in several reviews. Our results have contributed to fundamental knowledge in cell biology of eukaryotes and paved the road for future research in plant cell biology for the discovery of mechanisms that underlie the dynamic structure of an essential organelle. The award has allowed not only to make significant contributions to the fundamental understanding of the biology of plant cells, it has also provided a tremendous opportunity to train individuals, including high-school teachers and students, and to disseminate our results widely in the classroom, at meetings and to the general public. </p>\n<p> </p><br>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t \tLast Modified: 07/03/2019<br>\n\t\t\t\t\tModified by: Federica Brandizzi</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"porSideCol\"></div>\n</div>",
"por_txt_cntn": "\nResearch in our lab focuses on understanding how the subcompartments of the plant cell attain their shape throughout their lifespan. Research in this award focused on defining the mechanisms that underlie the morphological and functional integrity of the plant endoplasmic reticulum (ER).\n\nThe ER is an essential organelle that produces one third of the proteome, lipids and sugars. The ER is one of the organelles with the largest membrane extension; it pervades the cell and is in close contact with all the other organelles. The ER structure assumes a reticulated appearance of tubules and flattened cisternae that are dynamically interconnected. The movement of the tubules is largely dependent on the actin cytoskeleton. Despite the importance of the ER to the life of the cell – and therefore for the entire organism – the mechanisms underlying the structure and dynamics of the ER are not completely understood, especially in plant cells. Addressing this knowledge gap is fundamentally important in eukaryotic cell biology and provides the means for manipulating ER productivity, which can result in crop improvement.\n\nTo understand the mechanisms underlying the dynamic morphology of the ER, in our lab we pursued our earlier results that led to the identification of the first plant ER membrane fusogen, RHD3, as well as mutants of the ER that we identified using confocal microscopy screens in the model plant species Arabidopsis thaliana. We made important new discoveries in the biology of the ER. For example, we defined critical mechanisms for the cellular function of RHD3. We also discovered that the ER changes shape and movement rate as the cell grows, and that it influences the intracellular movement and distribution of the other organelles. By utilizing RHD3-depleted mutants we were also able to show that shape defects can compromise the ability of the ER to signal to the nucleus. Furthermore, we identified and characterized the first actin-ER linker, SYP73, an actin-binding protein that is anchored to the ER. When SYP73 is either depleted or over-abundant in the cell, the ER changes shape.\n\nOur findings have been published in numerous research articles and discussed in several reviews. Our results have contributed to fundamental knowledge in cell biology of eukaryotes and paved the road for future research in plant cell biology for the discovery of mechanisms that underlie the dynamic structure of an essential organelle. The award has allowed not only to make significant contributions to the fundamental understanding of the biology of plant cells, it has also provided a tremendous opportunity to train individuals, including high-school teachers and students, and to disseminate our results widely in the classroom, at meetings and to the general public. \n\n \n\n\t\t\t\t\tLast Modified: 07/03/2019\n\n\t\t\t\t\tSubmitted by: Federica Brandizzi"
} |
|
1349507 | NSF | Grant | Standard Grant | EAGER: Thermal pulsing enabled fast and reversible morphology control | 47.041 | 07020000 | null | Ruey-Hung Chen | 2013-08-15 | 2014-07-31 | 24,286 | 24,286 | 2013-08-16 | 2013-08-16 | CBET 1349507
PI: Kalyanaraman
In this research we will investigate the understanding of a discovery in which a reversible change in the size and morphology of nanostructures can be achieved in very short nanosecond times. As a result, physical properties such as magnetism, optical reflectivity, plasmon resonance colors, and electrical conductivity, that are directed controlled by the morphology, can also be reversed rapidly. The experimental observation of this effect is that break-up of nanoparticles can occur under specific combinations of rapid thermal pulses and a static magnetic field, which can then be re-formed by thermal heating. Our hypothesis is that the rapid change in size and or density of the material is central to the break-up. We have designed experiments and modeling to confirm these ideas. Experiments will involve study of break-up as function of thermal pulsing, magnetic field, and materials parameters, while the modeling will be used to predict the spatio-temporal nature of temperature change within the nanostructures so as to estimate the forces leading to break-up.
Materials and/or processes that can show reversible cycling of physical behavior are very important for a multitude of applications with wide ranging socio-economic impact. For example, the data stored on our smartphones and computers can be read, erased and rewritten multiple times through changes to the electronic or magnetic state. However, there is a severe limitation of such materials and processes. For instance computer logic is dominated by semiconductor materials. Also, it is not possible to reverse every physical property in a fast enough manner that would enable better new applications. One example is the photochromic effect found in sun glasses - although useful there, finds little use in electronic applications because it is extremely slow. The impact of our research will be from demonstrating this new approach to reverse physical behavior, based on reversible morphology control. Because it can happen in nanoseconds, we envision applications in dynamic heat and electromagnetic shielding, intelligent optical windows, novel data storage and memory, nanoscale repair, and measurement of heat and temperature. | 0 | ENG | Directorate for Engineering | CBET | Division of Chemical, Bioengineering, Environmental, and Transport Systems | 4900 | 4900 | [
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"por_cntn": "<div class=\"porColContainerWBG\">\n<div class=\"porContentCol\"><p>In this one year NSF funded exploratory research, our goal was to show that that application of external magnetic, electric, or pressure forces can modify the natural behavior of liquids exposed to rapid temperature variations. For example, when a liquid is rapidly frozen in the presence of an electric or magnetic, its internal structure can be modified, which in turn can change its physical characteristics, such as color, hardness, etc. In this research we focused our research on the study of how liquid metal thin films and nanometer sized droplets behave under electric fields as well as pressure forces. The rapid heating and cooling of the metal structure was achieved by using energetic beams from a laser source. Because the laser produced energy bursts of 10 nanoseconds, extremely rapid heating and subsequent cooling could be achieved. <br /><br />One of the important discoveries arising from this work is a new way to generate patterns. When we applied a DC electric voltage during the laser heating and subsequent cooling of the metal particles, as in Fig. (Schematic), we discovered that they could be aligned into very well organized rows of nanoparticles. In Fig. (No DC Voltage) the arrangement of the particles following irradiation without a DC voltage showed that the particles were disorganized in their spatial arrangement. On the other hand, Fig. (With DC voltage) shows that laser irradiation under application of a DC field resulted in highly organized spatial arrangements. We explained this new nanoscale phenomenon, as being similar to the “phased array” principle (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phased_array) that is used in large radar and telescope arrays. In phased array antennas, the collective direction in which the entire antenna array points can be controlled by changing the phase angle between each antenna. We believe that the application of the DC voltage produces a similar effect during the interaction of the laser light with the liquid metal droplets. Such spatial ordered metal nanopartticles have applications as diffraction gratings, optical biosensors to detect pathogens and disease markers, and catalytic processes for production of other materials.</p>\n<p>The primary broader impact of this work was from the training of our future generation of engineers and scientists in state-of-art instrument usage and manufacturing techniques. Undergraduate student Daniel San Roman, presented this research at the American Society of Metals (ASM) local chapter and won second prize in the presentation. He was selected as one of 4 students to represent the University of Tennessee Knoxville at the ASM meeting at Louisiana State University (LSU) in October 2014. This research also forms an important component of the Ph.D. dissertation research of a graduate student in Chemical and Biomolecular engineering, who is expected to graduate in December 2014.</p><br>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t \tLast Modified: 09/11/2014<br>\n\t\t\t\t\tModified by: Ramki Kalyanaraman</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"porSideCol\">\n<div class=\"each-gallery\">\n<div class=\"galContent\" id=\"gallery0\">\n<div class=\"photoCount\" id=\"photoCount0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tImages (<span id=\"selectedPhoto0\">1</span> of <span class=\"totalNumber\"></span>)\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</div>\n<div class=\"galControls\" id=\"controls0\"></div>\n<div class=\"galSlideshow\" id=\"slideshow0\"></div>\n<div class=\"galEmbox\" id=\"embox\">\n<div class=\"image-title\"></div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"galNavigation\" id=\"navigation0\">\n<ul class=\"thumbs\" id=\"thumbs0\">\n<li>\n<a href=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2014/1349507/1349507_10268188_1410470746125_schematic--rgov-214x142.jpg\" original=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2014/1349507/1349507_10268188_1410470746125_schematic--rgov-800width.jpg\" title=\"Schematic\"><img src=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2014/1349507/1349507_10268188_1410470746125_schematic--rgov-66x44.jpg\" alt=\"Schematic\"></a>\n<div class=\"imageCaptionContainer\">\n<div class...",
"por_txt_cntn": "\nIn this one year NSF funded exploratory research, our goal was to show that that application of external magnetic, electric, or pressure forces can modify the natural behavior of liquids exposed to rapid temperature variations. For example, when a liquid is rapidly frozen in the presence of an electric or magnetic, its internal structure can be modified, which in turn can change its physical characteristics, such as color, hardness, etc. In this research we focused our research on the study of how liquid metal thin films and nanometer sized droplets behave under electric fields as well as pressure forces. The rapid heating and cooling of the metal structure was achieved by using energetic beams from a laser source. Because the laser produced energy bursts of 10 nanoseconds, extremely rapid heating and subsequent cooling could be achieved. \n\nOne of the important discoveries arising from this work is a new way to generate patterns. When we applied a DC electric voltage during the laser heating and subsequent cooling of the metal particles, as in Fig. (Schematic), we discovered that they could be aligned into very well organized rows of nanoparticles. In Fig. (No DC Voltage) the arrangement of the particles following irradiation without a DC voltage showed that the particles were disorganized in their spatial arrangement. On the other hand, Fig. (With DC voltage) shows that laser irradiation under application of a DC field resulted in highly organized spatial arrangements. We explained this new nanoscale phenomenon, as being similar to the \"phased array\" principle (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phased_array) that is used in large radar and telescope arrays. In phased array antennas, the collective direction in which the entire antenna array points can be controlled by changing the phase angle between each antenna. We believe that the application of the DC voltage produces a similar effect during the interaction of the laser light with the liquid metal droplets. Such spatial ordered metal nanopartticles have applications as diffraction gratings, optical biosensors to detect pathogens and disease markers, and catalytic processes for production of other materials.\n\nThe primary broader impact of this work was from the training of our future generation of engineers and scientists in state-of-art instrument usage and manufacturing techniques. Undergraduate student Daniel San Roman, presented this research at the American Society of Metals (ASM) local chapter and won second prize in the presentation. He was selected as one of 4 students to represent the University of Tennessee Knoxville at the ASM meeting at Louisiana State University (LSU) in October 2014. This research also forms an important component of the Ph.D. dissertation research of a graduate student in Chemical and Biomolecular engineering, who is expected to graduate in December 2014.\n\n\t\t\t\t\tLast Modified: 09/11/2014\n\n\t\t\t\t\tSubmitted by: Ramki Kalyanaraman"
} |
|
1250444 | NSF | Grant | Standard Grant | Paleomagnetic Investigation of Rock Formations from Junggar Basin, NW China | 47.050 | 06030103 | null | Stephen Harlan | 2013-08-01 | 2020-07-31 | 307,000 | 305,659 | 2013-08-01 | 2019-09-23 | Plate tectonic theory postulates that the Earth's lithosphere is broken into tectonic plates or blocks that move and slide past or toward each other over geological time. Our knowledge of the kinematics and duration of collisional events between various Chinese tectonic blocks and Siberia is still poorly known. Similarly, the accretionary history of the Central Asian fold belt itself is contentious. A lack of basic information regarding the tectonic assembly of asia hinders our understanding of the complex tectonic history of this region. The primary goal of this research is to study the Paleozoic and Mesozoic rocks from the Junggar Basin, Northwest China, to address key questions that are currently debated: Terrane Accretionary History of the Central Asian Belt; Coherence of the Junggar Basin; and Excessive Crustal Shortening. A common thread running through the proposed work is to obtain reliable paleomagnetic data bearing on the tectonic and geodynamic evolution of Asia, including the sequence of configurations leading up to collision of oceanic terranes and continental blocks along its southern margin and the large-scale displacements and rotations that ensued during the long process of accretion. To address these questions we are collecting paleomagnetic and geochronologic samples from the Junggar Basin. In addition to the scientific objectives of this research, the project is contributing to the education of graduate and undergraduate students in a STEM discipline and is promoting significant international collaboration with scientists from Taiwan and The Peoples Republic of China. Geophysical insight and refinement of paleogeographic maps from this study may help identify the ancient environments that were conducive to the formation of the rare-metal mineralization and petroleum potential in the central Asian belt region. The scientific results from this project will be germane to a broad range of scientists studying continental tectonics with interests ranging from the growth of the lithosphere to deep-mantle dynamics to examining questions regarding possible relations between plume activity, large igneous province production, and geomagnetic polarity superchrons. The data from this study will be presented at national meetings, reported to the NSF, and disseminated in peer-reviewed, high-profile international journal articles and web-based paleomagnetic database for wider dissemination. This award is co-funded by NSF's Office of International Science and Engineering. | 0 | GEO | Directorate for Geosciences | EAR | Division Of Earth Sciences | 4900 | 4900 | [
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"por_cntn": "<div class=\"porColContainerWBG\">\n<div class=\"porContentCol\"><p>The primary goal for this project was to address key questions about the geographic positions of the Junggar Basin in Xinjiang province of Northwest China in Paleozoic and Mesozoic times and its tectonic relationship with other major Asian blocks by generating high-quality paleomagnetically inferred paleolatitudes and basin histories. The ethnic violence and political unrest together with the subsequently tight travel control in Xinjiang province, which have been prevented us to carry out our planned fieldwork in Junggar basin since 2015, finally got resolved favorably in August of 2018. When local government and tourism businesses were allowed to host foreign tourists, we seized this opportunity and teamed up with our Chinese collaborators in Xinjiang. We collected paleomagnetic samples from well-exposed and well-described sites of Permian to Cretaceous stratigraphic sections of Junggar basin. We targeted rock outcrops in active/inactive quarries, road cuts, building construction sites or river beds to sample the freshest materials. The rocks are mainly limestone and red and gray sediments including siltstone and sandstone. We also sampled folds as many as possible in order to apply paleomagnetic fold tests to check the stability of the remanent magnetization. Our Chinese collaborators’ extensive knowledge of local outcrops and employments at Chinese government’s educational and research institutions have proven indispensable in collecting and exporting samples back to the US for analysis. These samples significantly expand our database, and can be directly compared to our previous paleomagnetic results from Southern Siberia and northern Tibet that we completed previously under NSF grants. Useful results were obtained by progressive demagnetization for gray and red sandstone samples that are dated paleontologically as Late Permian, mid to late Triassic, and late Cretaceous, respectively. Two remanent magnetizations were clearly separated from these samples. The low-temperature component is a post-fold remagnetization acquired in recent times. The high-temperature component is the characteristic remanent magnetization, with the presence of both normal and reversed polarity and evidence of passing a fold test. Comparing with coeval paleomagnetic data from neighboring blocks, paleomagnetic declinations indicate large clockwise vertical-axis rotations (up to 98.3° ±16°) may have occurred between sampling sites in Junggar Basin and North China Block during the time interval of Late Triassic and Late Cretaceous. The rotation pattern correlates with the regional structural trend variations. The paleomagnetically inferred latitudinal displacements between Junggar and South China Block are general statistically insignificant, as well as the rotational data. These data thus suggest that Junggar Basin may have been very close to South China Block during the Triassic time and together they reveal a large rotation of some 98°. A plausible cause of the rotation is that it responded the westward rotational closure of the South and North China Blocks, which is inferred to have occurred during the Mid-Late Triassic according to several geologic and tectonic analyses. It is likely that the relative rotations in Junggar Basin occurred during a major regional deformation and may ended before Late Cretaceous. This project has provided research experience and training in paleomagnetism and rock magnetism for 2 UC Santa Cruz students, 2 Chinese graduate students, 1 Chinese undergraduate student, and 1 Chinese postdoctoral researcher. Graduate student and undergraduates participation in our research gives them an excellent research experience early-on in their professional career. They have obtained skills of paleomagnetic and rock magnetic measurements, data reduction, plotting, analysis, and interpretation. This project also established collaboration from which further research activities involving data access and analysis from unique field areas and science education can be advanced.</p>\n<p><strong> </strong><em> </em></p>\n<p> </p><br>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t \tLast Modified: 10/01/2020<br>\n\t\t\t\t\tModified by: Xixi Zhao</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"porSideCol\"></div>\n</div>",
"por_txt_cntn": "\nThe primary goal for this project was to address key questions about the geographic positions of the Junggar Basin in Xinjiang province of Northwest China in Paleozoic and Mesozoic times and its tectonic relationship with other major Asian blocks by generating high-quality paleomagnetically inferred paleolatitudes and basin histories. The ethnic violence and political unrest together with the subsequently tight travel control in Xinjiang province, which have been prevented us to carry out our planned fieldwork in Junggar basin since 2015, finally got resolved favorably in August of 2018. When local government and tourism businesses were allowed to host foreign tourists, we seized this opportunity and teamed up with our Chinese collaborators in Xinjiang. We collected paleomagnetic samples from well-exposed and well-described sites of Permian to Cretaceous stratigraphic sections of Junggar basin. We targeted rock outcrops in active/inactive quarries, road cuts, building construction sites or river beds to sample the freshest materials. The rocks are mainly limestone and red and gray sediments including siltstone and sandstone. We also sampled folds as many as possible in order to apply paleomagnetic fold tests to check the stability of the remanent magnetization. Our Chinese collaborators’ extensive knowledge of local outcrops and employments at Chinese government’s educational and research institutions have proven indispensable in collecting and exporting samples back to the US for analysis. These samples significantly expand our database, and can be directly compared to our previous paleomagnetic results from Southern Siberia and northern Tibet that we completed previously under NSF grants. Useful results were obtained by progressive demagnetization for gray and red sandstone samples that are dated paleontologically as Late Permian, mid to late Triassic, and late Cretaceous, respectively. Two remanent magnetizations were clearly separated from these samples. The low-temperature component is a post-fold remagnetization acquired in recent times. The high-temperature component is the characteristic remanent magnetization, with the presence of both normal and reversed polarity and evidence of passing a fold test. Comparing with coeval paleomagnetic data from neighboring blocks, paleomagnetic declinations indicate large clockwise vertical-axis rotations (up to 98.3° ±16°) may have occurred between sampling sites in Junggar Basin and North China Block during the time interval of Late Triassic and Late Cretaceous. The rotation pattern correlates with the regional structural trend variations. The paleomagnetically inferred latitudinal displacements between Junggar and South China Block are general statistically insignificant, as well as the rotational data. These data thus suggest that Junggar Basin may have been very close to South China Block during the Triassic time and together they reveal a large rotation of some 98°. A plausible cause of the rotation is that it responded the westward rotational closure of the South and North China Blocks, which is inferred to have occurred during the Mid-Late Triassic according to several geologic and tectonic analyses. It is likely that the relative rotations in Junggar Basin occurred during a major regional deformation and may ended before Late Cretaceous. This project has provided research experience and training in paleomagnetism and rock magnetism for 2 UC Santa Cruz students, 2 Chinese graduate students, 1 Chinese undergraduate student, and 1 Chinese postdoctoral researcher. Graduate student and undergraduates participation in our research gives them an excellent research experience early-on in their professional career. They have obtained skills of paleomagnetic and rock magnetic measurements, data reduction, plotting, analysis, and interpretation. This project also established collaboration from which further research activities involving data access and analysis from unique field areas and science education can be advanced.\n\n \n\n \n\n\t\t\t\t\tLast Modified: 10/01/2020\n\n\t\t\t\t\tSubmitted by: Xixi Zhao"
} |
|
1303344 | NSF | Grant | Standard Grant | Toward a National Model for Cyber-security & Intelligence | 47.076 | 11010000 | 7032925141 | Victor Piotrowski | 2013-09-15 | 2017-08-31 | 485,865 | 485,865 | 2013-09-06 | 2013-09-06 | The California State University, San Bernardino proposal seeks to build capacity for training students in cyber security and intelligence by developing a national model curriculum at the undergraduate and graduate levels. It builds upon its two existing Centers of Academic Excellence (Information Assurance and Intelligence Community), leveraging a strong SFS Scholarship program, partnership with a grant funded ATE center, regional community colleges, and the relationship with five other California State Universities and three regional universities that are part of the IC Center of Academic Excellence (IC CAE) consortium. This grant enhances the SFS program by building a national model curriculum that reflects the needs of the federal government as described in the President's Comprehensive National Cybersecurity Initiative. Major activities include developing new curriculum, new courses, faculty workshops to improve cross-disciplinary understanding, symposia and seminars to enhance student skills and online curriculum modules. The new curriculum provides opportunities for CSUSB students, regional articulation and transfer paths for regional community colleges as well as opportunities for graduate work for students at IC CAE consortium universities. In addition, the national model curriculum is disseminated to the Intelligence Community and Information Assurance Centers of Academic Excellence nationally. The NSF SFS Cybercorps program benefits from a new pool of highly qualified students who meet the immediate needs of the federal government. | 0 | EDU | Directorate for STEM Education | DGE | Division Of Graduate Education | 4900 | 4900 | [
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"por_cntn": "<div class=\"porColContainerWBG\">\n<div class=\"porContentCol\"><p>This model curriculum serves as a contribution to the current on-going effort of preparing Intel/Cybersecurity professionals with the dual competencies needed in the two areas in order to protect our nation from the 21st century cyber challenges we face. We provide templates for two programs: Bachelor of Science in Information Systems Technology (Cybersecurity, Intelligence Option) and the Master of Science in National Cyber Security Studies. Whereas we draw from two existing programs, we have tried to make this contribution as generic as possible to be adaptable to many curriculi. The templates developed include: (1) analysis and integration of the Office of the Director of National Intelligence’s (ODNI) Intelligence Community Directive (203) (ICD 2003, January 2015) competencies to the NICE Cybersecurity Workforce Framework (November 2016) competences (2) framework for model course generation using ODNI ICD 203 and NICE KSATs, (3) alignment of Institutional Learning Outcomes/Program Learning Outcomes/Student Learning Outcomes for the BSc Cyber Intelligence program (4) alignment of Institutional Learning Outcomes/Program Learning Outcomes/Student Learning Outcomes for the MSc Cyber Intelligence program. (5) additional Insights on Lessons Learnt from adopting the model curriculum. </p>\n<p> Both degree programs prepare students for career paths in Cybersecurity Intelligence. The goal is to address the “shortage of professionals within the IC that have cybersecurity technical knowledge.” A graduate from the BS or MS program could work as: All-Source Analyst, Warning Analyst, Mission Assessment Specialist, Target Developer, Target Network Analyst, Cyber Defense Analyst, Vulnerability Assessment Analyst, Multi-Disciplined Language Analyst, All-Source Requirements and Collection Manager, Cyber Intel Planner, Cyber Ops Planner, Partner Integration Planner, Cyber Operator, Cyber Crime Investigator, Forensic Analyst, and Cyber Defense Forensic Analyst. Career paths for the MS degree graduates may lead to strategic positions such as Chief Information Officer, Chief Information Security Officer, Chief Compliance Officer, Chief Data officer, or Chief Cybersecurity Architect. Once they are hired, additional training may be required to get graduates acquainted with specific tools and work processes as needed. </p>\n<p> </p>\n<p> </p><br>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t \tLast Modified: 11/01/2017<br>\n\t\t\t\t\tModified by: Tony Coulson</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"porSideCol\"></div>\n</div>",
"por_txt_cntn": "\nThis model curriculum serves as a contribution to the current on-going effort of preparing Intel/Cybersecurity professionals with the dual competencies needed in the two areas in order to protect our nation from the 21st century cyber challenges we face. We provide templates for two programs: Bachelor of Science in Information Systems Technology (Cybersecurity, Intelligence Option) and the Master of Science in National Cyber Security Studies. Whereas we draw from two existing programs, we have tried to make this contribution as generic as possible to be adaptable to many curriculi. The templates developed include: (1) analysis and integration of the Office of the Director of National Intelligence?s (ODNI) Intelligence Community Directive (203) (ICD 2003, January 2015) competencies to the NICE Cybersecurity Workforce Framework (November 2016) competences (2) framework for model course generation using ODNI ICD 203 and NICE KSATs, (3) alignment of Institutional Learning Outcomes/Program Learning Outcomes/Student Learning Outcomes for the BSc Cyber Intelligence program (4) alignment of Institutional Learning Outcomes/Program Learning Outcomes/Student Learning Outcomes for the MSc Cyber Intelligence program. (5) additional Insights on Lessons Learnt from adopting the model curriculum. \n\n Both degree programs prepare students for career paths in Cybersecurity Intelligence. The goal is to address the \"shortage of professionals within the IC that have cybersecurity technical knowledge.\" A graduate from the BS or MS program could work as: All-Source Analyst, Warning Analyst, Mission Assessment Specialist, Target Developer, Target Network Analyst, Cyber Defense Analyst, Vulnerability Assessment Analyst, Multi-Disciplined Language Analyst, All-Source Requirements and Collection Manager, Cyber Intel Planner, Cyber Ops Planner, Partner Integration Planner, Cyber Operator, Cyber Crime Investigator, Forensic Analyst, and Cyber Defense Forensic Analyst. Career paths for the MS degree graduates may lead to strategic positions such as Chief Information Officer, Chief Information Security Officer, Chief Compliance Officer, Chief Data officer, or Chief Cybersecurity Architect. Once they are hired, additional training may be required to get graduates acquainted with specific tools and work processes as needed. \n\n \n\n \n\n\t\t\t\t\tLast Modified: 11/01/2017\n\n\t\t\t\t\tSubmitted by: Tony Coulson"
} |
|
1249235 | NSF | Grant | Standard Grant | Archaeological Investigation of Mayan Adaptation | 47.075 | 04040000 | 7032928759 | John Yellen | 2013-09-15 | 2016-08-31 | 119,184 | 119,184 | 2013-09-07 | 2013-09-07 | With support from the National Science Foundation, Dr. Lisa J. Lucero will bring together a multidisciplinary team that include archaeologists, underwater archaeologists, exploration divers, an ethnobotanist, a tropical tree specialist, and a paleontologist from the U.S., Mexico, and Belize to examine how ancient Maya settlement articulates with sacred landscape features in addition to examining rainfall patterns and landscape transformation.
Openings in the earth, such as caves and pools, were sacred to the Maya as portals to the underworld or Xibalba. The Maya left countless offerings in these portals to petition gods and ancestors to bring forth rain and bountiful crops. At Cara Blanca in central Belize, there are 25 openings in the earth in the form of pools (Pools 1-25). Its distance from centers and relatively sparse but unique settlement (e.g., water temple and sweatbaths) suggest it may have served as a pilgrimage center. Growing evidence in the form of a Terminal Classic (c. 800-900 C.E.) water temple at Pool 1 with a copious amount of water jars indicates that the Maya increased their visits to Cara Blanca at the end of the Late Classic, perhaps in response to a series of multiyear droughts that struck the Maya area between c. 800 and 900 C.E. Further, previous dives at Pool 1 have yielded megafauna fossils, submerged trees and freshwater shells that can be used to assess ancient climate and landscape change through oxygen isotope analysis, radiocarbon dating, and species identification.
The major goals in 2014 (April 30-June 30) are to conduct underwater excavations at two pools, continue excavating the water temple at Pool 1, collect submerged fossils, fossil matrix (gastropods, wood, soil) and tree limbs, map and explore a total of five unexplored pools, and collect botanical specimens near pools to compare with submerged trees.
The intellectual merit of this project will be to collect information about cultural landscapes, ceremonial life on the surface and in the water, and ritual intensification. This project is unique in both its multidisciplinary approach and focus on both the cultural and material aspects of climate change and how the Maya responded to it. This project also will address a topic that has been missing in southern lowland Maya studies - the focus on water bodies as portals.
The broader impacts of the study is that results will be relevant today since the challenges the Maya faced between 800 and 900 C.E. are similar to the ones at present with accelerating global climate change. The international and multidisciplinary team will include graduate students from the University of Illinois. The investigations at Cara Blanca also set the stage for future fieldwork, including additional diving expeditions to explore more of the 25 pools, continuing to survey the transect along the pools, and excavating the sweatbaths, water shrines, and other interesting settlement configurations. Results will be disseminated through major peer review outlets (e.g., Latin American Antiquity, Ancient Mesoamerica, Antiquity) and in Belize at the annual Belize Archaeology Symposium. | 0 | SBE | Directorate for Social, Behavioral and Economic Sciences | BCS | Division of Behavioral and Cognitive Sciences | 4900 | 4900 | [
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"pi_first_name": "Lisa",
"pi_full_name": "Lisa J Lucero",
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"pi_mid_init": "J",
"pi_role": "Principal Investigator",
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"por_cntn": "<div class=\"porColContainerWBG\">\n<div class=\"porContentCol\"><p>How have people in the past dealt with major climate change? What lessons can we take away and apply to the present in the face of current, global climate change? These are some of the broader questions this project has been attempting to address with NSF funds in the 2014-2016 summer archaeology field seasons at the Cara Blanca pools in central Belize, Central America. Most of our efforts focused on what we hypothesize to be ceremonial structures that the Maya built along the edge of Pool 1, a 60 m deep <em>cenote</em> (steep-sided sinkhole fed by groundwater) during a relatively brief period of time (800-900 CE) when there appears to have been several prolonged droughts. The Classic Maya (c. 550-900 CE), as many traditional Maya group do at present, made pilgrimages to sacred openings in the earth (water bodies, caves, etc.) to supplicate gods and ancestors to end droughts. The diverse ceramic styles of the thousands of water jar sherds recovered from excavating buildings suggest that people from all over the Maya area visited Cara Blanca to participate in water and other rites. They were to no avail, however, and the Maya abandoned Cara Blanca along with southern lowland centers in search of water and new lands and economic opportunities. These were hard choices—leaving one’s home and community for good. They had no choice, however; tough times meant tough choices. I think we will soon be in a similar situation—facing very difficult decisions to address climate change, ones that will require us to completely rethink how we live on a daily basis. Continued analysis on collections will fine-tune what the Maya did and how their story impacts our current, ongoing story. In addition to excavating ceremonial buildings, we also were able to explore the pools themselves; experienced cave divers were able to collect diverse kinds of datasets from Pool 1 (and others) to address landscape, climate change, and human action; these include Pleistocene megafauna fossils, ancient and modern trees, ancient Maya artifacts, and sediment cores (for pollen and soil analysis). <strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Intellectual merit</span></strong>: Datasets provide the foundation for the current proposal based on the positive preliminary results that are starting to reveal long-term climate and landscape transformation and how people respond to climate change and adapt with broader applications. <strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Broader impacts</span></strong>: not only does this project contribute to how humans address changing climate that has implications for present concerns, but also has allowed students to gain field and research experience as expressed in report chapters (<a href=\"http://www.anthro.illinois.edu/faculty/lucero/index.html\">http://www.anthro.illinois.edu/faculty/lucero/index.html</a>), peer reviewed publications and presentations in Belize, the U.S. and elsewhere, dissertation research, senior honors theses, a MA thesis, independent study projects, and blogs written by Lucero and students featured on the UIUC homepage and other media (e.g., National Geographic). We are also quite engaged with the local community, especially via our field assistants in the Valley of Peace Village and their families. Each field assistant receives a copy of the report (most are literate, or at least their children) and they are involved in daily decisions in the field.</p><br>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t \tLast Modified: 11/29/2016<br>\n\t\t\t\t\tModified by: Lisa J Lucero</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"porSideCol\">\n<div class=\"each-gallery\">\n<div class=\"galContent\" id=\"gallery0\">\n<div class=\"photoCount\" id=\"photoCount0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tImage\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</div>\n<div class=\"galControls onePhoto\" id=\"controls0\"></div>\n<div class=\"galSlideshow\" id=\"slideshow0\"></div>\n<div class=\"galEmbox\" id=\"embox\">\n<div class=\"image-title\"></div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"galNavigation onePhoto\" id=\"navigation0\">\n<ul class=\"thumbs\" id=\"thumbs0\">\n<li>\n<a href=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2016/1249235/1249235_10276346_1480434336483_Fig.2--rgov-214x142.jpg\" original=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2016/1249235/1249235_10276346_1480434336483_Fig.2--rgov-800width.jpg\" title=\"Cara Blanca Pools, Pool 1\"><img src=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2016/1249235/1249235_10276346_1480434336483_Fig.2--rgov-66x44.jpg\" alt=\"Cara Blanca Pools, Pool 1\"></a>\n<div class=\"imageCaptionContainer\">\n<div class=\"imageCaption\">Cara Blanca pools on a pre-hurricane Google Earth image with Yalbac in the lower left. Foreman E. Vasquez holds a giant sloth humerus fossil from Pool 1. Field assistant A. Luna in the blue shirt is on the Str. 3 step. Sediment core extracted by divers in 2015 from Pool 1.</div>\n<div class=\"imageCredit\">VOPA/Lucero</div>\n<div class=\"imagePermisssions\">Copyrighted</div>\n<div class=\"imageSubmitted\">Lisa J Lucero</div>\n<div class=\"imageTitle\">Cara Blanca Pools, Pool 1</div>\n</div>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>",
"por_txt_cntn": "\nHow have people in the past dealt with major climate change? What lessons can we take away and apply to the present in the face of current, global climate change? These are some of the broader questions this project has been attempting to address with NSF funds in the 2014-2016 summer archaeology field seasons at the Cara Blanca pools in central Belize, Central America. Most of our efforts focused on what we hypothesize to be ceremonial structures that the Maya built along the edge of Pool 1, a 60 m deep cenote (steep-sided sinkhole fed by groundwater) during a relatively brief period of time (800-900 CE) when there appears to have been several prolonged droughts. The Classic Maya (c. 550-900 CE), as many traditional Maya group do at present, made pilgrimages to sacred openings in the earth (water bodies, caves, etc.) to supplicate gods and ancestors to end droughts. The diverse ceramic styles of the thousands of water jar sherds recovered from excavating buildings suggest that people from all over the Maya area visited Cara Blanca to participate in water and other rites. They were to no avail, however, and the Maya abandoned Cara Blanca along with southern lowland centers in search of water and new lands and economic opportunities. These were hard choices—leaving one?s home and community for good. They had no choice, however; tough times meant tough choices. I think we will soon be in a similar situation—facing very difficult decisions to address climate change, ones that will require us to completely rethink how we live on a daily basis. Continued analysis on collections will fine-tune what the Maya did and how their story impacts our current, ongoing story. In addition to excavating ceremonial buildings, we also were able to explore the pools themselves; experienced cave divers were able to collect diverse kinds of datasets from Pool 1 (and others) to address landscape, climate change, and human action; these include Pleistocene megafauna fossils, ancient and modern trees, ancient Maya artifacts, and sediment cores (for pollen and soil analysis). Intellectual merit: Datasets provide the foundation for the current proposal based on the positive preliminary results that are starting to reveal long-term climate and landscape transformation and how people respond to climate change and adapt with broader applications. Broader impacts: not only does this project contribute to how humans address changing climate that has implications for present concerns, but also has allowed students to gain field and research experience as expressed in report chapters (http://www.anthro.illinois.edu/faculty/lucero/index.html), peer reviewed publications and presentations in Belize, the U.S. and elsewhere, dissertation research, senior honors theses, a MA thesis, independent study projects, and blogs written by Lucero and students featured on the UIUC homepage and other media (e.g., National Geographic). We are also quite engaged with the local community, especially via our field assistants in the Valley of Peace Village and their families. Each field assistant receives a copy of the report (most are literate, or at least their children) and they are involved in daily decisions in the field.\n\n\t\t\t\t\tLast Modified: 11/29/2016\n\n\t\t\t\t\tSubmitted by: Lisa J Lucero"
} |
|
1262165 | NSF | Grant | Continuing Grant | Theta Functions for Polarized Calabi-Yau Varieties | 47.049 | 03040000 | 7032922467 | James Matthew Douglass | 2013-06-01 | 2017-05-31 | 317,000 | 317,000 | 2013-04-18 | 2015-04-30 | The main objective of the proposed research is to generalize the classical theory of theta functions for Abelian varieties to polarized Calabi-Yau varieties, both open (i.e. log) and compact, more precisely: to give a canonical basis for the vector space of global sections, and a formula for the structure constants for the multiplication rule in the coordinate ring, expressed in the canonical basis, determined by counts of rational curves on the mirror. The existence of such generalized theta functions points to the existence of geometrically meaningful compactification of the moduli space, vastly generalizing the Mumford-Namikawa-Alexeev-Olsson compactificaton of A_{g,d}, and the Gelfand-Kapranov-Zelevinski-Alexeev-Olsson theory of the secondary polytope, and at the same time suggests a synthetic construction of the mirror as Proj of the canonically described ring. The proposal includes a detailed scheme for carrying this out in dimension two, and for cluster varieties of all dimensions.
The main proposal is that a broad class of geometric objects, so called Calabi-Yau varieties, come with a natural system of coordinates. Informally: If you live on a Calabi-Yau variety, there should be natural, intrinsic quantities in your world, whose values determine your precise position. As these geometric objects play a fundamental role in diverse areas of mathematics, these intrinsic quantities should play a similar fundamental role. More broadly, string theory models suggest that WE live on a Calabi-Yau, and thus the proposal suggests there are such fundamental quantities, not yet understood, in our world. | 0 | MPS | Directorate for Mathematical and Physical Sciences | DMS | Division Of Mathematical Sciences | 4900 | 4900 | [
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"por_cntn": "<div class=\"porColContainerWBG\">\n<div class=\"porContentCol\"><p>Mathematicians and scientists use coordiante systems all the </p>\n<p>time --- a system of addresses for specifying a point in space. The</p>\n<p>same object will usually admit infinitely many different coordinate</p>\n<p>systems: Consider the surface of a flat table that extends</p>\n<p>infinitely in all directions. To give a coordinate system</p>\n<p>we draw a grid on the table. There are infinitely many different grid</p>\n<p>systems we could draw . E.g. take one system, and now rotate it</p>\n<p>a bit, you get an entirely different one, there is no apparant </p>\n<p>advantage of one over the other. What this means is that there</p>\n<p>is no such thing as the \"absolute address\" of a point on the object,</p>\n<p>E.g. there is so intrinsic origin, or (0,0) point on our infinite table. You</p>\n<p>can make any point (0,0) by adjusting the coordinate system. The reason</p>\n<p>is that the table top is completely symmetric. No one point can be</p>\n<p>intrinsically distinguished from any other point; all the points </p>\n<p>look the same.</p>\n<p> </p>\n<p>The surprising</p>\n<p>idea behind the proposal is that for a very important class of geometric</p>\n<p>objects, so called Calabi-Yau manifolds, the situation is exactly</p>\n<p>the opposite of this infinite table: These objects actually come with</p>\n<p>an intrinsic coordinate system, what the researchers call Theta Functions.</p>\n<p>These objects are thus completely asymmetric, any two points can be</p>\n<p>intrinsically distinguished, any two points \"look different\".</p>\n<p>The idea is important because Calabi-Yaus,</p>\n<p>and thus these intrinsic Theta functions, come up in diverse areas of</p>\n<p>mathematics. They are potentially even interesting to physicists, because</p>\n<p>in the string theory model, our universe itself is one of these Calabi-Yaus,</p>\n<p>and so our world may have these as yet undiscovered and exploited</p>\n<p>intrinsic coordinates.</p>\n<p> </p><br>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t \tLast Modified: 06/01/2017<br>\n\t\t\t\t\tModified by: Sean M Keel</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"porSideCol\"></div>\n</div>",
"por_txt_cntn": "\nMathematicians and scientists use coordiante systems all the \n\ntime --- a system of addresses for specifying a point in space. The\n\nsame object will usually admit infinitely many different coordinate\n\nsystems: Consider the surface of a flat table that extends\n\ninfinitely in all directions. To give a coordinate system\n\nwe draw a grid on the table. There are infinitely many different grid\n\nsystems we could draw . E.g. take one system, and now rotate it\n\na bit, you get an entirely different one, there is no apparant \n\nadvantage of one over the other. What this means is that there\n\nis no such thing as the \"absolute address\" of a point on the object,\n\nE.g. there is so intrinsic origin, or (0,0) point on our infinite table. You\n\ncan make any point (0,0) by adjusting the coordinate system. The reason\n\nis that the table top is completely symmetric. No one point can be\n\nintrinsically distinguished from any other point; all the points \n\nlook the same.\n\n \n\nThe surprising\n\nidea behind the proposal is that for a very important class of geometric\n\nobjects, so called Calabi-Yau manifolds, the situation is exactly\n\nthe opposite of this infinite table: These objects actually come with\n\nan intrinsic coordinate system, what the researchers call Theta Functions.\n\nThese objects are thus completely asymmetric, any two points can be\n\nintrinsically distinguished, any two points \"look different\".\n\nThe idea is important because Calabi-Yaus,\n\nand thus these intrinsic Theta functions, come up in diverse areas of\n\nmathematics. They are potentially even interesting to physicists, because\n\nin the string theory model, our universe itself is one of these Calabi-Yaus,\n\nand so our world may have these as yet undiscovered and exploited\n\nintrinsic coordinates.\n\n \n\n\t\t\t\t\tLast Modified: 06/01/2017\n\n\t\t\t\t\tSubmitted by: Sean M Keel"
} |
|
1325276 | NSF | Grant | Standard Grant | NRI PI Meeting 2013 | 47.070 | 05020000 | null | Satyandra Gupta | 2013-03-15 | 2014-02-28 | 103,218 | 103,218 | 2013-03-15 | 2013-03-15 | The objective of this proposal is to organize the first annual principal investigator meeting for the National Robotics Initiative (NRI). The NRI was launched in the summer of 2011 and there is a clear need to bring together the researchers of the projects awarded in 2012 and 2013 to provide cross-project coordination in terms of common intellectual challenges, methods for education and training, best practice in terms of transition of results and opportunities for broader dissemination of project status, activities and results.
The meeting will be organized as a two-day meeting in the vicinity of Washington DC which broadens the impact to other governmental agencies, as members will be invited due to proximity. The meeting will include all the PIs for the NRI initiative, and invitations to all the program managers for robotics related programs in DC in addition to organizers of the Robotics-VO (Virtual Organization). Finally, the meeting is organized to take place during fall of 2013 to allow the second cohort of NRI projects to participate, allowing greater cross-fertilization of topics and ideas. | 0 | CSE | Directorate for Computer and Information Science and Engineering | IIS | Division of Information & Intelligent Systems | 4900 | 4900 | [
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"por_cntn": "<div class=\"porColContainerWBG\">\n<div class=\"porContentCol\"><p><br />The first National Robotics Initiative Principal Investigators (NRI PI)meeting was held on October 1-2, 2013 in Arlington, Virginia at theHyatt Regency Crystal City. The objective of this meeting was to bringtogether the community of researchers, companies and program managersfrom various government agencies that are actively engaged in theNational Robotics Initiative (NRI), a nationally coordinated programacross multiple government agencies, which was launched in 2011 todevelop the next generation of robotics, to advance the capability andusability of such systems and artifacts, and to encourage existing andnew communities to focus on innovative application areas. The firstprojects funded as part of the NRI were launched in 2012, and it wasconsidered important to build a community across the projects in termsof sharing of research results, best practice in terms of education andtraining, opportunities for exploitation of results and mechanisms forbroader impact. The main motivation behind the 2013 NRI PI meeting wasto provide a basis for community building across the set of sponsoredprojects to maximize impact of the research, to optimize educationaleffort and to strengthen the broader impact.</p>\n<p>The intellectual merit of the meeting was to bring together the different efforts in robotics which covers aspects from hardware design to human interaction into discussions about how they all contribute to futuregrowth across manufacturing, healthcare and national security. </p>\n<p>The meeting was attended by more than 200 participants and served as agreat initial mechanism for community coordination; however, it lackedthe engagement of the program managers from the NRI sponsoring agencies,who didn’t participate in the meeting due to the government shutdown of2013.</p>\n<p>This 2-day event was organized as a mix of keynotes, plenary sessions,industry and educational panels, and parallel sessions on Co-Worker,Co-Inhabitant/Medical, and Co-Protector/Space topics. Over 100 posterswere presented during three poster sessions. These posters presentedthe results of research, which was sponsored by various NRI awards.Meeting attendees participated in two tutorials on Prototyping and RobotOperating System (ROS).<br />From a broader aspects perspective it is important to note that robotics has the potential to impact many aspects of general life from future economic growth over quality to life to support for future. Not only was robotics discussed both as basic science, and its potential impact, but the NRI PI meeting also included a session with discussion of how broader impactbest practice can be applied across the projects funded by the NRI. </p>\n<p>Copies of meeting’s presentations, tutorials, and posters are availablefor the members of US robotics community at the Robotics VirtualOrganization (VO) web site at http://www.robotics-vo.us.</p><br>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t \tLast Modified: 07/14/2014<br>\n\t\t\t\t\tModified by: Henrik I Christensen</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"porSideCol\"></div>\n</div>",
"por_txt_cntn": "\n\nThe first National Robotics Initiative Principal Investigators (NRI PI)meeting was held on October 1-2, 2013 in Arlington, Virginia at theHyatt Regency Crystal City. The objective of this meeting was to bringtogether the community of researchers, companies and program managersfrom various government agencies that are actively engaged in theNational Robotics Initiative (NRI), a nationally coordinated programacross multiple government agencies, which was launched in 2011 todevelop the next generation of robotics, to advance the capability andusability of such systems and artifacts, and to encourage existing andnew communities to focus on innovative application areas. The firstprojects funded as part of the NRI were launched in 2012, and it wasconsidered important to build a community across the projects in termsof sharing of research results, best practice in terms of education andtraining, opportunities for exploitation of results and mechanisms forbroader impact. The main motivation behind the 2013 NRI PI meeting wasto provide a basis for community building across the set of sponsoredprojects to maximize impact of the research, to optimize educationaleffort and to strengthen the broader impact.\n\nThe intellectual merit of the meeting was to bring together the different efforts in robotics which covers aspects from hardware design to human interaction into discussions about how they all contribute to futuregrowth across manufacturing, healthcare and national security. \n\nThe meeting was attended by more than 200 participants and served as agreat initial mechanism for community coordination; however, it lackedthe engagement of the program managers from the NRI sponsoring agencies,who didnÆt participate in the meeting due to the government shutdown of2013.\n\nThis 2-day event was organized as a mix of keynotes, plenary sessions,industry and educational panels, and parallel sessions on Co-Worker,Co-Inhabitant/Medical, and Co-Protector/Space topics. Over 100 posterswere presented during three poster sessions. These posters presentedthe results of research, which was sponsored by various NRI awards.Meeting attendees participated in two tutorials on Prototyping and RobotOperating System (ROS).\nFrom a broader aspects perspective it is important to note that robotics has the potential to impact many aspects of general life from future economic growth over quality to life to support for future. Not only was robotics discussed both as basic science, and its potential impact, but the NRI PI meeting also included a session with discussion of how broader impactbest practice can be applied across the projects funded by the NRI. \n\nCopies of meetingÆs presentations, tutorials, and posters are availablefor the members of US robotics community at the Robotics VirtualOrganization (VO) web site at http://www.robotics-vo.us.\n\n\t\t\t\t\tLast Modified: 07/14/2014\n\n\t\t\t\t\tSubmitted by: Henrik I Christensen"
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|
1310138 | NSF | Grant | Continuing Grant | Optical Spectroscopy and Control of Many-Body Dynamics in Semiconductors in High Magnetic Fields | 47.049 | 03070000 | 7032924431 | Germano Iannacchione | 2013-06-01 | 2017-05-31 | 560,000 | 560,000 | 2013-05-21 | 2016-05-10 | ****Technical Abstract****
This project will probe and control non-equilibrium many-body dynamics in three prototypical low-dimensional semiconductors - quantum wells, graphene, and carbon nanotubes - using ultrafast optical spectroscopy in high magnetic fields. The optics facilities at the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory (NHMFL) in Tallahassee, Florida, as well as the newly implemented mini-coil pulsed magnet system in the PI's laboratory at Rice University will be utilized. Various ultrafast optical and microspectroscopy techniques in magnetic fields will be employed to provide new insight into the states and dynamics of interacting and confined electrons in solids. Clarifying and answering the above-stated issues and questions will not only advance our understanding of carrier interactions in solids but also open up possibilities for new devices utilizing many-body effects. This project will train undergraduate and graduate students in cutting-edge techniques to produce the next generation of experts in optical spectroscopy, condensed matter physics, and nanoscienec. Furthermore, through the unique linkage with the PI's Partnerships for International Research and Education grant from the NSF, this project will provide an opportunity for alumni of the NanoJapan: Summer Nanotechnology Research Program for Undergraduates to further their research experience with a summer internship at the NHMFL.
****Non-Technical Abstract****
Modern crystal growth and nanofabrication technologies allow one to create artificial nanostructures with tailored properties. These structures provide an ideal laboratory in which to study fundamental physics problems in a highly controllable manner. This project will investigate how individual electrons communicate with each other and behave cooperatively in three prototypical nanostructures: semiconductor quantum wells, graphene, and carbon nanotubes. Short and intense laser pulses combined with high magnetic fields will be used; a high magnetic field provides a convenient knob for controlling electron dynamics through the magnetic quantization of the orbital and spin motions of electrons. Facilities at the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory (NHMFL) in Tallahassee, Florida, as well as a pulsed high-field magnet system in the PI's laboratory at Rice University will be utilized. Specific questions to be addressed include: i) How do independent electron-hole pairs develop macroscopic coherence?; ii) How does a collective nature manifest itself in the quantum coherent dynamics of a two-dimensional electron gas?; and iii) How stable are one-dimensional excitons at quantum degenerate densities? Answering these questions will not only advance our understanding of carrier interactions in solids but also open up possibilities for new devices utilizing many-body effects. We will also train undergraduate and graduate students in cutting-edge techniques to produce the next generation of experts in optical spectroscopy, condensed matter physics, and nanoscience. | 0 | MPS | Directorate for Mathematical and Physical Sciences | DMR | Division Of Materials Research | 4900 | 4900 | [
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"por_cntn": "<div class=\"porColContainerWBG\">\n<div class=\"porContentCol\"><p><strong>Intellectual Merit: </strong>The experiments conducted in this project have provided new insight into the states and dynamics of interacting and confined electrons in semiconductors in highmagnetic fields. Specifically, the questions addressed in this program included: How do independent electron-hole pairs start communicating with each other to develop macroscopic coherence and result in superfluorescence?; How does a collective nature manifest itself in the quantum coherent dynamics of a two-dimensional electron gas in the simultaneous presence of a coherent terahertz electromagnetic field and a high DC magnetic field?; and How stable are low-dimensional excitons at quantum degenerate densities, and how do their bosonic signatures appear in optical gain, emission, and scattering spectra? During the funded period, we made a series of new observations, resulting in five major publications: “Fermi-Edge Superfluorescence from a Quantum-Degenerate Electron-Hole Gas” (Scientific Reports), “Superradiant Decay of CyclotronResonance of Two-Dimensional Electron Gases” (Physical Review Letters), “Superfluorescence from Photoexcited Semiconductor Quantum Wells: Magnetic Field, Temperature, and Excitation Power Dependence” (Physical Review B), “Collective Non-perturbative Coupling of 2D Electrons with High-Quality-Factor Terahertz Cavity Photons” (Nature Physics), and “Stability of High-Density Two-Dimensional Excitons against a Mott Transition in High Magnetic Fields Probed by CoherentTerahertz Spectroscopy” (Physical Review Letters). In addition, we published an extensive review article on “Dicke Superradiance in Solids,” citing 172 articles. Furthermore, we published three papers (Review of Scientific Instrments and Applied Optics, and Optics Express) on the development of a unique high magnetic field facility for magneto-optic studies (see below).</p>\n<p><strong>Broader Impacts:</strong> Combining access to applied magnetic fields with ultrafast spectroscopy techniques and/or intense, pulsed laser sources can provide a wealth of information in materials, including Coulomb interactions in semiconductors in the quantum Hall regime, optical properties of exotic materials in the terahertz frequency range, and ultrafast spectroscopy and control of nonequilibrium many-body dynamics in strongly correlated electron systems. Typically, experimental access to magnetic fields up to 30 T is limited to special facilities in the form of national laboratories. Here, while involving a large number of undergraduate students, international and high school interns, and international collaborators, we developed a mini-coil pulsed magnet system that couples low temperatures, high magnetic fields, and direct optical access for use in a university lab setting. The mini-coil design allows one to incorporate the magnet into a spectroscopy setup by placing it directly on the table-top. Most significantly, we developed a single-shot terahertz time-domain spectrometer to perform optical-pump/terahertz-probe experiments in pulsed, high magnetic fields up to 30 T. The developed single-shot capability will enable a wide variety of new experiments to be performed on various materials systems.</p><br>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t \tLast Modified: 09/28/2017<br>\n\t\t\t\t\tModified by: Junichiro Kono</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"porSideCol\">\n<div class=\"each-gallery\">\n<div class=\"galContent\" id=\"gallery0\">\n<div class=\"photoCount\" id=\"photoCount0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tImages (<span id=\"selectedPhoto0\">1</span> of <span class=\"totalNumber\"></span>)\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</div>\n<div class=\"galControls\" id=\"controls0\"></div>\n<div class=\"galSlideshow\" id=\"slideshow0\"></div>\n<div class=\"galEmbox\" id=\"embox\">\n<div class=\"image-title\"></div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"galNavigation\" id=\"navigation0\">\n<ul class=\"thumbs\" id=\"thumbs0\">\n<li>\n<a href=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2017/1310138/1310138_10247025_1506614789113_Kankan-PRB2015--rgov-214x142.jpg\" original=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2017/1310138/1310138_10247025_1506614789113_Kankan-PRB2015--rgov-800width.jpg\" title=\"Superfluorescent emission from magneto-excitons\"><img src=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2017/1310138/1310138_10247025_1506614789113_Kankan-PRB2015--rgov-66x44.jpg\" alt=\"Superfluorescent emission from magneto-excitons\"></a>\n<div class=\"imageCaptionContainer\">\n<div class=\"imageCaption\">Magnetic field dependent time-integrated photoluminescence from a photoexcited InGaAs quantum well sample at 4 K.</div>\n<div class=\"imageCredit\">Kankan Cong</div>\n<div class=\"imagePermisssions\">Copyrighted</div>\n<div class=\"imageSubmitted\">Junichiro Kono</div>\n<div class=\"imageTitle\">Superfluorescent emission from magneto-excitons</div>\n</div>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a href=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2017/1310138/1310138_10247025_1506615147553_Qi-NP2016--rgov-214x142.jpg\" original=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2017/1310138/1310138_10247025_1506615147553_Qi-NP2016--rgov-800width.jpg\" title=\"Ultrastrong light-matter coupling\"><img src=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2017/1310138/1310138_10247025_1506615147553_Qi-NP2016--rgov-66x44.jpg\" alt=\"Ultrastrong light-matter coupling\"></a>\n<div class=\"imageCaptionContainer\">\n<div class=\"imageCaption\">Observation of collective light?matter coupling in a 2D electron gas in a terahertz photonic-crystal cavity. Anticrossing of cyclotronresonance (CR) and the first cavity mode, exhibiting the lower-polariton (LP) and upper-polariton (UP) branches.</div>\n<div class=\"imageCredit\">Nature Physics 12, 1005 (2016)</div>\n<div class=\"imagePermisssions\">Copyrighted</div>\n<div class=\"imageSubmitted\">Junichiro Kono</div>\n<div class=\"imageTitle\">Ultrastrong light-matter coupling</div>\n</div>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>",
"por_txt_cntn": "\nIntellectual Merit: The experiments conducted in this project have provided new insight into the states and dynamics of interacting and confined electrons in semiconductors in highmagnetic fields. Specifically, the questions addressed in this program included: How do independent electron-hole pairs start communicating with each other to develop macroscopic coherence and result in superfluorescence?; How does a collective nature manifest itself in the quantum coherent dynamics of a two-dimensional electron gas in the simultaneous presence of a coherent terahertz electromagnetic field and a high DC magnetic field?; and How stable are low-dimensional excitons at quantum degenerate densities, and how do their bosonic signatures appear in optical gain, emission, and scattering spectra? During the funded period, we made a series of new observations, resulting in five major publications: \"Fermi-Edge Superfluorescence from a Quantum-Degenerate Electron-Hole Gas\" (Scientific Reports), \"Superradiant Decay of CyclotronResonance of Two-Dimensional Electron Gases\" (Physical Review Letters), \"Superfluorescence from Photoexcited Semiconductor Quantum Wells: Magnetic Field, Temperature, and Excitation Power Dependence\" (Physical Review B), \"Collective Non-perturbative Coupling of 2D Electrons with High-Quality-Factor Terahertz Cavity Photons\" (Nature Physics), and \"Stability of High-Density Two-Dimensional Excitons against a Mott Transition in High Magnetic Fields Probed by CoherentTerahertz Spectroscopy\" (Physical Review Letters). In addition, we published an extensive review article on \"Dicke Superradiance in Solids,\" citing 172 articles. Furthermore, we published three papers (Review of Scientific Instrments and Applied Optics, and Optics Express) on the development of a unique high magnetic field facility for magneto-optic studies (see below).\n\nBroader Impacts: Combining access to applied magnetic fields with ultrafast spectroscopy techniques and/or intense, pulsed laser sources can provide a wealth of information in materials, including Coulomb interactions in semiconductors in the quantum Hall regime, optical properties of exotic materials in the terahertz frequency range, and ultrafast spectroscopy and control of nonequilibrium many-body dynamics in strongly correlated electron systems. Typically, experimental access to magnetic fields up to 30 T is limited to special facilities in the form of national laboratories. Here, while involving a large number of undergraduate students, international and high school interns, and international collaborators, we developed a mini-coil pulsed magnet system that couples low temperatures, high magnetic fields, and direct optical access for use in a university lab setting. The mini-coil design allows one to incorporate the magnet into a spectroscopy setup by placing it directly on the table-top. Most significantly, we developed a single-shot terahertz time-domain spectrometer to perform optical-pump/terahertz-probe experiments in pulsed, high magnetic fields up to 30 T. The developed single-shot capability will enable a wide variety of new experiments to be performed on various materials systems.\n\n\t\t\t\t\tLast Modified: 09/28/2017\n\n\t\t\t\t\tSubmitted by: Junichiro Kono"
} |
|
1320074 | NSF | Grant | Standard Grant | SHF: Small: Emerging Memory Architectures for Big Memory Applications | 47.070 | 05010000 | null | Tao Li | 2013-09-01 | 2017-08-31 | 439,802 | 439,802 | 2013-07-29 | 2013-07-29 | Computing is changing dramatically, particularly for cloud-based service providers such as Facebook, Google, and Amazon. On-line service applications, such as social networking and search, place unique demands on processor memory systems. In particular, these "big-memory" applications have working data sizes several orders of magnitude beyond those found in the workloads typically used in computer design research. As a result, these applications place different stresses on processor memory systems. Simultaneously, new, non-volatile memory (NVM) technologies such as Phase Change Memory (PCM), spin-transfer torque random access memory (STT-RAM), and memristors are emerging for use as a replacement for or augmentation to traditional dynamic RAM (DRAM) main memory. These new memory technologies promise higher capacities and fast access times along with non-volatility (data retention when the power is off). As a result, they have the potential to bridge the gaps in current processor memory systems for both data capacity and speed requirements, leading to new usage models, such as storage class memories or combined main memory and storage implementations. These trends together argue for new memory systems architectures, designed for the challenges of big-memory applications, leveraging new memory technologies together with traditional DRAM and emerging process techniques such as 3-D die stacking.
This research will characterize big-memory applications in light of future availability of much larger and nonvolatile memories closer to the processor. It will study the implications of these applications on emerging memory architectures in terms of organization, hierarchies, and other structural and management questions. In particular, this research focuses on the development of the following: 1) Memory architectures for big memory applications, leveraging emerging technologies, such as 3-D die stacking and new, byte-addressable, dense non-volatile memories; 2) Deeply speculating instruction and data prefetchers for big-memory applications; 3) Cache policies that proactively manage performance, power, and reliability in memory systems for future big memory applications utilizing NVM; 4) New memory translation microarchitectures to meet the needs of big-memory applications and storage-class main memories; and 5) Quality-of-service policies to manage memory placement based upon usage in future, hybrid, and composite memory systems composed of DRAM and new NVM technologies. The educational impact of this research will include training graduate and undergraduate students with valuable research skills while advancing the state of the art in computer architecture and distributed systems, contributing to the technology workforce. | 0 | CSE | Directorate for Computer and Information Science and Engineering | CCF | Division of Computing and Communication Foundations | 4900 | 4900 | [
{
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"pi_full_name": "Paul V Gratz",
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"por_cntn": "<div class=\"porColContainerWBG\">\n<div class=\"porContentCol\"><p>Computing is changing dramatically, particularly for cloud-based service providers, such as Facebook, Google, Amazon, etc. These on-line service applications, such as social networking and search place unique demands on processor memory systems. In particular, these big memory applications have working data sizes several orders of magnitude beyond those found in the workloads typically used in computer design research. As a result, these applications place different stresses on processor memory systems. Simultaneously, new, Non-Volatile Memory technologies such as Phase Change Memory (PCM), STT-RAM and memristors, are emerging for use as a replacement for, or augmentation to traditional DRAM main memory. These new memory technologies promise higher capacities, fast access times along with non-volatility (i.e. data retention when the power is off). As a result, they have the potential to bridge the gaps in current processor memory systems for both data capacity and speed requirements, leading to new usage models, such as storage class memories or combined main memory and storage implementations. These trends together argue for new memory systems architectures, designed for the challenges of big memory applications.</p>\n<p><br />The research generously supported by this grant characterized big memory applications in light of future availability of much larger and nonvolatile memories closer to the processor. Based on this characterization it identified several challenges with current memory system hierarchy design in the management of these hierarchies and placement of data within them. In particular, this research proposed new algorithms and techniques across a wide swath of computer systems design to address these challenges: for speculating on memory usage to inform cache data prefetching (published in MICRO'14, MICRO'16), in replacement policy to reduce writebacks to future non-volatile memorys (HiPEAK'14), in multi-level cache replacement and prefetching (ASPLOS'17), in page-level management between VMs and among hybrid memory classes (MEMSYS'15, MEMSYS'17). The educational impact of this research included training graduate and undergraduate students with valuable research skills while advancing the state of the art in computer architecture and distributed systems, contributing to the technology workforce.</p>\n<p> </p><br>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t \tLast Modified: 10/02/2017<br>\n\t\t\t\t\tModified by: Paul V Gratz</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"porSideCol\"></div>\n</div>",
"por_txt_cntn": "\nComputing is changing dramatically, particularly for cloud-based service providers, such as Facebook, Google, Amazon, etc. These on-line service applications, such as social networking and search place unique demands on processor memory systems. In particular, these big memory applications have working data sizes several orders of magnitude beyond those found in the workloads typically used in computer design research. As a result, these applications place different stresses on processor memory systems. Simultaneously, new, Non-Volatile Memory technologies such as Phase Change Memory (PCM), STT-RAM and memristors, are emerging for use as a replacement for, or augmentation to traditional DRAM main memory. These new memory technologies promise higher capacities, fast access times along with non-volatility (i.e. data retention when the power is off). As a result, they have the potential to bridge the gaps in current processor memory systems for both data capacity and speed requirements, leading to new usage models, such as storage class memories or combined main memory and storage implementations. These trends together argue for new memory systems architectures, designed for the challenges of big memory applications.\n\n\nThe research generously supported by this grant characterized big memory applications in light of future availability of much larger and nonvolatile memories closer to the processor. Based on this characterization it identified several challenges with current memory system hierarchy design in the management of these hierarchies and placement of data within them. In particular, this research proposed new algorithms and techniques across a wide swath of computer systems design to address these challenges: for speculating on memory usage to inform cache data prefetching (published in MICRO'14, MICRO'16), in replacement policy to reduce writebacks to future non-volatile memorys (HiPEAK'14), in multi-level cache replacement and prefetching (ASPLOS'17), in page-level management between VMs and among hybrid memory classes (MEMSYS'15, MEMSYS'17). The educational impact of this research included training graduate and undergraduate students with valuable research skills while advancing the state of the art in computer architecture and distributed systems, contributing to the technology workforce.\n\n \n\n\t\t\t\t\tLast Modified: 10/02/2017\n\n\t\t\t\t\tSubmitted by: Paul V Gratz"
} |
|
1250014 | NSF | Grant | Standard Grant | Economic Organization of Prehistoric Pueblo Bonito, Chaco Canyon, New Mexico (850 - 1140 CE) | 47.075 | 04040000 | 7032928759 | John Yellen | 2013-05-01 | 2018-04-30 | 68,771 | 68,771 | 2013-01-07 | 2013-01-07 | With support from the National Science Foundation, Dr. Adam Watson and an interdisciplinary team of researchers will complete a three-year investigation of the social and economic organization of Ancestral Pueblo society in the Chaco Canyon region of present-day northwestern New Mexico. The team includes specialists in archaeology and mechanical engineering to explore the relationship between trends in craft production, manufacturing techniques, and microscopic wear-traces artifacts employed in different production processes.
The coalescence and transformation of many dispersed farming communities in and around Chaco Canyon during the Bonito phase (850-1140 CE) is one of the most widely cited examples of the emergence of politically complex society in pre-Columbian North America. The development of social stratification, the regional propagation of Chacoan ideology, great house construction, and thriving long-distance trade networks are among the principal changes associated with the Bonito phase. Despite more than a century of archaeological research in the canyon, however, the extent to which these social, political, and economic developments entailed corresponding shifts in the economic organization of the society remains unclear. Although previous studies have shown that large quantities of ceramics and raw materials flowed into the canyon from outlying regions, until recently there was little indication of what may have been produced locally and provided in exchange. Though largely invisible archaeologically, perishable craft industries such as basketry, textiles, and hide-working represented a major sector of the Chacoan economy.
This project investigates changes in the spatial organization and scale of craft production through the study of the previously unanalyzed collection of bone artifacts from Pueblo Bonito, an assemblage remarkable for both its size and diversity. Overall trends in tool manufacture and use can be assessed in terms of raw material choice and the relative intensity of basketry, textile, and hide manufacturing in which these tools were utilized. The study of bone artifacts using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), for example, permits the exploration of microwear patterns that can then be used to differentiate the types of crafts being manufactured. The introduction of texture analysis techniques originally developed for applications in mechanical engineering allows the identification of quantifiable parameters of variation in use-wear. On the basis of these data, the study will evaluate the hypothesis that the sociopolitical changes evident in Chacoan societal development was paralleled by increasing economic complexity in the form of craft specialization.
The implications of this study are far-reaching and extend beyond the ongoing regional debates with the potential to advance studies of political economy, hierarchy, craft specialization, prehistoric bone industries, and microwear analysis. Drawing upon recent advances in the fields of surface metrology and mechanical engineering this research applies new scientific methods to address longstanding archaeological questions. The creation of a web-based database that documents variation in microwear is a critical step for reducing inter-observer error, improving repeatability, and resolving key debates in the analysis of use-wear. Through the American Museum of Natural History Science Research Mentoring Program and Worcester Polytechnic Institute, high school, undergraduate, and graduate students will participate in data collection and laboratory analysis. | 0 | SBE | Directorate for Social, Behavioral and Economic Sciences | BCS | Division of Behavioral and Cognitive Sciences | 4900 | 4900 | [
{
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"pi_first_name": "David",
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"pi_role": "Co-Principal Investigator",
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"por_cntn": "<div class=\"porColContainerWBG\">\n<div class=\"porContentCol\"><p>The UNESCO World Heritage site of Chaco Canyon witnessed a cultural transformation (850-1140 CE) that remains one of the most widely cited cases of emergent societal complexity in pre-Columbian North America. Although debate persists over the forces and processes that spurred development, there is widespread agreement among scholars that in the 9th century these communities emerged as the core of a regional network of unprecedented size and scope that flourished for three centuries. However, the extent to which these developments entailed corresponding shifts in economic organization remains unclear.</p>\n<p>Recent research in the pre-Columbian Pueblo Southwest has demonstrated the importance of understanding trends in bone industries that closely track other, related economic sectors such as perishable craft production. A vital next step in this line of inquiry is the identification of specific types of production activities in which bone tools are employed and variation across time and space.</p>\n<p>This project investigated the large bone artifact collection from Pueblo Bonito – the only great house for which an essentially complete bone artifact collection exists. The research pursued two lines of inquiry: a) collection of AMS radiocarbon dates to improve the chronological framework; and b) application of recent advancements in microwear analysis to identify use-wear traces attributable to different material classes, e.g., plant fiber and animal hide, and thereby measure the relative significance of different forms of craft production.</p>\n<p>With funding from the National Science Foundation, archaeologists at the American Museum of Natural History fully documented the remarkable bone artifact assemblage from Pueblo Bonito, obtained nearly 70 new AMS radiocarbon dates and, in collaboration with mechanical engineers at Worcester Polytechnic Institute, demonstrated the feasibility of identifying differential patterns of microwear on bone implements, consistent with a variety of craft production activities.</p>\n<p>AMS radiocarbon results (n = 69) were collected and analyzed for a spatially broad sample (Figures 1-3) providing crucial temporal control of depositional contexts within Pueblo Bonito. This analysis yielded unexpected and unprecedented insight into Mesoamerican acquisition networks and the ceremonial use of birds in Chaco. The acquisition of macaws proved to be markedly earlier and more sustained than many researchers have hypothesized; the results were published in 2015 article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. The new AMS dates obtained for Golden Eagles are striking in that all eagle remains, with the exception of isolated outliers, post-date AD 1000. This suggests a discrete shift in ritual use of birds in Pueblo Bonito and perhaps Chaco more broadly – the implications will be explored more fully in a forthcoming peer-reviewed publication.</p>\n<p>Analysis of surface texture on experimental tools (Figures 4-6) by researchers in the Surface Metrology Laboratory at WPI revealed that: a) Conventional (ISO) parameters are effective in discriminating wear traces; b) multi-scale geometric characterizations of surface wear are similarly effective in identifying statistical similarities as a function of scale; and c) in terms of repeatability, tool edges rather than planar faces provide more consistent and therefore more reliable results in differentiating microwear patterns.</p>\n<p>In an effort to evaluate the feasibility of differentiating use-wear and to support the development of a database of variation in wear, conventional roughness values were explored. The results showed that, of the conventional parameters considered, two measures, Average Roughness (S<sub>a</sub>) and Average Maximum Height (S<sub>z</sub>), hold the most promise for differentiating types of wear but should be applied concurrently. Kurtosis (S<sub>ku</sub>) was determined to be a less reliable indicator of wear-type.</p>\n<p>In this study, four specimens were compared using area-scale analysis: 1) Plant-working vs. Hide-working; 2) Plant-working vs. Sandstone Abrasion; 3) Hide-working vs. Sandstone Abrasion; and 4) 2 Hide-working tools. Measurements were always compared within tool-type to demonstrate repeatability and in each case, measurements were indistinguishable.</p>\n<p>In the first comparison, the difference in the area-scale relationship between plant-working and hide-working was found to be significant at larger scales (greater than 1 µm²). The difference between surfaces abraded by sandstone only and those subsequently subjected to abrasion by plant fibers are most significant at larger scales (1 to 10<sup>3</sup> µm²). Comparison of a sandstone-abraded surface and a surface exposed to prolonged friction with softened deer hide revealed differences discernible and significant at only finer scales (10<sup>-1</sup> to 1 µm²). Finally, as an additional control, two separate hide-working tools were compared and the difference in wear was not significant.</p>\n<p>Our results refined the chronology for one of Chaco Canyon’s largest and most-studied sites and illustrated that texture analysis methods, developed within the mechanical engineering discipline, show great promise for advancing the study of bone tool manufacture and use. Analysis revealed the usefulness of both traditional roughness measures and multi-scale geometric analysis using area-scale fractal techniques for characterizing and discriminating microtopographic differences as a function of tool use.</p>\n<p>Our data will be available to researchers through the publicly accessible Chaco Research Archive web site in the near future.</p><br>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t \tLast Modified: 07/02/2018<br>\n\t\t\t\t\tModified by: Adam Watson</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"porSideCol\">\n<div class=\"each-gallery\">\n<div class=\"galContent\" id=\"gallery0\">\n<div class=\"photoCount\" id=\"photoCount0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tImages (<span id=\"selectedPhoto0\">1</span> of <span class=\"totalNumber\"></span>)\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</div>\n<div class=\"galControls\" id=\"controls0\"></div>\n<div class=\"galSlideshow\" id=\"slideshow0\"></div>\n<div class=\"galEmbox\" id=\"embox\">\n<div class=\"image-title\"></div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"galNavigation\" id=\"navigation0\">\n<ul class=\"thumbs\" id=\"thumbs0\">\n<li>\n<a href=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2018/1250014/1250014_10227388_1530583688283_Fig1--rgov-214x142.jpg\" original=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2018/1250014/1250014_10227388_1530583688283_Fig1--rgov-800width.jpg\" title=\"Plan of Pueblo Bonito\"><img src=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2018/1250014/1250014_10227388_1530583688283_Fig1--rgov-66x44.jpg\" alt=\"Plan of Pueblo Bonito\"></a>\n<div class=\"imageCaptionContainer\">\n<div class=\"imageCaption\">Figure 1: Plan of Pueblo Bonito, contexts to be sampled highlighted in blue (AMNH Anthropology Collections), red (AMNH Ornithology Collections), and gray (Smithsonian NMNH Collections)</div>\n<div class=\"imageCredit\">Edward Triplett, Chaco Research Archive, University of Virginia, http://www.chacoarchive.org).</div>\n<div class=\"imagePermisssions\">Copyrighted</div>\n<div class=\"imageSubmitted\">Adam Watson</div>\n<div class=\"imageTitle\">Plan of Pueblo Bonito</div>\n</div>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a href=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2018/1250014/1250014_10227388_1530583748386_Fig2--rgov-214x142.jpg\" original=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2018/1250014/1250014_10227388_1530583748386_Fig2--rgov-800width.jpg\" title=\"AMS Dates for Scarlet Macaws\"><img src=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2018/1250014/1250014_10227388_1530583748386_Fig2--rgov-66x44.jpg\" alt=\"AMS Dates for Scarlet Macaws\"></a>\n<div class=\"imageCaptionContainer\">\n<div class=\"imageCaption\">Figure 2: AMS Dates for Scarlet Macaws (Ara macao) from Pueblo Bonito and Pueblo del Arroyo in Chaco Canyon, New Mexico; Old Town Ruin in the Mimbres Region of New Mexico; and Cave 31, Allen Canyon, Utah.</div>\n<div class=\"imageCredit\">Adam Watson</div>\n<div class=\"imagePermisssions\">Copyrighted</div>\n<div class=\"imageSubmitted\">Adam Watson</div>\n<div class=\"imageTitle\">AMS Dates for Scarlet Macaws</div>\n</div>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a href=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2018/1250014/1250014_10227388_1530583805152_Fig3--rgov-214x142.jpg\" original=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2018/1250014/1250014_10227388_1530583805152_Fig3--rgov-800width.jpg\" title=\"AMS Dates for Golden Eagle\"><img src=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2018/1250014/1250014_10227388_1530583805152_Fig3--rgov-66x44.jpg\" alt=\"AMS Dates for Golden Eagle\"></a>\n<div class=\"imageCaptionContainer\">\n<div class=\"imageCaption\">Figure 3: AMS Dates for Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) from Pueblo Bonito, Chaco Canyon, New Mexico.</div>\n<div class=\"imageCredit\">Adam Watson</div>\n<div class=\"imagePermisssions\">Copyrighted</div>\n<div class=\"imageSubmitted\">Adam Watson</div>\n<div class=\"imageTitle\">AMS Dates for Golden Eagle</div>\n</div>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a href=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2018/1250014/1250014_10227388_1530583881404_Fig4--rgov-214x142.jpg\" original=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2018/1250014/1250014_10227388_1530583881404_Fig4--rgov-800width.jpg\" title=\"Microscopy and Texture Analysis\"><img src=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2018/1250014/1250014_10227388_1530583881404_Fig4--rgov-66x44.jpg\" alt=\"Microscopy and Texture Analysis\"></a>\n<div class=\"imageCaptionContainer\">\n<div class=\"imageCaption\">Figure 4: Measurement of tool facets; top (Experimental Tool #3; Primary abrasion: sandstone; Secondary abrasion: yucca plant fiber); bottom (Experimental Tool #4; Primary abrasion: sandstone; Secondary abrasion: softened deer hide).</div>\n<div class=\"imageCredit\">Adam Watson</div>\n<div class=\"imagePermisssions\">Copyrighted</div>\n<div class=\"imageSubmitted\">Adam Watson</div>\n<div class=\"imageTitle\">Microscopy and Texture Analysis</div>\n</div>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a href=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2018/1250014/1250014_10227388_1530583956440_Fig5--rgov-214x142.jpg\" original=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2018/1250014/1250014_10227388_1530583956440_Fig5--rgov-800width.jpg\" title=\"Scatterplot of Average Maximum Height (Sz) against Roughness (Sa)\"><img src=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2018/1250014/1250014_10227388_1530583956440_Fig5--rgov-66x44.jpg\" alt=\"Scatterplot of Average Maximum Height (Sz) against Roughness (Sa)\"></a>\n<div class=\"imageCaptionContainer\">\n<div class=\"imageCaption\">Figure 5: Scatterplot of Average Maximum Height (Sz) against Roughness (Sa) (values filtered for form [250 modes] and waviness [2.5 ?m short cut-off].</div>\n<div class=\"imageCredit\">Adam Watson</div>\n<div class=\"imagePermisssions\">Copyrighted</div>\n<div class=\"imageSubmitted\">Adam Watson</div>\n<div class=\"imageTitle\">Scatterplot of Average Maximum Height (Sz) against Roughness (Sa)</div>\n</div>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a href=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2018/1250014/1250014_10227388_1530584019590_Fig6--rgov-214x142.jpg\" original=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2018/1250014/1250014_10227388_1530584019590_Fig6--rgov-800width.jpg\" title=\"Relative Area plotted as a function of scale\"><img src=\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2018/1250014/1250014_10227388_1530584019590_Fig6--rgov-66x44.jpg\" alt=\"Relative Area plotted as a function of scale\"></a>\n<div class=\"imageCaptionContainer\">\n<div class=\"imageCaption\">Figure 6: Relative Area plotted as a function of scale; tool #2 used to work softened deer hide (red) vs. tool #3 used to work plant fibers (blue).</div>\n<div class=\"imageCredit\">Adam Watson</div>\n<div class=\"imagePermisssions\">Copyrighted</div>\n<div class=\"imageSubmitted\">Adam Watson</div>\n<div class=\"imageTitle\">Relative Area plotted as a function of scale</div>\n</div>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>",
"por_txt_cntn": "\nThe UNESCO World Heritage site of Chaco Canyon witnessed a cultural transformation (850-1140 CE) that remains one of the most widely cited cases of emergent societal complexity in pre-Columbian North America. Although debate persists over the forces and processes that spurred development, there is widespread agreement among scholars that in the 9th century these communities emerged as the core of a regional network of unprecedented size and scope that flourished for three centuries. However, the extent to which these developments entailed corresponding shifts in economic organization remains unclear.\n\nRecent research in the pre-Columbian Pueblo Southwest has demonstrated the importance of understanding trends in bone industries that closely track other, related economic sectors such as perishable craft production. A vital next step in this line of inquiry is the identification of specific types of production activities in which bone tools are employed and variation across time and space.\n\nThis project investigated the large bone artifact collection from Pueblo Bonito – the only great house for which an essentially complete bone artifact collection exists. The research pursued two lines of inquiry: a) collection of AMS radiocarbon dates to improve the chronological framework; and b) application of recent advancements in microwear analysis to identify use-wear traces attributable to different material classes, e.g., plant fiber and animal hide, and thereby measure the relative significance of different forms of craft production.\n\nWith funding from the National Science Foundation, archaeologists at the American Museum of Natural History fully documented the remarkable bone artifact assemblage from Pueblo Bonito, obtained nearly 70 new AMS radiocarbon dates and, in collaboration with mechanical engineers at Worcester Polytechnic Institute, demonstrated the feasibility of identifying differential patterns of microwear on bone implements, consistent with a variety of craft production activities.\n\nAMS radiocarbon results (n = 69) were collected and analyzed for a spatially broad sample (Figures 1-3) providing crucial temporal control of depositional contexts within Pueblo Bonito. This analysis yielded unexpected and unprecedented insight into Mesoamerican acquisition networks and the ceremonial use of birds in Chaco. The acquisition of macaws proved to be markedly earlier and more sustained than many researchers have hypothesized; the results were published in 2015 article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. The new AMS dates obtained for Golden Eagles are striking in that all eagle remains, with the exception of isolated outliers, post-date AD 1000. This suggests a discrete shift in ritual use of birds in Pueblo Bonito and perhaps Chaco more broadly – the implications will be explored more fully in a forthcoming peer-reviewed publication.\n\nAnalysis of surface texture on experimental tools (Figures 4-6) by researchers in the Surface Metrology Laboratory at WPI revealed that: a) Conventional (ISO) parameters are effective in discriminating wear traces; b) multi-scale geometric characterizations of surface wear are similarly effective in identifying statistical similarities as a function of scale; and c) in terms of repeatability, tool edges rather than planar faces provide more consistent and therefore more reliable results in differentiating microwear patterns.\n\nIn an effort to evaluate the feasibility of differentiating use-wear and to support the development of a database of variation in wear, conventional roughness values were explored. The results showed that, of the conventional parameters considered, two measures, Average Roughness (Sa) and Average Maximum Height (Sz), hold the most promise for differentiating types of wear but should be applied concurrently. Kurtosis (Sku) was determined to be a less reliable indicator of wear-type.\n\nIn this study, four specimens were compared using area-scale analysis: 1) Plant-working vs. Hide-working; 2) Plant-working vs. Sandstone Abrasion; 3) Hide-working vs. Sandstone Abrasion; and 4) 2 Hide-working tools. Measurements were always compared within tool-type to demonstrate repeatability and in each case, measurements were indistinguishable.\n\nIn the first comparison, the difference in the area-scale relationship between plant-working and hide-working was found to be significant at larger scales (greater than 1 µm²). The difference between surfaces abraded by sandstone only and those subsequently subjected to abrasion by plant fibers are most significant at larger scales (1 to 103 µm²). Comparison of a sandstone-abraded surface and a surface exposed to prolonged friction with softened deer hide revealed differences discernible and significant at only finer scales (10-1 to 1 µm²). Finally, as an additional control, two separate hide-working tools were compared and the difference in wear was not significant.\n\nOur results refined the chronology for one of Chaco Canyon?s largest and most-studied sites and illustrated that texture analysis methods, developed within the mechanical engineering discipline, show great promise for advancing the study of bone tool manufacture and use. Analysis revealed the usefulness of both traditional roughness measures and multi-scale geometric analysis using area-scale fractal techniques for characterizing and discriminating microtopographic differences as a function of tool use.\n\nOur data will be available to researchers through the publicly accessible Chaco Research Archive web site in the near future.\n\n\t\t\t\t\tLast Modified: 07/02/2018\n\n\t\t\t\t\tSubmitted by: Adam Watson"
} |
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Dataset of 500K NSF awards with titles, abstracts and metadata, from 1960-present. Data is originally from https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/download.jsp.
Awards prior to 1976 are not fully included, and do not have all fields filled-in.
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