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280 | what are the states through which the tropic of cancer passes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropic_of_Cancer | Tropic of Cancer
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Line of northernmost latitude at which the Sun can be directly overhead
This article is about the circle of latitude. For other uses, see Tropic of Cancer (disambiguation) .
World map showing the Tropic of Cancer
Relationship of Earth's axial tilt (ε) to the tropical and polar circles
The Tropic of Cancer, also known as the Northern Tropic, is the Earth 's northernmost circle of latitude where the Sun can be seen directly overhead . This occurs on the June solstice , when the Northern Hemisphere is tilted toward the Sun to its maximum extent. [1] It also reaches 90 degrees below the horizon at solar midnight on the December Solstice . Using a continuously updated formula, the circle is currently 23°26′09.7″ (or 23.43602°) north of the Equator .
Its Southern Hemisphere counterpart, marking the most southerly position at which the Sun can be seen directly overhead, is the Tropic of Capricorn . These tropics are two of the five major circles of latitude that mark maps of Earth, the others being the Arctic and Antarctic circles and the Equator . The positions of these two circles of latitude (relative to the Equator) are dictated by the tilt of Earth's axis of rotation relative to the plane of its orbit , and since the tilt changes, the location of these two circles also changes.
In geopolitics , it is known for being the southern limitation on the mutual defence obligation of NATO , as member states of NATO are not obligated to come to the defence of territory south of the Tropic of Cancer. [2]
When this line of latitude was named in the last centuries BCE , the Sun was in the constellation Cancer ( Latin : Crab ) at the June solstice (90° ecliptic longitude ). Due to the precession of the equinoxes , this is no longer the case; today the Sun is in constellation Taurus at the June solstice. The word "tropic" itself comes from the Greek "trope (τροπή)", meaning turn (change of direction or circumstance), inclination, referring to the fact that the Sun appears to "turn back" at the solstices.
Carretera 83 (Vía Corta) Zaragoza-Victoria, km 27+800. Of the Tropic of Cancer's intersections with Mexican federal highways, this is the only one where it is precisely marked and the drift from 2005 to 2010 can be seen.
The Tropic of Cancer's position is not fixed, but constantly changes because of a slight wobble in the Earth's longitudinal alignment relative to the ecliptic , the plane in which the Earth orbits around the Sun. Earth's axial tilt varies over a 41,000-year period from about 22.1 to 24.5 degrees, and as of 2000 [update] is about 23.4 degrees, which will continue to remain valid for about a millennium . This wobble means that the Tropic of Cancer is currently drifting southward at a rate of almost half an arcsecond (0.468″) of latitude, or 15 m (49 ft), per year. The circle's position was at exactly 23° 27′N in 1917 and will be at 23° 26'N in 2045. [3]
The distance between the Antarctic Circle and the Tropic of Cancer is essentially constant as they move in tandem. This is based on an assumption of a constant equator, but the precise location of the equator is not truly fixed. See: equator , axial tilt and circles of latitude for additional details.
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North of the tropic are the subtropics and the North Temperate Zone . The equivalent line of latitude south of the Equator is called the Tropic of Capricorn , and the region between the two, centered on the Equator, is the tropics .
In the year 2000, more than half of the world's population lived north of the Tropic of Cancer. [4]
On the Tropic of Cancer there are approximately 13 hours, 35 minutes of daylight during the summer solstice. During the winter solstice, there are 10 hours, 41 minutes of daylight.
Using 23°26'N for the Tropic of Cancer, the tropic passes through the following 17 countries (including two disputed territories) and 8 water bodies, starting at the prime meridian and heading eastward:
Coordinates( 1' accuracy ≈ 2 km ≈ 1 mi)
Country, territory or sea
Notes
The Tropic touches on the northernmost point of Chad at
The tropic crosses Muscat , the country's capital.
Passing just north of Cuba
The climate at the Tropic of Cancer is generally hot and dry, except for cooler highland regions in China, marine environments such as Hawaii, and easterly coastal areas, where orographic rainfall can be very heavy, in some places reaching 4 metres (160 in) annually. Most regions on the Tropic of Cancer experience two distinct seasons: an extremely hot summer with temperatures often reaching 45 °C (113 °F) and a warm winter with maxima around 22 °C (72 °F). Much land on or near the Tropic of Cancer is part of the Sahara Desert , while to the east, the climate is torrid monsoonal with a short wet season from June to September, and very little rainfall for the rest of the year.
The highest mountain on or adjacent to the Tropic of Cancer is Yu Shan in Taiwan . It had glaciers descending as low as 2,800 metres (9,190 ft) during the Last Glacial Maximum . At present glaciers still exist around [5] the Tropic. The nearest currently surviving are the Minyong and Baishui in the Himalayas to the north and on Pico de Orizaba in Mexico to the south.
According to the rules of the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale , for a flight to compete for a round-the-world speed record, it must cover a distance no less than the length of the Tropic of Cancer, cross all meridians , and end on the same airfield where it started.
The length of the Tropic of Cancer is 36,788 km (22,859 mi): [6]
l
2
π
cos
0.5
{\displaystyle l=2\pi \cos(\varphi )6378137(1-0.00669438(\sin(\varphi ))^{2})^{-0.5}}
where φ is the latitude of the Tropic of Cancer
For an ordinary circumnavigation the rules are somewhat relaxed and the distance is set to a rounded value of at least 36,770 kilometres (22,850 mi).
Road sign south of Dakhla , marking the Tropic of Cancer. The sign was placed by Budapest-Bamako rally participants; thus, the inscription is in English and Hungarian .
Road Sign near Mehsana City in Gujarat State, India Mehsana , Gujarat
Sign marking the Tropic of Cancer a few kilometres from Rann of Kutch , Gujarat , India
Sign marking the Tropic of Cancer in Madhya Pradesh , India
Sign marking the Tropic of Cancer on National Highway 34 in Nadia District , West Bengal , India
^ within 470 kilometres (290 mi)
^ Bakker et al., Radio Positioning at Sea: Geodetic Survey Computations Least Squares Adjustment, 1995 (
Look up Tropic of Cancer in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Tropic of Cancer
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Name those states of India which have the Tropic of Cancer passing through them.
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Tropic of Cancer is the imaginary line at 23.50 degree North of the Equator. In India Tropic of Cancer passes through 8 states. Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh,Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand,West Bengal,TripuraandMizoram.
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280 | what are the states through which the tropic of cancer passes | https://www.britannica.com/place/Tropic-of-Cancer | Read Next
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Earth's orbit around the Sun Earth's orbit around the Sun. At the June and December solstices, the Sun is overhead at the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn, respectively.
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Tropic of Cancer, latitude approximately 23°27′ N of the terrestrial Equator . This latitude corresponds to the northernmost declination of the Sun ’s ecliptic to the celestial equator. At the summer solstice in the Northern Hemisphere, around June 21, the Sun attains its greatest declination north and is directly over the Tropic of Cancer. At that time the Sun appears in the constellation Gemini , but, much earlier in history, it lay in the constellation Cancer , thereby resulting in the designation Tropic of Cancer. Because of the gradual change in the direction of Earth ’s axis of rotation, the Sun will reappear in the constellation Cancer in approximately 24,000 years. (See Tropic of Capricorn .)
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280 | what are the states through which the tropic of cancer passes | https://www.mapsofworld.com/answers/world/countries-tropic-of-cancer/ | Which Countries Fall in the Tropic of Cancer?
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Map of World Depicting Countries through which the Tropic of Cancer passes
Moving east of the Prime Meridian, the Tropic of Cancer passes through the following Countries:
Red Sea
Indian Ocean
Taiwan Strait
Pacific Ocean
Philippine Sea
Tropic of Cancer
The Equator is the imaginary line of reference that divides the Earth into two equal halves. Since the Earth tilts on its axis, the reference line that marks the furthest point north of the Equator, where the Sun is positioned directly above at local noon, is referred to as the Tropic of Cancer.
Since the Earth revolves around the Sun, this occurs at the summer solstice on or near the 21st of June. During this period, solar insolation is at its peak, and areas on or near the Tropic of Cancer remain very warm since it receives the maximum solar energy. Consequently, the areas above the Arctic latitude feature 24 hours of daylight.
During the same period, the reverse is applicable in the southern hemisphere. The areas below the Antarctic circle are engulfed in darkness for 24 hours.
The exact position of the Tropic of Cancer on the map is located at 23.5 degrees north latitude. The location of the Tropic of Cancer remains flexible. It shifts southwards at an approximate rate of half an arcsecond of latitude per year. The current position is at 23°26’14”.
The region that lies between the Equator and the Tropic of Cancer in the north and the Tropic of Capricorn in the south is commonly referred to as “The Tropics”.
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280 | what are the states through which the tropic of cancer passes | https://www.worldatlas.com/geography/tropic-of-cancer.html | Tropic of Cancer
The Tropic of Cancer is also known as the Northern Tropic and is one of the Earth's five major circles of latitude . It is the northernmost point on Earth where the Sun can appear directly overhead at 12:00 pm, otherwise known as noon. This phenomenon occurs during the June solstice ; during the solstice, the Northern Hemisphere tilts toward the Sun at its most direct angle during its wavering movements. Currently, the latitude of the Tropic of Cancer is approximately 23°26′10.0″ (or 23.43611°) north of the Equator . This latitude is not fixed; it shifts slightly due to changes in Earth's axial tilt.
The Tropic of Cancer serves as a crucial geographical marker, dividing the Earth into the tropics and subtropics . More specifically, between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn (its counterpart in the southern hemisphere) is a region that is known as "the tropics." This region is characterized by a relatively consistent climate — temperature does not tend to vary significantly throughout the year. Regarding importance and impact, the Tropic of Cancer passes through numerous countries, influencing climates and ecosystems.
The Origin Of The Name "Tropic Of Cancer"
The Tropic of Cancer derives its name from the zodiac sign Cancer. When the term was coined in the last centuries BCE, the Sun was positioned in the constellation Cancer during the June solstice. Due to the precession of the equinoxes, which is due to a gradual shift in Earth's rotational axis, the Sun is now in the constellation Taurus during the June solstice. Despite this shift, the name Tropic of Cancer has remained unchanged.
The word "tropic" comes from the Greek "trope" (τροπή), meaning "turn" or "change." This refers to the fact that the Sun appears to "turn back" at the solstices, reversing its apparent motion along the horizon. The Tropic of Cancer marks the point, and can be defined as, where the direction of the Sun's rays reach their northernmost extent on Earth before beginning their journey back southward.
The Position Constantly Changes
The position of the Tropic of Cancer is not fixed and changes continuously due to a phenomenon known as axial precession. This is caused by the gravitational forces exerted by the Sun and the Moon on the Earth's equatorial bulge, which results in a slow wobble of the Earth's axis. The Earth's axial tilt, which currently stands at about 23.4 degrees, fluctuates between 22.1 and 24.5 degrees over a 41,000-year cycle.
As of the year 2000, the Tropic of Cancer is drifting southward at a rate of approximately 0.468 arcseconds per year, equivalent to about 15 meters annually. This gradual movement means that the exact latitude of the Tropic of Cancer will change over time. For example, it was at precisely 23° 27′N in 1917 and is projected to be at 23° 26′N by 2045. Despite this drift, the relative positions of the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn remain constant in relation to each other.
Geography
The Tropic of Cancer occupies roughly 17 countries and territories (depending on whether one recognizes certain states as distinct countries ), spanning three continents: Africa , Asia , and North America . Starting at the prime meridian and moving eastward, it crosses the following locations:
Climate
Regions located on the Tropic of Cancer experience a wide range of climate conditions, largely depending on their altitude and proximity to oceans or other large water bodies. Generally, these regions have a hot, desert or semi-arid climate. For example, the Sahara Desert in Africa and the Arabian Desert in the Middle East are arid regions with extreme temperatures and minimal rainfall.
Conversely, the Indian subcontinent and parts of Southeast Asia , also located along the Tropic of Cancer, experience a tropical monsoon climate with high temperatures and significant seasonal rainfall. This rainfall is crucial for agriculture in these densely populated regions. In China and Mexico, areas along the Tropic have a more temperate climate, with consistent wet and dry seasons.
Use In Circumnavigation
The Tropic of Cancer holds a significant place in the rules governing round-the-world travel and speed records. According to the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI), a flight aiming for a round-the-world speed record must cover a distance equal to or greater than the length of the Tropic of Cancer. This distance, which crosses all meridians, is approximately 36,788 kilometers (22,859 miles).
For practical purposes, circumnavigation rules require the journey to cover at least 36,770 kilometers (22,850 miles). This stipulation ensures that any attempt at a round-the-world record includes a comprehensive traversal of the Earth's surface. The Tropic of Cancer thus serves as a benchmark for such endeavors, providing a measurable and standardized distance for record-setting attempts.
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281 | what is the angle of the tower of pisa | https://www.thesenseresort.com/blog/leaning-tower-pisa/ | Leaning Tower of Pisa: all you need to know
The Sense Resort » Blog » Leaning Tower of Pisa: all you need to know
The Leaning Tower of Pisa is, without a doubt, the most famous symbol of the Tuscan city and one of the most iconic monuments in the whole of Italy .
Where is the Leaning Tower of Pisa?
The Leaning Tower is the bell tower of the Cathedral of Santa Maria Assunta, located in the heart of the Piazza del Duomo in Pisa .
Measuring 57 meters in height, rising to 58.36 if you also factor in the foundation level, it was built between the 12th and 14th centuries in the Romanesque style to a design by the architect, Bonanno Pisano.
Work on it began in August 1173 and continued up to about a quarter of the fourth floor in 1178. Construction was halted for almost a century before the project was restarted in 1272 by Giovanni di Simone.
It took six years to reach the seventh and eighth floor. During 1278, the work was once again interrupted. It was Tommaso di Andrea Pisano, in 1360, who finally managed to complete the belfry which was finished in 1370 when the bells were installed.
The main body of the tower is a hollow cylinder made of two facings, outer and inner. The cavity is filled with rubble, i.e. irregular brick and stone blocks cemented with lime. The outer and inner walls up to the sixth floor are lined with San Giuliano marble.
The upper part is made of lighter limestone. There are two rooms inside the structure of the Tower: • The sala del Pesce at the base of the tower, so-called because there is a bas-relief of a fish in it. It is a room without a ceiling because it is the hollow part of the tower; • The belfry which is on the seventh floor. It is surrounded by the walls of the upper walkway and is also open to the sky. There is an opening in the center from where you can see the ground floor of the tower.
Part of the structure also has three flights of stairs: • The first is interrupted and starts from the base to the sixth floor; • The second is a spiral staircase and leads from the sixth to the seventh floor; • The third, again a spiral staircase, leads from the seventh floor to the top.
The tower has 7 bells, the largest of which is “L’Assunta”, cast in 1655 weighing 2.5 tons in total. The oldest is “Pasquareccia”, cast in 1262. You have to climb 294 steps to reach the belfry! The tower consists of seven floors, seven levels representing the seven ways of Christ, the seven stages of life, the seven harmonic spheres through which the soul must pass with the help of the seven gifts of the Holy Spirit to reach God.
Why is the leaning tower of Pisa leaning
A unique and highly original feature is its curved line, with a series of arcades and six floors of loggias.
The building leans at an angle of 3.97° compared to the vertical axis. The tilt is caused by the subsidence of the ground on which the base of the bell tower stands.
This occurred during the first stage of the project, when work was interrupted when it reached halfway through the third floor. This was caused by the unstable ground made up of normally consolidated soft clay.
During 1275, work was restarted with the construction of three more floors, also built in an attempt to straighten the tower. These three floors, in fact, tend to curve in the opposite direction of the lean.
The inclination of the Tower of Pisa over the years: • 0.2°: the inclination reached in 1272, when the work was restarted after a long pause; • 0.6°: the inclination reached in 1278, when the seventh floor was reached; • 1.6°: the inclination reached in 1370, when the belfry was built; • 5°: the inclination reached in 1817 on the survey of the two British architects, Cresy and Taylor; • 5.5°: the maximum inclination reached in 1993; • 3.9°: the current inclination reached in 2001 after the work carried out from 1990 onwards.
Has the Tower ever fallen over?
The tower has never once collapsed over the centuries, neither when it was being built nor when it was being restored. The reason is simple: the center of gravity is within the area of the base of the tower.
In practical terms, the center of gravity lies within the building. It is the point where the total weight of the tower is concentrated. If you join the point of the center of gravity to the center of the base of the tower, then a straight line is drawn that falls within the area of the base of the tower. Nel momentoWhen the center of gravity line no longer falls within the base, then the tower will topple over. in cui la linea del baricentro non ricadrà più nella base, allora la torre cadrà.
In addition, a significant amount of work has been carried out over the years to balance the weight of the tower and slow its fall in the future due to earth movements.
Inside the leaning tower of Pisa
The Leaning Tower of Pisa inside is nothing more than a giant cylinder. There is just a spiral staircase that leads from the base to the belfry. The staircase is quite narrow. Only one visitor at a time can go up or down it. As you go up the stairs, you can clearly see and perceive the tilt of the tower.
Is the Leaning Tower of Pisa falling?
Is the Leaning Tower of Pisa falling?
Having understood why is the leaning tower of Pisa leaning, it is natural to wonder if it is going to fall over. Despite its visible tilt, the structure is very sound. The line of the center of gravity falls within the area of the tower base which prevents it from toppling over.
It has also been the focus of major stabilization work over the years. n particular, it was closed from January 1990 until June 2001. Eleven years during which structural work was carried out that reduced the building’s tilt by forty-four centimeters.
Photos of the Tower
Scroll through our gallery to see the most beautiful leaning tower of Pisa photos.
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281 | what is the angle of the tower of pisa | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaning_Tower_of_Pisa | Leaning Tower of Pisa
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Bell tower in Pisa, Italy
"The Leaning Tower" redirects here. For the Finnish film, see The Leaning Tower (film) .
Leaning Tower of Pisa
Torre pendente di Pisa
Specifications
The Leaning Tower of Pisa ( Italian : torre pendente di Pisa [ˈtorre penˈdɛnte di ˈpiːza, - ˈpiːsa] [1] ), or simply the Tower of Pisa (torre di Pisa), is the campanile , or freestanding bell tower, of Pisa Cathedral . It is known for its nearly four-degree lean, the result of an unstable foundation . The tower is one of three structures in Pisa 's Cathedral Square ( Piazza del Duomo ), which includes the cathedral and Pisa Baptistry . Over time, the tower has become one of the most visited tourist attractions in the world as well an architectural icon of Italy , receiving over 5 million visitors each year. [2]
The height of the tower is 55.86 metres (183 feet 3 inches) from the ground on the low side and 56.67 m (185 ft 11 in) on the high side. The width of the walls at the base is 2.44 m (8 ft 0 in). Its weight is estimated at 14,500 tonnes (16,000 short tons). [3] The tower has 296 or 294 steps; the seventh floor has two fewer steps on the north-facing staircase.
The tower began to lean during construction in the 12th century, due to soft ground which could not properly support the structure's weight. It worsened through the completion of construction in the 14th century. By 1990, the tilt had reached 5.5 degrees. [4] [5] [6] The structure was stabilized by remedial work between 1993 and 2001, which reduced the tilt to 3.97 degrees. [7]
Architect
The identity of the architect of the tower is a subject of controversy. The design had long been attributed to a man named Guglielmo and to Bonanno Pisano , the latter a well-known 12th-century resident artist of Pisa known for his bronze casting , particularly in the Pisa Duomo . [8] [ better source needed ] Pisano left Pisa in 1185 for Monreale , Sicily, only to return and die in his home town. A piece of cast bearing his name was discovered at the foot of the tower in 1820, but this may be related to the bronze door in the façade of the cathedral that was destroyed in 1595. A 2001 study seems to indicate Diotisalvi was the original architect, due to the time of construction and affinity with other Diotisalvi works, notably the bell tower of San Nicola and the Baptistery , both in Pisa. [9] [ page needed ]
Column capital details on top level
Column details
Outer floor tiles
Construction
Construction of the tower occurred in three stages over 199 years. On 5 January 1172, Donna Berta di Bernardo, a widow and resident of the house of dell'Opera di Santa Maria, bequeathed sixty soldi to the Opera Campanilis petrarum Sancte Marie. The sum was then used toward the purchase of a few stones which still form the base of the bell tower. [10] On 9 August 1173, the foundations of the tower were laid. [11] Work on the ground floor of the white marble campanile began on 14 August of the same year during a period of military success and prosperity. This ground floor is a blind arcade articulated by engaged columns with classical Corinthian capitals . [12] Nearly four centuries later Giorgio Vasari wrote: "Guglielmo, according to what is being said, in the year 1174, together with sculptor Bonanno, laid the foundations of the bell tower of the cathedral in Pisa". [13]
The tower began to sink after construction had progressed to the second floor in 1178. This was due to a mere three-metre foundation, set in weak, unstable subsoil , a design that was flawed from the beginning. Construction was subsequently halted for the better part of a century, as the Republic of Pisa was almost continually engaged in battles with Genoa , Lucca , and Florence . This allowed time for the underlying soil to settle. Otherwise, the tower would almost certainly have toppled. [14] On 27 December 1233, the worker Benenato, son of Gerardo Bottici, oversaw the continuation of the tower's construction. [15]
On 23 February 1260, Guido Speziale, son of Giovanni Pisano , was elected to oversee the building of the tower. [16] On 12 April 1264, the master builder Giovanni di Simone , architect of the Camposanto , and 23 workers went to the mountains close to Pisa to cut the required marble. The cut stones were given to Rainaldo Speziale, worker of St. Francesco. [17] In 1272, construction resumed under Di Simone. In an effort to compensate for the tilt, the engineers built upper floors with one side taller than the other. Because of this, the tower is curved. [18] Construction was halted again in 1284 when the Pisans were defeated by the Genoese in the Battle of Meloria . [11] [19]
The seventh floor was completed in 1319. [20] The bell-chamber was finally added in 1372. It was built by Tommaso di Andrea Pisano , who succeeded in harmonizing the Gothic elements of the belfry with the Romanesque style of the tower. [21] [22] There are seven bells, one for each note of the musical major scale . The largest one was installed in 1655. [14]
Panoramic view (from left to right) of the Campanile (Leaning Tower of Pisa), the Pisa Cathedral , and the Pisa Baptistry in the Piazza dei Miracoli
History following construction
Between 1589 and 1592, [23] Galileo Galilei , who lived in Pisa at the time, is said to have dropped two cannonballs of different masses from the tower to demonstrate that their speed of descent was independent of their mass, in keeping with the scientific law of free fall . The primary source for this is the biography Racconto istorico della vita di Galileo Galilei (Historical Account of the Life of Galileo Galilei), written by Galileo's pupil and secretary Vincenzo Viviani in 1654, but only published in 1717, long after his death. [24] [25]
During World War II , the Allies suspected that the Germans were using the tower as an observation post. Leon Weckstein, a U.S. Army sergeant sent to confirm the presence of German troops in the tower, was impressed by the beauty of the cathedral and its campanile, and thus refrained from ordering an artillery strike, sparing it from destruction. [26] [27]
Numerous efforts have been made to restore the tower to a vertical orientation or at least keep it from falling over. Most of these efforts failed; some worsened the tilt. On 27 February 1964, the government of Italy requested aid in preventing the tower from toppling. It was, however, considered important to retain the current tilt, due to the role that this element played in promoting the tourism industry of Pisa. [28]
Starting in 1993, 870 tonnes of lead counterweights were added, which straightened the tower slightly. [29]
The tower was closed to the public on 7 January 1990, [31] after more than two decades of stabilisation studies and spurred by the abrupt collapse of the Civic Tower of Pavia in 1989. [32] [33] The bells were removed to relieve some weight, and cables were cinched around the third level and anchored several hundred meters away, and residences in the path of a potential collapse were vacated. The selected method for preventing the collapse of the tower was to slightly reduce its tilt to a safer angle by removing 38 cubic metres (1,342 cubic feet) of soil from underneath the raised end. The tower's tilt was reduced by
45 centimetres (17+1⁄2 inches), returning to its 1838 position. After a decade of corrective reconstruction and stabilization efforts, the tower was reopened to the public on 15 December 2001, and was declared stable for at least another 300 years. [29] In total, 70 metric tons (77 short tons) of soil were removed. [34]
After a phase (1990–2001) of structural strengthening, [35] the tower has been undergoing gradual surface restoration to repair visible damage, mostly corrosion and blackening. These are particularly pronounced due to the tower's age and its exposure to wind and rain. [36] In May 2008, engineers announced that the tower had been stabilized such that it had stopped moving for the first time in its history. They stated that it would be stable for at least 200 years. [34]
A ceremony for the 850th anniversary of the laying of the foundation stone was held on 9 August 2023. [37]
Leaning Tower of Pisa in the 1890s [38]
Plaque in memory of Galileo Galilei 's experiments
Temporary lead counterweights, 1998
The Baptistery (in the foreground), the Cathedral (in the middleground), and the Leaning Tower of Pisa (in the background)
Earthquake survival
The tower has survived at least four strong earthquakes since 1280. A 2018 engineering investigation concluded that the tower withstood the tremors because of dynamic soil-structure interaction : the height and stiffness of the tower combined with the softness of the foundation soil influences the tower's vibrational characteristics in such a way that it does not resonate with earthquake ground motion . The same soft soil that caused the leaning and brought the tower to the verge of collapse helped to prevent significant destruction in the event of an earthquake. [39]
Technical information
An elevation image of the Leaning Tower of Pisa cut with laser scan data from a University of Ferrara / CyArk research partnership, with source image accurate down to
5 mm (3⁄16 in).
Elevation of Piazza del Duomo: about 2 metres (6 feet, DMS)
Height from the ground floor:
55.863 m (183 ft 3+5⁄16 in), [40] 8 stories [41]
Height from the foundation floor:
58.36 m (191 ft 5+1⁄2 in) [42]
Outer diameter of base:
Inner diameter of base:
7.368 m (24 ft 2+1⁄16 in) [40]
Angle of slant: 3.97 degrees [43] or 3.9 m (12 ft 10 in) from the vertical [44]
Weight: 14,700 metric tons (16,200 short tons) [45]
Thickness of walls at the base: 2.44 m (8 ft 0 in)
Total number of bells: 7, tuned to musical scale , [46] clockwise:[ citation needed ]
1st bell: L'Assunta, cast in 1654 by Giovanni Pietro Orlandi , weight 3,620 kg (7,981 lb)
2nd bell: Il Crocifisso, cast in 1572 by Vincenzo Possenti , weight 2,462 kg (5,428 lb)
3rd bell: San Ranieri, cast in 1719–1721 by Giovanni Andrea Moreni , weight 1,448 kg (3,192 lb)
4th bell: La Terza (1st small one), cast in 1473, weight 300 kg (661 lb)
5th bell: La Pasquereccia or La Giustizia, cast in 1262 [47] by Lotteringo , weight 1,014 kg (2,235 lb)
6th bell: Il Vespruccio (2nd small one), cast in the 14th century and again in 1501 by Nicola di Jacopo , weight 1,000 kg (2,205 lb)
7th bell: Dal Pozzo , cast in 1606 and again in 2004, weight 652 kg (1,437 lb) [48]
Number of steps to the top: 296 [49]
About the 5th bell: The name Pasquareccia comes from Easter, because it used to ring on Easter day. However, this bell is older than the bell-chamber itself, and comes from the tower Vergata in Palazzo Pretorio in Pisa, where it was called La Giustizia (The Justice). The bell was tolled to announce executions of criminals and traitors, including Count Ugolino in 1289. [50] A new bell was installed in the bell tower at the end of the 18th century to replace the broken Pasquareccia.[ citation needed ]
The circular shape and great height of the campanile were unusual for their time, and the crowning belfry is stylistically distinct from the rest of the construction. This belfry incorporates a
14 cm (5+1⁄2 in) correction for the inclined axis below. The siting of the campanile within the Piazza del Duomo diverges from the axial alignment of the cathedral and baptistery of the Piazza del Duomo.[ citation needed ]
Guinness World Records
Two German churches have challenged the tower's status as the world's most lopsided building: the 15th-century square Leaning Tower of Suurhusen and the 14th-century bell tower of the Oberkirche in the town of Bad Frankenhausen . [51] Guinness World Records measured the Pisa and Suurhusen towers, finding the former's tilt to be 3.97 degrees. [43] In June 2010, Guinness World Records certified the Capital Gate building in Abu Dhabi , UAE as the "World's Furthest Leaning Man-made Tower"; [52] it has an 18-degree slope, almost five times more than the Tower of Pisa, but was deliberately engineered to slant. The Leaning Tower of Wanaka in Wānaka , New Zealand , also deliberately built, leans at 53 degrees to the ground. [53]
Gallery
Inner staircase from seventh to eighth (the top) floor
View from the top
View, looking down from the top
Leaning Tower of Pisa in 2013
Tourist in a common pose at Tower of Pisa, June 2009
See also
Great Mosque of al-Nuri (Mosul) , an ancient leaning tower that stood until 2017; reconstruction efforts are currently underway
Tour de Pise , a rock dome in Antarctica, was named after this tower
References
"DiPI Online" . Dizionario di Pronuncia Italiana (in Italian). Archived from the original on 30 October 2020. Retrieved 26 December 2020.
Bronzini, Andrea. "Tower Facts" . Leaning Tower Pisa. Retrieved 12 January 2025.
"Leaning Tower of Pisa Facts" . Leaning Tower of Pisa. Archived from the original on 11 September 2013. Retrieved 5 October 2013.
"Europe | Saving the Leaning Tower" . BBC News. 15 December 2001. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 9 May 2009.
"Tower of Pisa" . Archidose.org. 17 June 2001. Archived from the original on 26 June 2009. Retrieved 9 May 2009.
"Endex.com" . endex.com. Archived from the original on 13 August 2007.
^ Pierotti, Piero. (2001). Deotisalvi – L'architetto pisano del secolo d'oro. Pisa: Pacini Editore
^ Capitular Record Offices of Pisa, parchment n. 248
^ Public Record Offices of Pisa, Opera della Primaziale, 27 December 1234
^ Public Record Offices of Pisa, Opera della Primaziale, 23 February 1260
^ Public Record Offices of Pisa, Roncioni, 12 April 1265.
Touring club italiano (2005). Authentic Tuscany . Touring Editore. p. 64. ISBN
, archived from the original on 9 August 2021, retrieved 25 August 2015
Giorgio Vasari, Jean Paul Richter (1855), Lives of the Most Eminent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects , H. G. Bohn, p. 153, archived from the original on 9 August 2021, retrieved 14 November 2020
^ Some contemporary sources speculate about the exact date; e.g. Rachel Hilliam gives 1591 (Galileo Galilei: Father of Modern Science, The Rosen Publishing Group, 2005, p. 101).
"Piazza del Duomo, Pisa" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 2 September 2016. Retrieved 8 August 2016.
Hofman, Paul (30 July 1989). "Italy's Endangered Treasures" . New York Times . New York. Archived from the original on 9 November 2020. Retrieved 29 April 2020.
Duff, Mark (28 May 2008). "Europe | Pisa's leaning tower 'stabilised'" . BBC News. Archived from the original on 20 April 2013. Retrieved 5 May 2009.
Tom (6 May 2015). "Leaning Tower of Pisa in the 1890s" . Cool Old Photos. Archived from the original on 6 March 2019. Retrieved 5 March 2019.
^ tan(3.97 degrees) * (55.86m + 56.70m)/2 = 3.9m
Strom, Steven; Nathan, Kurt; Woland, Jake; Lamm, David (2009). Site Engineering for Landscape Architects . John Wiley and Sons. p. 124. ISBN
Davies, Andrew (2005). The Children's Visual World Atlas. Sydney, Australia: The Fog Press. ISBN
.
"Torre pendente" (in Italian). Lucca turismo. Archived from the original on 8 April 2008. Retrieved 19 March 2008.
^ Sunday Telegraph no. 2,406, 22 July 2007
External links
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What is the Leaning Tower of Pisa?
The Leaning Tower of Pisa is a medieval structure in Pisa , Italy , that is famous for the settling of its foundations, which by the late 20th century had caused it to lean about 15 feet (4.5 metres) from the perpendicular.
Where is the Leaning Tower of Pisa located?
The Leaning Tower of Pisa is in the city of Pisa, in Tuscany , a region in west-central Italy. More specifically, the tower is on the grounds of the city’s cathedral complex, which is known as the Campo dei Miracoli or Piazza dei Miracoli, the “Square of Miracles.”
Why was the Leaning Tower of Pisa built?
Construction of the Leaning Tower of Pisa began in 1173 as the third and final structure of the city of Pisa’s cathedral complex. In particular, it was built to serve as the complex’s bell tower .
When did the Leaning Tower of Pisa start leaning?
It became apparent that the Leaning Tower of Pisa was leaning in the late 1170s, after completion of the first three of the tower’s planned eight stories. The leaning was caused by the uneven settling of the building’s foundations in the soft ground.
What efforts have been made to ensure the Leaning Tower of Pisa stays up?
The most comprehensive project to stabilize the Leaning Tower of Pisa began in 1990. Earth was siphoned from underneath the foundations, decreasing the lean by 17 inches (44 cm) to 13.5 feet (4.1 metres) from the perpendicular. After the project’s completion in 2001, the tower continued to straighten, without further excavation, until May 2008, when sensors showed that the motion had finally stopped. The lean had been decreased by a total of 19 inches (48 cm).
(more)
Leaning Tower of Pisa, medieval structure in Pisa , Italy , that is famous for the settling of its foundations, which caused it to lean 5.5 degrees (about 15 feet [4.5 metres]) from the perpendicular in the late 20th century. Extensive work was subsequently done to straighten the tower, and its lean was ultimately reduced to less than 4.0 degrees.
Pisa, Leaning Tower of Bell chamber at the top of the Leaning Tower of Pisa, Italy.
(more)
The bell tower , begun in 1173 as the third and final structure of the city’s cathedral complex, was designed to stand 185 feet (56 metres) high and was constructed of white marble . Three of its eight stories had been completed when the uneven settling of the building’s foundations in the soft ground became noticeable. At that time, war broke out between the Italian city-states, and construction was halted for almost a century. This pause allowed the tower’s foundation to settle and likely prevented its early collapse.
Giovanni di Simone, the engineer in charge when construction resumed, sought to compensate for the lean by making the new stories slightly taller on the short side, but the extra masonry caused the structure to sink still further. The project was plagued with interruptions, as engineers sought solutions to the leaning problem, but the tower was ultimately topped out in the 14th century. Twin spiral staircases lined the tower’s interior, with 294 steps leading from the ground to the bell chamber (one staircase incorporates two additional steps to compensate for the tower’s lean). Over the next four centuries the tower’s seven bells were installed; the largest weighed more than 3,600 kg (nearly 8,000 pounds). By the early 20th century, however, the heavier bells were silenced, as it was believed that their movement could potentially worsen the tower’s lean.
| 2,158 |
281 | what is the angle of the tower of pisa | https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/napkin-math-will-the-leaning-tower-of-pisa-ever-fall | November 2, 2013
•2 min read
There are many symbols of Italy—gondolas, Sophia Loren, gelato—but none is more iconic than the Leaning Tower of Pisa. I’ve always thought it strange that an engineering screw-up based on poor planning and shoddy construction has become one of the Seven Wonders of the World.
Our question in Italy: Will it lean forever, or will it eventually fall? Over a couple Italian beers, we plotted the physics.
The tower was built back in 1173 with marble, so the assumptions of modern engineering don’t really apply. Not long after it was built, the ground under one side started to sink under the weight of the stones. Workers tried to compensate by making the columns on the other side slightly bigger to even out the lean. But that didn’t work.
The structure continued to decline into the 20th century, when engineers realized they had a problem. The tower was leaning more, about 1/20th of an inch every year, which would increase as the tower’s center of gravity shifted. Eventually, it would simply fall. That started a few different restoration efforts. One was to inject cement into the ground under the tower to stabilize it. That didn’t work so well, it just made the ground heavier, which made it subside more. Then engineers in the 1990s figured they needed to remove soil underneath the non-leaning side, inject more cement, and stabilize the structure with steel cables. Working delicately for about four years, they reduced the lean by 17 inches.
Now back to the physics: In terms of angles, the tower now leans at 3.99 degrees. Considering the weight and height of the tower, physicists have said the maximum angle would be 5.44 degrees before the tower falls (at its worst, the tower once leaned briefly at 5.5 degrees. Everyone is still baffled that it didn’t collapse).
With the current restoration, engineers now think the tower can stand for another 200 years. Advanced technology by then could extend its life even further. The payoff is obvious if you consider the billions of Euros it brings to Italy in tourist revenue and swag. One thing less clear: How many more kitschy photos will be taken of people holding it up?
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| 2,159 |
281 | what is the angle of the tower of pisa | https://www.designreview.byu.edu/collections/why-does-the-leaning-tower-of-pisa-lean-what-can-it-teach-us-about-design | Jul 1
Jul 1
Why Does the Leaning Tower of Pisa Lean? What Can It Teach Us About Design?
Why does the Leaning Tower of Pisa Lean?
The lean of the tower is due to the soil beneath the tower not being stable enough to support the tower. The soil beneath the tower is composed of mud, sand, and clay, water tables in the area are also fairly high [3]. As the structure got heavier the soil beneath the tower began to settle unevenly. Even as the tower’s second story was being completed the tower was starting to lean. Instead of addressing the root cause of the lean, efforts were made to compensate for the lean in the third, fifth, and eighth stories. Even the flagpole on top of the tower has been made vertical, rather than following the angle of the rest of the tower.
What can it teach us about design?
There are three main lessons I learned from the Tower of Pisa: first, find the root cause of problems in your design; second, the cost to correct problems in a design gets more expensive as the further along it is in the product development process; and third, sometimes designs are better when they are imperfect.
Find the Root Cause of Problems
Quite often when faced with a bad outcome in a design, it is tempting to just change something that will fix the outcome rather than understand the root cause of the problem and ensure that a solution addresses the cause of the problem. Those that worked on the tower kept trying to compensate for the lean, but because that didn’t address the cause of the lean, the problem kept returning. Find the cause of your problems, and then address the cause rather than attempting a quick fix that may or may not work long-term.
Fix Problems Early to Save Money
As you move along the product development process it becomes more expensive to fix problems. Think about problems at two different stages of product development. Fixing a problem with a sketch or CAD model during conceptual design may only take a few minutes of time and very little money. At the other end of the spectrum, think about fixing a problem with a product that is already on the market. For example, around 2016 you may remember having a recall on your vehicle due to problems with the airbag. Takata was the company behind the airbag inflators, and worst-case estimates were that 287 million airbag inflators were affected, costing the company $24 billion [5].
Sometimes Designs are Better Imperfect
The last design lesson I got from the Tower of Pisa was that sometimes designs are better when they are imperfect. It is likely that far fewer people would visit the tower if it stood straight up. This is precisely the dilemma faced when deciding how much to reduce the lean. If the lean was reduced too much, fewer people would come and the impact on the local economy would be huge. It is hard to plan how imperfection could benefit a design, but it is interesting to think of imperfection as a feature.
Conclusion
The Tower of Pisa is truly an incredible building, and it can teach us great design lessons. In general, it will be best for you to find design problems early and address the root cause. Every once in a while though, imperfection can be the reason a design is so successful.
References
Guardian News and Media. (2013, September 24). Leaning Tower of Pisa straightens up. The Guardian. Retrieved June 30, 2022, https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2013/sep/24/leaning-tower-pisa-restoration-architecture
Harris, W. (2021, May 11). Will the Leaning Tower of Pisa ever fall? HowStuffWorks Science. Retrieved June 30, 2022, https://science.howstuffworks.com/engineering/structural/will-leaning-tower-of-pisa-fall.htm
Miller, B. J. (2022, April 18). Is the Leaning Tower of Pisa really falling over? LiveScience. Retrieved June 30, 2022, https://www.livescience.com/33379-leaning-tower-pisa-fall-over.html
Hagiwara, Yugi, and Takako Taniguchi. “Takata Puts Worst-Case Airbag Recall Costs at $24 Billion.” Bloomberg.com, 30 Mar. 2016, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-03-30/takata-said-to-put-worst-case-airbag-recall-costs-at-24-billion . Accessed 1 July 2022.
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08 Jul 2018
Have you had to use your hack saw in the last 12 months? Or a pair of tin snips to cut metals other than tin? We are willing to bet that it took you some time and a lot of muscle, if either was your cutting choice. Luckily, there’s an easier way. In just a few short steps, right angle grinders make an otherwise tedious process quick and easy.
1: Selecting the right tool and cut-off blade for the job at hand
A right angle grinder is one of the most versatile tools you can own. They are small, easy to control and can work into tight spaces. They can take the place of a variety of limited tools. With a grinder, you can cut metal, stone or ceramic tile and you can use it to strip coatings from wood and metal as well. Grinders come in consumer standard sizes for 4", 4.5", 5" and 7" with other sizes for more industrial applications.
The first step in choosing the right blade or grinding disc to use is to determine the material you are working with - metal or masonry - and whether you will be cutting, grinding, stripping or finishing.
Abrasive Metal blades are specifically designed to quickly and easily cut through various metals like angle iron or rusted bolts.
Abrasive Masonry blades are specifically designed for cutting concrete, cement and brick pavers, and natural stone for walkways and patios.
Diamond blades are designed for long life and fast cutting in multiple stone and masonry applications, from cutting concrete and stone to cutting ceramic tile.
Fiber Discs, Flap Discs and RapidStrip Wheels come in coarse, medium and fine grits and are used for heavy stripping of coatings from metal and wood, removing rust, de-burring of metal and grinding welds.
2: Safety considerations
Because you will be generating dust from the grinding and cutting process and may come in contact with sparks and flying debris, it is recommended to wear work gloves, a dust mask, safety glasses and a full face shield. Ensure your work space is properly ventilated.
3: Setting the speed on your right angle grinder
All wheels and grinding discs have a maximum safe RPM that each should be operated at. Verify that your right angle grinder does not exceed the recommended RPM for the product you are using. Note that most right angle grinders run at a fixed speed of around 11,000 RPMs. Always use the safety guard during operation.
4: Cutting the surface
Cutting Metal:
A right angle grinder saves a lot of time and effort versus using a standard hacksaw. Using a metal cut-off wheel for cutting angle iron, rebar, metal siding or bolt, clamp the work piece securely in a vice. Hold the grinder straight and use light pressure to cut through the metal. Do not twist the grinder as this will cause the wheel to bind. Too much pressure will cause the cut-off wheel to wear prematurely.
Cutting Stone and Tile:
A versatile right angle grinder can be used in place of a larger tile saw to cut concrete pavers and other types of stone used for walkways and patios, and would be used with either a masonry cut-off blade or diamond cut-off blade for longer life and faster cutting. You can also use a right angle grinder for cutting ceramic tile. For this application you will need to use a special diamond continuous rim blade that is designed to cut through hard tile and leave a smooth cut.
When cutting pavers, stone and tile make sure the work piece is secured before cutting. Using light to medium pressure, move the grinder in a back and forth motion through the cut. This helps remove dust from the cut and allows the wheel to cut faster. Do not twist the grinder as this can cause the wheel to bind in the work piece.
Grinding:
For stripping heavy coatings from metal or wood, you will need to choose a coarse grit fiber disc, flap disc or RapidStrip wheel. Choose either 24 or 36 grit depending on the condition and amount of coating to be removed. Starting with a coarse grit will allow you to strip the coating quickly and minimize loading of the disc. For rust removal, use a 60 or 80 grit flap wheel or grinding disc. Flap discs offer additional finishing capabilities so another product does not have to be used to bring a finer finish to the surface. With its ability to tackle metal, stone, and tile cutting projects with ease, the right angle grinder will soon be the most reached-for tool in your workshop.
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282 | tool angle grinding with tool and cutter grinder | https://amastone.com/shop/slider-45-cutting-guard-mechanic/ | MITERGuide – 45° Angle Grinder Cutting Guide
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MITERGuide 45° angle grinder cutting guide for ceramic tile chamfering miter cutting
MITERGuide is a cutting guide tool that helps guide an angle grinder to achieve precise miter cuts at a 45-degree angle while chamfering the edges of ceramic tiles. It’s a useful accessory for tile installation projects that require accurate and neat corner joins. Use it with the Grinder Extraction Tube for Slider 45 – Distar (not included, sold separately).
Effortless installation on both 125mm (5″) and 115mm (4.5″) angle grinders.
Accommodates processing materials with a maximum thickness of 20mm (0.8″).
Adjustable scale for modifying the size of the angled cut to suit your specific task.
Ample accessory surface guarantees meticulous blade alignment of the tile.
Ergonomically designed plastic screws for meticulous and accurate adjustments.
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Last Updated on Sep 27, 2023
Test Series
A tool and cutter grinder is a precision machining tool designed to sharpen, reshape, and precisely grind various cutting tools and milling cutters, ensuring their optimal performance in machining processes. They are indispensable in aerospace, automotive, and tool manufacturing industries, where precision and consistency are paramount. They enable the reconditioning of worn-out tools and the creation of custom tool geometries, contributing significantly to the efficiency and accuracy of machining operations.
This article shall elucidate on the Tool and cutter grinder. This topic in mechanical engineering is important for your upcoming examinations like SSC JE ME and RRB JE Mechanical Engineering .
Tool and Cutter Grinder
A Tool and Cutter Grinder is a specialized machine used in manufacturing to sharpen and recondition cutting tools like drills, end mills, and milling cutters. It ensures precision, prolonging tool life and maintaining the quality of machined products.
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What is a Tool and Cutter Grinder?
A tool and cutter grinder is a versatile machine designed for the precise shaping and sharpening of tools or cutters, accomplished through the use of abrasive wheels. This machine offers the flexibility of operation, with the choice of hydraulic or electrical power sources.
Also Includes
Parts of a Tool and Cutter Grinder
A Tool and Cutter Grinder typically comprises two main parts: the grinding wheel, which sharpens the tools, and the workhead, which holds and positions the tool for precise grinding operations. Additional components may include a spindle, table, and wheel guard for safety.
Fig: Tool and cutter grinding
The following parts are used in the tool and cutter grinding machine.
Base
Saddle
Table
Column
Base:
The base of the machine is characterised by its robust, heavyweight, and box-type construction, serving as the sturdy foundation that provides support for all other machine components.
Saddle:
Directly affixed atop the base, the saddle facilitates the vertical and lateral movement of the table. It orchestrates the transverse motion of the table during operations.
Table:
Resting upon and manoeuvring along the saddle, the table reciprocates as needed. It also boasts the ability to swivel at various angles, enhancing its versatility.
Column:
Positioned at the rear of the machine, the column houses the wheel head, which can be adjusted vertically to control the depth of the cut during grinding operations.
Wheel Head:
Located on the column, the wheel head possesses the capability to swivel at specific angles. It is equipped with two grinding wheels positioned at each end of the spindle for precision grinding tasks.
Tailstocks:
The machine incorporates both right and left tailstocks strategically placed between the centres to provide crucial support for the mandrel during the machining processes.
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Types of Tool and Cutter Grinder
There are two primary types of EDM machines: Wire EDM (Electrical Discharge Machining) and Sinker EDM. Wire EDM uses a thin wire electrode for precise cuts, while Sinker EDM employs a shaped electrode to create cavities and complex shapes through electrical discharges in a dielectric fluid.
The various types of Tool and Cutter grinder are:
Universal Tool and Cutter Grinders
Universal tool and cutter grinders serve as versatile machines capable of sharpening a wide range of tools and milling cutters . They find application in various tool reconditioning tasks. Universal tool and cutter grinders are commonly employed to sharpen tools like reamers, taps, single-point tools , dies, punches, and milling cutters, enhancing their precision and extending their lifespan.
Single-Purpose Tool and Cutter Grinders
On the other hand, single-purpose tools and cutter grinders are specialised machines designed for grinding specific tools, such as drills and tool bits. These grinders excel in high-volume production settings where numerous similar tools require frequent sharpening.
Characteristics of Tool and Cutter Grinder
The tool & cutter grinding machine exhibits the following notable characteristics:
Maximum Wheel Diameter Holding: This machine has the capability to accommodate the largest wheel diameter suitable for the grinding process.
Maximum Job/Workpiece Height: It can grind workpieces with a maximum height, ensuring versatility in handling various job sizes.
Maximum Job/Workpiece Length: The tool & cutter grinder can effectively grind workpieces with a maximum length, allowing for the processing of extended components.
Maximum Job/Workpiece Breadth: It can also handle workpieces with maximum breadth, enabling the grinding of broader workpieces with precision.
Uses of Tool and Cutter Grinders
The various applications of Tool and cutter grinder are:
Sharpening and reconditioning cutting tools.
Precision grinding of angles on single-point tools.
Resharpening multipoint tools like drills, reamers, and milling cutters.
Light cylindrical and internal grinding with suitable attachments.
Custom tool geometry creation.
Support for CNC grinding in modern industry.
Advantages of Tool and Cutter Grinder
Precision: Ensures precise sharpening and reconditioning of cutting tools, enhancing their performance and extending their lifespan.
Versatility: Can accommodate various tool types and shapes, making it suitable for a wide range of applications in manufacturing and machining industries.
Disadvantages of Tool and Cutter Grinder
Some disadvantages of a Tool and Cutter Grinder include:
Complexity: Operating and setting up the machine can be complex and require skilled operators with a deep understanding of cutting tool geometry.
Cost: Tool and Cutter Grinders are relatively expensive machines, which may not be cost-effective for small-scale or infrequent tool sharpening needs.
Applications of Tool and Cutter Grinder
Manufacturing: Used to sharpen and recondition cutting tools like drills, end mills, and milling cutters in machine shops and production facilities.
Aerospace: Critical for maintaining the precision and performance of specialized cutting tools used in aircraft component manufacturing.
Automotive: Essential for keeping tools like reamers and broaches in optimal condition for machining engine components.
Tool and Die Making: Vital for creating and maintaining dies and molds used in metalworking and plastic injection molding.
Woodworking: Used to sharpen woodworking tools like router bits and saw blades for crafting and carpentry.
Metalworking: Ensures the accuracy and longevity of tools used in metal fabrication and machining processes.
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More Articles for Mechanical Engineering
What does a tool and cutter grinder do?
A tool and cutter grinder sharpens and reshapes cutting tools and milling cutters.
What is a universal tool and cutter grinder?
A universal tool and cutter grinder is a versatile machine used to sharpen various tools and milling cutters, offering flexibility in tool reconditioning.
What are the different types of tool and cutter grinder wheels?
Tool and cutter grinder wheels come in various types, including diamond, CBN (cubic boron nitride), and abrasive wheels like aluminium oxide or silicon carbide.
What is a grinder cutter?
A grinder cutter typically refers to a cutting tool or attachment used with a grinder for various applications, such as cutting metal, tile, or concrete.
What is the difference between a grinder and a cutter?
A grinder is primarily used for grinding and smoothing material surfaces, while a cutter is designed for cutting and removing material.
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This article was co-authored by Alberto DeJesus . Alberto DeJesus is a Construction Specialist and the CEO of DeJesus Industries. With more than four years of experience, he specializes in high-end real estate development and construction. Alberto and DeJesus Industries have been featured on NBC News and have worked with numerous well-known companies, including Mazda, Amazon, and CVS. Alberto holds a Bachelor’s degree from Boston University.
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Angle grinders are electric power tools with detachable grinding wheels that you can apply to a variety of jobs around your home, including sanding, grinding, cleaning, and cutting. When using a grinder, make sure you're picking the right attachment for the job and using that attachment correctly. Always practice safety procedures when working with a grinder, as it can cause injury, both from the blade itself and from flying debris. [1] X Expert Source
Steps
1
Pick a wire brush attachment for cleaning and paint removal jobs. Clamp down the item you're working on so it doesn't move around. When applying the wire brush to the edge of something, position the angle grinder so the brush spins away from the object you're grinding rather than into it. [2] X Research source
Try buzzing off dirt that's set on garden tools. It will even work on set-on cement.
Pick the cup wire attachment for flat surfaces and the wheel to get into crevices.
2
Opt for a cutting wheel for slicing through metal, tile, or concrete. A cutting wheel works much like a saw. You press it lightly on the object you want to slice through, and it will make short work of things like metal rebar and tile. [3] X Research source
Make sure to pick the right type of blade for the project you're working on. For metal, a cutoff wheel works well, and it's fairly cheap.
For masonry, tile, and concrete, choose a diamond wheel. Read the attachment to know what materials you can use the wheel on. [4] X Research source
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3
Try a diamond tuckpointing wheel to remove mortar. If you have loose mortar in your brickwork that you need to replace, use this wheel to do the job. Run the wheel between the bricks, making several passes to get it all out. Try not to get closer to the brick with the tool than 1⁄8 inch (3.2 mm). [5] X Research source
Pick a tuckpointing wheel that's about the width of your mortar to make the job go faster.
4
Refine edges on metal tools with a grinding wheel. Metal tools get dull from time to time, including things like ice scrapers, lawn mower blades, hoes, and hatchets. Press a grinding wheel up against the edge with the grinder off, positioning it perpendicular to the blade. Adjust the grinding wheel so that it's at the same angle as the edge of the blade and the wheel will turn away from the edge rather than towards it. Lift the wheel off for a moment. Turn the grinder on and make several light passes along the blade, following the correct angle. [6] X Research source
Don't let the blade get too hot, as it will become very brittle. If it turns black or blue, give it a rest for a moment.
Check the wheel for the arrow showing you which direction it will rotate when on.
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1
Put on safety gear like goggles, long sleeves, and full-face protection. One of the main dangers of an angle grinder is flying debris, including pieces breaking off of the tool's attachments. Protect yourself with safety gear so you don't catch a piece in your eye. [7] X Expert Source
Construction Specialist Expert Interview. 15 December 2021. Safety goggles are good, but a full face shield is better. Also, protect your arms and hands with work gloves and long sleeves. [8] X Research source
Put in ear plugs or cover your ears with noise-canceling earmuffs, as the sound from the machine can get very loud.
Wear a dust mask for particularly dusty jobs, like sanding and grinding mortar. [9] X Research source
2
Support the tool with both hands. Grasp the handle with 1 hand. If your tool has a dead-man switch, hold onto that with this hand. A deadman's switch is one you must continually hold in place while the tool is on for it to work. Use your other hand to hold the weight of the tool.
Grab the handle with whatever hand feels most comfortable.
The deadman's switch is a safety feature. If you accidentally drop the grinder, it will go off automatically.
3
Let the grinder come to full speed before applying it to the surface. Hit the power button to turn it on. Whether you're cutting, grinding, or sanding, allow it to come up to speed to help you keep your actions smooth and consistent. For instance, if you're cutting through metal or other materials, you'll get a better cut if the cutting disc is at full speed first.
4
Move the angle grinder around constantly when sanding or cleaning. Don't keep the tool in one place when sanding, as you could end up with gouges. For a smoother finish, move in a rotating motion over the surface. If you're trying to smooth or clean one particular area, don't hold it in place; just move it around and over the area until it's to your satisfaction. [10] X Research source
5
Apply the tool with light pressure when cutting or grinding. Let the tool do the work for you. In fact, just hold the grinder on the object, and the rotation will cut or grind for you. If you press down too hard, you could cause the tool to yank on the piece you're working on, which in turn could make the tool kick. When a tool kicks, it could lead to injuries.
With sanding, you can apply a bit more pressure.
6
Use the correct angle for the wheel attachment. For sanding, apply the tool at a 5°-10° angle to the work surface. [11] X Research source For grinding, try a 15°-30° angle; make sure you're using the flat part of the wheel when using this attachment.
With cutting, use the side of the wheel to cut the piece head-on, meaning you should hold the wheel perpendicular to the piece you're cutting.
7
Keep the guard on no matter what you do. The guard may get in the way on some projects, but don't take it off. It provides some protection from flying debris if the wheel or attachment shatters. It's much better for the guard to take the hit then your torso or arms! [12] X Research source
8
Check the grinder has stopped spinning completely before putting it down. If the wheel is still spinning at all, it can move around on the surface you set it on. Apply the braking system if yours has one to make sure it's stopped. Otherwise, just wait for it to come to a full stop. [13] X Research source
It might start cutting things you don't want to cut or even flip back towards you.
9
Unplug the tool when you're not using it. You don't want the tool to come on accidentally, and turning it off is not enough. Unplug it from the wall so there's no chance it could come on and harm you or someone else.
Set the grinder wheel-side up on a table when you're not using it.
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1
Opt for a 4 by 4.5 in (10 by 11 cm) grinder for most projects. You can find much larger grinders for projects, but this size will be fine for a variety of tasks, including most of the jobs you'll do in your home. Also, it's a common size, so look for it in most hardware stores. [14] X Research source
Plus, a larger tool is more difficult to handle, which can lead to injury if you're not careful.
2
Choose a 5-9 amp motor if you plan on using the grinder a while. If you want to use the grinder for a number of projects, try not to get the cheapest one. If you spend a little more, you can get a better quality machine. Pick a motor that pulls 5-9 amps, which will give you a little extra power and will likely stay in operation longer. [15] X Research source
3
Check the RPM on accessories against the RPM on the grinder before buying them. All accessories will have a maximum RPM (rotations per minute). Exceeding that RPM could lead to the attachment breaking apart and sending flying pieces at you. Therefore, the RPM of the accessory needs to match or exceed the max RPM of the grinder. [16] X Research source
That way, if you turn your grinder to max, you still won't go over the max speed of the accessory.
4
Look for safety features like a wheel brake system. A wheel brake system will stop the grinder quickly if you need it to. Plus, it allows you to bring the grinder to a full stop before you set it down. Opt for a grinder that has this safety feature if you can. [17] X Research source
A grinding disc with noise reduction and a handle that reduces vibrations can also make your grinder safer.
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Common Questions: Best Uses & Practices for Angle Grinders
What would you use an angle grinder for?
You can use an angle grinder for a variety of different home projects, like slicing through and polishing metal. You can also use it to slice through stone and tile, to give your tools a sharper edge, and to expel mortar from between bricks. [18] X Research source
What should you not cut with an angle grinder?
Wood should never be cut using an angle grinder. Some people choose to switch out their angle grinder blades with circular saw blades, but this is a very, very bad idea. Limited research shows that slicing wood with an angle grinder is dangerous and can lead to injury. [19] X Trustworthy Source PubMed Central Journal archive from the U.S. National Institutes of Health Go to source
Is it OK to use an angle grinder without a guard?
No, it’s not a great idea to use an angle grinder without a guard. The guard helps prevent debris from flying in your direction. If you operate an angle grinder without one, you could be putting yourself at risk. [20] X Trustworthy Source US Occupational Safety and Health Administration U.S. government agency responsible for setting and enforcing workplace safety standards Go to source
Which direction do you cut with an angle grinder?
Cut into surfaces at a 90-degree angle so you’re completely perpendicular to the material. Make sure that the blade’s rotation is turning in the direction of the project (rather than toward you). [21] X Research source
Can you put a saw blade on an angle grinder?
No, this is a bad idea. While angle grinders are very versatile tools, they aren’t replacements for circular saws and shouldn’t be used as such. Installing a saw blade in your angle grinder can lead to injury, and definitely isn’t recommended. [22] X Trustworthy Source PubMed Central Journal archive from the U.S. National Institutes of Health Go to source
Video
Tips
Run your grinder for a minute or two before using it to be sure that the wheel and handle are attached properly and that there are no defects.
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This article was co-authored by Alberto DeJesus . Alberto DeJesus is a Construction Specialist and the CEO of DeJesus Industries. With more than four years of experience, he specializes in high-end real estate development and construction. Alberto and DeJesus Industries have been featured on NBC News and have worked with numerous well-known companies, including Mazda, Amazon, and CVS. Alberto holds a Bachelor’s degree from Boston University. This article has been viewed 202,432 times.
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Angle grinders are used for metalwork and fabrication such as grinding down welds. They are also used in construction. They are commonly used in workshops, service garages, and auto body repair shops. Angle grinders can be dangerous due to the high rpm involved and the sparks and bits of metal that fly off as they cut.
Hazards to watch for:
Most angle grinder injuries are from metal particles lodging in the operator’s eye.
Kickback, where the disc is thrust away from the object it is grinding, can result in severe cuts to hands, arms, head, torso, and legs.
Discs can shatter or explode, sending pieces flying across the work area.
Safe Procedures to follow:
Wear wide vision goggles, or safety glasses, and a face shield.
Before use, ensure the auxiliary handle is attached.
Ensure operators grip both handles during use.
Always use the correct type of disc. Make sure the disc speed limit (rpm) is greater than the angle grinder operating speed.
Ensure the guard and handles are secure.
Ensure the correct flange and locking nut is used for the type of disc. Otherwise, the disc can shatter at high speed.
Ensure the disc is not defective or damaged.
Allow the grinder to “run-up” to operating speed before applying it to the job.
Hold the grinder against the workpiece with minimum pressure so the disc doesn’t “dig in” and cause it to kickback.
Never bump the grinder onto the work, or let the disc hit any other object while grinding.
Keep the grinding disc at a 15 to 30-degree angle to the work.
Ensure the workpiece is held firmly in a bench vice when appropriate.
Keep the work at waist height during grinding.
Stop the grinder regularly to rest your hands and arms.
When not in use, disconnect the power and place the grinder on a bench with the disc facing upwards.
Never put a grinder down until the disc stops rotating.
Disconnect power before changing discs.
Never use a cut-off wheel for grinding or a grinding disc for cutting.
Dispose of any disc that has been dropped. Cracked or weakened discs can shatter in use.
In conclusion:
While angle grinders have several serious hazards, safe use will minimize those hazards.
See Also:
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283 | the inner sanctuary of the parthenon where the statue of athena is located in known as the | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athena_Parthenos | Athena Parthenos
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Sculpture of the Greek goddess Athena
'Athena the Virgin') was a monumental chryselephantine sculpture of the goddess Athena . Attributed to Phidias and dated to the mid-fifth century BCE, it was an offering from the city of Athens to Athena, its tutelary deity . The naos of the Parthenon on the acropolis of Athens was designed exclusively to accommodate it.
Many artists and craftsmen worked on the realization of the sculpture, which was probably built around a core of cypress wood, and then paneled with gold and ivory plates. At about 13 meters high, the statue reflected the established aesthetic canon of the severe style ( clothing ) while adopting the innovations of the high classical ( leg position ). She was helmeted and held a large round shield and spear, placed on the ground to her left, next to her sacred snake. Clothes, jewellery, accessories, and even the statue base were decorated, mainly with the snake and gorgon motif .
The statue was lost at an unknown date sometime in the first millennium . Several replicas and works were inspired by the original.
Parthenon and statue of Athena
Plan of the Parthenon:1) Pronaos (east side)2) Naos hecatompedos neos (east side)3) Chryselephantine statue of Athena Parthenos4) Parthenon (virgin room, treasure) (west side)5) Opisthodomos (west side)
In 480 BCE , the Persians ransacked the Acropolis of Athens, including the pre-Parthenon , which was under construction at the time. [1] After their victories in Salamis and Plataea , the Athenians had sworn not to complete the destroyed temples but to leave them as they were, in memory of the Persian "barbarism". [2] In the succeeding years, however, Athens grew to control much of the region through its domination of the Delian League , a confederation of Greek states originally designed to protect themselves against the Persians. Within 30 years, the league had evolved into an Athenian powerhouse. By 454 BCE, the Delian treasury had been relocated to Athens, where the money was funnelled into an ambitious plan to rebuild the city and its destroyed temples, including the Parthenon . [3] [4]
The new Parthenon was erected between 447 and 438 BCE. [1] Pericles chose the sculptor Phidias to supervise the building program with the architects Ictinos and Kallikrates . [5] The sekos (closed part surrounded by the peristyle ) was divided into two rooms. The small one to the west, the "Parthenon" itself (the "virgin room"), housed the treasure of the League of Delos and other offerings. [1] [6] [7] To the east, the "hecatompedos neos [N 2] " housed the statue of Athena Parthenos. The room was 29.90 m long, or around one hundred Athenian feet , by 19 m wide, with a ceiling height of 12.50 m. [8]
The new building was not intended to become a temple, but a treasury meant to house the colossal chryselephantine statue of Athena Parthenos. [1] It is even likely that the statue project preceded the building project. [9] This was an offering from the city to the goddess, but not a statue of worship: there was no priestess of Athena Parthenos. [7]
Primary ancient sources about the statue are writings by Pausanias [N 3] and Pliny the Elder . [N 4] [10] Pausanias is also the originator of the surname "Parthenos." Early writings mentioned "the statue", "the statue of Athena", "the golden statue of Athena", "the ivory statue of Athena", or simply "the Athena." Since at least the end of the fifth century BCE, however, the patron goddess of the Parthenon has been known as "Athena Parthenos." [11]
Fragment of the accounts relating to the realization of the statue of Athena Parthenos, IG I3 458, Museum of the Acropolis of Athens .
According to Pausanias and Plutarch [N 5] , the statue is not by Phidias alone but of a team of craftsmen representing several trades, Phidias supervising all the decoration work of the Parthenon. [12] [13] [14] The location of the workshop where the statue was made is unknown. It could have been on the acropolis, at the eastern end, under what was later to become the old Acropolis museum. However, given the cost of precious materials (gold and ivory), it could also have been installed elsewhere, at the foot of the sacred rock, far from the comings and goings of the main site and its dust. [13]
The statue was likely made of "spare parts", perhaps first mounted in the workshop, then dismantled, moved to the Parthenon, after its completion, and installed in its final place. [13] The remaining accounts make it possible to estimate the cost of the work at 704 talents , or the equivalent of 200 Triremes (the city's naval power base). However, the statue was considered an ultimate financial reserve, the gold decorating it could be melted down if necessary. [15] According to the various ancient authors [N 6] , the weight of gold used was between 40 and 50 talents, or between 1 and 1.3 tons of gold. By way of comparison, the annual toll of the "allies" of the League of Delos at the time amounted to 28 talents. On another note, this gold would have represented for the city of Athens more than a year's salary for 10,000 skilled workers, more than a year's pay for 10,000 hoplites or 10,000 rowers in the war fleet. [16] The quantity and cost of ivory are more difficult to determine. It was needed for the face, arms, and feet of the statue, as well as for the gorgon 's head depicted on the goddess's chest. It is less certain that ivory could have been used for the rendering of snake scales. On an inscription of 440-439 BCE there is recorded the purchase of an unknown amount of elephant ivory for the sum of 24 talents and 743 silver drachmas . However, it is difficult to know if this constituted all the necessary material. [17]
The statue was mounted on a rot-proof wooden frame, probably cypress. A decree of the Athenians thanks the people of the Eteocarpathians for providing them with a large quantity of cypress wood. This wood came from a forest dedicated to Apollo and therefore could only be exploited for religious purposes. In the Parthenon's soil is still visible the hole (75.5 cm by 54 cm and 37 cm deep) where the central beam was planted. Around this "mast", a whole frame in the same cypress wood gave shape to the statue. The city had the technique and craftsmen capable of this work with its many marine carpenters. [18] [19] To this reinforcement were fixed, probably nailed, gold plates. It is not possible to know if they had been melted (and the moulds preserved, perhaps in case of repair) or hammered ( Sphyrelaton technique). [18] [20] Ivory work was much more difficult, even if the statue of Athena Parthenos was not the first Greek statue to use this imported material. Oppian gives valuable indications of the techniques used. The necessary surfaces (face, arms, and feet) far exceeded the size of elephant tusks. However, these are made up of thin layers of superimposed ivory that can be "unrolled like a roll of papyrus". The next problem was to give shape to these long blades. It was the work of specialists able to soften the material and then mould it [N 7] . The ivory plates thus created had the flexibility of the wax plates used for moulding bronze statues, a technique that Phidias mastered perfectly. [21] If the gold plates were probably directly nailed to the frame, the more fragile ivory was certainly fixed more delicately with dowels or glued with fish glue [N 8] . The joints between ivory plates would most certainly have been masked in the drop shadows and by jewellery (bracelets and necklace). The ivory then had to be polished, most often with squatine skins (type of shark). Finally, the ivory was painted: the goddess was "made-up", using red pigment on her cheeks and lips as well as on her nails. It is also very unlikely that the gold was left as is; it would likely have been inlaid with precious and semi-precious stones that reflected the light. [22]
The statue must have been completed in 438 BCE when it was consecrated and installed in the Parthenon. Gold and ivory that had not been used were then offered for sale. [23]
The statue was installed in the main room of the Parthenon to the east. Behind her and on her sides, Doric columns supported the roof and offered her the setting of a canopy. In front of her, a large basin filled with water played several roles: it was used to maintain a sufficient degree of humidity in the room (to conserve ivory) and it also had to reflect the external light and illuminate the work. It was suggested that there could have been windows (probably 3 m high and 2.5 m wide) on each side of the door (9.75 m high and 4.19 m wide) that would have allowed daylight in. [23] [24] [25]
The statue measured, according to Pliny the Elder, 26 cubits (about 11.50 m high), probably counting its base. It thus reached less than one and a half meters from the ceiling. [26] [27] [10] She therefore filled the room with her presence. Phidias' idea was apparently to represent the goddess under her "true" aspect, in all her majesty, beauty, magnificence, or even in her real size, since the gods were considered proportionally much greater than humans. [28]
Only the pedestal of the statue has been preserved. It is a parallelepiped in poros measuring 8.065 by 4.10 m (26 ft 5.5 in by 13 ft 5.4 in) and 1.30 to 1.50 m (4 ft 3 in to 4 ft 11 in) high. [18] On the front of this base, a carved plaque evoked the birth of Pandora in the presence of twenty gods. [29] [23] [10] It is the only decorative element that has not subsequently been copied and reproduced, so it is unknown in its details. It is not even possible to know if it was made of marble or gilded bronze. The presence of this theme (birth of the first woman, plus fatal woman) is quite difficult to reconcile with the representation of the virgin goddess of wisdom. [29] It was perhaps a symbol of both aspects of femininity, [29] or even the growing role of women in Athens in the fifth century BCE. [28] Other interpretations are proposed. Helios and Selene framed the scene; it is, therefore, possible to see it as a form of calendar. Pandora can also be read as a warning that with the gods, nothing was ever taken for granted [N 9] . Thus, the triumphant Athens of Pericles mastered modern techniques, just as the first men had mastered fire. They had thus unbalanced the old order and had been punished (with a woman made by Hephaistus , god of fire and techniques). Athens, therefore, had to avoid falling into hubris . More optimistically, Pandora's myth could be a reminder that even deep in the difficulties, hope can always be reborn. [30] Finally, far from Pandora described by Hesiod and quoted by Pausanias to evoke the decoration of the base, there is an Athenian Pandora. She is one of the daughters of Erechtheus , one of the Hyacinthides who sacrificed herself to save the city. She would have had a miraculous birth, of the autochthonic type, and was linked to the goddess Athena, mainly by weaving. Pandora was presented in this Athenian myth as a kourotrophic (child carrier therefore a nurse) and a bearer of benefits. From then on, Joan Connelly [N 10] proposes to read the scene as the apotheosis of Athenian Pandora, and not as the birth of the "Hesiodic" Pandora. [31]
The Athena wore a half-open peplos on the right side, as was the rule for female representations in the first half of the fifth century BCE. However, her posture was new (in the canon that Polykleitos would then develop for his athlete statues): the left leg was a little bent, the knee forward, the heel not posing on the ground. This posture seems to have been chosen more for technical reasons of balance and volume of the lower manikin than for aesthetic reasons. The bust, on the other hand, does not seem to have been affected by the imbalance of the lower body, it would have been very straight and frontal. [26] [27] [10]
Over her peplos, she bore at the breast the aegis lined with snakes and within its centre, at the level of the solar plexus , an ivory gorgoneion . The goddess' face was also ivory, probably with a neutral expression, as was then the aesthetic rule. However, she may have had her lips ajar, symbolizing the breath of life. Gemstones allowed her eyes to have the Persian colour corresponding to one of Athena's epithets. [N 11] Long strands of hair escaped from her helmet and descended to the aegis. It was a reinterpretation of the korai hairstyle, the archaic statues of young women abundantly dedicated to the goddess on the acropolis of Athens. The helmet was of the Attic type , with paragnathides (pieces protecting the cheeks) raised and decorated with gryphons . The top of the helmet had three crests: a sphinx in the centre, surrounded on each side by a winged horse. The visor was decorated with protomes . The edge of her sandals (" Etruscan " type), about 20 cm high, was decorated with a painted or carved centauromachy , the sources do not allow a conclusive answer. Her belt was two snakes tied. Athena also wore jewellery: a pendant on each ear, snake-shaped bracelets on each wrist and biceps, and a necklace. [26] [27] [32]
The left hand held her shield and spear. At her feet on the left side, her sacred snake nestled. In her right hand, perhaps leaning on a column to support her, she held a statue of Nike , 2 m high. This symbolization of victory itself held a crown of gold laurels, which she was to be about to place on the goddess's head. The column is present in copies where it is necessary for reasons of the balance of terracotta or marble, but its existence for the original statue remains much discussed. [26] [23] [32] The presence of a column could then explain the fact that Athena's sacred snake was placed to her left (where it partially hid the shield decoration), rather than to her right, its usual place. [33] If this column were present, it could also have been the first example of a Corinthian capital , then developed by the two architects on their temple of Apollo in Bassae . [26]
The shield with a diameter of 4.8 to 5 m (15 ft 9 in to 16 ft 5 in) was decorated on the outside with an amazonomachy. This was the most visible, therefore the most described and copied decorative element. In the centre was again a gorgoneion that must have looked like the Rondanini Medusa since it is strongly inspired by it. He was surrounded by about thirty fighters. Theseus commanded the Greek troops, so the Athenians. In front of them, Amazons were attacking the Acropolis as indicated by the steep scenery. According to Plutarch [N 12] , Phidias represented himself among the Athenians, in the centre at the top, as a bald old man preparing to throw the stone held with two hands above his head. He would also have included Pericles, right next to him, on the right, armed with a spear. This gesture, which was criticized for him, is however proof that this relief-carved decoration was indeed by the hand of Phidias himself. [34] [35] [36] The inside of the shield, less visible, was painted with a gigantomachy . [9] [37] The three fights represented on the statue (centauromachy, gigantomachy, and amazonomachy) were also found on the carved decoration of the Parthenon. The southern metopes are decorated with a centauromachy, those in the east with a gigantomachy, and those in the west with an amazonomachy. [38] [39]
The snake (δράκων), perhaps represented the Chthonian powers that would have been present on the acropolis from the beginning, or even Erichthonios himself whom the goddess had raised on her sacred rock. [40] [41] In fact, the monsters (sphinx, gryphons, winged horses, snakes, and gorgonians) that adorn the statue of the deity symbolize these primitive forces she domesticated. [28]
The themes chosen to decorate this statue, as well as those that adorned the entire building, were part of an iconographic and political program of the celebration of the city through its guardian goddess. Athens, at the height of its power in the time of Pericles, evoked here the victory of (its) civilization over chaos, disorder, hybris, and barbarism in general, even beyond the commemoration of its victory in the Median wars . The virtues and piety of the city were read in its offering to its goddess. Its commercial and naval power materialized in the materials used: gold and ivory, very expensive, from far away. [42]
Plaster molding of the "Strangford shield" (Roman copy of the outside of the shield of the Athena Parthenos), Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts .
Life-size replica (cement and gilded steel) of the shield for the life-size replica of the statue in the replica of the Parthenon in Nashville.
Ivory, a fragile material and subject to desiccation, was maintained with oiled water that was left available in a basin at the foot of the statue. The oil layer left a protective film preventing evaporation and giving shine to the ivory. [43]
The luxury of the statue contrasted with its interior filled, like all chryselephantine statues, with "levers, corners, nails that cross the machine from side to side, ankles, pitch, clay and other things as shocking to the eye, not to mention an infinity of flies or shrews", as Lucian describes in Dream or the Rooster, XXIV.18. [44]
According to sources in 438 BCE (from the consecration of the statue) or in 432 BCE (just before the outbreak of the Peloponnesian War ), Phidias was accused of diverting part of the precious metals used to make the statue of Athena Parthenos, which was also sacrilege in itself since gold belonged to the goddess. Arrested, he would have escaped, which was interpreted as an admission of guilt. He reportedly fled to Olympia where he made the Chryselephantine statue of Zeus and where he died. For historians, an accusation against Phidias would then have been a way for Pericles' political opponents to attack the archon . [45] [44] Later, between 300 and 295 BCE, the tyrant Lachares allegedly had the gold plates removed to pay his troops. However, the veracity of this gesture is difficult to establish. If Lachares had taken gold permanently, he committed sacrilege. If his gesture was a simple "borrowing" from Athena, the rule was to repay with interest, difficult if the only way to obtain funds was to strip the goddess. [18] [44]
The Parthenon was ravaged by a fire at an indeterminate date in late antiquity, causing serious damage. The roof collapsed. The Doric columns of the naos were replaced by columns from the Hellenistic stoas of the Roman agora . [46] The statue was damaged but restored. It may have been transported to Constantinople with the Chryselephantine statue of Zeus of Olympia where it could still have been in the 10th century CE. [18] [23] Another hypothesis is based on the presence of traces of a second base. The statue of Athena Parthenos could then have been replaced, at an indeterminate point in time. [47] Until the edict of Theodosius in 380, the Parthenon retained its pagan religious role. It then seems to have experienced a more or less long period of abandonment. Somewhere between the fifth and the seventh century, the building was transformed into a church. Sources do not mention the statue at that time; it is therefore not possible to know if it had been destroyed or transported to Constantinople. [48]
Roman copy (first century BC). A.D., restoration in the seventeenth century), signed Antiochos.Roman National Museum (Palais Altemps), Inv. 8622.
Athena Lenormant, marble copy of the Pentelica (probably last century). Pandora's birth is reproduced on the basis. (National Archaeological Museum of Athens 128).
Engraved by Aspasios (first century). Profile of the Athena Parthenos. Roman National Museum (Inv. 108684)
Minerva with necklace, Roman marble copy of Paros (th or 2nd century). Louvre Museum (Ma91).
Simart's Minerva, 1855. The Picturesque Store, vol. 24 (1856).
Small model of the Athena Parthenos, with a column of the Corinthian order supporting Athena's arm holding Nike. Restitution suggested by Neda Liepen. Royal Ontario Museum .
Antique copies and replicas
Parthenon - Cross section restored. Benoît Édouard Loviot. 1879. Paris Musée des Beaux-Arts . Inv. Env. 71–07.
At least sixty-nine small-scale copies of the statue are known. [49] Very early on, her influence was felt, sometimes very far away. Thus, gold medallions from a tomb in Kul-Oba (Crimea) and preserved in the Hermitage Museum , reproduce the head of the statue. During Roman times, small copies were mass-produced, sometimes simplifying the decor. The Athena of Varvákeion is one of the most famous examples. Sometimes, only the decoration was reproduced, mainly that of the outside of the shield, apparently in the form of decorative plates for export. [50]
Among the most famous ancient copies are the Lenormant Athena and therefore the Athena of Varvakeion preserved in the National Archaeological Museum of Athens , the Minerva with the necklace of the Louvre Museum or a Roman copy signed Antiochos preserved at the Palazzo Altemps ( Roman National Museum ). A restoration was made by sculptor Pierre-Charles Simart between 1846 and 1855 for the Duke of Luynes . It is exhibited in its castle in Dampierre . [18]
A life-size replica was made in 1990 for the Nashville Parthenon by American sculptor Alan LeQuire . On a steel and aluminium frame, a mixture of plaster and fibreglass was covered with 8 kg of gold leaf. [51]
^ The earliest known references to Pheidias's statue date from the 5th century BCE, and refer to it generically as the statue, the image or the goddess, IG I3 453-460. The earliest use of the epithet "Parthenos" was in the late 4th or the early 3rd c by Philippides, in a passage preserved by Plutarch, (Dem. 26). See C. Cullen Davison, Pheidias: The Sculptures and Ancient Sources, Vol. 1, Oxford, 2009, pp.69-70.
^ The "hundred-foot" sanctuary (neos being the archaic form of naos) is a reference to the Archaic Temple of Athena .
^ Pausanias, Description of Greece, I, 24, 5-8
^ In his Life of Pericles, Plutarch specifies, however, that the name of Phidias is engraved on the basis of the statue.
^ Thucydides and Plutarch state 40 talents, Ephorus of Cyme covered by Diodorus of Sicily rather say 50 talents and Philochorus is very precise with 44 talents. (Lapatin 2005, p. 270).
^ Ancient authors propose various techniques. Pausanias describes heating. Plutarch talks about soaking in beer. Dioscorides suggests boiling for six hours in a mandrake decoction. In the 12th century, Theophilus , in his Lumen Animae, listed five different techniques: boil in wine, soak in oil, coat in skin, heat and finally soak in vinegar. Recent experiences have shown that the technique of soaking in vinegar works. (Lapatin 2005, p.276-277).
^ This was the case for the gates of the temple of Asclepias in Aegina for which accounts were kept. (Lapatin 2005, p. 278).
^ Also recalling the wisdom attributed to Solon to never say of a man that he is happy before he is dead.
^ Joan B. Connelly, "Parthenon and Parthenoi: A Mythological Interpretation of the Parthenon Frieze", American Journal of Archaeology, vol. 100, no. 1, January 1996, p. 53-80
^ As in the Homeric epithet γλαυκῶπις Ἀθηνᾶ. Iliad 1.206 et passim. Variously translated as Owl-faced, flashing-eyed, and pertinently here grey-eyed. See Susan Deacy, Athena, Routledge, 2008, p.26.
^ Life of Pericles, 31, 3-4.
^ Holtzmann 2003, p. 107.
^ Neils 2006, p. 28.
^ Richard David Barnett, Ancient ivories in the Middle East, Institute of Archaeology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 1982, p. 63
^ Lapatin 2005, p. 278-279.
^ Holtzmann 2003, p. 118.
^ Lapatin 2005, p. 266.
^ Boardman 1985, p. 112.
^ Schwab 2005, p. 167.
^ Lapatin 2005, p. 266-267.
^ Holtzmann 2003, p. 114.
^ Lapatin 2005, p. 267.
^ Anne Queyrel, Athènes, la cité archaïque et classique du viiie siècle à la fin du ve siècle, Picard, 2003, p. 251
^ Holtzmann and Pasquier 1998, p. 307.
^ Ann Shearer, Athene. Image and Energy, Viking Arkana, 1996, p. 245
Boardman, John (1985), Greek Sculpture: The Classical Period a handbook, Thames and Hudson
Cosmopoulos, Michael B., ed. (2004). The Parthenon and Its Sculptures. New York: Cambridge.
Harris, Diane (1995). The Treasures of the Parthenon and Erechtheion. Oxford.
Harrison, Evelyn B. (1966). "The Composition of the Amazonomachy on the Shield of Athena Parthenos". Hesperia. 35 (2). The American School of Classical Studies at Athens: 107–133. doi : 10.2307/147300 . JSTOR 147300 .
Holtzmann, Bernard; Pasquier, Alain (1998), Histoire de l'art antique : l'Art grec, Paris, La Documentation française / Réunion des musées nationaux, coll. « Manuels de l'École du Louvre »
Holtzmann, Bernard (2003), L'Acropole d'Athènes : Monuments, cultes and histoire du sanctuaire d'Athéna Polias, Paris: Picard, coll. « Antiqua »
Hurwit, Jeffrey M. (1995). "Beautiful Evil: Pandora and the Athena Parthenos". American Journal of Archaeology. 99 (2): 171–186. doi : 10.2307/506338 . JSTOR 506338 . S2CID 193039161 .
Lapatin, Kenneth (2005), "The Statue of Athena and other Treasures in the Parthenon", in Neils, Jenifer (ed.), The Parthenon: from Antiquity to the Present, Cambridge University Press
Leipen, Neda (1971). Athena Parthenos: A Reconstruction. Toronto: Royal Ontario Museum.
Neils, Jenifer, ed. (1996). Worshipping Athena: Panathenaia and Parthenon. Madison: Wisconsin.
Neils, Jenifer, ed. (2005). The Parthenon: From Antiquity to the Present. New York: Cambridge.
Neils, Jenifer (2006). The Parthenon Frieze. Cambridge.
Nick, Gabriele (2002). Die Athena Parthenos: Studien zum griechischen Kultbild und seiner Rezeption. Mainz: von Zabern.
Ousterhout, Robert (2005). ""Bestride the Very Peak of Heaven": The Parthenon After Antiquity". In Neils, Jenifer (ed.). The Parthenon: From Antiquity to the Present. Cambridge University Press.
Queyrel, François (2020). Le Parthénon, un monument dans l'Histoire. Paris: Bartillat.
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283 | the inner sanctuary of the parthenon where the statue of athena is located in known as the | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthenon | Parthenon
Temple on the Athenian Acropolis, Greece
Not to be confused with Pantheon, Rome .
Parthenon
Παρθενώνας
Destroyed
Dimensions
Technical details
Floor area
Design and construction
Parthenónas [parθeˈnonas] ) is a former temple [6] [7] on the Athenian Acropolis , Greece, that was dedicated to the goddess Athena . Its decorative sculptures are considered some of the high points of classical Greek art , and the Parthenon is considered an enduring symbol of Ancient Greece , democracy, and Western civilization . [8] [9]
The Parthenon was built in the 5th century BC in thanksgiving for the Hellenic victory over Persian Empire invaders during the Greco-Persian Wars . [10] Like most Greek temples, the Parthenon also served as the city treasury . [11] [12] Construction started in 447 BC when the Delian League was at the peak of its power. It was completed in 438 BC; work on the artwork and decorations continued until 432 BC. For a time, it served as the treasury of the Delian League, which later became the Athenian Empire .
In the final decade of the 6th century AD, the Parthenon was converted into a Christian church dedicated to the Virgin Mary . After the Ottoman conquest in the mid-15th century, it became a mosque . In the Morean War , a Venetian bomb landed on the Parthenon, which the Ottomans had used as a munitions dump, during the 1687 siege of the Acropolis . The resulting explosion severely damaged the Parthenon. From 1800 to 1803, [13] the 7th Earl of Elgin controversially removed many of the surviving sculptures and subsequently shipped them to England where they are now known as the Elgin Marbles or Parthenon marbles. [14] Since 1975, numerous large-scale restoration projects have been undertaken to preserve remaining artefacts and ensure its structural integrity. [15] [16]
The origin of the word "Parthenon" comes from the Greek word parthénos (παρθένος), meaning "maiden, girl" as well as "virgin, unmarried woman". The Liddell–Scott–Jones Greek–English Lexicon states that it may have referred to the "unmarried women's apartments" in a house, but that in the Parthenon it seems to have been used for a particular room of the temple. [17] There is some debate as to which room that was. The lexicon states that this room was the western cella of the Parthenon. This has also been suggested by J.B. Bury. [10] One theory is that the Parthenon was the room where the arrephoroi , a group of four young girls chosen to serve Athena each year, wove a peplos that was presented to Athena during Panathenaic Festivals . [18] Christopher Pelling asserts that the name "Parthenon" means the "temple of the virgin goddess", referring to the cult of Athena Parthenos that was associated with the temple. [19] It has also been suggested that the name of the temple alludes to the maidens (parthénoi), whose supreme sacrifice guaranteed the safety of the city. [20] In that case, the room originally known as the Parthenon could have been a part of the temple known today as the Erechtheion . [21]
In 5th-century BC accounts of the building, the structure is simply called ὁ νᾱός (ho naos;
lit.
"the temple"). Douglas Frame writes that the name "Parthenon" was a nickname related to the statue of Athena Parthenos, and only appeared a century after construction. He contends that "Athena's temple was never officially called the Parthenon and she herself most likely never had the cult title parthénos". [22] The ancient architects Iktinos and Callicrates appear to have called the building Ἑκατόμπεδος (Hekatómpedos;
lit.
"the hundred footer") in their lost treatise on Athenian architecture. [23] Harpocration wrote that some people used to call the Parthenon the " Hekatompedos ", not due to its size but because of its beauty and fine proportions. [23] The first instance in which Parthenon definitely refers to the entire building comes from the fourth century BC orator Demosthenes. [24] In the 4th century BC and later, the building was referred to as the Hekatompedos or the Hekatompedon as well as the Parthenon. Plutarch referred to the building during the first century AD as the Hekatompedos Parthenon. [25]
A 2020 study by Janric van Rookhuijzen supports the idea that the building known today as the Parthenon was originally called the Hekatompedon . Based on literary and historical research, he proposes that "the treasury called the Parthenon should be recognized as the west part of the building now conventionally known as the Erechtheion ". [26] [27]
Because the Parthenon was dedicated to the Greek goddess Athena it has sometimes been referred to as the Temple of Minerva , the Roman name for Athena, particularly during the 19th century. [28]
Parthénos was also applied to the Virgin Mary (Parthénos Maria) when the Parthenon was converted to a Christian church dedicated to the Virgin Mary in the final decade of the 6th century. [29]
Although the Parthenon is architecturally a temple and is usually called so, some scholars have argued that it is not really a temple in the conventional sense of the word. [30] A small shrine has been excavated within the building, on the site of an older sanctuary probably dedicated to Athena as a way to get closer to the goddess, [30] but the Parthenon apparently never hosted the official cult of Athena Polias, patron of Athens. The cult image of Athena Polias, which was bathed in the sea and to which was presented the peplos , was an olive-wood xoanon , located in another temple on the northern side of the Acropolis, more closely associated with the Great Altar of Athena. [31] The High Priestess of Athena Polias supervised the city cult of Athena based in the Acropolis , and was the chief of the lesser officials, such as the plyntrides , arrephoroi and kanephoroi . [32]
The colossal statue of Athena by Phidias was not specifically related to any cult attested by ancient authors [33] and is not known to have inspired any religious fervour. [31] Preserved ancient sources do not associate it with any priestess, altar or cult name. [34]
According to Thucydides , during the Peloponnesian War when Sparta's forces were first preparing to invade Attica, Pericles , in an address to the Athenian people, said that the statue could be used as a gold reserve if that was necessary to preserve Athens, stressing that it "contained forty talents of pure gold and it was all removable", but adding that the gold would afterward have to be restored. [35] The Athenian statesman thus implies that the metal, obtained from contemporary coinage, [36] could be used again if absolutely necessary without any impiety. [34] According to Aristotle, the building also contained golden figures that he described as "Victories". [37] The classicist Harris Rackham noted that eight of those figures were melted down for coinage during the Peloponnesian War. [38] Other Greek writers have claimed that treasures such as Persian swords were also stored inside the temple.[ citation needed ] Some scholars, therefore, argue that the Parthenon should be viewed as a grand setting for a monumental votive statue rather than as a cult site. [39]
Archaeologist Joan Breton Connelly has argued for the coherency of the Parthenon's sculptural programme in presenting a succession of genealogical narratives that track Athenian identity through the ages: from the birth of Athena, through cosmic and epic battles, to the final great event of the Athenian Bronze Age , the war of Erechtheus and Eumolpos . [40] [41] She argues a pedagogical function for the Parthenon's sculptured decoration, one that establishes and perpetuates Athenian foundation myth, memory, values and identity. [42] [43] While some classicists, including Mary Beard , Peter Green , and Garry Wills [44] [45] have doubted or rejected Connelly's thesis, an increasing number of historians, archaeologists, and classical scholars support her work. They include: J.J. Pollitt, [46] Brunilde Ridgway, [47] Nigel Spivey, [48] Caroline Alexander, [49] and A. E. Stallings . [50]
Older Parthenon
The Older Parthenon (in black) was destroyed by the Achaemenids during the Destruction of Athens in 480–479 BC, and then rebuilt by Pericles (in grey).
The first endeavour to build a sanctuary for Athena Parthenos on the site of the present Parthenon was begun shortly after the Battle of Marathon ( c. 490–488 BC) upon a solid limestone foundation that extended and levelled the southern part of the Acropolis summit. This building replaced a Hekatompedon temple ("hundred-footer") and would have stood beside the archaic temple dedicated to Athena Polias ("of the city"). The Older or Pre-Parthenon , as it is frequently referred to, was still under construction when the Persians sacked the city in 480 BC razing the Acropolis. [51] [52]
The existence of both the proto-Parthenon and its destruction were known from Herodotus , [53] and the drums of its columns were visibly built into the curtain wall north of the Erechtheion . Further physical evidence of this structure was revealed with the excavations of Panagiotis Kavvadias of 1885–1890. The findings of this dig allowed Wilhelm Dörpfeld , then director of the German Archaeological Institute , to assert that there existed a distinct substructure to the original Parthenon, called Parthenon I by Dörpfeld, not immediately below the present edifice as previously assumed. [54] Dörpfeld's observation was that the three steps of the first Parthenon consisted of two steps of Poros limestone, the same as the foundations, and a top step of Karrha limestone that was covered by the lowest step of the Periclean Parthenon. This platform was smaller and slightly to the north of the final Parthenon, indicating that it was built for a different building, now completely covered over. This picture was somewhat complicated by the publication of the final report on the 1885–1890 excavations, indicating that the substructure was contemporary with the Kimonian walls, and implying a later date for the first temple. [55]
Part of the archaeological remains called Perserschutt , or "Persian rubble": remnants of the destruction of Athens by the armies of Xerxes I . Photographed in 1866, just after excavation.
If the original Parthenon was indeed destroyed in 480, it invites the question of why the site was left as a ruin for thirty-three years. One argument involves the oath sworn by the Greek allies before the Battle of Plataea in 479 BC [56] declaring that the sanctuaries destroyed by the Persians would not be rebuilt, an oath from which the Athenians were only absolved with the Peace of Callias in 450. [57] The cost of reconstructing Athens after the Persian sack is at least as likely a cause. The excavations of Bert Hodge Hill led him to propose the existence of a second Parthenon, begun in the period of Kimon after 468. [58] Hill claimed that the Karrha limestone step Dörpfeld thought was the highest of Parthenon I was the lowest of the three steps of Parthenon II, whose stylobate dimensions Hill calculated at 23.51 by 66.888 metres (77.13 ft × 219.45 ft).
One difficulty in dating the proto-Parthenon is that at the time of the 1885 excavation, the archaeological method of seriation was not fully developed; the careless digging and refilling of the site led to a loss of much valuable information. An attempt to make sense of the potsherds found on the Acropolis came with the two-volume study by Graef and Langlotz published in 1925–1933. [59] This inspired American archaeologist William Bell Dinsmoor to give limiting dates for the temple platform and the five walls hidden under the re-terracing of the Acropolis. Dinsmoor concluded that the latest possible date for Parthenon I was no earlier than 495 BC, contradicting the early date given by Dörpfeld. [60] He denied that there were two proto-Parthenons, and held that the only pre-Periclean temple was what Dörpfeld referred to as Parthenon II. Dinsmoor and Dörpfeld exchanged views in the American Journal of Archaeology in 1935. [61]
Present building
Animation showing the Parthenon in 2011 and how it looked originally
In the mid-5th century BC, when the Athenian Acropolis became the seat of the Delian League , Pericles initiated the building project that lasted the entire second half of the century. The most important buildings visible on the Acropolis today – the Parthenon, the Propylaia , the Erechtheion and the temple of Athena Nike – were erected during this period. The Parthenon was built under the general supervision of Phidias , who also had charge of the sculptural decoration. The architects Ictinos and Callicrates began their work in 447, and the building was substantially completed by 432. Work on the decorations continued until at least 431. [62]
The Parthenon was built primarily by men who knew how to work marble. These quarrymen had exceptional skills and were able to cut the blocks of marble to very specific measurements. The quarrymen also knew how to avoid the faults, which were numerous in the Pentelic marble . If the marble blocks were not up to standard, the architects would reject them. The marble was worked with iron tools – picks, points, punches, chisels, and drills. The quarrymen would hold their tools against the marble block and firmly tap the surface of the rock. [63]
A big project like the Parthenon attracted stonemasons from far and wide who travelled to Athens to assist in the project. Slaves and foreigners worked together with the Athenian citizens in the building of the Parthenon, doing the same jobs for the same pay. Temple building was a specialized craft, and there were not many men in Greece qualified to build temples like the Parthenon, so these men would travel and work where they were needed. [63]
Other craftsmen were necessary for the building of the Parthenon, specifically carpenters and metalworkers. Unskilled labourers also had key roles in the building of the Parthenon. They loaded and unloaded the marble blocks and moved the blocks from place to place. In order to complete a project like the Parthenon, many different labourers were needed. [63]
Floor plan of the Parthenon
The Parthenon is a peripteral octastyle Doric temple with Ionic architectural features. It stands on a platform or stylobate of three steps. In common with other Greek temples, it is of post and lintel construction and is surrounded by columns ('peripteral') carrying an entablature . There are eight columns at either end ('octastyle') and seventeen on the sides. There is a double row of columns at either end. The colonnade surrounds an inner masonry structure, the cella , which is divided into two compartments. The opisthodomos (the back room of the cella) contained the monetary contributions of the Delian League. At either end of the building, the gable is finished with a triangular pediment originally occupied by sculpted figures.
The Parthenon has been described as "the culmination of the development of the Doric order". [64] The Doric columns, for example, have simple capitals, fluted shafts, and no bases. Above the architrave of the entablature is a frieze of carved pictorial panels ( metopes ), separated by formal architectural triglyphs , also typical of the Doric order. The continuous frieze in low relief around the cella and across the lintels of the inner columns, in contrast, reflects the Ionic order. Architectural historian John R. Senseney suggests that this unexpected switch between orders was due to an aesthetic choice on the part of builders during construction, and was likely not part of the original plan of the Parthenon. [65]
Measured at the stylobate, the dimensions of the base of the Parthenon are 69.5 by 30.9 metres (228 by 101 ft). The cella was 29.8 metres long by 19.2 metres wide (97.8 × 63.0 ft). On the exterior, the Doric columns measure 1.9 metres (6.2 ft) in diameter and are 10.4 metres (34 ft) high. The corner columns are slightly larger in diameter. The Parthenon had 46 outer columns and 23 inner columns in total, each column having 20 flutes. (A flute is the concave shaft carved into the column form.) The roof was covered with large overlapping marble tiles known as imbrices and tegulae . [66] [67]
The Parthenon is regarded as the finest example of Greek architecture. John Julius Cooper wrote that "even in antiquity, its architectural refinements were legendary, especially the subtle correspondence between the curvature of the stylobate, the taper of the naos walls, and the entasis of the columns". [68] Entasis refers to the slight swelling, of 4 centimetres (1.6 in), in the center of the columns to counteract the appearance of columns having a waist, as the swelling makes them look straight from a distance. The stylobate is the platform on which the columns stand. As in many other classical Greek temples, [69] it has a slight parabolic upward curvature intended to shed rainwater and reinforce the building against earthquakes. The columns might therefore be supposed to lean outward, but they actually lean slightly inward so that if they carried on, they would meet almost exactly 2,400 metres (1.5 mi) above the centre of the Parthenon. [70] Since they are all the same height, the curvature of the outer stylobate edge is transmitted to the architrave and roof above: "All follow the rule of being built to delicate curves", Gorham Stevens observed when pointing out that, in addition, the west front was built at a slightly higher level than that of the east front. [71]
The east facade in March 2021
It is not universally agreed what the intended effect of these "optical refinements" was. They may serve as a sort of "reverse optical illusion". [72] As the Greeks may have been aware, two parallel lines appear to bow, or curve outward, when intersected by converging lines. In this case, the ceiling and floor of the temple may seem to bow in the presence of the surrounding angles of the building. Striving for perfection, the designers might have added these curves, compensating for the illusion by creating their own curves, thus negating this effect and allowing the temple to be seen as they intended. It is also suggested that it was to enliven what might have appeared an inert mass in the case of a building without curves. But the comparison ought to be, according to Smithsonian historian Evan Hadingham, with the Parthenon's more obviously curved predecessors than with a notional rectilinear temple. [73]
Some studies of the Acropolis, including of the Parthenon and its facade, have conjectured that many of its proportions approximate the golden ratio . [74] More recent studies have shown that the proportions of the Parthenon do not match the golden proportion. [75] [76]
"Parthenon Marbles" redirects here. For the works housed at the British Museum, see Elgin Marbles .
Group from the east pediment, British Museum
The cella of the Parthenon housed the chryselephantine statue of Athena Parthenos sculpted by Phidias and dedicated in 439 or 438 BC. The appearance of this is known from other images. The decorative stonework was originally highly coloured. [77] The temple was dedicated to Athena at that time, though construction continued until almost the beginning of the Peloponnesian War in 432. By the year 438, the Doric metopes on the frieze above the exterior colonnade and the Ionic frieze around the upper portion of the walls of the cella had been completed.[ citation needed ]
Only a small number of the original sculptures remain in situ . Most of the surviving sculptures are at the Acropolis Museum in Athens and at the British Museum in London (see Elgin Marbles ). Additional pieces are at the Louvre , the National Museum of Denmark , and Vienna . [78]
In March 2022, the Acropolis Museum launched a new website with "photographs of all the frieze blocks preserved today in the Acropolis Museum, the British Museum and the Louvre". [79]
Detail of the West metopes
The frieze of the Parthenon's entablature contained 92 metopes , 14 each on the east and west sides, 32 each on the north and south sides. They were carved in high relief, a practice employed until then only in treasuries (buildings used to keep votive gifts to the gods). [80] According to the building records, the metope sculptures date to the years 446–440. The metopes of the east side of the Parthenon, above the main entrance, depict the Gigantomachy (the mythical battle between the Olympian gods and the Giants ). The metopes of the west end show the Amazonomachy (the mythical battle of the Athenians against the Amazons ). The metopes of the south side show the Thessalian Centauromachy (battle of the Lapiths aided by Theseus against the half-man, half-horse Centaurs ). Metopes 13–21 are missing, but drawings from 1674 attributed to Jaques Carrey indicate a series of humans; these have been variously interpreted as scenes from the Lapith wedding, scenes from the early history of Athens, and various myths. [81] On the north side of the Parthenon, the metopes are poorly preserved, but the subject seems to be the sack of Troy . [9]
The mythological figures of the metopes of the East, North, and West sides of the Parthenon had been deliberately mutilated by Christian iconoclasts in late antiquity. [82]
The metopes present examples of the Severe Style in the anatomy of the figures' heads, in the limitation of the corporal movements to the contours and not to the muscles, and in the presence of pronounced veins in the figures of the Centauromachy . Several of the metopes still remain on the building, but, with the exception of those on the northern side, they are severely damaged. Some of them are located at the Acropolis Museum , others are in the British Museum , and one is at the Louvre museum. [83]
In March 2011, archaeologists announced that they had discovered five metopes of the Parthenon in the south wall of the Acropolis, which had been extended when the Acropolis was used as a fortress. According to Eleftherotypia daily, the archaeologists claimed the metopes had been placed there in the 18th century when the Acropolis wall was being repaired. The experts discovered the metopes while processing 2,250 photos with modern photographic methods, as the white Pentelic marble they are made of differed from the other stone of the wall. It was previously presumed that the missing metopes were destroyed during the Morosini explosion of the Parthenon in 1687. [84]
Phidias Showing the Frieze of the Parthenon to his Friends, 1868 painting by Lawrence Alma-Tadema
The most characteristic feature in the architecture and decoration of the temple is the Ionic frieze running around the exterior of the cella walls. The bas-relief frieze was carved in situ and is dated from c. 443–438. [85]
One interpretation is that it depicts an idealized version of the Panathenaic procession from the Dipylon Gate in the Kerameikos to the Acropolis . In this procession held every year, with a special procession taking place every four years, Athenians and foreigners participated in honouring the goddess Athena by offering her sacrifices and a new peplos dress, woven by selected noble Athenian girls called ergastines. The procession is more crowded (appearing to slow in pace) as it nears the gods on the eastern side of the temple. [86]
Joan Breton Connelly offers a mythological interpretation for the frieze, one that is in harmony with the rest of the temple's sculptural programme which shows Athenian genealogy through a series of succession myths set in the remote past. She identifies the central panel above the door of the Parthenon as the pre-battle sacrifice of the daughter of the king Erechtheus , a sacrifice that ensured Athenian victory over Eumolpos and his Thracian army. The great procession marching toward the east end of the Parthenon shows the post-battle thanksgiving sacrifice of cattle and sheep, honey and water, followed by the triumphant army of Erechtheus returning from their victory. This represents the first Panathenaia set in mythical times, the model on which historic Panathenaic processions were based. [87] [88] This interpretation has been rejected by William St Clair , who considers that the frieze shows the celebration of the birth of Ion, who was a descendant of Erechtheus . [89] This interpretation has been rejected by Catharine Titi , who agrees with St Clair that the mood is one of celebration (rather than sacrifice) but argues that the celebration of the birth of Ion requires the presence of an infant but there is no infant on the frieze. [9]
Part of the east pediment still found on the Parthenon (although part of it, like Dionysus, is a copy)
Two pediments rise above the portals of the Parthenon, one on the east front, one on the west. The triangular sections once contained massive sculptures that, according to the second-century geographer Pausanias , recounted the birth of Athena and the mythological battle between Athena and Poseidon for control of Athens. [90]
East pediment
West pediment
The supporters of Athena are extensively illustrated at the back of the left chariot, while the defenders of Poseidon are shown trailing behind the right chariot. It is believed that the corners of the pediment are filled by Athenian water deities, such as the Kephisos river, the Ilissos river, and nymph Kallirhoe . This belief emerges from the fluid character of the sculptures' body position which represents the effort of the artist to give the impression of a flowing river. [94] [95] Next to the left river god, there are the sculptures of the mythical king of Athens ( Cecrops or Kekrops ) with his daughters ( Aglaurus , Pandrosos , Herse ). The statue of Poseidon was the largest sculpture in the pediment until it broke into pieces during Francesco Morosini 's effort to remove it in 1688. The posterior piece of the torso was found by Lusieri in the groundwork of a Turkish house in 1801 and is currently held in the British Museum . The anterior portion was revealed by Ross in 1835 and is now held in the Acropolis Museum of Athens. [96]
Every statue on the west pediment has a fully completed back, which would have been impossible to see when the sculpture was on the temple; this indicates that the sculptors put great effort into accurately portraying the human body. [95]
Athena Parthenos
The only piece of sculpture from the Parthenon known to be from the hand of Phidias [97] was the statue of Athena housed in the naos. This massive chryselephantine sculpture is now lost and known only from copies, vase painting, gems, literary descriptions, and coins. [98]
Later history
The Parthenon's position on the Acropolis dominates the city skyline of Athens.
A major fire broke out in the Parthenon shortly after the middle of the third century AD. [99] [100] which destroyed the roof and much of the sanctuary's interior. [101] Heruli pirates sacked Athens in 276, and destroyed most of the public buildings there, including the Parthenon. [102] Repairs were made in the fourth century AD, possibly during the reign of Julian the Apostate . [103] A new wooden roof overlaid with clay tiles was installed to cover the sanctuary. It sloped at a greater angle than the original roof and left the building's wings exposed. [101]
The Parthenon survived as a temple dedicated to Athena for nearly 1,000 years until Theodosius II , during the Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire , decreed in 435 that all pagan temples in the Eastern Roman Empire be closed. [104] It is debated exactly when during the 5th century that the closure of the Parthenon as a temple was put into practice. It is suggested to have occurred in c. 481–484, on the order of Emperor Zeno , because the temple had been the focus of Pagan Hellenic opposition against Zeno in Athens in support of Illus , who had promised to restore Hellenic rites to the temples that were still standing. [105]
At some point in the fifth century, Athena's great cult image was looted by one of the emperors and taken to Constantinople , where it was later destroyed, possibly during the siege and sack of Constantinople during the Fourth Crusade in 1204 AD. [106]
Christian church
The Parthenon was converted into a Christian church in the final decades of the fifth century [107] to become the Church of the Parthenos Maria (Virgin Mary) or the Church of the Theotokos ( Mother of God ). The orientation of the building was changed to face towards the east; the main entrance was placed at the building's western end, and the Christian altar and iconostasis were situated towards the building's eastern side adjacent to an apse built where the temple's pronaos was formerly located. [108] [109] [110] A large central portal with surrounding side-doors was made in the wall dividing the cella, which became the church's nave , and from the rear chamber, the church's narthex . [108] The spaces between the columns of the opisthodomos and the peristyle were walled up, though a number of doorways still permitted access. [108] Icons were painted on the walls, and many Christian inscriptions were carved into the Parthenon's columns. [103] These renovations inevitably led to the removal and dispersal of some of the sculptures. Sometime after the Parthenon was converted to a Christian church, the metopes of the north, west and east facades of the Parthenon were defaced by Christians in order to remove images of pagan deities. The damage was so extensive that the images on the affected metopes often can't be confidently identified. [111] [112]
The Parthenon became the fourth most important Christian pilgrimage destination in the Eastern Roman Empire after Constantinople , Ephesos , and Thessaloniki . [113] In 1018, the emperor Basil II went on a pilgrimage to Athens after his final victory over the First Bulgarian Empire for the sole purpose of worshipping at the Parthenon. [113] In medieval Greek accounts it is called the Temple of Theotokos Atheniotissa and often indirectly referred to as famous without explaining exactly which temple they were referring to, thus establishing that it was indeed well known. [113]
At the time of the Latin occupation , it became for about 250 years a Roman Catholic church of Our Lady . During this period a tower, used either as a watchtower or bell tower and containing a spiral staircase, was constructed at the southwest corner of the cella, and vaulted tombs were built beneath the Parthenon's floor. [114]
The rediscovery of the Parthenon as an ancient monument dates back to the period of Humanism ; Cyriacus of Ancona was the first after antiquity to describe the Parthenon, of which he had read many times in ancient texts. Thanks to him, Western Europe was able to have the first design of the monument, which Ciriaco called "temple of the goddess Athena", unlike previous travellers, who had called it "church of Virgin Mary": [115]
...mirabile Palladis Divae marmoreum templum, divum quippe opus Phidiae ("...the wonderful temple of the goddess Athena, a divine work of Phidias").
Islamic mosque
Drawing of the Parthenon by James Skene , 1838
In 1456, Ottoman Turkish forces invaded Athens and laid siege to a Florentine army defending the Acropolis until June 1458, when it surrendered to the Turks. [116] The Turks may have briefly restored the Parthenon to the Greek Orthodox Christians for continued use as a church. [117] Some time before the end of the fifteenth century, the Parthenon became a mosque . [118] [119]
The precise circumstances under which the Turks appropriated it for use as a mosque are unclear; one account states that Mehmed II ordered its conversion as punishment for an Athenian plot against Ottoman rule. [120] The apse was repurposed into a mihrab , [121] the tower previously constructed during the Roman Catholic occupation of the Parthenon was extended upwards to become a minaret, [122] a minbar was installed, [108] the Christian altar and iconostasis were removed, and the walls were whitewashed to cover icons of Christian saints and other Christian imagery. [123]
Despite the alterations accompanying the Parthenon's conversion into a church and subsequently a mosque, its structure had remained basically intact. [124] In 1667, the Turkish traveller Evliya Çelebi expressed marvel at the Parthenon's sculptures and figuratively described the building as "like some impregnable fortress not made by human agency". [125] He composed a poetic supplication stating that, as "a work less of human hands than of Heaven itself, [it] should remain standing for all time". [126] The French artist Jacques Carrey in 1674 visited the Acropolis and sketched the Parthenon's sculptural decorations. [127] Early in 1687, an engineer named Plantier sketched the Parthenon for the Frenchman Graviers d'Ortières. [101] These depictions, particularly Carrey's, provide important, and sometimes the only, evidence of the condition of the Parthenon and its various sculptures prior to the devastation it suffered in late 1687 and the subsequent looting of its art objects. [127]
Partial destruction
Fragment of an exploded shell found on top of a wall in the Parthenon, thought to originate from the time of the Venetian siege
As part of the Morean War (1684–1699) , the Venetians sent an expedition led by Francesco Morosini to attack Athens and capture the Acropolis. The Ottomans fortified the Acropolis and used the Parthenon as a gunpowder magazine – despite having been forewarned of the dangers of this use by the 1656 explosion that severely damaged the Propylaea – and as a shelter for members of the local Turkish community. [128]
On 26 September 1687 a Venetian mortar round, fired from the Hill of Philopappos , blew up the magazine. [103] [129] The explosion blew out the building's central portion and caused the cella's walls to crumble into rubble. [124] According to Greek architect and archaeologist Kornilia Chatziaslani: [101]
...three of the sanctuary's four walls nearly collapsed and three-fifths of the sculptures from the frieze fell. Nothing of the roof apparently remained in place. Six columns from the south side fell, eight from the north, as well as whatever remained from the eastern porch, except for one column. The columns brought down with them the enormous marble architraves, triglyphs, and metopes.
About three hundred people were killed in the explosion, which showered marble fragments over nearby Turkish defenders [128] and sparked fires that destroyed many homes. [101]
The southern side of the Parthenon, which sustained considerable damage in the 1687 explosion (photo taken in 2009)
Accounts written at the time conflict over whether this destruction was deliberate or accidental; one such account, written by the German officer Sobievolski, states that a Turkish deserter revealed to Morosini the use to which the Turks had put the Parthenon; expecting that the Venetians would not target a building of such historic importance. Morosini was said to have responded by directing his artillery to aim at the Parthenon. [101] [128] Subsequently, Morosini sought to loot sculptures from the ruin and caused further damage in the process. Sculptures of Poseidon and Athena's horses fell to the ground and smashed as his soldiers tried to detach them from the building's west pediment. [109] [130]
In 1688 the Venetians abandoned Athens to avoid a confrontation with a large force the Turks had assembled at Chalcis ; at that time, the Venetians had considered blowing up what remained of the Parthenon along with the rest of the Acropolis to deny its further use as a fortification to the Turks, but that idea was not pursued. [128]
Once the Turks had recaptured the Acropolis, they used some of the rubble produced by this explosion to erect a smaller mosque within the shell of the ruined Parthenon. [131] For the next century and a half, parts of the remaining structure were looted for building material and especially valuable objects. [132]
The 18th century was a period of Ottoman stagnation —so that many more Europeans found access to Athens, and the picturesque ruins of the Parthenon were much drawn and painted, spurring a rise in philhellenism and helping to arouse sympathy in Britain and France for Greek independence. Amongst those early travellers and archaeologists were James Stuart and Nicholas Revett , who were commissioned by the Society of Dilettanti to survey the ruins of classical Athens. They produced the first measured drawings of the Parthenon, published in 1787 in the second volume of Antiquities of Athens Measured and Delineated.
From 1801 to 1812, agents of Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin , removed about half the surviving Parthenon sculptures, sending them to Britain in efforts to establish a private museum. Elgin stated he removed the sculptures with permission of the Ottoman officials who exercised authority in Athens at the time. [133] The legality of Elgin's actions has been disputed. [134] [9]
War of Independence
Independent Greece
Life-size pediment sculptures from the Parthenon in the British Museum
Dispute over the marbles
The dispute centres around those of the Parthenon Marbles removed by Elgin, which are in the British Museum . [14] A few sculptures from the Parthenon are also in the Louvre in Paris, in Copenhagen , and elsewhere, while more than half are in the Acropolis Museum in Athens. [19] [141] A few can still be seen on the building itself. In 1983, the Greek government formally asked the UK government to return the sculptures in the British Museum to Greece, and subsequently listed the dispute with UNESCO . The British Museum has consistently refused to return the sculptures, [142] and successive British governments have been unwilling to force the museum to do so (which would require legislation). In 2021, UNESCO called upon the UK government to resolve the issue at the intergovernmental level. [143] Discussions between UK and Greek officials are ongoing. [144] [145]
Four pieces of the sculptures have been repatriated to Greece: 3 from the Vatican, and 1 from a museum in Sicily. [146]
Parthenon in January 2023
In 1981, an earthquake caused damage to the east façade. [147] Air pollution and acid rain have damaged the marble and stonework. [148]
An organized effort to preserve and restore buildings on the Acropolis began in 1975, when the Greek government established the Committee for the Conservation of the Acropolis Monuments (ESMA). That group of interdisciplinary specialist scholars oversees the academic understanding of the site to guide restoration efforts. [149] The project later attracted funding and technical assistance from the European Union . An archaeological committee thoroughly documented every artefact remaining on the site, and architects assisted with computer models to determine their original locations. Particularly important and fragile sculptures were transferred to the Acropolis Museum .
A crane was installed for moving marble blocks; the crane was designed to fold away beneath the roofline when not in use. [150] In some cases, prior re-constructions were found to be incorrect. These were dismantled, and a careful process of restoration began. [151]
Originally, various blocks were held together by elongated iron H pins that were completely coated in lead, which protected the iron from corrosion. Stabilizing pins added in the 19th century were not lead-coated, and corroded. Since the corrosion product (rust) is expansive, the expansion caused further damage by cracking the marble. [152]
The last remaining slabs from the western section of the Parthenon frieze were removed from the monument in 1993 for fear of further damage. [153] They have now been transported to the new Acropolis Museum . [148] Until cleaning of the remaining sculptures was completed in 2005, [154] black crusts and coatings were present on the marble surface. [155] Between 20 January and the end of March 2008, 4200 items (sculptures, inscriptions small terracotta objects), including some 80 artefacts dismantled from the monuments in recent years, were removed from the old museum on the Acropolis to the new Acropolis Museum. [156] [157]
In 2019, Greece's Central Archaeological Council approved a restoration of the interior cella's north wall (along with parts of others). The project will reinstate as many as 360 ancient stones, and install 90 new pieces of Pentelic marble , minimizing the use of new material as much as possible. The eventual result of these restorations will be a partial restoration of some or most of each wall of the interior cella. [158]
See also
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Wilson, Benjamin Franklin (1920). The Parthenon at Athens, Greece and at Nashville, Tennessee . Nashville, Tennessee: Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed. Archived from the original on 6 June 2021. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
{{ cite book }}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( link )
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The Parthenon (Plate 1, Fig. 17) is probably the most celebrated of all Greek temples.
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Davison, Claire Cullen; Lundgreen, Birte (2009). Pheidias:The Sculptures and Ancient Sources . Vol. 105. London: Institute of Classical Studies, University of London. p. 209. ISBN
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Magazine, Smithsonian. "Unlocking Mysteries of the Parthenon" . Smithsonian Magazine. Archived from the original on 30 June 2022. Retrieved 23 July 2022.
^ François Queyrel, Le Parthénon. Un monument dans l'Histoire, Paris, Éditions Bartillat, 2020, pp. 199–200.
Hélène (4 March 2021). "Everlasting Glory in Athens" . The Kosmos Society. Archived from the original on 27 July 2022. Retrieved 10 July 2023.
^ Demosthenes, Against Androtion 22.13 οἱ τὰ προπύλαια καὶ τὸν παρθενῶν᾽.
^ Encyclopædia Britannica, 1878.
^ Freely 2004, p. 69 Archived 17 November 2022 at the Wayback Machine "Some modern writers maintain that the Parthenon was converted into a Christian sanctuary during the reign of Justinian (527–565)...But there is no evidence to support this in the ancient sources. The existing evidence suggests that the Parthenon was converted into a Christian basilica in the last decade of the sixth century."
^ MC. Hellmann, L'Architecture grecque. Architecture religieuse et funéraire, Picard, 2006, p. 118.
^ a b B. Nagy, "Athenian Officials on the Parthenon Frieze", AJA, Vol. 96, No. 1 (January 1992), p. 55.
^ Thucydides 2.13.5. Retrieved 3 August 2020.
^ S. Eddy, "The Gold in the Athena Parthenos", AJA, Vol. 81, No. 1 (Winter, 1977), pp. 107–111.
^ B. Holtzmann and A. Pasquier, Histoire de l'art antique : l'art grec, École du Louvre, Réunion des musées nationaux, and Documentation française, 1998, p. 177.
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^ Hurwit 2005, p. 135.
^ Herodotus Histories, 8.53.
^ W. Dörpfeld, "Der aeltere Parthenon", Ath. Mitteilungen, XVII, 1892, pp. 158–189 and W. Dörpfeld, "Die Zeit des alteren Parthenon", AM 27, 1902, pp. 379–416.
^ P. Kavvadis, G. Kawerau, Die Ausgabung der Acropolis vom Jahre 1885 bis zum Jahre 1890, 1906.
^ NM Tod, A Selection of Greek Historical Inscriptions II, 1948, no. 204, lines 46–51, The authenticity of this is disputed, however; see also P. Siewert, Der Eid von Plataia (Munich 1972), pp. 98–102.
^ B. H. Hill, "The Older Parthenon", AJA, XVI, 1912, pp. 535–558.
^ B. Graef, E. Langlotz, Die Antiken Vasen von der Akropolis zu Athen, Berlin 1925–1933.
^ W. Dinsmoor, "The Date of the Older Parthenon", AJA, XXXVIII, 1934, pp. 408–448.
^ W. Dörpfeld, "Parthenon I, II, III", AJA, XXXIX, 1935, 497–507, and W. Dinsmoor, AJA, XXXIX, 1935, 508–509
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^ John Julius Norwich, Great Architecture of the World, 2001, p. 63.
^ And in the surviving foundations of the preceding Older Parthenon (Penrose, Principles of Athenian Architecture 2nd ed. ch. II.3, plate 9).
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^ Archaeologists discuss similarly curved architecture and offer the theory. Nova, "Secrets of the Parthenon", PBS. http://video.yahoo.com/watch/1849622/6070405 [ permanent dead link ].
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^ 438 was the year of the dedication of the Parthenon and is usually taken as an upper limit for completion of the frieze, see I Jenkins, The Parthenon Frieze and Perikles' cavalry of 1000, p149–150, in Hurwit, 2005, for a discussion of the dating problem.
^ Connelly, The Parthenon Enigma, chapters 4, 5, and 7.
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^ Jeffrey M. Hurwit. "Helios Rising: The Sun, the Moon, and the Sea in the Sculptures of the Parthenon". American Journal of Archaeology, vol. 121, no. 4, 2017, pp. 527–558. JSTOR,
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According to one authority, John Travlos, this occurred when Athens was sacked by the Heruli in AD 267, at which time the two-tiered colonnade in the cella was destroyed.
Cremin, Aedeen (2007). Archaeologica . Frances Lincoln Ltd. p. 170. ISBN
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Schwab, Katherine A (2005). "Celebrations of Victory: The Metopes of the Parthenon". In Neils, Jennifer (ed.). The Parthenon, from Antiquity to the Present. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 165. ISBN
.
^ Robert Ousterhout (2005) "'Bestride the Very Peak of Heaven': The Parthenon after Antiquity." In Neils (ed). The Parthenon, from Antiquity to the Present. pp. 306–307
^ E.W. Bodnar, Cyriacus of Ancona and Athens, Brussels-Berchem, 1960.
. Archived from the original on 28 June 2024. Retrieved 23 February 2016.
Tomkinson, John L. "Ottoman Athens I: Early Ottoman Athens (1456–1689)" . Anagnosis Books. Archived from the original on 29 July 2012. Retrieved 14 August 2012.
"In 1466 the Parthenon was referred to as a church, so it seems likely that for some time at least, it continued to function as a cathedral, being restored to the use of the Greek archbishop."
"Some time later – we do not know exactly when – the Parthenon was itself converted into a mosque."
D'Ooge, Martin Luther (1909). The acropolis of Athens . Robarts – University of Toronto. New York: Macmillan. p. 317.
The conversion of the Parthenon into a mosque is first mentioned by another anonymous writer, the Paris Anonymous, whose manuscript dating from the latter half of the fifteenth century was discovered in the library of Paris in 1862.
.
Bruno, Vincent J. (1974). The Parthenon . W.W. Norton & Company. p. 172. ISBN
D'Ooge, Martin Luther (1909). The acropolis of Athens . Robarts – University of Toronto. New York: Macmillan. p. 317.
.
Holt, Frank L. (November–December 2008). "I, Marble Maiden" . Saudi Aramco World . 59 (6): 36–41. Archived from the original on 1 August 2012. Retrieved 3 December 2012.
^ a b T. Bowie, D. Thimme, The Carrey Drawings of the Parthenon Sculptures, 1971.
^ Theodor E. Mommsen, The Venetians in Athens and the Destruction of the Parthenon in 1687, American Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 45, No. 4 (October–December 1941), pp. 544–556.
. Archived from the original on 28 June 2024. Retrieved 14 August 2012.
Grafton, Anthony; Most, Glenn W.; Settis, Salvatore (2010). The Classical Tradition . Harvard University Press. p. 693. ISBN
. Archived from the original on 28 June 2024. Retrieved 23 February 2016.
Herman, Alexander (2023). The Parthenon Marbles Dispute. London: Bloomsbury . p. 66. ISBN
.
Eldem, Edhem (2011). "From Blissful Indifference to Anguished Concern: Ottoman Perceptions of Antiquities, 1799–1869". In Barani, Zainab; Celik, Zeynep; Eldem, Edhem (eds.). Scramble for the Past. A Story of Archaeology in the Ottoman Empire, 1753–1914. Istanbul, SALT. pp. 281–328.
^ Neils, The Parthenon: From Antiquity to the Present, p. 336 – the picture was taken in October 1839.
Carr, Gerald L. (1994). Frederic Edwin Church: Catalogue Raisonne of Works at Olana State Historic Site, Volume I. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. pp. 342–343. ISBN
.
{{ cite web }}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( link )
^ "The Surface Conservation Project" (pdf file). Once they had been conserved, the West Frieze blocks were moved to the museum, and copies cast in artificial stone were reinstalled in their places.
"Preserving And Protecting Monuments" . Springer Berlin Heidelberg. 14 August 2007. Archived from the original on 18 June 2009. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
.
Frazer, Sir James George (1998). "The King of the Woods". The Golden Bough: A Study in Magic and Religion. Oxford University Press. ISBN
.
Hurwit, Jeffrey M. (2000). The Athenian Acropolis: History, Mythology, and Archeology from the Neolithic Era to the Present. Cambridge University Press. ISBN
.
Hurwit, Jeffrey M. (2005). "The Parthenon and the Temple of Zeus at Olympia". In Judith M. Barringer; Jeffrey M. Hurwit; Jerome Jordan Pollitt (eds.). Periklean Athens and Its Legacy: Problems and Perspectives . University of Texas Press. ISBN
Neils, Jenifer (2005). The Parthenon: From Antiquity to the Present. Cambridge University Press. ISBN
.
Whitley, James (2001). "The Archaeology of Democracy: Classical Athens". The Archaeology of Ancient Greece. Cambridge University Press. ISBN
"Parthenon" . Online Etymology Dictionary. Archived from the original on 2 July 2017. Retrieved 5 May 2007.
Ioanna Venieri. "Acropolis of Athens – History" . Acropolis of Athens. Οδυσσεύς. Archived from the original on 24 October 2019. Retrieved 4 May 2007.
Nova – PBS. "Secrets of the Parthenon – History" . Acropolis of Athens. PBS. Archived from the original on 9 November 2010. Retrieved 14 October 2010.
Further reading
Tournikio, Panayotis. Parthenon. Abrams: 1996.
Look up parthenon in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Boeotian League (c. 424–c. 395 BC)
Euboean League (c. 300 BC–c. 300 AD)
Parthenon
| 2,177 |
283 | the inner sanctuary of the parthenon where the statue of athena is located in known as the | https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Parthenon | The Parthenon seen from the hill of the Pnyx to the west.
The Parthenon ( Greek : Παρθενώνας) is a temple of the Greek goddess Athena built in the fifth century
B.C.E.
on the Acropolis of Athens . It is the most important surviving building of Classical Greece, generally considered to be the culmination of the development of the Doric order. Its decorative sculptures are considered one of the high points of Greek art. The Parthenon, one of the most visited archaeological sites in Greece, [1] is regarded as an enduring symbol of ancient Greece and of Athenian democracy , and is one of the world's greatest cultural monuments. Its continued existence, however, depends on our choosing to use our advanced science and technology to preserve and protect it from dangers such as pollution .
Contents
Name
The origin of the Parthenon's name is unclear. According to Jeffrey M. Hurwit, the term "Parthenon" means "of the virgin" or "of the virgins," and seems to have originally referred only to a particular room of the Parthenon; it is debated which room this is, and how the room acquired its name. One theory holds that the "parthenon" was the room in which the peplos presented to Athena at the Panathenaic Festival was woven by the arrephoroi, a group of four young girls chosen to serve Athena each year. [2] Christopher Pelling asserts that Athena Parthenos may have constituted a discrete cult of Athena, intimately connected with, but not identical to that of Athena Polias. Research has revealed a shrine with altar pre-dating the Older Parthenon, respected by, incorporated, and rebuilt in the north pteron of the Parthenon [3] According to this theory, the name of Parthenon means the "temple of the virgin goddess," and refers to the cult of Athena Parthenos that was associated with the temple. [4] The epithet parthénos ( Greek : παρθένος), whose the origin is also unclear, [5] meant "virgin, unmarried woman," and was especially used for Artemis , the goddess of wild animals, the hunt, and vegetation, and for Athena, the goddess of war, handicraft, and practical reason. [6] [7] [8] It has also been suggested that the name of the temple alludes to the virgins (parthenoi), whose supreme sacrifice guaranteed the safety of the city. [9] The first instance in which Parthenon definitely refers to the entire building is in the fourth century
B.C.E.
orator Demosthenes . In the fifth century building accounts, the structure is simply called ho neos ("the temple").
Design and construction
Floor plan of the Parthenon
The first endeavor to build a sanctuary for Athena Parthenos on the site of the present Parthenon was begun shortly after the battle of Marathon (c. 490-488
B.C.E.
) upon a massive limestone foundation that extended and leveled the southern part of the Acropolis summit. This building replaced a hekatompedon (meaning "hundred-footer") and would have stood beside the archaic temple dedicated to Athena Polias. The Older or Pre-Parthenon, as it is frequently referred to, was still under construction when the Persians sacked the city in 480
B.C.E.
In the mid-fifth century
B.C.E.
, when the Acropolis became the seat of the Delian League and Athens was the greatest cultural center of its time, Pericles initiated an ambitious building project which lasted the entire second half of the fifth century
B.C.E.
The most important buildings visible on the Acropolis today - that is, the Parthenon, the Propylaia, the Erechtheion, and the temple of Athena Nike, were erected during this period. Parthenon was built under the general supervision of the sculptor Phidias, who also had charge of the sculptural decoration. The architects , Iktinos and Kallikrates, began in 447
B.C.E.
, and the building was substantially completed by 432, but work on the decorations continued until at least 431. Some of the financial accounts for the Parthenon survive and show that the largest single expense was transporting the stone from Mount Pentelicus, about 16 kilometers from Athens, to the Acropolis. The funds were partly drawn from the treasury of the Delian League, which was moved from the Panhellenic sanctuary at Delos to the Acropolis in 454
B.C.E.
Although the nearby Temple of Hephaestus is the most complete surviving example of a Doric order temple, the Parthenon, in its day, was regarded as the finest. The temple, wrote John Julius Norwich,
Enjoys the reputation of being the most perfect Doric temple ever built. Even in antiquity, its architectural refinements were legendary, especially the subtle correspondence between the curvature of the stylobate, the taper of the naos walls and the entasis of the columns. [11]
The stylobate is the platform on which the columns stand. It curves upwards slightly for optical reasons. Entasis refers to the slight tapering of the columns as they rise, to counter the optical effect of looking up at the temple. The effect of these subtle curves is to make the temple appear more symmetrical than it actually is.
Measured at the top step, the dimensions of the base of the Parthenon are 69.5 meters by 30.9 meters (228.0 x 101.4 ft). The cella was 29.8 metres long by 19.2 metres wide (97.8 x 63.0 ft), with internal Doric colonnades in two tiers, structurally necessary to support the roof. On the exterior, the Doric columns measure 1.9 meters (6.2 ft) in diameter and are 10.4 meters (34.1 ft) high. The corner columns are slightly larger in diameter. The Parthenon had 46 outer pillars and 19 inner pillars in total. The stylobate has an upward curvature towards its center of 60 millimeters (2.36 in) on the east and west ends, and of 110 millimeters (4.33 in) on the sides. Some of the dimensions form the golden rectangle expressing the golden ratio [12] which is attributed to Pythagoras . [13]
The roof was covered with large overlapping marble tiles known as imbrices and tegulae.
Sculptural decoration
Detail of the West metopes, illustrating the current condition of the temple in detail after 2,500 years of war, pollution, erratic conservation, pillage and vandalism.
The Parthenon, an octostyle, peripteral Doric temple with Ionic architectural features, housed the chryselephantine statue of Athena Parthenos sculpted by Phidias and dedicated in 439/438
B.C.E.
The decorative stonework was originally highly colored. [14] The temple was dedicated to the Athena at that time, though construction continued until almost the beginning of the Peloponnesian War in 432. By the year 438, the sculptural decoration of the Doric metopes on the frieze above the exterior colonnade, and of the Ionic frieze around the upper portion of the walls of the cella, had been completed. The richness of the Parthenon's frieze and metope decoration is in agreement with the function of the temple as a treasury. In the opisthodomus (the back room of the cella) were stored the monetary contributions of the Delian League of which Athens was the leading member.
Metopes
The 92 metopes were carved in high relief, a practice employed until then only in treasuries (buildings used to keep votive gifts to the gods). According to the building records, the metope sculptures date to the years 446-440
B.C.E.
Their design is attributed to the sculptor Kalamis. The metopes of the east side of the Parthenon, above the main entrance, depict the Gigantomachy (mythical battles between the Olympian gods and the Giants). The metopes of the west end show Amazonomachy (mythical battle of the Athenians against the Amazons).
The metopes of the south side—with the exception of the somewhat problematic metopes 13–20, now lost—show the Thessalian Centauromachy (battle of the Lapiths aided by Theseus against the half-man, half-horse Centaurs ). On the north side of the Parthenon the metopes are poorly preserved, but the subject seems to be the sack of Troy.
Detail of the West metopes. One of the high-relief sculptures removed by Lord Elgin's expedition and now in the British Museum
Stylistically, the metopes present surviving traces of the Severe Style in the anatomy of the figures' heads, in the limitation of the corporal movements to the contours and not to the muscles, and in the presence of pronounced veins in the figures of the Centauromachy . Several of the metopes still remain on the building, but with the exception of those on the northern side, they are severely damaged. Some of them are located at the Acropolis Museum, others are in the British Museum and one can be seen at the Louvre Museum .
Frieze
Phidias Showing the Frieze of the Parthenon to his Friends, 1868 painting by Lawrence Alma-Tadema
The most characteristic feature in the architecture and decoration of the temple is the Ionic frieze running around the exterior walls of the cella. Carved in bas-relief, the frieze was carved in situ and it is dated in 442-438
B.C.E.
One interpretation is that it depicts an idealized version of the Panathenaic procession from the Dipylon Gate in the Kerameikos to the Acropolis. In this procession held every year, with a special procession taking place every four years, Athenians and foreigners were participating to honor the goddess Athena offering sacrifices and a new peplos (dress woven by selected noble Athenian girls called ergastines).
Another interpretation of the Frieze is based on Greek Mythology . This interpretation postulates that the scenes depict the sacrifice of Pandora, youngest daughter of Erechtheus to Athena . This human sacrifice was demanded by Athena to save the city from Eumolpus, king of Eleusis who had gathered an army to attack Athens. [15]
Pediments
Pausanias, the second century traveller, when he visited the Acropolis and saw the Parthenon, briefly described only the pediments (four entrances to the Parthenon) of the temple.
East pediment
The East pediment narrates the birth of Athena from the head of her father, Zeus . According to Greek mythology Zeus gave birth to Athena after a terrible headache prompted him to summon Hephaestus ’ (the god of fire and the forge) assistance. To alleviate the pain he ordered Hephaestus to strike him with his forging hammer, and when he did, Zeus’ head split open and out popped the goddess Athena in full armor. The sculptural arrangement depicts the moment of Athena’s birth.
Unfortunately, the center pieces of the pediment were destroyed before Jacques Carrey created drawings in 1674, so all reconstructions are subject to conjecture and speculation. The main Olympian gods must have stood around Zeus and Athena watching the wondrous event with Hephaestus and Hera near them. The Carrey drawings are instrumental in reconstructing the sculptural arrangement beyond the center figures to the north and south. [16]
West pediment
A reconstruction of the west pediment of the Parthenon showing Athena and Poseidon competing for Athens
The west pediment faced the Propylaia and depicted the contest between Athena and Poseidon during their competition for the honor of becoming the city’s patron. Athena and Poseidon appear at the center of the composition, diverging from one another in strong diagonal forms with the goddess holding the olive tree and the god of the sea raising his trident to strike the earth. At their flanks they are framed by two active groups of horses pulling chariots, while a crowd of legendary personalities from Athenian mythology fills the space out to the acute corners of the pediment.
The work on the pediments lasted from 438 to 432
B.C.E.
and the sculptures of the Parthenon pediments are some of the finest examples of classical Greek art. The figures are sculpted in natural movement with bodies full of vital energy that bursts through their flesh, as the flesh in turn bursts through their thin clothing. The thin chitons allow the body underneath to be revealed as the focus of the composition. The distinction between gods and humans is blurred in the conceptual interplay between the idealism and naturalism bestowed on the stone by the sculptors. [17]
Athena Parthenos
A votive sculpture, found near the Varvakeion school reflects the type of the restored Athena Parthenos: Roman period, second century
C.E.
(National Archaeological Museum, Athens).
The only piece of sculpture from the Parthenon known to be from the hand of Phidias [18] was the cult statue of Athena housed in the naos. This massive chryselephantine sculpture is now lost and known only from copies, vase painting, gems, literary descriptions, and coins. [19]
The most renowned cult image of Athens, the Athena Parthenos was featured on contemporary reliefs commemorating Athenian treaties and for the next century and a half on coins of Hellenistic monarchs avid to proclaim their Hellenic connections. [20] It is considered one of the greatest achievements of the most acclaimed sculptor of ancient Greece .
Treasury or Temple?
A drawing of the Statue of Athena by Phidias in the Parthenon
Architecturally, the Parthenon is clearly a temple, formerly containing the famous cult image of Athena by Phidias and the treasury of votive offerings. Since actual ancient Greek sacrifices always took place at an altar invariably under an open sky, as was in keeping with their religious practices, the Parthenon does not suit some definitions of "temple," as no evidence of an altar has been discovered. Thus, some scholars have argued that the Parthenon was only used as a treasury. While this opinion was first formed late in the nineteenth century, it has gained strength in recent years. The majority of scholarly opinion still sees the building in the terms noted scholar Walter Burkert described for the Greek sanctuary, consisting of temenos, altar and temple with cult image. [21]
Later history
The Parthenon replaced an older temple of Athena, called the Pre-Parthenon or Older Parthenon, that was destroyed in the Persian invasion of 480
B.C.E.
Like most Greek temples, the Parthenon was used as a treasury, and for a time served as the treasury of the Delian League, which later became the Athenian Empire. In the sixth century
C.E.
, the Parthenon was converted into a Christian church dedicated to the Virgin . After the Ottoman conquest , it was converted into a mosque in the early 1460s. On September 28, 1687, an Ottoman ammunition dump inside the building was ignited by Venetian bombardment. The resulting explosion severely damaged the Parthenon and its sculptures. In 1806, Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin removed some of the surviving sculptures, with Ottoman permission. These sculptures, now known as the Elgin or Parthenon Marbles, were sold in 1816 to the British Museum in London , where they are now displayed. The Greek government is committed to the return of the sculptures to Greece, so far with no success.
Christian church
The Parthenon survived as a temple to Athena for close to a thousand years. It was certainly still intact in the fourth century
C.E.
, but by that time Athens had been reduced to a provincial city of the Roman Empire , albeit one with a glorious past. Sometime in the fifth century
C.E.
, the great cult image of Athena was looted by one of the Emperors, and taken to Constantinople , where it was later destroyed, possibly during the sack of the city during the Fourth Crusade in 1204
C.E.
The Parthenon's position on the Acropolis allows it to dominate the city skyline of Athens
Shortly after this, the Parthenon was converted to a Christian church . In Byzantine times it became the Church of the Parthenos Maria (Virgin Mary), or the Church of the Theotokos ( Mother of God ). At the time of the Latin Empire it became for about 250 years a Roman Catholic Church of Our Lady. The conversion of the temple to a church involved removing the internal columns and some of the walls of the cella, and the creation of an apse at the eastern end. This inevitably led to the removal and dispersal of some of the sculptures. Those depicting gods were either possibly re-interpreted according to a Christian theme, or removed and destroyed.
During Ottoman rule
In 1456, Athens fell to the Ottomans , and the Parthenon was converted again, this time into a mosque . Contrary to subsequent misconception, the Ottomans were generally respectful of ancient monuments in their territories, and did not willfully destroy the antiquities of Athens, though they had no actual program to protect them. However in times of war they were willing to demolish them to provide materials for walls and fortifications. A minaret was added to the Parthenon and its base and stairway are still functional, leading up as high as the architrave and hence invisible from the outside; but otherwise the building was not damaged further. European visitors in the seventeenth century, as well as some representations of the Acropolis hill testified that the building was largely intact.
The southern side of the Parthenon, which sustained considerable damage in the 1687 explosion
In 1687, the Parthenon suffered its greatest blow when the Venetians under Francesco Morosini attacked Athens, and the Ottomans fortified the Acropolis and used the building as a gunpowder magazine. On September 26, a Venetian mortar, fired from the Hill of Philopappus, exploded the magazine and the building was partly destroyed. [22] Francesco Morosini then proceeded to attempt to loot sculptures from the now ruin. The internal structures were demolished, whatever was left of the roof collapsed, and some of the pillars, particularly on the southern side, were decapitated. The sculptures suffered heavily. Many fell to the ground and souvenirs were later made from their pieces. Consequently some sections of the sculptural decoration are known only from the drawings made by Flemish artist Jacques Carrey in 1674. [23] After this, much of the building fell into disuse and a smaller mosque was erected.
The eighteenth century was a period of Ottoman stagnation, as a result many more Europeans found access to Athens, and the picturesque ruins of the Parthenon were much drawn and painted, spurring a rise in philhellenism and helping to arouse sympathy in Britain and France for Greek independence. Amongst those early travelers and archaeologists were James Stuart and Nicholas Revett, who were commissioned by the Society of the Diletanti to survey the ruins of classical Athens. What they produced was the first measured drawings of the Parthenon published in 1787 in the second volume of Antiquities of Athens Measured and Delineated. In 1801, the British Ambassador at Constantinople , the Earl of Elgin, obtained a firman (permit) from the Sultan to make casts and drawings of the antiquities on the Acropolis, to demolish recent buildings if this was necessary to view the antiquities, and to remove sculptures from them. He took this as permission to collect all the sculptures he could find. He employed local people to detach them from the building itself, a few others he collected from the ground, and some smaller pieces he bought from local people. The detachment of the sculptures caused further irreparable damage to what was left of the building as some of the frieze blocks were sawn in half to lessen their weight for shipment to England.
Independent Greece
Acropolis and Parthenon at night
When independent Greece gained control of Athens in 1832, the visible section of the minaret was removed from the Parthenon and soon all the medieval and Ottoman buildings on the Acropolis were removed. However the image of the small mosque within the Parthenon's cella has been preserved in Joly de Lotbinière's Excursions Daguerriennes, published 1842: the first photograph of the acropolis. [24] The area became a historical precinct controlled by the Greek government. Today it attracts millions of tourists every year, who travel up the path at the western end of the Acropolis , through the restored Propylaea, and up the Panathenaic Way to the Parthenon, which is surrounded by a low fence to prevent damage.
Dispute over the Marbles
Today the Parthenon Marbles that Earl of Elgin removed are in the British Museum . Other sculptures from the Parthenon are now in the Louvre Museum in Paris , in Copenhagen , and elsewhere, but most of the remainder are in Athens, in the Acropolis Museum which still stands below ground level, a few meters to the south-east of the Parthenon, but will be soon transferred to a new building. [25] A few can still be seen on the building itself. The Greek government has been campaigning since 1983 for the British Museum sculptures to be returned to Greece . [26] The British Museum has steadfastly refused to return the sculptures and successive British governments have been unwilling to force the Museum to do so (which would require legislation).
Reconstruction
Restoration work on the Parthenon in February 2004.
In 1975, the Greek government began a concerted effort to restore the Parthenon and other Acropolis structures. The project later attracted funding and technical assistance from the European Union . An archaeological committee thoroughly documented every artifact remaining on the site, and architects assisted with computer models to determine their original locations. In some cases, prior re-construction was found to be incorrect. Particularly important and fragile sculptures were transferred to the Acropolis Museum. A crane was installed for moving marble blocks; the crane was designed to fold away beneath the roof-line when not in use. The incorrect reconstructions were dismantled, and a careful process of restoration began. The Parthenon will not be restored to a pre-1687 state, but the explosion damage will be mitigated as much as possible, both in the interest of restoring the structural integrity of the edifice (important in this earthquake-prone region) and to restore the æsthetic integrity by filling in chipped sections of column drums and lintels, using precisely sculpted marble cemented in place. New marble is being used from the original quarry. Ultimately, almost all major pieces of marble will be placed in the structure where they originally would have been, supported as needed by modern materials.
Originally, various blocks were held together by elongated iron H pins that were completely coated in lead , which protected the iron from corrosion. Stabilizing pins added in the nineteenth century were not so coated and corroded. Since the corrosion product (rust) is expansive, the expansion caused further damage by cracking the marble. All new metalwork uses titanium , a strong, light, and corrosion resistant material.
Pollution hazards
An immediate problem facing the Parthenon is the environmental impact of the growth of Athens since the 1960s. Corrosion of its marble by acid rain and car pollutants has already caused irreparable damage to some sculptures and threatens the remaining sculptures and the temple itself. Over the past 20 years, the Greek government and the city of Athens have made some progress on these issues, but the future survival of the Parthenon does not seem to be assured.
Notes
↑ With 770.010 visitors according to 2003 statistics of the National Statistical Service of Greece, Acropolis of Athens was the most visited archaeological site in Greece, with Knossos in the second place with 633,903 visitors.
↑ Jeffrey M. Hurwit. The Athenian Acropolis. (2000 Cambridge University Press), 161–163.
↑ Christopher Pelling. Greek Tragedy and the Historian. (1997 Oxford University Press), 169).
↑ " Parthenon" Encyclopaedia Britannica
↑ Parthenon , Online Etymology Dictionary
↑ Martin Bernal. Black Athena Writes Back-CL. (Duke University Press, 2001), 159
↑ J. G. Frazer. The Golden Bough 1900, online ed. [1] , 18 Retrieved April 8, 2008.
↑ "Parthenos" Encyclopaedia Mythica [2] Retrieved April 8, 2008.
↑ James Whitley. "Archaeology of Democracy: Classical Athens." The Archaeology of Ancient Greece. (2001 Cambridge University Press), 352
↑ Hurwit, "The Parthenon and the Temple of Zeus." in Periklean Athens and Its Legacy: Problems and Perspectives. (2005 University of Texas Press, ISBN 0292706227 ), 135 Venieri, Acropolis of Athens - History
↑ John Julius Norwich, Great Architecture of the World, 2001, p.63
↑ Audrey M. Van Mersbergen, "Rhetorical Prototypes in Architecture: Measuring the Acropolis," Philosophical Polemic Communication Quarterly 46, (1998).
↑ Proclus ascribed the golden ratio to Pythagoras. It is also known that the Pythagoreans used the Pentagram which incorporates the golden ratio .
↑ Kenneth D. S. Lapatin. Chryselephantine Statuary in the Ancient Mediterranean World. (Oxford Univ. Press, 2002), 63.
↑ Neda Leipen. Athena Parthenos: a reconstruction. (Ontario: Royal Ontario Museum, ASIN: B0006D2JGE, 1972).
↑ Hector Williams, "An Athena Parthenos from Cilicia" Anatolian Studies 27 (1977, 105-110), 108f.
↑ Walter Burkert. Greek Religion. (Harvard University Press, 1985), 84
↑ Theodor E. Mommsen, "The Venetians in Athens and the Destruction of the Parthenon in 1687." American Journal of Archaeology 45 (4) (Oct. - Dec., 1941): 544–556
↑ Theodore Robert Bowie, D. Thimme, The Carrey Drawings of the Parthenon Sculptures. (Indiana University Press, 1971. ISBN 0253313201 )
↑ Jenifer Neils. The Parthenon: From Antiquity to the Present. (Cambridge University Press, 2005), 336 – the picture was taken in October 1839
"Parthenon". Encyclopaedia Britannica.
Printed sources
Bernal, Martin. Black Athena Writes Back-CL: Martin Bernal Responds to His Critics. Duke University Press, 2001. ISBN 0822327171
Bowie, Theodore Robert. and D. Thimme, The Carrey Drawings of the Parthenon Sculptures. Indiana University Press, 1971. ISBN 0253313201
Burkert, Walter. Greek Religion. Harvard University Press, 1985 ISBN 0674362810
Connelly, Joan B., 1996 January "Parthenon and Parthenoi: A Mythological Interpretation of the Parthenon Frieze." American Journal of Archaeology 100 (1).
Frazer, Sir James George. "The King of the Woods." in The Golden Bough: A Study in Magic and Religion. [1900] 1998 Oxford University Press, ISBN 0192835416 online 1900 ed. [3] .Retrieved April 8, 2008.
Hurwit, Jeffrey M. The Athenian Acropolis: History, Mythology, and Archeology from the Neolithic Era to the Present. 2000 Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521428343
Hurwit, Jeffrey M., Jerome Jordan Pollitt and Judith M. Barringer, (eds) "The Parthenon and the Temple of Zeus at Olympia." in Periklean Athens and Its Legacy: Problems and Perspectives. 2005 University of Texas Press, ISBN 0292706227
Lapatin, Kenneth D.S. Chryselephantine Statuary in the Ancient Mediterranean World. Oxford University Press, 2002. ISBN 0198153112
Leipen, Neda. Athena Parthenos: a reconstruction. Ontario: Royal Ontario Museum, 1972. ASIN: B0006D2JGE
Neils, Jenifer. The Parthenon: From Antiquity to the Present. 2005 Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521820936
"Parthenon" Encyclopaedia Britannica 2002.
Pelling, Christopher. "Tragedy and Religion: Constructs and Readings." Greek Tragedy and the Historian. 1997 Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198149875
Whitley, James. "Archaeology of Democracy: Classical Athens." The Archaeology of Ancient Greece. 2001 Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521627338
Online sources
Greek Premier Says New Acropolis Museum to Boost Bid for Parthenon Sculptures. [5] International Herald Tribune 2006-10-09. accessdate 2007-04-23
Parthenon [6] accessdate 2007-05-05 Online Etymology Dictionary.
Talks Due on Elgin Marbles Return [7] BBC News. 2007-04-21 accessdate 2007-04-23
Further reading
Holtzman, Bernard (2003). L'Acropole d'Athènes : Monuments, Cultes et Histoire du sanctuaire d'Athèna Polias (in French). Paris: Picard. ISBN 2-7084-0687-6 .
King, Dorothy. 2006. The Elgin Marbles. Random House Adult Trade Publishing Group. ISBN 0-09-180013-7
Papachatzis, Nikolaos D. 1974. Pausaniou Ellados Periegesis- Attika. Athens.
Tournikio, Panayotis. 1996. Parthenon. Abrams. ISBN 0-8109-6314-0
Traulos, Ioannis N. 1960. I Poleodomike ekselikses ton Athinon. Athens. ISBN 960-7254-01-5
Woodford, Susan. 1981. The Parthenon. Cambridge University. ISBN 0-521-22629-5
External links
All links retrieved November 18, 2022.
The Acropolis of Athens: The Parthenon (official site with a schedule of its opening hours, tickets and contact information)
Credits
New World Encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the Wikipedia article
in accordance with New World Encyclopedia standards . This article abides by terms of the Creative Commons CC-by-sa 3.0 License (CC-by-sa), which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution. Credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the New World Encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the Wikimedia Foundation. To cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats.The history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here:
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283 | the inner sanctuary of the parthenon where the statue of athena is located in known as the | https://www.worldhistory.org/article/785/athena-parthenos-by-phidias/ | Athena Parthenos Reconstruction
Mary Harrsch (Photographed at the Nashville Parthenon, Tennessee) (CC BY-NC-SA)
Materials & Dimensions
The name Parthenon derives from one of Athena's many epithets: Athena Parthenos, meaning Virgin. Parthenon means 'house of Parthenos' which was the name given in the 5th century BCE to the chamber (cella) inside the temple which housed the cult statue, and from the 4th century BCE the whole building acquired the name Parthenon.
| 2,179 |
283 | the inner sanctuary of the parthenon where the statue of athena is located in known as the | https://www.greece-is.com/the-truth-behind-the-lost-statue-of-athena-and-the-virgins-of-the-parthenon/ | © Shutterstock
There is something missing on the Acropolis these days, something even more important and meaningful than the ancient temples’ bomb-blasted architectural elements and the notoriously plundered sculptures we so frequently find ourselves focusing on.
Among the magnificent white-marble buildings that once adorned the Sacred Rock, thanks to the Athenian statesman Pericles, the Parthenon (447-432 BC) was indeed the most splendid; and within that famous temple was the most extraordinary work of its sculptural collection.
This masterpiece – the most impressive and talked about in the centuries after the Golden Age of Classical Athens – was the gigantic, chryselephantine cult statue of Athena Parthenos, a massive gold-and-ivory jewel of ancient Greek art, now lost in the mists of time.
An artist's impression of the gold and ivory statue of Athena Parthenos
© Acropolis Museum
An artist's impression of the gold and ivory statue of Athena Parthenos
© Acropolis Museum
Thematic tour
This central feature of the Parthenon may be long gone, but shadows of it remain in the form of historical accounts, faint archaeological traces and various artistic tributes widely produced in “late Classical, Hellenistic and Roman reliefs, statues, medallions, intaglios, tokens, gems and coins” (J. Hurwit).
And now, drawing on such material, the Acropolis Museum has organized a new thematic tour for its visitors to better know and celebrate this wonder of the ancient world.
Until the end of December, a special program, “The Lost Statue of Athena Parthenos,” led by an archaeologist-host, gives visitors a chance to view an amazing video presentation featuring a 3D computer reconstruction of Athena’s greatest statue, as it was originally seen inside the Parthenon.
Afterwards, participants move to the museum’s third-floor gallery for discussions of the Parthenon’s metopes, with their dynamic images of the Gigantomachy, Centauromachy and Amazonomachy. Particular topics during the talks include the statue’s materials and construction techniques, its patriotic symbolism for ancient Athenians and the public scandals that swirled around it, instigated by Pericles’ relentless political rivals.
The lost statue of Athena Parthenos @ the Acropolis Museum
To: December 28, 2019
The Acropolis Museum invites its visitors on a walk of knowledge about its construction materials and techniques, its myths and allegories, its radiance and its adventures.
English: Every Saturday at 11 a.m.Greek: Every Saturday at 1 p.m.Duration: 50 minutesPrice: Only the general admission fee (€5) to the Museum is required.
The Erectheion, which stands on the Acropolis, was once the headquarters of the priestess of Athena
© Shutterstock
The Erectheion, which stands on the Acropolis, was once the headquarters of the priestess of Athena
© Shutterstock
Key to a complex temple
Although the Parthenon was a temple, and basically served, like other temples, as a protective shelter for a cult statue, it was not the focus for the regular worship and rituals associated with the deity it housed. Inside its cella (inner sanctum) stood Athena: the city-state’s divine patroness and namesake; the warrior goddess who led Athenians in their military victories.
Yet Athena’s primary cult statue, an age-old figure carved from olive wood, was kept in the adjacent temple, the Erechtheion, which replaced a succession of earlier temples of Athena in this central area of the Acropolis. The priestess of Athena was headquartered at the Erechtheion; the altar used for sacrifices to the goddess stood near its east end.
So, what was the Parthenon?
A simple answer cannot be given, as it served many purposes.
It was foremost a gift to the gods, particularly Athena, in gratitude for her patronage and granting of Athenian triumphs on the battlefield – especially over the Persians, who had recently invaded Greece, Athens and even the Acropolis in 480/79 BC.
The Parthenon was also a giant message board, whose sculpted metopes on its four facades held allegorical scenes of mythical battles known to all Greeks – the Gigantomachy, Centauromachy, Amazonomachy and Trojan War – legendary tales which celebrated the Greeks’ ability to render civilized order from wild nature and chaos.
At the same time, Pericles appears to have meant for the building to be a tribute particularly to Athenian greatness and the city’s progressive democratic reforms.
The Parthenon’s eastern pediment tells the story of the birth of Athena, framed by the rising and sinking chariots of Helios (Sun) and Selene (Moon) – a special day in the life of the world.
© Getty Images/Ideal Image
The Parthenon’s eastern pediment tells the story of the birth of Athena, framed by the rising and sinking chariots of Helios (Sun) and Selene (Moon) – a special day in the life of the world.
© Getty Images/Ideal Image
Most intriguing, the Parthenon is now coming to be viewed by many scholars as a monument not only to the goddess Athena, as we see from her birth myth depicted on the east pediment, but also to Athens’ mythical foundation – evoked first (to the ascending visitor) in the west pedimental sculpture showing the contest for dominance between Athena and Poseidon.
Further allusion to the city’s birth, classicist Joan Connelly has argued since the 1990s, is found in sculpted depictions of the legendary king Erechtheus and his family, especially his daughters, represented in the frieze’s emblematic central scene located directly over the Parthenon’s eastern entrance.
The much-admired, oracle-decreed self-sacrifice of these three virgins (“parthenoi”), known as the Erechtheidai, on behalf of their city-state – prior to a legendary war between Athens and Eleusis (whose king was Eumolpos, son of Poseidon) – consequently allowed Athens to triumph over Eleusis, remain independent and go on to become the great, leading city of Classical Greece.
Inside the temple, the Parthenon’s splendid cult statue was the culminating embodiment of all these functions and sculpturally evoked meanings of the monument – a key to understanding, both then and now, which brought together through its own form and decorative elements all the mythical themes displayed throughout the building.
The statue
The statue of Athena Parthenos was created in 447-438 BC by the master sculptor Pheidias – very likely in an on-site workshop now also gone, but similar to the one we still see at ancient Olympia, where he also created that sanctuary’s cult statue of Zeus (435 BC).
Unlike Olympia’s seated Zeus, Athena Parthenos was standing, nearly 12 m tall, her exposed flesh rendered from pale ivory, her armor and “peplos” robe from gleaming gold, weighing a total of at least 40 talents, about one metric ton.
The sculpture was hollow, formed of a wooden armature covered with removable plates – which proved fortuitous, Plutarch reports (Pericles 31.2-3), when Pheidias was later accused of embezzlement, but absolved of guilt when he was able to disassemble the individual gold plates and have them weighed.
Athena’s extended right hand supported a golden Nike statue, about 2 m tall, while her left rested on top of her shield beside her.
Mythological images appeared everywhere on Athena’s statue: her helmet bore a sphinx, winged horses (Pegasoi), griffins and deer; her gold breastplate/aegis featured a central ivory portrait of the Gorgon Medusa; her shield (almost 5 m in diameter) displayed the Amazonomachy on its outer surface, the Gigantomachy inside; and the edges of her sandals were decorated with the Centauromachy.
Coiled beside Athena was a golden snake, the sacred protector of the Acropolis. Additionally, as the Roman-era traveler Pausanias (1.24.7) tells us, this serpent was the incarnation of indigenous, earth-born Erechtheus/Erichthonios, the “son” of Athena and Hephaistos and the grandfather of mythical King Erechtheus, the primordial ruler (after Kekrops) of Athens.
The cult statue’s white, Pentelic-marble base (about 90 cm tall) is particularly significant for Athenian mythology and our understanding of the Parthenon’s sculptural iconography.
Across its façade, visible to all visitors, was a series of gilded bronze figures. At the center stood a young woman, about to be crowned by an older female on her left. Pausanias identifies the central figure as Pandora, the first woman, as described by Hesiod. However, due to a confusion that had arisen over the centuries since the Parthenon’s creation, or to the traveler’s own misunderstanding of his local guide, Pausanias, it appears, was mistaken.
A statue of Athena outside the Academy of Athens.
© Shutterstock
© Shutterstock
Which Pandora?
The maiden shown on the base supporting Athena Parthenos was very likely not Hesiod’s Pandora, as she had no relevance to Athenian mythology or tradition. Instead, she was Chthonia, Erechtheus’ youngest daughter – a figure of great import for Athens – who Connelly has convincingly argued from iconographic evidence may also have been called “Anesidora” (she who sends up gifts) and/or the related “Pandora” (giver of all).
Euripides, in his tragic play Erechtheus (about 422 BC), simply calls this daughter “Parthenos,” the virgin. The female figure to her left is Athena, flanked by Hephaistos – her two ancestral “grandparents.” The goddess (perhaps representing the city of Athens itself, as she did so often in ancient art) honors the girl with a crown, an act of Athenian tribute Euripides has her mother Praxithea predict in a dramatic speech.
The great local significance of Erechtheus and his daughters is confirmed in Roman times by Cicero (Nat. D. 3.50), who writes these mythical figures “have been deified at Athens.” Pausanias (1.27.4), too, during his Acropolis tour, observes, “by the temple of Athena,” two bronze statues of Erechtheus and Eumolpos that are “facing each other for a fight.”
Clearly, the city’s foundation, involving a war between Athens and Eleusis, was a major theme commemorated on the Acropolis.
The Parthenon from above
Temple of the virgins
The cult Statue of Athena, then, served to tie together all the Parthenon’s mythical themes and sculpted imagery, including allusions to Erechtheus and the Erechtheidai in the temple’s Ionic frieze.
Although the frieze has long been interpreted as portraying a contemporary 5th-century-BC celebration of the Panathenaia procession, the chronological and other inconsistencies inherent to this long-embraced (since 1787) reading are so numerous as to finally invite its retirement.
It seems that the frieze – as perhaps we should already have begun to conclude following Chrysoula Kardaras’ suggestion in the early 1960s – instead depicts the first, mythical Panathenaia, decreed by Athena to honor Erechtheus and his daughters.
One telling clue is found in the frieze’s chariots, a pre-Classical feature of war no longer employed in Periclean times, nor known to have been paraded in Classical Panathenaic processions.
The frieze’s eastern central scene further highlights Erechtheus, as it shows him with Praxithea and their daughters. The Erechtheidai are about to dress themselves in burial shrouds for their self-sacrifice on behalf of Athens, with Pandora going first – much as Iphigeneia submitted to being sacrificed by her father Agamemnon to allow the Greek fleet to reach Troy.
Framing the central scene, the Olympian gods turn their backs to the daughters’ imminent death, as for them to observe such a mortal sacrifice would be improper and pollute their divinity. The 30+ women that also conspicuously dominate the frieze’s main east side, Connelly recently concluded (2014), are the “sacred maiden choruses that Athena instructs Praxithea to establish in memory of her deceased daughters” — as Euripides later dramatized the myth, apparently inspired by the images carved on the Parthenon.
At the temple’s opposite end, its western chamber (opisthodomos) became a shrine to the deceased “parthenoi” – as this room’s Ancient Greek name “parthenon” (“of the parthenoi”) implies.
If indeed the scene carved on the base of Athena’s cult statue showcased the local heroine Pandora, then the epithet “Athena Parthenos,” according to Connelly, may actually have represented a conjoined epithet or cult – Athena-Parthenos, like that of Poseidon-Erechtheus in the Erechtheion – which reflected the Athenians’ great reverence not only for the virgin goddess Athena, but also for the youngest, virgin daughter of Erechtheus.
To: December 28, 2019
Τhe Acropolis Museum brings to life the statue of Athena Parthenos, made of gold and ivory, designed by Pheidias for the Parthenon. The museum invites its visitors on a walk of knowledge about its construction materials and techniques, its myths and allegories, its radiance and its adventures.
English: Every Saturday at 11 a.m.
Greek: Every Saturday at 1 p.m.
Duration: 50 minutes
Participation: For registration, refer to the Information Desk at the Museum entrance on the same day, half an hour before the presentation start time. Limited to 30 visitors per session. First-in first-served.
Price: Only the general admission fee (€5) to the Museum is required. For more information click here.
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284 | who plays v on orange is the new black | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorraine_Toussaint | Lorraine Toussaint
23 languages
Trinidadian actress (born 1960)
Lorraine Toussaint
Children
1
Toussaint began her career in theatre, before supporting performances in films such as Breaking In (1989), Hudson Hawk (1991), and Dangerous Minds (1995). As a lead actress, she is best known for her role as Rene Jackson in the critically acclaimed Lifetime television drama series Any Day Now , from 1998 to 2002, and her recurring role as defense attorney Shambala Green in the NBC legal drama Law & Order . She later appeared as a regular cast member in the NBC police procedural Crossing Jordan (2002–03) and the TNT crime drama Saving Grace (2007–10).
Early life
Toussaint was born in Trinidad and Tobago . In an interview she said:
I grew up under the British system, which I think is horrific for children — very, very strict — a system that did not recognize children as being individuals. You were small animals earning the right to be human. Childhood for me then felt extraordinarily powerless, and as an artistic child who learned in alternative ways, it was hell. I was beaten regularly... A good child was a fearful child, and I was a very, very, good little girl, which meant I lived in a world of silent, dark terror most of the time. [4]
After graduating, Toussaint began her career as a Shakespearean actress , before tackling screen acting in television and film. [8] Notable stage roles include Hippolyta in Liviu Ciulei's production of A Midsummer Night's Dream at the Guthrie Theater , Tamara in the world premiere of Toni Morrison's Dreaming Emmett at Capital Repertory Theatre , the American premiere of Two Fish in the Sky at the Phoenix Theatre , and an appearance at Tadashi Suzuki's Toga Festival in Japan. [9] [10]
Toussaint made her screen debut in 1983. In 1986, she portrayed the widow of a man shot and killed by Boston police in the television film A Case of Deadly Force , based on the book by Lawrence O'Donnell . [11] She later had a recurring role of Vera Williams in the ABC daytime soap opera, One Life to Live . While maintaining her stage career, she appeared in guest starring roles in series such as 227 and Law & Order (in a recurring role as defense lawyer Shambala Green). She also acted in a number of television films in the 1990s.
Toussaint made her film debut in the female lead role opposite Burt Reynolds in the crime comedy Breaking In (1989). The film received positive reviews from critics, [12] but flopped in box office. [13] In 1991, she appeared opposite Bruce Willis in Hudson Hawk , and later co-starred alongside Michelle Pfeiffer in Dangerous Minds (1995). She also appeared in films Point of No Return (1993), Mother's Boys (1994), and Black Dog (1998). On television, Toussaint had regular roles in short-lived series Bodies of Evidence (CBS, 1992), Where I Live (ABC, 1993), Amazing Grace (NBC, 1995), and Leaving L.A. (ABC, 1997). [14]
1998–2011
From 2002 to 2004, Toussaint had a regular role playing Dr. Elaine Duchamps in the NBC police procedural, Crossing Jordan . In later years, she guest-starred on Frasier , Judging Amy , The Closer , CSI: Crime Scene Investigation , ER , and NCIS . She also was a regular, opposite Holly Hunter , in the TNT crime drama Saving Grace as Capt. Kate Perry from 2007 to 2010. She had a recurring role as Amelia 'Yoga' Bluman in the ABC comedy series Ugly Betty in 2006, and as Bird Merriweather in the NBC drama Friday Night Lights (2009–11). Toussaint also appeared as Jamie Foxx 's character's mother in the 2009 drama The Soloist . [20]
2012–present
Toussaint in 2012
In 2012, Toussaint received critical acclaim and was nominated for an Independent Spirit Award for Best Supporting Female for her performance as a hardworking mother who struggles to support her daughter's ( Emayatzy Corinealdi ) decision to put her life on hold to support her incarcerated husband ( Omari Hardwick ), of Middle of Nowhere , a drama film written and directed by Ava DuVernay . [21] [22] Toussaint was a promising contender for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress category in 2013, but she did not receive a nomination. [23] [24] [25]
In 2012, she guest-starred in Shonda Rhimes ' dramas Grey's Anatomy (as a doctor) and Scandal (as a bereaved and betrayed pastor's wife). [23] In 2013, she had a recurring role in season 3 of Dana Delany 's series Body of Proof as villainous police chief Angela Martin. [26] Later in 2013, she joined the cast of ABC Family drama series, The Fosters , as Sherri Saums character's mother. [27] This marked the first time she reunited on-screen with Annie Potts since the finale of Any Day Now in 2002. [11]
In 2014, Toussaint co-starred in Ava DuVernay 's historical drama film Selma , playing Amelia Boynton Robinson , a leading civil rights activist who had a key role in efforts that led to passage of the Voting Rights Act , and who was the first African-American woman in Alabama to run for Congress. [39] [40] That same year, she was cast in the ABC fantasy-drama series Forever opposite Ioan Gruffudd and Alana de la Garza . [41] [42] The series was canceled after a single season. Toussaint co-starred in the comedy film Xmas , directed and written by Jonathan Levine , which was released on November 25, 2015. Also in 2015, she co-starred in Runaway Island and Sophie and the Rising Sun . [43] [44] Later that year, Toussaint was cast in Coco, a drama produced by Lionsgate , alongside rapper Azealia Banks . [45] In June 2015, she joined the cast of the Fox comedy-drama Rosewood in the series regular role of the titular character's mother. [46]
In March 2016, Toussaint was cast in her role as defense attorney Shambala Green, a role she originated on Law & Order in 1990, on the NBC legal drama Chicago Justice, that aired a backdoor pilot in Chicago P.D. . [47] [48] On August 14, 2017, it was announced that Toussaint would join as a series regular in the third season of Into the Badlands . She played the role of Cressida, a self-styled Prophetess in season 3. [49]
In 2019, Toussaint starred in the NBC limited drama series The Village . [50] The series was canceled after one season. She later starred in the superhero film Fast Color opposite Gugu Mbatha-Raw and played the role of Louise "Lou Lou" Baptiste in the horror film Scary Stories to Tell in the Dark produced by Guillermo del Toro . [51] The following year, she played feminist, civil rights advocate and activist Florynce Kennedy in the biographical film The Glorias directed by Julie Taymor . [52] [53] The film premiered at the Sundance Film Festival on January 26, 2020. Later, she was cast opposite Idris Elba in the drama film Concrete Cowboy . [54] Also in 2020, Toussaint was cast as Viola "Aunt Vi" Lascombe in the CBS reboot for The Equalizer starring Queen Latifah . [55] [56]
Personal life
Toussaint has one daughter named Samara. [4] One of Toussaint's grandparents was from Martinique . [57] She had a blog . [58] Toussaint married a man named Michael Tomlinson in August 2017 but they divorced almost two years later in 2019. [59]
Toussaint was raised Catholic but has since explored other religions, such as Hinduism and Buddhism . [60]
Filmography
[ edit ]
Film
[ edit ]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1989
God (voice)
Nancy Goodpaster
Television film
1995
Law & Order
Shambala Green
Episode: "Identity"
2003–04
Threat Matrix
Carina Wright
Recurring cast
2010
2018
Episode: "The Emily Ghost Institute for Manners and Magical Etiquette"
2023
Any Day Now
Any Day Now
Any Day Now
Any Day Now
Any Day Now
Any Day Now
Nominated
Nominated
Won
Won
Won
Orange is the New Black
Nominated
2020
The Equalizer
Nominated [74]
"Alumni News" . juilliard.edu. Juilliard School. May 2003. Archived from the original on August 1, 2003.
"Profiles: Lorraine Toussaint". Playbill 1985–1986 Season. Capital Repertory Theatre. 1986.
"Breaking In (1989)" . Rotten Tomatoes. August 2006. Retrieved July 9, 2014.
"Breaking In" . Box Office Mojo. Retrieved July 9, 2014.
"Lorraine Toussaint Credits" . TV Guide. Retrieved July 9, 2014.
Ramirez, Braulio (January 29, 2013). "Oscar Coverage: Best Supporting Actress" . The Daily Californian. Retrieved July 12, 2014.
A green check mark indicates that a role has been confirmed using a screenshot (or collage of screenshots) of a title's list of voice actors and their respective characters found in its credits or other reliable sources of information.
| 2,182 |
284 | who plays v on orange is the new black | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_Is_the_New_Black | 42 languages
American comedy-drama television series
Composers
July 11, 2013 (2013-07-11) –July 26, 2019 (2019-07-26)
As of 2016, Orange Is the New Black was Netflix's most-watched as well as its longest-running original series. [7] [8] It was widely acclaimed throughout its run and received many accolades. For its first season, the series garnered 12 Emmy Award nominations, including Outstanding Comedy Series , Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series , and Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series , winning three.
This section needs expansion with: Main storyline(s) of seasons 1–4. You can help by adding to it . (August 2018)
The series begins revolving around Piper Chapman ( Taylor Schilling ), a 33-year-old woman living in New York City who is sentenced to 15 months in Litchfield Penitentiary, a minimum-security women's federal prison in Upstate New York . Chapman was convicted of transporting a suitcase full of drug money for her girlfriend Alex Vause ( Laura Prepon ), an international drug smuggler . The offense had occurred 10 years before the start of the series and in that time, Chapman had moved on to a quiet, law-abiding life among New York's upper middle class . Her sudden and unexpected indictment disrupts her relationships with her fiancé, family, and friends. In prison, Chapman is reunited with Vause (who named Chapman in her trial, resulting in Chapman's arrest), and they re-examine their relationship. Simultaneously, Chapman, along with the other inmates, attempts to grapple with prison's numerous, inherent struggles. Episodes often feature flashbacks of significant events from various inmates' and prison guards' pasts. These flashbacks typically depict how an inmate came to be in prison or develop a character's backstory. The prison is initially operated by the "Federal Department of Corrections" (a fictional version of the Federal Bureau of Prisons ) and was in a later season acquired by the Management & Correction Corporation (MCC), a private prison company.
The fifth season shows the prisoners revolting against the guards, wardens, and the system after MCC's failed handling of an inmate's death at the hands of a guard in the fourth season. The inmate death had followed a peaceful protest and subsequent instigation of an inmate fight by another guard. Fueled by the conditions the inmates are forced to tolerate, as well as grudges against the prison guards, a three-day riot ensues. During the riot, some inmates attempt to negotiate better living conditions and seek justice for the death of the inmate, while others pursue their own interests and entertainment, and a few seek no involvement. At the emergence of the riot, the guard who incited the fight in the prior season is critically wounded by an inmate who took the gun the guard illegally brought into the prison. At the end of the season, SWAT raids the prison to end the riot and remove all inmates from the facility. During this raid, a correctional officer is fatally wounded by a corrupt "strike team", which then conspires to blame the guard's death on a number of inmates who hid in an underground bunker, found by one inmate, and had taken the guard hostage. All inmates are transported to other prisons.
The consequences of the riot are shown in the sixth season. A number of the inmates, including Chapman and Vause, are transported to Litchfield Maximum Security. Most of these inmates are interrogated, and several of them are charged and sentenced for their involvement in the riot. In max, new inmates are introduced, alliances are made, and a gang-like war emerges between two prison blocks, spearheaded by a longstanding feud between two sisters and a grudge harbored by them toward a former maximum-security inmate who returned as a consequence of the riot (she had been moved to the minimum-security prison). Inmates who arrived from the minimum-security prison are either caught up or willingly participate in the war between prison blocks. The season portrays further corruption and guard brutality.
The seventh season provides an ending to various inmates' stories. Chapman and Vause continue their on/off again relationship. The season shows how some prisoners are able to move beyond their time in prison while others are captured by the system and through their own flaws and/or systemic problems in the structure of US society and its justice system are unable to progress. In addition to the established setting of Litchfield Max, a significant portion of the season takes place in a newly created ICE detention center for detained presumed undocumented immigrants, showing their struggles and lack of access to outside help in large part because of complete or extreme disregard of the law.
In each season, the series shows how various forms of corruption, funding cuts by the corporate owner to increase profits by millions, privatization of prison , overcrowding, guard brutality, and racial discrimination (among other issues) affect the prisoners' safety, health, and well-being. One of the show's key conflicts involves the minimum-security prison's Director of Human Activities ( aka the warden, under privatization nomenclature), Joe Caputo, whose efforts and aims as a warden constantly conflict with the corporate interests of MCC, which acquires Litchfield Penitentiary as it risks closure. This theme is continued when a new forward-thinking and caring warden is hired at Litchfield Maximum Security and unlike Caputo, actually institutes educational programs and positive changes. She is fired for these actions and her attitude toward the corporate corruption, although her short-lived changes have profound results.
Cast and characters
Michelle Hurst as Miss Claudette Pelage, inmate (season 1)
Kate Mulgrew as Galina "Red" Reznikov, inmate
Jason Biggs as Larry Bloom, Piper's fiancé (seasons 1–2; guest season 5; recurring season 7)
Uzo Aduba as Suzanne "Crazy Eyes" Warren , inmate (seasons 2–7; recurring season 1)
Danielle Brooks as Tasha "Taystee" Jefferson, inmate (seasons 2–7; recurring season 1)
Selenis Leyva as Gloria Mendoza, inmate (seasons 3–7; recurring seasons 1–2)
Adrienne C. Moore as Cynthia "Black Cindy" Hayes, inmate (seasons 3–7; recurring seasons 1–2)
Dascha Polanco as Dayanara "Daya" Diaz, inmate (seasons 3–7; recurring seasons 1–2)
Nick Sandow as Joe Caputo, Captain of the Guard, later warden (seasons 3–7; recurring seasons 1–2)
Yael Stone as Lorna Morello , inmate (seasons 3–7; recurring seasons 1–2)
Samira Wiley as Poussey Washington , inmate (seasons 3–4; recurring seasons 1–2; guest seasons 5, 7)
Jackie Cruz as Marisol "Flaca" Gonzales, inmate (seasons 4–7; recurring seasons 1–3)
Lea DeLaria as Carrie "Big Boo" Black, inmate (seasons 4–5; recurring seasons 1–3; guest seasons 6–7)
Elizabeth Rodriguez as Aleida Diaz, former inmate (seasons 4–7; recurring seasons 1–3)
Jessica Pimentel as Maria Ruiz, inmate (seasons 5–7; recurring seasons 1–4)
Laura Gómez as Blanca Flores, inmate (seasons 6–7; recurring seasons 1–5)
Matt Peters as Joel Luschek, correctional officer (seasons 6–7; recurring seasons 1–5)
Dale Soules as Frieda Berlin, inmate (seasons 6–7; recurring seasons 2–5)
Alysia Reiner as Natalie "Fig" Figueroa, warden (season 7; recurring 1–3, 5–6; guest season 4)
Recurring cast
Diane Guerrero as Maritza Ramos (seasons 1–5, 7)
Annie Golden as Norma Romano (seasons 1–5, guest season 7)
Vicky Jeudy as Janae Watson (seasons 1–5, guest season 7)
Julie Lake as Angie Rice (seasons 1–5, guest season 7)
Emma Myles as Leanne Taylor (seasons 1–5, guest season 7)
Abigail Savage as Gina Murphy (seasons 1–5, guest season 7)
Constance Shulman as Yoga Jones (seasons 1–5, guest season 7)
Lori Tan Chinn as Mei Chang (seasons 1–5, guest season 7)
Tamara Torres as Emily "Weeping Woman" Germann (seasons 1–5, guest season 7)
Lin Tucci as Anita DeMarco (seasons 1–5, guest season 7)
Beth Fowler as Sister Jane Ingalls (seasons 1–4)
Madeline Brewer as Tricia Miller (season 1)
Kimiko Glenn as Brook Soso (seasons 2–5, guest season 7)
Lori Petty as Lolly Whitehill (seasons 3–4, 6–7; guest season 2)
Lorraine Toussaint as Yvonne "Vee" Parker (season 2)
Blair Brown as Judy King (seasons 3–5, guest season 7)
Emily Althaus as Maureen Kukudio (seasons 3–5)
Ruby Rose as Stella Carlin (season 3; guest season 4)
Daniella De Jesus as Irene "Zirconia" Cabrera (seasons 4–7)
Shannon Esper as Alana Dwight (seasons 4–7)
Rosal Colon as Carmen "Ouija" Aziza (seasons 4–5; guest season 6)
Francesca Curran as Helen "Skinhead Helen" Van Maele (seasons 4–5; guest season 6)
Kelly Karbacz as Kasey Sankey (seasons 4–5, guest season 7)
Amanda Stephen as Alison Abdullah (seasons 4–5, guest season 7)
Asia Kate Dillon as Brandy Epps (seasons 4–5)
Miriam Morales as Ramona "Pidge" Contreras (seasons 4–5)
Jolene Purdy as Stephanie Hapakuka (seasons 4–5)
Shirley Roeca as Juanita Vasquez (seasons 6–7, guest season 5)
Rebecca Knox as Tina Swope (seasons 6–7)
Sipiwe Moyo as Adeola Chinede (seasons 6–7)
Besanya Santiago as Raquel "Creech" Munoz (seasons 6–7)
Finnerty Steeves as Beth Hoefler (seasons 6–7)
Christina Toth as Annalisa Damiva (seasons 6–7)
Amanda Fuller as Madison "Badison" Murphy (seasons 6–7)
Vicci Martinez as Dominga "Daddy" Duarte (seasons 6, guest season 7)
Mackenzie Phillips as Barbara "Barb" Denning (season 6)
Henny Russell as Carol Denning (season 6)
Ismenia Mendes as Tali Grapes (season 7)
Joel Marsh Garland as Scott O'Neill (seasons 1–5, 7)
Brendan Burke as Wade Donaldson (seasons 1–4)
Pablo Schreiber as George "Pornstache" Mendez (seasons 1–3; guest seasons 5, 7)
Lolita Foster as Eliqua Maxwell (seasons 1–3)
Matt McGorry as John Bennett (seasons 1–3)
Lauren Lapkus as Susan Fischer (seasons 1–2; guest season 7)
Kaipo Schwab as Igme Dimaguiba (season 1; guest seasons 2–4)
Germar Terrell Gardner as Charles Ford (seasons 2–3)
James McMenamin as Charlie "Donuts" Coates (seasons 3–6)
Alan Aisenberg as Baxter "Gerber" Bayley (seasons 3–5)
Jimmy Gary Jr. as Felix Rikerson (seasons 3–4; guest season 5)
Mike Birbiglia as Danny Pearson (seasons 3–4)
Marsha Stephanie Blake as Berdie Rogers (season 3)
Beth Dover as Linda Ferguson (seasons 4–7; guest season 3)
Nick Dillenburg as Ryder Blake (seasons 4–7)
Mike Houston as Lee Dixon (seasons 4–7)
Emily Tarver as Bambi "Artesian" McCullough (seasons 4–7)
Brad William Henke as Desi Piscatella (seasons 4–5; guest season 6)
Evan Arthur Hall as B. Stratman (seasons 4–5)
John Palladino as Josh (seasons 4–5)
Michael Torpey as Thomas "Humps" Humphrey (seasons 4–5)
Hunter Emery as Rick Hopper (seasons 5–7)
Shawna Hamic as Virginia "Ginger" Copeland (seasons 6–7)
Susan Heyward as Tamika Ward (seasons 6–7)
Josh Segarra as Danilo Stefanovic (seasons 6–7)
Greg Vrotsos as Greg Hellman (seasons 6–7)
Nicholas Webber as J. Alvarez (seasons 6–7)
Branden Wellington as Jarod Young (seasons 6–7)
Adam Lindo as Carlos "Clitvack" Litvack (season 7)
Michael Chernus as Cal Chapman (seasons 1–4, 7; guest season 6)
Tanya Wright as Crystal Burset (seasons 1–4; guest season 6)
Berto Colon as Cesar Velazquez (seasons 1–3, 7; guest season 5)
Deborah Rush as Carol Chapman (seasons 1–3; guest seasons 5, 7)
Tracee Chimo as Neri Feldman (seasons 1–3, 7)
Maria Dizzia as Polly Harper (seasons 1–2; guest season 7)
Ian Paola as Yadriel (seasons 2–5; guest season 7)
John Magaro as Vince Muccio (seasons 3–5, 7)
Mary Steenburgen as Delia Mendez-Powell (season 3; guest season 5)
Miguel Izaguirre as Dario "Diablo" Zúñiga (seasons 6–7; guest seasons 1, 4–5)
Bill Hoag as Bill Chapman (season 7; guest seasons 1–3)
Karina Arroyave as Karla Córdova (season 7)
Melinna Bobadilla as Santos Chaj (season 7)
Marie-Lou Nahhas as Shani Abboud (season 7)
Alysia Joy Powell as Wyndolyn Capers (season 7)
The series cast at The Paley Center For Media's PaleyFest 2014 event honoring the show
Show creator Jenji Kohan read Piper Kerman 's memoir after a friend sent it to her. She then set up a meeting with Kerman to pitch her on a TV adaptation, which she notes she "screwed up" as she spent most of the time asking Kerman about her experiences she described in the book rather than selling her on the show. This appealed to Kerman as it let her know that she was a fan and she signed off on the adaptation. [11] Kohan would later go on to describe the main character, Piper Chapman , as a "trojan horse" for the series, allowing it to focus on characters whose demographics would not normally be represented on TV. [12] Its budget was estimated to be $4 million per episode. [13]
In July 2011, it was revealed that Netflix was in negotiations with Lionsgate for a 13-episode TV adaptation of Kerman's memoirs with Kohan as creator. [14] In November 2011, negotiations were finalized and the series had been greenlit . [15] Kohan had initially wanted to cast Katie Holmes in the role of Piper Chapman, and met with the actress to discuss it, but Holmes had other commitments. [16] Casting announcements began in August 2012 with Taylor Schilling , the first to be cast, as Piper Chapman, [17] followed by Jason Biggs as Piper's fiancé Larry Bloom. [18]
Laura Prepon and Yael Stone were next to join the series, as Alex Vause and Lorna Morello , respectively. [2] Abigail Savage , who plays Gina, and Alysia Reiner , who plays Fig, had auditioned for role of Alex Vause. [11] [19] Prepon initially auditioned for Piper Chapman; [20] however, Kohan felt she would not worry about her [in prison], noting a "toughness and a presence to her that wasn't right for the character." Kohan instead gave her the role of Alex. [11] Stone had originally auditioned for the role of Nicky Nichols , but she was not considered "tough enough" for the character; [21] she was asked to audition for Lorna Morello instead. [22] Likability was important for Morello, whom casting director Jen Euston deemed "a very helpful, nice, sweet Italian girl." [22] Natasha Lyonne was to audition for Alex, but was asked to read for the character Nicky Nichols; "[Kohan knew] she could do Nicky with her eyes closed. She was perfect," said Euston. [22] Laverne Cox , a black transgender woman, was cast as Sophia Burset, a transgender character. The Advocate touted Orange Is the New Black as possibly the first women-in-prison narrative to cast a transgender woman for this type of role. [23] Uzo Aduba read for the part of Janae Watson but was offered the character Suzanne "Crazy Eyes" Warren . [22] [24] Taryn Manning was offered the role of Tiffany "Pennsatucky" Doggett. [22] This American Life host Ira Glass was offered a role as a public radio host , but he declined. The role instead went to Robert Stanton , who plays the fictional host Maury Kind. [25]
Orange is the New Black is set in a fictional minimum-security prison in Litchfield, New York , which is a real town in the southern tier of New York, but it does not have a federal penitentiary. [26] The series began filming in the former Rockland Children's Psychiatric Center in Rockland County, New York , on March 7, 2013. [27] The building, part of the what was then the Rockland State Hospital campus, was completed in 1970 and closed by 2010. The title sequence features close-up shots of female non-actors who were formerly prisoners, including Kerman herself; she is the one who blinks. [28]
On June 27, 2013, prior to the series' premiere, Netflix renewed the show for a second season consisting of 13 episodes. [29] For the second season, Uzo Aduba, Taryn Manning, Danielle Brooks, and Natasha Lyonne were promoted to series regulars. [30] Laura Prepon did not return as a series regular for a second season because of scheduling conflicts, but returned for season 3 as a regular. [31] On May 5, 2014, the series was renewed for a third season, as revealed by actress Laura Prepon. [32] For the third season, several actors were promoted to series regulars, including Selenis Leyva, Adrienne C. Moore, Dascha Polanco, Nick Sandow, Yael Stone, and Samira Wiley. [33] Both Jason Biggs and Pablo Schreiber were confirmed as not returning for the third season, but Schreiber appeared in the 10th episode of the third season. [34] [35] [36] The series was renewed for a fourth season on April 15, 2015, prior to its third-season release. [37] [38] For the fourth season, Jackie Cruz and Lea DeLaria were promoted to series regulars; with Elizabeth Rodriguez also being promoted by the season's sixth episode. [39] On February 5, 2016, the series was renewed for a fifth, sixth and seventh season. [7] In season six, Dale Soules , Laura Gómez , and Matt Peters were promoted to series regulars. [40] On October 17, 2018, Netflix announced that the seventh season would be the series' last and would be released on July 26, 2019. [5] [6]
In 2018, Lionsgate Television were discussing "a potential sequel" to the series. [41]
Season
98% (44 reviews)
81 (12 reviews)
Orange Is the New Black was widely acclaimed throughout its run. It has been particularly praised for humanizing prisoners [42] [43] and for its depiction of race, sexuality, gender and body types. [44] [45] [46] [47] [48] [49] [50]
The first season received positive reviews from critics. Review aggregator Metacritic gave it a weighted average score of 79/100 based on reviews from 32 critics, indicating favorable reviews. [51] On Rotten Tomatoes , season one has a 95% approval rating based on 58 reviews, with an average rating of 8.3/10. The site's critical consensus is "Orange Is the New Black is a sharp mix of black humor and dramatic heft, with interesting characters and an intriguing flashback structure." [52]
Hank Stuever, television critic for The Washington Post , gave Orange Is the New Black a perfect score. In his review of the series, he stated: "In Jenji Kohan's magnificent and thoroughly engrossing new series, Orange Is the New Black, prison is still the pits. But it is also filled with the entire range of human emotion and stories, all of which are brought vividly to life in a world where a stick of gum could ignite either a romance or a death threat." [53] Maureen Ryan, of The Huffington Post , wrote: "Orange is one of the best new programs of the year, and the six episodes I've seen have left me hungry to see more." [54]
The second season received critical acclaim. Rotten Tomatoes gave a rating of 96%, with an average rating of 9.2/10 based on 54 reviews. The site's critical consensus reads: "With a talented ensemble cast bringing life to a fresh round of serial drama, Orange Is the New Black's sophomore season lives up to its predecessor's standard for female-led television excellence." [55] Metacritic gave the second season a score of 89/100 based on 31 critics, indicating "universal acclaim". [56] David Wiegland of the San Francisco Chronicle gave the season a positive review, calling the first six episodes "not only as great as the first season, but arguably better." [57] James Poniewozik , writing for Time , noted how the show "had expanded its ensemble so far beyond Piper", also stating that "Larry [and] every element of Piper’s life and family outside the prison needs to go", because of the show "not [being] interested in giving them the same depth of characterization it gives to the rest of its prisoners and even its prison guards". [58]
Members of the cast and crew with their Peabody Award , May 2014
The third season also received critical acclaim. On Metacritic, it has a score of 83/100 based on 24 reviews. [59] On Rotten Tomatoes, it has a 95% rating with an average score of 8.1/10 based on 64 reviews. The site's critical consensus reads: "Thanks to its blend of potent comedy and rich character work, Orange is the New Black remains a bittersweet pleasure in its third season." [60] Richard Lawson from Vanity Fair gave the season a positive review, stating that the season "may find the walls closing in on many characters, but the show feels as boundless and free as it ever has". [61] Spencer Kornhaber from The Atlantic stated that Piper Chapman's scenes "once felt obligatory by mere dint of the fact that they powered the show’s plot, but now they mainly allow Taylor Schilling to demonstrate her comedic chops". [62] Anne Cohen from The Forward said the season used "traditionally anti-Semitic tropes ", [63] while Nathan Abrams from Haaretz described a "remarkably upbeat and positive representation of Judaism ". [64]
The fourth season received critical acclaim. On Metacritic, it has a score of 86/100 based on 19 reviews. [65] On Rotten Tomatoes, it has a 94% rating with an average score of 8.6/10 based on 52 reviews. The site's critical consensus reads: "Orange is the New Black is back and better than ever, with a powerful fourth season full of compelling performances by the ensemble cast." [66] James Poniewozik of The New York Times reviewed the fourth season as "Do you measure the quality of a TV season as a beginning-to-end average or by how well it ends? By the first yardstick, Season 4 is ambitious but uneven; by the latter, it's the series' best." [67] Karol Collymore from Bitch magazine praised the show's past seasons for its representation of women of color , while criticizing the fourth season due to the "visceral racist acts" and racial slurs that occur "constantly, in every episode", stating that "it felt exhausting". [68] The Hindustan Times praised the season for how it dealt with the topic of rape, while negatively describing the new characters as "mere one-dimensional fillers". [69] IGN gave the season a positive review, describing it as "dramatic and insightful". [70]
The fifth season received "generally favorable reviews". [71] On Metacritic, it has a score of 67/100 based on 20 reviews. [71] On Rotten Tomatoes, it has a 71% rating with an average score of 7.3/10 based on 49 reviews. The site's critical consensus reads: "Orange Is the New Black's fifth season offers up more of the sharp writing and dizzying tonal juggling acts that fans expect – albeit somewhat less successfully." [72] Chris Orstendorf from The Daily Dot gave the season a positive review, although negatively describing "the decision to tell the entire story of season 5 in the span of three days". [73] Emily James from Vox rated the season 3.5/5, praising the "stronger focus" compared to "the scattered nature of seasons three and four", and criticizing the season for having "[often] desperately cut to something that’s supposed to be funny, and it will only be so in theory". [74] Rafael Gonzaga from Omelete rated the season four out of five star , calling the fourth season better although still praising the fifth. [75]
The sixth season received positive reviews from critics, with many critics noting its improvement over the previous season. On Metacritic, it has a score of 69/100 based on 14 reviews. [76] On Rotten Tomatoes, it has an 85% rating with an average score of 7.3/10 based on 39 reviews. The site's critical consensus reads: "Brutality and humor continue to mesh effectively in a season of Orange Is the New Black that stands as a marked improvement from its predecessor, even if some arcs are more inspired than others." [77] PinkNews praised the season's "unlikely pairings of existing characters who have barely had so much as a scene together previously". [78]
The seventh season has a score of 81/100 on Metacritic based on 12 reviews. [79] On Rotten Tomatoes, it has a 98% rating with an average score of 7.8/10 based on 45 reviews. The site's consensus reads: "Carried by its exceptional ensemble, Orange Is the New Black's final season gets straight to the point, tackling hard-hitting issues with the same dramatic depth and gallows humor that made the show so ground-breaking to begin with". [80]
In 2019, Orange Is the New Black was ranked 58th on The Guardian 's list of the 100 best TV shows of the 21st century. [81]
Netflix is famously tight-fisted when it comes to offering up viewership data about its original series. But execs with the streaming giant have repeatedly confirmed that OITNB is its most-watched original series. That has been backed up by the efforts of outside measurement companies to track viewing in the Netflix eco-system.
The series began airing on broadcast television in New Zealand , on TV2 , on August 19, 2013. [97] It premiered in Australia on October 9, 2013, on Showcase . [98] The second season began on Showcase on July 16, 2014, [99] and the third season premiered on June 11, 2015. [100] The first season began airing on broadcast television in the UK on Sony Channel from April 19, 2017. [101] It has been shown in Ireland on TG4 since January 15, 2018. [102]
Cybercriminal hacking
Orange Is the New Black generated more viewers and hours viewed in its first week than the other top Netflix original series House of Cards and Arrested Development . [106] [107] In October 2013, Netflix stated that the show is a "tremendous success" for the streaming platform. "It will end the year as our most watched original series ever and, as with each of our other previously launched originals, enjoys an audience comparable with successful shows on cable and broadcast TV." [108] [109] As reported in February 2016, Orange Is the New Black remained Netflix's most-watched original series. [7] [8] [110] In 2016, a New York Times study of the 50 TV shows with the most Facebook Likes found that Orange Is the New Black is one of the shows most watched in urban areas , and despite its "minority-rich ensemble cast", the series "appeals more to a white audience". [111]
See also
Dunne, Susan (July 3, 2013). "Danbury Women's Prison Setting For Netflix Original Series" . The Hartford Courant. Archived from the original on May 24, 2014. Retrieved May 23, 2014.
Miller, Gregory E. (July 23, 2014). "'Pornstache' out ahead of 'Orange' season 3" . New York Post. Archived from the original on June 12, 2015. Retrieved June 11, 2015.
McClelland, Mac (June 18, 2015). "Caged Heat" . Rolling Stone . No. 1237. Archived from the original on January 6, 2018. Retrieved January 5, 2018.
"Orange is the New Black" . Official Website of the Golden Globe Awards. Hollywood Foreign Press Association . Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved June 11, 2015.
"AFI Awards 2013" . American Film Institute. Archived from the original on March 28, 2019. Retrieved April 16, 2016.
"Most anticipated returning shows in 2014" . Foxtel. January 14, 2014. Archived from the original on May 16, 2015. Retrieved July 26, 2014.
Greenwald, Andy (June 4, 2014). "Brilliant 'Orange'" . Grantland . Archived from the original on September 8, 2015. Retrieved September 1, 2015.
Further reading
No Award (1992–1994)
Frasier ( season 2 ) (1995)
No Award (1996–1999)
Entourage (season 2) (2005)
| 2,183 |
284 | who plays v on orange is the new black | https://orange-is-the-new-black.fandom.com/wiki/Yvonne_Parker | Yvonne "Vee" Parker
Family
Murder of Rhonda (during earlier incarceration; unknown if convicted)
1st Degree Murder of RJ (Ordered an officer to kill him; not convicted)
Bribery (avoided being convicted for years because of unnamed officer she bribed; not convicted)
Assault/Battery (Attacked Red , and ordered her gang to abuse Red; during earlier incarceration; not convicted)
Attempted Murder (slocking Red ; escaped before being convicted)
Possession of Contraband (Heroin;cigarettes;tobacco;etc; not convicted)
Theft (stole Suzanne's Lock and made a weapon used to attack another inmate with, not convicted)
Assault/Battery by Influence (Influenced Suzanne Warren to abuse Poussey Washington and broke Washington's ribs; not convicted)
Assault/Battery (Held Cindy at strangling point with a broken mop stick as a weapon; not convicted)
Felony Escape (was never retrieved)
Inmate Job
— Vee, to Cindy after she was lazy and careless
Yvonne "Vee" Parker was an inmate at Litchfield Penitentiary and the main antagonist of Season Two . During her season-long reign, she was a powerful figure throughout the inmate population. She is based off the character Lionnel aka "Grizzly" from Piper Kerman's Orange Is the New Black: My Year in a Women's Prison .
Lorraine Toussaint as Vee
Personality[
Vee was the textbook definition of a psychopath. She was shown to be charismatic, intelligent and extremely manipulative, demonstrating an ability to look deep into a person's character and immediately figure out what they will or won't do for the right price. She carefully planned her criminal activities to ensure she wouldn't get caught, having contingency plans in place for every possibility and was ready to get rid of anyone that interfered with her plans. She was ready to do anything and to sacrifice anyone close to her, seeing people only as pawns to be used to forward her goals; to obtain money and control over other people. She used and emotionally manipulated people close to her, and played them off against each other without feeling any guilt. She feigned love and friendship, but immediately got rid of people when she couldn't benefit from them any longer.
She was a returning prisoner to Litchfield, having been an inmate prior to Season One . Immediately upon arrival, she assessed Suzanne Warren as someone she could easily manipulate and took advantage of her trust, naiveté and desperation for love. She tried to separate her adoptive daughter Taystee from her best friend Poussey due to Poussey's resistance to her manipulation, and quickly became the leader of their group, using a mixture of bribery, extortion and threats. Compared to the other inmates, Vee has a large list of crimes and offenses due to her deadly nature.
Physical Appearance[
Vee Parker is a tall, middle-aged African American woman with voluminous, long, curly hair. She has a small gap between her two front teeth.
Biography[
For a list of episodes featuring Vee's flashbacks, see here .
Vee is originally shown to be a motherly figure to Taystee. When Taystee was young and in care, she would attempt to advertise herself for adoption, as seen at a Black Adoption Event in a park that Vee attends looking for young people to lure into her drug-dealing ring. Vee gives the young girl the nickname of "Taystee Girl" and says that one day she will take her in.
Life at Litchfield[
Vee has been incarcerated at Litchfield at least three times. She was shown to have entered Litchfield at the same time as Red , at least her second time, and was the person who first gave Red the idea to use the vendor Neptune's Produce to Red's advantage. Red tells Vee about her new business, believing Vee to be her friend. Once Vee has become the leader of her own crew, she sends her girls to threaten Red into selling her business to her. Red refuses and Vee revealed she ordered the threats and Red is ultimately attacked by Vee by surprise and her crew trap Norma and beat up Red severely. It is assumed that when Vee killed Rhonda , she was sent to Maximum Security for it.
Life after Release[
Initially resistant to becoming involved in drug-dealing, a teenage Taystee eventually visits Vee in tears after being abused by her foster-father and begs to be taken in by her (" Looks Blue, Tastes Red ").
Vee is what Taystee calls a "connect" which translates into "drug dealer". She makes children carry and sell drugs then report back with the money. A young man named RJ sells for Vee. After Taystee joins them, Vee, Taystee and RJ live together as a "family". Later, RJ is killed, likely for starting his own business on the side, though it is also shown that Vee has a connection with a cop who keeps the heat off of her. He warns her of an encroaching group of dealers, and Vee makes it clear she's the only drug lord around (" It Was the Change "). Taystee considered RJ to be a brother. She is initially unaware that he was killed by a cop bribed by Vee to stop competitive sales on her turf, but later says something to Vee that implies she figured it out.
Season Two[
[...]
Vee appears to Taystee after the win of the mock job fair. Taystee wants nothing to do with her and leaves the chapel.
(...)
Poussey however sees that she is manipulative and stays away. Vee separates Taystee and Poussey. She managed to but Taystee is still reluctant.
After being dismissed from the kitchen, Red finds another way to smuggle in contraband using the greenhouse. Vee wants control over the imports and attempts to take the greenhouse from Red. After a brief fight, they come to a truce. However, Vee had lied, and attacks Red from behind with a lock hidden in a sock (a " slock "). Vee loses all of her inmate family, except Crazy Eyes, who is tricked into thinking she attacked Red in a blackout state; Vee is subsequently suspended. The other girls rat on Vee for the attack, but before they can arrest her she sneaks out the sewage drain in the greenhouse. She is seen in the woods, running, and comes to the road, just as Rosa is making her escape. Thinking back to when Vee made Rosa get up out of her seat when eating, Rosa swerves off the road and runs Vee down with the prison van. "Always so rude, that one!", she says as she laughs and drives away. Vee's corpse is left by the side of the road.
Relationships[
RJ (sexual; seduced him in order for her plan for his execution to run smoothly)
Friends[
Enemies[
Red (Several Betrayals, Bullied Red; attacks and did evil things towards Red, despite not much being done by Red to her)
Poussey (Refused to be manipulated and did not agree with Vee's ways)
Gloria (Realised that Vee was evil and took sympathy with Norma)
Miss Rosa (Was unnecessarily rude to Rosa on two occasions)
Taystee (Abandoned her before, and then took her business over Taystee)
Watson (Betrayed by her after she attacked Cindy)
Black Cindy (Betrayed by her after she attacked her)
Nicky (Tried to kill her prison mother, Red)
Norma (Vee Betrayed Red)
Trivia[
Lionnel aka "Grizzly, the character Vee is based off, was nothing like Vee's personality. Kerman says that "Grizzly weighed more than 450 pounds, she was very funny and she liked to fight but she wasn't a pyschopath like Vee, she usually was arguing with Pop, she was Delicious' birth mother as well but she isn't dead as far as I know."
Vee sleeps with books under her head.
Vee is the first black villain of Orange Is The New Black.
If Vee was caught for the crimes she committed, it's possible that she could've either been sent to MAX and died in prison (if she was still alive) or been given the death penalty for being a "Severely Dangerous Inmate", according to the Laws of New York.
Vee has the longest list of crimes, even longer than Lolly's.
Memorable Quotes[
"If you're not building a future, it's because you don't believe there is a future."
— Yvonne Parker
"And if if's and but's were candies and nuts we'd all have a Merry Christmas."
— Yvonne Parker
"At the end of the day, you are a garden rose and that bitch is a weed."
— Yvonne Parker
— Yvonne Parker
"Fuck. Kill me in my sleep if I ever get like that."
Reception[
The character of Yvonne Parker, nicknamed Vee, was instantly acclaimed by critics during Season 2, as was actress Lorraine Toussaint's performance. The vast majority of reviewers noted that Parker was, in every way, the most frightening aspect of the show's second season.
Appearances[
Inmate Navigation
Maximum Security
FDC Cleveland
Released inmates
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Convicted of a decade-old crime of transporting drug money, ordinarily law-abiding Piper Chapman is sentenced to 18 months behind bars and quickly discovers the realities of life-changing prison time.
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285 | nba record for most double doubles in a season | https://www.statmuse.com/nba/ask/double-double-leaders-nba-single-season | Toggle Theme
Domantas Sabonis has gotten the most double-doubles in a season, with 77 double-doubles in 2023-24.
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285 | nba record for most double doubles in a season | https://www.nba.com/news/most-triple-doubles-in-nba-history | Most triple-doubles in NBA history
Russell Westbrook holds the NBA record for most career triple-doubles, followed by Oscar Robertson and an elite list of playmakers.
NBA.com Staff
Updated on February 28, 2025 4:38 AM
Russell Westbrook has the most career triple-doubles in NBA history with 202. Westbrook has held the league record since May 10, 2021, when he recorded his 182nd triple-double to surpass Oscar Robertson’s long-standing mark of 181, which had stood since 1974.
Apart from Westbrook and Robertson, only four other NBA players have eclipsed 100 career triple-doubles in the regular season: Nikola Jokić, Magic Johnson, LeBron James and Jason Kidd.
Going into the 2024-25 season, the top 12 leaders in all-time triple-doubles include five Hall of Fame members and seven active NBA stars.
*Active NBA player. Stats reflect career triple-doubles through games played on Feb. 27, 2025.
Westbrook also holds the NBA record for most triple-doubles in a single season, with 42 in 2016-17, and the most consecutive games with a triple-double, with 11 straight from Jan. 22 to Feb. 14, 2019.
In the playoffs, nobody has tallied more triple-doubles than Magic, who has 30. He is joined by James and Jokić as the only players to have recorded 15+ triple-doubles in the postseason.
Outside of Magic, LeBron and Jokić, just six other players have notched 10 or more triple-doubles in the playoffs.
Eleven of LeBron’s 28 postseason triple-doubles have come in the NBA Finals, which gives him the Finals record over Magic (8) and Draymond Green (3).
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| 2,187 |
285 | nba record for most double doubles in a season | https://www.statmuse.com/nba/ask/player-with-most-double-doubles-in-a-single-season | Toggle Theme
Domantas Sabonis has gotten the most double-doubles in a season, with 77 double-doubles in 2023-24.
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| 2,188 |
285 | nba record for most double doubles in a season | https://www.sportingnews.com/us/nba/news/nba-consecutive-double-doubles-streak-record-single-season/069a1281649abfdb0766ca56 | Gilbert McGregor
Kings center Domantas Sabonis is turning in a historic season.
Sacramento's big man is on track to win his second-consecutive rebounds title and currently leads the league in triple-doubles recorded in the 2023-24 season. Impressive as both stats are within the scope of the current season, Sabonis has rewritten the record books with his double-doubles.
In the Kings' 108-96 win over the 76ers on March 25, Sabonis finished with 11 points, 13 rebounds and 10 assists. The performance marked Sabonis' 54th consecutive double-double, good for the longest single-season double-double streak since the ABA-NBA merger ahead of the 1976-77 season.
Sabonis has appeared in each of Sacramento's 71 games this season and can play in as many as 11 more, meaning his streak can reach a maximum of 65 games.
While Sabonis' streak is the longest single-season mark in the modern era, he still has some work to do to enter the all-time top 10. Here's where Sabonis' streak places him among a list of all-time greats.
Most consecutive double-doubles in NBA history
The time since the ABA-NBA merger in 1976 is considered the modern NBA era. Sabonis' streak of 54 consecutive games with a double-double tops the list of double-double streaks since the 1976-77 season.
Also on the list are former MVPs Moses Malone, Russell Westbrook, Bill Walton, Kevin Garnett and Charles Barkley.
Longest single-season double-double streak, Modern NBA era (via Stathead )
Rank
Player
Season
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1.
1988-89
27
Sabonis can't reach the top of the all-time list but he can enter the top 10. Wilt Chamberlain, whose name is unsurprisingly riddled throughout the all-time top 10, occupies first and 10th places. The 10th-longest streak is 56 games, a figure Sabonis is in line to reach this season.
Longest single-season double-double streak, NBA history (via Stathead )
Rank
Player
Season
Streak
1.
1959-60
56
Chamberlain's top streaks were season-long events. The 1966-67 season was an 81-game season while the NBA season was made up of 80 games in both 1961-62 and 1963-64.
Bellamy's single-season streak reached 79 games per some accounts but is 65 games per Stathead. The 1961-62 season was Bellamy's rookie campaign and Stathead's database has Bellamy with a double-double in 77 of the 79 games in which rebounds were recorded.
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| 2,189 |
285 | nba record for most double doubles in a season | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NBA_career_triple-double_leaders | List of NBA career triple-double leaders
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Russell Westbrook holds the record for the most NBA career regular season triple-doubles and is the only player to average a triple-double over four different seasons.
This article provides three lists:
A progressive list of regular season triple-double leaders showing how the record increased through the years.
A list of facts of triple-double achievements.
Triple-double leaders
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Nikola Jokić is third in NBA career regular season triple-doubles and holds the record for the fastest triple-double. [4] [5]
This is a progressive list of triple-double leaders showing how the record increased through the years. [6]
Statistics accurate as of February 25, 2025.
Active NBA player
Team abbreviations
Team(s) listed is the one player was on when he established the record.
BOS
Season
1990–91
1991–92
5
42
38
184
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Facts
[ edit ]
Oscar Robertson is second in NBA career regular season triple-doubles with 181, and was the first of two players to average a triple-double over an entire season.
Despite having played less than 500 career games, Luka Dončić is in the top ten in NBA career triple-doubles.
Wes Unseld was the first player to have recorded a perfect triple-double (no missed shots and no missed free throws) in NBA history [7] [8] [9]
First triple-double in league history: Andy Phillip ( Philadelphia Warriors ) logged the league's first triple-double on December 14, 1950, versus the Fort Wayne Pistons . He had 17 points, 10 rebounds, and 10 assists. [10]
Averaging a triple-double in a single season: Oscar Robertson and Russell Westbrook are the only players in NBA history to achieve this feat. [11] [12] During the 1961–62 season , Robertson averaged 30.8 points, 12.5 rebounds, and 11.4 assists per game. [11] [13] Although Robertson only achieved the feat for a full season once, his cumulative stats over his first 5 seasons gave him an average of 30.3 points, 10.4 rebounds, and 10.6 assists per game. [13] Westbrook is the only player to achieve this feat multiple times, doing so in three consecutive seasons. Westbrook finished the 2016–17 season averaging 31.6 points, 10.7 rebounds, and 10.4 assists, and followed it up in 2017–18 with averages of 25.4 points, 10.1 rebounds, and 10.3 assists. [14] In the 2018–19 season, Westbrook averaged 22.9 points, 11.1 rebounds and 10.7 assists per game. After not accomplishing the feat in the 2019–20 season , Westbrook, in his first season with the Washington Wizards , averaged 22.2 points, career-high 11.5 rebounds, and career-high 11.7 assists per game across 65 games in the 2020–21 season . [15]
Denotes season currently in progress
Most triple-doubles in a single season [17]
Rank
Name
Total
Team
Most triple-doubles in road games in a single season: Russell Westbrook ( Oklahoma City Thunder ) recorded 17 of 42 triple-doubles in away games. [18]
Most 50-point triple-doubles in a single season: Russell Westbrook ( Oklahoma City Thunder ) recorded three 50-point triple-doubles in the 2016–17 season. James Harden ( Houston Rockets ) is the other player to record multiple 50-point triple-doubles in the same season, with two in the 2016–17 season and two in the 2018–19 season. [18] [19]
Most triple-doubles in a rookie season: Oscar Robertson ( Cincinnati Royals ) recorded 26 triple doubles in the 1960–61 season. Ben Simmons ( Philadelphia 76ers ) is in second with 12 in the 2017–18 season. [20]
Oldest player: Karl Malone ( Los Angeles Lakers ), aged 40 years and 127 days, logged a triple-double on November 28, 2003, versus the San Antonio Spurs . He had 10 points, 11 rebounds, and 10 assists. [21]
Youngest player: Josh Giddey ( Oklahoma City Thunder ), aged 19 years and 84 days, logged a triple-double on January 2, 2022, versus the Dallas Mavericks . He had 17 points, 13 rebounds, and 14 assists. [22]
Triple-double in final career game: The only players known to have done so are Dwyane Wade , who logged 25 points, 11 rebounds, and 10 assists on April 10, 2019, for the Miami Heat against the Brooklyn Nets ; [23] Ben Uzoh , who logged 12 points, 11 rebounds, and 12 assists on April 26, 2012, for the Toronto Raptors against the New Jersey Nets ; [24] and Wilbur Holland , who logged 18 points, 11 rebounds, and 11 assists on April 8, 1979, for the Chicago Bulls against the Detroit Pistons . [25]
Fastest triple-double: Nikola Jokić ( Denver Nuggets ), holds the record for the fastest triple-double. On February 15, 2018, Jokić recorded the mark 14 minutes and 33 seconds into the game against the Milwaukee Bucks . [26] The previous fastest triple-double had held for almost 63 years, as on February 20, 1955 Jim Tucker ( Syracuse Nationals ), in his rookie year, recorded the mark in just 17 minutes, with 12 points, 10 rebounds and 12 assists in a 104–84 win over the New York Knicks . [27]
Fewest minutes in 30-point triple-double: Luka Dončić ( Dallas Mavericks ) On November 20, 2019, Dončić recorded 35 points, 10 rebounds, and 11 assists while playing just 25:30 in a 142–94 win against the Golden State Warriors . [28] Dončić has two of the five fastest 30-point triple-doubles in NBA history and the only player to have more than one in 30 minutes or less.
Double-triple-double [29] (at least 20 of any 3 statistics): Wilt Chamberlain ( Philadelphia 76ers ) and Russell Westbrook ( Oklahoma City Thunder ) are the only players to have accomplished this; in a February 2, 1968 game versus Detroit Pistons , Chamberlain tallied 22 points, 25 rebounds, and 21 assists. [30] Westbrook recorded 20 points, 20 rebounds, and 21 assists against the Los Angeles Lakers on April 2, 2019.
Most points scored in a triple-double: James Harden ( Houston Rockets ) and Luka Dončić ( Dallas Mavericks ) hold the record for the most points scored in a triple-double with Harden scoring 60 points, 10 rebounds, and 11 assists on January 30, 2018, against the Orlando Magic and Dončić scoring 60 points, 21 rebounds, and 10 assists on December 27, 2022, against the New York Knicks. The previous record was 57 points by Russell Westbrook . [31] [32] [33]
Most assists recorded in a triple-double: Isiah Thomas ( Detroit Pistons ), Rajon Rondo ( Boston Celtics ), and Russell Westbrook ( Oklahoma City Thunder ) are tied for the most assists recorded in a triple-double with 24. Isiah Thomas recorded 25 points, 10 rebounds, and 24 assists on February 7, 1985, against the Washington Bullets . Rajon Rondo recorded 10 points, 10 rebounds, and 24 assists on October 29, 2010, against the New York Knicks . Russell Westbrook achieved this feat twice: 24 points, 13 rebounds, and 24 assists on January 10, 2019, against the San Antonio Spurs and 14 points, 21 rebounds, and 24 assists on May 3, 2021, against the Indiana Pacers The latter was also the 3rd game in NBA history with 20+ rebounds and assists; the first two were the triple-20 games mentioned above. [34]
Most rebounds recorded in a triple-double: Maurice Stokes ( Rochester Royals ) and Wilt Chamberlain ( Philadelphia 76ers ) are tied for the most rebounds recorded in a triple-double with 38. Maurice Stokes recorded 26 points, 38 rebounds, and 12 assists on January 14, 1956, against the Syracuse Nationals . Wilt Chamberlain achieved this feat twice, recording 24 points, 38 rebounds, and 13 assists on March 2, 1967, against the San Francisco Warriors , and 10 points, 38 rebounds, and 10 assists in a playoff game on April 16, 1967, against the San Francisco Warriors . [35]
Most steals recorded in a triple-double: Larry Kenon ( San Antonio Spurs ) and Kendall Gill ( New Jersey Nets ) share the NBA record for steals in a game with 11, and both have registered a triple-double in doing so. Larry Kenon recorded 29 points, 15 rebounds, and 11 steals on December 26, 1976, against the Kansas City Kings , and Kendall Gill recorded 15 points, 10 rebounds, and 11 steals on April 3, 1999, against the Miami Heat . [36]
Most blocks recorded in a triple-double: Elmore Smith ( Los Angeles Lakers ) holds the NBA record for the most blocks in a game with 17, and it was made with a triple-double. He recorded 12 points, 16 rebounds, and 17 blocks on October 28, 1973, against the Portland Trail Blazers . [37]
Triple-double not including points: The only occurrence of a triple-double without points was on February 10, 2017, when Draymond Green ( Golden State Warriors ) scored only 4 points, but collected 12 rebounds, 10 assists, and 10 steals against the Memphis Grizzlies . Green also recorded 5 blocked shots in the game. [38]
Longest continuous streak of triple-doubles: Russell Westbrook ( Oklahoma City Thunder ) currently holds the record for the most consecutive triple-doubles with 11. His streak began on January 22, 2019, and ended February 14 of the same year. The previous record was nine by Wilt Chamberlain from March 8 to 20, 1968, when Chamberlain was a member of the Philadelphia 76ers . [39]
Longest continuous streak of 30-point triple-doubles: Luka Dončić ( Dallas Mavericks ) currently holds the record for the most consecutive 30-point triple-doubles with 6. His streak began on February 28, 2024, and it ended on March 9, 2024. [40]
Triple-doubles by teammates: This has occurred 18 times in NBA history. [41] The following is a list of all NBA teammate triple-doubles, with playoff triple-double pairs highlighted in italics. Two pairs of teammates have accomplished this twice: Jimmy Butler and Bam Adebayo , and Nikola Jokić and Russell Westbrook ; the latter are the first to do so in the same season. Jokić and Jamal Murray made history on June 7, 2023, by becoming the first pair of teammates to record triple-doubles in the NBA Finals as well as the first pair overall to achieve 30-point triple-doubles in the same game.
Triple-doubles by NBA teammates
Triple-doubles by opponents: This has occurred at least 44 times in NBA history. Russell Westbrook has been involved in six of these:
Tom Gola and Richie Guerin (Philadelphia at New York, January 10, 1960) [56]
Richie Guerin and Guy Rodgers (New York at Philadelphia, February 5, 1961) [57]
Oscar Robertson and Richie Guerin (Cincinnati at New York, October 26, 1961) [58]
Oladipo and Carter-Williams were both rookies when accomplishing the feat, marking the first and only time in NBA history that two rookies have recorded triple-doubles in the same game. These were the first career triple-doubles for both players. The last time that two players had recorded their first career triple-doubles in the same game was when Donnie Butcher and Ray Scott (Detroit Pistons) did it on March 14, 1964 (they were not rookies). [77]
With Harden and Young scoring 41 and 42 points, respectively, this was the first time in NBA history opposing players recorded 40-point triple doubles. [89]
See also
^ American Basketball Association (ABA) teams other than those admitted into the NBA in 1976 are not included; each year is linked to an article about that particular NBA season.
Adande, J.A. (April 20, 2002). "They're Vintage Triple-Doubles" . Los Angeles Times . p. D.4. Archived from the original on October 13, 2012. Retrieved June 12, 2009.
The term "triple-double" was coined by Bruce Jolesch, the former Laker public relations director who needed a way to summarize Johnson's penchant for recording double figures in points, rebounds and assists.
"Russell Westbrook" . ESPN.com. Retrieved April 11, 2018.
"Malone is oldest to notch feat" . ESPN.com. November 29, 2003. Archived from the original on February 13, 2009. Retrieved February 24, 2008.
Pollack, Harvey (2007). 2006–07 Harvey Pollack's Statistical Yearbook (PDF). NBA. p. 232. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 11, 2009. Retrieved February 28, 2010.
List of NBA career triple-double leaders
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286 | where is tv series death in paradise filmed | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_in_Paradise | Death in Paradise
Crime drama television series
Death in Paradise
Related
The programme is filmed on the French Caribbean island of Guadeloupe and is broadcast on BBC One in the United Kingdom, France 2 in France, PBS in the United States, and Prime in New Zealand (with repeats on BBC UKTV ), and on Foxtel 's BBC First channel, ABC and 9Gem in Australia.
Death in Paradise has enjoyed high viewing figures and a generally positive critical reception since its debut, leading to repeated renewals. [1] The most recent series, series 13, began broadcasting in the UK on 4 February 2024 and ended on 24 March. [2] The show is currently commissioned for one more series, ensuring the programme will run until at least 2025. [3]
A spin-off series, Beyond Paradise , starring Marshall's character Humphrey Goodman, began airing in 2023. A second spin-off, Return to Paradise , made for ABC television in Australia and BBC One, was released in October 2024. [4]
Detective Inspector Richard Poole ( Ben Miller ) is sent from the Metropolitan Police in London to investigate the murder of a British police officer on the fictional Caribbean island of Saint Marie , a British Overseas Territory with a French colonial history. [5] [6] After he finds the murderer, he is ordered by his supervisors to replace the victim and stay on as the Detective Inspector (DI) of the island, much to his dismay, solving new cases as they appear and being the object of many fish-out-of-water jokes. [7]
At the start of Series 3, Poole is murdered, and clumsy London Detective Inspector Humphrey Goodman ( Kris Marshall ) arrives to investigate the death of his deadpan predecessor. He then stays on the island permanently as the new detective, after his wife informs him she is leaving him. In the second half of Series 6, he resigns so he can start a new life in London with his girlfriend Martha Lloyd, after forming a relationship with her while she was staying at Saint Marie on holiday.
Goodman's replacement on Saint Marie is DI Jack Mooney ( Ardal O'Hanlon ), a recent widower who is grieving the loss of his wife and who assisted the team on a case in London. Mooney remains on the island until mid-way through Series 9, when he decides he is ready to face the memory of his deceased wife and returns to London with his daughter.
Mooney's replacement is DI Neville Parker ( Ralf Little ), who initially dislikes being on the island and has severe allergies, especially to mosquito bites. He comes to the island only because they need a British detective to sign off on a case, and is forced to stay longer after a period of illness renders him temporarily unfit to travel. However, he decides to remain on the island until he eventually warms to the island lifestyle. He stays on the island until Series 13, where he departs on a yacht to travel and be in a relationship with former Detective Sergeant (DS) Florence Cassell ( Joséphine Jobert ).
During the Christmas 2024 special, Commissioner Patterson ( Don Warrington ) calls London for a replacement DI to lead investigations in Saint-Marie. DI Mervin Wilson ( Don Gilet ) happens to have been holidaying on the island. As he is boarding the aircraft to take him away from the 'slow-paced' island, he receives a telephone call from his superior ordering him to stay and solve the murder.
First released
Last released
While Death in Paradise has continued to be in the top three most popular programmes on British television, critics have called the crime drama "unremarkable" and "an undemanding detective show, with nice Caribbean scenery." [10]
The show is known for its formulaic approach to its plots [11] with each episode roughly the same in length, style and narrative structure. Each episode begins with a pre-credits sequence showing the events leading up to a murder and often the discovery of the body afterwards; this sequence also serves to introduce that particular episode's guest characters. [12] The police force of Saint Marie is subsequently informed of the murder, preliminary investigations and interviews take place to establish the suspects, and photographs of the suspects and crime scene are placed on the whiteboard at police headquarters. [13]
Often towards the end, the lead DI will have a moment of realisation, perhaps brought on by something that someone says or does, or by some occurrence. At this moment, the how, why, and who of the murder are comprehended by the DI, but are not revealed to the audience. The suspects are then gathered and the DI talks through the evidence; often, flashbacks are used to show what happened. The murderer and the motive are revealed in the dénouement of the episode. [14] Gathering the suspects, going through the events and finally identifying, and arresting the murderer is based on the technique Agatha Christie uses in the Miss Marple stories, and some of the Hercule Poirot ones.
Normally, each episode ends with a comedic scene or a celebratory trip by the police officers to Catherine's bar. [15] The final episode of most series has included a subplot wherein the lead DI is tempted to return to the UK by the prospect of a job offer or personal relationship, but in the end, he decides to remain on the island.
This format was subverted in the sixth series, when the two-part storyline in the fifth and sixth episodes saw the team travel to London to follow up on a current case, resulting in Goodman deciding to remain to be with his new girlfriend, Martha; Mooney travelled back to Saint-Marie, initially as a holiday to help escape the memory of his recently deceased wife, but decided to remain as the new detective inspector of the island. This format was also subverted in the ninth series; Mooney decided to return to Britain mid-way through the series as he felt that he was ready to face the memory of his dead wife, with the new inspector (DI Neville Parker) initially coming to the island just to sign off on a particular body but kept for a few weeks for health reasons before he decided to remain to face a new challenge. Parker remains the DI on the island until the end of Series 13, when he departs the island to go travelling alongside his former DS Florence Cassell.
Death in Paradise is set on the fictional Caribbean island of Saint Marie, described in episode 3.3 as a "pretty island" that is "situated in the Eastern Caribbean Sea ". In episode 4.5, it is mentioned that Martinique is "a good 70 miles". Saint Marie is "one-tenth the size of its north-west neighbour Guadeloupe "; this would make Saint Marie about 63 square miles (160 km2) in size. Saint Marie is a British Overseas Territory , but about 30% of its people are French, due to previous history, with the language still widely spoken.
The back-story appears to be a blend of two real-world islands near Guadeloupe, with size and location aligning with Marie-Galante and history and language aligning with Dominica . In the TV show, the fictional Saint Marie island has a volcano , rainforest , sugar plantations , a fishing harbour, an airport, a university, a convent, approximately 100 public beaches and a Crown Court . It also has its own newspaper, The Saint Marie Times, a radio station, Radio Saint Marie, and a television station, SMBC. Its vehicles have French number plates, and motor vehicles drive on the right. Police uniforms are also French, not British.
Honoré, the name of the main town, is a reference to St Honoré, the setting of A Caribbean Mystery by Agatha Christie . The town has a leisure/commercial marina , market, bars and restaurants as well as the police station. The neighbouring town to Honoré is named as Port Royal. Saint Marie's main economic ties are to Guadeloupe, the UK and France. The island's main religions are Catholicism and Voodoo , with several religious festivals featuring in the programme, including the Saint Ursula Festival (in reality, a major festival of the Virgin Islands ) and some Voodoo festivals.[ citation needed ]
Other locations
Series 3, episode 7 is largely set on an islet just off Saint Marie; it is privately owned and relatively small. This episode was actually filmed on the island of Kahouanne , around 1.2 miles (1.9 km) off the northwest coast of Guadeloupe where the series is normally filmed. It can often be seen in the background from a beach on Saint Marie. Series 6, Episodes 5 and 6 are largely set in London, when Goodman, Cassell and Officer Myers form a liaison team with Mooney in order to track down suspects in a murder investigation in Saint Marie and later to investigate the murder of one of the suspects.
Two other fictional islands, Saint Barnabas and Saint Auguste, have featured throughout in the series, with the Saint Marie police responsible for overseeing their local law enforcement.
Don Gilet as Detective Inspector Mervin Wilson (2024 Special, series 14–present) [16]
Detective sergeants
Joséphine Jobert as Sergeant/Detective Sergeant Florence Cassell (series 4−8, 10−11; recurring series 13)
Aude Legastelois-Bidé [17] as Detective Sergeant Madeleine Dumas (series 8−9)
Shantol Jackson as Sergeant/Detective Sergeant Naomi Thomas (series 11−present)
Uniformed officers
Gary Carr as Officer/Sergeant. Fidel Best (series 1−3)
Tobi Bakare as Officer/Sergeant. JP Hooper (series 4−10; guest series 13 & 14)
Shyko Amos as Officer Ruby Patterson (series 8−9)
Tahj Miles as Trainee/Officer Marlon Pryce (series 10−13)
Ginny Holder as Trainee/Officer Darlene Curtis (series 11−present; recurring series 7) [20]
Shaquille Ali-Yebuah as Officer Sebastian Rose (series 14–present)
Élizabeth Bourgine as Catherine Bordey (series 2−present; recurring series 1) Mayor of Saint Marie since the end of season 6, and Camille‘s mother
Character
Actor
Years
Episodes
2016, 2021
Nelson Myers
6.5–6.6, 7.7–7.8, 11.0 a , 12.0 a , 14.0
Siobhan Mooney
Grace Stone
2017–2020
^a Made a voice cameo in this episode.
Danny John-Jules , the longest-tenured actor in the series other than Don Warrington and Elizabeth Bourgine , did not return for series eight and was replaced by Shyko Amos, who plays Commissioner Selwyn Patterson's niece, Ruby. [18] John-Jules cited his reason for exiting the show as wanting to leave "on a high". [19] Both Shyko Amos and Aude Legastelois-Bidé left the show at the conclusion of series 9.
In addition to the human characters, a recurring animal character is "Harry", a lizard who lives at the Detective Inspector's bungalow. He appears in almost every episode and acts as a sounding board for the Detective Inspector to discuss the status of the current case and his life experiences. Harry is computer generated. [23]
The original team (left-to-right): Sara Martins, Danny John-Jules, Gary Carr and Ben Miller
Deshaies' church is right next to the fictional "Honoré police station".
View of the Presbytery at Deshaies (Guadeloupe, c.1850s), which serves as the police station
The series is filmed on the French archipelago of Guadeloupe in the Lesser Antilles , mainly in the commune of Deshaies (which doubles for the town of Honoré on the fictional island of Saint Marie ), with the help of the Bureau d’accueil des tournages de la Région Guadeloupe. [24] The site of the Honoré police station is a church hall in Deshaies (built c.1850s), [25] with the priest's office appearing as the incident room. [26]
Filming series 1 was particularly difficult, due to the lack of infrastructure in Guadeloupe for long-term filming, as well as the fact that Sara Martins , the actress who plays DS Camille Bordey , broke her leg in the middle of filming, causing her to be almost entirely written out of episode 6 of series 1 and causing difficulties during the filming of episodes 7 and 8. [27]
Miller left the series at the start of series 3, as he felt he was spending too much time away from his family, since his wife was unable to join him on the island during production. Marshall's family joined him on the island during his first three six-month shoots and his son, Thomas, enrolled at a local school. When his family could not join him during the filming of the sixth series, following the birth of his baby daughter, Elsie, it left him feeling "bereft and empty" and he subsequently decided to leave the show. [28]
From episode 7 of the sixth series, the lead role was taken by Ardal O'Hanlon playing DI Jack Mooney, a London colleague. [29] Joséphine Jobert left the series after episode 6 of the eighth series and was replaced by actress Aude Legastelois, who plays Madeleine Dumas. Jobert cited her reason for exiting the show as wanting to "focus on other projects". O'Hanlon confirmed he had left the show in October 2019, with his last appearance coming in series 9, episode 4. [30] His replacement, Ralf Little who plays DI Neville Parker, was revealed the same month. [31]
In July 2020, the BBC announced the departure of Shyko Amos and Legastelois, along with the return of Jobert and the arrival of newcomer Tahj Miles as Marlon Pryce. [32] [33]
In January 2022, in the fourth episode of series 11, Jobert left the show for the second time after her character left the island. Her departure had not been previously announced. She returned again for the third time in series 13, episode six, broadcast in March 2024. Meanwhile, Tahj Miles departed the island as Marlon Pryce the episode beforehand, he was replaced by Dwayne Myers, who had previously left.
Then at the end of the series Ralf Little departs as Neville at the end of the series, with Florence, as they express their love for each other. [34]
Death in Paradise has gained popularity over time on British TV.
Series 1 (2011) has been the least-watched to date, averaging 5.89 million viewers, with the 5.3 million viewers for the sixth episode, "An Unhelpful Aid", being the lowest the show has had. Each episode was among the top five most-watched programmes of the day and in the top 40 of the week. [35] [ failed verification ]
Series 2 (2013) averaged 7.67 million viewers, with each episode among the top two most-watched programmes of the day and in the top 15 of the week.[ citation needed ]
Series 3 (2014) averaged 8.46 million viewers, with each episode among the top two most-watched programmes of the day and in the top ten of the week.[ citation needed ]
Series 4 (2015) averaged 9.03 million viewers. Based on consolidated figures, each episode was among the top three most-watched programmes of the day and in the top ten of the week.[ citation needed ]
Series 5 (2016) averaged 8.67 million viewers. Based on consolidated figures, each episode was the most-watched programme of the day and in the top four of the week.[ citation needed ]
Series 6 (2017) has been the most-watched so far, averaging 9.1 million viewers. The series premiere, "Erupting in Murder", is the most-watched episode of the show to date with 9.81 million viewers. Based on consolidated figures, each episode of Series 6 was the most-watched programme of the day and in the top four of the week.[ citation needed ]
Series 7 (2018) averaged 8.34 million viewers. Based on consolidated figures, each episode was the most-watched programme of the day and in the top ten of the week. [36]
Series 8 (2019) averaged 8.2 million viewers. Based on consolidated figures, each episode was the most-watched programme of the day and in the top seven of the week.
Series 9 (2020) averaged 8.14 million viewers. Based on consolidated figures, each episode was the most-watched programme of the day and in the top six of the week. [37]
According to a Radio Times article in 2018, "From Australia to Russia to India, stretching across 236 territories, this British crime comedy-drama has become a global phenomenon." [38]
Critical response
The series has received mixed reviews from critics, with most criticism directed towards its formulaic structure. The first series was praised for its refreshing style and setting. Kris Marshall's introduction at the start of series 3 was particularly well received, with Rebecca Smith of The Daily Telegraph citing Marshall as a "winning addition" to the cast. [39] The series 4 premiere was described as "a little piece of escapism" and was generally praised. Mark Monahan of The Daily Telegraph criticised the laid-back tone of the series, calling it too methodical with nothing unique about it besides the setting. [40]
There have also been media comments about colonialism and racism. [41] After the first episode aired in 2011, Metro TV critic Keith Watson wrote that "the idea of parachuting a policeman into a colonial setting because the locals weren't up to the job left a slightly sour taste," and the series resembled a "throwback to the fading glory days of the British Empire". [42] In a January 2021 Guardian essay, writer Sirin Kale pointed out the "large and appreciative audience," but was critical of several aspects, including the racial dynamics: "If Death in Paradise was a dated show when it aired – a throwback to Peter Falk in a trench coat asking just one more thing – it is a museum piece now. For starters, the cast of mostly Black supporting actors call the show’s white, male lead 'Sir', and rely on him to solve crimes that are apparently beyond their wits to work out." [43]
Red Planet Pictures was nominated for, and won, the "Diversity in a Drama Production Award" for Death in Paradise. Sara Martins, Danny John-Jules, Don Warrington and Tobi Bakare collected the award at a ceremony supported by the BBC and ITV that took place on 15 February 2015. [44]
In the UK, all series are shown on BBC One . The first series was broadcast in late 2011. The second series was broadcast in January 2013, with subsequent series filling the same January slot; all series were shown in a 9:00–10:00 pm slot. [a] In France the programme is broadcast on France 2 and France Ô . Death in Paradise is broadcast in 236 territories. [45] The entire series has been available to stream all year around since May 2020 on Britbox . [46] In the USA the programme appears on a number of PBS stations. The show is currently featured on Ovation 's "Morning Mysteries" block on Fridays, and also used to air on the network every Thursday night at 7PM with back-to-back episodes. In Germany, the show is now streaming on Disney+ as part of their third-party contract agreement.
Home media
Series
3
The Making of Death in Paradise on disc three; seven short insights into the making of Death in Paradise
4
3
The Making Of Death In ParadiseCreating The PuzzleHarry The LizardTour Of Honoré Police StationThe Vehicles
1–5
14
same extras that were on series 3 and 5 (no extras were made for series 1, 2 and 4)
6
7
12
13
The theme music is an instrumental version of a Jamaican song from the 1960s, "You're Wondering Now", written by Coxsone Dodd , originally recorded by Andy & Joey in Jamaica. It was later made famous by The Skatalites and in Europe by ska band The Specials and later still by Amy Winehouse , as featured on some editions of the deluxe version of her album Back to Black . In the final scene of the first episode of the third series, the cover version recorded by The Skatalites in 1994 is played at the bar. It appeared on the official Death in Paradise soundtrack, released in January 2015, alongside other music from all four series. The original version of the song, as recorded by Andy & Joey, was played towards the end of the last episode of the sixth series. It was also recorded by Robert Wyatt on his album Mid-Eighties (1993), under the title "Alfie and Robert Sail Off Into the Sunset", only repeating the lines "You're wondering now / What to do, now you know this is the end". In the French version, the opening song is "Sunday Shining" by Finley Quaye .
The theme music was given a slight overhaul in 2018, when new composer David Michael Celia joined the team and along with Magnus Fiennes, they added more bass to their theme. This theme would only last until 2020. The theme music was given another, bigger overhaul in 2021, with completely new music but still based on the original theme. It was given a new melody and bassline. The composer, Magnus Fiennes, said in an interview that the theme tune needed to be changed for its tenth anniversary. The 2021 Christmas special saw the extended version of this theme tune playing over the car with the Carib Rockets, being transported to the Carlton Villa. The lyrics were also sung over the end credits for both specials.
In January 2015, the BBC released an official soundtrack compiling 26 songs from the first four series of the show. It contains original music for Death in Paradise and already extant tunes, though it does not include the theme music from the show.
The score of the show itself is composed by Magnus Fiennes and features musicians such as the Los Angeles based Reggae band The Lions (Blake Colie on drums, Dave Wilder on bass, Dan Ubick on guitar) and keyboard/ melodica player Roger Rivas.
Each detective had their own specific, individual, personalised score based around their personality, Richard Poole had a mournful jazz clarinet , Humphrey Goodman a bassoon , Jack Mooney mandolin , and DI Neville Parker has gypsy jazz . [70]
The creator of the show, Robert Thorogood , signed a three-book deal to write Death in Paradise novels featuring the original characters (D.I. Richard Poole, D.S. Camille Bordey, Officer Dwayne Myers, Sergeant Fidel Best and Comm. Selwyn Patterson). The first of these, A Meditation on Murder (A Death in Paradise novel), [71] was published in January 2015. Early reviews were generally favourable, with the Daily Express in particular being complimentary, giving it four stars. [72] The second book, The Killing of Polly Carter, was released in 2016. The third book, Death Knocks Twice, was released in 2017. A fourth book, Murder in the Caribbean, was published in December 2018.
Spin-off series
In June 2022, a spin-off was announced, titled Beyond Paradise , airing in the UK on 24 February 2023, which saw the return of Kris Marshall as Humphrey Goodman, and Sally Bretton as his fiancee Martha Lloyd as they enjoy life in Britain. The spin-off was commissioned by BBC One and BritBox International . [73] [74] Filming of the series started in August 2022. [75] After the first series ended, the BBC announced it had been renewed for a second series plus a Christmas special airing later in 2023. [76]
A second spin-off called Return to Paradise for ABC television in Australia and BBC One was announced in November 2023. [4] The 6-episode series is set in the beachside hamlet of Dolphin Cove. The series was released in October 2024 on ABC-TV and iView in Australia, and in November 2024 on BBC One and iPlayer in the UK. [77]
^ Series 4, episode 7 was shown earlier at 8.25 pm-9.25 pm due to EastEnders Live 30th anniversary celebrations.
"Programme information" . BBC. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
^ Review by Keiih Watson in Metro 25 October 2011
External links
Death in Paradise
| 2,200 |
286 | where is tv series death in paradise filmed | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Death_in_Paradise_episodes | List of Death in Paradise episodes
5 languages
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Death in Paradise is a British–French crime comedy drama created by Robert Thorogood . [1] The show is set in the fictional Caribbean island of Saint Marie (filmed in Guadeloupe ) [2] and focuses on a detective inspector (DI) from the UK and his police team solving murder mysteries on the island.
Series overview
First released
Last released
No. overall
No. inseries
6.78
Charlie Hulme ( Hugo Speer ), a British detective inspector , is found murdered in a locked panic room on the Caribbean island of Saint Marie owned by the Lavenders, Sarah (Coralie Audret) and James ( Rupert Graves ). Commissioner Selwyn Patterson demands that a UK officer investigate Charlie's death, so deadpan DI Richard Poole unwillingly flies out to Saint Marie to solve the mystery. Sgt Lily Thomson ( Lenora Crichlow ) and Officer Fidel Best tolerate him while Officer Dwayne Myers finds fault in his 'English' methods. Richard learns that Charlie was having an affair with Sarah Lavender, providing James with a motive to murder. Richard is convinced he has solved the case, but then James is also murdered, forcing Richard to look deeper into the case, and search for a mysterious woman seen at the house on the day of Charlie's death as well as ponder the question - how can you murder someone in a locked room?
2
2
6.53
A bride is shot through the heart with a spear gun and tumbles off a balcony just minutes after getting married, in a room to which she did not have the key. Richard teams up with new sergeant Camille to work out who would want the bride dead; he learns that no one had entered or left the fifth floor of the hotel room during the celebrations, which leads him to believe one of the party guests must be the killer. However, none seem to have concrete reasons to kill and all have alibis apart from the newlywed husband, after the maid is found strangled, Richard wonders if her cleaning in progress sign caused it all.
First appearance of Catherine Bordey ( Élizabeth Bourgine )
3
3
5.31
Dwayne is present when Angelique Morel, a voodoo priestess ( Mona Hammond ) predicts her own death and who murders her, although it comes as a shock when she is later murdered when she dies in the island's local school just hours afterwards. Richard learns of an affair that took place years earlier in the school leading to the disappearance of a woman, who was the priestesses daughter. He turns his attention to Nicholas Dunham ( Nicholas Farrell ), the prime suspect and Fidel's old principal, who was involved in the disappearance of the woman and matches the description the voodoo priestess gave. But Nicholas has an alibi, leading Richard to question whether he is being set up or not.
4
4
5.82
Megan Talbot ( Miranda Raison ) walks into Saint Marie's police station covered in blood, and confesses to the murder of her abusive husband, Lucas ( Neil Stuke ). Lucas's body is initially nowhere to be found, leading Richard to believe she is innocent, while Camille disagrees. When the body is later found at sea, Richard still fails to believe Megan is behind his death, and as he interrogates Lucas's friends, Patrick ( Derek Riddell ) and Astrid Knight ( Emma Fielding ), his reasons to suspect one of them is the killer increase.
5
5
5.45
Richard is embarrassed when a prisoner is stabbed in the back while handcuffed to him. Realising that his career may be over if he is unable to uncover who the murderer is, Richard looks into the prisoner's criminal history and learns he was a fraudster. With many of the suspects wanting the prisoner dead, Richard turns his attentions to the widow of the victim, convinced she knows more than she claims she does. The breakthrough clue in the case is the unexpected death of the widow on the day of her husband's funeral, exposing who the original murderer is.
6
6
5.30
Dwayne and Fidel unite to solve the death of an experienced diver who drowns in ten feet of water when Richard falls ill with the fever and Camille is in Paris. As they begin to investigate the diver's death, the pair are quick to establish the diver was murdered. DS Angela Young ( Shirley Henderson ), a British detective on holiday, begins to intervene in the case and attempts to solve the mystery herself, but when she lacks progress in the investigation, Dwayne and Fidel go behind Angela's back to work on the case themselves and present Richard with all the evidence they have gathered, leading Richard to solve the murder before Angela. After solving the case, Richard is confronted by a furious Camille whose mother, Catherine, he accidentally insulted when ill, as the two argue, Dwayne and Fidel happily remark it has all gone back to normal.
7
7
5.66
Dwayne takes the team to the concert of a reformed rock band, but the lead singer is shot dead and found on the stage inside a coffin prop just minutes before the planned performance. With all the suspects having an alibi, Camille, Dwayne and Fidel begin to believe that it was suicide, but Richard is not convinced. Richard uses the photographs of the photographer at the concert, and identifies one of the alibis as being improvised.
8
8
6.29
Dwayne delights in showing off Nadia, a new lady he meets while on a night out. However, his happiness is quickly cut short when Nadia is found murdered in her bed the following morning, with coins shoved in her mouth, and the house ransacked. Richard refuses to break protocol and treats Dwayne as a murder suspect much to the teams outrage. Richard discovers that Nadia, who was actually called Rose, was an informant about to expose a money laundering scandal. The team struggle to find evidence to catch Rose's murderer, until Richard looks more in depth at the evidence he is already aware of. Fidel's wife, Juliet, goes into labour and gives birth to a daughter, Rosie.
Series 2 (2013)
8.20
Richard investigates the death of sugar plantation owner Roger Seymour when he is found dead with a machete in his back. Richard learns that the sugar plantation was once a major company, but fell apart when mistreatment of the workers led to them walking out. With the Seymour family all against each other, Richard knows one of them was the killer. However, with the family members having solid alibis and being in sight of each other at the time of Roger's murder, Richard seeks an alternative explanation to identify the killer.
10
2
7.84
Teenager Sister Therese dies in a fire at her room in the local Convent. It is believed that she died accidentally, when a cigarette set fire to her room, and the room was locked from the inside. However, when Richard finds a threatening note sent to Therese before she died, he believes that Therese discovered something she should not have, and had to die as a result of her discovery. Meanwhile, a family secret of Therese's is discovered, prompting an attack on one of the sisters at the church.
11
3
7.98
The death of Valerie Dupree at a plastic surgery clinic leaves Richard and the team baffled, as it would appear that Valerie killed herself. Dr Jones reveals that Valerie was suicidal, but Richard is convinced that Valerie was actually murdered - her cup of tea suspected to be poisoned. However, as the results come back negative, Richard finds it difficult to find the means. Suspect Jayne believes that Valerie was having an affair with Paul, but Dr Jones reveals she was having an affair with Paul, providing them both with alibis. Richard then learns that the clinic itself was an illegal operation, providing criminals with new identities.
12
4
7.68
A team of explorers visit Saint Marie in search of treasure, until the group's leader Daniel Morgan is injured in an explosion and team member Ian Parks is shot dead. Richard believes that Daniel was the intended target and Ian died accidentally, but then when Daniel is involved in another freak accident, Richard questions whether Daniel is the murderer, causing the accidents himself to seem as though he is being set-up. After asking Dwayne to bring him from the cells for questioning, they uncover a new obstacle; he has died overnight in the cells himself.
13
5
7.21
Camille's friend Aimee drops dead on a party boat, in front of Camille. Selwyn demands that an illegal alcohol brewing group are arrested as he was being pressured by the official distilleries, but Richard turns his priorities to catching the murderer instead. As he looks into the motives behind Aimee's death, Richard learns that Aimee was planning to move to Miami to sign a new recording contract, and Stephen was not happy about it, nor was Eloise, who was jealous of Aimee's successes, and wanted to sabotage her move to Miami.
14
6
7.49
Richard investigates the death of June, who was strangled in her rented villa. The main suspects are Doug (June's husband and an old colleague of Richard's, whom he dislikes, from the UK), Janice (June's sister, who is the sole beneficiary of June's will) and cleaner Estelle. Richard learns Estelle is trying to sell June's stolen jewellery, but she has no real motive to kill June. When Janice recalls seeing one of the villa's owners leaving the crime scene, Richard begins to question whether June's murder is linked to a historical case back in the UK.
Ralf Little (DI Neville Parker from Episode 69 to Episode 107) guest starred as Will Teague.
15
7
7.42
Saint Marie prepares for a hurricane. Researcher Leo Downs is found dead and the scene is staged to look like the result of a hurricane. Richard works with his team to solve Leo's death and learns that Leo's colleagues saw him as a sycophant. He also learns that Damon had a motive to kill Leo, as Leo was in love with Amber, who was Damon's ex. Despite this, every suspect has an alibi. Additional evidence is discovered when Skype messages found between Leo and his mother reveal that Leo had major plans for his next research project.
16
8
7.50
Philanthropist Malcolm Powell is shot dead at a charity fundraiser event. All suspects were in view of Camille at the time and she later attempts to chase after a car attempting to escape, but the driver sliced the wheels of the police Land Rover. Malcolm's secretary, Vicky, claims that a man called Jack Roberts murdered Malcolm, but Jack Roberts is nowhere to be found. Dwayne tracks down the car Camille saw, but the boat tracks leading away from it are too small to make a proper getaway, so where on the island could he be? Richard learns that Malcolm fled to Saint Marie from the UK when he defrauded investors in his company and suspects he was blackmailed in the build up to his death. Fidel passes his sergeant exams and the team celebrate.
Series 3 (2014)
No. overall
No. inseries
8.69
As Camille, Dwayne and Fidel joke about saving Richard from a university reunion, one of the reunion members finds him stabbed to death with an ice pick. DI Humphrey Goodman flies over from the UK to solve the case, but the team find him odd and they all, especially Camille, miss Richard. With the case proving sensitive to the team, Humphrey takes the lead in the investigation. He learns that one of the main suspects, Roger Sadler, held a grudge against Richard for over 25 years, but when Humphrey questions Roger, his reasons to believe he murdered Richard subside. After looking through old photographs of Richard and his friends, Humphrey successfully solves the case. The team are delighted with Humphrey, but Humphrey is left heartbroken when his wife phones him from back in the UK to tell him she has left him.
Final regular appearance of DI Richard Poole ( Ben Miller )
First appearance of DI Humphrey Goodman ( Kris Marshall )
18
2
8.46
Thea Holmes stands in on the set of a horror film for her friend, Lexi Cunningham ( Michelle Ryan ). However, Thea is then found dead on the set, having been poisoned. Humphrey learns that Thea was imprisoned years ago for a mugging she committed that went wrong, but is convinced that it should have been Lexi who died, not Thea. He interrogates screenwriter Arnold Finch, who admits that he openly disliked Lexi. Humphrey also learns that Arnold was searching poisons up online. As Humphrey continues his investigations, a suspect dies - appearing to have committed suicide, although Humphrey is not convinced, and looks deeper into the investigation, determined to not let the case close.
19
3
8.04
Gigolo Carlton Paris is murdered after an art exhibition. Humphrey learns that Carlton phoned the police just minutes before he died, claiming that a woman had a gun and was going to shoot him. As Humphrey turns his attentions to the women on the island that Carlton had run into, he is left with a list of suspects and motives. Fidel begins to feel guilt over the death as he cut off Carlton because he thought having a gigolo as a best friend would look bad. The team also learn that after Carlton's murder, only his phone and an old guide book were stolen from his house.
20
4
8.45
While a team of airline crew stay in a hotel on Saint Marie, air stewardess Natasha Thiebert is found dead. Humphrey investigates Natasha's death and discovers she had been informed of a promotion within the airline just hours before her murder. As evidence suggests that the pilot, Adam Frost, had been in Natasha's room prior to her death, the team are keen to talk to him. They find a bottle of poison in Adam's room with his fingerprints on, indicating he murdered Natasha, but Humphrey believes Adam is being set up.
21
5
8.84
It is believed that Saint Marie's commerce minister committed suicide, as he had left a suicide note before his death, but the angle of the gun wound suggests that he was murdered. Humphrey looks into the minister's death and learns that he had an affair with his aide, Lena. When Lena is interviewed in the presence of her godfather, Marlon, by Humphrey and Camille, it is revealed that Marlon is Camille's father, who deserted her when she was six.
22
6
8.27
A group of bird watchers join the island of Saint Marie in search for its rare green parrot. However, while the group are wandering through the jungle, Mark Talbot is stabbed to death with his hunting knife. Humphrey and his team learn that Mark was an unpopular member of the birdwatching group, having had an affair with a fellow birdwatcher's wife, which resulted in death threats being made against Mark. As Humphrey learns that Mark was only out of the group's sights for a couple of minutes before his death half a mile away, he begins to question the ability of the killer.
23
7
Richard Signy
Jack Lothian
8.40
Unpopular land developer Alex Jackson is shot to death on his privately owned island, so Humphrey and the team sail over to the island to solve the murder. The only people on the island at the time of the murder were Rosie, the housekeeper; Emily, the secretary; and Alex's three children. The prime suspect was the only one who had access to the murder weapon, but also the only one with an alibi. Bad weather traps Humphrey and the team on the island with the killer. Only one of Alex's children were set to inherit his business, and when Humphrey learns that Alex was planning to change his will, he solves the case.
24
8
8.52
Emma Redding is found dead in her own room at a local retirement home; her death thought to have been suicide. However, with Emma's friends and fiancé all saying that Emma had a lot to look forward to in her life, Humphrey begins to suspect that she was actually murdered. While investigating Emma's murder, Humphrey is given a distraction, as his wife arrives on the island seeking a reconciliation. Humphrey decides he is happier living in Saint Marie, and once successfully solving Emma's death, confides in Fidel about his growing feelings for Camille.
Final appearance of Sergeant Fidel Best ( Gary Carr )
Series 4 (2015)
No. overall
No. inseries
25
1
8.92
9.26
A séance is held during the island's Fete Mouri festival, in an attempt to contact a murdered servant from 1850. However, while the door is closed and all the participants are holding hands, the owner of a rum distillery is murdered. The participants are convinced that the ghost of the servant has come back to kill, but Humphrey is not, and begins to seek an alternative explanation for the owner's death. Commissioner Patterson steps in to help the team following Fidel's departure from Saint Marie.
Commissioner Patterson also introduces Sergeant Florence Cassell.
First appearance of Sergeant Florence Cassell ( Josephine Jobert ) This was also the first appearance of Don Gilet, who in 2024 was named the new lead detective after the departure of Ralf Little. In this episode he guest stars as the killer, Andre Morgan. [6]
26
2
8.51
8.83
Jake Peters, owner of a surf school, is shot dead and robbed in his workshop, despite it being locked from the inside, and there being no other possible way out. One of Jake's students are already wanted by the police for stealing from the company, but Humphrey then realises that there are two more students with a reason to want Jake dead. Jake's doctor informs Humphrey that Jake was terminally ill, helping Humphrey solve the case. When faced with competition for Camille, Humphrey steps up his signs of affection towards her. Sergeant Florence Cassell prompts Dwayne to become a temporary workaholic.
27
3
8.45
8.78
Saint Marie Heritage Society celebrate the island's history with a meal, but all the guests end up with food poisoning. When Francis Davison of the society dies from a significant amount more of the poisoning, a murder investigation begins, with Humphrey looking at the guests' motives. Only an hour before his death, the president rang Humphrey saying somebody was trying to murder him. Humphrey learns that the president's son argued with him just hours before his death, while the society's secretary, Teresa, was stealing the society's funds. As he continues to work to solve the mystery, Humphrey's strong feelings for Camille peak.
28
4
David O'Neill
Rebecca Wojciechowski
8.69
9.11
Humphrey is called to a hotel when a bride is found dead in her room the morning after her hen party . The team quickly establish that the bride knew her murderer, as she willingly let them into her room before she was killed. Usefully, some 8-hour candles apparently denote the time of death. Camille ponders her future in Saint Marie when she is offered a permanent job in Paris. Humphrey decides to tell Camille how he truly feels about her in an attempt to dissuade her from leaving the island, but despite this, Camille ultimately decides it is time to move away to Paris.
Final regular appearance of DS Camille Bordey ( Sara Martins )
29
5
8.47
8.89
With Camille gone, Florence is promoted to Detective Sergeant. New officer JP Hooper joins the team on Saint Marie. The lead singer of a pop group is electrocuted when a lighting rig falls in a swimming pool, and while all the suspects were in the studio at the time of the murder, they also held a grudge against the victim, who burned down a record producer's studio over 20 years ago. As Humphrey continues to search for the evidence to pinpoint the killer, he comes across a click beetle which is not native to the island, helping him solve the case.
First appearance of Officer JP Hooper ( Tobi Bakare )
30
6
8.38
8.85
The residents of Saint Marie celebrate when the volleyball team proceed to the final of the Inter-Island Volleyball Championships. Celebrations are soon shortened when high-profile player Shelley Kennedy is found in the back of her jeep, wrapped in a bedsheet, stabbed through the heart. With the news of Shelley's death quickly being reported from major news networks around the world, Humphrey and the team feel the pressure to catch Shelley's killer and understand why she was killed.
31
7
Overbearing boss Annette Burgess is murdered in her bed. Humphrey learns that her phone was stolen, and also that one of their main suspects, Dom, had secret links to Annette, giving him the biggest motive to murder. Dom admits to killing Annette, but then Humphrey discovers that Annette was actually dead before Dom had even shot her.
32
8
8.30
8.86
A murder suspect is shot dead in his prison cell. Humphrey learns that the victim was strongly disliked - with both his wife and brother wanting revenge. Despite this, Humphrey fails to comprehend how the murderer was able to get away with killing the victim, as JP and Dwayne were both guarding the cell at the time of the murder. Alongside the murder investigation, Humphrey's father flies over to Saint Marie to try and encourage Humphrey to return to the UK and reunite with his wife.
^ This episode was moved from the normal transmission time of 9:00pm to 8.25pm due to the two EastEnders 30th anniversary episodes that evening which were placed before and after this episode, receiving a ratings boost as a result. [7]
Series 5 (2016)
33
1
8.71
9.24
Humphrey buys a new boat for himself on the island while at the same time, a millionaire philanthropist is murdered on his yacht, while all the members of the group on his yacht are in the sea, and in sight of each other. Next to the victim is a toy soldier, which baffles Humphrey. As the investigation gets underway, Humphrey and the team learn the philanthropist had run-ins with all of the suspects.
34
2
8.17
8.70
Saint Marie's outgoing governor, Caroline Bamber, is poisoned after accepting a drink from Selwyn at her leaving party. As Humphrey checks Caroline's bag for any potential evidence, he finds an unsigned note warning Caroline of her own death. Caroline's private secretary, Ellery, informs Humphrey of an apparent blackmail scandal that was occurring between Caroline and the president, Francois. While working out why Caroline was murdered, Humphrey's search for a girlfriend through dating websites has little success.
35
3
7.83
8.41
Humphrey and the team are called to investigate the murder of a fashion model during a charity shoot. It transpires that the model had a stalker in the build up to her death, although she also had three other suspects with reasons to want her dead. All the suspects have alibis, until Humphrey uncovers a photograph which proves one of the alibis to be false. One of the models, Rosey, is an old crush of JP, and they begin dating.
36
4
7.78
8.41
Dwayne receives a text from his dead friend, Cedrik, claiming he was murdered, just minutes after eulogizing him at his funeral. The coroner had recorded Cedrik's death as natural, but further analysis of the scene of his death reveals Cedrik was actually smothered. With a limited number of suspects, Humphrey questions them all individually, but learns they were all playing cards on the night of Cedrik's death. Then, when Humphrey talks with an elderly friend of Cedrik's, he learns of an occurrence 45 years ago, providing a motive for murder.
37
5
8.14
8.78
While Humphrey's aunt Mary is visiting him on the island, she witnesses businessman John Green fall to his death from a balcony. John was new to Saint Marie and did not know anyone, although it soon turns out that John Green is a fake identity, with the victim actually under witness protection on the island six years earlier. When Mary provides Humphrey with some information she manages to remember, Humphrey solves the case.
38
6
7.90
8.51
Following the launch of his new restaurant, Robert Holt is stabbed to death. His phone and wallet are stolen, with Humphrey and the team initially suspecting that a robbery is to blame for the incident. A bankrupt ex-prisoner is the only suspect to not have an alibi on the night of the murder, but the suspects with alibis have more developed motives for the murder. Video footage taken illegally in the restaurant proves helpful in helping Humphrey realise who the real killer is.
39
7
8.00
8.57
Just hours after an argument with rival treasure hunter Newton Farrell, Tosh Walker is murdered on Newton's boat; his corpse then thrown in the sea. Newton is the prime suspect: the murder weapon is his and Tosh phoned his wife just moments before he died. However, Newton was seen at a drinking bar when Tosh died, puzzling Humphrey and his team, who cannot understand why Newton was set up, particularly by the victim.
40
8
8.09
8.73
A tourist, Sian Evans, is found dead in her locked bathroom. All evidence points to Sian committing suicide, but Humphrey is reluctant to believe she was not murdered. His suspicions are soon confirmed when he learns that all of the suspects had various motives. Humphrey also bumps into (nearly literally) Martha Lloyd ( Sally Bretton ) whom he knows from his time in England and they set up a date, but JP's last minute nerves before his wedding to Rosie nearly ends the new romance before it can begin.
Series 6 (2017)
41
1
9.26
9.81
Volcanologist Stephen Langham is found dead by the side of a live volcano, with all evidence pointing to death by natural causes, although Humphrey believes otherwise. All of Stephen's colleagues have believable alibis, having clocked into the research centre using the entry card system at the time of Stephen's death. The only other suspect, Joseph, was absent at the time of the murder, leaving Humphrey and the team unsure of what happened on the day of Stephen's death.
42
2
Jermain Julien
Kelly Jones
8.69
9.39
Florence's former classmate, Esther Monroe, is found dead at the foot of a cliff. Her death echoes the events of a suicide in local author Sylvie Baptiste's book, The Flame Tree. The prime suspects: Sylvie, her editor Patricia and organisers Anna and Oliver all have alibis for each other. Humphrey also learns that Oliver attempted to rape Esther prior to her death, and that Sylvie has a long-lost sister, Lizzie. As the evidence begins to build, Humphrey realises who the killer is.
43
3
8.21
8.91
Humphrey takes Martha on a romantic weekend to a hotel, but their time spent together is limited when the brother of the hotel's manager is murdered. Humphrey cannot understand how the murder was successfully carried out when the only access to the victim's room was via a staircase, which Humphrey had his eyes on the whole time. Humphrey suspects Irie Johnson, the hotel receptionist, may have played a role in the murder when the victim learned that Irie was masterminding a credit card scam. However, a chance discovery by Dwayne helps the team realise the true identity of the murderer.
44
4
7.96
8.67
The president and star player of Saint Marie's cricket club is found shot dead on the pitch after a night out. The team's captain, Gus, is initially suspected of the murder, until Humphrey learns that the president's son, Torey, argued with his father on the night of his murder. The team then also learn that the victim was being blackmailed, and that the victim's wife benefitted greatly from his death.
45
5
8.04
8.82
Tom Lewis is murdered on his boat, five miles out at sea, while partying with girlfriend Sophie and her friends Lucy, Hema and Rachel. All the suspects alibi each other, while Lucy also tells Humphrey that she witnessed Tom make a secret phone call and place cash into a moneybag, which has now gone missing. A button is discovered on the floor of the boat, but none of the suspects recognise it. The logo on the button links Tom to a bank in the UK. Humphrey, Dwayne, Florence and the suspects all fly over to England, where DI Jack Mooney assists them with their enquiries. As the team and Jack question the bank staff — Steve Thomas, Frank Henderson, Martin West and Dominic Green — they learn that Frank had a rendezvous with Tom before Tom died. Frank denies any knowledge of a meeting with Tom; Frank himself is then murdered.
First appearance of DI Jack Mooney ( Ardal O'Hanlon )
46
6
8.71
9.23
While Humphrey investigates Frank's murder in the UK, in Saint Marie JP and Selwyn learn that Tom was smuggling rum. A memory card found by the pair reveals that Steve Thomas is Tom's son. Humphrey questions Steve, who is now the prime suspect in the murder investigation, but he then learns that two other suspects were determined to prevent Frank from signing an investment deal. Humphrey manages to eliminate Steve from the investigation, and when he uncovers a hidden family link, he solves the case with Jack. After solving the mystery, Humphrey decides he is happier back living in London with Martha. Humphrey sends Jack out to Saint Marie for a holiday as a temporary replacement and he is accompanied by his daughter, Siobhán (Grace Stone).
Final appearance of DI Humphrey Goodman ( Kris Marshall )
47
7
Simon Delaney
Dana Fainaru
8.32
8.97
As Jack settles to his new life in Saint Marie, he works with the team to try and understand why tourist Tyler McCarthy ( John Ross Bowie ) has walked into the police station and claimed that he can provide an alibi for Nadine Hunter, who was imprisoned eight years ago for the murder of Julie Matlock, her employer. Jack interviews Julie's widower, Ian, and learns he was close to Nadine prior to her death. When the team learn that Julie's body has gone missing, they suffer a setback in the case, although analysis of a sound recording which includes the fatal shot from the gun which killed Julie helps Jack identify the real murderer.
48
8
8.42
8.96
The islanders on Saint Marie begin voting for their new mayor, with Dwayne on security. However, candidate Victor Pearce is murdered in one of the polling booths. Two rivals: Catherine, who is Camille's mother, and Peter Baxter become immediate suspects. Victor's son is soon also brought into the investigation when the team learn that son Kemar was his heir. Jack decides to reconstruct the crime scene in an attempt to artfully identify the killer. Jack impresses Selwyn, who offers Jack a permanent position at the police station.
Series 7 (2018)
49
1
8.17
8.79
Diane Smith falls to her death from her hotel balcony on the day of her wedding to billionaire Philip Marston. Jack is convinced Diane was murdered, as she had not put the lid back on her nail varnish before she fell from the balcony. The suspects are the uncooperative hotel manager, as well as Marston's children who devised a cunning plan to prevent their spoiled lifestyles being curtailed after the wedding. Florence injures herself when catching a suspect, putting her out of work temporarily.
50
2
8.04
8.63
The final of a poker tournament takes place in Saint Marie, with a $3 million prize for the winner. However, during the match, one of the finalists, Bobby Rodrigues, drops dead at the table. Jack initially suspects that Bobby was killed by a poisoned playing card, but he then learns that Bobby's cigar was poisoned. Suspicion falls on Bobby's closest rival, Ray Campbell, until a family secret involving Bobby and the card dealer is uncovered. With Florence confined to desk duty, Dwayne gets a temporary promotion to detective.
51
3
8.22
8.78
After he goes swimming alone one morning, author Frank (or Francis) O'Toole's body is pulled from the sea with a knife through his heart. Prior to his death, Frank argued with his agent, Larry, over his potential switch to another agent, as Frank's books were failing to sell under Larry's agency. The number one suspect is the invisible user of a hidden boat, Otis Falconer, whom Jack and the team try to track down, but find an almost non-existent record on him until Jack realises an anagram points to his identity. Elsewhere, Dwayne meets a potential new love interest but is hampered by his temporarily sharing Jack's home.
First appearance (as a recurring character) of Darlene Curtis ( Ginny Holder )
52
4
7.65
8.34
Steadman King, a well-known faith healer, returns to Saint Marie with his wife, Amelia, after 35 years away from the island. When Steadman carries out a healing on a childhood friend, terminally ill Fabienne is poisoned and dies. Jack and the team are convinced from the start that Steadman himself is responsible for the murder, but they quickly become confused when no one else from the congregation who drank from the same cup as Fabienne were poisoned. When Amelia reveals to Jack the real reason for her and Steadman's return to Saint Marie, it unearths an event involving Steadman that happened years ago.
53
5
Ian Barnes
Robert Thorogood
7.53
8.13
As Saint Marie celebrates Day of the Dead, the organiser of the charity auction at the yacht club, Daisy Anderson ( Zahra Ahmadi ), is murdered after sending a panic-stricken message to her husband, Finn. Jack and the team discover that Daisy had an affair with yacht club member Adam Warner, which Finn knew about and was filing a divorce over. However, all of the suspects in the case have alibis. After noticing a butterfly on Daisy's body which should be in hibernation, Jack is provided with a big clue over Daisy's murder.
54
6
7.38
7.94
Jack and the team are called to a spiritual retreat where the owner, Daniel Friend, is found dead. At the time of the murder, all the suspects in the case were meditating and in sight of each other. One of the suspects, Bryn Williams, an undercover journalist, planned to expose Daniel as a fraud, while other suspect Gabe had reportedly had an argument with Daniel prior to his death. The final suspect Eva had lost money to Daniel, but even though all have a motive, Jack finds it difficult to establish opportunity for any of them. When Jack learns of Daniel's criminal history, he finds out that Daniel was actually called Michael Bennett. It also proves to be a vital clue in helping the team understand why Michael was killed.
55
7
7.6
8.22
JP's old school friend, Cordell Thomas, confesses to the murder of Eugene Jones. Jack is unconvinced that Cordell killed Eugene based on the peanut that Eugene was clenching in his fist when he died. Jack and the team then find stolen belongings of former convict Charlie Blake at Eugene's house, while also learning that Eugene's sister had issues with Eugene prior to his death. Elsewhere, Dwayne celebrates his birthday with his girlfriend, Darlene, and his father, Nelson, who pays him a visit.
Note: This episode was dedicated to guest star Larrington Walker who died before his role was completed.
Departure (as a recurring character) of Darlene Curtis ( Ginny Holder )
56
8
7.19
7.85
When Billy Springer, the lead guitarist of a popular Saint Marie reggae band is murdered in his dressing room following a concert, Jack must solve a double murder, including a case that has haunted the Commissioner for 30 years. Meanwhile, Nelson Myers joins his son, Dwayne, and makes himself at home in the Caribbean.
Departure of Officer Dwayne Myers ( Danny John-Jules )
Series 8 (2019)
57
1
Stewart Svaasand
Paul Logue
8.34
8.94
Paul Raynor ( Andrew Tiernan ) is stabbed to death on a bus to Honoré. The only four possible suspects are three other passengers and the bus driver, none of whom could have possibly committed the crime without being seen by the others. As the team investigate, they soon discover that all four parties had a reason to want Raynor dead, relating to his role in the robbery of a casino fifteen years ago, leaving Jack to determine which motive prompted the murder.
58
2
7.91
8.57
Local zookeeper Xander Sheppard ( Jonathan Kerrigan ) is found shot in the back with a poisonous dart. The only plausible suspects are the other members of his staff – including his wife, brother, sister – all of whom were with each other at the time of death. As the investigation reveals ties to a rumoured death at the zoo years ago, the team must also break in their newest team member; Ruby Patterson (Shyko Amos), the commissioner's newly-graduated niece.
First appearance of Officer Ruby Patterson (Shyko Amos)
59
3
7.54
8.20
Television presenter Catrina McVey ( Kimberley Nixon ) is murdered while filming the latest episode of her travel programme on the island. Disagreements with her producer, Bill Calder ( Ron Cook ), seem to suggest a potential motive, but when Bill himself is later murdered, Jack finds himself investigating a completely new line of enquiry. Meanwhile, Florence returns from leave and announces her engagement.
60
4
7.98
8.12
Local coffee tycoon Benedict Dacre (Robert Portal) is shot dead after announcing his intention to sell the family business and retire. Jack and the team suspect that one of his relatives, jealous of intentions, pulled the trigger, but the inter-family rivalry further complicates the investigation. Meanwhile, Commissioner Patterson asks Jack to look into an illegal crab racing ring operating on the island.
61
5
7.47
8.30
The local fishing community are shocked when their festival queen, Tiana Palmer ( Nicôle Lecky ), is murdered while on her maiden boat trip around the island. Jack tries to work out how a missing loaf of bread could be connected to the murder, but matters are further complicated when Florence's fiancé Patrice (Leemore Marrett Jr.) is linked to the victim.
62
6
Jermain Julien
Roger Enstone
7.75
8.34
Tragedy strikes close to home, leaving the team in shock. With two victims now having met the fate of the same killer, Jack realises he must bring the case to a swift conclusion in order to prevent any further casualties. A new lead provides the team with a potential identity of the killer.
Departure of DS Florence Cassell ( Josephine Jobert )
63
7
7.61
8.31
Local DJ Dezzie Dixon (Terence Maynard) is murdered in a locked room during a live broadcast of his weekly radio programme. Fellow DJ Bunny Hicks (Errol Trotman-Harewood), who has long waited to step into Dezzie's shoes, soon becomes prime suspect when his alibi fails to stand up to scrutiny. But as the baffling case tests the team's puzzle-solving skills to the limit, Jack finds himself the subject of an internal affairs investigation, led by DS Madeleine Dumas (Aude Legastelois).
First appearance of DS Madeleine Dumas (Aude Legastelois)
64
8
8.09
8.56
A torrential rainstorm lashes the island, forcing three campmates and their trip leader to seek refuge. By morning, one of the campmates, Adam Renshaw ( Tristan Sturrock ), is dead; his body having been somehow dumped inside the locked police station. Jack must not only work out who the killer is, but how he or she managed to leave the victim on his doorstep.
Series 9 (2020)
65
1
8.12
8.98
On New Year's Eve, Vanessa McCormack ( Amanda Hale ) is found stabbed to death in her own home. A witness reports seeing a masked man, disguised as "le diable" (the devil), fleeing the scene. Hours later, the victim's brother-in-law, Donald ( Samuel West ), is attacked by the same assailant, but survives. Jack and the team must work out how the two cases are linked.
66
2
7.62
8.60
Renowned artist Donna Harman ( Louise Brealey ) is found poisoned in her studio, having seemingly ingested an energy drink laced with cyanide. Aside from the victim, nobody else had access to either the drink or the studio prior to her death - so just how did the killer strike? Meanwhile, Jack's romance with Anna ( Nina Wadia ) continues to blossom during a boat trip.
67
3
7.45
8.28
Cyclist Xavier Prince is found dead after seemingly plunging from a ravine during the Tour des Antilles. All signs point towards a tragic accident, except from a strip of fabric from a team shirt found at the scene - that didn't belong to the victim. Elsewhere, Jack tries to convince Anna to remain on Saint-Marie, but she has other plans for their blossoming romance.
68
4
Paulette Randall
Will Fisher
7.43
8.31
While investigating the case of a man found dead in a boat, Jack has to consider whether to accept Anna's offer to join her on her trip or remain on Saint Marie. In the end, with the case solved, Jack decides not to take up Anna's offer, but learning that his daughter has graduated prompts him to return to London and his old life, having decided that his time on the island has been more the result of him running away from his life rather than moving on.
Final appearance of DI Jack Mooney ( Ardal O'Hanlon )
69
5
"Switcharoo"
7.69
8.44
As the team investigate an apparent suicide at a hotel, they are forced to call in DI Neville Parker, a detective who suffers from several serious allergies, only for Parker to determine that the 'suicide' is actually a murder, despite the fact that there is no way for the killer to have left the room as both the room door and bathroom door were locked from the inside.
First appearance of DI Neville Parker ( Ralf Little )
70
6
8.04
8.48
The team investigate the death of a survival instructor. He was found dead in the woods while giving a training course on a small deserted island off the coast of Saint Marie. During the investigation DI Parker manages to make himself very unpopular with the commissioner. The team however, slowly start to appreciate his skills in solving a murder.
71
7
7.18
8.00
A hairdresser is found dead in her own salon. Three other people were present, but none of them saw or heard anything. Why was the washing machine switched on a couple of minutes after the murder took place? And where is the murder weapon? DI Parker's annoying habits get on everyone's nerves. He believes lizard Harry is the cause of a new rash he developed, so Harry has to go. This doesn't go entirely to plan...
72
8
Jennie Darnell
James Hall
6.77
7.49
A blind actress is the only witness to her husband's murder. But can she really be trusted?
Final appearances of DS Madeleine Dumas (Aude Legastelois) and Officer Ruby Patterson (Shyko Amos)
Series 10 (2021)
73
1
8.42
9.15
A TV reporter about to broadcast an expose on a prominent Saint Marie broadcaster is found dead in her swimming pool. DI Parker is convinced her co-host Garfield Tourné is responsible but at the time he was live on air interviewing his daughter. DS Cassell returns to the island to take up the vacant detective sergeant's position offered by Commissioner Patterson who does not mention Parker's idiosyncrasies for fear she would not accept. The commissioner keeps the team up-to-date on the whereabouts of Officer Ruby Patterson, who departed to Paris with DS Madeleine Dumas, however informs the team she will be extending her hiatus indefinitely.
Return of DS Florence Cassell ( Joséphine Jobert )
74
2
7.71
8.50
An archaeologist is poisoned with arsenic during a dig and Parker soon has a suspect who confesses, however evidence points to her not being the culprit. The owners of the land also fall under suspicion as they were against the dig. The problem for Parker was how was the arsenic ingested, with no suspect evidence being found. The Commissioner advertises for a new officer and Sergeant Hooper is shocked at his choice of Marlon Pryce whom he knows only too well.
First appearance of Marlon Pryce ( Tahj Miles )
75
3
7.87
8.80
A lottery winner, Cherry Jackson, is found dead in her garden by her visiting friend who herself is knocked unconscious by someone in the house. JP arrives with the friend's husband only to find out that the body has disappeared. Parker suspects the victim's husband who has an alibi provided by his pregnant lover. When the body of Jackson is found at sea in a fishing net the only clue is a shoelace in the pocket. It's the anniversary of the death of Florence's fiancée and JP's wife's pregnancy is a week overdue.
76
4
8.07
8.79
DI Parker is admitted to hospital after having a severe allergic reaction to a sandfly bite. While in hospital a nurse working in his ward apparently commits suicide with a drug overdose during the night in a locked room. Parker, though unwell, is not convinced it was suicide, and investigates, with his suspects the doctor, the patients with him in the ward, the nurse's brother who is due to inherit a legacy from a dying patient in the bed opposite Parker, and the brother's ex-girlfriend. A misplaced breakfast and an annoying frog outside the hospital croaking through a vent give him the answer.
77
5
8.38
9.18
Concert Pianist Pasha Verdinikov is shot dead, while composing in his piano room. However all the suspects - Pasha's wife, Grace, their gardener, Delford, Pasha's son, Joseph, and their housekeeper, Maggie - alibi each other. The initials "A.S", found wiped in blood on a piano stool, are an important clue and lead to Aidan Shawcross, who supposedly died in a road accident two decades earlier and who had a one night stand with Grace; yet his fingerprints are on the gun that killed Pasha. The case necessitates DS Cassell going to London. Catherine, who knows the family, is attacked in her own home. Commissioner Patterson calls her daughter Camille serving in the Paris police and was a DS at St Marie.
Guest appearance of DS Camille Bordey ( Sara Martins )
78
6
8.62
9.35
Catherine from her hospital bed tells Neville she spoke to Pasha at the harbour. Following that lead takes the team, DS Camille Bordey standing in for Cassell, to the neighbouring island of Sainte Hélène and a hospice with the bedridden Aidan Shawcross dying of cancer; leaving the problem, who was buried 20 years ago killed by Pasha and Aidan to fake Aidan's death. Identifying the body will explain the murder of Pasha and a microwave explains the how. Things take a turn for the worse for Catherine in hospital which Camille finds difficult to handle, and she hallucinates DI Richard Poole who was murdered on the island.
Guest appearance of DS Camille Bordey ( Sara Martins )
Cameo appearance of DI Richard Poole ( Ben Miller )
79
7
7.75
8.37
Skip Marsden is found with his dinghy on a beach with a harpoon in his chest 11 miles from where his boat was moored at sea by a buoy with four well-to-do drunken stag party members, one a spoiled young viscount soon to be married, on board. Parker and the team have to determine how Marsden ended up on the beach when his dinghy was inoperable and GPS confirmed his boat had never moved. Another problem was Marsden had dog hairs in his throat from his dog that had died two months previously. The discovery that Marsden was a drug smuggler using the fixed buoy as a drug drop complicated the crime further and a fifth person was interested in the whereabouts of the drugs.
Broadcast on Friday, as opposed to Thursday, due to an FA Cup fixture.
80
8
Toby Frow
Julie Dixon
8.19
8.77
Emmet Peterson staggers into the police station wearing a bloodstained shirt, carrying a pistol and believing that he has shot dead his best friend, businesswoman, Gardenia Dujon. Parker has his doubts after finding a crayon at the scene of the crime. Delving into Dujon's past leads to the death of her young son 15 years previously and also to blackmailer, Tarone Vincent, that her paranoid husband and 21 year old daughter only knew as a former employee. Blue varnish on the finger guard of the pistol and pictures taken at the crime scene give Parker the answer. Sergeant Hooper accepts a promotion, but a cloud hangs over the team when Trainee Officer Pryce is provoked into assaulting Vincent. Catherine prods Parker to take action regarding his feelings for Florence.
Final regular appearance of Sergeant JP Hooper (Tobi Bakare)
Christmas Special (2021)
81
7.93
8.76
Phillip Carlton, a wealthy shipping magnate, is found dead on the beach at a Christmas party, apparently shooting himself. Things get stranger when a London cab driver, Colin Babcock, receives a Christmas card from Saint Marie claiming Carlton was murdered. This prompts Commissioner Patterson to order Detective Parker, who was about to return home to Manchester for Christmas, to investigate the family. The Commissioner also recruits retired officer Dwayne Myers to assist while Detective Sergeant Cassell is away spending time with her family. Suspects include Carlton's wife, her lover, his former wife, Carlton's daughter, and his long term employee Bruce Garrett. Things are complicated when Colin Babcock turns up in Saint Marie with the Christmas card and an attempt on his life is made. While on a video call to Florence, Neville asks her out but the computer screen freezes, which prevents him from seeing her reaction.
Guest appearance of Officer Dwayne Myers ( Danny John-Jules )
Series 11 (2022)
82
1
8.25
9.19
Gabriel Taylor is found dead, stabbed, by a telephone box in the middle of nowhere. Parker and the team discover it was the last stage of an elaborate hostage scheme. Taylor's daughter had been kidnapped and he had followed the kidnappers' instructions to the letter and his daughter was released. The phone box was the location for the final confirmation of her release after dropping off the money. Parker has to delve into the family history of a deeply religious father, a mother who was a drug user and served a prison term, a daughter and her boyfriend who was disliked by the parents, and from the mother's past a just, after 10 years, released prisoner who was her boyfriend and drug dealer and blames Taylor for his imprisonment. Florence tells Neville she cares for him but wants to be just good friends. After the mystery has been solved the team is shocked by the news that one of the innocent suspects, Otis, has been shot dead in Jamaica.
First appearance of Sergeant Naomi Thomas (Shantol Jackson)
83
2
7.66
8.78
Bradley Faircroft, brother to Connor Faircroft visits him on St. Marie. Connor, his wife Holly, and their son Jake own a golf course with islander Desreta as the head. Desreta overhears Connor and Bradley fighting, and Holly later receives a phone call from Bradley where he at first talks about Connor, then starts talking to Connor - begging him to put something down before clearly being hit multiple times. Holly and Jake rush out to find Bradley struck over the head, and when the police arrive they find a bloodied golf club in Connor's locked locker. However, Connor was caught on CCTV throughout the entire phone call, so who actually killed Bradley Faircroft and is framing his brother? Meanwhile, Neville is finding it difficult to keep a good working relationship with Florence after they agree to stay friends causing him to postpone Naomi's induction and Naomi also discovers Marlon is a young offender. Florence is also considered for an undercover mission to discover who killed Otis.
84
3
7.81
8.68
High-profile media influencer Zach Ogilvy organises a group parachute jump to welcome new company member Alessa. Zach insists on jumping over a point with high wind risk, but ends up jumping by himself after the others refuse to take the chance. They jump safely back to base, then call the police when Zach doesn't reply when they call him. A honeymoon couple sees his body in a tree - stabbed to death. With him being too high from the ground for any murderer to reach, and a video catching Zach jumping from the plane, then the only apparent possibility is that he was stabbed in mid-air and so the sky becomes their crime scene. Meanwhile, Florence is chosen to go undercover looking after the daughter of Miranda Priestley, the leader of a drug operation. However, she is scared to take it, her fear stemming from the one place she never wanted to return - to where she was shot.
85
4
7.55
8.41
Florence has successfully infiltrated the inner circle of Miranda Priestley ( Victoria Ekanoye ) by posing as Celeste, a babysitter for the young Dolores. Unexpectedly, Miranda arranges for them, along with Miranda's sister Karin, to return to St Marie and visit a man named Harley Joseph. Florence witnesses Miranda and Harley arguing and then is woken by a gunshot during the night but is confronted by Miranda and told to get back to bed. The next day Harley is found dead and the team is forced to investigate while not breaking Florence's cover.
Final regular appearance of DS Florence Cassell ( Joséphine Jobert )
86
5
7.36
8.31
Ayana ( Olivia d'Lima ) is a famous singer and former drug addict, now clean and in rehab. Ayana is found dead in her room after having an allergic reaction to aspirin which had been given to her instead of her usual medication. Darlene Curtis, Dwayne's ex-girlfriend and friend of Selwyn's, is revealed to be the one who supposedly mixed up the meds despite aspirin not being handed out. Not believing Darlene killed Ayana, the team looks to the other suspects: her mother, her doctor, other patients and her mysterious stalker. Meanwhile, Neville's sister Izzy ( Kate O'Flynn ) makes a surprise visit to the island and Naomi is temporarily promoted to DS after Florence's departure, but wonders what would happen if she could stay DS permanently.
Return (as a regular character) of Darlene Curtis ( Ginny Holder )
87
6
7.15
8.01
A group of people, including Eve Wilding, are visiting St Marie to scatter the ashes of their friend. While at the hotel, Eve goes outside and phones the police, reporting a murder. When Neville and the team arrive they find Eve strangled and dumped in the pool, Naomi is able to resuscitate her although she remains unconscious. The team are left wondering whose murder she was attempting to report and what happened as the only way to reach the pool was through the room, and the suspects never left each other's sight. Meanwhile, Neville is still annoyed with his sister Izzy's presence on the island and Darlene becomes distracted by someone not having their wedding table toppers being delivered, but discovers something which may blow the case wide open.
88
7
7.36
8.16
A reggae rap star 'T' or Trenton Isaac is putting on a show in St Marie, his support act Deshawn is onstage when he notices someone backstage, the person pulls out a gun and turns off the lights. When the lights come back on, Trenton has been shot in the head with surprising accuracy. The mysterious figure is soon identified and known to have an accomplice, Marlon is shocked when he finds out that they were one of his old friends. Meanwhile, Neville struggles with Izzy's decision to have the baby on Saint Marie without telling the father she's pregnant and asks Catherine to help her.
89
8
7.08
7.89
A famous chess player, who mysteriously dropped out of chess several year prior, is murdered on his returning chess match in front of a crowd. The group are pressured by the publicity of the situation. Possible suspects include the arbiter, the opposing player, a close friend, and a journalist. The journalist happens to be Commissioner Patterson's ex-wife, Maggie Harper ( Orla Brady ), and reveals a secret that will change his life forever. Neville also tries online dating.
Christmas Special 2022
90
7.82
When a true crime writer comes to work on a missing child case that was one of the commissioner's first assignments as a police officer, she is found dead in the swamp where the child vanished, and a recording suggests that she was killed by the missing boy's ghost. Meanwhile, Neville faces a lonely Christmas when his sister gives birth and their mother goes to her rather than coming to the island. Due to their luggage being mixed up, Neville meets Sophie Chambers (Chelsea Edge), an English tourist to the island. Britbox lists this episode as #100 by mistake.
Series 12 (2023)
91
1
7.70
As a group of astronomers witness a rare stellar event on a cliff, one of the group falls to his death while they're watching the moment through their telescopes. The evidence suggests suicide, as the investigation reveals that the man was being accused of plagiarism of his most famous theory, but the discovery of a half-finished crossword puzzle in the dead man's pocket contradicts the idea that he planned to kill himself, leaving the detectives questioning how someone could have pushed the man over the cliff without anyone else hearing it.
92
2
7.84
A member of a local preppers commune, Kit Martin, is poisoned in a locked bunker. No one else knew Martin was going to the bunker, and the camera did not show anyone entering until the team arrived, so suicide was a prevailing theory. The team find Raya West digging the grave of Luna Jones whom she had accidentally shot and killed. DI Neville Parker continues dating Sophie, including causing a jet ski accident. The murderer is revealed to be Charlie Banks, who passed a cup of coffee with cyanide down to Martin in a blind spot of the camera Banks installed. West is charged with manslaughter. The commissioner discourages Marlon Pryce from entering for the Sergeants exam as premature, but Pryce plans to proceed anyway because DS Naomi Thomas called him a wild card. Parker says goodbye to Sophie, while Justin West watches.
93
3
Steve Brett
7.32
Estate Agent Cheryl Horner is found dead on a boat after the other passengers had gone to land. The team quickly discover that Cheryl was a con artist with ties to each of the other passengers, however they all have air tight alibis. Neville misses Sophie, who has left the island, going on an obsessive cleaning spree. Marlon attempts to impress the Commissioner, so he won't have to study for exams, by stopping a cigarette smuggling ring. Neville seeks help from his old friend, detective Andy, who is struggling back in the UK. At the end of the episode, it's revealed he has arrived at Saint Marie with important news.
94
4
7.28
Naomi returns to her home island of St Barnabas for her best friend's wedding, when the father of the bride wanders into the afterparty with a knife in his chest, accusing his ex-wife and mother of the bride. However, she is caught on video when the murder happened. The team goes to St Barnabas and teams up with the police force there to discover who in the wedding party is the killer. Meanwhile, back on Saint Marie, Catherine tries to help the Commissioner reconnect with his daughter.
95
5
Leon Lopez
Tom Nash
7.25
A celebration of a local children's home ends in tragedy when one of its most famous former residents is found dead. One of the staff claims responsibility, but the investigation soon reveals that the matter is not that simple. Meanwhile, the Commissioner's attempts to connect with his daughter prove complicated. Neville and Sophie resume their romance when she returns to the island to live with him for a month, but when they arrive at the Shack they find there has been an intruder.
96
6
Angela de Chastelai Smith
6.89
When Jake Dalton (Ben Tavassoli), a water taxi driver, is murdered just moments after Neville receives a letter warning him a murder is about to take place, evidence points towards criminologist David Cartwright, albeit circumstantial. As his emotions begin to get the better of him, Neville becomes frustrated and storms round to confront him, and just moments later, Cartwright is subsequently found stabbed to death. With only one clear explanation for how the murder was committed, the team have no choice but to arrest Neville - but does the beloved detective really have it in him to commit murder?
97
7
Angela de Chastelai Smith
7.10
DI Karen Flitcroft ( Jaye Griffiths ) is brought in to investigate Neville's involvement in the murder of David Cartwright, but the team are convinced of his innocence. Selwyn leads an investigation to find who the real killer might be, and uncovers a web of misdeeds, including the discovery of Justin West ( Robert Webb ) being the one who broke into Neville's home, and DC Andrew Buckley (Kent Riley) trying to escape investigation from the DPS by hiding out on Saint Marie. At the eleventh hour, incarcerated and facing trial, both Neville and the team finally work out the killer's identity.
98
8
7.17
A murder is committed, apparently right under DI Parker's nose. Neville undergoes a crisis of confidence, built upon his previous failure to recognise Sophie's duplicity, and tells the commissioner he intends to leave. Neville visits Sophie in prison, where he asks if any of their relationship had been "real"; she says she never had romantic feelings for him but had come to like the character she pretended to be when she was with him, so in that sense he'd made her happy. This allows him enough closure to enable him to concentrate on the current case. Ultimately, Neville realises how the murder was carried out, and the team arrest the guilty party. Satisfied, Neville agrees to stay on Saint Marie.
Note: This is the final episode of the 12th series ahead of the spin-off series, Beyond Paradise , broadcast on the same day.
Christmas Special 2023
99
6.61
Marketing manager Debbie Clumson ( Bronagh Waugh ) flies out to Saint Marie to spend Christmas with her employers, the wealthy Stableforth family. But no sooner has she arrived, the head of the household, Gerald ( Geoff Bell ), dies after falling into a ravine in what appears to be a freak accident, and a short while later, Debbie disappears. With a complex case on their hands, and little evidence to suggest a motive for either crime, Neville is perplexed; while the arrival of his mum Melanie ( Doon Mackichan ) further complicates matters. Meanwhile, Marlon and Naomi share an unexpected kiss at the Commissioner's Christmas party.
Series 13 (2024)
100
1
4 February 2024 (2024-02-04)
7.66
A celebration of fifty years police service takes an unexpected turn for Commissioner Patterson when he is shot at the local Yacht Club. Evidence initially points to an Alton Garvey, but despite a phone call from the man himself admitting to the crime, no motive is apparent. The only suspects are Jacqueline St Clair ( Cathy Tyson ), a lifelong friend of the Commissioner; her husband, who suspected her of having an affair, and Marlon Collins ( Sean Maguire ), the Yacht Club manager - an old adversary of the Saint Marie police force, a corrupt criminal.
During this special episode, Catherine is seen alongside her daughter, Camille, who is giving birth, while Neville Parker and Marlon Pryce had Facetimed them to see if she knew about Marlon Collins' past after having several convictions. There is also a brief flashback to the series' first episode when Collins was arrested by DI Charlie Hulme and Sergeant Lily Thompson. Camille gives Neville a nudge, telling him to go for what he wants in life while he can. At the end, Neville opens one of his drawers and takes out a photo of DS Florence Cassell with her puppy. The scene confirms Neville still has feelings for Florence.
Guest appearance of DS Camille Bordey ( Sara Martins )
101
2
7.43
The stabbing of former charity leader Nancy Martin ( Hayley Mills ) at a local retirement home leads Neville and the team into an extremely complex case, involving the thirty-year old theft of £5,000,000 from a violent British gang, and the disappearance of the man responsible. The only suspects are the victim's adopted daughter, her former PA and a "long lost cousin", Eloise Mirie ( Juliet Cowan ), who turns out to be a corrupt Flying Squad detective - but none appear to have had the opportunity to commit the crime. Meanwhile, the commissioner struggles to return to active duty after his shooting, and Darlene arranges a double date night for herself and Naomi.
102
3
6.96
Famous chef Stanley Drake is poisoned and dies when talking to Andrina Harper Patterson, Selwyn's daughter, after a cooking competition which had showed various hopefuls who wanted to win the competition. The team, however, are left confounded when they realise that the victim didn't consume anything that day that the contestants hadn't consumed themselves. This eventually leads to 3 out of the 4 suspects being found to have plotted to murder Drake after he sexually assaulted all three of them in the past. During the episode, Catherine reunites with Lucky, an old friend in Saint Marie who abandoned her 30 years ago. Despite the estrangement, Catherine insists she would help Lucky and the others receive a lenient sentence. Selwyn is pleased when Andrina tells him she is writing an expose on Drake, designed to encourage other victims of his to come forward.
Marlon tells Neville to 'nuke' his blog, but just as Neville is about to press delete, he gets his first like and comment from SunsetChaser, who Neville starts to talk to over social media. However, Marlon is concerned for him. Naomi tells Marlon about her karaoke night out with Darlene and another person.
103
4
25 February 2024 (2024-02-25)
7.30
After an island-wide blackout causes chaos in Honoré, Neville and the team investigate what caused it, leading them to a substation, where they discover the electrocuted body of Ellis Baxter, a former tech genius from the UK. During their investigations, they visit the computer repair shop where Ellis worked, which leads them to discover a secretly-hidden world of cryptocurrency. With cryptocurrency mining at the heart of the case, Neville realises that this was no accident. The only issue is the team's three likely suspects were together at the time of the blackout. So if Ellis was murdered, who was responsible?
104
5
7.01
Marlon receives a mysterious phone call from his old boss, who sounds badly injured as he begs him for help. It's a blast from his criminal past, and someone he's not spoken to since joining the police force. But when he hurries over to find out what's wrong, Marlon is horrified to find his former boss lying dead - having been shot, the only witness to the incident being a parrot. Marlon is then knocked out by an unknown assailant. Marlon becomes determined to solve the case, insistent that - although his former boss dabbled in criminality - he wasn't a 'bad guy'. But when the team uncovers two potential suspects, they find themselves at a stalemate: one suspect with every opportunity but no motive, and the other with every motive but a rock-solid alibi. Meanwhile, Marlon's sister Jocelyn wins a scholarship but it is in Jamaica and Marlon feels obliged to move there with her. Marlon, who wants to continue in policing, is disappointed to find there is currently no available position in the police force there. The Commissioner goes to Jamaica and is joined by Sergeant JP Hooper; together they manage to secure an immediate position for Marlon in the Jamaican police force.
Final appearance of Officer Marlon Pryce ( Tahj Miles )
Guest appearance of Sergeant JP Hooper (Tobi Bakare)
105
6
7.35
At a swish (high-end) resort on the island of Saint Marie, Cora Blyth ( Gabrielle Glaister ) is celebrating with her husband Joe ( John Gordon Sinclair ) along with their daughter, Holly ( Ellise Chappell ) and her husband Sam. The next morning, Joe leaves Cora alive in a lift, and she arrives at the reception floor stabbed to death. A mysterious woman, Lexi Reece tries to enter the crime scene and is pursued by Darlene and Dwayne.
To help with the increasing workload, the Commissioner introduces Officer Dwayne Myers back into the force, to a frosty reception from Darlene. Elsewhere in the episode, Neville talks to Zoe about the chance of them being back together before this is later dismissed as impossible. Neville plans to leave Saint Marie and find love, inspired by Zoe. After the team arrest Cora's killers and Holly finds her biological mother, Lexi ( Ronni Ancona ), Commissioner Patterson gets an unexpected phone call from Florence Cassell, who has been living on the neighbouring island of Saint Auguste under a witness protection scheme. She explains that she is out of witness protection after two years and is heading back to Saint Marie.
Returns of Officer Dwayne Myers ( Danny John-Jules ) and DS Florence Cassell ( Joséphine Jobert )
106
7
Leon Lopez
James Hall
7.26
A group of "friends", namely Amelia Templeton ( Emma Sidi ), Hugo Kingsley ( Tyrone Huntley ) and Barney Keats ( Will Hislop ), led by Cressida Dempsey, arrive at the Caribbean island of St Auguste for a holiday to capture moments for their online followers. Another guest, Abigail Warner (Eve Ponsonby), checks in alone and plans to confront her bullies and expose their true colours. However, things take a dark turn when she is found floating dead in the hotel pool. Florence, who had her witness protection status terminated just hours before Abigail's murder, is put in charge of the case in St Auguste, working with Dwayne and Darlene, while back in Saint Marie, Neville and Naomi are also working on the case.
107
8
Leon Lopez
James Hall
7.47
While Neville planned to travel and look for his soulmate on a plane to Dominica, one of the passengers, Kurt Henderson ( Calvin Demba ), is murdered. DI Parker chooses to come back for one final case to solve while he comes to realization that Florence may be his true love and must get to the yacht she is scheduled to board before it's too late.
Final appearances of DS Florence Cassell ( Joséphine Jobert ) and DI Neville Parker ( Ralf Little )
Christmas Special 2024
108
7.22
A tourist dressed as Santa Claus is murdered at the hotel where he and his fiancée are staying, witnessed only by a young child from his hotel room window. The situation is complicated when another man dressed as Santa is killed by the same gun in his home, at seemingly the exact same time. A final man dressed as Santa Claus is shot at but survives, at the same time as well, and is sent into protection with an annoyed Dwayne, who wants to spend time with his father. Irate holidaying detective inspector Mervin Wilson is on an early plane home, when his superior calls instructing him to solve the case. Mervin is determined to leave Saint Marie as soon as possible and annoys the team with his 'rude' behaviour.
First appearance of DI Mervin Wilson ( Don Gilet )
Final appearance of Officer Dwayne Myers (Danny John-Jules)
Series 14 (2025)
109
1
6.36
Dwayne's replacement police officer and JP's prodigy, Benjamin Brice, is found dead on his first day of work in an assumed biking accident. Mervin happens to pass the crime scene whilst heading to the airport, and becomes intrigued by the case, especially when clues begin to point to murder. Darlene and Naomi clash with Mervin over his persistent complaints about life on Saint Marie. Mervin begins to believe his birth mother, who died in an accident shortly before his arrival on the island, was murdered, spurring him to stay on the island after the case is solved.
Guest appearance of Sergeant JP Hooper (Tobi Bakare)
110
2
TBD
Darlene and Naomi rejoice in receiving a new Detective Inspector, only to learn Mervin has signed a three month contract. His first official case is the murder of a finalist on an English adventure game show, who is stabbed mid-zipwire whilst crossing the finishing line. Brice's replacement is officer Sebastian Rose, whose enthusiastic behavior irks Mervin. Meanwhile, Mervin attempts to secretly investigate his mothers death, to the ire of the Commissioner.
First appearance of Officer Sebastian Rose ( Shaquille Ali-Yebuah )
111
3
TBD
A wellness business owner suffers an allergic reaction at the launch of her new skincare product, and Mervin suspects it was murder due to her precautions in place with the food and drink. Darlene is annoyed with Sebastian after he fails his first few jobs of shutting down a party and going undercover to buy drugs. The Commissioner struggles with the information of new budget cuts, and the possible removal of his job. Mervin, now with the aid of Naomi, investigates his mother's death.
112
4
21 February 2025 (2025-02-21)
TBD
Whilst negotiating the sale of the local distillery, the current owner is fatally poisoned whilst the other three - his sister, the new owner, and her son, are also poisoned non-fatally. Mervin recognizes the victim as having placed a silent phone call to him several days prior, and begins to suspect he was murdered. Meanwhile, Mervin - disillusioned after finding proof his mother's death was an accident - buys an air conditioner spends all his free time watching Match Of The Day , causing Naomi to try and show him his mothers favorite restaurant. Sebastian teams with Catherine to try and save the Commissioner's job.
113
5
External links
List of Death in Paradise episodes
| 2,201 |
286 | where is tv series death in paradise filmed | https://virginradio.co.uk/tv-film/111061/where-is-death-in-paradise-filmed-inside-the-hit-tv-shows-stunning-french-location | Virgin Radio
BBC’s
Death in Paradise has left viewers dreaming of a holiday in the sun since it began in 2011 (hopefully without the murders though).
It is famous for stunning scenery and crystal blue waters.
If the show has you browsing for holiday listings, here is all you need to know.
Where is Death In Paradise filmed?
The programme is filmed in Guadeloupe, a group of five islands in the southern Caribbean Sea, that are shaped like a butterfly.
The French overseas region is located in the Lesser Antilles between Dominica and Antigua.
Death in Paradise is set on the fictional island of Saint Marie, in a town named Honoré.
The town’s real name is Deshaies, and some of its restaurants, hotels, and attractions regularly feature in the programme.
One of the stars, Ralf Little, recently filmed a run-in with some creepy-crawlies on set.
He posted a video on Instagram and captioned it: "Surprise guests in the shack! Would you still want to spend a night here?"
He explained: "Just moved a bit of furniture in the shack," before panning to show the bugs.
"That's why I don't wanna stay here."
Are the Death In Paradise locations real?
The police station seen in the show is actually a church hall, with the priest’s office disguised as an incident room.
The idyllic Anse de la Perle Beach is where the detectives’ shack is situated. The set has to be put in storage between shoots to stop it from being washed away by the tide in the winter months. Indeed, lead actor Ralf Little explained as much in an Instagram Q&A.
The star, who plays DI Neville Parker, said: "We build it every year and then take it down again when it's finished. So if you do want to see it and see us here, you need to come to Guadeloupe between May to end of October.”
He added: “And it is hot, I have to warn you.”
Every time the characters grab a drink in Catherine’s Bar whilst solving a case, they are in fact in a real restaurant called Le Madras.
Some of the scenes are shot at The Langley Fort Royal Hotel, where members of the cast and crew stay during the filming process.
The Zoo de Guadeloupe, which is half an hour away from Deshaies, is home to 85 different Caribbean and Guyana species, including toucans, raccoons, and crocodiles. But in series eight of Death in Paradise, it was used as a murder scene.
Dashaies Botanical Gardens can be found a mile south of the town. This is where the show’s first detective inspector, Richard Poole (Ben Miller), was murdered. This scene was filmed in a private villa inside the gardens, which can be hired out for €2000 a week.
Why does Death In Paradise film in Guadeloupe?
In an interview with Hello! Magazine, executive producer Tim Key explained why he and Emma Kelly decided to film the show in Guadeloupe. He said: “It looks beautiful but also it's not overdeveloped, it's not a very modern Caribbean island, nor is it less developed.
“It's just right for us.”
Filming for the 13th series began on 2nd May, 2023. The official Death in Paradise Instagram account celebrated this by posting a photo of a clapperboard submerged in a pool.
The caption stated: “We're back in Guadeloupe with a splash! Today was our first day of filming series 13 of #DeathInParadise!”
In his Instagram Q&A , Ralf Little explained that "October 27th is our last day filming, and that will be that for this series of Death in Paradise.”
Want to find out more about the upcoming series? Check out everything we know so far .
All episodes of Death in Paradise are available to stream on BBC iPlayer.
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Where is ‘Death in Paradise’ Filmed? Inside the filming locations of the hit BBC show
Take a trip to the island of ‘murders and mojitos’
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To call the BBC/France 2’s ‘Death in Paradise’ a hit show is a bit like calling an unexpected all-expenses-paid midwinter trip to the Caribbean ‘a nice change of scenery’: it’s true, but it hardly does the thing justice. Recently marking its 100th episode, the escapist crime comedy is into its thirteenth season, with huge audiences in the UK and France and a successful spin-off in ‘Beyond Paradise’ that’s also racking up the ratings. The new season is again set on the fictional Antilles island of Saint Marie, where its perfectly judged mix of crime procedural and gentle humour will be backdropped by the sparkling waters and some lush Caribbean scenery. Saint Marie is such a fixture now, it has its own Wikipedia page, but where was the island actually recreated by the show’s cast and crew? Here’s where the magic happens.
Photograph: Shutterstock‘Death in Paradise’ is filmed on the island of Guadeloupe
Where is Death in Paradise filmed?
The series is filmed on the island of Guadeloupe, an archipelago of six inhabited islands in the southern Caribbean. ‘Death in Paradise’s main seaside setting, St Honoré, is actually the picturesque fishing village of Deshaies in the north eastern corner of Guadeloupe. Honoré Police station, where much of the action takes place, is filmed at Church of St Peter and St Paul in Deshaies.
Photograph: ShutterstockLe Madras in Deshaies stands in for Catherine’s Bar
Where is Catherine’s Bar?
‘Death in Paradise’s bar, where refreshing beverages are consumed on a regular basis in the show, is actually a beachfront bar called Le Madras on Rue de La Vague Bleue in Deshaies. The TripAdvisor reviews veer from the gushing to a few sniffier comments about how the spot’s newfound popularity is impacting service. But with mojitos and photo opps on offer, honestly, what’s not to love?
Le Madras is actually the second location used for Catherine’s Bar. Back in the show’s early days, a nearby restaurant called La Kaz du Douanier was the setting for those scenes. You won’t find it on the beach, though. Unlike its successor, it’s set back from the seafront on a road running through the town – which might explain the switch of locations.
Photograph: BBC / Red Planet / Denis GuyenonHonoré Police station is filmed at Deshaies’ Church of St Peter and St Paul
Can you visit the filming locations?
Catch a flight to Guadeloupe’s Pointe-à-Pitre International Airport and the pretty fishing village of Deshaies is just an hour’s cab ride to the west. There’s a few unofficial ‘Death in Paradise’ tours on offer, although any long-time fans shouldn’t have too much trouble finding selfie spots outside their favourite locations.
Photograph: BBC / Red Planet Pictures / Denis GuyenonCommissioner Selwyn Patterson (Don Warrington) celebrating five decades’ policing in season 13
Who’s in the cast for Death in Paradise?
Ralf Little is DI Neville Parker, now the show’s longest-serving expat detective, with fellow police officers Marlon Pryce (Tahj Miles), DS Naomi Thomas (Shantol Jackson) helping solve the
They all report to Commissioner Selwyn Patterson (Don Warrington), another veteran cop. Season 13 will see him targeted by a mysterious assassin while at a party celebrating his five decades on the force. Catherine Bordey (Elizabeth Bourgine) is the island’s mayor and owner of Catherine’s Bar, and mum to top detective Camille Bordey (Sara Martins). And then there’s rascally new recruit Marlon Pryce (Tahj Miles). It’s a beefy police force at St Honoré, but then, there are corpses galore on this lovely island.
Photograph: BBC / Red Planet / Amelia TroubridgeDI Neville Parker (Ralf Little) tipping his toes in the crime-y waters of Saint Marie
Mixed, tbf. While there’s been praise for the show’s longevity and comforting qualities, the consensus is that the centenary episode rather fumble the cake. ‘“Death in Paradise”'s milestone episode had all the ingredients it needed to be a special, celebratory chapter in the show's history but somehow managed to fumble its execution,’ writes Digital Spy .
But there was also praise for the easy joys of this sun-soaked ‘comfy crime’ series. ‘“Death in Paradise” is a televisual shepherd’s pie,’ writes The Guardian . ‘Old-fashioned comfort food that combines nostalgia with nourishment.’
‘It was, in many ways, vintage “Death in Paradise”,’ agreed The Daily Telegraph , ‘lovely tropical views, gentle comedy, terrible attempts at Caribbean accents, jeopardy so low that the NHS could prescribe a weekly episode to combat hypertension.’‘If you thought too much about it, you’d get really quite irritated at all the flaws and inconsistencies in the story,’ notes The Independent .
Where can I watch season 13 of Death in Paradise?
The new season started airing on BBC One and BBC iPlayer in the UK on Sunday, February 4, with new episodes launching every week. In the US, the show will start streaming on BritBox from February 15.
What happens in the spin-off show, Beyond Paradise?
The BBC show’s hit spinoff stars ‘Love Actually’s Kris Marshall as a policeman, DI Humphrey Goodman, who decamped from Saint-Marie in season six of ‘Death in Paradise’ to the significantly chillier shores of Devon . Crimes continue to be solved under Goodman’s watchful eye, as the fictional town of Shipton Abbott turns out to be rather awash with ne’er-do-wells, but the series has brought romance, too, as Goodman and his on-off fiancée Martha Lloyd (Sally Bretton) forge a life together and try not to miss the Caribbean too much.
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286 | where is tv series death in paradise filmed | https://www.ontheluce.com/death-in-paradise-locations-guadeloupe/ | Posted on Last updated:
January 9, 2025
Where is TV series Death in Paradise filmed? Discover the real-life Saint Marie island on a tour of Death in Paradise locations around Deshaies on the island of Guadeloupe in the French Caribbean.
* This site contains affiliate links , where I get a small commission from purchases at no extra cost to you.
Outside the rain’s lashing down, the wind’s blowing a gale and the temperature is well below freezing. So you turn on the TV to be greeted with sunny skies, sandy beaches, palm trees and colourful streets (plus a dead body or two, but we’ll skate over that bit).
On air during the worst of the British winter, it’s no wonder the BBC TV series Death in Paradise has become so popular, with its 14th series hitting UK TV screens in 2025.
Yes this series about a slightly bumbling British detective solving murders on a Caribbean island might be a little bit formulaic – and you do have to wonder how many people can possibly be knocked off on one tiny island. But when it’s cold and grey outside, Death in Paradise is like a dose of virtual sunshine being beamed into your living room.
Death in Paradise filming locations
Deshaies, main filming location for the show
Where is Death in Paradise filmed?
The series is set on the Caribbean island of Saint Marie, which supposedly lies just off the coast of Guadeloupe . But you’ll have trouble tracking it down on any map. Saint Marie island is a figment of the writers’ imagination, but the gorgeous locations you see on screen do exist, and in reality most of them are found on Guadeloupe’s Basse-Terre island.
Death in Paradise is what first introduced me to Guadeloupe, so I couldn’t resist tracking down some of its filming locations when I visited the island. But would everything be as picture-perfect as it looks on screen or is there any TV trickery at work?
Deshaies beach and a parrot at the Botanic Gardens
Where are the Death in Paradise locations?
On the north-west coast of Basse-Terre, Deshaies is the epicentre of all things Death in Paradise in Guadeloupe. In the show it’s Honoré, capital of Saint Marie, and it’s where the cast and crew are based when they film in Guadeloupe for six months each year.
Deshaies is the pretty town you see in the aerial shots, with a red-roofed church and colourful buildings set around a semi-circular bay surrounded by jungle-covered hills. In real life, it’s a fairly sleepy fishing port with waterfront bars and restaurants that are a favourite stop for yachties sailing the Caribbean – definitely not a hotbed of crime.
The waterfront in Deshaies
One thing I discovered when I started looking for Death in Paradise locations is just how many of them are in and around Deshaies. As well as the main filming sites, it also crops up as the harbour where people arrive or leave the island, it’s in a lot of background street scenes, and practically every posh rental villa in the area has had one murder in it.
The show’s location team have done a clever job in making a small stretch of coast in the north-western corner of Guadeloupe look like a whole island worth of different locations. Which is good news if you want to explore them yourself, as their concentration around Deshaies makes it easy to do a do-it-yourself Death in Paradise location tour.
Deshaies Church
Death in Paradise filming locations around Deshaies
Here’s where to find the main Death in Paradise filming locations – from the detective’s beach shack and Catherine’s bar to the sites of some of the most iconic murders.
It’s useful to have a hire car as several locations are outside Deshaies. But if you’re short on time or don’t have a car, you can spend the day in Deshaies (reachable by taxi or bus from the island’s biggest town Pointe-à-Pitre) and explore the main locations on foot.
If you want to see further afield without a car, a couple of guided tours are available – a four-hour tour * around Deshaies or a six-hour tour * also including the Botanic Gardens. Both offer pick ups from Pointe-à-Pitre cruise terminal if you’re visiting Guadeloupe by ship. Alternatively you could hire a taxi and driver, but make sure to book in advance.
Deshaies harbour
Honoré police station
One of the show’s most important locations is Honoré police station. It’s located next to Deshaies church in the centre of town, so is really easy to find. In real life, the police incident room was Deshaies’ priest’s office and the cells next door were the church hall.
If you’re visiting outside of the filming season (normally May to October), the police station is a small museum, set up as it is in the show. You can see the Honoré Police sign, sit at the detective’s desk and buy a few souvenirs. Though there is a quite pricey €15 entry fee.
Out front of the police station there’s a car park where they park the police jeep and motorbike and sidecar, which has also been used for a street market in a few episodes.
Honoré police station
Catherine’s bar (or bars)
Another regular location is Catherine’s bar (owned by Catherine Bordey – mayor of Saint Marie island and mother of original detective Camille Borday). It’s compulsory for each episode feature at least one drinking session in the bar, either mid-case when there’s a tricky problem to solve or to celebrate solving the murder (no one gets away with it!).
The beachside terrace used in the show is found at the northern end of the bay, outside a restaurant called Le Madras. Le Madras was closed when I visited so I didn’t get to have a beachside beer. But if you visit when it’s open, it’s advisable to make a reservation.
Le Madras – or Catherine’s bar
Instead I went for a tasty pina colada at another bar in Deshaies with a Death in Paradise connection. In the first series, a different, bigger bar was used as Catherine’s bar. This one is called La Kaz Du Douanier and is south along the waterfront from Le Madras.
Apparently filming used to block the street and hold up traffic so they had to move locations. But if you go inside La Kaz there are few photos hanging on the walls featuring scenes from the show when they used to film there – as there are at Le Madras too.
Outside La Kaz
Honoré church
Being next to the police station means that Deshaies church often features in passing shots, and the interiors also appeared in a few episodes. It’s where JP got married (series 5, episode 8), where a murdered concert pianist’s funeral was held (series 10, episode 5) and the venue for a school Christmas carol concert in the 2022 Christmas special.
In real life it’s the Catholic Church of St Peter and St Paul, and is often used by local residents for services. Building work was started in 1840 but a misunderstanding between the parishioners and the bishop meant it took until 1947 for it to be finished. You can go inside to take a look around, or attend mass (in French) to listen to the singing.
Deshaies church
The beach shack
If there was one location in Death in Paradise that sold me on visiting Guadeloupe, it has to be the beach where the detective lives in a perfectly rustic hut right on the sand. This picture-perfect spot is found at Anse de la Perle beach, three miles north of Deshaies.
In reality there are a few bars at one end of the beach and a little road running behind the sand so it’s not quite as remote as it looks on TV, but it’s every bit as gorgeous.
The actual beach shack gets dismantled between filming because a lot of the sand on the beach gets washed away in winter storms. Off-season you can sometimes see the foundations at one end of the beach. And if you do visit when the shack is in situ, it’s fenced off so unfortunately you can’t take a look inside (or meet Harry the lizard).
Beautiful Anse de la Perle beach
One thing I spotted after watching the show again is how many times this beach is used for other scenes. There are a couple of islands off-shore – a fairly big one (called Kahouanne, which was used as a private island in series 3 episode 7) and a smaller one.
Once you know they’re there, you can spot them in the background in lots of beach scenes which supposedly take place in different locations around the island!
Kahouanne island
The hotel
From the far end of Anse de la Perle beach, there’s a big white building in the next bay that looks like a pile of sugar cubes. This is the Langley Fort Royal * hotel, where most of the cast and crew stay during filming, either in the main hotel or the cute pointed-roofed bungalows. But you don’t need to stay there to have a drink in the bar and a look around.
In another bit of inspired recycling, the hotel, bar and beach in front have appeared in many different Death in Paradise episodes. Among them are when a bride was shot by a speargun (series 1 episode 8), a TV presenter drowned (series 8 episode 3) and a man dressed as Santa Claus was found shot on the beach (2024 Christmas special).
Langley Fort Royal (photo © Langley Fort Royal)
The Botanic Gardens
A mile south of Deshaies, its Botanic Gardens are a colourful riot of tropical flowers and birds – and of course there’s been a murder here too. The show’s first detective Richard Poole (Ben Miller) came to a sticky end here with an ice pick (series 3 episode 1).
Filming was done in a private villa inside the gardens, with its own swimming pool and amazing coastal views from the terrace. You can see the villa from the gardens but if you want to get closer you’ll have to rent it – it sleeps 10 and starts from €2300 a week.
The Botanic Gardens also provided the backdrop for a festive party at the end of the 2023 Christmas special, where Neville Parker (Ralf Little) gets the dress code wrong.
Deshaies’ Botanic Gardens
The zoo
Saint Marie Zoo was a location for series 8 episode 2, where a zookeeper was murdered with a tranquiliser gun. In real life it’s the Zoo de Guadeloupe au Parc des Mamelles , 30 minutes down the coast from Deshaies. The zoo is home to 85 different species from the Caribbean and Guyana, from big cats to tiny reptiles, spread over four acres of jungle.
The best part of the zoo is its treetop walkway, which also featured in the show. A network of wobbly, narrow wood and rope bridges runs 50 feet above the ground. You’re high up among the thick green tree canopy with views down to the animal enclosures.
The Zoo de Guadeloupe
Government House
A new location in the last few series of Death in Paradise is Government House – the building in Honoré where the Police Commissioner (Don Warrington) and other public officials work. The Commissioner is regularly seen at work there, and there was also a Christmas market held in the square in front in the 2024 Christmas special.
In reality the building is the Mairie or town hall for the town of Pointe-Noire, around 20 minutes’ drive south of Deshaies. The ‘Mairie’ sign and French national motto on the front of the building are hidden with a sign saying ‘Government House’ during filming.
The Mairie in Point-Noire (photo © Wikimedia Commons)
Death in Paradise in Guadeloupe
With Death in Paradise being so popular – especially in the UK, but it’s also shown in the US, Canada and Australia – I was surprised how little was made of it in Guadeloupe. We spotted other people taking photos of the police station in Deshaies, but most visitors to Guadeloupe are French and many of them have never heard of the show.
So there’s not a lot of tourism around Death in Paradise and its filming locations in Guadeloupe – other than a few cruise tour groups – which makes it feel even more like you’re discovering the real-life Saint Marie island… and hopefully living to tell the tale.
Death in Paradise location map
Click on the map to open an interactive Google Maps version
If you’re looking for the exact position of any of the Death in Paradise filming locations, here are the longitude and latitude details for each of those mentioned above:
Honoré police station: Church hall 16.30655, -61.79384
Catherine’s Bar (current): Le Madras 16.30756, -61.79448
Catherine’s Bar (early series): La Kaz 16.3057, -61.79461
Honoré church: Church of St Peter and St Paul 16.3067, -61.79384
Honoré harbour: 16.3051, -61.79581
Langley Fort Royal Hotel: 16.34707, -61.77613
Botanic Gardens: 16.29935, -61.798
Government House: Mairie de Pointe-Noire 16.23266, -61.79023
Deshaies Botanic Gardens
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Saturday 8th of February 2025
Es fehlt das Restaurant calebassier in Bailleargent, in der Nähe des kleinen Hafens.
Lucy Dodsworth
Thursday 31st of October 2024
Thanks Jay, Deshaies is pretty small so I don't think there many taxis – I'd definitely recommend booking one in advance if you can (he Langley Fort Royal may have some recommendations as they're one of the biggest hotels in the area). Hope you have a great trip!
Brock
Wednesday 31st of July 2024
I've been watching DIP for years and only now found your blog. Having lived in West Africa for 11 years (Liberia and Sierra Leone), watching DIP was like re-living many of the experiences from there, with the difference being interactions between Americans and West Africans rather than British and Islands people. That difference is less than one might imagine, and as West Africa is my second home (Connecticut now my first), each episode is like returning there for all the great memories (not the crime, however).
I have Britbox because 90% of the time, BBC and ITV productions are superior to American TV series. So much better writing and acting. You'll never see a Don Warrington or Sarah Martins or Josephine Jobert or Danny John-Jules, or Ben Miller or Ralf Little or even Shyko Amos (who some of my DIP colleagues did not like but I thought she was great) on American TV.
Lucy, thanks so much for taking the time to give us DIP addicts a tiny community where we can go and interact with other commentors and vicariously re-live our own personal paradises.
Haven't been to Guadeloupe yet, but you know I'll make it one day to Honore! And the people there better be just like the characters in DIP or I'll be sorely disappointed, hahaha. For me, it's not the scenery so much as the people and the fabulous sense of humor.
In the meantime, am re-watching some seasons for the second and third times. Am a bit disappointed they've turned the Commissioner from an amazing one-of-a-kind avuncular character into a lovable Hollywoodized fraction of his former self, and seem to be emphasizing glitz more in later seasons to the greater authentic feel of street life in earlier seasons. Praying they don't jump the shark. Love to all you other DIP addicts. Spread the word and turn others onto the series. And keep the non-DIP tourists out of Guadeloupe. My fantasies are the real thing.
Lucy Dodsworth
Monday 5th of August 2024
Thanks so much for the comment – and great to hear that you enjoyed the post! Loved visiting the island in real-life and hope the series runs and runs.
Joe
Wednesday 5th of June 2024
Hi. My wife is a DIP fanatic. I’m intending to surprise her in 2024 with a visit to the Island to visit the locations preferably during filming. What would be the best time to visit to see the filming and enjoy the weather please
Lucy Dodsworth
Monday 1st of July 2024
Filming normally takes place between May and October – July to November is rainy season though so I would recommend going around May/June before it gets too wet.
Gordon
Friday 3rd of May 2024
If it is set on Guadaloupe why is not "Death in Paradise " in French? There are plenty of English speaking islands in the West indies
Lucy Dodsworth
Wednesday 8th of May 2024
It's actually set in the fictional island of Sainte-Marie and is only filmed in Guadeloupe.
I'm Lucy, I've been travelling for over 25 years and share guides, itineraries and advice on my blog On the Luce to help you create stylish, affordable and sustainable travel experiences around the world. Read more…
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287 | what's the average lifespan of a basset hound | https://www.reddit.com/r/bassethounds/comments/ooy4wz/how_long_do_basset_hounds_live/ | Reddit and its partners use cookies and similar technologies to provide you with a better experience. By accepting all cookies, you agree to our use of cookies to deliver and maintain our services and site, improve the quality of Reddit, personalize Reddit content and advertising, and measure the effectiveness of advertising. By rejecting non-essential cookies, Reddit may still use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our platform.
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287 | what's the average lifespan of a basset hound | https://www.pawlicy.com/blog/basset-hound-dog-breed/ | As one of the most popular dog breeds, Basset Hounds are good-natured, loyal, and devoted dogs — characteristics that make them perfect family pets. Don't let their sad eyes and jowly face fool you; these pups might seem somewhat lazy but they can be so much fun!
Read on to find out more about the breed’s characteristics and living with a Basset Hound.
Basset Hound characteristics
Physical traits
Despite their low height (under 15 inches) Basset Hounds belong to the medium-large group of dogs, with weight ranging from 40 pounds for small females to 80 pounds for large males.
Bassets are quite bulky and heavy-boned, with long bodies on fairly short and crooked legs, which gives them a somewhat rectangular appearance. They have large heads, wrinkled foreheads, loose lips, long hanging ears, and sad eyes.
Basset hounds have a short and tight coat. Any coat color is acceptable but the most commonly seen colors are red and white or tricolor.
Temperament
Basset Hounds are very easygoing, friendly dogs who enjoy being in the company of their humans. They’re also great with kids and get along well with other dogs.
These dogs are very intelligent but also quite stubborn, which makes them somewhat difficult to train. Bassets like to dig and many can be serious barkers. If not safely confined, they can wander off following their strong hunting urge.
Average lifespan
The average life expectancy of Basset Hounds is between eight and 12 years. However, with proper care, some members of the breed can live up to 17 years.
The life expectancy of Basset Hounds can be affected by several factors, including hereditary illnesses, regular exercise, nutritional diet, and healthcare. Most Basset Hounds die due to old age or common health conditions, such as gastric torsion and osteochondritis dissecans (OCD).
Basset Hound care tips
Training
Bassets are quite stubborn and independent, so training them can be a bit challenging. Because they were originally developed to follow a track without distraction, they might seem uninterested in the person giving the commands. In order to be trained, Basset Hounds need a firm hand, consistency, and patience. Early socialization is very important, as well as continued positive obedience training.
Exercise
When it comes to physical activity, Bassets may not be as active as some other dog breeds, but they do require moderate exercise on a regular basis (daily walks should do the trick). Exercise will not only help to keep the dog fit and healthy but will also prevent them from becoming obese. Bassets enjoy canine and human company when outside and can be very playful. They also enjoy hunting and tracking.
Grooming
Even though their coat is short and smooth, Bassets do require regular grooming in order to keep them happy and healthy. Shedding can be profuse but it can be kept under control with weekly brushings.
Basset Hounds also need regular nail trimmings, as well as occasional baths to keep their coat clean and shiny. Brushing your dog's teeth with specially formulated pet toothpaste twice a week is also an important part of Basset care.
Diet and nutrition
Feed your Basset Hound with high-quality dog food in consultation with your vet. Fresh and clean water should always be available and in reach.
Some members of the breed are prone to putting on weight, therefore keep an eye on your pet’s calorie intake. While treats can help with training, they should only be given in limited amounts. If you have any concerns related to your Basset’s diet or weight, be sure to talk to your vet.
Living with Basset Hounds
Originally bred to hunt in packs, Bassets have a need for company and are happiest when their humans spend time with them. If left to their own devices, they can become diggers or nuisance barkers.
Although they might bark, Bassets are not hostile to strangers, which makes them poor watchdogs. Because of the hanging lips, Basset Hounds tend to drool quite a bit, so be sure to keep multiple towels around the home for cleanup.
Basset Hound breed history
Originally bred in France, Basset Hounds descended from the St. Hubert Hound, the ancestor of the Bloodhound. They were developed when a mutation in the St. Hubert strain produced a short-legged hound. In fact, the French word "basset” translates into "dwarf” or “low”. When their ability to track hare and rabbits in thick forests was noticed, these small dogs started to be bred purposefully for hunting.
Because of their hunting skills, Basset Hounds became very popular among French aristocrats but after the French Revolution, they were also used as hunting dogs by the commoners who didn’t have access to horses and needed a dog they could follow on foot. Bassets arrived in Britain in the 19th century and were recognized by the American Kennel Club in 1885.
Common Basset Hound health issues
Like all dog breeds, Basset Hounds are prone to certain hereditary health issues. Responsible breeders should test for common genetic conditions, including:
Weight gain and obesity
Elbow and hip dysplasia
Glaucoma with a complete ophthalmologist evaluation
Because of the long and droopy ears, Bassets are one of several dog breeds prone to ear infections , so it is important to check them regularly. If your dog is scratching at the ears or shaking their head, it might be time to visit your vet.
Pro Tip: Although the breed is generally heallthy, accidents can happen to any dog with one in three requiring emergency treatment throughout their lifetime. Basset Hound pet insurance reduces the financial risk involved with providing your pet with the best quality care, should you ever face expensive veterinary bills due to injury or illness.
Adopting or buying a Basset Hound dog
If you plan on welcoming a Basset into your family, start by checking your local rescue groups and animal shelters. Organizations like the Basset Hound Club of America can provide you with useful information and refer you to reputable breeders in your state.
If you are interested in similar breeds, consider looking into other scent hounds such as Beagles , American Foxhounds, and Plott Hounds.
Key Takeaways
Basset Hounds are short-legged dogs bred for hunting. They’re outgoing, playful, and charming pups that enjoy the company of their humans and make perfect family pets.
Although they can be somewhat stubborn and independent, most Bassets love training and learning new tricks. They also require regular exercise, despite their ‘lethargic’ appearance.
Like other members of the hound family, Bassets shed their coats easily, so owning one comes with a commitment to tackle these shedding issues head-on.
Like all dog breeds, Basset Hounds are prone to certain health issues such as hip dysplasia, thrombopathia, ear infections, and more. Any abnormal symptom could be a sign of serious disease, so be sure to get in touch with your vet. Many pet owners sign up for pet insurance, just in case.
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287 | what's the average lifespan of a basset hound | https://www.countryliving.com/uk/wildlife/dog-breeds/a41038739/basset-hound/ | Including how much exercise they need
Updated: 22 July 2024
Best known for their long, droopy ears, Basset Hounds are smart short-legged dog breeds that make affectionate and lovable companions.
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"Basset Hounds are medium-sized dogs with short coats and have a lifespan of over ten years," PDSA vet nurse, Shauna Spooner, tells Country Living. "Their name directly relates to their size – the word 'basset' comes from the French word bas which means low or short. They are gentle, placid dogs that enjoy the company of their owners, and are best suited to a family home."
Keep reading for everything you need to know about Basset Hounds, including typical behaviour, health issues, and grooming tips:
What is the typical behaviour of a Basset Hound?
"Basset Hounds are known for being vocal – they love to 'sing', howl, and bark. They can be very independent, especially when it comes to training, so will require consistent positive reward-based training throughout their lives," Shauna from the PDSA tells us.
"They need a minimum of an hour's exercise each day, which can include walks, playtime, and training. Basset Hounds are scent dogs, so will also require scent games to give them a chance to exercise their natural instincts, and to keep their brains active."
Are Basset Hounds high maintenance?
Basset Hounds are fairly low-maintenance dogs as they only require moderate exercise. They are great dogs for first-owners as they are known for being easy to look after.
Do Basset Hounds have any health issues?
Basset Hounds are prone to certain health problems, many of which are due to the fact they have been sadly bred for their appearance.
"There are several health issues that people should be aware of. Because of their deep chest, Basset Hounds are at risk of gastric torsion, a serious condition where the stomach fills with gas and twists," Britt Rosendahl, a Behaviour and Training Specialist at Woodgreen , tells us.
"The breed is also prone to ear and eye infections, and they can develop joint issues. Whichever dog breed you’re interested in, you can ask a vet to advise you about common health issues, and ensure that you get your pet from a reputable rescue or responsible breeder to reduce the risks of any unexpected or avoidable health issues."
According to the PDSA, the most common health issues are:
Skin and ear infections due to their excess skin and ear length
Obesity, especially as the more weight they carry the more likely they are to experience back problems
Elbow dysplasia
Intervertebral degenerative disc disease (IVDD)
Eye problems including Primary Open Angle Glaucoma which is an inherited condition that causes pain and potential blindness due to excess fluid build-up in the eye
If you want to minimise the risk of your dog getting problems due to exaggerated features, it's important to read up on how to choose a pedigree dog. The PDSA has a helpful guide here .
Daniela Stoyanova//Getty Images
Where did Basset Hounds originate from?
"The breed's name 'Basset' comes from the French word 'bas', meaning low or short, perfectly describing their squat stature. Originally from France, Basset Hounds have been used throughout history to hunt small game such as hares or rabbits," says Britt.
"The breed's exceptional sense of smell and short legs kept them close to the ground and allowed them to navigate through dense undergrowth, making them highly efficient hunters.
"Their long, droopy ears help lift scents off the ground and directly into their noses, contributing to their outstanding sense of smell. Although some Bassets are keen swimmers, most don't enjoy being out of their depth in water. In the mid-19th century, the Basset Hound's popularity spread beyond France to England, where they were introduced to the British aristocracy. The breed was officially recognised by the Kennel Club in 1882."
Cavan Images//Getty Images
What is the best owner for Basset Hounds?
The basset hound is a friendly, easygoing dog. Originally hunting in packs, they tend to be good with other dogs and other pets in general. They are good for owners who are home regularly, as the pups don't like being alone.
"As a Basset guardian, you'll need to be someone who enjoys country walks and has plenty of patience. These dogs can be very focused when they set their minds to something and will sniff every blade of grass on walks – they would rather not move away until they’re good and ready," says Britt.
"Bassets were bred to work quite independently and therefore you'll need to consider this when thinking about what activities you’d like to do with your dog. Bassets are often very food-orientated, which can help with training, but they may need extra input if there's the option of putting their nose on the ground instead! Basset Hounds are one of the smartest dog breeds, they're fast learners and will enjoy accomplishing tasks. They are vocal dogs and can produce loud, deep howls which are unlike any other dog howl."
Basset Hounds will appreciate a large secure garden and will require the usual amenities.
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How much should a Basset Hound eat a day?
"As with all dogs, Basset Hounds require a complete, balanced dog food to keep them slim and healthy. Portions should be measured, as this breed is prone to obesity," Shauna explains.
Michel Gilson / 500px//Getty Images
How often does a Basset Hound coat need brushing?
Basset Hounds have fairly low maintenance coats and should only need to be brushed weekly. However, because they have lots of excess skin and long ears, they will require daily checking, including cleaning their skin fold and their ears. If you are ever worried about your Basset Hound, always head to your local vet.
40 best medium-sized dogs
Collie
Both Timmy and Lassie can attest to the devoted nature of Collies. These active yet affectionate herders can follow commands quickly and accurately, but be forewarned: They do tend to bark quite a bit.
German Shorthaired Pointer
GSPs can run, run, run — and then run some more. But their high energy doesn't deter too many. High marks in intelligence, companionship, and hunting ability make GSPs very popular.
Keeshond
Experts named them one of the smartest breeds around, and not just because of those trademark "spectacle" markings that stretch from ear to ear. A total people person, the Keeshond also loves to make new friends.
Boykin Spaniel
The official dog of South Carolina, this Southern spaniel stays true to its roots as a hunting companion. Besides keen swimming abilities, they're eager, energetic, and (of course) endearing.
Norwegian Elkhound
This ancient breed dates back to the Viking age, when they helped hunt elk, bear, and other wild animals. Today, Elkhounds maintain their versatility and athleticism, but win over new owners with a sociable and confident attitude.
Labrador Retriever
It's no wonder why Labradors are always popular - these pooches are quite intelligent, friendly and loyal. They're so eager to please that Labs are an easy choice for jobs as service dogs.
Australian Shepherd
Loyal and devoted to their owners, these dogs are wary of strangers. Aussies are uncannily smart, independent, and can act on their strong herding instincts.
Poodle
While we often think of poodles for their pretty appearance, these pooches are more than meets the eye and known for their superior intelligence, making it easier for owners to train them.
Siberian Husky
Huskies are clever, happy, and responsive. They're friendly by nature but also very stubborn. This high-energy dog prefers to be outdoors.
Boxer
Boxers are fun-loving canines that also make great watch dogs, protecting your home from strangers. To keep up their playful nature, they need plenty of exercise each day.
Airedale Terrier
Given their legendary loyalty, Airedale Terriers are extremely trustworthy with children. They're eager to please and quick learners, but they can struggle to get along with other dogs.
American Eskimo Dog
Surprisingly, "Eskies" don't have any ties to the Eskimos — they actually gained popularity in the US as circus dogs, performing tricks and walking across tightropes. As a family dog, Eskies are playful, perky, and smart — not to mention a cinch to teach.
Australian Cattle Dog
Also called "Blue Heelers," ACDs are tireless herders who need lots of exercise and mental stimulation.
Basset Hound
Good-natured and easygoing, a basset hound has a great sense of humour and a couch-potato sensibility. They're stubborn and not too intelligent, making them difficult to train.
Bearded Collie
Beardies are boisterous and bouncy, with a more athletic build than similarly-shaggy English Sheepdogs. They love the outdoors (in any climate!) and do well with children.
Border Collie
Border collies are incredibly smart and athletic workers — one even starred in the movie Babe — but they have a tendency to herd objects and people, including children.
Brittany
As field dogs, Brittanys have boundless energy and make for excellent running and hunting partners. They're quick to learn and love a challenge, but can be somewhat reserved if not socialised.
Bulldog
Beneath that frowning mug lies a heart of gold. They're loyal, steadfast, courageous, and determined. Bulldogs are also willing to please — once they figure out what it is that you want. They snore up a storm and aren't suited for hot climates.
Chinese Shar-Pei
Regal and aloof, this dog does not fawn or beg for attention. The Chinese Shar-Pei is devoted to its family, making it a great watchdog.
Chow Chow
The Chow Chow's keen intelligence, independent spirit, and innate dignity make it an impressive breed. They tend to be reserved, even toward family, but are very loyal.
Dalmatian
This multi-talented breed has been a dog of war, a shepherd, a hunter, and a ratter. They're loving, spirited, and quick learners. A natural watchdog, Dalmatians are reserved with strangers and don't like other dogs in their territory.
English Springer Spaniel
Gentle, easy going, and very affectionate, this breed is a top choice for a child's pet. They're playful and love to engage in rough and tumble games. Springer Spaniels even get along well with other dogs.
Finnish Spitz
With a fiery orange coat and pointed ears, the national dog of Finland tends to resemble a fox more than a canine. "Finkies" are not only excellent watch dogs but also friendly playmates for children.
Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retriever
Bred for "tolling," or luring game, these active partners do best with a job to do. Active families will love their affectionate and intelligent demeanor.
Portuguese Podengo
Podengos are lively and playful, coming in three sizes: pequeno, médio, and grande. The hounds date back to the 5th century and enjoy working together in a pack.
Portuguese Water Dog
They haven't earned the name "water dog" for nothing — PWDs have waterproof coats and webbed feet, originally used to herd fish into nets or act as a courier between boats. Today, the Obamas' two pets are the most famous examples of the breed. The family partially chose the "First Dogs" for their hypoallergenic fur.
Pyrenean Shepherd
Active and cheerful, these herders come in rough- and smooth-coated varieties. Usually, Pyrenean Shepherds bond intently with one person and can be wary of strangers.
Samoyed
This high-energy dog loves being outdoors. Samoyeds are friendly, intelligent, and eager to please, but they also tend to be reserved.
Soft Coated Wheaten Terrier
An Irish breed, these fuzzy terriers are known for their deep devotion and enthusiastic displays of affection. Owners have even nicknamed their loving welcome the "Wheaten greetin'."
Standard Schnauzer
Smart and spirited, it's no wonder that Schnauzers are bred in three different sizes (miniature, standard, and giant). The sturdy canines are naturally protective and intelligent.
Deputy Daily Editor, Country Living and House Beautiful
Lisa Joyner is the Deputy Daily Editor at House Beautiful UK and Country Living UK , where she's busy writing about home and interiors, gardening , dog breeds , pets, health and wellbeing, countryside news, small space inspiration, and the hottest properties on the market. Previously, she has written for Conde Nast Traveller , House & Garden and Marie Claire magazine. Lisa studied at University For The Creative Arts, where she completed a BA in Fashion Journalism.
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287 | what's the average lifespan of a basset hound | https://www.dogster.com/dog-health-care/basset-hound-lifespan | Basset Hound Lifespan: Average Growth, Stages & Facts
Image Credit: Billion Photos, Shutterstock
What’s the Average Lifespan of a Basset Hound?
The average lifespan of a Basset Hound can vary considerably. Generally, they live for around 8–12 years. However, some dogs can live as long as 17 years. This can be due to a few factors; some you will have control over and some you won’t, such as lifestyle or genetics.
Why Do Some Basset Hounds Live Longer Than Others?
1. Genetics and Health Conditions
There are certain conditions that Basset Hounds are more prone to, such as hip and elbow dysplasia, carpal valgus, patellar luxation, glaucoma, and obesity. They are also predisposed to ear and skin problems. Bassets can have allergies to mold, proteins, pollen, or dust mites, which trigger ear and skin inflammation.
They can also have a skin yeast (Malassezia), which can develop into an infection, making the skin inflamed. This might require bathing your Basset Hound with anti-fungal shampoo and cleaning their ears to prevent and manage infections.
While this can feel like a lot to deal with, with the proper care, Bassets can be a relatively healthy breed. It’s equally important to care for your dog’s dental health and grooming needs and keep up with scheduled veterinarian visits. Health problems generally can be picked up early by a vet, and they can also advise you on exercise, diet, and any other concerns you might have.
Image Credit: praneem79, Shutterstock
2. Nutrition
Basset Hounds should ideally weigh 40–70 pounds; they were bred to be active and hunt, but they also like their food, so keeping their weight controlled can be tricky. Balancing your dog’s diet with exercise is vital since too much food can result in weight gain, obesity, and severe health risks. An excellent way to keep them healthy is to select high-quality, nutritious dog food.
When picking a brand, choose one that uses real meat as its first ingredient, such as chicken, beef, or turkey. Vegetables, fruit, probiotics, and omega fats are great additions to an ingredient list. Avoid brands that use artificial colors and preservatives such as BHA and BHT .
Every dog is unique in their nutritional needs, so we recommend reaching out to your vet for advice.
💛 🐶 Speak To a Vet Online From the Comfort of Your Couch!
If you need to speak with a vet but can’t get to one, head over to PangoVet . It’s an online service where you can talk to a vet online and get the personalized advice you need for your pet — all at an affordable price!
3. Exercise
Ideally, your Basset Hound should have about an hour of exercise a day. This can involve walks, training, and playtime. They are scent dogs, which means you’ll need to keep a firm grip on the leash when you’re outside because if they catch a whiff of something that smells interesting, they will be off. You can use this to your advantage and play scent games; it will keep their minds active, which is as important as keeping them physically active.
Exercise is essential, especially with dogs that love their food as much as Bassets. Obesity is a genuine concern and can lead to other problems like heart disease, cancer, high blood pressure, and diabetes.
Image Credit: Daniel Albany, Pixabay
4. Living Environment
The living environment you create for your Basset Hound will affect their mental and physical well-being and lifespan. It is up to you to create a safe, clean, and comfortable space for them to live in to meet their needs.
5. Lifestyle
When you get a pet, researching the breed is always a good idea. Because of their shape and weight, Basset Hounds shouldn’t be allowed to run up many stairs or jump off furniture. Intense exercise that strains their joints can cause health issues, so make sure you lift them out of the car or off the furniture.
Additionally, Basset Hounds like spending time with their humans, which means they are prone to feeling lonely when you aren’t there. This feeling can cause bouts of howling and other undesirable behaviors, as well as stress and anxiety. A companion (human or animal) can help with these feelings of loneliness when you’re away.
Image Credit: Aneta Jungerova, Shutterstock
The 3 Life Stages of a Basset Hound
Puppy and Young Adult
Image Credit: Jon Buscall, Shutterstock
When Basset Hounds are 2 months old, they generally weigh 10–15 pounds. Serving puppy food during this time is essential since it’s formulated to benefit dogs with growing bodies and contains the ideal combination of nutrients.
Socialization is also incredibly important during this time; the more situations, people, and other animals your dog comes into contact with, the more well-rounded and confident they will be as an adult.
Adult
Image By: Mary Swift, Shutterstock
Your Basset Hound will reach adulthood when they are around 1 year old. They will be slightly less energetic than they were as a puppy, but keeping them active is extremely important. They enjoy playing games and being with their family. As they age, you might notice some less severe health conditions.
Senior
Image Credit: Ernest_Roy, Pixabay
Once they reach 7 years old, the Basset Hound is considered a senior. Adjusting their diet by switching to a senior formula will provide adequate nutrition. You will notice them graying, and they will sleep more often, so getting them exercising each day could be more of a struggle. More severe health problems will likely develop during this time, so it’s important to keep up to date with your vet visits to ensure your Basset is healthy.
How to Tell Your Basset Hound’s Age
Determining your Basset Hound’s age is more difficult if they have been adopted. More often than not, a specific age is challenging to determine, whereas if you bought your dog from a reputable breeder, there would be documentation to let you know how old they are. There are ways to estimate their age, of course.
If your Basset Hound hasn’t reached their top weight and they are still on the small side, it’s safe to assume they are young. Your vet can also examine them to estimate their age. The condition of your Basset’s teeth will indicate roughly how old they are. If they don’t have all their adult teeth, they are still a puppy, and as they age, their adult teeth will change. Their overall fitness will also show you how old they are. Older dogs sleep more, show signs of graying in their fur, and generally move much slower than younger dogs.
Final Thoughts
Basset Hounds generally live to be around 8–12 years old, but this number will depend on factors such as health conditions they might be prone to and how much exercise they get. You can’t control some things, such as genetics, which might make your Basset more prone to certain health problems . However, if you keep up to date with your vet visits, you can still ensure a longer life for your dog with proper treatment. Luckily, with the proper care, your Basset might even live longer than the average.
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287 | what's the average lifespan of a basset hound | https://www.hillspet.com/dog-care/dog-breeds/basset-hound | Long back, dolichocephalic (long face), short bowed legs, droopy eyes, floppy ears (naturally), body folds (wrinkles)
Size
Weight
Scenthounds
Prevalence
Common
Basset hounds can be serious barkers and with their sturdy feet and nails they tend to be diggers, too.
About the Basset Hound
Despite its low height of under 15 inches, the basset hound is a medium to large dog, weighing in at anywhere from 40 pounds for a small female to 80 pounds for a large male (18 to 36 kilograms).
- FORM -
Basset Hound personality
The basset hound is a friendly, easygoing dog. Originally hunting in packs, they tend to be good with other dogs and other pets in general. Bassets are people oriented and get along well with children. Fairly smart dogs, bassets are not easy to train as they are somewhat stubborn. A firm, patient hand with plenty of creativity is required to bring out the best in them. Bassets can be serious barkers and with their sturdy feet and nails they tend to be diggers. The hunting urge is still quite strong and if not safely confined they will go off hunting on their own.
What to expect
Basset hounds need a firm person in charge of their feeding as they have a definite tendency to become obese, which can cause serious problems with their long backs. Bassets are not high-powered athletes who need to run every day, but they should have a good long walk at least once daily to keep them fit. Most bassets live to 12 or 13 years.
Having developed as pack animals, basset hounds do feel a need for company and are happiest when they have their families around. They are not great watchdogs. Although they may bark, but they then greet strangers happily. The loose lips lead to a fair amount of drooling and many owners keep towels strategically placed around the house for cleanup. Bassets left alone to their own devices can easily become nuisance barkers or diggers. Bassets are fairly intelligent dogs, but they are not the easiest to train. Start training right off with puppies and do plenty of positive training to keep them interested. They enjoy tracking and hunting, even if only as a casual pastime. Grooming is fairly quick and easy and involves just a swipe with a brush once or twice a week. In between groomings, the basset may track a great deal of mud or dirt into the house because of their low stature and big feet.
History of the Basset Hound
The basset hound comes from as far back as the 1500s when the pre-revolutionary French were using low slung, heavy-bodied hounds to trail rabbits. The word bas is French for low befitting the basset hound's stature. A number of the short, bowlegged French hunting dogs and the basset hound we recognize today were fine-tuned in England in the 1800s. With the exception of height and leg conformation, they are similar to the St. Hubert's hound.
Bassets were selected not only for their outstanding scenting skills, but also because hunters could keep up with the slow-paced dogs. They not only hunted rabbits and hares, but were also sometimes used to track larger wounded game.
In the United States, the Basset quickly moved on from hunting dog to family pet. Familiarized to the public by cartoons, such as Fred the Basset, and in commercials, such as Hush Puppies™ shoes, the basset hound is now primarily a companion dog.
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288 | 2 live crew is what we are full album | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_Live_Crew_discography | 2 Live Crew discography
Musical discography of 2 Live Crew
2 Live Crew has released eight studio albums, one live album and 27 singles.
Title
Details
145
33
59
"—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory.
Live albums
Title
Details
Title
Year
"Get It Girl"
"We Want Some Pussy! '89"
168
"The Funk Shop" (single title)
1990
14
47
"Coolin'"
"You Go Girl"
1997
103
60
9
"—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory. "x" indicates the chart did not exist at the time.
"Me So Horny":
Ryan, Gavin (2011). Australia's Music Charts 1988–2010. Mt. Martha, VIC, Australia: Moonlight Publishing.
2 Live Crew discography
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288 | 2 live crew is what we are full album | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_2_Live_Crew_Is_What_We_Are | The 2 Live Crew Is What We Are
1986 studio album by 2 Live Crew
The 2 Live Crew Is What We Are
The 2 Live Crew Is What We Are is the debut studio album by hip-hop group the 2 Live Crew . It was released in 1986 on Luke Records to a great deal of controversy and promptly was certified gold by the RIAA . [3] It includes the hits "We Want Some Pussy", "Throw the 'D'", and "Cuttin' It Up". In Florida, it was deemed obscene, and one store clerk was charged with felony "corruption of a minor " for selling it to a 14-year-old girl. The clerk was later acquitted. [4]
Track listing
4:17
2.
5:03
4.
5:13
Track 1 contains samples from "Do It, Do It" by Disco Four (1981), " (Nothing Serious) Just Buggin' " by Whistle (1986), "Rapp Will Never Die" by MC Shy D (1985), and "Flick of the Switch" by AC/DC (1983)
Track 3 contains samples from "Got to Be Real" by Cheryl Lynn (1978), and "Bass Machine" by T La Rock (1986)
Track 4 contains samples from "Dance to the Drummer's Beat" by Herman Kelly & Life (1978), "Slack Jawed Leroy" by Skillet & Leroy and LaWanda Page (1972), "Hip Hop, Be Bop (Don't Stop)" by Man Parrish (1982), "Bongo Rock '73" by Incredible Bongo Band (1973), and dialogue from Dolemite
Track 5 contains samples from "Dance to the Drummer's Beat" by Herman Kelly & Life (1978), "Bonus (A Side)" by Hashim (1983), "Change the Beat (Female Version)" by Beside (1982), and " Planet Rock " by Afrika Bambaataa & Soulsonic Force (1982)
Track 6 contains samples from "Take Me to the Mardi Gras" by Bob James (1975), "It's a New Day So Let a Man Come in and Do the Popcorn" by James Brown (1971), "Release Yourself" by Aleem (1984), "AJ Scratch" by Kurtis Blow (1984), "Say What?" by Trouble Funk (1983), "You'll Like It Too" by Funkadelic (1981), "Jam on the Groove" by Ralph MacDonald (1976), " Planet Rock " by Afrika Bambaataa & Soulsonic Force (1982), and "Rock Box" by Run-DMC (1984)
Track 7 contains samples from "Catch a Groove" by Juice (1976)
Track 8 contains samples from "Apache" by Incredible Bongo Band (1973), "Change the Beat (Female Version)" by Beside (1982), "Theme From the Black Hole" by Parliament (1979), "Mirda Rock" by Reggie Griffin & Technofunk (1982), "Triple Threat" by Z-3 MC's (1985), "Bonus Lesson #1 - No Music (The Original Human Beat Box)" by Doug E. Fresh (1984), " Planet Rock " by Afrika Bambaataa & Soulsonic Force (1982), "Cavern" by Liquid Liquid (1983), "Buffalo Gals" by Malcolm McLaren (1982), "It's Yours" by T La Rock & Jazzy Jay (1984), "Spoonin' Rap" by Spoonie Gee (1979), "Al-Naafiysh (The Soul) (B-Side)" by Hashim (1983), and "Hold It Now, Hit It" by Beastie Boys (1986)
The 2 Live Crew Is What We Are
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288 | 2 live crew is what we are full album | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_Live_Crew | 2 Live Crew
American hip hop group
This article's lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. (August 2024)
The 2 Live Crew
Promotional shoot, circa 1989, of the most well known lineup of the group. From left to right Fresh Kid Ice , Mr. Mixx , Brother Marquis , and Luke .
Background information
The 2 Live Crew is an American hip hop group from Miami, Florida , that had its greatest commercial success from the late 1980s to the early 1990s. The group's best-known lineup was composed of Uncle Luke , Fresh Kid Ice , Mr. Mixx , and Brother Marquis . They were considerably controversial in the U.S. due to the sexually explicit content in their songs, particularly on their 1989 album As Nasty as They Wanna Be . [1]
The 2 Live Crew, although seen as a main fixture in the Miami hip-hop scene, actually got their start in Riverside, California and was created by DJ Mr. Mixx (David Hobbs) with fellow rappers Fresh Kid Ice (Chris Wong Won), and Amazing Vee (Yuri Vielot).[ citation needed ]
The group released its first single, "Revelation", on its own label "Fresh Beat Records" in 1984. The A-side of "Revelation" contained a song where the only rapper featured was Amazing Vee. The B-side contained a song named "2 Live" where Fresh Kid Ice was the only rapper featured. "Revelation" was popular in Florida. Luke Skyywalker ( Luther Campbell ), who at the time was a local DJ and promoter, invited The 2 Live Crew to relocate to Miami. Also due to the subsequent success of 2 Live Crew, this made Fresh Kid Ice the first rapper to be noted in Asian American hip hop , and the first Asian rapper to gain notoriety. [2]
For their second single, "What I Like" (1985), Fresh Kid Ice was the only rapper featured. Amazing Vee was only credited as writer, and left the group shortly after. [3]
The single "Throw The D", released in January 1986, was a permanent blueprint for future Miami bass songs. [4] Wong Won said that the song came about when they noticed a new popular dance in Miami called "Throwing The Dick" when the Herman Kelly and Life 's song "Dance to the Drummer's Beat" played. The dance consisted of men throwing their hips back and forth, while the girls would squat with their hands on their knees, bend over, and shake their butt. Wong Won suggested to Mr. Mixx that they should adapt the hook, and they scratched it into the song. Wong Won felt his voice was too high pitched for the hook, so Mr. Mixx who came up with the pattern did it using an emulator. Wong Won wrote the lyrics in 20 minutes on a plane ride. Finally, they booked a 16-track studio to record it. [5]
Rapper Brother Marquis (Mark Ross) joined The 2 Live Crew. Luke Skyywalker ( Luther Campbell ) gave The 2 Live Crew a record deal and worked as the group's manager. He also joined the group as its hype-man and spokesperson in their subsequent controversies. [6]
The 2 Live Crew's debut album, The 2 Live Crew Is What We Are , was released in 1986. Alex Henderson of AllMusic commented that the album "did take sexually explicit rap lyrics to a new level of nastiness", with tracks such as "We Want Some Pussy" and "Throw the 'D'". [7] With word-of-mouth attention, the album was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). Bob Rosenberg of Will to Power remixed "Beat Box" (originally released as "Two Live") and was billed "King of Edits" by Luke Skyywalker. In 1987, a Florida store clerk was acquitted of felony charges for selling the album to a 14-year-old girl. [6]
1988–1998: Best selling albums and controversy
In 1988, the group released their second album, Move Somethin' It was certified Gold and featured the singles "Move Somethin'" and "Do Wah Diddy Diddy". The album improved on the charts from the previous album, making in to No. 68 on the Billboard 200 and No. 20 on the Top R&B/Hip Hop Albums chart.
Campbell decided to sell a separate clean version in addition to the explicit version of the album, Move Somethin' (1988), produced by Mr. Mixx. A record store clerk in Alexander City, Alabama , was cited for selling a copy to an undercover police officer in 1988. [8] It was the first time in the United States that a record store owner was held liable for obscenity over music, though the store was eventually acquitted. [8]
In 1989, the group released their third album, As Nasty as They Wanna Be , which also became the group's most successful album. A large part of its success was due to the single " Me So Horny ", which was popular locally with heavy radio rotation on Miami's WPOW-Power 96 FM. The American Family Association (AFA) did not think the presence of a " Parental Advisory " sticker was enough to adequately warn listeners of what was inside the case.[ citation needed ] Jack Thompson , a lawyer affiliated with the AFA, met with Florida Governor Bob Martinez and convinced him to look into the album to see if it met the legal classification of obscenity . [9] In 1990, action was taken at the local level and Nick Navarro , Broward County Sheriff , received a ruling from County Circuit Court judge Mel Grossman that probable cause for obscenity violations existed. [6] In response, Luther Campbell maintained that people should focus on issues relating to hunger and poverty rather than on the lyrical content of their music. [10]
Navarro warned record store owners that selling the album might be prosecutable. 2 Live Crew then filed a suit against Navarro. That June, U.S. district court Judge Jose Gonzalez ruled the album obscene and illegal to sell. Charles Freeman, a local retailer, was arrested two days later, after selling a copy to an undercover police officer. This was followed by the arrest of three members of 2 Live Crew after they performed the As Nasty as They Wanna Be album at Club Futura in Hollywood, Florida , hosted by radio personality Tony the Tiger (Ira Wolf) from Power 96 FM, one of the few radio stations in the U.S. that continued airplay while the trial ensued. After international exposure with support from freedom of speech advocates like SCREW magazine 's Al Goldstein (who owned a house in Broward County) and many others, they were acquitted soon after, as professor Henry Louis Gates, Jr. testified at their trial in defense of their lyrics. Freeman's conviction was overturned on appeal as well. [6]
"A lot of people have gotten the impression that I'm this rude, sexual deviant or something," Campbell told journalist Chuck Philips . "But contrary to what has been printed about me in the papers, I'm no moral threat to anybody. I'm just a hard-working guy marketing a new product." [11]
In 1992, the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit overturned the obscenity ruling from Judge Gonzalez, and the Supreme Court of the United States refused to hear Broward County's appeal. As in the Freeman case, Gates testified on behalf of 2 Live Crew, arguing that the material that the county alleged was profane actually had important roots in African-American vernacular, games, and literary traditions and should be protected. [14]
As a result of the controversy, sales of As Nasty as They Wanna Be remained brisk, [15] selling over two million copies. It peaked at number 29 on the Billboard 200 and number 3 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart. A few other retailers were later arrested for selling it as well, including Canadian Marc Emery , who was convicted in Ontario in 1991, and later gained fame as a marijuana activist. Later, hard-rock band Van Halen sued the group over an uncleared sample of their song " Ain't Talkin' 'Bout Love " in the 2 Live Crew song "The Fuck Shop". [16] The publicity then continued when George Lucas , owner of the Star Wars universe, successfully sued Campbell for appropriating the name " Skywalker " for his record label, Luke Skyywalker Records. [16] Campbell changed his stage name to Luke (and changed the record label's name to Luke Records) [16] and the group released an extremely political follow-up album, Banned in the U.S.A. , [16] after obtaining permission to use an interpolation of Bruce Springsteen 's " Born in the U.S.A. ".
Banned in the U.S.A. was the group's fourth album. It was originally credited as Luke 's solo album. [16] The certified Gold album included the hits " Do the Bart " and the title track. It was also the first release to bear the RIAA -standard Parental Advisory warning sticker. [16] The eponymous title single is a reference to the decision in a court case that its album, As Nasty as They Wanna Be, was obscene (the decision was overturned on appeal).
Displeased over the decision of Florida Governor Bob Martinez who, upon being asked to examine the album, decided it was obscene and recommended local law enforcement take action against it and over the subsequent action of Broward County, Florida , Sheriff Nick Navarro , who arrested local record-store owners on obscenity charges for selling the group's albums and the subsequent arrest of members of the group on obscenity charges, the group included the song "Fuck Martinez", which also includes multiple repetitions of the phrase, "fuck Navarro". The group found two other men with the same names, and had them sign releases, as they thought that this action would make it impossible for Martinez or Navarro to sue them.
Live in Concert (1990) was their fifth album. [16] This was 2 Live Crew's first and only live album , and was also the only 2 Live Crew release under the Effect subsidiary label of Luke Records , [16] a move that was deemed necessary for the company to be able to release additional 2 Live Crew material outside of their distribution deal with Atlantic Records , which was signed in 1990 – the same year they released Banned in the U.S.A.
Sports Weekend: As Nasty as They Wanna Be, Pt. 2 was their sixth album. [16] Released in 1991, it is the sequel of As Nasty as They Wanna Be. [16] A clean version was released later that same year titled, Sports Weekend: As Clean as They Wanna Be Part II. [16] This was the last studio album by all original members of the 2 Live Crew. It contains the successful single " Pop That Pussy ". The album was certified a gold record.
From that point on, all the releases by 2 Live Crew would always vary, having one or two members of the original lineup missing, with the exception of Fresh Kid Ice .
In 1994, Back at Your Ass for the Nine-4 was released. [16] This album the group was billed as "The New 2 Live Crew" [16] as Brother Marquis and Mr. Mixx had left the group, the lineup for this album was Fresh Kid Ice , Luke and new member, Verb. It is the last album with the 2 Live Crew banner to feature Campbell. The album became a moderate hit, peaking at No. 52 on the Billboard 200 and No. 9 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums . [17] Two charting singles were produced, "Hell, Yeah" and "You Go Girl" who were both made into music videos.
1995 saw a reunion of Fresh Kid Ice, Brother Marquis and Mr. Mixx re-formed again to record "Hoochie Mama" for the soundtrack of movie Friday . The soundtrack reached No. 1 on the Billboard 200, where it held the position for two weeks, and the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart for six weeks.
Fresh Kid Ice, Mr. Mixx, and Brother Marquis left Luke and Luke Records to go to Lil' Joe Records and released Shake a Lil' Somethin' (1996) without Luther Campbell. Shake a Lil' Somethin' is their seventh album. It was released on August 6, 1996, for Lil' Joe Records and was produced by Mr. Mixx. The album made it to No. 145 on the Billboard 200 and No. 33 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums and two singles "Shake a Lil' Somethin'", which peaked at No. 11 on the Hot Rap Singles chart and "Do the Damn Thing", which reached No. 24 on the same chart. It peaked at number 59 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop and albums chart. At the time of this album, Fresh Kid Ice had left the New 2 Live Crew (which consisted of himself, Luke and Verb and Luke Records ) to re-join original members Mr. Mixx and Brother Marquis. However, the reunion was short lived as Mr. Mixx left the group after this album.
The Real One is their eighth and last studio album. It was released on April 7, 1998, for Lil' Joe Records and with the absence of Mr. Mixx, was produced by various producers. The album peaked at No. 59 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums . Shortly after the release of this album, Brother Marquis left as well.
2000–2009: Hiatus and reformation
In the early 2000s, both Brother Marquis and Fresh Kid Ice pursued solo projects. [18] [19]
Circa 2006–2007 Fresh Kid Ice and Brother Marquis discussed their differences and decided to relaunch 2 Live Crew. They offered other past members to be involved but were declined. Both of them started to tour and release singles. [20]
2010–present: Honors, death of Fresh Kid Ice, new lawsuit, and death of Brother Marquis
In 2010, Brother Marquis and Fresh Kid Ice briefly reunited with Luke , and Mr. Mixx as they were honorees winners at the 2010 VH1 Hip-Hop Honors: The Dirty South Edition.
Later that year, the both of them released the singles "I'm 2 Live" featuring Mannie Fresh , "Cougar", "Boom" featuring E-40 . They announced the release of a new 2 Live Crew album called Just Wanna be Heard with guest Too Short , E-40 , and Insane Clown Posse . It was set to be released in August 2010, but remains unreleased to this day. [21] [22] [23]
In June 2014, the 2 Live Crew released a new single, "Take It Off", the video clip featured cameos by Mannie Fresh, Flavor Flav , Trina , Flo Rida , and Trick Daddy . The single is available on iTunes [24] [25] Later that year they made a cameo in the Flo Rida music video " G.D.F.R. ". [26]
Also in 2014, they announced an album called Turn Me On, which also remains unreleased. [27] By Thanksgiving of that year, 2 Live Crew reunited with Campbell for a series of shows until 2015. [28] [29]
In 2016, Fresh Kid Ice left the group, and Mr. Mixx rejoined. [30]
On July 13, 2017, at age 53, Fresh Kid Ice died in a Miami hospital from cirrhosis . [31] [32]
Currently, there is an ongoing dispute between Lil Joe Records against former 2 Live Crew member Luther Campbell, Brother Marquis and the estate of Fresh Kid Ice. The central issue revolves around whether bankruptcy proceedings from the 1990s affect the group members' rights to reclaim copyrights to their old recordings. Lil Joe Records claims the bankruptcy proceedings extinguished these rights, while 2 Live Crew argues that copyright law overrules the bankruptcy order, protecting creators. Additionally, the debate includes whether the recordings were created under work-for-hire agreements, with Lil Joe Records asserting they were. This case may establish a precedent regarding the impact of past bankruptcy proceedings on artists' termination rights, with both parties seeking a favorable summary judgment from the court. [33]
On June 3, 2024, Brother Marquis was found dead, at the age of 58. [34]
Miami Bass, Booty Bass, Booty Music, or whatever you want to call it, changed the scenes of hip hop, dance music, and pop forever...The story of music's dirtiest genre reaches back to the '80s with roots set firmly in Afrika Bambaataa's elektro-funk...foundational artists Amos Larkins and Maggotron, both of whom have been credited as kicking the regional sound into motion. According to Stylus Magazine, Larkins and the Miami Bass conception can be traced back to the movie Knights of the City...Inspired by the humid and vice-ridden melting pot of cultures, ...MC A.D.E.'s "Bass Rock Express" gets the title for first hit of the genre, but it was 2 Live Crew who became the poster boys of movement. Record store owners who sold the album were arrested and charged with crimes of obscenity, and 2 Live Crew members were arrested just for playing shows...US Appeals Court system ruled rap was protected by First Amendment rights...2 Live Crew made it safe for hip-hop as we know it to exist. The influence of the genre is far-reaching...Miami Bass remains not only one of the most ridiculous and enjoyable genres of music in recent memory but also one of the most important.
Wong Won, Christopher (2015). "9. Throw the dick". My Rise 2 Fame. Iconic Three Media Group. pp. 890–911. ASIN B010NY9W06 .
.
^ Jet, November 26, 1990, p.34
.
Further reading
2 Live Crew
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288 | 2 live crew is what we are full album | https://genius.com/albums/2-live-crew/The-2-live-crew-is-what-we-are | 1
About “The 2 Live Crew Is What We Are”
The 2 Live Crew Is What We Are is the first album by hip-hop group the 2 Live Crew . It was released in 1986 on Luke Skyywalker Records to a great deal of controversy and promptly was certified gold by the RIAA. It includes the hits “We Want Some Pussy”, “Throw the ’D'”, and “Cuttin' It Up”. Bob Rosenberg, a south Florida DJ who would later form the dance-pop group Will to Power, remixed and edited the song “Beat Box”. In Florida, it was deemed obscene, and one store clerk was charged with felony “corruption of a minor” for selling it to a 14-year-old girl. The clerk was later acquitted.
“The 2 Live Crew Is What We Are” Q&A
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288 | 2 live crew is what we are full album | https://genius.com/albums/2-live-crew/Greatest-hits | “Greatest Hits” Q&A
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289 | when did the song things that make you go hmmm come out | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Things_That_Make_You_Go_Hmmm... | Things That Make You Go Hmmm...
1 language
1991 single by C+C Music Factory
"Things That Make You Go Hmmm..."
"Things That Make You Go Hmmm..." is a song by American dance group C+C Music Factory . It was released in June 1991 as the third single from their debut album, Gonna Make You Sweat (1990). The single version features Freedom Williams and Zelma Davis who also appear in the accompanying music video , while female vocals are provided by Deborah Cooper instead of Davis on the original album version. The song was inspired by a running gag on The Arsenio Hall Show , where Arsenio, while allegedly on a long drive, pondered certain thoughts and referred to them as "things that make you go hmmm...."
The C+C song was a success in the US, reaching number four on the Billboard Hot 100 , number 31 on the Billboard Hot R&B Singles chart, and number 20 on the Top 40 Radio Monitor . It also reached number four on the UK Singles Chart . The song was certified gold by the RIAA on August 13, 1991, for sales of over 500,000 copies.
Critical reception
AllMusic editor Jose F. Promis remarked that the song took a phrase popularized by Arsenio Hall and made it into "another cleverly infectious Top Ten smash." [2] Larry Flick from Billboard wrote, "After forging a guitar-driven pop/hiphop sound that is being heavily copied by others, groove clique deftly sidesteps into James Brown -style funk territory. Rapper Freedom Williams tells amusing tales amid retro-horns and percussion." [3] Penelope Layland from The Canberra Times named it the best track on the album, "with its clever, catchy lyrics and smooth beat." [4]
Dave Sholin from the Gavin Report stated that writers/producers Cole and Clivillés "have successfully crossbred a unique brand of rap and melody that's taken them on back-to-back trips into the Top Ten. This third entry maintains their infectious rhythm, strengthened by a title that will keep audiences hummmmin'." [5] A reviewer from Music & Media wrote that "the secret behind the success of these dance/pop providers is the good hook in their songs. This time it's the saxophone part, which is repeated after each line." [6] David Quantick from NME said, "The old C&Cs have blown it this time with a very ordinary sort of tune indeed that doesn't so much fail to stay in the memory as break the doors down, steal the car and drive to Birmingham ." [7]
Chart performance
Music video
Impact and legacy
Track listings
12-inch, US; CD maxi, Japan
"Things That Make You Go Hmmmm..." (The Clivillés & Cole Pumped album mix) – 5:19
"Things That Make You Go Hmmmm..." (The Clivillés & Cole Deep house mix) – 5:13
"Things That Make You Go Hmmmm..." (The Clivillés & Cole classic house mix) – 7:05
CD single, Australia
"Things That Make You Go Hmmmm..." (LP version) – 5:24
CD maxi, Europe
"Things That Make You Go Hmmm..." (C&C Classic house mix) – 7:05
"Things That Make You Go Hmmm..." (C&C Deep house mix) – 5:13
"Things That Make You Go Hmmm..." (alt. radio mix 2) – 4:49
Charts and certifications
14
12
51
Certifications
[ edit ]
Region
Certification
Release history
Deggans, Eric (January 1, 1998). "C+C Music Factory". In Graff, Gary; du Lac, Josh; McFarlin, Jim (eds.). MusicHound R&B: The Essential Album Guide. Detroit: Visible Ink Press . p. 88.
Promis, Jose F. "C+C Music Factory - Gonna Make You Sweat" . AllMusic . Retrieved February 17, 2020.
Sholin, Dave (July 5, 1991). "Gavin Picks > Singles" (PDF). Gavin Report . No. 1863. p. 52. Retrieved April 17, 2018.
Pennanen, Timo (2006). Sisältää hitin – levyt ja esittäjät Suomen musiikkilistoilla vuodesta 1972 (in Finnish) (1st ed.). Helsinki: Tammi. ISBN
.
"1991 Top 100 Singles". Music Week . January 11, 1992. p. 20.
"1991 The Year in Music & Video: Top Pop Singles". Billboard . Vol. 103, no. 51. December 21, 1991. p. YE-14.
Things That Make You Go Hmmm...
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289 | when did the song things that make you go hmmm come out | https://genius.com/C-c-music-factory-things-that-make-you-go-hmmmm-lyrics | Things That Make You Go Hmmmm... Lyrics
[Intro: Freedom Williams]Things that make you go, hmm[Verse 1: Freedom Williams]I was at the crib, sittin' by the fireplaceDrinkin' cocoa on the bear skin rugThe door bell rang, who could it be?Thought to myself then started to shrugGot to the door, ding dong, "Who is it?"My girl's best friend had paid me a visitSly as can be tight dress and allShe knew that I was faithful, I really didn't have the gallI tried to chill, she made the moveNow, I know my girlfriend wouldn't approveI didn't realize my girl was settin' me upYo, my girlfriend didn't trust me, noYeah, but she lost control, I wouldn't take the baitI said, "Chill baby, baby chill baby, baby wait"My girl bust in, caught us creatin' a boomShe said, "Girlfriend?!"[Chorus: Martha Wash]Things that make you go, hmmThings that make you go, hmmThings that make you go, hmm, heyThings that make you go, hmm, hmm, hmmIt's the things that make you go, oh, oh, oh
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[Verse 2: Freedom Williams]Here's how it started, just an exampleOf how another brother can trampleRuin your life, sleep with your wifeWatch your behind there was a friend of mineNamed Jay, would come over late at night and say, "HeyI'll watch the fight", I thought it was alright'Cause me and Jay we were really really tightSo damned close we had the same blood typeMonths went by and my wife got bigWe were havin' a child and I got another gigSo I let Jay move into the crib and chillHe had his own room and helped pay the billsThe time had come baby doll to conceiveIt looked like Jay and I couldn't believeBefore my eyes in the delivery room[Chorus: Martha Wash]The things that make you go, hmmThings that make you go, hmmThe things that make you go, hmm, hmm, hmm, hmmThe things that make you go, hmmThings that make you go, hmmIt's the things that make you go, hmm, hmm, hmm Robi-Rob , break it down
[Break: Martha Wash]Give it to me, give it to me, give it to me, give it to meGive it to me, give it to me, give it to me, give it to meGive it to me, give it to me, give it to me, give it to meGive it to me, give it to me, give it to me, give it to meGive it to me, give it to me, give it to me, give it to meGive it to me, give it to me, give it to me, give it to meGive it to me, give it to me, give it to me, give it to meGive it to me, give it to me[Verse 3: Freedom Williams]Seventeen and I was havin' a ballEleventh grade and yo, I knew it allI fell in love for the very first timeWith this girl she really blew my mindInnocence and whole lotta classStyle that could give you whiplashShe said, "Hello" and my heartbeat stoppedShe was the world and I was on topTime went by, she filled my universeWe made love, she said I was the firstMy boy kept tellin' me, yo, I don't knowI think your girl's been playin' tic tac toeI'll ask my girl I know she only loves meWasn't I the one who took your virginity?The look on her face read sorrow and gloomShe said, "Yeah, why do you guys always ask that?"
[Chorus: Martha Wash]Things that make you go, hmmThings that make you go, hmmIt's the things that make you go, hmm, hmm, hmmThe things that make you go, hmmThings that make you go, hmmIt's the things that make you go, hmm, hmm, hmm[Verse 4: Freedom Williams]Hey ladies, have you ever had a manGo away for business, come back with a tanComes home late at night from workYou cooked him dinner now you feel like a jerkSayin' he didn't have time to eatAnd he's not even hungry, he wants to go to sleepTo the bedroom he said his head hurtsYou're only makin' love in radical spurtsMysterious calls and the phone goes clickYou say to yourself, "I'm gonna hit him with a brickAin't no way he could be cheatin' on meI wonder who bought him those B.V.D.'sDressed to a T to hang with the fellasOut with the guys and I'm gettin' jealousComin' home late smellin' like perfume, fume[Chorus: Martha Wash]Things that make you go, hmmThings that make you go, hmmIt's the things that make you go, oh, oh, yeahThe things that make you go, hmmThings that make you go, hmmIt's the things that make you go, hmm, hmm, hmm[Chorus: Martha Wash]Things that make you go, hmmHmmIt's the things that make you go, hmm, hmm, hmmThings that make you go, hmmHmmIt's the things that make you go, hmm, hmm, hmmThings that make you go, hmmIt's the things that make you go, hmm, hmm, hmm...
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C+C Music Factory’s third single “Things That Make You Go Hmmmm….” is all about suspicion and betrayal. It was inspired by a running bit on The Arsenio Hall Show where Hall would say , “These aren’t jokes. These are thoughts. These are things that make you say, ‘hmm…’”
It became the group’s third internationally successful single in a row – a top 30 hit in eight countries and certified gold in the US that same year. In the US, the strength of C+C’s three consecutive top 5 hits propelled their debut album to triple platinum in less than a year.
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289 | when did the song things that make you go hmmm come out | https://oldtimemusic.com/the-meaning-behind-the-song-things-that-make-you-go-hmmm-by-cc-music-factory/ | Home » Song Meanings » The Meaning Behind The Song: Things That Make You Go Hmmm…. by C+C Music Factory
The Meaning Behind The Song: Things That Make You Go Hmmm…. by C+C Music Factory
The Meaning Behind The Song: Things That Make You Go Hmmm…. by C+C Music Factory
When it comes to iconic dance tracks of the early ’90s, “Things That Make You Go Hmmm….” by C+C Music Factory is a song that undoubtedly stands out. Released in 1990, this infectious pop and dance hit became an instant sensation and remains a timeless classic. Groovy beats, catchy lyrics, and the mesmerizing vocals of lead singer Freedom Williams all contributed to its success. However, beneath its irresistible sound lies a deeper meaning that resonated with a generation.
Table of Contents
Frequently Asked Questions about “Things That Make You Go Hmmm….”
1. What inspired C+C Music Factory to create this song?
Answer: C+C Music Factory sought to create a dance track that not only made people move but also made them think. They wanted to explore the complexities of the world and challenge listeners to question the status quo.
2. Who wrote the lyrics for this song?
Answer: The lyrics were penned by Robert Clivillés and Freedom Williams, members of C+C Music Factory. They infused their personal experiences and observations into the song, giving it a relatable and introspective touch.
3. What message does “Things That Make You Go Hmmm….” convey?
Answer: The song encourages individuals to embrace curiosity and critical thinking. It urges listeners to question societal norms, stereotypes, and preconceived notions, inspiring them to seek answers and form their own opinions.
4. How did the song resonate with audiences?
Answer: “Things That Make You Go Hmmm….” struck a chord with listeners as it voiced the common confusion and curiosity experienced by many. Its relatable nature made it an anthem, sparking conversations and discussions among individuals who found solace in knowing they were not alone in their uncertainties.
5. Were there any controversies surrounding the song?
Answer: The song’s release was not without its share of controversies. Some interpreted certain lyrics as offensive or controversial, leading to debates about the intended meaning. However, C+C Music Factory clarified that their intention was to encourage thoughtful reflection rather than offend.
6. How did the music video complement the song’s message?
Answer: The music video for “Things That Make You Go Hmmm….” visually depicted different scenarios that provoke curiosity and make us question the status quo. It showcased a diverse range of thought-provoking situations, reinforcing the song’s underlying message.
7. Did the song receive critical acclaim?
Answer: Yes, the song received positive reviews from critics who praised its infectious energy and thought-provoking lyrics. It topped various music charts worldwide and solidified C+C Music Factory’s status as trailblazers in the dance music genre.
8. How did “Things That Make You Go Hmmm….” impact the music industry?
Answer: The song played a significant role in popularizing dance music during the early ’90s. Its success opened doors for similar acts and brought the genre into the mainstream, shaping the music landscape for years to come.
9. What is the legacy of “Things That Make You Go Hmmm….”?
Answer: The song remains a cultural touchstone, symbolizing an era of self-reflection and exploration. Its lasting impact on popular culture is evident in its continued presence on radio stations, dance floors, and nostalgic playlists.
10. How did C+C Music Factory follow up on the success of this song?
Answer: C+C Music Factory went on to release more hit singles, establishing themselves as prominent figures in the music industry. While they achieved commercial success, “Things That Make You Go Hmmm….” remains one of their signature tracks.
Conclusion
“Things That Make You Go Hmmm….” by C+C Music Factory is a timeless classic that effortlessly blends catchy beats with thought-provoking lyrics. It serves as a reminder to embrace curiosity, question the world around us, and seek answers. With its enduring popularity and meaningful message, this song continues to captivate audiences and inspire generations.
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290 | epidemiologists attempt to explain the link between health and variables such as | https://environmentalhealth.ucdavis.edu/communities/what-environmental-factors-affect-health | Open Search
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It’s not just what you’re exposed to that matters
The truth is, it’s challenging to pin down exactly what factors cause an environmental health problem. Health problems related to the environment are complex and develop for a variety of reasons, including how likely a person’s genes are to develop a disease or condition (scientists call this genetic susceptibility). What we do know is that an environmental health problem is likely linked to physical, biological and even economic factors.
The air we breathe, the water we drink, the food we eat and the homes, buildings and neighborhoods we live and work in can all contribute to environmental health problems, sometimes by disrupting how the body works. Some potential sources of environmental health problems include:
Air pollution : From car exhaust to wildfire and e-cigarette smoke to ozone , pollution is a mix of natural and manmade substances found both indoors and outdoors.
Flame retardants : There are hundreds of chemicals used in consumer products from electronics to furniture that help prevent the spread of fires.
Lead : Old paint, contaminated soil and water, pottery and even house dust are a few ways people are exposed to this metal.
Nanomaterials : Engineered nanomaterials are a concern because particles are tiny and used in many consumer materials, structures and devices.
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) : These compounds help reduce friction and also are used to make products resistant to stains, water and grease.
Smoke : A single cigarette is chock full of hundreds of chemicals including arsenic, formaldehyde and lead.
Pesticides : These chemicals kill, repel or control pests from weeds and fungus to insects.
Scientists suspect many of the things we’re exposed to in our environment are related to health problems like cancer, asthma or Parkinson’s disease. But it’s not just what we’re exposed to that matters: A potential environmental impact on health can lead to a cascade of biological events in the body that alters the way it works – but these changes can be bad or good, and are highly individual depending on genes and circumstances.
For example, obesity is related to genes and exposure to certain chemicals. But how much activity a person gets every day can be a bigger predictor of whether or not someone is a healthy weight. That means availability of parks, affordable healthy food and even sidewalks are important environmental factors in helping people keep their BMI in check.
While exposure to certain substances is bad, an environmental health problem also can be related to not getting enough of something good. Autism has been linked to pesticides but research suggests not getting the recommended amount of folic acid during pregnancy could contribute to it, too. Folic acid is recommended for all women planning a pregnancy to prevent neural tube defects in babies but it can also protect against autism.
Another factor to consider is economics, which plays a crucial role in the way disease, illness and disability plays out over the long-term. Autism, for example, has been associated with an immune response in mothers that scientists hope someday could help identify the condition before a baby is even born. Very early intervention could help children with autism – but only if their families have access to quality health care.
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U.S. Health in International Perspective: Shorter Lives, Poorer Health.
7Physical and Social Environmental Factors
The previous chapters of this report focused on health systems and individual and household-level risks that might explain the U.S. health disadvantage, but it has been increasingly recognized that these health determinants cannot be fully understood (or influenced) in isolation from the environmental contexts that shape and sustain them. In contrast with traditional environmental health approaches that focus primarily on toxic substances in air, water, and soil, this more recent approach conceptualizes the environment more broadly to encompass a range of human-made physical and social features that are affected by public policy ( Frumkin, 2005 ). These economic, social, urban or rural, transportation, and other policies that affect the environment were not traditionally thought of as relevant to health policy but are now attracting greater attention because decision makers are beginning to recognize their health implications ( Cole and Fielding, 2007 ).
By definition, environmental factors affect large groups that share common living or working spaces. Thus, they are key candidates as explanatory factors for health differences across geographic areas, such as countries. Indeed, a major motivation for the research on environmental determinants of health has been the repeated observation that many health outcomes are spatially patterned. These patterns are present across countries and across regions within countries, as well as at smaller scales, such as across urban neighborhoods ( Center on Human Needs, 2012b ; Kawachi and Subramanian, 2007 ). Strong spatial variation is present for a large range of health outcomes, including many of the outcomes for which there are cross-national health differences, such as noncommunicable diseases, associated risk factors, injuries, and violence.
Understanding the reasons for the spatial patterns of health within countries may shed light on environmental factors that may contribute to differences across countries. Several factors may explain the strong spatial patterns that are observed within countries. A key contender is the spatial sorting of people based on their socioeconomic position, race, or ethnicity. However, evidence suggests that regional and neighborhood differences in health persist even after adjusting for these socioeconomic and demographic factors ( Diez Roux and Mair, 2010 ; Mair et al., 2008 ; Paczkowski and Galea, 2010 ; Pickett and Pearl, 2001 ). This evidence suggests that broad environmental factors may play an important role in health. Moreover, environmental factors linked to space and place may in turn contribute to and reinforce socioeconomic and racial or ethnic health disparities ( Bleich et al., 2012 ; Laveist et al., 2011 ). Thus, individual and environmental factors may be part of a reinforcing cycle that creates and perpetuates health differences. These reinforcing processes by which environmental factors and individual-, family-, and community-level factors reinforce each other over time may also play an important role in generating cross-national differences in health.
This chapter focuses on both the physical and social environment in the United States as potential contributors to its health disadvantage relative to other high-income countries. This chapter, like others before it, focuses on three questions:
Do environmental factors matter to health?
Are environmental factors worse in the United States than in other high-income countries?
Do environmental factors explain the U.S. health disadvantage?
QUESTION 1. DO ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS MATTER TO HEALTH?
Many aspects of the physical and social environment can affect people’s health. 1 Spatial contexts linked to regions or neighborhoods are among the most frequently studied, 2 but other contexts may also be important for certain segments of the population. 3
Physical Environmental Factors
The factors in the physical environment that are important to health include harmful substances, such as air pollution or proximity to toxic sites (the focus of classic environmental epidemiology); access to various health-related resources (e.g., healthy or unhealthy foods, recreational resources, medical care); and community design and the “built environment” (e.g., land use mix, street connectivity, transportation systems).
The environment can affect health through physical exposures, such as air pollution ( OECD, 2012b ). A large body of work has documented the effects of exposure to particulate matter (solid particles and liquid droplets found in the air) on cardiovascular and respiratory mortality and morbidity ( Brook et al., 2010 ; Laumbach and Kipen, 2012 ; Mustafić et al., 2012 ; Tzivian, 2011 ). Research has identified specific physiologic mechanisms by which these exposures affect inflammatory, autonomic, and vascular processes ( Brook et al., 2010 ; Tzivian, 2011 ).
The effects of particulate matter on mortality appear to be consistent across countries. For example, a recent review of studies from the late 1990s to mid-2000s found a consistent inverse relationship between airborne particulate matter and birth weight in Australia, Brazil, Canada, France, Italy, the Netherlands, South Korea, the United Kingdom, and the United States ( Parker et al., 2011a ). Another notable example is the evidence linking lead exposures to cognitive development in children ( Bellinger, 2008 ; Levin et al., 2008 ). The evidence of environmental effects of air pollution and lead has been reflected in legislation in many countries directed at reducing levels of these pollutants in the environment.
Increasing attention has focused on the implications for health behaviors and social interactions that are created by the built environment. The built environment refers to the presence of (and proximity to) health-relevant resources as well as to aspects of the ways in which neighborhoods are designed and built (including land use patterns, transportation systems, and urban planning and design features). An important example is evidence that links proximity to healthy or unhealthy food stores with dietary behaviors and related chronic disease outcomes ( Babey et al., 2008 ; Larson et al., 2009 ; Moore et al., 2008 ; Morland et al., 2006 ). 4 Food availability and food advertising influence energy intake and the nutritional value of foods consumed ( Grier and Kumanyika, 2008 ; Harris et al., 2009 ; Institute of Medicine, 2006a ).
Although more definitive evidence is needed (see Feng et al., 2010 ), it has been hypothesized that these environmental features may contribute to the obesity epidemic ( Galvez et al., 2010 ; Papas et al., 2007 ; Sallis and Glanz, 2009 ). The importance of residential environments to obesity and related conditions, such as diabetes, was recently highlighted by a randomized housing intervention: low-income participants who were randomly assigned to move into low-poverty areas experienced significant improvements in weight and diabetes indicators ( Ludwig et al., 2011 ). Unfortunately, the study was not designed to identify the specific environmental features responsible for the observed effect.
A range of other physical environmental features have been linked to other health outcomes. For example, the density of alcohol retail outlets has been linked to alcohol-related health complications ( Campbell et al., 2009 ; Popova et al., 2009 ), including injury and violence ( Cunradi et al., 2012 ; Toomey et al., 2012 ). Transportation systems and other aspects of physical environments that influence driving behaviors are also related to injury morbidity and mortality ( Douglas et al., 2011 ). Living in socioeconomically disadvantaged neighborhoods (as a proxy for a range of environmental exposures) has been linked to higher rates of injury in both adults and children ( Cubbin et al., 2000 ; Durkin et al., 1994 ).
Social Environmental Factors
Factors in the social environment that are important to health include those related to safety, violence, and social disorder in general, and more specific factors related to the type, quality, and stability of social connections, including social participation, social cohesion, social capital, and the collective efficacy of the neighborhood (or work) environment ( Ahern and Galea, 2011 ). 6 Social participation and integration in the immediate social environment (e.g., school, work, neighborhood) appear to be important to both mental and physical health ( DeSilva et al., 2005 ). What also seems important is the stability of social connections, such as the composition and stability of households 7 and the existence of stable and supportive local social environments or neighborhoods in which to live and work.
A network of social relationships is an important source of support and appears to be an important influence on health behaviors. Work on the “transmission” of obesity through social networks has highlighted the possible importance of social norms in shaping many health-related behaviors ( Christakis and Fowler, 2007 ; Hruschka et al., 2011 ; Kawachi and Berkman, 2000 ). 8 A long tradition of sociological research links these social features not only to illness, but also to risks of violence ( Morenoff et al., 2001 ; Sampson et al., 1997 ). Social environments may also operate through effects on drug use, which also has consequences for violence and mental-health-related outcomes. 9
Neighborhood conditions can create stress ( Cutrona et al., 2006 ; Do et al., 2011 ; Merkin et al., 2009 ), which have biological consequences (see Chapter 6 ). Features of social environments that may operate as stressors (including perceptions of safety and social disorder) have been linked to mental health, as have factors that could buffer the adverse effects of stress (e.g., social cohesion, social capital) ( DeSilva et al., 2005 ; Mair et al., 2008 ).
One mechanism through which the social environment can enhance health is through social support. Social support has appeared in many (but not all) studies to buffer the effects of stress ( Cohen and Wills, 1985 ; Matthews and Gallo, 2011 ; Ozbay et al., 2007 , 2008 ). Resilience to the adverse health effects of stress has also been tied to factors that could influence how one perceives a situation (threat versus challenge) and how one responds to stressors ( Harrell et al., 2011 ; Hennessy et al., 2009; Matthews and Gallo, 2011 ; Ziersch et al., 2011 ). One theory for the tendency of some immigrant groups to have better health outcomes than might be expected on the basis of their incomes and education (see Chapter 6 ) is the social support immigrants often provide one another ( Matthews et al., 2010 ).
Social capital refers to “features of social organization, such as trust, norms, and networks, that can improve the efficiency of society by facilitating coordinated actions” ( Putnam, 1993 , p. 167). Studies have shown consistent relationships between social capital and self-reported health status, as well as to some measures of mortality ( Barefoot et al., 1998 ; Blakeley et al., 2001 ; Kawachi, 1999 ; Kawachi et al., 1997 ; OECD, 2010c ; Schultz et al., 2008 ; Subramanian et al., 2002 ). Social capital depends on the ability of people to form and maintain relationships and networks with their neighbors. Characteristics of communities that foster distrust among neighbors, such as neglected properties and criminal activity, can affect both the cohesiveness of neighbors as well as the frequency of poor health outcomes ( Center on Human Needs, 2012b ).
Spatial Distribution of Environmental Factors
In addition to considering differences between the United States and other countries in the absolute levels of environmental factors, it is also important to consider how these factors are distributed within countries. Levels of residential segregation shape environmental differences across neighborhoods ( Reardon and Bischoff, 2011 ; Subramanian et al., 2005 ). Neighborhoods with residents who are mostly low-income or minorities may be less able to advocate for resources and services. Perceptions and stereotypes about area reputation, local demand for products and services, and the purchasing power of residents may also influence the location of health-relevant resources. Physical environmental threats (such as proximity to hazardous sites) may be more prevalent in low-income or minority neighborhoods, a concern of the environmental justice movement ( Brulle and Pellow, 2006 ; Evans and Kantrowitz, 2002 ; Mohai et al., 2009 ; Morello-Frosch et al., 2011 ). These neighborhoods may also lack the social connections and political power that can help remedy adverse conditions.
Other Environmental Considerations
The panel focused its attention on the role of local physical and social environments as potential contributors to the U.S. health disadvantage and did not systematically examine whether other contexts, such as school or work environments, differ substantially across high-income countries. Nor did the panel examine whether neighborhood conditions exert a greater influence on access to health care in the United States than in peer countries. However, these conditions are important to health. For example, the school environments of children, adolescents, and college students can affect diet, physical activity, and the use of alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs ( Katz, 2009 ; Wechsler and Nelson, 2008 ). Dietary options on cafeteria menus and in vending machines, opportunities for physical activity, and health education curricula are all important to children’s health.
Workplaces have also long been recognized as important determinants of health and health inequalities, occupational safety, and access to preventive services ( Anderson et al., 2009 ; Schulte et al., 2011 ). Physical working conditions (e.g., exposure to dangerous substances, such as lead, asbestos, mercury), as well as physical demands (e.g., carrying heavy loads), human factors, and ergonomic problems can affect the health and safety of employees. Stressful psychosocial work environments and “job strain”—which refers to high external demands on a worker with low levels of control or rewards—have become recognized as prominent determinants of health and have been linked to self-reported ill health ( Stansfeld et al., 1998 ), adverse mental health outcomes ( Clougherty et al., 2010 ; Low et al., 2010 ; Stansfeld and Candy, 2006 ), and markers of chronic disease ( Fujishiro et al., 2011 ). Exposure to job strain exhibits a strong social gradient, which influences inequalities in the health of workers ( Bambra, 2011 ). 10
Although the panel did not undertake a systematic comparison of workplace conditions in the United States and other countries, it did note that U.S. employees work substantially longer hours than their counterparts in many other high-income countries. In 2005, annual hours worked in the United States were 15 percent higher than the European Union average ( OECD, 2008a ). Other working conditions and work-related policies for U.S. employees often differ from those of workers in peer countries. For example, U.S. workers have a larger gender gap in earnings, which could potentially affect the health of women, and U.S. workers spend more time commuting to work ( OECD, 2012g ), which decreases cardiorespiratory fitness ( Hoehner et al., 2012 ). Other important differences in work-related policies include employment protection and unemployment benefits, as well as family and sickness leave (see Chapter 8 ). However, cross-national comparisons of workplace safety, other occupational health characteristics, labor market patterns, and work-related policies were beyond the scope of the panel’s review.
QUESTION 2. ARE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS WORSE IN THE UNITED STATES THAN IN OTHER HIGH-INCOME COUNTRIES?
There is scant literature comparing social and physical environmental features across countries. Here we provide selected examples of the ways in which levels or distributions of physical and social environments relevant to health might differ between the United States and other high-income countries.
Physical Exposures
Few data are available to make cross-national comparisons of exposure to harmful physical or chemical environmental hazards. There is, for example, little evidence that air pollution is a more severe problem in the United States than in other high-income countries ( Baldasano et al., 2003 ; OECD, 2012a ; Parker et al., 2011a ). 11 Although cross-national comparisons of the volume of emissions and carbon production per gross domestic product show that the United States is a major emitter, this finding does not provide a basis for comparing the cleanliness or healthfulness of air, water, or other resources. The heavy reliance on automobile transportation in the United States is linked to traffic levels, which contribute to air pollution and its health consequences ( Brook et al., 2010 ; Laumbach and Kipen, 2012 ). Data on population exposures to air pollution across countries are relatively scarce ( OECD, 2008b ). One available measure is the concentration of particulate matter less than 10 micrometers in diameter (PM-10): 12 in the United States, the concentration of PM-10 levels is 19.4 micrograms per cubic meter, lower than the OECD average of 22 micrograms per cubic meter ( OECD, 2012a ).
An important factor that influences a range of environmental features relates to patterns of land use and transportation. In general, U.S. residential environments are highly dominated by Americans’ reliance on private automobile transportation. This characteristic has promoted dispersed automobile-dependent development patterns ( Transportation Research Board, 2009 ) with consequences for population density, land use mix, and walkability ( Richardson, 2004 ), all of which may have health implications. In 2008, the United States had 800 motor vehicles per 1,000 people compared with 526 in the United Kingdom, 521 in Sweden, 598 in France, and 554 in Germany ( World Bank, 2012b ). Cities in the United States tend to be less compact and have fewer public transportation and nonmotorized travel options and longer commuting distances than cities in other high-income countries ( Richardson and Bae, 2004 ). Many European countries have strong antisprawl and pro-urban centralization policies that may contribute to environments that encourage walking and physical activity as part of daily life ( Richardson and Bae, 2004 ). 13
Social Factors
International comparisons of the social environment are complicated by difficulties in obtaining comparable measures of social environments. For example, aside from their direct links to injury mortality (see Chapter 1 ), violence and drug use may be indirect markers of social environmental features that affect other health outcomes. As noted in Chapters 1 and 2 , homicide rates in the United States are markedly higher than in other rich nations. There are fewer data to compare rates of other crimes across countries. As noted in Chapter 5 , certain forms of drug use (which is often linked to other social environmental features) also appear to be more prevalent in the United States than in other high-income countries.
Although Chapter 6 documented a long-standing trend of greater poverty and other social problems in the United States than in peer countries, evidence is more limited to compare these countries in terms of social cohesion, social capital, or social participation. For example, OECD data indicate that the United States has the highest prevalence of “pro-social behavior,” defined as volunteering time, donating to charities, and helping strangers ( OECD, 2011e ). At least one study of cross-national differences in social capital found that the United States ranked at an intermediate level compared with other high-income countries in measures of interpersonal trust; the study also found that the United States ranked higher than many other countries on indicators of membership in organizations ( Schyns and Koop, 2010 ). A previous National Research Council (2011) report and a paper prepared for that study ( Banks et al., 2010 ) did not find much evidence that the United States had unique social networks, social support, or social integration. However, the focus of that paper was on the social isolation of individuals rather than on social cohesion or social capital measured as a group-level construct. Other data indicate that nearly 3 percent of people in the United States report “rarely” or “never” spending time with friends, colleagues, or others in social settings. This figure is one of the lowest in the OECD (2012a) .
On another measure, OECD data suggest that levels of trust 14 are lower in the United States than the OECD average and than in all peer countries but Portugal, with Nordic countries showing the highest levels ( OECD, 2011e ). According to the World Gallup Poll, people in the United States are less likely than people in other high-income countries to express confidence in social institutions, and Americans also have the lowest voting participation rates of OECD countries.
In an interesting link between physical and social environments, Putnam (2000) has argued that increasing sprawl could contribute to declining social capital in the United States because suburban commutes leave less time for social interactions. However, it remains unclear whether sprawl helps explain differences in levels of social capital, or health, across countries.
Spatial Distribution of Environmental Factors
Research in the 1990s demonstrated that people of low socioeconomic status were more likely to experience residential segregation in the United States than in some European countries ( Sellers, 1999 ). More recent evidence also suggests that residential segregation by income and neighborhood disadvantage has been increasing over time in the United States ( Reardon and Bischoff, 2011 ). Given the established correlation between neighborhood, race, and socioeconomic composition and various health-related neighborhood resources in the United States, this greater segregation could also result in greater exposure of some population sectors to harmful environments ( Lovasi et al., 2009 ). Although studies of residential segregation do not directly assess environmental factors, to the extent that segregation is related to differences in exposure to environmental factors, countries with greater segregation may also experience greater spatial inequities in the distribution of environmental factors, resulting in greater health inequalities and possible consequences for overall health status. Studies that use measures of area socioeconomic characteristics as proxies for environmental features have generally reported similar associations of area features with health in both the United States and other countries ( van Lenthe et al., 2005 ), but there is some evidence that area effects may be greater in countries, like the United States, which have relatively greater residential segregation ( Moore et al., 2008 ; Stafford et al., 2004 ).
At least two studies have suggested that spatial variation in health-related resources may have very different distributions in the United States than in other countries. A review of spatial variability in access to healthy foods found that food deserts—areas with limited proximity to stores that sell healthy foods—were more prevalent in the United States than in other high-income countries ( Beaulac et al., 2009 ). A New Zealand study found that area deprivation was not always consistently associated with lack of community resources (including recreational amenities, shopping, educational and health facilities) ( Pearce et al., 2007 ). This finding is in sharp contrast to studies of the United States, which have found associations between neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage and the absence of resources that are important to public health ( Diez Roux and Mair, 2010 ).
Large geographic disparities in toxic exposures to environmental hazards and in healthy food access have been repeatedly noted in U.S. communities ( Diez Roux and Mair, 2010 ; Mohai et al., 2009 ; Pastor et al., 2005 ). Similar geographic disparities may exist for other environmental features. For example, the distribution of walkable environments may be more variable in the United States than in other countries, creating “unwalkable” islands, where walking is not a viable transportation alternative to driving. These barriers may inhibit physical activity for parts of the population, resulting in worse overall health. Levels of safety and violence may also be more strongly spatially segregated in the United States than in other countries, resulting in areas with greater exposure to violence and its harmful health consequences.
QUESTION 3. DO ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS EXPLAIN THE U.S. HEALTH DISADVANTAGE?
Although no studies have collected the necessary data to determine directly the contribution of the environment to the U.S. health disadvantage, existing evidence on the health effects of environmental factors and on differences in levels and distributions of environmental factors between the United States and other high-income countries suggest that environmental factors could be important contributors to the U.S. health disadvantage. Below we review the possible contributions of the environment to major conditions for which U.S. health disadvantages have been documented.
Obesity, Diabetes, and Cardiovascular Disease
Environmental factors that affect physical activity (primarily through their effect on active life-styles, including walking) and access to healthy foods (rather than calorie-dense foods) may help explain differences in obesity and related conditions between the United States and other high-income countries. As noted above, land use patterns and transportation systems differ starkly between the United States and other high-income countries ( Richardson and Bae, 2004 ; Transportation Research Board, 2009 ). Transportation behavior also differs between the United States and other high-income countries, with U.S. residents walking and cycling substantially less than Europeans ( Bassett et al., 2008 ; Buehler et al., 2011 ; Hallal et al., 2012 ). For example, analyses of comparable travel surveys show that between 2001–2002 and 2008–2009, the proportion of “any walking” was stable in the United States, at 18.5 percent, while it increased in Germany from 36.5 to 42.3 percent. The proportion of “any cycling” was extremely low and stable in the United States, at 1.8 percent, while it increased in Germany from 12.1 to 14.1 percent. There was also less variation in active travel among socioeconomic groups in Germany than in the United States ( Buehler et al., 2011 ). Although the precise effects of these transportation differences on people’s energy expenditure is difficult to quantify, it seems reasonable to expect that different transportation patterns would have important implications for U.S. levels of obesity ( Pucher et al., 2010a ).
The food intake of the U.S. population is influenced by both supply and demand, particularly food availability, advertising, and other aspects of the way in which meals are socially produced, distributed, and consumed (including mass production and marketing of cheap calorie-dense foods and large portion sizes) ( Institute of Medicine, 2006a ; Nestle, 2002 ; Story et al., 2008 ). 15 In addition, there is evidence that food access is more inequitably distributed in the United States than in other high-income countries ( Beaulac et al., 2009 ; Franco et al., 2008 ; Moore and Diez Roux, 2006 ), which may create problems of food access for vulnerable populations.
Importantly, these various features of the physical environment may act synergistically, reinforcing their effects and creating an “obesogenic” environment that affects all U.S. residents, at least to some extent. In addition, these environmental effects may contribute to the development of social norms regarding behaviors and weight ( Christakis and Fowler, 2007 ), which then reinforce certain features of the physical environment, making them increasingly difficult to modify. This reinforcement creates a vicious cycle in which the environment contributes to the development of social norms (such as reliance of automobile transportation) and the behavior resulting from the norm reinforces the environmental features (such as absence of bicycle lanes or public transportation) that sustain it.
Injuries
The dominant land use and development pattern espoused in the United States for decades ( Richardson and Bae, 2004 ) has created dependence on private automobile transportation, with important implications for traffic volume and associated traffic injuries and fatalities ( Transportation Research Board, 2009 ). Once established, the land use patterns and transportation systems are self-reinforcing and may in turn hinder the development of efficient and inexpensive public transportation alternatives. A physical environment that promotes and incentivizes automobile transportation also reinforces social norms regarding travel, which complicates efforts to modify the patterns. The existing land use patterns and reliance on private automobile transportation not only contribute to traffic volume and injury fatalities, but probably also contribute to physical inactivity, air pollution, and carbon emissions. In this way, a common physical environmental feature may explain the coexistence of the U.S. health disadvantage on apparently unrelated health domains (obesity and injuries).
Homicides, Violence, Drug-Related Deaths, and HIV Risk
Environmental factors, broadly defined, may also contribute to at least part of the U.S. health disadvantage in homicide, violence, and drug-related deaths. As noted above, residential segregation by income in the United States is associated with violence and related outcomes ( Sampson et al., 1997 ; U.S. Department of Justice, 2007 ). Residential segregation by income and race have also been linked to drug use ( Cooper et al., 2007 ) and HIV/AIDS risk ( Poundstone et al., 2004 ), other contributors to the U.S. health disadvantage. Neighborhood violent crime has in turn been linked to low birth weight ( Morenoff, 2003 ) and childhood asthma ( Wright, 2006 ), two other health conditions that appear to be more common in the United States than in other high-income countries. Residential segregation (and its many social and physical correlates) may be another environmental factor that affects multiple, seemingly unrelated health domains in which the United States has a health disadvantage.
Another important environmental influence on homicide and suicide rates is the ease of access to firearms, which has a strong association with homicide rates ( Hepburn and Hemenway, 2004 ). Legislative policies in other countries limit circulation and ownership of firearms by civilians. As stated in a thorough review by Hepburn and Hemenway (2004 , p. 429):
High-income countries outside the United States have much lower rates of handgun ownership than the United States, and the licensing, registration, and safe storage regulations they have make it much harder for known criminals to obtain firearms. Thus, relatively few of the homicides in these countries are firearm homicides.
CONCLUSIONS
There is some evidence that environmental factors that could affect the U.S. health disadvantage are worse or are more inequitably distributed in the United States than in other high-income countries. It is plausible to hypothesize that factors in the built environment related to low-density land development and high reliance on automobile transportation; environmental factors related to the wide availability, distribution, and marketing of unhealthy foods; and residential segregation by income and race (with its social and economic correlates) may be important contributors to the U.S. health disadvantage in many domains.
It is noteworthy that these environmental factors may interact with other factors at both “higher” levels of broad social policy and “lower” levels that operate at the individual level. For example, high levels of residential segregation may create large social inequalities across neighborhoods that, in the presence of easy access to guns, may result in high gun violence and homicide rates. Easy access to unhealthy foods may interact with personal sources of stress (e.g., from work) in promoting the consumption of calorie-dense foods. Environments that discourage physical activity may also limit social interactions, with potential implications for violence and drug use.
Environments also help to create and reinforce social norms ( Hruschka et al., 2011 ) that influence health outcomes. In this way, environmental factors are undoubtedly part of a self-perpetuating cycle that operates across multiple domains, but delineating exactly how this occurs—and how this may differ across place and time—will require further research.
Many of the environmental factors relevant to health are directly amenable to policy. Therefore, identifying which of these factors are important contributors to the U.S. health disadvantage could point to policy interventions that might reduce the disadvantage. For example, cross-national comparisons show that levels of active transportation, such as walking or cycling, can be effectively modified by specific land use and transportation policies ( Pucher and Dijkstra, 2003 ; Pucher et al., 2010b ). Although many of the data reviewed in this chapter are highly suggestive of an important role for environmental factors, more empirical evidence is needed to draw definitive conclusions. Important areas for future cross-national research on environmental factors and health include (1) characterizing levels and distributions of environmental risk factors using comparable measures across countries; (2) documenting inequalities in the distribution of these environmental factors; (3) identifying the extent to which these environmental factors affect health and the extent to which their effects are modulated by individual-, community-, or country-level factors; (4) examining directly the contribution of environmental factors to health differences between the United States and other high-income countries; and (5) studying national, regional, and local country policies that may curb levels of adverse environmental exposures, reduce the extent to which they are inequitably distributed, or buffer their effects.
The contribution of environmental factors to the U.S. health disadvantage is likely to result from dynamic and reinforcing relationships between environmental and individual-level factors. Environmental factors also operate over a person’s life course, so that the environments one experiences early in life may influence health trajectories over time. Environmental factors are in turn linked to upstream social and policy determinants. In many ways, the environment can be thought of as the mid- or “meso-” level of influence linking macrolevel factors (e.g., economic and social policy) and microlevel processes (e.g., individual behavior). A comprehensive understanding of the causes of the U.S. health disadvantage will require recognizing how the environment interacts with these other factors and helps perpetuate or mitigate the disadvantage across a broad set of health domains.
Footnotes
1
Although analytically distinct, physical and social environments may also influence and reinforce each other: for example, physical features related to walkability may contribute to social norms regarding walking, which may in turn promote more walkable urban designs and community planning.
2
Much early work on the spatial patterns of health used variables such as aggregate summaries of area socioeconomic or race/ethnic composition or measures of residential segregation by various attributes as proxies for a range of broadly defined environmental factors that may be relevant to health (see, e.g., Diez Roux and Mair, 2010 ). The identification of causal effects using these aggregate summaries raises a number of methodological challenges and does not allow one to identify the specific environmental attributes that may be relevant. More recent work has attempted to identify the specific environmental factors that may be important to specific health outcomes, as well as the pathways through which these factors may operate.
3
The environment can also be considered on a larger geographic scale, especially in seeking explanations for cross-national health differences. For example, the health of some nations is affected by their geography or climate.
4
Although in the U.S. context a number of studies have reported associations of local access to healthy foods with diet, some studies have not detected such associations ( Cummins et al., 2005 ; Pearce et al., 2008 ). An important difficulty in comparing results across countries is that the proxy measure for the local food environment is often the type of food stores or restaurants available (such as supermarkets or fast food outlets), but the extent to which these typologies reflect relevant differences in the foods actually available to consumers may differ significantly across countries.
5
Studies that compare the effects of built environment features across countries are limited and inconclusive. One recent review found that access to open space (parks and other green spaces) in neighborhoods was associated with physical activity levels in both the United States and Australia ( Pearce and Maddison, 2011 ).
6
Other factors that are also frequently discussed, such as social norms, have been more difficult to study because of a variety of methodological and data challenges.
7
As noted in Chapter 6 , divorces and single-parent households have become more prevalent in the United States over time than in other high-income countries.
8
Analytical complexities make the isolation of these effects difficult in observational studies.
9
Although findings have not always been consistent, levels of safety, violence, and other social environmental features have also been found to be associated with walking and physical activity ( Foster and Giles-Corti, 2008 ).
10
Findings on job strain have not been consistent, raising the question of whether these are primarily markers of socioeconomic position, which can influence health through other plausible material or psychosocial pathways ( Eaker et al., 2004 ; Greenlund et al., 2010 ).
11
Averages could mask important spatial heterogeneity in air pollution, and this heterogeneity could have important implications for differences in aggregate health if some populations are systematically exposed to high levels of pollution.
12
Particulate matter less than 10 micrometers in diameter (PM-10) poses a health concern because it can accumulate in the respiratory system. In particular, particles that are less than 2.5 micrometers in diameter (“fine” particles) are thought to pose the largest health risks ( U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2007 ).
13
Even in these countries, however, automobile use is rising quickly.
14
Trust data are based on the question: “Generally speaking would you say that most people can be trusted or that you need to be very careful in dealing with people?” Data come from two different surveys: the European Social Survey (2008 wave 4) for OECD European countries and the International Social Survey Programme (2007 wave) for non-OECD Europe ( OECD, 2011e ).
15
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290 | epidemiologists attempt to explain the link between health and variables such as | https://www.paho.org/en/topics/environmental-determinants-health | Environmental Determinants of Health
Environmental Determinants of Health
A healthy environment is vital to “ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages.”(1)
As the intersection of environment and public health, in the framework of this Strategy, environmental public health addresses global, regional, national, and local environmental factors that influence human health, including physical, chemical, and biological factors external to a person, and all related behaviors. Collectively, these conditions are referred to as environmental determinants of health (EDHs).
Threats to any one of the EDHs can have an adverse impact on health and well-being at the population level.(1) These environmental threats can occur naturally or because of social conditions and ways people live. Addressing EDHs improves directly the health of populations. Indirectly, it also improves productivity and increases the enjoyment of consumption of goods and services unrelated to health.
(1) Sustainable Development Goal 3: Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages. The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.
Key facts
Approximately 83 million people still do not have adequate sanitation systems of which 15.6 million people still practice open defecation and 28 million do not have access to improve sources of safe drinking water, resulting in about 30 thousand preventable deaths each year;
Hazardous chemical risks, such as exposure to toxic pesticides, lead, and mercury tend to disproportionally impact children and pregnant women;
Exposure to toxic chemicals can lead to chronic and often irreversible health conditions such as neurodevelopment problems, and congenital defects and diseases associated with endocrine disruption;
Environmental changes such as climate change increasingly have an impact on people’s health and well-being in the Region by disrupting physical, biological, and ecological systems globally. Extreme weather events have exacerbated food insecurity, air pollution, access to clean water, population migration and transmission patterns of vector-borne illnesses. The health effects of these disruptions may include increased respiratory, cardiovascular, and infectious disease; injuries; heat stress and mental health problems;
Groups in situations of vulnerability to climate-related hazards, such as those living on small islands, are subject to a disproportionate risk due to the greater frequency and severity of extreme weather events and the elevation of sea level or communities living in mountains are subject to a disproportionate risk due to changes in river flows, alterations in flora and fauna, and the increased risk of rock landslides, avalanches, and floods due to melting glaciers and decreasing the layer of snow;
The emergence of new environmental hazards, for example, electronic waste, nanoparticles, microplastics, chemicals that alter the endocrine system and water scarcity;
Complex management challenges posed by interregional pollution (for example, cross-border air pollution and shared polluted basins).
Fact sheet
Five key Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the 2030 Agenda address the environmental determinants of health and contribute directly and indirectly to SDG 3 focused on “health” - ensuring healthy lives and promoting well-being for all at all ages. These SDGs address the issues of water, sanitation and hygiene, air quality, chemical safety, and climate action.
To achieve these objectives, environmental public health programs must evaluate possible health problems attributable to environmental factors; develop inclusive and equitable public policies to protect all people from environmental hazards; and ensure compliance with these policies. This is achieved through inter programmatic, intersectoral, multisectoral, subnational, national and supranational approaches. It is important that environmental public health programs foster an environmentally responsible and resilient health sector and environmentally healthy and resilient communities.
PAHO Response
In order to reduce the burden of disease and inequity in health attributable to environmental determinants of health in the Region of the Americas, PAHO provides technical cooperation to the countries of the region of the Americas to increase the capacity of health actors in the Region to address the environmental determinants of health; emphasizing air quality, chemical safety, factors associated with climate, and water, sanitation and hygiene prioritizing populations living in vulnerable situations.
Specifically, PAHO works with the countries of the Region of the Americas through:
Improving the performance of environmental public health programs
Strengthening environmental public health surveillance
Fostering an environmentally responsible and resilient health sector
Promoting environmentally healthy and resilient communities.
The essential function of PAHO is to harness the power of alliances and knowledge to convene, coordinate and guide processes that have a direct impact on the countries of the Region of the Americas. These processes are implemented by the countries with the support of PAHO and the technical support of the WHO Collaborating Centers and other national reference institutions.
Data/Statistics
External parties
Question and Answers: Environmental Public Health and SARS-CoV-2
All the technical guidance materials related to COVID-19 developed by PAHO can be accessed here .
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS THAT SERVE AS BEST PRACTICES FOR PROTECTING COMMUNITIES:
1. What is household chlorine / bleach?
Bleach is the common name for the mixture of water and the chemical sodium hypochlorite, which is usually sold for household use at concentrations of between 1 - 10%. It needs to be diluted to create the disinfection solutions referred to in the technical notes, such as [ https://iris.paho.org/handle/10665.2/52172 ].
2. What is the recommended concentration of chlorine to be used to disinfect surfaces in households?
Before disinfection, surfaces should be cleaned with water and soap. Then a sodium hypochlorite disinfection solution at 0.1% concentration should be applied.
Liquide chlorine, technical known as sodium hypochlorite, for domestic use is sold in several different concentrations. All are equally recommended, as a disinfection solution needs to be prepared at 0.1% concentration. The table found in the technical notes shows the quantity of product that needs to be mixed with what quantity of water depending on the product concentration available. [ https://iris.paho.org/handle/10665.2/52172 ].
3. How long does 62-70% ethanol or a sodium hypochlorite disinfection solution at 0.1% concentration or 0.5% improved hydrogen peroxide take to deactivate SARS-CoV-2 on surfaces?
SARS-CoV-2 is deactivated (reduced by 99.9%) on surfaces following application of one of these disinfection solutions left to act for a minimum of 1 minute.
4. What is the minimum free chlorine residual level recommended for all points of a municipal water systems to effectively treat against SARS-COV-2 and other pathogens?
A free chlorine residual concentration of at least 0.5mg/L, measured at least 30 minutes after the chlorine is added to the water and mixed to ensure a uniform concentration. [ https://iris.paho.org/handle/10665.2/52229 ]
5. What is the recommendation for disinfection of surfaces?
Clean frequently touched surfaces and bathrooms with soap and safe water, followed by a sodium hypochlorite disinfection solution at 0.1% concentration.
6. Is disinfection recommended for people and outdoor spaces?
The recommendation is to focus cleaning and disinfection on indoor frequently touched surfaces. PAHO does not recommend the use of tunnels or cabins that spray chemicals for the disinfection of humans, or the use of disinfection foot mats, or the spraying of chemicals to disinfect the build environment, such as roads.[ https://iris.paho.org/handle/10665.2/52066 ]
7. What is recommended for cleaning and disinfection of public transport?
Remove visible dirt from porous surfaces and use cleaning products that are compatible with these surfaces.
At least twice a day clean frequently touched surfaces (handrails, handles etc) with soap and safe water, then apply a sodium hypochlorite disinfection solution at 0.1% concentration and leave to act for at least 1 minute.
Disinfect electronic surfaces based upon the factory recommendations. If none exist use 62-70% ethanol.
Ensure that cleaning and disinfection procedures are followed consistently and correctly.
Clean and disinfect the vehicle interior with the doors and windows open.
When cleaning and disinfecting, individuals should wear Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) such as water-resistant gloves and an impermeable gown.
Encourage the installation of handsfree fare systems.
8. What is the best way to clean non-medical fabric masks which are commonly recommended for public use?
Items made of cloth can be laundered in hot water and soap and allowed to dry completely to decontaminate.
Clean non-medical fabric masks should be stored in a plastic bag to prevent contamination.
9. How should waste from households with COVID-19 cases be handled?
Dedicate a trash can with lid containing a plastic bag for the infected person and locate it within their room. Tie bags securely and place in a secondary bag before transporting and disposing of trash. Follow the national norms for the disposal of waste from infected persons. Use PPE when handling waste.
10. What measures should be taken to disinfect products bought from the grocery store?
There is no evidence that supermarket or grocery store products are a source of transmission. In order to reduce the risk of transmission of SARS-COV-2, it is recommended to:
Physically distance and perform frequent hand hygiene when at the grocery store.
Wipe down cart or basket handles with disinfectant wipes.
Hand washing with soap and water upon arriving home and after putting groceries away .
Not touch your face before hand washing can be performed.
Fruits and vegetables should be washed in safe water and thoroughly dried.
11. What are the recommendations for handling money?
There is no evidence that money is a source of transmission. Emphasis must be placed on hand washing and hand hygiene at critical moments, as per guidelines found at: [ https://iris.paho.org/handle/10665.2/52064 ]
12. Is the spraying of chemicals recommended for disinfection of public spaces and persons?
Spraying chemicals is never recommended on people. This is harmful and can cause adverse psychological and physical health effects, such as irritation in the mucosa, skin, eyes and respiratory tract. The false sense of protection can lead to increased transmission.
The spraying of chemicals is only recommended for highly contaminated empty enclosed spaces and after cleaning.
Increasing access to handwashing stations
Ensuring safe water with a free chlorine residual of 0.5mg/L
Handwashing with safe water and soap frequently and at critical moments
Cleaning and disinfection of frequently touched surfaces
Safe handling and disposal of solid waste
Ensuring that wastewater is disposed of without contaminating the surrounding environment
Messaging on handwashing and management of solid waste
Ensuring adequate ventilation with a minimum of 2 air changes per hour
Reorganization of communal spaces to ensure physical distancing
14. What are the recommendations for cleaning electronic equipment?
Electronic equipment should be dusted and then disinfected several times a day, based upon manufacturer guidance, or with 62-70% alcohol. Apply the disinfection product with a cloth, not directly, as moisture or excess liquid can damage the electronics inside.
15. What are the key recommendations for sanitation service workers?
• Use appropriate PPE to protect skin and mucous membranes (eyes, nose, mouth).
• Practice frequent handwashing with soap and safe water [ https://iris.paho.org/handle/10665.2/52064 ]
• Ensure all safety measures are implemented
• Maintain physical distancing measures
16. What products can be used to wash hands?
Handwashing is important to prevent the spread of the SARS-CoV-2, as well as other viruses and bacteria, which cause common illnesses.
Regular soap and safe water are effective in the control of COVID-19.
Handwashing following the correct method and time is recommended (40-60 seconds)
If regular soap does not exist other options are:
Natural soaps from traditional plants with saponins and that have surface-active properties, can be used, such as alfalfa, marigold, guarana, beans, common soapwort, thyme, among others
Any surface-active agent is effective against viruses because they deactivate the proteins that surround the virus (hair or body shampoo, washes liquid utensils and detergents that contain sodium lauryl sulphate, sodium lauryl ether, linear alkylaryl sodium sulphonate (LAS or LABS) or alcohols fatty ethoxylates)
Do not use products that contain caustic soda, which is in some commercial detergents
If safe water and soap are not an option, 70% alcohol gel can be used for 20-30 seconds
17. Is it safe to combine cleaning and/or disinfectant products in order to clean surfaces?
Combining cleaning and/or disinfectant products is not safe. As most cleaning and disinfectants are made of chemicals, mixing them can produce noxious vapors and other health hazards.
18. What general precautions should be taken in the house to prevent COVID-19?
Wash hands with soap and safe water for at least 40-60 seconds upon entering the house from outside, before and after eating, before and after food preparation, after going to the bathroom, before and after cleaning.
Clean frequently touched surfaces at least once a day and apply a sodium hypochlorite disinfectant solution at 0.1% concentration leaving to act for at least 1 minute before being wiped off.
Clean bathrooms at least once a day with a sodium hypochlorite disinfectant solution at 0.1% concentration, leaving the disinfectant to act for at least one minute.
Clean fruits and vegetables with safe water and then dry thoroughly.
Maintain good ventilation with a minimum of 2 air exchanges per hour.
Remove shoes upon entering the house as a general good hygiene measure. [ https://iris.paho.org/handle/10665.2/52174 ]
19. What can be done to conserve water in the context of COVID-19?
While handwashing, only use water to wet and rinse hands. Close the tap during lathering.
Wash dishes in a basin of water, instead of under a running tap. Rinse in a separate basin of water.
Do not wash public or private vehicles that are not used for patient transfer.
Flush the toilet only when it contains solid human waste.
Avoid the use of the public water supply for irrigation:
Use drip irrigation instead of sprinklers.
Use rainwater catchment where possible.
Reuse grey water from laundry and dish washing to water plants.
Under no circumstances should disinfectants be applied on the human body or ingested. Ingesting disinfectants may cause severe poisoning or death. Please consult with your medical doctor about the best treatment options for you.
22. Can the COVID-19 virus spread through sewerage systems?
SARS-CoV-2 virus RNA has been found in wastewater in several countries, prior to treatment. Current scientific knowledge suggests that the virus found is not able to transmit the disease but is a marker of presence. Standard municipal and individual septic system wastewater treatment practices would inactivate any viable SARS-CoV-2.
The use of disinfection mats is not recommended. The current scientific knowledge does not suggest this would interrupt an important transmission pathway. Chlorine degrades quickly with Ultra Violet Radiation (light), and high temperatures.
24. How should clothes be washed from infected people?
Clothes should be transported to the laundry area in a sealed bag, and care taken not to shake the clothes.
Clothes should be laundered in warm water with soap and should be in contact with the soap for a minimum of 30 minutes.
Dry fully.
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290 | epidemiologists attempt to explain the link between health and variables such as | https://byjus.com/biology/what-are-the-five-environmental-factors/ | What is the Environment?
In simple words, the environment can be defined as everything around us. Our environment is composed of both living and non-living things, and is referred to as the biotic and abiotic components of the environment.
Abiotic components
Abiotic components comprise all non-living things, including the soil, air, temperature, water, sunlight, nutrients, rocks, mountains, etc.
Environmental Factors
The environmental factors can be defined as the identifiable element within the environment that affects an organism’s survival, operations, and growth.
Environmental factors involve everything that changes the natural environment. Some elements are visible, while others cannot be seen. Air, water, climate , soil, natural vegetation and landforms are all environmental factors.
By definition, the environmental factors affect everyday living, and play a key role in bringing health differences across the geographic areas. The interaction between human and ecological factors significantly impacts human health, either directly or indirectly.
Five Environmental Factors
The primary five environmental factors which affect the health and well-being of human life are:
Pollution
Pollution is defined as introducing pollutants, organic molecules, or other unsafe materials into the Earth’s atmosphere. This can either be caused by natural events (like forest fires) or by man-made activities (like emissions from automobiles, factories, nuclear wastes, etc.)
The different types of pollution include:
Air pollution
Soil pollution
Noise pollution
Water pollution
Radioactive pollution
Deforestation
Deforestation refers to the cutting down of trees and the destruction of forests. These can either be for human habitation and use or natural causes.
Deforestation has a tremendous negative impact on the environment. The most dramatic effect is a loss of trees and forests, which drives climate change, and several other problems have been raised for the ecosystem.
Solid Waste Pollution
Solid waste pollution is also referred to as a type of pollution, along with air, water, noise and soil pollution.
Solid waste pollution refers to the improper disposal of solid waste, including garbage, construction waste, metal pieces, glass and plastic products, dead and decaying matter, solid agricultural waste, medical waste, radioactive waste, etc.
Global Warming
The phenomenon of a gradual increase in the average temperature of the Earth’s atmosphere and its water bodies is termed global warming. The leading cause for this environmental issue is the increased volumes of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide and methane released by burning fossil fuels, emissions from vehicles, industries, and other human activities.
Explore more: Global warming
Change in Climatic Conditions
There are several causes of climate change. The most significant effect on the climate is the increasing trend in the concentration of greenhouse gases and global warming in the atmosphere.
Climate change is having an adverse impact on the environment. These include the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of ecosystems.
Other than natural disasters, humans are also responsible for climate change. The burning of fossil fuels, emissions from vehicles, and industries are a few of them.
A change in the global climate includes:
Typhoons
Melting of global ocean currents and lots more.
Frequently Asked Questions on Five Environmental Factors that Affect Health
Q1
Environmental issues are a warning of the upcoming disaster, which
leads to the degradation of air, water and soil quality. If these issues are not controlled, there will soon be no life on earth.
Q2
What are the major causes of environmental issues?
An environmental issue can be defined as the harmful effects of any human activity on the environment.
The major causes of environmental issues are:
Pollution
What are the practical measures taken to reduce environmental issues?
As we all know, the primary cause of environmental issues is human activity. Therefore, the following are the specific measures taken to reduce the environmental issues:
Plant more trees
Disposal of solid and harmful waste properly
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290 | epidemiologists attempt to explain the link between health and variables such as | https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/public-health/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00231/full | Volume 8 - 2020 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00231
This article is part of the Research Topic Influence of Socio-Economic Status on Aging: From Biology to Policy View all 6 articles
Socioeconomic Status and Access to Healthcare: Interrelated Drivers for Healthy Aging
1Department of Health Education and Promotion, School of Community Health Sciences, Counseling, and Counseling Psychology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
2Center for Population Health and Aging, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
3Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
The rapid growth of the global aging population has raised attention to the health and healthcare needs of older adults. The purpose of this mini-review is to: (1) elucidate the complex factors affecting the relationship between chronological age, socio-economic status (SES), access to care, and healthy aging using a SES-focused framework; (2) present examples of interventions from across the globe; and (3) offer recommendations for research-guided action to remediate the trend of older age being associated with lower SES, lack of access to care, and poorer health outcomes. Evidence supports a relationship between SES and healthcare access as well as healthcare access and health outcomes for older adults. Because financial resources are proportional to health status, efforts are needed to support older adults and the burdened healthcare system with financial resources. This can be most effective with grassroots approaches and interventions to improve SES among older adults and through data-driven policy and systems change.
Introduction
Healthy aging, also known as successful aging ( 1 ), is defined by the World Health Organization as “the process of developing and maintaining functional ability that enables well-being in older age” ( 2 ). It encompasses the physical and mental capacities of an older adult at any given time ( 3 ) as well as the resources and supports they access and utilize. Central to the concept of healthy aging is disease and disability prevention and management; maintenance of good physical and cognitive functionality; and engagement in active lifestyles and healthful behaviors ( 4 ). Healthy aging is a primary goal of modern medicine, especially as it relates to geriatric care. Despite efforts to make healthy aging ‘the new normal ( 5 , 6 ), subsets of the growing older adult population are faced with financial hardships resulting in inequities of resource distribution and disparities in health outcomes.
As our global society rapidly ages, we potentially face a future of impoverished older adults lacking access to care in already overburdened healthcare systems. In this context, healthy aging is fraught with difficulties. This mini-review: (1) discusses the relationship between chronological age, socio-economic status (SES), access to care, and healthy aging; (2) presents examples of interventions from across the globe; and (3) offers recommendations for research-guided action to remediate the trend of older age being associated with lower SES, lack of access to care, and poorer health outcomes.
In the framework of this mini-review (see Figure 1 ), healthy aging is primarily a function of SES, with SES consisting of lifelong evolving and recursive statuses around the reflexive position of a person's financial situation, educational attainment, and employment status. A person's ability to access care is mediated by SES. Access to healthcare implies the availability of relevant and effective services and providers, physical accessibility, and affordability, how accommodating services and service providers are, and the acceptability of the services and service providers to the patient ( 7 ). Whether a population has access to healthcare is typically measured through availability (i.e., a count of providers in a defined area), utilization (i.e., rates of a target population using a certain type of healthcare service or resource), and health outcomes of the target population ( 8 ).
FIGURE 1
Figure 1. Conceptual framework for socioeconomic status and healthcare access driving healthy aging.
In addition, access to care can affect a person's SES through a downward trajectory, where (for example) poverty reduces access to healthcare, which leads to increased morbidity, which leads to increased poverty and further reductions in access to care. Context, such as rurality, neighborhood, or country has a similar relationship to healthy aging through SES. A person's context also affects access to care, as noted in areas with limited access to care due to lack of healthcare providers (like rural or remote communities). Given the relative difficulty of changing context and the extended timeframe needed to do so, it is essential to target interventions at the more immediately accessible constructs of access to care and SES through wealth and reducing financial disparities and costs of care. In a variety of contexts, lower SES is associated with reduced access to care, poorer health outcomes, and increased mortality and morbidity as individuals age ( 9 – 18 ). Thus, this mini-review specifically targets the relationship between wealth, access to healthcare, and healthy aging.
Wealth, Access to Care, and Healthy Aging
Our framework emphasizes the socioeconomic gradient (or “wealth-health” gradient), which highlights the positive relationship between wealth and health. That is, as wealth increases so does health, with the converse also holding true. Lower economic status leads to poorer health, which in turn leads to a dangerous cycle of further impoverishment ( 19 ). Simply stated, there is a relationship between SES and health, with low SES associated with poorer health ( 20 – 24 ).
Wealth and Healthy Aging
The “wealth-health” gradient becomes more pronounced as people age. Socioeconomic status is intimately tied to healthy aging, with greater wealth producing a greater likelihood of health among older adults ( 25 ). This association may be due to the combined effects of increased stress, trauma, allopathic load, and limited access to appropriate and timely healthcare ( 17 , 26 – 28 ). Low SES also contributes to heavier disease burden. For example, poorer older adults experience more dental disease ( 29 , 30 ) and disability ( 31 , 32 ). This effect is global. In Japan, low-income older adults reached older-age with less healthy teeth intact than their higher-income counterparts ( 33 ). Poorer older adults in China and India report greater functional impairment and disability than older adults in the richest, richer, and middle-income classes ( 34 ). In Cambodia, the poorest older adults report worse health outcomes, with marginal gains in income associated with improvements in health ( 35 ). Financial instability can, in some cases, explain the poorer mortality and morbidity often found among racial and ethnic minorities compared to majority populations ( 36 ). Table 1 provides an overview of selected evidence documenting the relationship between wealth and healthy aging from different countries.
TABLE 1
Table 1. Example studies documenting the relationship between wealth and healthy aging.
Wealth and Access to Care
Socioeconomic status is tied to healthcare access among older adults, perceived or otherwise ( 37 , 38 ). Variation in healthy aging based on income levels may be attributed to differential healthcare access: wealthier older adults have better access to care, and access to care (from preventative services to long-term care) may be associated with better health outcomes ( 21 , 39 , 40 ). Poor health-related quality of life outcomes are significantly associated with lower SES in the United States, which is possibly driven by limited healthcare access among poorer older adults ( 41 ). In a cross-sectional study of almost 50,000 non-institutionalized older adults, costs were cited as a major reason for not obtaining needed care ( 42 ). Older adults living in higher socioeconomic brackets are more likely to access preventative care and screenings, with for example, higher SES older adults experiencing a greater likelihood of having a hearing screen and using a hearing aid ( 43 ). Lower SES is associated with longer wait times in countries with centralized healthcare systems ( 44 ). Faced with rising healthcare costs, Japanese older adults report forgoing healthcare due to limited income ( 45 ). In India, financial instability is a driving factor for lower healthcare access among older adults ( 46 ). Portuguese older adults cite financial concerns (e.g., pension cuts, increased medical care fees, and increased out-of-pocket costs for medications) among the main barriers to access to care ( 47 ). In some cases, older adults with low SES are simply not offered the same care as older adults with higher incomes, resulting in income-related treatment disparities ( 48 – 50 ). Table 2 provides an overview of selected evidence documenting the relationship between wealth and access to care from different countries.
TABLE 2
Table 2. Example studies documenting the relationship between wealth and access to care.
Access to Care and Healthy Aging
Access to healthcare is related to healthy aging. Older adults with multiple sclerosis in Canada report “effective and accessible” healthcare as a key factor in healthy aging ( 51 ). In the United States, providing health insurance coverage—a necessary conduit for access to healthcare—improves health outcomes and mortality in general and among older adults ( 52 – 55 ). Older adults in the United States are significantly more likely to receive clinical preventive services with access to regular sources of healthcare. ( 42 ) Similarly, for people with intellectual disabilities in the United States, access to proper screenings and preventive services facilitates healthy aging ( 56 ). In China, self-reported inadequate access to healthcare among older adults was significantly associated with higher rates of disability, cognitive impairment, and all-cause mortality, particularly in rural areas ( 57 ). Considering the importance of access to healthcare for healthy aging, our global community struggles to provide appropriate and timely access to healthcare for people aged 65 or older ( 58 ). Our difficulty to provide relevant and effective services for older adults is partially attributed to rapidly shifting demographics. As the number of projected older adults grows from about 524 million in 2010 to nearly 1.5 billion in 2050, the projected number of younger people (ages 0–25 years) is expected to decrease ( 59 ). This phenomenon shifts the dependency ratio and results in an increasing percentage of older adults in the global population (see Figure 2 ).
FIGURE 2
Figure 2. World percentage of population aged 65 years and over.
Still more of our difficulty providing access to care may be explained by shifts in disease burden. As our global population steadily ages, the chronic diseases highly associated with aging (e.g., heart disease, stroke, and COPD) now pose the greatest threat to global health ( 59 ). In 2000, dementia was the 14th leading cause of death worldwide, but by 2016, dementia-related deaths rose to the 5th leading cause of death ( 60 ). Across the globe, healthcare systems may be ill-prepared to shift resources to meet the demand for geriatric care and chronic disease treatment and management. Table 3 provides an overview of selected evidence documenting the relationship between access to care and healthy aging from different countries.
TABLE 3
Table 3. Example studies documenting the relationship between access to care and healthy aging.
Improving Access to Healthcare Among Older Adults
A lack of financial resources leads to poor health, which can, in turn, lead to a dangerous cycle of further impoverishment ( 19 ). Future disparities in mortality based on income inequalities in older adults could diminish with the implementation of interventions designed to reduce barriers to care among younger populations ( 61 ). Internationally, interventions that either directly improve healthcare access (e.g., by expanding health insurance) or focus on alleviating financial disparities typically lead to improved health among older adults ( 62 – 64 ).
Mexico experimented with income supplementation for older adults. Elderly residents of two states in the Yucatan who received income supplementation (i.e., a 44% increase in household income) spent their extra income on doctor visits and medications, and realized improved health outcomes ( 62 ). In Italy, socioeconomic disparities in influenza vaccinations exist among adults, but not among older adults. Influenza vaccines are free for older adults, thus potentially remediating any socioeconomic effect in vaccine uptake ( 63 ). In the United States, expanding state Medicaid (public health insurance) programs resulted in decreased rates of uninsured older adults, reduced forgoing care due to costs, and a significant decrease in mortality among older adults living in expansion states ( 64 ) Increasing health insurance coverage also resulted in improved access to care in China ( 65 ). Table 4 provides an overview of selected evidence documenting strategies to improve access to healthcare among older adults from different countries.
TABLE 4
Table 4. Example studies documenting strategies to improve access to healthcare among older adults.
Discussion
The rapid growth of the global aging population alongside projected decreases in younger demographics ( 59 ) will pose new and intensified access barriers and burdens on healthcare systems worldwide. This scenario highlights the importance of building and supporting healthcare infrastructure and processes to effectively identify the healthcare needs of older adults and efficiently serve them with quality services. With a growing consumer base and unchanged healthcare systems, our ability to adequately care for an aging society will become labored and severely compromised, which will diminish health outcomes and opportunities for healthy aging.
As documented in this mini-review, substantial evidence exists to support the strong interplay between socioeconomic status (SES), healthcare access, and healthy aging. Several studies document the relationship between SES, healthcare utilization, and health outcomes among older adults across the globe. Universally, the majority of studies show that lower SES is associated with more access barriers ( 10 – 16 ), which is subsequently associated with worse health outcomes and premature death. Compounding disparities exist which exacerbate these relationships among people of color and other minority or traditionally disenfranchised groups ( 36 , 65 ). Evidence suggests that removing the financial barriers to healthcare access such as providing universal healthcare coverage in European countries or Medicare in the United States ( 64 ) can improve health outcomes.
Traditionally, the Anderson Behavioral model contextualizes healthcare access as a function of predisposing, enabling, and need-related factors ( 66 ). While this is a strong approach to understand the factors associated with healthcare access, it is an individual-level model and requires additional context to apply to larger communities and populations. The issue of healthcare access among older adults has upstream and downstream elements and considerations. Because aging begins at birth, the outcomes that manifest in older adulthood have origins in earlier years that are more formative. The SES of an individual throughout their life-course can enhance or suppress disease and other healthcare needs. And, patterns of healthcare utilization in earlier years can characterize older adult healthcare access and utilization patterns.
Recommendations for Future Research
Surveillance efforts and research are needed to better understand the trends in aging and associated disparities in SES and healthcare access worldwide, especially in light of the seemingly paradoxical findings in the recent literature. However, measurement issues complicate our ability to fully understand the relationship between SES and healthcare access among older adults. In the field of health services research, SES is not uniformly measured, which has vast implications for advancing healthy aging. Measurement of SES in health services research is difficult, due to the variety of definitions and constructs measured under this concept ( 67 – 69 ). Choice of definition and measurement affects the outcomes of disparity research. Considering the complexity of appropriately measuring SES (a combination of education, employment, and income), multidimensional SES measures (i.e., household income vs. community wealth) may create a more accurate picture of the drivers of health disparities ( 70 , 71 ). Unfortunately, many studies simply measure and utilize one aspect of SES (e.g., household income), which does not fully encapsulate SES and only serves as a proxy to the theorized construct. Or, studies include multiple measures of SES, but include them in statistical models as separate variables, not accounting for multicollinearity and interdependence. This measurement issue is further complicated when measuring SES in later life because of the complexities of SES based on educational norms of decades past, years post-retirement, and subsidized healthcare in advanced age. As such, it is suggested that SES is better measured by wealth instead of income as people age and retire ( 72 ). This ultimately has practical implications that influence the associated findings, interpretations, and recommendations for action to improve healthcare access within the field. For example, while increasing health insurance coverage resulted in improved access to care in China, income-related disparities still existed. Higher-income older adults accessed more outpatient services ( 65 ). This suggests a need to further explore the relationship between income, health insurance, and healthcare access among older adults. Developing standardized and evidence-based guidelines for trend surveillance among these factors would allow more accurate and consistent comparisons between countries and other contexts. Likewise, creating expert consensus on measurement issues related to SES is necessary to improve our understanding of the relationship between SES, access to care, and healthy aging, and facilitate moving beyond mortality as the major outcome of that relationship.
Furthermore, we find diminishing returns as marginalized populations attain higher socioeconomic statuses, with people of color experiencing less health benefits than whites from socioeconomic attainment ( 73 ). In a study of preventative screenings among women living in the United States, Monnat found that low SES women were less likely to receive a mammogram or pap smear ( 74 ). As SES increased, white women were more likely than women of color to receive these services. In what Monnat referred to as “paradoxical returns,” the likelihood that Asian women received a mammogram or Pap smear decreased as SES increased. Even when healthcare services are introduced in a community by reducing the proximity to clinics or reducing socioeconomic barriers, there is no guarantee that target populations, including older adults, will access and utilize these services. Moving forward, we must consider the upstream and downstream effects of SES on healthcare access. While SES hinders the ability of older adults to access healthcare services, improving their financial situation in any capacity alleviates burdens and stressors that can improve their healthcare use patterns and health outcomes. For example, linking older adults to services that save them money (e.g., congregate meal programs, medication assistance programs, transportation services) increases the chances they will use the unused funds for needed healthcare.
Opportunities exist to rethink traditional healthcare to provide complementary services that are free or low-cost. While healthcare is often considered to take place within clinical settings, other resources, services, and programs can assist older adults in the community. For example, in the United States, the federal government has supported a number of evidence-based programs for low-income and vulnerable older adults to help them improve health outcomes (e.g., fall prevention, chronic disease self-management) ( 75 – 77 ). These programs transcend traditional clinical settings and complement healthcare while increasing access to health services.
There is a projected increase in the number of older adults, and an attendant decrease in the number of younger adults in the years to come ( 59 ). This projection brings to light the importance of putting structures in place that identify the needs and challenges of providing care to older adults, as well as an estimation of the resources needed to ensure older adults have healthcare access to improve their health outcomes. Properly assessing SES among older adults is essential for providing older adults with basic and necessary healthcare access and services. Although programs like Medicaid in the United States have helped in this regard, more can be done ( 64 ). At current, the healthcare system is ill-equipped to handle the volume of older adults requiring healthcare, which creates an inverse supply-demand ratio. In short, even if access to healthcare is improved for those with low SES, the healthcare system may be unable to adequately serve the influx in older adult patients. However, because evidence supports that financial resources are directly proportional to good health ( 19 ), efforts are needed to support individuals and the healthcare system with financial resources. This can be most effective with grassroots approaches and interventions to improve SES among older adults and through data-driven policy and systems change.
Caveats
While access to care is necessary for health aging, focusing on access alone is not sufficient to improve the health of populations ( 78 ). Access to health care can improve health outcomes, but most likely only to a certain degree, necessitating a complementary focus on social determinants ( 79 ). In some instances, more healthcare doesn't equal “more” health. In Taiwan, increased access to health care through health insurance and the resulting increase in health services utilization did not affect mortality or self-perceived health ( 80 ). Similarly, more expensive healthcare isn't linked to better outcomes, at least among Medicare recipients in the United States ( 81 ). In Brazil, where older adults have access to healthcare through a public health care system and private insurance, patient perceptions affect treatment initiation and glycemic control of Type II diabetes ( 82 ). Improving access to healthcare by reducing financial disparities and improving wealth among older adults is a vital first step but should not be seen as the final step in ensuring global healthy aging.
Author Contributions
DM, OO, and MS conceptualized, wrote, and reviewed the manuscript.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
References
1. McLaughlin SJ. Healthy aging in the context of educational disadvantage: the role of “Ordinary magic”. J Aging Health. (2017) 29:1214–34. doi: 10.1177/0898264316659994
60. World Health Organization. Disease Burden and Mortality Estimates: Cause-Specific Mortality, 2000-2016. Geneva: World Health Organization. (2018).
61. Currie J, Schwandt H. Inequality in mortality decreased among the young while increasing for older adults, 1990-2010. Science. (2016) 352:708–12. doi: 10.1126/science.aaf1437
Citation: McMaughan DJ, Oloruntoba O and Smith ML (2020) Socioeconomic Status and Access to Healthcare: Interrelated Drivers for Healthy Aging. Front. Public Health 8:231. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00231
Received: 14 November 2019; Accepted: 15 May 2020;
Published: 18 June 2020.
Reviewed by:
Copyright © 2020 McMaughan, Oloruntoba and Smith. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) . The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Darcy Jones McMaughan, ZC5tY21hdWdoYW5Ab2tzdGF0ZS5lZHU=
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291 | luis fonsi demi lovato - échame la culpa wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89chame_la_Culpa | Échame la Culpa
2017 single by Luis Fonsi and Demi Lovato
"Échame la Culpa"
Released
"Échame la Culpa" (
Spanish: [ˈetʃame la ˈkulpa] ; transl. "Put the Blame on Me") is a song by Puerto Rican singer and songwriter Luis Fonsi and American singer Demi Lovato . Fonsi co-wrote the song with Alejandro Rengifo and its producers Andrés Torres and Mauricio Rengifo. [1] It was released through Universal Music Latin Entertainment , Republic Records and Island Records on November 17, 2017, as the second single from his tenth studio album, Vida . On March 2, 2018, an English remix of the song titled "Not on You" was released.
The track received acclaim from music critics. It has reached number one in sixteen countries worldwide: Austria, Lebanon, Mexico, Spain, Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Panama, Paraguay, Peru and Uruguay, as well as the top ten in Belgium, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Sweden and Switzerland, the top twenty in Croatia, France, Greece, Latvia, the Netherlands and Norway, and the top thirty in Scotland. It also reached number forty-six in the UK and forty-seven on the US Billboard Hot 100 . The song was the second-bestselling song of 2018 in Argentina and Slovenia. The song is certified Platinum or higher in twelve countries, including Diamond in Brazil, France, Poland, and Mexico.
Release and promotion
Critical reception
Music video
Live performances
Track listings
"Échame la Culpa" (Not on You remix) – 2:53
Chart (2017–18)
3
Chart (2018)
Peak position
Chart (2017)
49
77
Chart (2018)
12
87
7
10
11
8
10
7
57
7
Chart (2019)
74
Chart (2020)
Region
Certification
† Streaming-only figures based on certification alone.
Release history
Region
Date
Format
Version
Label
Ref.
Various
Auspop (November 25, 2017). "ARIA Chart Watch #448" . auspOp. Retrieved November 25, 2017.
"Colombia General" (in Spanish). Monitor Latino. Retrieved July 31, 2019.
^ " ČNS IFPI" (in Czech). Hitparáda – Radio Top 100 Oficiální. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: Select 16. týden 2018 in the date selector. Retrieved April 23, 2018.
^ " ČNS IFPI" (in Czech). Hitparáda – Digital Top 100 Oficiální. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: Select 48. týden 2017 in the date selector. Retrieved December 6, 2017.
^ " ČNS IFPI" (in Slovak). Hitparáda – Radio Top 100 Oficiálna. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: Select 12. týden 2018 in the date selector. Retrieved March 27, 2018.
^ " ČNS IFPI" (in Slovak). Hitparáda – Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: Select 48. týden 2017 in the date selector. Retrieved December 6, 2017.
"SloTop50 – Letne lestvice" (in Slovenian). SloTop50. Retrieved December 31, 2019.
Type Luis Fonsi feat Demi Lovato in the box under the ARTISTA column heading and Échame la Culpa in the box under the TÍTULO column heading.
Échame la Culpa
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291 | luis fonsi demi lovato - échame la culpa wikipedia | https://genius.com/Genius-english-translations-luis-fonsi-and-demi-lovato-echame-la-culpa-english-translation-lyrics | Luis Fonsi & Demi Lovato - Échame la Culpa (English Translation) Lyrics
[Intro: Demi Lovato & Luis Fonsi]Hey, FonsiOh, noWhat's up, Demi?Hmm, hmm-hmmAyy, yeah (Oh)[Verse: Luis Fonsi & Demi Lovato]I have in this story something to confessI already understood very well what happenedAnd although it hurts so much I have to acceptThat you are not the bad one, that the bad one is meYou never really met meThe magic that made you fall in love is goneAnd I do not want to be in your placeBecause your mistake was just knowing me[Chorus: Luis Fonsi, Demi Lovato, Both]It's not you, it's not you, it's not you, it's me (It's me)I do not want to make you sufferIt's better to forget and leave it like this (Like this)Blame it on meIt's not you, it's not you, it's not you, it's me (It's me)I do not want to make you sufferIt's better to forget and leave it like this (Like this)Blame it on me
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[Refrain: Demi Lovato, Demi Lovato & Luis Fonsi]Okay, I don't really, really wanna fight anymoreI don't really, really want to fake it no morePlay me like The Beatles, baby, just let it beSo come on, put the blame on me, yeahI don't really, really want to fight anymoreI don't really, really want to fake it no more (Oh, oh)Play me like The Beatles, baby, just let it beSo come and put the blame on me (Yeah, yeah)[Chorus: Luis Fonsi, Demi Lovato, Both]It's not you, it's not you, it's not you, it's me (It's me)I do not want to make you sufferIt's better to forget and leave it like this (Like this)Blame it on meIt's not you, it's not you, it's not you, it's me (It's me)I do not want to make you sufferIt's better to forget and leave it like this (Like this)Blame it on me[Post-Chorus: Demi Lovato & Luis Fonsi, Luis Fonsi]You only need one kiss (Woh-oh)You only need one kiss (Woh-oh)That kiss that I always promised youBlame it on meYou only need one kiss (Woh-oh)You only need one kiss (Woh-oh)That kiss that I always promised youBlame it on me
[Refrain: Demi Lovato, Demi Lovato & Luis Fonsi]Okay, I don't really, really wanna fight anymoreI don't really, really want to fake it no morePlay me like The Beatles, baby, just let it beSo come and put the blame on me, yeahI don't really, really wanna fight anymoreI don't really, really want to fake it no more (Oh, oh)Play me like The Beatles, baby, just let it beSo come and put the blame on me (Yeah, yeah)[Chorus: Luis Fonsi, Demi Lovato, Both]It's not you, it's not you, it's not you, it's me (It's me)I do not want to make you sufferIt's better to forget and leave it like this (Like this, like this, like this, yeah)Blame it on meIt's not you, it's not you, it's not you, it's me (It's me)I do not want to make you suffer (Oh, oh, oh)It's better to forget and leave it like this (Like this)Blame it on me[Post-Chorus: Demi Lovato & Luis Fonsi, Luis Fonsi]You only need one kiss (No, woh-oh)You only need one kiss (Woh-oh)That kiss that I always promised you (Oh-oh-oh-oh-ouh)Blame it on meYou only need one kiss (Oh-oh-oh-oh, woh-oh)You only need one kiss (Woh-oh)That kiss that I always promised you (Oh-oh-oh-oh-ouh)Blame it on me
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November 17, 2017
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291 | luis fonsi demi lovato - échame la culpa wikipedia | https://lyricstranslate.com/en/echame-la-culpa-blame-me.html | Ya entendí muy bien que fue lo que pasó
Y aunque duela tanto tengo que aceptar
Que tú no eres la mala, que el malo soy yo
[Demi Lovato]
Ya se fue la magia que te enamoró
Y es que no quisiera estar en tu lugar
Porque tu error solo fue conocerme
[Luis Fonsi]
No eres tú, soy yo (soy yo)
No te quiero hacer sufrir
Es mejor olvidar y dejarlo así (así)
[Luis Fonsi & Demi Lovato]
No eres tú, soy yo (soy yo)
No te quiero hacer sufrir
Es mejor olvidar y dejarlo así (así)
[Luis Fonsi & Demi Lovato]
I don't really, really wanna fake it no more
Play me like The Beatles baby just let it be
So come on, put the blame on me, yeah
I don't really, really wanna fight anymore
I don't really, really wanna fake it no more
Play me like The Beatles baby just let it be
So come on put the blame on me
[Luis Fonsi]
No eres tú, soy yo (soy yo)
No te quiero hacer sufrir
Es mejor olvidar y dejarlo así (así)
[Luis Fonsi & Demi Lovato]
No eres tú, soy yo (soy yo)
No te quiero hacer sufrir
Es mejor olvidar y dejarlo así (así)
[Luis Fonsi & Demi Lovato]
Ese beso que siempre te prometí
[Luis Fonsi & Demi Lovato]
Ese beso que siempre te prometí
[Luis Fonsi & Demi Lovato]
I don't really, really wanna fake it no more
Play me like The Beatles baby just let it be
So come on, put the blame on me, yeah
I don't really, really wanna fight anymore
I don't really, really wanna fake it no more
Play me like The Beatles baby just let it be
So come on put the blame on me
[Luis Fonsi]
No eres tú, soy yo (soy yo)
No te quiero hacer sufrir
Es mejor olvidar y dejarlo así (así, así, así)
[Luis Fonsi & Demi Lovato]
No eres tú, soy yo (soy yo)
No te quiero hacer sufrir
Es mejor olvidar y dejarlo así (así)
[Luis Fonsi & Demi Lovato]
Ese beso que siempre te prometí
Échame la culpa
Ese beso que siempre te prometí
Échame la culpa
[Demi Lovato]
Hey Fonsi?
[Luis Fonsi]
Oh no
I understood very well what happened
Although It hurts so much I have to accept
That you are not the bad one, the bad one is me
[Demi Lovato]
You never really met me
The magic that made you fall in love with me is gone
And it's that I didn't wanna be in your place
Because your only mistake was meeting me
[Luis Fonsi]
It's not you, It's me
I don't wanna make you suffer
It's better to forget and leave it this way,
[Luis Fonsi & Demi Lovato]
[Luis Fonsi]
It's not you, It's me
I don't wanna make you suffer
It's better to forget and leave it this way,
[Luis Fonsi & Demi Lovato]
[Demi Lovato]
I don't really, really wanna fake it no more
Play me like The Beatles baby just let it be
So come on, put the blame on me, yeah
I don't really, really wanna fight anymore
I don't really, really wanna fake it no more
Play me like The Beatles baby just let it be
So come on put the blame on me
[Luis Fonsi]
It's not you, It's me
I don't wanna make you suffer
It's better to forget and leave it this way,
[Luis Fonsi & Demi Lovato]
[Luis Fonsi]
It's not you, It's me
I don't wanna make you suffer
It's better to forget and leave it this way,
[Luis Fonsi & Demi Lovato]
[Luis Fonsi]
That kiss that I always promised you
[Luis Fonsi & Demi Lovato]
[Luis Fonsi]
That kiss that I always promised you
[Luis Fonsi & Demi Lovato]
[Demi Lovato]
I don't really, really wanna fake it no more
Play me like The Beatles baby just let it be
So come on, put the blame on me, yeah
I don't really, really wanna fight anymore
I don't really, really wanna fake it no more
Play me like The Beatles baby just let it be
So come on put the blame on me
[Luis Fonsi]
It's not you, It's me
I don't wanna make you suffer
It's better to forget and leave it this way,
[Luis Fonsi & Demi Lovato]
[Luis Fonsi]
It's not you, It's me
I don't wanna make you suffer
It's better to forget and leave it this way,
[Luis Fonsi & Demi Lovato]
That kiss that I always promised you
Put the blame on me
You only need one kiss
you only need one kiss
That kiss that I always promised you
put the blame on me
Thanks Details:
Added in reply to request by bamba
| 2,242 |
291 | luis fonsi demi lovato - échame la culpa wikipedia | https://www.path.pitt.edu/?watch=9gwdYAzIhwM | May 28th, 9:30am - 7:30pm Follow the link to register!
Excellence in Patient Care
The Department of Pathology is comprised of 21 distinct Divisions and Centers of Excellence.
The Department of Pathology is regarded as one of the premier centers for the study of surgical, head and neck, pulmonary, genitourinary, and transplant pathology.
The Department of Pathology offers 15 unique training opportunities. Training is provided through extensive clinical, research, and teaching environments in one of the world's largest Departments of Pathology.
A dynamic and rapidly evolving field, Pathology plays a pivotal role in diagnosis, research, and monitoring treatment. The Department of Pathology at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine exemplifies the field's complex nature and incorporates Pathology's dramatic new developments in molecular biology and diagnostic biotechnology.
The University of Pittsburgh Department of Pathology is dedicated to rigorously training students, residents, and fellows.
By the Numbers
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Resources
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292 | when is project mc2 season 7 coming out on netflix | https://www.whats-on-netflix.com/news/will-there-be-a-project-mc2-part-7-on-netflix/ | Copy to clipboard
Project Mc2 – Netflix / Dreamworks
Every now and again, we check in with an old show on Netflix and today, we’re going to look at Project Mc2 and look at the show’s legacy, why it isn’t getting a part 7 and what the cast and crew have since moved onto. Here’s what’s going on with Project Mc2 part 7.
Let’s rewind and head back to the beginning. The first season came to Netflix as part of Dreamworks TV offerings to Netflix. Dreamworks TV typically produces animated content for Netflix but Project Mc2 was one of the first live-action series.
On August 7th, 2015 the first part consisting of three episodes released. We then received regular updates all the way up until part 6 which released back in November 2017.
Alongside the 26 episodes, Netflix also saw the release of several specials including an annual New Year’s Countdown .
The show is created by Jordana Arkin who set out the series to be a positive influence on kids teaching them that science is cool. It’s set in a fictional city and sees McKeyla McAlister and her friends take part in a secret government organization who help protect the world.
Will Project MC2 come back for part 7/season 7?
This seems to be the biggest question regarding the show and at two years on since the last episode, it’s safe to say the show has now concluded and won’t be returning for part 7.
Dreamworks TV projects typically have a fixed start, middle and ending and it was likely determined early on that the show would only run 7 parts. It didn’t get canceled but simply, ran its course.
That’s not to say that in the future the show could see a reunion episode.
How to keep up with Project Mc2 now the show has ended
The show remains and will continue be available on Netflix but the show is also uploading compilation clips on its YouTube channel with the most recent video being uploaded in early June 2019.
The show’s Facebook page remains active although it’s mostly now selling merchandise surrounding the show. The Project Mc2 Twitter account has been dormant for some time.
What are the cast and crew of Project Mc2 doing now?
The creator of the show Jordana Arkin, has since moved onto other projects namely Star Vs the Forces of Evil which airs on Disney Channel. Jordana has also written one of the episodes for Fuller House which Netflix revived several years back.
Jordana Arkin also recently revealed she has a new show on the go which recently got a pilot.
https://twitter.com/JORARKIN/status/1138129271124193280
Mika Abdalla who plays McKeyla McAlister has since appeared in a short movie called The Violet, Ysa Penarejo who played Caryn played the role of Maisie in a series called Red Ruby.
Genneya Walton who played Bryden Bandweth has since appeared in 9-1-1 on Fox and The Resident. Belle Shouse who played Ember is in a TV series called Queen America.
Project Mc2 Legacy on Netflix
The show still remains a fan-favorite for many with an active audience still engaging nearly two years after it concluded on Netflix.
Project Mc2 notably was nominated for a Daytime Emmy which is a prestigious award and one of the first Netflix kids series to do so.
Do you miss Project Mc2 on Netflix? Let us know in the comments.
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| 2,244 |
292 | when is project mc2 season 7 coming out on netflix | https://whenetflix.com/project-mc | Last updated on Wed, 12 Feb 2025
Project Mc² season 7th not a mystery now. We're expecting it to land on Tuesday, October 28, 2025 same time as previous. All information about new season created by Jordana Arkin in this article.
Countdown
to season 7:
Project Mc² TV Show is a comedy created by Jordana Arkin. The series premiered at the Netflix media streaming platform in 2015-08-07. It has three episodes in pilot season. McKeyla McAlister starring Mika Abdalla in the TV show.
About TV Show
Project Mc² is about teenage spy McKeyla who teams up with three other super-smart girls to become secret agents and they use their science and tech skills to save the day.
Project Mc² Season 7th premiere date and schedule
New season will once again be made up of 5 episodes. They will be available on Netflix on demand right after release. Premiere episode starts in Tuesday, October 28, 2025. Greater detail schedule provided below:
Episode Number
Project Mc² Season 7 trailer: is there a teaser yet?
Watch online teaser about upcoming season of TV Show filmed by Netflix. Official video will come out few weeks before the start date.
Who will be seen in the updated season 7?
The key cast probably back, as well as few new actors. Mika Abdalla will be back as McKeyla McAlister alongside Victoria Vida as Adrienne Attoms. Together with Ysa Penarejo (Camryn Coyle), Marcus Choi as Charles Coyle, Maddie Phillips as Devon D'Marco, star Alyssa Lynch as Devon D'Marco, Danica McKellar (The Quail), Oliver Vaquer (Francois), Bernardo de Paula as Defector and Madeline Whitby as Jillian.
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| 2,245 |
292 | when is project mc2 season 7 coming out on netflix | https://projectmc2.fandom.com/f/p/3100000000000000008 | When do you think Season 7 is coming out? I read this website ( otlsm.com/when-will-project-mc2-part-7-be-streaming-on-netflix ) and they predicted that it would be released in March 2018. However, some people were saying that, as Season 6 did not end in a cliffhanger, there may be no Season 7. But I refuse to believe that! Let me know your thoughts! :)
This is what they said.
'Project Mc2 Season 7 — NOT RENEWED YET'
Or as bry would say... A.B.T.T.I.I.P
P.L.T.B.A.S.O.P.M.S
{Please let there be another season of project mc square}
0
Take your favorite fandoms with you and never miss a beat.
Project mc2 Wikia is a FANDOM TV Community.
| 2,246 |
292 | when is project mc2 season 7 coming out on netflix | https://tvseriesfinale.com/tv-show/project-mc2/ | Network: Netflix . Episodes: Ongoing (half-hour). Seasons: Ongoing.
TV show dates: August 7, 2015 — present. Series status: Has not been cancelled .
Performers include: Mika Abdalla, Ysa Penarejo, Victoria Vida, Genneya Walton, Alyssa Lynch, Jody Thompson, Belle Shouse, Danica McKellar, Maxwell Haynes, Sarah Desjardins, Johannah Newmarch, Markian Tarasiuk, Antonio Marziale, Maddie Phillips, and the voice of Melissa Mabie.
TV show description: A STEAM (science, technology, engineering, arts, math) educational tween comedy, the Project Mc2 TV show is set in the fictional town of Maywood Glen, California. The story centers on McKeyla McAlister (Abdalla) and her three best friends Camryn Coyle (Penarejo), Adrienne Attoms (Vida), and Bryden Bandweth (Walton).
The arrival of the bright and scientifically minded McKeyla, at Maywood Glen Academy, arouses the suspicions of engineering enthusiast Camryn, techno-genius Bryden, and chemist Adrienne. Eventually, McKeyla reveals she works for NOV8 (i.e. Innovate) — an elite, international spy organization. NOV8 deploys female government operatives in order to protect the world.
The Quail (McKellar) is not only NOV8’s chief intelligence officer, she is also McKeyla’s mom. She issues assignments to McKeyla, via the girl’s Advanced Digital Intelligence Spy Notebook (A.D.I.S.N.), i.e. Addison (Mabie).
Despite McKeyla’s objections, the Quail recruits Camryn, Bryden, and Adrienne into NOV8. She explains McKeyla’s latest mission is to protect the “totes adorbs” British Prince Xander (Marziale), who is about to embark on a journey into space.
Working together, these young scientists save the day, all the while proving that smart is the new cool.
Series Finale: Episode #TBD This episode has not aired yet. First aired: TBD
What do you think? Do you like the Project Mc2 TV series? Should this TV show be cancelled or renewed for another season on Netflix?
Related Articles
March 22, 2020
August 9, 2016
October 5, 2021 5:42 am
Please keep this series going I am sooo in love with it and it’s so amazing and so inspiring. I got the Curcuit Beat set then I learned that there was a series on Netflix so I checked it out right away and now I am so attached to it. I love everyone in the show. Personally this has to be my most, ever, favorite of all time series. I keep on thinking about it!!! I really wanna know what happened after :l . I actually had dreams of there being season 20. Project MC2 has many supporters and lovers… Read more »
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Ellektra
August 7, 2020 4:26 am
Please keep this series going they are amazing and I really wanna know what happens next but It left us on a cliffhanger and we need more info and please don’t lose that series I love it it’s my favorite series on Netflix And please add a character I don’t mind what name but it be nice to have like a character that’s actually always there with him and Devon needs to be shown up more often I feel like you should have another character That is shy and scared but they have lost Their sister when they were younger… Read more »
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June 24, 2020 3:09 pm
Please keep it going! I love the series and if it ends I’ll be so sad . I want it to be ongoing and continue for at least till there’s a 20th season…. I know that’s a lot but it’s so good and I really like the characters! Just wanted to state that my fav character is Mkeyla (idk if I spelled it right) but I still love all the other characters! Please continue! Project Mc2 has many lovers!
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LanaBanana
May 1, 2020 8:30 am
I don’t want project mc2 to go I’m new to the show for the first time that I watched in attached to it don’t go please
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Sophie
April 11, 2020 4:03 am
Project mc2 should not be cancelled cause I love it and tweens like me are inspired by the amazing things the girls can do, personally I want to be a culinary chemist because it looks really cool and interesting. It also shows that you shouldn’t always rush things and scream and jump for joy because you can’t work things out like that. It is so inspiring and fun to watch it shouldn’t be cancelled or mine and many other tweens hearts will be broken.
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292 | when is project mc2 season 7 coming out on netflix | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Mc2 | Project Mc2
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American streaming television series
August 7, 2015 (2015-08-07) –November 7, 2017 (2017-11-07)
Project Mc2 (pronounced Project MC-squared [1] ) is an American comedy television series co-produced for Netflix by MGA Entertainment and – despite being a live action series – by DreamWorks Animation 's AwesomenessTV . The series was first released on August 7, 2015. The last set of episodes was released on November 7, 2017.
Plot
Set in the fictional town of Maywood Glen, California, and revolving around the fields of STEM , the series follows the adventures of McKeyla McAlister and her best friends, who work for a government organization called NOV8 (pronounced "innovate"), a highly secretive group of female government operatives who are trying to protect the world.
Cast and characters
Main
Mika Abdalla as McKeyla McAlister, the lead girl and an agent of NOV8. At the beginning of Part 4, she was given the name "The Owl".
Ysa Penarejo as Camryn Coyle, the engineer with a high IQ
Victoria Vida as Adrienne Attoms, the culinary chemist from Spain [2] who always wears high heels
Genneya Walton as Bryden Bandweth, the tech junkie of the group
Antonio Marziale as Prince Xander (main: Part 1, recurring: Part 4)
Marcus Choi (main: Part 1) and Ash Lee (recurring: Part 5) as Charles Coyle, Camryn's father
Madeline Whitby as Jillian (Part 1)
Bernardo De Paula as Defector (Part 1)
Troy Fromin as George the Security Guard (Part 1)
Oliver Vaquer as Francois (Part 1)
Danica McKellar as the Quail (Parts 1–2, 4–6 [a] ), the group's chief intelligence agent in NOV8 [3] and McKeyla's mother [4]
Alyssa Lynch (main: Parts 2–4 [b] ) and Maddie Phillips (recurring: Part 5) as Devon D'Marco, an aspiring artist
Belle Shouse as Ember Evergreen (Parts 2–6)
Recurring
Jonathon Buckley as Henry (Part 1)
Melissa Mabie as A.D.I.S.N. (voice), McKeyla's talking notebook. Her name is short for "Advanced Digital Intelligence Spy Notebook". [5] It is pronounced as "Addison".
Johanna Newmarch as Carson Lazarus (Parts 2–3)
Ty Wood as Justin (Parts 2–3)
Maxwell Haynes as Kyle (Parts 2–6)
Adrian Petriw as Retro (voice; Part 2)
Kurt Evans as Assistant Principal Wilson (Part 2)
Vanessa Parise as the Falcon (Part 3), McKeyla's aunt Montana [6] who is also a substitute for the Quail while she's off the grid
Sarah Desjardins as Maddy McAlister (Parts 3–4, 6), McKeyla's big sister. At the beginning of Part 4, she was given the name "The Nighthawk".
Adam Beauchesne as Simon Temple (Part 3)
Emily Delahunty as Tessa (Part 5)
Houston Stevenson as Zach (Parts 5–6)
Jody Thompson as Jenny Wallis (Part 5)
Catherine Haggquist as Dr. A. Crawford (Part 5)
Richard Ian Cox as Professor Kato (Part 5)
Jay Hindle as Max McAlister (Part 6), McKeyla's father
Chris Rosamond as Bobby Stone (Part 6)
Loretta Walsh as Charlotte Adele (Part 6)
Episodes
August 7, 2015 (2015-08-07)
McKeyla McAlister receives a new mission. She transfers to a school in Maywood Glen, where she bumps into two girls, Camryn and Bryden. A computer AI program in her notebook, A.D.I.S.N., accidentally speaks in front of the girls, which causes them to become suspicious. Meanwhile, Space Inc. receives an anonymous phone call threatening them with serious consequences for everyone if they don't cancel Prince Xander's space flight. Camryn's dad remembers that he left his laptop closed at the office, but when he went back in the morning, it was open. The girls suspect McKeyla is involved, and ask Adrienne to help them get the fingerprint from the laptop. They steal McKeyla's pen and manage to get a partial fingerprint match. They follow her, but shortly, McKeyla notices that they had given her a camera pen and catches the girls spying on her. They get into the house before she can stop them, and they meet McKeyla's boss, the Quail, who is a member of NOV8. She reveals that they are trying to protect the prince, and invites the girls to join McKeyla in the mission.
2
2
August 7, 2015 (2015-08-07)
McKeyla is doubting that the girls can take the job seriously enough, and would prefer working alone, but NOV8 wants her to have extra support due to the threat against the prince. McKeyla wants the girls to show her their skills. Adrienne makes a volcano cake. Bryden takes a picture of McKeyla and hacks into her lab's wireless system to display it on every screen in the lab. Camryn makes a "portable police scanner with added features", which they use to locate the prince. The girls notice a suspicious car, and manage to distract the guards and break into the facility where they're keeping the prince. They warn the prince that someone might be trying to kidnap him, and they take him to Bryden's house. NOV8 discovers that the prince's capsule will come close to a U.S. government cyber-satellite at the peak of his flight. Meanwhile, their location is discovered because Bryden tweeted from there, so they take the prince to a NOV8 safe house. Later, they find out that the logo they saw on the car belongs to a cyber security company called Black Star. A few minutes later, the girls get distracted and the prince disappears.
3
3
Michael Younesi
Jordana Arkin
August 7, 2015 (2015-08-07)
The girls research the organization called Black Star, and interrogate one of their top agents, who believes that they are doing wrong but is too scared to turn them in to the authorities. It turns out that they were not trying to kidnap the prince at all, but instead they are using his luggage to store a device that can be used to hack into a government satellite. It will allow Black Star to access each and every person's personal data, such as email, texting, and other information that they can then sell for billions of dollars. The four sneak into the launch site, find the device inside the prince's luggage, and destroy it before they are caught by security. Black Star's head, Darone, is caught and Jillian, the prince's assistant, is revealed to be working for them out of contempt that the prince can boss her around and she can do nothing about it, and sent to jail as well. In the end, the prince goes to space and he sends the girls a Snapchat from space, and McKeyla is given permission from the Quail to stay at Maywood Glen as her base. She is shown to be attending school with her friends.
Part 2 (2016)
Mitchel Katlin & Nat Bernstein
August 12, 2016 (2016-08-12)
The four girls are demoted back to basics after they make a big deal out of saving the prince in Part 1. They are not allowed on any mission, even as a suspicious figure, Carson Lazarus, a criminal mastermind, is released from jail. Soon after, a figure who calls themselves "Retro" causes all technology to malfunction and glitch in Maywood Glen. The girls strongly suspect that the two are linked. The video shows that in the background, there is something labeled "Property of MGA" – where MGA stands for Maywood Glen Academy – and it is very possible that Retro is a student at the academy. Meanwhile, McKeyla tries to fit in and becomes "study buddies" with Kyle Lewis, a rather awkward and suspicious teenager.
5
2
Paul Ciancarelli & David DiPietro
August 12, 2016 (2016-08-12)
The Quail allows the four girls to figure out this case. McKeyla becomes increasingly suspicious of Kyle, but soon dismisses the idea of him being Retro. They also suspect Devon D'Marco, a troublemaker, as she spray-paints handcuffs on a picture of a drone on a poster about the upcoming launch. All four girls except Bry, who has to babysit, make ways to get detention on Saturday with Devon. Bry runs a vocal recognition as Cam and Adri confront the troublemaker and McKeyla looks through her bag. Devon is proven to be innocent, just using the school's 3D printer to make skulls for her nana's birthday. The three hide in the janitor's closet as the assistant principal walks by, and find out that Retro is planning to send a radio signal to the drone, making it crash, and pipe laughing gas through the vents so when the drone crashes, everybody will be laughing. The girls block the radio signal, and heat up the gas so it separates and becomes harmless.
6
3
"Trashed"
August 12, 2016 (2016-08-12)
Retro broadcasts again, demanding he gets 4 of the country's most notorious hackers. The Quail has the girls start an investigation and they are led to Carson Lazarus' apartment. Cameryn implants a camera on Lazarus' cat, and find out she is heading to Cafe Atòms, Adrienne's cafe shop. The girls find out that Lazarus is Adrienne's new chef, and Retro broadcasts again, showing that Lazarus cannot be Retro. Retro demands the hackers get delivered that night at a warehouse, but since the mayor won't negotiate with criminals, the girls dress up and get voice changers to act in the criminal's place. When they arrive at the warehouse, they find out Retro wanted to eliminate them, and the Girls are dropped into a trash compactor. The girls are able to pierce the compactor with a piece of rebar, removing the pressure and stopping the compactor. Since Retro's plans are foiled, he causes a power outage in the city of Maywood Glen.
7
4
Elizabeth Hackett & Hilary Galanoy
August 12, 2016 (2016-08-12)
The girls discover that since Retro cannot be a student, they think Retro could be a teacher. The girls suspect that their geometry teacher, Mr. Gruber, is Retro, but while they snoop around, retro broadcasts using the word "Flood", so the girls meet up at Cafe Atòms and discover that Retro plans to flood Maywood Glen after the power outage causes the Maywood Glen Dam generators to disengage, so the girls are left with a short period of time to get the backup generators up and going before the spillways open. The girls use student Ember Evergreen's plant knowledge and discover that they can use trash as a power source towards the generators. They fill the generators with trash and are able to get the generators up and going.
8
5
Annie Burgstede & Kate Duffy
August 12, 2016 (2016-08-12)
After learning that Retro plans to overtake the White House, The Quail allows Bryden to turn NOV8's servers from defense to offense, allowing her to pinpoint Retro's location while he broadcasts. They find out that Retro lives in an apartment building and questions him. He reveals that he is an old MGA theater student and that a script and an envelope filled with money was left by his door every day. They arrest him but an NOV8 breach occurs, so The Quail tells the girls to forget their experience with NOV8 due to all the agent's locations being at risk of being compromised. McKeyla decides to investigate Lazarus' apartment and finds out that she has been keeping tabs on her and plans to kill them. She has an argument with The Quail and leaves.
9
6
August 12, 2016 (2016-08-12)
Lazarus contacts The Quail and justifies her plans to release the location of every NOV8 agent to their oppressors; McKeyla is revealed to have deferred to her side following her disagreement with The Quail. That night, Adrienne, Bryden, and Cameryn go to McKeyla's house and discover an acronym written on the wall, which leads to the discovery of A.D.I.S.N. The girls discover that McKeyla has merely created a ruse and has learned of Lazarus' true plans. The girls infiltrate HAVOC with the help of Ember and Devon, but are captured when Lazarus interrupts the reunion between McKeyla and the girls. Lazarus traps the girls in a cage, and electrifies the surrounding floor. With the help of Cameryn's rubber skateboard, the girls escape and learn that the servers of HAVOC are kept in a cold room to prevent them from overheating. With the help of Cameryn's water powered car, A.D.I.S.N programs the car to drive into the server room, while Bryden and Adrienne disengage the server room gates. When the car goes over its speed limit, it overheats and fries the servers completely, foiling the launch. Lazarus is captured and sent to jail, while Ember wins the science fair; McKeyla reconnects with Kyle.
Part 3 (2016)
Nat Bernstein & Mitchel Katlin
October 14, 2016 (2016-10-14)
McKeyla and Adrienne question Lazarus in jail, and McKeyla finds out that her sister Maddy, who she hasn't seen in months, has joined HAVOC. A band named ELITE who originated in MGA, has come back to Maywood Glen from their world tour, and are looking for an opening act for a free concert they plan to perform at the school. Bryden and Cameryn plan to audition, and McKeyla's Aunt Montana, also knows as The Falcon, has the girls investigate a string of robberies of the 3T minerals. The girls investigate at the docks, and Cameryn and Bryden find out that Justin, Cameryn's nemesis, plans to audition for the opening act as well. The girls follow McKeyla, who has set up a meeting with Maddy, in order to make sure she is safe. McKeyla finds them, and figures out that the date for ELITE's world tour also matches the dates for the 3T robberies.
11
2
Paul Ciancarelli & David DiPietro
October 14, 2016 (2016-10-14)
McKeyla tells The Falcon about Maddy, and she also tells Cameryn and Bryden that Maddy visited her in her sleep. McKeyla has Cameryn make a tracking device that is implanted in a gummy bear. Adrienne plans to have a Froyo-Friday at Cafe Atòms, something that Maddy always attended when McKeyla was little. Maddy arrives at Cafe Atòms under disguise, and Ember plants the gummy bear in her fryo. Cameryn and Bryden recruit Devon to paint them an awesome background for their audition, and Cameryn meets her idol, Simon, the founder of ELITE. however, Maddy knows that the girls are on to her, and the girls suspect the manager of ELITE to be the one behind the 3T robberies. They sneak into her hotel and get caught, but they come up with an identity that they are fans who come to show her their demo. They are kicked out, and follow her to the docks, where they discover that the supposed 3Ts are actually shirts she had made for the concert.
12
3
October 14, 2016 (2016-10-14)
McKeyla has a dream where she finds Maddy at the hotel, and Cameryn and Bryden decide to focus on the 3T case other than on the audition. McKeyla tells them that auditioning is working on the case, since all the evidence points to someone connected to the band. Bryden and Cameryn suspect the light engineer, Brady, from the band to be behind the 3Ts and perform their audition and win, while McKeyla catches up with Kyle. Adrienne and Ember suspect that Maddy is behind the 3T robberies, so they head down to the docks and get trapped in a storage container, but escape. Bryden and Cameryn plant a camera on Brady and see he is in a rush to leave, but Maddy arrives at his hotel. She finds the camera and breaks it, confirming that she indeed has gone rogue.
13
4
Elizabeth Hackett & Hilary Galanoy
October 14, 2016 (2016-10-14)
The girls show McKeyla the footage of Maddy, but McKeyla refuses to believe. Ember is able to sneak backstage and acts as a delivery man, pouring an itching liquid onto Brady's arm. He goes to the nurse's office where Adrienne and McKeyla are acting as nurses. They bribe Brady with a spray that calms the itching and find out that Eli is actually a fraud, having used frequency noises to make his music sound good. On the night of the concert, the band performs while McKeyla and Adrienne investigate at the docks. Eli is revealed to be a hologram, and the real Eli is at the docks, where he uses a mysterious frequency device to knock out McKeyla and Adrienne, and McKeyla is able to spot Maddy behind him before she passes out.
14
5
October 14, 2016 (2016-10-14)
After the confrontation at the docks, Bryden is able to find out where Eli is currently at using an old online show he made before he joined ELITE. They arrive at his grandma's house where Adrienne and Cameryn distract her, while McKeyla and Bryden confront Eli in the garage. They find out he was ordered to make a machine capable to destroy buildings by a mystery man, and that he is to deliver that machine to him at the docks later that day. The girls order Eli to take them there, where the mystery man is revealed to be Simon, followed by Maddy, who knocks out the girls using her own version of A.D.I.S.N, B.A.D.I.S.N. After being tied up in chairs, Simon uses the machine to knock down the building, but Maddy is able to save them, revealing that she had never been working for them in the first place. They find out that the machine is to be exchanged with a man named Kragen Vexx at the art gallery opening the next day.
15
6
October 14, 2016 (2016-10-14)
At the art gallery opening, Bryden and Cameryn act as receptionists at the front office, while the rest of the girls act as visitors. The girls use secret NOV8 spy contacts to be able to see what Maddy sees while the exchange happens. When Maddy asks to meet Kragen, Simon places frequency headphones on Maddy to make her lose her memory, but McKeyla intervenes and saves Maddy. Bryden is able to get a picture of Kragen's ear, and Adrienne stalls everyone while they try to find a matching earprint. When they find out that Kragen is the bass player, the girls confront him and trap him in a cocoon using a freezing agent. When McKeyla exits the building, she is taken by a secret operative and is placed inside a van with the other girls.
Part 4 (2017)
Elizabeth Hackett & Hilary Galanoy
February 14, 2017 (2017-02-14)
In the van, the girls hatch a plan to escape, but not before the doors open and see The Quail. Maddy reveals to them that they are in NOV8 headquarters, and Maddy and McKeyla get bird names after helping stop Kragen. Devon is marked as an NOV8 agent in training after seeing the showdown at the gallery, and the girls reunite with Prince Xander, who is to be made king in a few days. He reveals to them that he has created a solar powered backpack that is being demonstrated in Maywood Glen, in order to convince his country that he is capable of being king. McKeyla is assigned to help him stay on task, although the king begins to act silly and childish, shocking McKeyla after he promised to grow up during his space launch. At the demonstration, he is revealed to be Xander's evil twin brother in disguise, who wants to show the world that Xander is too silly to be king so he can take his place instead. He reveals that he rigged the backpack to explode on the demonstrator, who is revealed to be Kyle. When the 2 Xanders meet, McKeyla is confused between who is the real one, but finds out after one of the Xanders shows emotion. She reveals him to the audience, and the demonstration goes well.
Part 5 (2017)
"If You Fail on Mars Can Anyone Hear You Scream"
Ken Friss
Mitchel Katlin
September 15, 2017 (2017-09-15)
The girls are assigned a mission at Space Inc. after NOV8 data shows that someone plans to steal a piece of nanotechnoloy made by Professor Kato, that uses tiny medical robots in order to help bad cells replicate into new ones. After failing to stop the intruder, McKeyla begins to doubt her skills. Cameryn and Ember are accepted into Space Inc.'s Destination Mars Camp, orchestrated by Dr. Crawford, the director of Space Inc. Cameryn's dad, Charles, begins a romantic interest in Jenny Wallis, mother of Destination Mars member, Tessa Wallis, who also begins a friendship with Ember. When McKeyla and Devon investigate Professor Kato's house, they accidentally trigger a bomb that blows it up.
18
2
Ken Friss
Nat Bernstein
September 15, 2017 (2017-09-15)
Bryden finds out that the nanotechnology is deadly, and if it gets into the wrong hands, could be used as a weapon. Bryden and Adrienne pose as secret agents and question Crawford about Kato's disappearance. After a technology malfunction at the Destination Mars Camp, the team builds a radio and is able to resume contact with the international space station. Adrienne finds out celebrity baker Olivia James is coming to Cafe Atoms to find a new desert for her Mars Menu and plans to make a soufflè, and asks Bryden to help her. After hearing a distress call through their radio, Ember and Cameryn fill in the girls, and they find out the signal came from Kato, who is found in a bomb shelter in Space Inc.'s basement.
19
3
Elizabeth Hackett & Hilary Galanoy
September 15, 2017 (2017-09-15)
Believing Kato tried to steal the nanotechnology, the girls try to arrest him, but he explains that he had been kidnapped, having swallowed a tracking beacon for the danger of the device he was working on. McKeyla decides to investigate Crawford again, but overhears Charles speaking Bulgarian over the phone, the same language the intruder spoke on the night of the robbery. Adrienne and Bryden get into a fight and stop speaking to each other after her sufflè attempts fail. McKeyla, Adrienne, and Bryden spy on charles when he meets someone In the parking lot, but in reality, he was just pawning a comic book for money to pay for Cameryn's Camp. Ember and Cameryn suspect Gordon, a member of Destination Mars, after he repeatedly leaves the group every night. They follow him into a gas chamber and get trapped inside, with deadly gas filling the room. Gordon, whose real name is Ryan, reveals he is an adventure blogger and was asked to infiltrate the Destination Mars Camp by the name of Gordon. Cameryn uses a diamond necklace and a power drill to create a small drill tool to bust a hole in the door window, allowing them to escape.
20
4
September 15, 2017 (2017-09-15)
After Ryan's phone Is wiped clean, Bryden works on recovering the footage. Meanwhile at Destination Mars, the group begins their Mars simulation, living in a small room called The HAB. Devon helps Adrienne and Bryden overcome their problems, and McKeyla breaks up with Kyle. Charles and Jenny go on a date, but after Bryden is able to recover the footage, she finds Jenny in the background of Ryan's video. They find Charles and Jenny on the roof, but she explains herself. When Ember doesn't find Tessa in her bed, it is revealed that Tessa has stolen the nanotechnology.
21
5
Ken Friss
Nat Bernstein & Mitchel Katlin
September 15, 2017 (2017-09-15)
After the date, Jenny demands that Tessa give her the nanotechnology, but Tessa refuses, saying that she doesn't think its right to hurt innocent people. Ember, who overheard their conversation, sides with Tessa. Crawford appears behind Jenny, ordering Jenny to take the nanotechnology from Tessa. Tessa locks herself in the HAB along with everyone else. The girls find out the nanotechnology is missing. Jenny plans to flee the country, but is approached by McKeyla. Jenny tries to subdue McKeyla, but McKeyla is able to subdue her herself. After Crawford is subdued by Adrienne and Bryden, she breaks open the nanotechnology's protective cocoon, and it starts to replicate. Cameryn tells Zach, Justin's brother, who also is attending Destination Mars, that the nanotechnology will consume everything in its path, including them. After the goo starts destroying everything in the HAB, the girls put on their space suits to protect themselves. Using one of Adrienne's sufflè recipes, the girls find a way to stop the goo: ridding it of its oxygen using a fire extinguisher. After freezing it using the fire extinguisher, Tessa apologizes to Ember, and she, along with Crawford and Jenny, go to jail. A couple of days later, McKeyla is able to obtain her drivers license, which she has been trying to obtain through the season, and Adrienne is able to make a successful sufflè for Olivia James. McKeyla then spots a piece of origami on a table, reminiscing about her childhood with her dad.
Part 6 (2017)
Ken Friss
Mitchel Katlin
November 7, 2017 (2017-11-07)
Bobby Stone, founder of Stone Water and Stone Acres, is celebrating his New Engineers Program when a bomb threat forces them out of the building. In the basement, the girls find the bomb and diffuse it. The girls suspect SPIN, an activist group who is mad towards Stone's use of plastic, and McKeyla's father, Max, who was accused of stealing money from Stone when McKeyla used to live in Maywood Glen. The girls look back at the security camera footage and find a man with a tattoo that reads "no regrets" entering the building around the same time the threat was announced. Bryden starts a science show called "Bry-ence", where she talks about different types of science with the girls. Bryden and Cameryn sign up for the prom dance, and McKeyla has a hard time reconnecting with Kyle. The girls attend a SPIN meeting and find "No Regrets" sitting in the audience. They follow him around the school where the meeting is being held but learn that his tattoo was actually spelled "No Regreets".
23
2
Allan Harmon
Elaine Aronson
November 7, 2017 (2017-11-07)
The girls suspect Farmer Charlotte Adele, who owns a farm next to Stone Acres and who protested against Stone minutes before the threat. Bryden hosts her show with McKeyla while Cameryn tries to ask Kyle out for McKeyla but accidentally makes it seem like she's asking him out herself. Adrienne and Bryden stall Adele at Cafe Atoms while Ember and Cameryn investigate at Adele's farm. The girls are invited to Stone's house for dinner where they meet M.I.L.E.S, his smart home's curator. Bryden's show gets offered a spot on Stone's television program, Stone Network. McKeyla and the girls host a magic show in hopes of attracting Max, who always took McKeyla to see magic shows when she was little. McKeyla's toolbox is rigged, having the room fill with smoke during one of her tricks. The girls try to leave but find that the doors have been chained. McKeyla vents out the smoke and uses a bobby pin to unlock the chains. She encounters Max outside, who warns her to stay away from Stone. He uses a trick to disappear, allowing for Maddy to show up.
24
3
Elizabeth Hackett & Hilary Galanoy
November 7, 2017 (2017-11-07)
Maddy explains that she showed up after hearing about the bombing attempt at Stone Acres, although she doesn't believe Max could be up to such a diabolical plan. Bryden's show gets a huge upgrade after being sponsored by Stone Water, and starts gaining popularity around the school, although Ember doesn't agree with Stone's water. Cameryn tells McKeyla about Kyle, but she doesn't really think of it as a big deal. The girls dress up as Devon's comic book characters for the masquerade prom. Ember and Cameryn go around trying to convince people to stop the use of plastic, while Kyle searches for McKeyla, who is hot on the trail of a masked figure following her around the school. He corners McKeyla in a classroom, but is soon stopped by Max. Maddy soon intervenes, and McKeyla finds a piece of origami on a desk. She reveals to the girls that she has been collecting pieces of origami that Max had been leaving her over the past few years. The girls unravel them and find out that the pieces of paper used is a scientific report of her Max's work on Stone Water.
25
4
Ken Friss
Kathleen Fischer
November 7, 2017 (2017-11-07)
The research paper shows that Stone's water doesn't actually have any brain-enhancing properties like Stone had stated. The girls inform Bryden of their information after she reveals that she has been nominated for an award for her performance on "Bry-Ence". Ember and Adrienne host a poll to see the difference between Stone Water and regular tap water. Meanwhile, McKeyla and Maddy sneak into stone's penthouse and A.D.I.S.N is able to bribe M.I.L.E.S into revealing that Stone actually transferred the money from his own bank account into Max's. Back at the lab, the results from the poll is revealed: Stone Water is regular tap water. When the girls use some of their knowledge from Space Inc.'s study on droughts, they find out that Stone has been pumping in water from right under Farmer Adele's farm. The girls decide to pay Stone a visit and hitch a ride on one of Stone's transport trucks. They question Stone, and he reveals he framed Max after he threatened to release his research to the public. He also threatens to tell the world who the girls really are if word about his research ever gets out
26
5
November 7, 2017 (2017-11-07)
A.D.I.S.N is able to bribe Miles into revealing Max's location. The girls sneak inside of the Young Voices Awards Ceremony when they pose undercover as a band. When Bryden goes to accept her award, she exposes Stone to the audience. In retaliation, Stone begins to exhale toxin fumes into the room where Max is being held hostage. Bryden and Adrienne work to cut off Stone's water from under Adele's farm while Maddy and McKeyla attempt to rescue Max. McKeyla spots a welding machine, and is later seen attempting to weaken the support beam to cave in the roof with Max above. Maddy and McKeyla fight off No Regrets and Stone, which ends with Max's rescue. Stone is taken to jail while Max emotionally reunites with the Quail, whose name is revealed to be Molly. Bryden apologizes to Cameryn and Ember for rebuffing their suspicions about Stone. McKeyla reconciles with Kyle, whose apology has been unknowingly live-streamed to the audience. The two kiss, and shortly after, a montage of all of the girls' celebratory moments are shown, ending with the girls' own in the lab.
Production
The first season of the series, consisting of three episodes, was released on August 7, 2015. [7] On April 6, 2016, Netflix announced that the series has been renewed for its second and third seasons. The second season was released on August 12, 2016, [8] and the third season was released on October 14, 2016. [9] Both consisted of six episodes. An extended 34-minute Valentine's Day special was released as the first and only episode of the fourth season on February 14, 2017. [10] A fifth season consisting of five episodes was released on September 15, 2017. A sixth season, also consisting of five episodes, was released on November 7, 2017.
The series is filmed primarily in and around the San Fernando Valley area of Los Angeles, including Chatsworth , Woodland Hills , Van Nuys , and Northridge , as well as in Alhambra .
Notes
^ McKellar only appears in the final episode of Part 6, "Family Affair", although credited as a main cast member.
^ Lynch appears in archive footage, and is credited, in the final episode of Part 6, "Family Affair".
References
"The New Girl". Project Mc2. Season 1. Episode 1. August 7, 2015. Event occurs at 19:10. Netflix .
Bryden: Whoa! Wait. McKeyla McAlister. That's MC. MC-squared!
"Trashed". Project Mc2. Season 2. Episode 3. August 12, 2016. Event occurs at 10:45. Netflix.
McKeyla: Their specialty here is the churrochino. Kyle: That sounds good. Adrienne: Two churrochinos coming right up! Kyle: How'd she hear us? McKeyla: She's from Spain.
"Secret Agenting". Project Mc2. Season 1. Episode 2. August 7, 2015. Event occurs at 02:20. Netflix.
The Quail: Is that understood, Agent McAlister? McKeyla: Understood. The Quail: Good. Now, remember to call Grandma. It's her birthday. McKeyla: Don't worry, Mom. I didn't forget.
"Finding Maddy". Project Mc2. Season 3. Episode 1. October 14, 2016. Event occurs at 08:55. Netflix.
McKeyla: Aunt Montana! Uh, I mean, Falcon!
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293 | what impact did the great migration have on american society | https://www.archives.gov/research/african-americans/migrations/great-migration | The Great Migration (1910-1970)
Boys outside of the Stateway Gardens Housing Project on the South Side of Chicago, May, 1973 ( NAID 556163 )
The Great Migration was one of the largest movements of people in United States history. Approximately six million Black people moved from the American South to Northern, Midwestern, and Western states roughly from the 1910s until the 1970s. The driving force behind the mass movement was to escape racial violence, pursue economic and educational opportunities, and obtain freedom from the oppression of Jim Crow.
The Great Migration is often broken into two phases, coinciding with the participation and effects of the United States in both World Wars. The First Great Migration (1910-1940) had Black southerners relocate to northern and midwestern cities including: New York, Chicago, Detroit, and Pittsburgh. When the war effort ramped up in 1917, more able bodied men were sent off to Europe to fight leaving their industrial jobs vacant. The labor supply was further strained with a decline in immigration from Europe and standing bans on peoples of color from other parts of the world. All of this afforded the opportunity for the Black population to be the labor supply in non-agricultural industries.
Although the migrants found better jobs and fled the South entrenched in Jim Crow, many African Americans faced injustices and difficulties after migrating. The Red Summer of 1919 was rooted in tensions and prejudice that arose from white people having to adjust to the demographic changes in their local communities. From World War I until World War II, it is estimated that about 2 million Black people left the South for other parts of the country.
World War II brought an expansion to the nation’s defense industry and many more jobs for African Americans in other locales, again encouraging a massive migration that was active until the 1970s. During this period, more people moved North, and further west to California's major cities including Oakland, Los Angeles, and San Francisco, as well as Portland, Oregon and Seattle, Washington. Within twenty years of World War II, a further 3 million Black people migrated throughout the United States.
Black people who migrated during the second phase of the Great Migration were met with housing discrimination, as localities had started to implement restrictive covenants and redlining, which created segregated neighborhoods, but also served as a foundation for the existing racial disparities in wealth in the United States.
Records in this topic cover migratory information and trends captured by various branches and agencies of the government, including employment and housing. There are also records reflecting cultural and social aspects of the lives of those who participated and were impacted by the Great Migration.
This page was last reviewed on June 28, 2021.
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What was the Great Migration?
The Great Migration was the movement of some six million African Americans from rural areas of the Southern states of the United States to urban areas in the Northern states between 1916 and 1970. It occurred in two waves, basically before and after the Great Depression . At the beginning of the 20th century, 90 percent of Black Americans lived in the South. By 1970 nearly half of all Black Americans lived in Northern cities.
Why did many African Americans participate in the Great Migration?
Many African Americans in the South found themselves trapped in sharecropping jobs and other forms of debt peonage with no hope of improvement in their circumstances. Jim Crow laws kept them in an inferior position relative to white people, and they were denied political rights. There were more jobs available in the North , and, though racism was rampant, racial segregation was not mandated there. Black people embarked on the Great Migration seeking economic and social opportunity.
How did the Great Migration affect African American culture?
The greater economic and educational opportunities led to an explosion of artistic expression in music and literature. Black migrants and their children created the Harlem Renaissance , changed the sound of the blues music that they brought north with them, desegregated sports, and became involved in politics. The Great Migration arguably was a factor leading to the American civil rights movement .
Great Migration, in U.S. history, the movement of millions of African Americans from rural communities in the South to urban areas in Northern and Western states during the 20th century. In 1900 nearly eight million Black people—about 90 percent of all Black Americans—lived in the South. From 1916 to 1970 an estimated six million Black Southerners relocated to the North and West in search of economic opportunities and an escape from racial violence.
Before the Great Migration
The Arthurs pose for a picture in the Windy City The Arthurs, an African American family moving to the urban North from the rural South, arrived in Chicago in 1920. The family left their hometown of Paris, Texas, after two family members were murdered because of their race in a lynching. From left to right, as originally identified on the front page of the Chicago Defender on September 4, 1920: Cora D. Arthur, Andrew Arthur, Scott Arthur, Millie Arthur, Earlie Lee Hill (grandson), Mrs. Violet Arthur, Eulah Arthur, and Mary Arthur.
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On April 9, 1865, Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee and his forces surrendered to Union Gen. Ulysses S. Grant and his forces at Appomattox Court House , Virginia, formally ending the American Civil War . Between 1865 and 1877, a period of Reconstruction was enacted to address the inequities experienced by formerly enslaved Black people and to redistribute economic and political power to African Americans. Congress passed the Thirteenth , Fourteenth and Fifteenth amendments to the Constitution to abolish slavery (except as punishment for a crime), create birthright citizenship, and grant Black men the ability to vote, respectively. Black men entered government positions at a record pace, and social institutions, such as the Black church, and Black communities created hubs of Black wealth and economic power.
However, the increase in Black political and economic might sparked violent opposition and political pushback from racist white Southerners, who formed the Ku Klux Klan , a hate organization, in the 1860s—later revived in the 1910s thanks in part to the film The Birth of a Nation —instituted voting clauses , and struck down Gen. William T. Sherman ’s Special Field Order 15, also known as “40 acres and a mule,” which was intended to redistribute to newly freed Black families confiscated Confederate property. Additional use of lynchings, sharecropping , and Black Codes locked Black Americans into poverty and disenfranchisement, keeping them from fully participating in the American Dream . There were few alternatives for Black communities until the 1910s, when a new opportunity in Northern and Western states presented itself.
An exodus to the North
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World War I erupted in 1914 after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand , slowing the massive stream of late-19th-century European immigration to the U.S. , and a military draft conscripting able-bodied American men was enacted in 1917. After the war ended, the flow of European immigration to the U.S. ground to a crawl because of the Immigration Act of 1924, which established immigration quotas based on national origin. As a result, the urban factories, foundries, and slaughterhouses that fueled Northern industries faced labor shortages.
These factors, combined with the poor socioeconomic conditions for Black Southerners—sharecropping and other forms of debt slavery , farm failures, crop damage from the boll weevil —as well as ongoing racial oppression in the form of Jim Crow laws , institutional racism , and lynchings, created a moment in time that would shape the demographics of the United States for generations. And one Black newspaper—the Chicago Defender —proved to be among its most potent catalysts .
Robert S. Abbott , the founder and first editor in chief of the Defender, published train schedules, songs, and cartoons to encourage Black Southerners to take what they could and leave the South in search of a better standard of living in Chicago. Soon other Black newspapers, such as New York City ’s Amsterdam News and the Pittsburgh Courier , would follow suit for their respective cities with advertisements for housing and employment and firsthand stories of newfound success.
Between 1916 and 1970 an estimated six million Black people made this exodus. The bulk of this mass relocation happened between the 1940s—when World War II began and more jobs were being offered in the North and West—and 1970. In addition to Chicago , other cities that absorbed large numbers of Black migrants included Detroit , Cleveland , New York City , and Philadelphia . With new beginnings, there were also new challenges that stemmed from deep-rooted problems.
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Pushback against the Great Migration
The Chicago Defender reports on race riots As more Black Americans moved North from the South, racial tensions between white and Black residents would simmer and stew, until they reached a boiling point that led to race riots in Northern cities. The worst of them would be the Chicago Race Riot of 1919.
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Many Black people sought and found better civil and economic opportunities by leaving the South. However, American racism knows no geographic limits. In the North segregated housing and redlining , segregated schools, poor working conditions and low pay, and other forms of racial discrimination made life difficult for new Black arrivals. Migrants sometimes also encountered social challenges from the Black establishment in the North, whose members would look down on the “country” manners of the newcomers.
Black people also, at times, experienced outbreaks of violence in Northern cities, and during the 1920s they faced the effects of a surge in membership in the Ku Klux Klan , particularly in the Midwest . This reached a boiling point in the Red Summer of 1919, a period in which racial violence spread throughout at least 26 cities, killing hundreds, injuring thousands, and causing mass displacement.
Root causes of this violence included white suspicion and fears that Black workers were “taking” white people’s jobs or being used as part of a Bolshevik plot to destabilize the United States, and a white unwillingness to live side by side with Black people. One especially brutal instance of racial violence that summer was the Chicago Race Riot of 1919 , in which 38 died (23 Black, 15 white), 537 were injured, and 1,000 Black families were left homeless. During this time, the Defender kept a tally of the deaths and injuries of Black and white Americans. However, Black people—especially Black veterans who returned from World War I—fought back, reminding America that they were willing to protect their new homes.
Lasting effects and a new Great Migration
Rapper Roy Kinsey on the Great MigrationChicago rapper Roy Kinsey works his family history into his art.
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The Great Migration had profound and lasting effects, enshrining itself in the broader arc of African American history and culture . The Great Migration significantly altered urban and rural populations throughout the United States across multiple generations , and it reshaped numerous Northern urban centers. As a result of the concentration of Black people in a place free of Jim Crow and lynchings, the Great Migration arguably spurred Black political action and the civil rights movement.
The Great Migration transformed many specific aspects of American culture . Racial tensions and housing discrimination led Black migrants to form their own communities within the city. As a result, places like Harlem and Philadelphia became predominately Black, which also led to cultural movements such as the Harlem Renaissance . Over time Washington, D.C. , also became a predominately Black city, earning the nickname Chocolate City. Desegregation in professional sports and the spread of blues , jazz , and other forms of music through so-called race records are just a few more examples of the lasting effects of the Great Migration.
Since the 1970s a “New Great Migration” has taken place as upwardly mobile, young Black professionals moved from the North back down South, once again in search of economic and political opportunities, jobs, and education.
In the 1970s deindustrialization hit Detroit, Pittsburgh , and other heavily industrialized Northern cities hard, creating neighborhood blight and driving the decline of the Rust Belt . These changes, combined with continued housing discrimination, gentrification , and diminishing job opportunities in the North, disproportionately affected Black Americans. Soon, factory jobs and new economic opportunities moved to Southern and Southwestern states, once again creating similar incentives to those that prompted Black Americans to make their cross-country exodus decades ago.
In addition, the civil rights movement ended legal segregation and solidified voting rights for Black Americans, making Southern states more hospitable for Black people in comparison to conditions after the Civil War. Places such as Harlem, Washington, D.C., and other Black hubs would see Black Americans relocate to Atlanta , Dallas , and Charlotte , North Carolina .
These places, much like the Northern cities from the era of the Great Migration, would experience a boom in Black culture, economic power, and political opportunities. Atlanta earned the nickname Black Mecca, Southern hip-hop rose through the music charts, and Black politicians were elected to Congress and local offices for the first time in many of these Southern states and cities. In a cyclical way, both Great Migrations proved the willingness of Black Americans to move anywhere in search of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.
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The Great Migration
Harvard experts explore the migration of millions of African Americans from the South to urban hubs in the Northeast, Midwest, and West, one of the largest internal migrations in American history.
A portion of the mural “Harlem Timeline” by Willie Birch. A tribute to Harlem luminaries like Langston Hughes, Joe Louis, and Charlie Parker.
Reconstruction hopes, Jim Crow fears
Following the emancipation of enslaved people, white southerners increasingly turned to intimidation and brute violence to keep Black Americans from voting or accumulating wealth.
Learn how the Hutchins Center’s Southern Reconstruction Fund plans to address this history.
A Currier and Ives group portrait of Black representatives in the 41st and 42nd Congress.
Reconstruction
Between 1865 and 1880, the years right after the Civil War, southern states elected at least 2,000 Black officeholders, including two United States senators and 21 representatives.
This led to a backlash from southern white racists who began a campaign of terror which only grew more emboldened with the withdrawal of federal troops from the South. These were some of the major factors that led to the Great Migration.
Between 1916 and 1970, the promise of non-agricultural work, higher wages, educational opportunities, and an escape from racial violence led six million courageous Black Americans to uproot their entire lives and migrate to industrial cities in the West and North.
Middle image courtesy of National Park Service, Maggie L. Walker National Historic Site.
Increased earnings
In the 1940s a rejuvenated Great Migration, away from agricultural labor toward industrial work, stimulated increases in Black American earnings.
Cooperative business models
W.E.B. Du Bois, sociologist and Civil Rights activist, devoted considerable time spreading the gospel of cooperative economics, an approach rooted in African traditions such as ubuntu (often translated as “I am, because we are”).
Dorothy West autographs a book at the book party held at Reckling Studio, 1948.
The Harlem Renaissance
The Harlem Renaissance saw the emergence of Black literary, artistic, and intellectual visionaries such as W.E.B. Du Bois , Claude McKay, Countee Cullen, Dorothy West , Langston Hughes, Jean Toomer, Jacob Lawrence , and Zora Neale Hurston.
When millions of Black Americans moved to opportunities in the thriving manufacturing centers, they discovered that some metropolitan police departments enforced the law along racial and ethnic lines.
Segregation by many names
A variety of practices, including zoning laws and mortgage refusals, increased segregation in many cities.
A generation’s mental toll
The children of migrators had higher odds of mental health disorders compared with the children of those who stayed in the South.
Stagnation
As Black Americans moved in, some cities experienced an exodus of white residents , a phenomenon known as “white flight.” Recent research has found this may have triggered a reduction in property tax revenues and public spending. In addition, a variety of practices, including zoning laws and mortgage refusals , increased segregation in a number of these cities. Some police departments took advantage of this separation to patrol and arrest Black citizens disproportionately. All of this contributed to a loss of opportunity and social mobility in many cities.
Sweeping cultural impacts
The Great Migration, and the millions who made that trip, have forever changed the history and culture of every major city in the North and West—and indeed, the entire culture of America.
Religion
Many families saw the Great Migration as a journey of faith, connected to the biblical exodus. When they got to their new homes they adapted their practice to merge rural and urban traditions.
Language
African American English has had a profound impact on the world’s most widely spoken language, yet much of it has been obscured. Harvard's Hutchins Center and Oxford English Dictionary are working together to create a dictionary of African American English, a powerful tool to build a more accurate picture of how African American life has influenced how we speak.
Juneteenth
The freed people from Texas took Juneteenth with them during the Great Migration, to cities like Los Angeles, Oakland, and Seattle.
Harvard's African American Design Nexus explores the intersection of design, identity, and practice in many of the Great Migration's destination cities.
Food
Food writer Michael W. Twitty shares his insights on the role Black Americans had in shaping American foodways and culinary identity in the South and in the cities to which many migrated.
Music
Harvard scholars created a digital exhibit to explore Eileen Southern, whose landmark book "The Music of Black Americans" inspired the academic subfield of Black music studies.
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African-American migration from Southern US between 1916 and 1970
Great Migration
Date
The Great Migration, sometimes known as the Great Northward Migration or the Black Migration, was the movement of six million African Americans out of the rural Southern United States to the urban Northeast , Midwest , and West between 1910 and 1970. [1] It was substantially caused by poor economic and social conditions due to prevalent racial segregation and discrimination in the Southern states where Jim Crow laws were upheld. [2] [3] In particular, continued lynchings motivated a portion of the migrants, as African Americans searched for social reprieve. The historic change brought by the migration was amplified because the migrants, for the most part, moved to the then-largest cities in the United States ( New York City , Chicago , Detroit , Los Angeles , San Francisco , Philadelphia , Cleveland , and Washington, D.C. ) at a time when those cities had a central cultural, social, political, and economic influence over the United States; there, African Americans established culturally influential communities of their own. [4] According to Isabel Wilkerson , despite the loss which they suffered after they left their homes in the South, and despite the barriers which the migrants faced in their new homes, the migration was an act of individual and collective agency , which changed the course of American history , a "declaration of independence" which was written by their actions. [5]
From the earliest U.S. population statistics in 1780 until 1910 , more than 90% of the African-American population lived in the American South , [6] [7] [8] making up the majority of the population in three Southern states, namely Louisiana (until about 1890 [9] ), South Carolina (until the 1920s [10] ), and Mississippi (until the 1930s [11] ). But by the end of the Great Migration, just over half of the African-American population lived in the South, while a little less than half lived in the North and West. [12] Moreover, the African-American population had become highly urbanized. In 1900, only one-fifth of African Americans in the South were living in urban areas. [13] By 1960, half of the African Americans in the South lived in urban areas, [13] and by 1970, more than 80% of African Americans nationwide lived in cities. [14] In 1991, Nicholas Lemann wrote:
The Great Migration was one of the largest and most rapid mass internal movements in history—perhaps the greatest not caused by the immediate threat of execution or starvation. In sheer numbers, it outranks the migration of any other ethnic group— Italians or Irish or Jews or Poles —to the United States. For Black people, the migration meant leaving what had always been their economic and social base in America and finding a new one. [15]
Some historians believe that there were two Great Migrations, a first Great Migration (1910–40), during which about 1.6 million people moved from mostly rural areas in the South to northern industrial cities, and a Second Great Migration (1940–70), which began after the Great Depression and during it, at least five million people—including many townspeople with urban skills—moved to the North and West. [16]
Since the Civil Rights Movement , the trend has reversed, with more African Americans moving to the South, albeit far more slowly. Dubbed the New Great Migration , these moves were generally spurred by the economic difficulties of cities in the Northeastern and Midwestern United States, growth of jobs in the " New South " and its lower cost of living , family and kinship ties, and lessening discrimination. [17]
The Arthur family arrived at Chicago's Polk Street Depot on August 30, 1920, during the Great Migration. [18]
The primary factors for migration among southern African Americans were segregation, indentured servitude , convict leasing , an increase in the spread of racist ideology, widespread lynching (nearly 3,500 African Americans were lynched between 1882 and 1968 [19] ), and lack of social and economic opportunities in the South. Some factors pulled migrants to the north, such as labor shortages in northern factories brought about by World War I, resulting in thousands of jobs in steel mills, railroads, meatpacking plants, and the automobile industry. [20] The pull of jobs in the north was strengthened by the efforts of labor agents sent by northern businessmen to recruit southern workers. [20] Northern companies offered special incentives to encourage Black workers to relocate, including free transportation and low-cost housing. [21]
During World War I , there was a decline in European immigrants, which slowed the supply of workers for Northern factories. Around 1.2 million European immigrants arrived during 1914 while only 300,000 arrived the next year. The enlistment of workers into the military had also affected the labor supply. This created a wartime opportunity in the North for African Americans, as the Northern industry sought a new labor supply from the South. [22]
There were many advantages for Northern jobs compared to Southern jobs including wages that could be double or more. The southern sharecropping system, an agricultural depression, the widespread infestation of the cotton boll weevil , and flooding also provided motivation for African Americans to move into the Northern Cities. The South's pervasive exclusion of African Americans from political power, their lack of representation, and a dearth of social opportunities - in a culture regulated by Jim Crow laws - also motivated African Americans to migrate Northward. [22]
First Great Migration (1910–1940)
When the Emancipation Proclamation was signed in 1863, less than 8% of the African-American population lived in the Northeastern or Midwestern United States. [23] This began to change over the next decade to such an extent that a U.S. Senate committee ordered an investigation into the causes of the mass migration from the South during the preceding decade, especially to Kansas, where many sought refuge. [24] In 1900, about 90% of Black Americans still lived in Southern states. [23]
Between 1910 and 1930, the African-American population increased by about 40% in Northern states as a result of the migration, mostly in the major cities. The cities of Philadelphia , Detroit , Chicago , Cleveland , Baltimore , and New York City had some of the biggest increases in the early part of the twentieth century. Tens of thousands of Black workers were recruited for industrial jobs, such as positions related to the expansion of the Pennsylvania Railroad . Because changes were concentrated in cities, which had also attracted millions of new or recent European immigrants, tensions rose as the people competed for jobs and scarce housing. Tensions were often most severe between ethnic Irish, defending their recently gained positions and territory, and recent immigrants and Black people.[ citation needed ]
Tensions and violence
With the migration of African Americans northward and the mixing of White and Black workers in factories, the tension was building, largely driven by White workers. The AFL, the American Federation of Labor , advocated the separation between European Americans and African Americans in the workplace. There were non-violent protests such as walk-outs in protest of having Blacks and Whites working together. As tension was building due to advocating for segregation in the workplace, violence soon erupted. [25]
In 1917, the East St. Louis riot , known for one of the bloodiest workplace riots, had between 40 and 200 killed and more than 6000 African Americans displaced from their homes. The NAACP, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People , responded to the violence with a march known as the Silent March . More than 10,000 African-American men and women demonstrated in Harlem, New York. Conflicts continued post World War I, as African Americans continued to face conflicts and tension while the African-American labor activism continued. [25]
In the late summer and autumn of 1919, racial tensions became violent and came to be known as the Red Summer . This period of time was defined by violence and prolonged rioting between Black and White Americans in major United States cities. [26] The reasons for this violence vary. Cities that were affected by the violence included Washington D.C. , Chicago, Omaha , Knoxville, Tennessee , and Elaine, Arkansas , a small rural town 70 miles (110 km) southwest of Memphis . [27]
The race riots peaked in Chicago, with the most violence and death occurring there during the riots. [28] The authors of The Negro in Chicago; a study of race relations and a race riot, an official report from 1922 on race relations in Chicago, came to the conclusion that there were many factors that led to the violent outbursts in Chicago. Principally, many Black workers had assumed the jobs of white men who went to go fight in World War I. As the war ended in 1918, many men returned home to find out their jobs had been taken by Black men who were willing to work for far less. [27]
By the time the rioting and violence had subsided in Chicago, 38 people had lost their lives, with 500 more injured. Additionally, $250,000 worth of property was destroyed, and more than a thousand persons were left homeless. [29] In other cities across the nation many more had been affected by the violence of the Red Summer . The Red Summer enlightened many to the growing racial tension in America. The violence in these major cities prefaced the soon to follow Harlem Renaissance , an African-American cultural revolution, in the 1920s. [28] Racial violence appeared again in Chicago in the 1940s and in Detroit as well as other cities in the Northeast as racial tensions over housing and employment discrimination grew.
Continued migration
James Gregory calculates decade-by-decade migration volumes in his book The Southern Diaspora. Black migration picked up from the start of the new century, with 204,000 leaving in the first decade. The pace accelerated with the outbreak of World War I and continued through the 1920s. By 1930, there were 1.3 million former southerners living in other regions. [30] : 22
The Great Depression wiped out job opportunities in the northern industrial belt, especially for African Americans, and caused a sharp reduction in migration. In the 1930s and 1940s, increasing mechanization of agriculture virtually brought the institution of sharecropping that had existed since the Civil War to an end in the United States causing many landless Black farmers to be forced off of the land. [31]
As a result, approximately 1.4 million Black southerners moved north or west in the 1940s, followed by 1.1 million in the 1950s, and another 2.4 million people in the 1960s and early 1970s. By the late 1970s, as deindustrialization and the Rust Belt crisis took hold, the Great Migration came to an end. But, in a reflection of changing economics, as well as the end of Jim Crow laws in the 1960s and improving race relations in the South, in the 1980s and early 1990s, more Black Americans were heading South than leaving that region. [32] : 12–17
African Americans moved from the 14 states of the South, especially Alabama , Mississippi , Louisiana , Texas , and Georgia . [32] : 12
Second Great Migration (mid 1940s–1970)
Migration patterns
1910
1970
Big cities were the principal destinations of southerners throughout the two phases of the Great Migration. In the first phase, eight major cities attracted two-thirds of the migrants: New York and Chicago , followed in order by Philadelphia , St. Louis , Detroit , Kansas City , Pittsburgh , and Indianapolis . The Second great Black migration increased the populations of these cities while adding others as destinations, including the Western states . Western cities such as Los Angeles , San Francisco , Oakland , Phoenix , Denver , Seattle , and Portland also attracted African Americans in large numbers. [30] : 22
There were clear migratory patterns that linked particular states and cities in the South to corresponding destinations in the North and West. Almost half of those who migrated from Mississippi during the first Great Migration, for example, ended up in Chicago , while those from Virginia tended to move to Philadelphia . For the most part, these patterns were related to geography (i.e. longitude), with the closest cities attracting the most migrants (such as Los Angeles and San Francisco receiving a disproportionate number of migrants from Texas and Louisiana). When multiple destinations were equidistant, chain migration played a larger role, with migrants following the path set by those before them. [21]
African Americans from the South also migrated to industrialized Southern cities, in addition to northward and westward to war-boom cities. There was an increase in Louisville's defense industries, making it a vital part of America's effort into World War II and Louisville's economy. Industries ranged from producing synthetic rubber, smokeless powders, artillery shells, and vehicle parts. Many industries also converted to creating products for the war effort, such as Ford Motor Company converting its plant to produce military jeeps. The company Hillerich & Bradsby initially made baseball bats and then converted their production into making gunstocks. [35] [36]
During the war, there was a shortage of workers in the defense industry. African Americans took the opportunity to fill in the industries' missing jobs during the war, around 4.3 million intrastate migration and 2.1 million interstate migration in the Southern states. The defense industry in Louisville reached a peak of roughly over 80,000 employment. At first, job availability was not open for African Americans, but the growing need for jobs in the defense industry and the Fair Employment Practices Committee sign by Franklin D. Roosevelt , the Southern industries began to accept African Americans into the workplace. [35] [36]
Migration patterns reflected network ties. Black Americans tended to go to locations in the North where other Black Americans had previously migrated. Per a 2021 study, "when one randomly chosen African American moved from a Southern birth town to a destination county, then 1.9 additional Black migrants made the same move on average." [37]
Graph showing the percentage of the African-American population living in the American South, 1790–2010
The Great Migration shown by changes in the African-American share of populations of major U.S. cities, 1910–40 and 1940–70
Racially motivated murders per decade from 1865 to 1965.
Cultural changes
After moving from the environment of the south to the northern states, African Americans were inspired to be creative in different ways. The Great Migration resulted in the Harlem Renaissance , which was also fueled by immigrants from the Caribbean, and the Chicago Black Renaissance . In her book The Warmth of Other Suns , Pulitzer Prize –winning journalist Isabel Wilkerson discusses the migration of "six million Black Southerners [moving] out of the terror of Jim Crow to an uncertain existence in the North and Midwest." [38]
The struggle of African-American migrants to adapt to Northern cities was the subject of Jacob Lawrence 's Migration Series of paintings, created when he was a young man in New York. [39] Exhibited in 1941 at the Museum of Modern Art, Lawrence's Series attracted wide attention; he was quickly perceived as one of the most important African-American artists of the time. [40]
The Great Migration had effects on music as well as other cultural subjects. Many blues singers migrated from the Mississippi Delta to Chicago to escape racial discrimination. Muddy Waters , Chester Burnett , and Buddy Guy are among the most well-known blues artists who migrated to Chicago. Great Delta-born pianist Eddie Boyd told Living Blues magazine, "I thought of coming to Chicago where I could get away from some of that racism and where I would have an opportunity to, well, do something with my talent.... It wasn't peaches and cream [in Chicago], man, but it was a hell of a lot better than down there where I was born." [41]
The Great Migration drained off much of the rural Black population of the South, and for a time, froze or reduced African-American population growth in parts of the region. The migration changed the demographics in a number of states; there were decades of Black population decline, especially across the Deep South " black belt " where cotton had been the main cash crop [32] : 18 — but had been devastated by the arrival of the boll weevil . [42] In 1910, African Americans constituted the majority of the population of South Carolina and Mississippi, and more than 40% in Georgia, Alabama, Louisiana and Texas; by 1970, only in Mississippi did the African-American population constitute more than 30% of the state's total. "The disappearance of the 'black belt' was one of the striking effects" of the Great Migration, James Gregory wrote. [32] : 18
In Mississippi, the Black American population decreased from about 56% of the population in 1910 to about 37% by 1970, [43] remaining the majority only in some Delta counties. In Georgia, Black Americans decreased from about 45% of the population in 1910 to about 26% by 1970. In South Carolina, the Black population decreased from about 55% of the population in 1910 to about 30% by 1970. [43]
The growing Black presence outside the South changed the dynamics and demographics of numerous cities in the Northeast, Midwest, and West. In 1900, only 740,000 African Americans lived outside the South, just 8% of the nation's total Black population. By 1970, more than 10.6 million African Americans lived outside the South, 47% of the nation's total. [32] : 18
Because the migrants concentrated in the big cities of the north and west, their influence was magnified in those places. Cities that had been virtually all white at the start of the century became centers of Black culture and politics by mid-century. Residential segregation and redlining led to concentrations of Black people in certain areas. The northern "Black metropolises" developed an important infrastructure of newspapers, businesses, jazz clubs, churches, and political organizations that provided the staging ground for new forms of racial politics and new forms of Black culture.
As a result of the Great Migration, the first large urban Black communities developed in northern cities beyond New York, Boston, Baltimore, Washington D.C., and Philadelphia, which had Black communities even before the Civil War, and attracted migrants after the war. It is conservatively estimated that 400,000 African Americans left the South in 1916 through 1918 to take advantage of a labor shortage in industrial cities during the First World War. [44]
In 1910, the African-American population of Detroit was 6,000. The Great Migration, along with immigrants from southern and eastern Europe as well as their descendants, rapidly turned the city into the country's fourth-largest. By the start of the Great Depression in 1929, the city's African-American population had increased to 120,000.
In 1900–01, Chicago had a total population of 1,754,473. [45] By 1920, the city had added more than 1 million residents. During the second wave of the Great Migration (1940–60), the African-American population in the city grew from 278,000 to 813,000.
African-American youths play basketball in Chicago's Stateway Gardens high-rise housing project in 1973.
The flow of African Americans to Ohio, particularly to Cleveland , changed the demographics of the state and its primary industrial city. Before the Great Migration, an estimated 1.1% to 1.6% of Cleveland's population was African American. [46] By 1920, 4.3% of Cleveland's population was African American. [46] The number of African Americans in Cleveland continued to rise over the next 20 years of the Great Migration.
Other northeastern and midwestern industrial cities, such as Philadelphia, New York City, Baltimore, Pittsburgh, St. Louis, and Omaha, also had dramatic increases in their African-American populations. By the 1920s, New York's Harlem became a center of Black cultural life, influenced by the American migrants as well as new immigrants from the Caribbean area. [47]
Discrimination and working conditions
Educated African Americans were better able to obtain jobs after the Great Migration, eventually gaining a measure of class mobility , but the migrants encountered significant forms of discrimination. Because so many people migrated in a short period of time, the African-American migrants were often resented by the urban European-American working class (many of whom were recent immigrants themselves); fearing their ability to negotiate rates of pay or secure employment, the ethnic whites felt threatened by the influx of new labor competition. Sometimes those who were most fearful or resentful were the last immigrants of the 19th and new immigrants of the 20th century.[ citation needed ]
African Americans made substantial gains in industrial employment, particularly in the steel, automobile, shipbuilding, and meatpacking industries. Between 1910 and 1920, the number of Black workers employed in industry nearly doubled from 500,000 to 901,000. [44] After the Great Depression , more advances took place after workers in the steel and meatpacking industries organized into labor unions in the 1930s and 1940s, under the interracial Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO). The unions ended the segregation of many jobs, and African Americans began to advance into more skilled jobs and supervisory positions previously informally reserved for whites.
Between 1940 and 1960, the number of Black people in managerial and administrative occupations doubled, along with the number of Black people in white-collar occupations, while the number of Black agricultural workers in 1960 fell to one-fourth of what it was in 1940. [49] Also, between 1936 and 1959, Black income relative to white income more than doubled in various skilled trades. [50] Despite employment discrimination , [51] Black people had higher labor force participation rates than whites in every U.S. Census from 1890 to 1950. [52] As a result of these advancements, the percentage of Black families living below the poverty line declined from 87% in 1940 to 47% by 1960 and to 30% by 1970. [53]
Populations increased so rapidly among both African-American migrants and new European immigrants that there were housing shortages in most major cities. With fewer resources, the newer groups were forced to compete for the oldest, most run-down housing. Ethnic groups created territories which they defended against change. Discrimination often restricted African Americans to crowded neighborhoods. The more established populations of cities tended to move to newer housing as it was developing in the outskirts. Mortgage discrimination and redlining in inner city areas limited the newer African-American migrants' ability to determine their own housing, or obtain a fair price. In the long term, the National Housing Act of 1934 contributed to limiting the availability of loans to urban areas, particularly those areas inhabited by African Americans. [54]
Migrants going to Albany, New York found poor living conditions and employment opportunities, but also higher wages and better schools and social services. Local organizations such as the Albany Inter-Racial Council and churches, helped them, but de facto segregation and discrimination remained well into the late 20th century. [55]
Migrants going to Pittsburgh and surrounding mill towns in western Pennsylvania between 1890 and 1930 faced racial discrimination and limited economic opportunities. The Black population in Pittsburgh jumped from 6,000 in 1880 to 27,000 in 1910. Many took highly paid, skilled jobs in the steel mills. Pittsburgh's Black population increased to 37,700 in 1920 (6.4% of the total) while the Black element in Homestead, Rankin, Braddock, and others nearly doubled. They succeeded in building effective community responses that enabled the survival of new communities. [56] [57] Historian Joe Trotter explains the decision process:
Although African-Americans often expressed their views of the Great Migration in biblical terms and received encouragement from northern Black newspapers, railroad companies, and industrial labor agents, they also drew upon family and friendship networks to help in the move to Western Pennsylvania. They formed migration clubs, pooled their money, bought tickets at reduced rates, and often moved ingroups. Before they made the decision to move, they gathered information and debated the pros and cons of the process.... In barbershops, poolrooms, and grocery stores, in churches, lodge halls, and clubhouses, and in private homes, Black people who lived in the South discussed, debated, and decided what was good and what was bad about moving to the urban North. [58]
Integration and segregation
In cities such as Newark, New York and Chicago, African Americans became increasingly integrated into society. As they lived and worked more closely with European Americans, the divide became increasingly indefinite. This period marked the transition for many African Americans from lifestyles as rural farmers to urban industrial workers. [59]
This migration gave birth to a cultural boom in cities such as Chicago and New York. In Chicago for instance, the neighborhood of Bronzeville became known as the "Black Metropolis". From 1924 to 1929, the "Black Metropolis" was at the peak of its golden years. Many of the community's entrepreneurs were Black during this period. "The foundation of the first African American YMCA took place in Bronzeville, and worked to help incoming migrants find jobs in the city of Chicago." [60]
The "Black Belt" geographical and racial isolation of this community, bordered to the north and east by whites, and to the south and west by industrial sites and ethnic immigrant neighborhoods, made it a site for the study of the development of an urban Black community. For urbanized people, eating proper foods in a sanitary, civilized setting such as the home or a restaurant was a social ritual that indicated one's level of respectability. The people native to Chicago had pride in the high level of integration in Chicago restaurants, which they attributed to their unassailable manners and refined tastes. [61]
Since African-American migrants retained many Southern cultural and linguistic traits, such cultural differences created a sense of "otherness" in terms of their reception by others who were already living in the cities. [62] Stereotypes ascribed to Black people during this period and ensuing generations often derived from African-American migrants' rural cultural traditions, which were maintained in stark contrast to the urban environments in which the people resided. [62]
Locals started building Black-owned establishments like bars, hotels, and churches. The Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church was one of these establishments. [63] Soloman and Cordelia Johnson founded the Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church in the late 1890s. Black locals were able to freely express their religious beliefs in this church, which developed into a cultural center. The Hotel Robinson was another popular institution. It was established by Albert and Margaret Robinson after gaining their freedom from slavery. They built and opened The Hotel Robinson in Julian in 1887. This hotel is still currently active and is now known as the Julian Hotel. It's the first Black-owned business in San Diego and the oldest operating hotel in Southern California.
White southern reaction
The beginning of the Great Migration exposed a paradox in race relations in the American South at that time. Although Black people were treated with extreme hostility and subjected to legal discrimination, the southern economy was deeply dependent on them as an abundant supply of cheap labor, and Black workers were seen as the most critical factor in the economic development of the South. One South Carolina politician summed up the dilemma: "Politically speaking, there are far too many negroes, but from an industrial standpoint there is room for many more." [64]
When the Great Migration started in the 1910s, white southern elites seemed to be unconcerned, and industrialists and cotton planters saw it as a positive, as it was siphoning off surplus industrial and agricultural labor. As the migration picked up, however, southern elites began to panic, fearing that a prolonged Black exodus would bankrupt the South, and newspaper editorials warned of the danger. White employers eventually took notice and began expressing their fears. White southerners soon began trying to stem the flow in order to prevent the hemorrhaging of their labor supply, and some even began attempting to address the poor living standards and racial oppression experienced by Southern Black people in order to induce them to stay.
As a result, southern employers increased their wages to match those on offer in the North, and some individual employers even opposed the worst excesses of Jim Crow laws. When the measures failed to stem the tide, white southerners, in concert with federal officials who feared the rise of Black nationalism , co-operated in attempting to coerce Black people to stay in the South. The Southern Metal Trades Association urged decisive action to stop Black migration, and some employers undertook serious efforts against it. [64] [65]
The largest southern steel manufacturer refused to cash checks sent to finance Black migration, efforts were made to restrict bus and train access for Black Americans, agents were stationed in northern cities to report on wage levels, unionization, and the rise of Black nationalism, and newspapers were pressured to divert more coverage to negative aspects of Black life in the North. A series of local and federal directives were put into place with the goal of restricting Black mobility, including local vagrancy ordinances, "work or fight" laws demanding all males either be employed or serve in the army, and conscription orders. Intimidation and beatings were also used to terrorize Black people into staying. [64] [65] These intimidation tactics were described by Secretary of Labor William B. Wilson as interfering with "the natural right of workers to move from place to place at their own discretion". [66]
During the wave of migration that took place in the 1940s, white southerners were less concerned, as mechanization of agriculture in the late 1930s had resulted in another labor surplus so southern planters put up less resistance. [64]
Black Americans were not the only group to leave the South for Northern industrial opportunities. Large numbers of poor whites from Appalachia and the Upland South made the journey to the Midwest and Northeast after World War II, a phenomenon known as the Hillbilly Highway . [67]
In popular culture
African Americans as a Percentage of the Total Population By U.S. Region (1900–1980) [70] [71] [72]
Region
1900
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
Change in the Black Percentage of the Total Population Between 1900 and 1980
United States
11.6%
10.7%
9.9%
9.7%
9.8%
10.0%
10.5%
11.1%
11.7%
+0.1%
Northeast
1.8%
1.9%
2.3%
3.3%
3.8%
5.1%
6.8%
8.9%
9.9%
+8.1%
Midwest
1.9%
1.8%
2.3%
3.3%
3.5%
5.0%
6.7%
8.1%
9.1%
+7.2%
South
32.3%
29.8%
26.9%
24.7%
23.8%
21.7%
20.6%
19.1%
18.6%
-13.7%
West
0.7%
0.7%
0.9%
1.0%
1.2%
2.9%
3.9%
4.9%
5.2%
+4.5%
African Americans as a Percentage of the Total Population By U.S. State (1900–1980) [70] [71] [72]
State
Region
1900
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
Change in the Black Percentage of the Total Population Between 1900 and 1980
United States
South
4.5%
5.3%
5.9%
6.6%
6.2%
5.7%
4.8%
3.9%
3.3%
-1.2%
Wisconsin
Midwest
0.1%
0.1%
0.2%
0.4%
0.4%
0.8%
1.9%
2.9%
3.9%
+3.8%
Wyoming
West
1.0%
1.5%
0.7%
0.6%
0.4%
0.9%
0.7%
0.8%
0.7%
-0.3%
African Americans as a Percentage of the Population By Large U.S. Cities (Those With a Peak Population of 500,000 or More by 1990) Outside of the Former Confederacy [73] [74]
City
1900
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
Change in the Black Percentage of the Total Population Between 1900 and 1990
0.3%
0.3%
0.5%
1.3%
1.5%
3.4%
8.4%
14.7%
23.1%
30.5%
+30.2%
African Americans as a Percentage of the Population By Large U.S. Cities (Those With a Peak Population of 500,000 or More by 1990) Inside the Former Confederacy [73] [74]
City
1900
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
Change in the Black Percentage of the Total Population Between 1900 and 1990
14.1%
11.1%
8.9%
7.8%
7.6%
7.0%
7.1%
7.6%
7.3%
7.0%
-7.1%
A map of the black percentage of the U.S. population by each state/territory in 1900.Black = 35.0+%Brown = 20.0–34.9%Red = 10.0–19.9%Orange = 5.0–9.9%Light orange = 1.0–4.9%Gray = 0.9% or lessMagenta = No data available
A map of the black percentage of the U.S. population by each state/territory in 1990.Black = 35.0+%Brown = 20.0–34.9%Red = 10.0–19.9%Orange = 5.0–9.9%Light orange = 1.0–4.9%Gray = 0.9% or lessPink = No data available
A map showing the change in the total Black population (in percent) between 1900 and 1990 by U.S. state.Light purple = Population declineVery light green = Population growth of 0.1–9.9%Light green = Population growth of 10.0–99.9%Green = Population growth of 100.0–999.9%Dark green = Population growth of 1,000.0–9,999.9%Very dark green (or Black) = Population growth of 10,000.0% or moreGray = No data available
New Great Migration
After the political and civil gains of the Civil Rights Movement , in the 1970s, migration began to increase again. It moved in a different direction, as Black people who were searching for economic opportunity traveled to new regions of the South. [75] [76]
The New Great Migration is not evenly distributed throughout the South. As with the earlier Great Migration, the New Great Migration is primarily directed toward cities and large urban areas, such as Atlanta , Charlotte , Houston , Dallas , Raleigh , Washington, D.C. , Tampa , Virginia Beach , San Antonio , Memphis , Orlando , Nashville , Jacksonville , and so forth. North Carolina's Charlotte metro area in particular, is a hot spot for African-American migrants in the US. Between 1975 and 1980, Charlotte saw a net gain of 2,725 African Americans in the area. This number continued to rise as between 1985 and 1990 as the area had a net gain of 7,497 African Americans, and from 1995 to 2000 the net gain was 23,313 African Americans. This rise in net gain points to Atlanta, Charlotte, Dallas, and Houston being a growing hot spots for the migrants of The New Great Migration. The percentage of Black Americans who live in the South has been increasing since 1990, and the biggest gains have been in the region's large urban areas, according to census data. The Black population of metro Atlanta more than doubled between 1990 and 2020, surpassing 2 million in the most recent census. The Black population also more than doubled in metro Charlotte while Greater Houston and Dallas-Fort Worth both saw their Black populations surpass 1 million for the first time. Several smaller metro areas also saw sizable gains, including San Antonio; [77] Raleigh and Greensboro, N.C.; and Orlando. [78] Primary destinations are states that have the most job opportunities, especially Georgia , North Carolina , Maryland , Virginia , Tennessee , Florida and Texas . Other southern states, including Mississippi , Louisiana , South Carolina , Alabama and Arkansas , have seen little net growth in the African-American population from return migration.[ citation needed ]
See also
"The Great Migration (1910–1970)" . May 20, 2021. Archived from the original on September 27, 2022. Retrieved March 21, 2022.
"The Great Migration" (PDF). Smithsonian American Art Museum. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 27, 2019. Retrieved October 3, 2019.
Wilkerson, Isabel. "The Long-Lasting Legacy of the Great Migration" . Smithsonian. Archived from the original on February 15, 2020. Retrieved October 3, 2019.
Gregory, James. "Black Metropolis" . America's Great Migrations Projects. University of Washington. Archived from the original on August 14, 2021. Retrieved March 25, 2021.
(with excepts from, Gregory, James. The Southern Diaspora: How the Great Migrations of Black and White Southerners Transformed America, Chapter 4: "Black Metropolis" (University of North Carolina Press, 2005)
Taeuber, Karl E.; Taeuber, Alma F. (1966), "The Negro Population in the United States", in Davis, John P. (ed.), The American Negro Reference Book, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, p. 122
Lemann, Nicholas (1991). The Promised Land: The Great Black Migration and How It Changed America. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. p. 6. ISBN
.
Allen, Reniqua (July 8, 2017). "Racism Is Everywhere, So Why Not Move South?" . The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 8, 2017. Retrieved July 9, 2017.
Statistics provided by the Archives at Tuskegee Institute.
Census, United States Bureau of the (July 23, 2010). "Migrations – The African-American Mosaic Exhibition – Exhibitions (Library of Congress)" . www.loc.gov. Archived from the original on August 31, 2019. Retrieved January 15, 2018.
"Exodus to Kansas" . August 15, 2016. Archived from the original on July 19, 2017. Retrieved August 29, 2017.
Broussard, Albert S. (Spring 2011). "New Perspectives on Lynching, Race Riots, and Mob Violence". Journal of American Ethnic History. 30 (3): 71–75. doi : 10.5406/jamerethnhist.30.3.0071 – via EBSCO.
^ a b Chicago Commission on Race Relations. The Negro in Chicago: A Study in Race Relations and a Race Riot in 1919. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1922.
"Chicago Race Riot of 1919" . Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Archived from the original on August 2, 2017. Retrieved May 20, 2017.
Drake, St. Claire; Cayton, Horace R. (1945). Black Metropolis: A Study of Negro Life in a Northern City. USA: Harcourt, Brace and Company. p. 65.
^ a b Gregory, James N. (2009) "The Second Great Migration: An Historical Overview", African American Urban History: The Dynamics of Race, Class, and Gender since World War II, eds. Joe W. Trotter Jr. and Kenneth L. Kusmer. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
Marshall, Gordon (1998). "Sharecropping" . Encyclopedia.com. Archived from the original on March 17, 2009. Retrieved March 6, 2018.
.
.
Katznelson, Ira (2006). When affirmative action was white : an untold history of racial inequality in twentieth-century America ([Norton pbk ed.] ed.). New York: W.W. Norton. ISBN
.
www.sbctc.edu (adapted). "Module 1: Introduction and Definitions" (PDF). Saylor.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 1, 2012. Retrieved April 2, 2012.
Abdul-Jabbar, Kareem ; Obstfeld, Raymond (2007). On The Shoulders Of Giants : My Journey Through the Harlem Renaissance. New York: Simon & Schuster . pp. 1–288. ISBN
^ a b Gibson, Campbell, and Kay Jung. "Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals by Race, 1790 to 1990, and by Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, for Large Cities and Other Urban Places in the United States." U.S. Census Bureau, February 2005.
Hutchinson, George (August 19, 2020). "Harlem Renaissance" . Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on November 17, 2019. Retrieved February 19, 2021.
Miller, Aurelia Toyer (1980). "The Social and Economic Status of the Black Population in the U.S.: An Historical View, 1790–1978". The Review of Black Political Economy . 10 (3): 314–318. doi : 10.1007/bf02689658 . S2CID 153619673 .
Gotham, Kevin Fox (2000). "Racialization and the State: The Housing Act of 1934 and the Creation of the Federal Housing Administration". Sociological Perspectives. 43 (2): 291–317. doi : 10.2307/1389798 . JSTOR 1389798 . S2CID 144457751 .
Lemak, Jennifer A. (2008). "Albany, New York and the Great Migration". Afro-Americans in New York Life and History. 32 (1): 47.
^ Trotter, Joe W., "Reflections on the Great Migration to Western Pennsylvania." Western Pennsylvania History (1995) 78#4: 153–158 online Archived March 8, 2021, at the Wayback Machine .
^ Trotter, Joe W., and Eric Ledell Smith, eds. African Americans in Pennsylvania: Shifting Historical Perspectives (Penn State Press, 2010).
^ Trotter, "Reflections on the Great Migration to Western Pennsylvania," p. 154.
Black exodus : the great migration from the American South. Harrison, Alferdteen. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi. 1991. ISBN
"History" . The Renaissance Collaborative. Archived from the original on August 31, 2013. Retrieved August 19, 2013.
^ a b c d Reich, Steven A.: The Great Black Migration: A Historical Encyclopedia of the American Mosaic
^ a b Anderson, Talmadge and Stewart, James Benjamin: Introduction to African American Studies: Transdisciplinary Approaches and Implications
Elaine), Anderson, Carol (2016). White rage : the unspoken truth of our racial divide. New York. ISBN
{{ cite book }}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link ) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link )
Tabler, Dave (August 16, 2011). "Where the Hillbilly Highway ends" . Appalachian History. Archived from the original on February 20, 2023. Retrieved April 16, 2021.
Haygood, Wil (2013). The Butler: A Witness to History. 37 Ink. ISBN
Frey, William (2018). Diversity Explosion: How New Racial Demographics Are Remaking America. Brookings Institution Press. ISBN
.
Toppo, Greg; Overberg, Paul (March 18, 2015). "After nearly 100 years, Great Migration begins reversal" . USA Today. Archived from the original on February 16, 2021. Retrieved February 19, 2021.
Further reading
Baldwin, Davarian L. Chicago's New Negroes: Modernity, the Great Migration, & Black Urban Life (Univ of North Carolina Press, 2007)
Collins, William J. (November 13, 2020). " The Great Migration of Black Americans from the US South: A Guide and Interpretation ". Explorations in Economic History
DeSantis, Alan D. "Selling the American dream myth to black southerners: The Chicago Defender and the Great Migration of 1915–1919." Western Journal of Communication (1998) 62#4 pp: 474–511. online
.
Holley, Donald. The Second Great Emancipation: The Mechanical Cotton Picker, Black Migration, and How They Shaped the Modern South (University of Arkansas Press, 2000)
Lemann, Nicholas (1991). The Promised Land: The Great Black Migration and How It Changed America. Vintage Press. ISBN
.
Marks, Carole. Farewell – We're Good and Gone: the great Black migration (Indiana Univ Press, 1989)
Reich, Steven A. ed. The Great Black Migration: A Historical Encyclopedia of the American Mosaic (2014), one-volume abridged version of 2006 three volume set; Topical entries plus primary sources
Rodgers, Lawrence Richard. Canaan Bound: The African-American Great Migration Novel (University of Illinois Press, 1997)
Sernett, Milton (1997). Bound for the Promised Land: African Americans' Religion and the Great Migration. Duke University Press. ISBN
Sugrue, Thomas J. (2008). Sweet Land of Liberty: The Forgotten Struggle for Civil Rights in the North. Random House. ISBN
Tolnay, Stewart E. "The African American 'Great Migration' and Beyond". Annual Review of Sociology (2003): 209–232. in JSTOR
Tolnay, Stewart E. "The great migration and changes in the northern black family, 1940 to 1990." Social Forces (1997) 75#4 pp: 1213–1238.
Trotter, Joe William, ed. The Great Migration in historical perspective: New dimensions of race, class, and gender (Indiana University Press, 1991)
Great Migration (African American)
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294 | who plays caesar planet of the apes 2014 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesar_(Planet_of_the_Apes) | 9 languages
Fictional character
Fictional character
Spouses
San Francisco , California, United States (West African descent)
Caesar is an evolved chimpanzee who is the leader of the ape army, the king of the ape colony, and the patriarch of the royal ape family. In the original series, Caesar is the biological son of Cornelius and Zira, the foster son of Armando, the husband of Lisa, and the father of Cornelius II. In the comic series, Caesar was raised by Cornelius and Zira, along with a human adoptive brother, Tarzan .
In the rebooted series, Caesar is instead the son of Alpha and Bright Eyes, two normal apes, the latter of which was experimented on in an effort to cure Alzheimer's, with the intelligence gained passed on to Caesar. Caesar is raised by Will Rodman, the scientist in charge of the experiment, and his girlfriend Caroline Aranha after the death of his mother, but is forced to live in captivity at the San Bruno Primate Shelter after attacking a neighbor.
Caesar later leads his fellow apes in a rebellion against abusive handlers and the police by unleashing the deadly ALZ-113 virus, which is dangerous to the human population but not the apes. Caesar maintains dominance over his community of intelligent apes while also having to deal with the threat of war against human survivors, who had been pushed to near-extinction due to a pandemic known as the Simian Flu, originating from the ALZ-113 virus. [1]
Serkis' performance as Caesar in the rebooted series garnered mass acclaim, with many saying Serkis deserved to be nominated for an Academy Award for his performance.
Born as "Milo", named after his parents' friend Dr. Milo, Caesar first appeared in Escape from the Planet of the Apes as the son of talking chimpanzees Cornelius and Zira after they travelled back in time to the Earth of Taylor 's era. As the infant was feared to be the cause of the future where his parents originated, Milo was raised by circus owner Armando after Zira switched him with a young chimpanzee recently born to Armando's primitive chimpanzee, Heloise, prior to his parents' death by the action of the human Dr. Otto Hasslein . As Hasslein killed the infant with Zira deposing of the body, Milo was assumed dead and was raised by Armando as a mute acrobat who was renamed "Caesar".
In Conquest of the Planet of the Apes , two decades after the events in Escape, a now-adult Caesar and Armando maintain a charade by having Armando keep him on a chain as a pet, while Armando secretly educates Caesar on the events that led to the apes' state of slavery. Caesar is taken to a city for the first time and sees groups of apes being dispersed, chimps and orangutans being scolded or punished for honest mistakes or for exhibiting apelike behavior. Upon seeing the barbaric treatments of his fellow apes, he impulsively cries out, "Lousy human bastards!" Armando attempts to convince the police that he was the one who spoke, but Caesar panics and runs away in the commotion with Armando deciding to have him join an arrival shipment of apes while he attempts to bluff his way out of trouble. [2]
Passing his conditioning with flying colors, Caesar is held at an auction and is sold to Governor Breck and supervised by his assistant Mr. MacDonald . When Breck brings out a reference book as a means to formally name him, Caesar chooses his adopted name under the guise of a random picking and is assigned to the city's "ape management" command post and its lockup for disobedient apes. He is also selected to mate with Lisa at that time. When Caesar learns that Armando died while in custody, he plots an ape revolt and convinces the other apes to join him. But Caesar is belatedly traced, where he soon gets captured and then gets interrogated and tortured by Breck, who forces him to expose his identity as the offspring of Cornelius and Zira. When Breck is about to execute Caesar, MacDonald excuses himself from the scene and turns off the breaker settings for the electroshock table, where Caesar pretends to be dead before he kills the handler and begins the revolt. Within hours, the city is in flames, the police and military have been beaten down, and the apes are now in control. Caesar predicts that word will spread of his revolution and the same thing will soon happen around the world. Despite MacDonald's pleas to prevent further violence, Caesar declares that humanity will destroy itself and the apes will become the masters of the world, only to cease when Lisa musters the ability to speak, convincing Caesar not to condemn all of humanity. [3]
In Battle for the Planet of the Apes , 29 years after Caesar led the revolt in Conquest and 12 years after the world got destroyed by a nuclear war, Caesar took his apes and the remaining captive humans and they started a new civilization together. Even though apes and humans are coexisting in peace, a gorilla named Aldo is the only one who opposes Caesar and despises the humans. Wanting to know about his parents, Caesar travels to the ruined city to find the archives about his parents, where he is accompanied by MacDonald, the younger brother of the late MacDonald from Conquest and his ape advisor Virgil. After learning who they are and about the eventual destruction of Earth, Caesar manages to escape the city when he, MacDonald and Virgil get attacked by a group of mutated, radiation-scarred humans led by Governor Kolp who have survived and are living in the city. Meanwhile, Aldo plots to overthrow Caesar and have the gorillas take control of the ape-human village, where Caesar's son Cornelius eavesdrops on Aldo, who kills the young ape in the process. Taking advantage of Caesar's grief and absence, Aldo has all the humans in the village imprisoned and raids the armory to prepare for battle against the mutated humans and to overthrow Caesar.
When Kolp and the mutated humans launch an attack on the village, Caesar and the apes manage to defeat and capture most of them, where Kolp and his remaining forces try to escape but they get killed by Aldo and his troops. Caesar tries to defend the imprisoned humans when Aldo tries to kill the rest of the humans and threatens Caesar. When Virgil reveals that Aldo has killed Cornelius, Caesar becomes furious and chases him up a tree, which results in Aldo falling to his death. Realizing that apes are no different from humans, Caesar agrees with MacDonald that humans are to be treated as equals in order to coexist.
The movie is told as a flashback, where the beginning and ending scene takes place 600 years after Caesar's death and it shows the Lawgiver telling a story to a group of both ape and human children. He tells them the story about how Caesar fought a battle that solidified his position as ape leader and convinced him to give a joint ape-human society a chance, instead of one species dominating the other. Screenwriter Paul Dehn said the tear on Caesar's statue at the end of the film was to tell the audience that Caesar's efforts ultimately failed. [4]
Comic series
Reboot series
Caesar is the main protagonist of the reboot series, sharing the previous version's compassionate nature while forbidding his followers from killing innocent humans and those who don't seek to harm them. However unlike his original incarnation, he doesn't seek for global conquest and to enslave humanity for he sees both man and apes as unlikely equals, indicating that his bloodline will watch over the humans that survived the Simian Flu, who are now devolved of intelligence and reverted to animal instincts.
First appearing in Rise of the Planet of the Apes , Caesar is the son of a female chimpanzee Bright Eyes who was taken from the African wild to the pharmaceutical company Gen-Sys in the San Francisco Bay Area to be subjected to an experimental viral-based cure of Alzheimer's known as ALZ-112. [6] Developed by Will Rodman, ALZ-112 genetically increases Bright Eyes' intelligence that gets passed onto Caesar as he was still in his mother's womb. When born, Caesar ends up orphaned after his mother is killed trying to protect him, an action mistaken by lab security after she runs amok, which labels the experiment a failure. Caesar is saved by sympathetic ape handler Franklin, after which Will smuggles the little ape out of the lab and takes him back home. Will's father Charles, who suffers from dementia, names him after Julius Caesar. Discovering that Caesar has inherited his mother's intelligence through being exposed to ALZ-112, Will decides to raise him. Following an incident where he attacks their aggressive neighbor who threatens Charles, Caesar is forced to stay at the San Bruno Primate Shelter, an ape sanctuary where he is tormented by one of the caretakers while gradually taking command of the apes, while also developing a close friendship with a Bornean orangutan named Maurice . Caesar eventually proves smart enough when he breaks free from his cage, steals the ALZ-113, a stronger version of the intelligence-enhancing formula and releases it among the other captive apes. After saying his first word "No!" in a confrontation with one of the caretakers, Caesar leads the apes out of the sanctuary as they recruit other captive apes from the zoo and from Gen-Sys, rallying them to escape San Francisco and make their way to the Muir Woods while clashing with the police. Once in the Muir Woods, Caesar shares an emotional farewell with Rodman as he decides to live free among his own kind.
In Dawn of the Planet of the Apes , set ten years after the ALZ-113 virus decimated most of the human population, Caesar is now middle-aged and mated to Cornelia. They have two sons, Blue Eyes and a newborn, Cornelius. While assuming the humans to have died out, Caesar discovers that humans are still alive when he sees a group from the remnants of San Francisco entering their territory and personally warns them to stay out. When the group's leader Malcolm explains they are trying to repair a dam to return power to the city, Caesar allows them to do their work. Despite the successful repairing of the dam and the growing friendship between apes and humans, Koba , a bonobo , becomes disillusioned with Caesar after seeing his leader's compassion and respect for the humans. He shoots Caesar, framing the humans, and leads the apes into attacking the humans and their colony. Caesar survives the gunshot and is nursed back to health by Malcolm's wife, Ellie. Blue Eyes helps Caesar free his loyal allies before Caesar confronts Koba and ultimately kills him. As the military arrives, having been called during Koba's takeover, Caesar realizes that the damage has already been done. He convinces Malcolm to flee with his family as he and his clan prepare to fight the military. [7]
In War for the Planet of the Apes , two years after the events of Dawn, Caesar and the apes are fighting in an ongoing war with Alpha-Omega, a paramilitary group. After a recent victory in the Muir Woods, Caesar, in an attempt to make peace, spares the lives of soldier Preacher and three other soldiers. He sends them back to Alpha-Omega's leader, Colonel J. Wesley McCullough. After the battle, Blue Eyes and Rocket return from a journey, where they have discovered a place within the desert that can be safe for the apes. Later, the Colonel launches an assault on the apes' home, where he kills Cornelia and Blue Eyes, leaving only Cornelius alive. Leaving Cornelius in the care of Blue Eyes' mate Lake, Caesar departs to confront McCullough, accompanied by Maurice, Luca and Rocket, while the other apes head for the desert. After unintentionally killing the albino western lowland gorilla Winter for betraying the location of the apes to the humans, Caesar fears that his desire for vengeance may cause him to end up like Koba. He and the group are joined by a mute girl named Nova and an ape hermit named Bad Ape. When Caesar reaches Alpha-Omega's base, a former weapons depot that was turned into a relocation facility when the virus began to spread, he discovers that his clan has been captured by McCullough and he gets captured as well. Witnessing his fellow apes being forced to build a wall, Caesar learns that McCullough is fending off rival military forces who seek to destroy him for killing humans, including his own men, who are infected with a mutated strain of ALZ-113 that is making them devolve into mute primitives. While Caesar is tortured with hypothermia and starvation, Nova sneaks into the facility to give him food and water. Caesar, together with Rocket, Bad Ape and Maurice, free the apes from their cages and help them escape via an underground tunnel that leads out of the facility. Caesar sends his followers away while he confronts McCullough, but the facility is attacked by the military forces. Caesar reaches McCullough, but he spares his life upon realizing that he has succumbed to the infection. He watches McCullough, who would rather die than become a primitive, take his own life. In a battle among Caesar's apes, Alpha-Omega and the military forces, Caesar detonates the facility's fuel supply before joining the others in taking refuge when an oncoming avalanche wipes out the remaining soldiers. Departing the facility, the remaining apes cross the desert and settle in an oasis. With Caesar dying from a wound that Preacher inflicted on him, he accepts his end with grace and dies peacefully while Maurice promises Caesar that Cornelius will know who his father was, what he stood for and what he did to protect the apes. [8] The opening scene of Kingdom of the Planet of the Apes reveals that Caesar's body was cremated on a funeral pyre shortly after his death.
Andy Serkis's performance as Caesar in the rebooted Planet of the Apes trilogy garnered massive critical acclaim. [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] Andrew Howley from National Geographic has compared Caesar's evolution to that of natural human evolution. [1] Fans have embraced Caesar as one of the best film characters of the 2010s, as well as one of the most impressive displays of visual effects in cinema. Many fans were upset due to the lack of Academy Award nominations Serkis received for his performance. In particular, fans were upset that Serkis was not nominated for Best Actor for his performance in War for the Planet of the Apes. [14]
For his performance in Dawn of the Planet of the Apes, Serkis was nominated for the AACTA International Award for Best Supporting Actor , [19] won the Empire Award for Best Actor, [20] as well as being nominated again for the Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor. [21]
See also
^ Russo, Joe. Planet of the Apes Revisited p. 211.
"パンケーキのお店に食べに行った" . www.apescomics.com. Archived from the original on 27 July 2012. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
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294 | who plays caesar planet of the apes 2014 | https://variety.com/lists/kingdom-of-the-planet-of-the-apes-cast-character-guide/ | Plus Icon
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May 10, 2024 2:05pm PT
‘Kingdom of the Planet of the Apes’ Cast Breakdown: See the Actors Who Brought the New Apes to Life Through Motion Capture
7 mins ago
15 hours ago
Getty Images/Everett Collection
Moviegoers flocking to see “Kingdom of the Planet of the Apes” in theaters might leave with the same question: What does the cast exactly look like? In the tradition of James Cameron’s “Avatar” franchise and the last “Planet of the Apes” trilogy, “Kingdom” director Wes Ball utilized groundbreaking motion capture technology to make sure every ape character in his movie was played by a real human being.
Leading star Owen Teague told Variety that he attended six weeks of “ape school” in order to help his transformation into a primate be as believable as possible. He and the rest of the film’s cast worked with a movement teacher to get in touch with their simian sides. They were also outfitted with extensions made from sawed-off crutches in order to help them move like apes. The ensemble had to learn how to run on them, using their arms to propel their bodies forward.
“They’re very economical,” Teague said about nailing the posture of a primate. “You don’t see them sit down and then shift around to get comfy. They plant themselves in the exact right place and stay there. They’re so physically present. Humans are always kind of shifting our feet and doing stuff with our hands.”
Check out the complete cast and character guide to “Kingdom of the Planet of the Apes.”
Owen Teague as Noa
Image Credit: Getty Images/Everett Collection
Owen Teague is best known among moviegoers for playing Patrick Hockstetter in Warner Bros.’ horror franchise films “It” and “It Chapter Two.” He makes his Hollywood leading man debut via motion capture as “Kingdom of the Planet of the Apes” protagonist Noa, a young chimpanzee who sets out to bring his friends and family home when his colony is pillaged and destroyed.
“We had a lot of pressure on us to find the person who can carry this trilogy,” director Wes Ball previously told Variety. “We needed someone who is kind of innocent and naive but can also be tough and strong. It was some kind of miracle that we met Owen.”
Teague spent days at a Florida ape sanctuary in order to prepare for the role. That’s where he got up close and personal with primates — well, except for the orangutans. “Man, they smell terrible,” he told Variety. “Our evolutionary predecessors were stinky guys.”
Kevin Durand as Proximus Caesar
Image Credit: Getty Images/Everett Collection
Even if you don’t know Kevin Durand by name, you are sure to have seen him on screen at some point thanks to his enduring career as a genre character actor in “Lost,” “The Strain,” “X-Men Origins: Wolverine,” “Legion” and more. He stars in “Kingdom of the Planet of the Apes” as Proximus Caesar, a villainous bonobo monarch who rules over a clan of coastal apes and is hellbent on learning the ways of humans in order to maintain the dominance of apes around the world. Caesar is a despot who took his name from the last trilogy’s Caesar (Andy Serkis), as it has come to be associated with a godlike leader.
Peter Macon as Raka
Image Credit: Getty Images/Everett Collection
Peter Macon is best known for playing Lt. Commander Bortus in Seth MacFarlane’s Fox/Hulu television series “The Orville,” and he brings much needed warmth and humanity to “Kingdom of the Planet of the Apes” as the supporting character Raka. An orangutan who knowledge of the past, Raka befriends Noa on his journey to find his lost colony and serves as a mentor to him. Raka is enlightened in all the teachings of Caesar (Andy Serkis) and advocates for a stronger world where apes and humans can co-exist together.
Travis Jeffery as Anaya
Image Credit: Getty Images/Everett Collection
Australian actor Travis Jeffery stars as Anaya, a chimpanzee who is one of Noa’s close friends. The film begins with Noa and his friends Anaya and Soona hunting for eagle eggs as they will soon take part in one of their colony’s most sacred traditions in which they are bonded with a baby eagle. Anaya is one of Noa’s loved ones who is captured and imprisoned by Proximus Caesar, which sets Noa off on a mission to rescue him.
Lydia Peckham as Soona
Image Credit: Everett Collection/Getty Images
Lydia Peckham stars as Soona, a chimpanzee who is one of Noa’s close friends and who Noa clearly has romantic feelings for during the movie. She is one of Noa’s loved ones who is captured and imprisoned by Proximus Caesar, although she’s no damsel in distress. Soona becomes instrumental in plans to defeat Proximus Caesar.
Neil Sandilands as Koro
Image Credit: Getty Images/Everett Collection
Some moviegoers might recognize the name Neil Sandilands as he starred as Titus on the popular The CW dystopian drama series “The 100.” He has a supporting role in “Kingdom of the Planet of the Apes” as Koro, Noa’s intimidating father who is the leader of their colony. Koro is a master of the eagles, and every ape in his colony is raised to bond with an eagle.
Sara Wiseman as Dar
Image Credit: Getty Images/Everett Collection
New Zealand actor Sara Wiseman stars in “Kingdom of the Planet of the Apes” as Dar, the loving mother to Noa. Dar knows her son is intimidated by his father, Koro, but she urges him to know that his father is always going to be proud of them. Dar and Noa’s bond fuels the latter’s journey to save his colony from Proximus Caesar.
Eka Darville as Silva
Image Credit: Getty Images/Everett Collection
Australian actor Eka Darville has one of the more memorable supporting roles in “Kingdom of the Planet of the Apes” as Silva, a 400-pound silverback gorilla who is Proximus Caesar’s henchman and hunts apes to serve under his leader.
Speaking to Variety at the film’s premiere , Elka said the “highlight of the entire” motion capture process was the freedom to escape himself and let his character completely take over.
“We spent a lot of time just embodying these beings and these creatures, and that was the most transformative thing I’ve ever done as an actor,” Darville said. “You really get to be something else. I think we all crave that a little bit as actors.”
Freya Allan as Mae
Image Credit: Gareth Cattermole/Getty Images f
English actress Freya Allan broke out among genre fans with her role as Princess Cirilla of Cintra in the popular Netflix fantasy series “The Witcher.” Now she’s making her Hollywood leading lady debut as Mae in “Kingdom of the Planet of the Apes.” Mae is one of the few human characters audiences see in the new movie. She is introduced as a feral young woman stalking Noa for food after her human clan is murdered, leaving her alone and forced to fend for herself. But Mae is hiding some secrets that could end up leading to humanity’s chance to rise again.
William H. Macy as Trevathan
Image Credit: Getty Images
William H. Macy shows up in “Kingdom of the Planet of the Apes” in a crucial supporting role. He plays Trevathan, a human who has become an ally and mentor to Proximus Caesar. Trevathan has all but given up on his allegiance to humans and has accepted a world in which apes are the dominant rulers. He lives a content life in Proximus Caesar’s kingdom and educates the despot on all things humans, from literature to technology. Trevathan’s ideology puts him at odds with Mae, who would very much like to see humans return to their dominant place on the social chain.
Dichen Lachman
Image Credit: Getty Images for Critics Choice
Dichen Lachman has one of the more important human cameos in “Kingdom of the Planet of the Apes,” although her role will not be spoiled here. Audiences might recognize Lachman thanks to her roles as Sierra in Joss Whedon’s “Dollhouse,” Jiaying in the Marvel television series “Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D” and Ms. Casey in the Apple thriller series “Severance,” among other roles.
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294 | who plays caesar planet of the apes 2014 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Planet_of_the_Apes_film_actors | List of Planet of the Apes film actors
Heston is the protagonist of the first film, while Hunter appears in the first three films. McDowall stars in four of the five original films. Wahlberg is the protagonist of the 2001 remake, while Serkis is the main character in the reboot series' first three films.
Planet of the Apes is an American science fiction media franchise about a world in which humans and intelligent apes clash for control. The franchise is based on French author Pierre Boulle 's 1963 novel La Planète des singes , translated into English as Planet of the Apes or Monkey Planet. Its 1968 film adaptation, Planet of the Apes , was a critical and commercial hit, initiating a series of sequels, tie-ins, and derivative works.
Original series
This section includes characters who have appeared in the original series.
An empty grey cell indicates the character was not in the film.
A indicates an appearance through archival footage or audio.
P indicates an appearance in onscreen photographs.
V indicates a voice-only role.
Character
List indicators
This section includes characters who have appeared in the 2001 remake.
An empty grey cell indicates the character was not in the film.
C indicates a cameo role.
Character
List indicators
This section includes characters who will appear or have appeared in the reboot series.
An empty grey cell indicates the character was not in the film, or that the character's official presence has not yet been confirmed.
C indicates a cameo role.
S indicates an appearance through use of special effects.
U indicates an uncredited appearance.
Character
Ballard, Dave (2010). Roche, John; Ballard, Dave; Preston, Dean (eds.). "Touching the Hem" (PDF). Simian Scrolls. No. 16. p. 39. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 17, 2023. Retrieved November 10, 2023 – via Goatley.
Abal, Debora Anne (2020). Roche, John; Ballard, Dave; Preston, Dean (eds.). "My Mum" (PDF). Simian Scrolls. No. 21. pp. 36–38. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 13, 2023. Retrieved November 13, 2023 – via Goatley.
Dooley, John (July 26, 2001). "Too much monkey business" . Salon . Archived from the original on October 5, 2023. Retrieved November 14, 2023.
Wilmington, Michael (July 27, 2001). "Evolution of the Apes" . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on November 26, 2023. Retrieved November 26, 2023.
Horn, Steven (August 2, 2001). "Interview with Paul Giamatti" . IGN . Archived from the original on April 9, 2023. Retrieved November 26, 2023.
Hundley, Jessica (August 17, 2001). "Prime mate" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on February 4, 2021. Retrieved November 26, 2023.
Ebert, Roger. "Planet of the Apes" . RogerEbert.com . Archived from the original on November 20, 2023. Retrieved November 26, 2023.
Jolin, Dan (December 21, 2023). "'Animal Kingdom'" . Empire Magazine . Archived from the original on December 21, 2023. Retrieved December 21, 2022.
External links
List of Planet of the Apes film actors
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294 | who plays caesar planet of the apes 2014 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rise_of_the_Planet_of_the_Apes | Rise of the Planet of the Apes
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Rise of the Planet of the Apes
Theatrical release poster
Rise of the Planet of the Apes is a 2011 American science fiction action film directed by Rupert Wyatt and written by the writing team of Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver . [3] [6] [8] It is a reboot of the Planet of the Apes film series and is the seventh installment overall and the first in the reboot series. [9] The film stars James Franco , Freida Pinto , John Lithgow , Brian Cox , Tom Felton , and Andy Serkis . Set in 2016, the film follows Caesar (Serkis), a chimpanzee genetically enhanced and raised by chemist Will Rodman (Franco), going from living in captivity to eventually leading an ape uprising against humanity.
Rise of the Planet of the Apes first entered development in 2006 when Jaffa and Silver wrote a spec script and sold it to 20th Century Fox , the producers and distributors of the original film series. Production struggled until Franco, Serkis, and Wyatt were hired by late 2009, and principal photography started in July 2010 and finished that September, with filming locations including Vancouver , San Francisco, and Oahu . The apes were created using extensive visual effects and motion capture commissioned by Weta Digital .
Rise of the Planet of the Apes was released in the United States on August 5, 2011, by 20th Century Fox. The film received positive reviews from critics and was a commercial success, grossing over $481 million worldwide against a budget of $93 million. It received numerous awards and nominations, including nominations for Best Visual Effects and Best Special Visual Effects at the 84th Academy Awards and 65th British Academy Film Awards , respectively. It helped relaunch the franchise, and was followed by the sequels Dawn (2014), War (2017), and Kingdom (2024).
In 2008, pharmaceutical chemist Will Rodman tests the viral-based drug ALZ-112 on chimpanzees at the biotechnology company Gen-Sys in an attempt to find a cure for Alzheimer's illness. ALZ-112 is given to a female chimpanzee named Bright Eyes, greatly increasing her intelligence. However, during Will's presentation of the drug, Bright Eyes is forced from her cage and goes on a rampage before she is shot to death. Will's supervisor, Steven Jacobs, terminates the project and has the chimpanzees euthanized. Will and his assistant Robert Franklin discover that Bright Eyes' rampage was because she had recently given birth to an infant male chimpanzee. Will reluctantly takes in the infant chimpanzee, eventually naming him Caesar . Discovering that Caesar has inherited his mother's intelligence through exposure to ALZ-112, Will decides to raise him at home and study him.
Three years later, and in 2011, Caesar becomes highly intelligent; he can communicate through sign language . Will begins a romantic relationship with primatologist Caroline Aranha. Will and Caroline introduce Caesar to the redwood forest at Muir Woods National Monument so he can roam freely. Meanwhile, Will treats his father, Charles, with ALZ-112, seemingly restoring his cognitive ability.
Five years later, in 2016, Caesar, now entering adulthood, questions his origins and place in the world, and Will reveals his origins. Charles' Alzheimer's returns as his immune system becomes resistant to ALZ-112. During a confrontation between a confused Charles and his aggressive neighbor, Douglas Hunsiker, Caesar attacks and injures Hunsiker while defending Charles. The animal control service subsequently takes him to an ape shelter where Caesar is tormented by the alpha chimpanzee, Rocket , and the chief guard, Dodge Landon. However, Caesar befriends Maurice , a former circus orangutan who also knows sign language. Caesar learns to unlock his cage, gaining free access to the common area. With the assistance of Buck, a gorilla, Caesar claims the position of alpha. When Will tells Jacobs that the drug can improve intelligence, Jacobs approves the development of a more powerful gaseous version of the drug, ALZ-113. Will takes the drug home for his father, but Charles declines further treatment and dies overnight. After attempting to test ALZ-113 on a bonobo named Koba , Franklin accidentally becomes exposed to ALZ-113 and becomes ill. Jacobs orders continued trials despite the risks, and Will consequently quits his position.
Attempting to warn Will at his home, Franklin sneezes blood onto Hunsiker, and is later discovered dead. Will attempts to reclaim Caesar from the shelter, but Caesar decides to stay with the apes. Having discovered how to leave and return to the shelter, Caesar steals the ALZ-113 canisters from Will's house and enhances the intelligence of the other apes. When Dodge attempts to get him back into his cage, Caesar reveals he can speak; he fights and kills Dodge while freeing the apes. The apes travel through the suburbs and city, releasing Koba and the remaining apes from Gen-Sys and freeing additional apes from the San Francisco Zoo . A battle ensues as the apes fight through a police blockade on the Golden Gate Bridge to escape into the redwood forest. A police helicopter shoots at the apes, and Buck sacrifices himself to bring down the helicopter. Koba pushes the helicopter, with the injured and begging Jacobs still inside, into the bay, killing him.
As the apes enter the redwood forest, Will finds them and warns Caesar that the humans will hunt them, begging him to return home. Caesar hugs him and says he is home. Will accepts Caesar's wishes, and the apes embrace their new lifestyle in the forest. Meanwhile, Hunsiker, now infected with ALZ-113, arrives for his flight at San Francisco International Airport , unknowingly spreading the virus, which leads to a global pandemic.
James Franco as Dr. William "Will" Rodman, a chemist who is trying to discover a cure for his father's Alzheimer's disease by testing ALZ-112 on chimpanzees; he is a father figure to Caesar. Franco was cast after talks with his Spider-Man co-star Tobey Maguire broke down [10] [11]
Freida Pinto as Dr. Caroline Aranha, a veterinarian who begins a relationship with Will and grows attached to Caesar
John Lithgow as Charles Rodman, Will's father, ex-music teacher, whose Alzheimer's improves after Will gives him the ALZ-112. He forms a grandfatherly bond with Caesar
Brian Cox as John Landon, manager of the San Bruno Primate Shelter where Caesar is confined
Tom Felton as Dodge Landon, John's son and an animal caretaker at the shelter, who abuses the apes for sport. His name is a reference to the astronauts in the original Planet of the Apes
David Oyelowo as Steven Jacobs, Will's supervisor at Gen-Sys His last name is reference to Arthur P. Jacobs the producer of the original Planet of the Apes films.
Andy Serkis as Caesar , a chimpanzee whose intelligence is increased from being exposed in the womb to ALZ-112 when the drug is administered to his pregnant chimpanzee mother, and who is raised by Will
Rise of the Planet of the Apes features an ape cast that includes Karin Konoval as the Bornean orangutan Maurice , Terry Notary as the chimpanzees Rocket and Caesar's mother Bright Eyes, Richard Ridings as the western lowland gorilla Buck, Devyn Dalton as the chimpanzee Cornelia, Jay Caputo as Caesar's chimpanzee father Alpha, and Christopher Gordon as the treacherous bonobo Koba .
The human cast includes Tyler Labine as handler Robert Franklin, David Hewlett as Will's hot-headed neighbor Douglas Hunsiker, Jamie Harris as the sanctuary's caretaker Rodney, and Chelah Horsdal as Charles' nurse Irena.
In 2006, screenwriter-producer Rick Jaffa was searching for a script idea. As Jaffa searched a newspaper articles clipping , one about pet primates that become troublesome to their owners and not adapted well to the human environment intrigued him. As Jaffa eventually realized it fit the Planet of the Apes series, he called his wife and screenwriting partner Amanda Silver to express his ideas of such a chimpanzee eventually starting the ape revolution, and then the couple started developing the character of Caesar . Jaffa indicated that "it's a reinvention" and if he had to pick between calling it a prequel or a reboot , he would say it is a reboot. He went on to say that "we tried really hard to create a story that would stand on its own and yet also pay homage and honor the movies that came before us." [12] Jaffa and Silver then wrote a script and sold it to 20th Century Fox , distributors of the Apes film series. The script added other elements which the couple had researched, such as genetic engineering. [13] Several tributes to specific scenes, characters, and cast and crew from the previous Apes film series were added in the script. In particular, Caesar's treatment at the primate sanctuary parallels Taylor 's treatment as a captive in the original film. [14] [15]
Director Rupert Wyatt commented on the originality of the plot, saying, "This is part of the mythology and it should be seen as that. It's not a continuation of the other films; it's an original story. It does satisfy the people who enjoy those films. The point of this film is to achieve that and to bring that fan base into this film exactly like Batman Begins ." [9] In a 2009 interview, Wyatt said, "We've incorporated elements from Conquest of the Planet of the Apes , in terms of how the apes begin to revolt, but this is primarily a prequel to the 1968 film... Caesar is a revolutionary figure who will be talked about by his fellow apes for centuries... This is just the first step in the evolution of the apes, and there's a lot more stories to tell after this. I imagine the next film will be about the all-out war between the apes and humans." [19] Mark Bomback and Scott Frank did uncredited rewrites of the script. [20] [21]
Filming began on July 27, 2010, in Vancouver , British Columbia. [22] Filming also happened in San Francisco, California (the primary setting of the film), [22] and around Oahu , Hawaii, which doubled for the African jungle as the schedule and budget did not allow for location shooting in Africa. [23]
Visual effects
As the apes in Rise were meant to be real, the producers decided not to use actors in suits. After considering real apes, instead Weta Digital created the apes digitally in almost every case through motion capture . [24] [25] [26] Almost 1,500 visual effects shots were previsualized. [27] Advances in the technology allowed the use of performance capture in an exterior environment, affording the film-makers the freedom to shoot much of the film on location with other actors, as opposed to the confines of a soundstage. [28] [29] The main breakthrough was a camera that enabled viewing the motion capture dots in daylight, employed mostly for the Golden Gate Bridge battle. [30] A maximum of six actors could have their movements captured, with larger ape crowds using fully digital animals animated using Weta's move library. The Golden Gate Bridge set used both a physical set which was extended digitally, and a fully computer-generated model of the bridge that also included the ocean and nearby hills. [31]
After shooting the actors playing humans interacting with others wearing the motion capture suits, a clean plate was shot with actors for extra reference. Actor-stuntman Terry Notary guided the actors on realistic ape movement, while Weta studied the chimps in the Wellington Zoo for reference. The digital apes also received detailed models with skeletons, muscles and nerve tissue layers for accurate animation. Cast models of apes' heads and limbs helped the texture department replicate skin details such as wrinkles and pores. Given the difference between human and chimpanzee facial muscles, the animators tweaked the performance through a new facial muscle system adding dynamics, ballistics, and secondary motion . As the silent performance required expressive eyes, a new eye model was made to depict both greater accuracy in muscle movement in and around the eyes, and also tears, pupil dilation , and light refraction. [24] [32] While Andy Serkis was the primary performer for Caesar, as the effects team considered that at times "Andy overcame the character," other motion capture team actors were also used, especially Devyn Dalton , whose height matched that of a chimpanzee. Along with that, they used Notary to play Caesar in stunt-filled scenes such as the Golden Gate Bridge scene. [33]
Rise of the Planet of the Apes made its debut in the United States and Canada on roughly 5,400 screens within 3,648 theaters. [36] The film was projected to gross around $35 million on its opening weekend. [37] It grossed $19,534,699 on opening day and $54,806,191 in its entire opening weekend, making it #1 for that weekend as well as the fourth-highest-grossing August opening ever. [38] The film held on to the #1 spot in its second weekend, dropping 49.2%, and grossing $27,832,307. [39] Rise of the Planet of the Apes crossed the $150 million mark in the United States and Canada on its 26th day of release. Entertainment Weekly said that this was quite an accomplishment for the film since the month of August is a difficult time for films to make money. [40]
The film ended its run at the box office on December 15, 2011, with a gross of $176,760,185 in the U.S. and Canada as well as $305,040,864 internationally, for a total of $481,801,049 worldwide. [4]
Critical response
On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds an 82% approval rating based on 272 reviews, with an average rating of 7.20/10. The website's critics consensus reads, "Led by Rupert Wyatt's stylish direction, some impressive special effects, and a mesmerizing performance by Andy Serkis, Rise of the Planet of the Apes breathes unlikely new life into a long-running franchise." [41] Metacritic , which uses a weighted average, assigned the film a score of 68 out of 100 based on 39 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". [42] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale. [43]
Roger Ebert gave the film 3 out of 4 stars and praised the role of Caesar and Andy Serkis by stating it was a "wonderfully executed character" and "one never knows exactly where the human ends and the effects begin, but Serkis and/or Caesar gives the best performance in the movie." [44] Giving the film 5 out of 5 stars, Joe Neumaier of Daily News labeled Rise of the Planet of the Apes as the summer's best popcorn flick. [45] Nick Pinkerton of The Village Voice wrote, "Caesar's prison conversion to charismatic pan-ape revolutionist is near-silent filmmaking, with simple and precise images illustrating Caesar's General-like divining of personalities and his organization of a group from chaos to order." [46] Roger Moore of Orlando Sentinel wrote, "Audacious, violent and disquieting, "Rise of the Planet of the Apes" is a summer sequel that's better than it has any right to be." He gave the film 3.5 out of 4 stars. [47] Manohla Dargis of The New York Times praised the film by saying, "Precisely the kind of summer diversion that the studios have such a hard time making now. It's good, canny-dumb fun." She also gave it 3.5 out of 4 stars. [48]
Home media
Accolades
[ edit ]
Award
Category
Recipient
Result
Eric Reynolds
Won
Nominated
Nominated
Nominated
Won
Won
Best Movie
Nominated
Won
Best Summer Movie
Nominated
Nominated
Nominated
Nominated
Won
Nominated
Won
Dan Lemmon, Joe Letteri, Cyndi Ochs, Kurt Williams
Won
Outstanding Animated Character in a Live Action Feature Motion Picture
Caesar – Daniel Barrett, Florian Fernandez, Matthew Muntean, Eric Reynolds
Won
Outstanding Virtual Cinematography in a Live Action Feature Motion Picture
Thelvin Cabezas, Mike Perry, R. Christopher White, Erik Winquist
Nominated
Jean-Luc Azzis, Quentin Hema, Simon Jung, Christoph Salzmann
Nominated
Regarding the story setting up possible sequels, director Rupert Wyatt commented: "I think we're ending with certain questions, which is quite exciting. To me, I can think of all sorts of sequels to this film, but this is just the beginning." [63] Screenwriter and producer Rick Jaffa also stated that Rise of the Planet of the Apes would feature several clues as to future sequels: "I hope that we're building a platform for future films. We're trying to plant a lot of the seeds for a lot of the things you are talking about in terms of the different apes and so forth." [9]
On May 31, 2012, 20th Century Fox announced that the sequel would be named Dawn of the Planet of the Apes . [64] Reports said that Wyatt was leaving the sequel due to his concern that a May 2014 release date would not give him enough time to properly make the film; [65] he was replaced by Cloverfield director Matt Reeves . [66] Jaffa and Silver returned as producers and to pen the screenplay, with rewrites from Scott Z. Burns [67] and Mark Bomback . [20]
Taking place ten years after Rise, Dawn follows Caesar's growing nation of evolved apes. Andy Serkis, Terry Notary and Karin Konoval reprise their roles as Caesar, Rocket and Maurice. [68] James Franco returned as Will Rodman in a "cameo via video". [69] Dawn of the Planet of the Apes was released July 11, 2014.
On January 6, 2014, 20th Century Fox announced a third installment with Reeves returning to direct and co-write along with Bomback, with a planned July 2016 release. [70] [71] In January 2015, Fox delayed the release to July 14, 2017. [72] [73] On May 14, 2015, the title was given as War of the Planet of the Apes, [74] later re-titled to War for the Planet of the Apes .
On December 3, 2019, it was reported that Wes Ball was set to direct a then-untitled Planet of the Apes film. [75] In August 2019, it was confirmed that any future installments would take place in the same universe first established in Rise. [76] In September 2022, the film's title was revealed to be Kingdom of the Planet of the Apes , and was set to release on May 10, 2024. [77] [78] [79] The film began production in October 2022. [80]
See also
^ Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver audio commentary , Rise of the Planet of the Apes Blu-Ray
^ "Mythology of the Apes", Rise of the Planet of the Apes Blu-Ray
^ Rupert Wyatt audio commentary , Rise of the Planet of the Apes Blu-ray
^ a b "A New Generation of Apes," Rise of the Planet of the Apes Blu-ray
^ "The Genius of Andy Serkis," Rise of the Planet of the Apes Blu-Ray
"Rise of the Planet of the Apes (Patrick Doyle)" . Filmtracks. August 16, 2011. Retrieved March 25, 2012.
^ "Composing the Score with Patrick Doyle," Rise of the Planet of the Apes Blu-ray
"Simian Disobedience" . Archived from the original on March 16, 2015. Retrieved June 20, 2012.
External links
Rise of the Planet of the Apes
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294 | who plays caesar planet of the apes 2014 | https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/movies/2017/07/12/unlikely-evolution-andy-serkis-caesar-planet-apes/469054001/ | Trailer: 'War for the Planet of the Apes'
Andy Serkis stars for a third time as ape leader Caesar in the sci-fi film 'War for the Planet of the Apes.'
20th Century Fox
When Andy Serkis saddles up as horse-riding ape leader Caesar in War for the Planet of the Apes (in theaters Friday), it marks the end of a six-year, three-film journey.
Playing the role via motion capture, which records an actor's subtlest movements to be enhanced with digital technology, Serkis introduced Caesar as a laboratory chimp whose intelligence is greatly boosted by an Alzheimer's drug in 2011’s Rise of the Planet of the Apes.
Caesar turned revolutionary leader fighting for ape freedom in 2014’s Dawn of the Planet of the Apes, a battle that continues in War.
“To have that opportunity to play a character, aging through twists and turns, but also evolving, is fantastic. And hard to let go of,” says Serkis, 53.
The actor shares his memories from each performance:
He grew up with Caesar in ‘Rise’
Serkis modeled his performance as the realistic title character in Peter Jackson’s 2005 film King Kong on silverback gorillas. But he took a different approach playing young Caesar, who grew up from infancy in a human household run by caring lab assistant (James Franco).
The actor was inspired by Oliver, a famous, human-like chimp who died in 2012.
“Oliver was bipedal, rarely walked on all fours. He would sit in chairs. His facial expressions were very human-like,” says Serkis. “People believed he was almost the missing link. I based Caesar on Oliver.”
Young Caesar starts out joyous in his life, full of energy, often more hunched, and unaware he isn't human. The ape's youthful exuberance took its toll.
“It was killer playing him as a young chimp — on the knees, the legs, the thighs, very physically tiring,” says Serkis. “In many ways, it became easier to play Caesar as he became more upright.”
Caesar evolved into an ape leader in ‘Dawn’
Improvements in the performance-capture suit and head-mounted camera (to chronicle facial expressions) used by visual effects company Weta Digital allowed Serkis and director Matt Reeves to take the ape performance out of the studio and into natural environments in Dawn.
Horseback was Caesar's mode of transport, even if the animals didn't appreciate his ape-like war speech. “Every single time, when I got the first word out, my horse would bolt sideways to try to get out there as quickly as possible," Serkis says. "They did not like it. It made them skittish.”
Caesar grew more upright and used sign language as the leader of an advanced ape society. His human vocabulary grew, too.
“But I wore a mouth guard to stop me from thoughtfully forming words and overly articulating,” says Serkis.
His ape leader becomes almost human in 'War'
Serkis skipped the mouthguard in the third film, showing a human command of language, used sparingly. "We didn't want it to become too casual," he says
Now fully upright, Caesar's behavior is brutish in the third film because of the terrible way he's treated. "He feels most human-like," says Serkis. "But Caesar is the most animalistic in terms of his rage."
Further suit advancements allowed filmmakers to shoot outdoors in the snow-filled Canadian locations. But the form-fitting suits didn't provide much warmth.
"We were in the Canadian winter, so it would get very cold and the suits are unforgiving," says Serkis. "The snow and rain were very tough."
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295 | how old is rosalind from as you like it | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalind_(As_You_Like_It) | 2 languages
Character in As You Like It
Fictional character
Character in source book, 'Rosalynde' (1590) by Thomas Lodge Jr.
In-universe information
Affiliation
Orlando (husband)Duke Senior (father)Duke Frederick (uncle) Celia (cousin)
Rosalynde is the heroine of Thomas Lodge 's Euphues' Golden Legacy. In George Fletcher's quoted writings: “'Faire Rosalind' had, however, at this time, acquired a fresh poetic fame as the object of Spenser's attachment, celebrated in his Shephearde's Calendar, 1579, and Colin Clouts Come Home Againe, 1595. Of all the sweet feminine names compounded from Rosa, that of Rosa-linda seems to be the most elegant, and therefore most befitting that particular character of ideal beauty which the dramatist here assigns to his imaginary princess.” [1]
Ganymede , the name she assumes in her disguise as a forest youth, is that of 'Jove's own page' (I, iii, 127), the most beautiful of all mortals, son of Tros and Callirrhoe , chosen by Jupiter to be his cup-bearer , and to dwell among the gods as his chosen servant.
Role in the play
Rosalind is one of Shakespeare's most recognized heroines. Generally noted for her resilience, quick wit, and beauty, Rosalind is a vital character in As You Like It. Most commonly seen next to her beloved cousin Celia, Rosalind is also a faithful friend, leader, and schemer. She stays true to her family and friends throughout the entire story, no matter how dangerous the consequences are. Rosalind dominates the stage. Her true decision-making skills can be seen in the last scene of Act V (5) where she has to present herself as Rosalind to her father and to Orlando, but at the same time change Phebe's opinion to marry Silvius. She is the main character of the play who extracts the clarity of important traits in other characters.
Gender conventions
Performance history
Vanessa Redgrave rose to fame playing Rosalind in 1960 with the Royal Shakespeare Company . American actress Patti LuPone played the role at the Guthrie Theatre in Minneapolis , after her award-winning portrayal of Eva Peron in the original Broadway run of Evita . This caused much speculation because LuPone was leaving the Broadway stage and moving to "regional" work.[ citation needed ] In 2009, Melissa Benoist portrayed Rosalind while attending Marymount Manhattan College . [5]
Adrian Lester won a Time Out Award for his performance as Rosalind in Cheek by Jowl 's 1991 production of As You Like It. A male actor in the role (as would have been the norm in Shakespeare's time ) underlines the confusion of gender roles within the play: at one point, a male actor is playing a woman who is pretending to be a man acting the part of a woman.
Rosalind has been played by various notable actresses on film including Rose Coghlan in 1912 , Elisabeth Bergner in a 1936 film opposite Laurence Olivier as Orlando, [10] Emma Croft in 1992, [7] and Bryce Dallas Howard in the 2006 production directed by Kenneth Branagh . Branagh felt that the character of Rosalind talked too much in the original play and thus cut many of Rosalind's lines in his Japan-set adaptation. [11] Howard was nominated for a Golden Globe for her performance as Rosalind. [9]
Other adaptations
Neely, Carol Thomas (2016-03-25), "Lovesickness, Gender, and Subjectivity", A Feminist Companion to Shakespeare, Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, pp. 294–317, doi : 10.1002/9781118501221.ch15 , ISBN
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295 | how old is rosalind from as you like it | https://nosweatshakespeare.com/characters/rosalind-as-you-like-it/ | You are here: Home 1 / Shakespeare Characters 2 / Rosalind, As You Like It
Rosalind is a character in Shakespeare’s play, As You Like It . She is the daughter of Duke Senior who has been deposed by his brother, Duke Frederick.
Duke Senior is banished, and after a row with her uncle, Duke Frederick, Rosalind is also banished. She flees to a cottage on the edge of the Forest of Arden , accompanied by her cousin Celia, daughter of the Duke Frederick.
Rosalind is heartbroken about the disruption to her life, especially as she has fallen in love with Orlando, a young man who lives in the city. However, she has the inner strength to do something positive rather than simply bemoan her fate. She disguises herself as a young man of the servant class and calls herself Ganymede. She remains in that mode for most of the play. Celia is disguised as Ganymede’s sister, Aliena. They are accompanied by Duke Frederick’s fool, Touchstone. At the end of the play, after a very complicated set of romantic events, all the different love matchings are resolved. Rosalind, revealed as a woman, is reunited with her father and marries Orlando.
Rosalind played by Bryce Dallas Howard in the 2006 movie of As You Like It
Rosalind is one of Shakespeare’s best known female characters. She is one of Shakespeare’s most intelligent characters: she is one of his strongest women characters . She is quick-witted, resilient and resourceful. And beautiful as well. She has outstanding leadership qualities, although she’s a bit of a schemer, but harmless. She is a very steadfast young woman, remaining faithful to her friends and family regardless of the dangers that presents. She is always able to find her way through any tricky situation, such as the way she presents herself as her real self, Rosalind, to her father and her lover while at the same time being a young man for Phebe so that she can change the shepherdess’s mind so that she will marry Silvius.
Rosalind is charismatic. She dominates the play, and it is through her that we see the story played out and the traits of the other characters illuminated. Her loyalty to her cousin is central to the play. She is a companion and friend as well as family to Celia. She keeps her spirits up as they have fun together.
Rosalind’s first test of strength comes when her father is exiled. A young woman would normally accompany a father in such circumstances but she decides to stay. Her loyalty is divided between going with him or remaining to protect her cousin Celia. She loves both her father and Celia and she’s emotionally torn, but puts the pain of mixed feelings aside and faces up to a difficult decision that has to be made one way or the other.
She shows her intelligence and her ingenuity when she disguises herself as a man. She does that because she knows how dangerous it is for a young woman to be away from the protection of her home. She is so convincing in that role that she even fools her father when they meet later in the play. Her courage is evident in her deploying that device as well. And all through the story she demonstrates those qualities. She knows how important her support for the other characters is and places herself last in supporting them.
Rosalind is unique in that, not only is she one of Shakespeare’s strongest women, but one of Shakespeare’s strongest characters of either gender.
Top Rosalind Quotes
“Love is merely a madness and, I tell you, deserves as well a dark house and a whip as madmen do, and the reason why they are not so punished and cured is that the lunacy is so ordinary that the whippers are in love, too.”
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295 | how old is rosalind from as you like it | https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2015/jul/13/ronald-pickup-and-michelle-terry-rosalind-as-you-like-it | This article is more than 9 years old
Mon 13 Jul 2015 17.00 CEST
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Ronald Pickup (played Rosalind at the Old Vic in 1967)
I was watching a rehearsal in the Old Vic when John Dexter, one of Laurence Olivier’s associate directors at the National, leaned over and said: “Get a fucking pair of legs. You’re going to play Rosalind in a year’s time.” It seemed absurd at first. No one had done an all-male Shakespeare – not in modern times, at least – and some of the women in the company thought it a bit off. Rosalind is one of the greatest female roles. What was it doing going to a fella?
Actually, it was deadly serious. It was 1967 and everything was freeing up. Androgynous culture was coming through: David Bowie and the whole gender-bender thing. Guys looked more like girls than ever before. Sir Laurence, who I worshipped, wasn’t sure about it. He could be quite conservative and we knew he was nervous, so there was a huge pressure on it. It was 20 years after the war, but not a lot had changed until then.
The trick to playing a woman, for me, was to do as little as possible. Others were closer to drag. Anthony Hopkins played Audrey like a bovine Somerset wench and Richard Kay, who sadly died a few years later, was truly womanlike as Phoebe. You’d see people checking their programmes when he came on. I still looked very young. I was 27 and gangly, with these skinny legs, so I played up the androgyny.
At first, Ralph Koltai , one of the all-time great designers, wanted to go over the top with it. He put Celia and I in leather pants and boots, like a couple of biker girls. I had this awful blond wig. It would have been dreadful. We fought for something simpler: white coveralls, which left everything to the imagination.
Ralph’s set was the same: a series of white plain surfaces, very dependent on light. There were no trees or bushes, but it was utterly magical. This was three years before Peter Brook’s famous white-box Midsummer Night’s Dream , too.
It meant that becoming Ganymede was the most natural thing in the world. It felt like a release, like a creature being set free in the forest. Rosalind is Ganymede – and she opens up to everything in the forest. Some critics wanted bawdiness and lasciviousness, but our Arden had a different kind of wildness to it; a freedom, real joy. We played it in bare feet and ended with a counter-tenor singing at the wedding ceremony, giving this ethereal quality. In our ambisexual Arden, anything went. It was a kind of utopia – but it didn’t seem revolutionary. We were just actors having a ball.
Michelle Terry (currently playing Rosalind at Shakespeare’s Globe)
Rosalind’s story is one of liberation: mentally, physically, emotionally. I don’t think she knows what makes her tick, because she’s never had an opportunity to figure it out. Going into the forest of Arden, disguised as a man, means she gets to explore every possible version of herself.
Exploring every version of herself … left, Ellie Piercy as Celia and Michelle Terry as Rosalind in As You Like It, directed by Blanche McIntyre. Photograph: Tristram Kenton/for the Guardian
In the court, she’s constrained. She’s a princess, basically, but her father left without her. She talks of showing more mirth than she is mistress of – putting on a presentation of duty and a smile – but there’s a heaviness in her heart. The only thing that excites her is this wrestling match [where Rosalind first sees Orlando]: it’s like she’s living vicariously through two men beating the shit out of each other. When she falls for Orlando, she has no idea how to disguise that. It bursts out of her.
It’s Celia’s idea to run away to the woods, but Rosalind’s to do so as a man. She could have chosen any other disguise. We decided very deliberately against crotch grabbing and thigh-slapping, because Rosalind’s trying to find the most emancipating role possible as Ganymede. She talks of dressing like a chivalric knight or a fairytale prince, with a curtle-axe and a boar spear. She gets to be a landowner. She gets to be a poetry critic. She finds freedom in frugality. She tries being a “saucy lackey”. With Orlando, she plays all of these different, extreme versions of lovers. It’s like she’s pushing at the walls of her personality. She sees power in men, but the irony is that she learns how to be a woman.
It’s role play, really. There’s this brilliant documentary about a girl who disguised herself as three different men online to woo her best friends. When they actually met up, she went dressed as these men and the friends couldn’t see through the disguise because they didn’t want to. Orlando does the same, but so does Rosalind. She starts to blur with Ganymede; sometimes she’ll talk in the first person, sometimes in the third. At the same time, she’s testing Orlando’s love, saying anyone can do romantic, courtly love, but will you actually love me as me? As she does so, all these other people come out. I don’t think she has any idea that all this is actually in here. We kept talking about the Walt Whitman quotation : “I am large. I contain multitudes.” Rosalind really does.
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The assimilation of carbon into organic compounds is the result of a complex series of enzymatically regulated chemical reactions—the dark reactions. This term is something of a misnomer, for these reactions can take place in either light or darkness. Furthermore, some of the enzymes involved in the so-called dark reactions become inactive in prolonged darkness; however, they are activated when the leaves that contain them are exposed to light.
Elucidation of the carbon pathway
Radioactive isotopes of carbon (14C) and phosphorus (32P) have been valuable in identifying the intermediate compounds formed during carbon assimilation. A photosynthesizing plant does not strongly discriminate between the most abundant natural carbon isotope (12C) and 14C. During photosynthesis in the presence of 14CO2, the compounds formed become labeled with the radioisotope. During very short exposures, only the first intermediates in the carbon-fixing pathway become labeled. Early investigations showed that some radioactive products were formed even when the light was turned off and the 14CO2 was added just afterward in the dark, confirming the nature of the carbon fixation as a “dark” reaction.
American biochemist Melvin Calvin , a Nobel Prize recipient for his work on the carbon-reduction cycle, allowed green plants to photosynthesize in the presence of radioactive carbon dioxide for a few seconds under various experimental conditions. Products that became labeled with radioactive carbon during Calvin’s experiments included a three-carbon compound called 3-phosphoglycerate (abbreviated PGA ), sugar phosphates, amino acids, sucrose, and carboxylic acids. When photosynthesis was stopped after two seconds, the principal radioactive product was PGA, which therefore was identified as the first stable compound formed during carbon dioxide fixation in green plants. PGA is a three-carbon compound, and the mode of photosynthesis is thus referred to as C3. In the two other known pathways, C4 and CAM (crassulacean acid metabolism), the C3 pathway follows the fixation of CO2 into oxaloacetate, a four-carbon acid, and its reduction to malate. PGA is formed from 2-carboxy-3-keto-D-arabinitol 1,5-bisphosphate, which is a highly unstable six-carbon compound formed from the carboxylation of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate, a five-carbon compound.
Further studies with 14C as well as with inorganic phosphate labeled with 32P led to the mapping of the carbon fixation and reduction pathway called the reductive pentose phosphate (RPP) cycle , or the Calvin-Benson cycle. An additional pathway for carbon transport in certain plants was later discovered in other laboratories (see below Carbon fixation in C4 plants ). All the steps in these pathways can be carried out in the laboratory by isolated enzymes in the dark. Several steps require the ATP or NADPH generated by the light reactions. In addition, some of the enzymes are fully active only when conditions simulate those in green cells exposed to light. In living plants, these enzymes are active during photosynthesis but not in the dark.
The Calvin-Benson cycle, in which carbon is fixed, reduced, and utilized, involves the formation of intermediate sugar phosphates in a cyclic sequence. One complete cycle incorporates three molecules of carbon dioxide and produces one molecule of the three-carbon compound glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (Gal3P). This three-carbon sugar phosphate usually is either exported from the chloroplasts or converted to starch inside the chloroplast .
ATP and NADPH formed during the light reactions are utilized for key steps in this pathway and provide the energy and reducing equivalents (i.e., electrons) to drive the sequence in the direction shown. For each molecule of carbon dioxide that is fixed, two molecules of NADPH and three molecules of ATP from the light reactions are required. The overall reaction can be represented as follows:
The cycle is composed of four stages: (1) carboxylation, (2) reduction, (3) isomerization/condensation/dismutation, and (4) phosphorylation.
Reduction
The six molecules of PGA are first phosphorylated with ATP by the enzyme PGA-kinase, yielding six molecules of 1,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPGA). These molecules are subsequently reduced with NADPH and the enzyme glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase to give six molecules of Gal3P. These reactions are the reverse of two steps of the process glycolysis in cellular respiration (see also metabolism: Glycolysis ).
Isomerization/condensation/dismutation
For each complete Calvin-Benson cycle, one of the Gal3P molecules, with its three carbon atoms, is the net product and may be transferred out of the chloroplast or converted to starch inside the chloroplast. For the cycle to regenerate, the other five Gal3P molecules (with a total of 15 carbon atoms) must be converted back to three molecules of five-carbon RuBP. The conversion of Gal3P to RuBP begins with a complex series of enzymatically regulated reactions that lead to the synthesis of the five-carbon compound ribulose-5-phosphate (Ru5P).
Regulation of the cycle
Photosynthesis cannot occur at night, but the respiratory process of glycolysis —which uses some of the same reactions as the Calvin-Benson cycle, except in the reverse—does take place. Thus, some steps in this cycle would be wasteful if allowed to occur in the dark, because they would counteract the reactions of glycolysis. For this reason, some enzymes of the Calvin-Benson cycle are “turned off” (i.e., become inactive) in the dark.
Even in the presence of light, changes in physiological conditions frequently necessitate adjustments in the relative rates of reactions of the Calvin-Benson cycle, so that enzymes for some reactions change in their catalytic activity. These alterations in enzyme activity typically are brought about by changes in levels of such chloroplast components as reduced ferredoxin , acids, and soluble components (e.g., Pi and magnesium ions).
Products of carbon reduction
The most important use of Gal3P is its export from the chloroplasts to the cytosol of green cells, where it is used for biosynthesis of products needed by the plant. In land plants, a principal product is sucrose , which is translocated from the green cells of the leaves to other parts of the plant. Other key products include the carbon skeletons of certain primary amino acids, such as alanine , glutamate , and aspartate . To complete the synthesis of these compounds, amino groups are added to the appropriate carbon skeletons made from Gal3P. Sulfur amino acids such as cysteine are formed by adding sulfhydryl groups and amino groups. Other biosynthesis pathways lead from Gal3P to lipids, pigments, and most of the constituents of green cells.
Starch synthesis and accumulation in the chloroplasts occur particularly when photosynthetic carbon fixation exceeds the needs of the plant. Under such circumstances, sugar phosphates accumulate in the cytosol, binding cytosolic Pi. The export of Gal3P from the chloroplasts is tied to a one-for-one exchange of Pi for Gal3P, so less cytosolic Pi results in decreased export of Gal3P and decreased Pi in the chloroplast. These changes trigger alterations in the activities of regulated enzymes, leading in turn to increased starch synthesis . This starch can be broken down at night and used as a source of reduced carbon and energy for the physiological needs of the plant. Too much starch in the chloroplasts leads to diminished rates of photosynthesis, however. In addition, high levels of sugars in the cytosol lead to the suppression of the normal activities of the genes involved in photosynthesis. Thus, under what would seem to be the ideal photosynthetic conditions of a bright warm day, many plants in fact have-slower-than expected rates of photosynthesis.
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Carbon Fixation Definition
“Carbon fixation is the process by which plants fix atmospheric carbon to form organic compounds.”
All the autotrophs, bacteria, algae and plants fix atmospheric carbon dioxide by the process of photosynthesis or chemosynthesis.
Carbon Fixation Process
Photosynthesis is the main process of carbon fixation. Carbon fixation occurs in the dark reaction or light-independent reaction of the photosynthesis process.
The process of carbon fixation slightly differs in C3, C4, and CAM plants but the Calvin Cycle or C3 pathway is the main biosynthetic pathway of carbon fixation.
Carbon Fixation in C3 Plants
Carbon fixation in C3 plants occurs in the dark reaction or light-independent reaction of photosynthesis. It is also known as the Calvin Cycle.
Calvin cycle occurs in all the plants, be it C3, C4, CAM or any other plants.
It occurs in the stroma of chloroplasts
The first product of carbon dioxide fixation is 3 carbon compound known as 3-phosphoglyceric acid or PGA
CO2 acceptor is a 5 carbon compound ribulose biphosphate or RUBP
Calvin cycle has three main steps:
Carboxylation – In this process CO2 fixation takes place. Enzyme RUBP carboxylase oxygenase or RuBisCO catalyses the carboxylation of RUBP to form PGA.
Reduction – Formation of carbohydrate or glucose takes place by reduction. ATP and NADPH formed during light reaction are used in the process. 2 ATP and 2 NADPH are used per cycle.
Regeneration – Regeneration of RUBP is an important step for the cycle to continue, 1 ATP molecule is used for phosphorylation.
One molecule of glucose requires 6 cycle repetition, hence in total 6CO2, 18ATP and 12NADPH are utilized in 6 Calvin cycles to form one glucose.
Carbon Fixation in C4 Plants
C4 pathway of carbon fixation is adapted by plants found in a dry tropical region, e.g. maize, sorghum, etc.
C3 and C4 pathway differ in the first product of carbon fixation. In C3 plants, 3 carbon compound 3-phosphogyceric acid (PGA) is produced, whereas, in C4 plants, 4 carbon compound oxaloacetic acid (OAA) is produced.
In C4 plants also C3 pathway is used in the formation of a glucose molecule
C4 plants have Kranz anatomy in leaves to tolerate high temperature. Large bundle sheath cells are present around vascular bundles of leaves
Bundle sheath cells have thick walls, no intercellular spaces and have large chloroplasts
Carbon fixation occurs in mesophyll cells
CO2 acceptor is a 3 carbon compound phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)
The enzyme PEP carboxylase (PEPcase) catalyses the reaction. Mesophyll cell lack RuBisCO
The first product of carbon dioxide fixation is 4 carbon compound OAA
OAA is then converted to other 4C acids like malic acid and aspartic acid. They are transported to bundle sheath cells
By decarboxylation in bundle sheath cells, CO2 is released, which enters Calvin cycle
The 3-carbon acid is transported back to mesophyll cells
The bundle sheath cells have RuBisCO but lack PEPcase
Carbon Fixation in CAM Plants
CAM pathway of carbon fixation or Crassulacean acid metabolism is present in plants present in arid conditions, e.g. cactus.
In the CAM pathway, plants take CO2 during the night through the stomatal opening. It is converted to malic acid (4 carbon compound) and stored in vacuoles. During the daytime, malic acid is transported to chloroplast and CO2 is released, which enters the Calvin cycle.
To summarize the C3 cycle or Calvin cycle is the main pathway of carbon fixation in plants.
Explore key concepts and important points with regards to NEET, only at BYJU’S. Check the NEET Study Material for all the important concepts and related topics.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is carbon fixation and why is it important?
Carbon fixation is the process by which inorganic carbon from the atmosphere is assimilated into living organisms and converted into organic compounds. These compounds are used to store chemical energy. It is an essential process for the sustainability of life. Through this process, the energy in the biosphere becomes available to living organisms and helps them perform various metabolic processes. The energy thus produced gets transferred to the different trophic levels and to all the living organisms.
Q2
What happens in carbon fixation?
Carbon fixation is a biosynthetic pathway by which atmospheric carbon is converted into metabolically active organic compounds. Carbon fixation in plants during photosynthesis utilises ATP and NADPH to assimilate carbon dioxide and form carbohydrates.
Q3
What is carbon fixation in the Calvin cycle?
Calvin cycle is the dark reaction of photosynthesis. It is the biosynthetic phase where CO2 is converted into sugar. It utilises ATP and NADPH produced during the light reaction of photosynthesis. Carbon fixation is the first step in the Calvin cycle where carboxylation of RUBP results in the fixation of CO2 to stable organic intermediate.
Q4
What are the alternative pathways for carbon fixation?
Calvin cycle is the main pathway of carbon fixation in plants, algae and cyanobacteria. The alternative pathways of carbon fixation are:
Reductive citric acid cycle – in bacteria
3-hydroxypropionate cycle – in bacteria and archaea
Reductive acetyl CoA pathway – in bacteria and archaea
Q5
The three stages of Calvin cycle are:
Carboxylation – It is the first step where RuBisCO catalyses the carboxylation of RUBP to form two molecules of PGA.
Reduction – ATP and NADPH are utilised to form glucose. Phosphoglyceric acid (3PGA) is reduced to form glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P).
Regeneration – The primary acceptor of CO2, i.e. RUBP is regenerated. ATP is utilised in this step for phosphorylation.
Q6
Does carbon fixation require light?
Carbon fixation is a dark reaction or light-independent reaction of photosynthesis. It does not require light directly but depends on the products of the light reaction of photosynthesis, i.e. ATP and NADPH.
Q7
Enzyme RuBisCO (Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase) is responsible for carbon fixation by the Calvin cycle. It catalyses the carboxylation of RUBP to form 2 molecules of 3PGA.
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296 | in photosynthesis the carbon in co2 is initially fixed to what molecule | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_carbon_fixation | Biological carbon fixation
"Fixed carbon" redirects here. For the component of coal, see Coal analysis .
Cyanobacteria such as these carry out photosynthesis . Their emergence foreshadowed the evolution of many photosynthetic plants and oxygenated Earth's atmosphere .
Biological carbon fixation, or сarbon assimilation, is the process by which living organisms convert inorganic carbon (particularly carbon dioxide ,
CO2) to organic compounds . These organic compounds are then used to store energy and as structures for other biomolecules . Carbon is primarily fixed through photosynthesis , but some organisms use chemosynthesis in the absence of sunlight . Chemosynthesis is carbon fixation driven by chemical energy rather than from sunlight.
The process of biological carbon fixation plays a crucial role in the global carbon cycle , as it serves as the primary mechanism for removing CO2 from the atmosphere and incorporating it into living biomass . The primary production of organic compounds allows carbon to enter the biosphere . [1] Carbon is considered essential for life as a base element for building organic compounds. [2] The element of carbon forms the bases biogeochemical cycles (or nutrient cycles ) and drives communities of living organisms. [2] Understanding biological carbon fixation is essential for comprehending ecosystem dynamics , climate regulation, and the sustainability of life on Earth. [3]
Organisms that grow by fixing carbon, such as most plants and algae , are called autotrophs . These include photoautotrophs (which use sunlight) and lithoautotrophs (which use inorganic oxidation ). Heterotrophs , such as animals and fungi , are not capable of carbon fixation but are able to grow by consuming the carbon fixed by autotrophs or other heterotrophs.
Seven natural autotrophic carbon fixation pathways are currently known. They are the: i) Calvin-Benson-Bassham (Calvin Cycle), ii) Reverse Krebs (rTCA) cycle, iii) the reductive acetyl-CoA (Wood-Ljungdahl pathway), iv) 3-hydroxy propionate [3-HP] bicycle , v) 3-hydroypropionate/4- hydroxybutyrate (3-HP/4-HB) cycle, vi) the dicarboxylate/ 4-hydroxybutyrate (DC/4-HB) cycle, and vii) the reductive glycine (rGly) pathway. [1] [4] "Fixed carbon," "reduced carbon," and "organic carbon" may all be used interchangeably to refer to various organic compounds. [5]
Net vs. gross CO2 fixation
Graphic showing net annual amounts of CO2 fixation by land and sea-based organisms.
The primary form of fixed inorganic carbon is carbon dioxide (CO2). It is estimated that approximately 250 billion tons of carbon dioxide are converted by photosynthesis annually, nearly one half in the oceans and a bit more in terrestrial environments. The majority of the fixation in terrestrial environments occurs in the tropics. The gross amount of carbon dioxide fixed is much larger since approximately 40% is consumed by respiration following photosynthesis. [6] [7] Historically, it is estimated that approximately 2×1011 billion tons of carbon has been fixed since the origin of life. [8]
Overview of the carbon fixation cycles
Overview of the six known biological carbon fixation cycles
The organisms the Calvin cycle is found in are plants, algae, cyanobacteria , aerobic proteobacteria, and purple bacteria. [1] The Calvin cycle fixes carbon in the chloroplasts of plants and algae, and in the cyanobacteria . It also fixes carbon in the anoxygenic photosynthesis in one type of Pseudomonadota called purple bacteria , and in some non-phototrophic Pseudomonadota. [10]
Of the other autotrophic pathways, three are known only in bacteria (the reductive citric acid cycle , the 3-hydroxypropionate cycle , and the reductive glycine pathway), two only in archaea (two variants of the 3-hydroxypropionate cycle), and one in both bacteria and archaea (the reductive acetyl CoA pathway ). Sulfur- and hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria often use the Calvin cycle or the reductive citric acid cycle. [11]
List of pathways
Calvin cycle
3 CO2 + 12 e− + 12 H+ + Pi → TP + 4 H2O
An alternative perspective accounts for NADPH (source of e−) and ATP:
3 CO2 + 6 NADPH + 6 H+ + 9 ATP + 5 H2O → TP + 6 NADP+ + 9 ADP + 8 Pi
The formula for inorganic phosphate (Pi) is HOPO32− + 2 H+.Formulas for triose and TP are C2H3O2-CH2OH and C2H3O2-CH2OPO32− + 2 H+.
Reverse Krebs Cycle
Reverse Krebs cycle
The reverse Krebs cycle , also known as the reverse TCA cycle (rTCA) or reductive citric acid cycle, is an alternative to the standard Calvin-Benson cycle for carbon fixation. It has been found in strict anaerobic or microaerobic bacteria (as Aquificales ) and anaerobic archea . It was discovered by Evans, Buchanan and Arnon in 1966 working with the photosynthetic green sulfur bacterium Chlorobium limicola. [13] In particular, it is one of the most used pathways in hydrothermal vents by the Campylobacterota . [14] This feature allows primary production in the ocean's aphotic environments , or "dark primary production." [15] Without it, there would be no primary production in aphotic environments, which would lead to habitats without life.
The cycle involves the biosynthesis of acetyl-CoA from two molecules of CO2. [16] The key steps of the reverse Krebs cycle are:
Oxaloacetate + NADH/H+ → Malate + NAD+
Fumarate + FADH2 ⇌ Succinate + FAD
Succinyl-CoA to alpha-ketoglutarate , using one molecule of CO2
Succinyl-CoA + CO2 + Fd(red) → alpha-ketoglutarate + Fd(ox)
Alpha-ketoglutarate to isocitrate , using NADPH + H+ and another molecule of CO2
Alpha-ketoglutarate + CO2 + NAD(P)H/H+ → Isocitrate + NAD(P)+
Citrate converted into oxaloacetate and acetyl-CoA , this is an ATP dependent step and the key enzyme is the ATP citrate lyase
Citrate + ATP + CoA → Oxaloacetate + Acetyl-CoA + ADP + Pi
This pathway is cyclic due to the regeneration of the oxaloacetate. [17]
The bacteria Gammaproteobacteria and Riftia pachyptila switch from the Calvin-Benson cycle to the rTCA cycle in response to concentrations of H2S . [18]
The reductive acetyl-CoA pathway
Reductive acetyl CoA pathway
The pathway is also used by methanogens , which are mainly Euryarchaeota , and several anaerobic chemolithoautotrophs, such as sulfate-reducing bacteria and archaea. It is probably performed also by the Brocadiales, an order of Planctomycetota that oxidize ammonia in anaerobic conditions. [16] [20] [21] Hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis , which is only found in certain archaea and accounts for 80% of global methanogenesis, is also based on the reductive acetyl CoA pathway.
The Carbon Monoxide Dehydrogenase / Acetyl-CoA Synthase is the oxygen-sensitive enzyme that permits the reduction of CO2 to CO and the synthesis of acetyl-CoA in several reactions. [22]
One branch of this pathway, the methyl branch, is similar but non-homologous between bacteria and archaea. In this branch happens the reduction of CO2 to a methyl residue bound to a cofactor. The intermediates are formate for bacteria and formyl-methanofuran for archaea, and also the carriers, tetrahydrofolate and tetrahydropterins respectively in bacteria and archaea, are different, such as the enzymes forming the cofactor-bound methyl group. [16]
Otherwise, the carbonyl branch is homologous between the two domains and consists of the reduction of another molecule of CO2 to a carbonyl residue bound to an enzyme, catalyzed by the CO dehydrogenase/acetyl-CoA synthase. This key enzyme is also the catalyst for the formation of acetyl-CoA starting from the products of the previous reactions, the methyl and the carbonyl residues. [22]
This carbon fixation pathway requires only one molecule of ATP for the production of one molecule of pyruvate, which makes this process one of the main choice for chemolithoautotrophs limited in energy and living in anaerobic conditions. [16]
3-Hydroxypropionate [3-HP] bicycle
Part 1
The first cycle is a way of synthesis of glyoxylate . During this cycle, two equivalents of bicarbonate are fixed by the action of two enzymes: the acetyl-CoA carboxylase catalyzes the carboxylation of the acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA and propionyl-CoA carboxylase catalyses the carboxylation of propionyl-CoA to methylamalonyl-CoA. From this point, a series of reactions lead to the formation of glyoxylate, which will thus become part of the second cycle. [24] [25]
Part 2
In the second cycle, glyoxylate is approximately one equivalent of propionyl-CoA forming methylamalonyl-CoA. This, in turn, is then converted through a series of reactions into citramalyl-CoA. The citramalyl-CoA is split into pyruvate and acetyl-CoA thanks to the enzyme MMC lyase. The pyruvate is released at this point, while the acetyl-CoA is reused and carboxylated again at malonyl-CoA, thus reconstituting the cycle. [26]
A total of 19 reactions are involved in the 3-hydroxypropionate bicycle, and 13 multifunctional enzymes are used. The multi-functionality of these enzymes is an important feature of this pathway which thus allows the fixation of three bicarbonate molecules. [26]
It is a costly pathway: 7 ATP molecules are consumed to synthesise the new pyruvate and 3 ATP for the phosphate triose. [25]
An important characteristic of this cycle is that it allows the co-assimilation of numerous compounds, making it suitable for the mixotrophic organisms. [25]
Cycles related to the 3-hydroxypropionate cycle
Yet another variant of the 3-hydroxypropionate cycle is the dicarboxylate/4-hydroxybutyrate (DC/4-HB) cycle. It was discovered in anaerobic archaea.
It was proposed in 2008 for the hyperthermophile archeon Ignicoccus hospitalis . [28]
Enoyl-CoA carboxylases/reductases
Non-autotrophic pathways
6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase catalyzes the reductive carboxylation of ribulose 5-phosphate to 6-phosphogluconate in E. coli under elevated CO2 concentrations. [31]
Carbon isotope discrimination
Biological carbon fixation in soils
In addition to photosynthetic and chemosynthetic processes, biological carbon fixation occurs in soil through the activity of microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi. These soil microbes play a crucial role in the global carbon cycle by sequestering carbon from decomposed organic matter and recycling it back into the soil, thereby contributing to soil fertility and ecosystem productivity. [3]
In soil environments, organic matter derived from dead plant and animal material undergoes decomposition , a process carried out by a diverse community of microorganisms. During decomposition, complex organic compounds are broken down into simpler molecules by the action of enzymes produced by bacteria, fungi, and other soil organisms. As organic matter is decomposed, carbon is released in various forms, including carbon dioxide (CO2) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC).
However, not all of the carbon released during decomposition is immediately lost to the atmosphere; a significant portion is retained in the soil through processes collectively known as soil carbon sequestration. Soil microbes, particularly bacteria and fungi, play a pivotal role in this process by incorporating decomposed organic carbon into their biomass or by facilitating the formation of stable organic compounds, such as humus and soil organic matter . [3]
One key mechanism by which soil microbes sequester carbon is through the production of microbial biomass. Bacteria and fungi assimilate carbon from decomposed organic matter into their cellular structures as they grow and reproduce. This microbial biomass serves as a reservoir for stored carbon in the soil, effectively sequestering carbon from the atmosphere.
Additionally, soil microbes contribute to the formation of stable soil organic matter through the synthesis of extracellular polymers , enzymes , and other biochemical compounds. [35] These substances help bind together soil particles, [36] forming aggregates that protect organic carbon from microbial decomposition and physical erosion . Over time, these aggregates accumulate in the soil, resulting in the formation of soil organic matter, which can persist for centuries to millennia.
The sequestration of carbon in soil not only helps mitigate the accumulation of atmospheric CO2 and mitigate climate change but also enhances soil fertility , water retention , and nutrient cycling , thereby supporting plant growth and ecosystem productivity. Consequently, understanding the role of soil microbes in biological carbon fixation is essential for managing soil health , mitigating climate change , and promoting sustainable land management practices.
Biological carbon fixation is a fundamental process that sustains life on Earth by regulating atmospheric CO2 levels, supporting the growth of plants and other photosynthetic organisms , and maintaining ecological balance.
See also
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Fuchs G (13 October 2011). "Alternative pathways of carbon dioxide fixation: insights into the early evolution of life?". Annual Review of Microbiology. 65 (1): 631–58. doi : 10.1146/annurev-micro-090110-102801 . PMID 21740227 .
Buchanan BB, Arnon DI (April 1990). "A reverse Krebs cycle in photosynthesis: consensus at last". Photosynthesis Research. 24 (1): 47–53. Bibcode : 1990PhoRe..24...47B . doi : 10.1007/bf00032643 . PMID 24419764 . S2CID 2753977 .
Markert S, Arndt C, Felbeck H, Becher D, Sievert SM, Hügler M, et al. (January 2007). "Physiological proteomics of the uncultured endosymbiont of Riftia pachyptila". Science. 315 (5809): 247–50. Bibcode : 2007Sci...315..247M . doi : 10.1126/science.1132913 . hdl : 1912/1514 . OCLC 655249163 . PMID 17218528 . S2CID 45745396 .
Drake HL, Gössner AS, Daniel SL (March 2008). "Old acetogens, new light". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1125 (1): 100–28. Bibcode : 2008NYASA1125..100D . doi : 10.1196/annals.1419.016 . PMID 18378590 . S2CID 24050060 .
Strous M, Pelletier E, Mangenot S, Rattei T, Lehner A, Taylor MW, et al. (April 2006). "Deciphering the evolution and metabolism of an anammox bacterium from a community genome". Nature. 440 (7085): 790–4. Bibcode : 2006Natur.440..790S . doi : 10.1038/nature04647 . hdl : 2066/35981 . PMID 16598256 . S2CID 4402553 .
Berg IA, Kockelkorn D, Buckel W, Fuchs G (December 2007). "A 3-hydroxypropionate/4-hydroxybutyrate autotrophic carbon dioxide assimilation pathway in Archaea". Science. 318 (5857): 1782–6. Bibcode : 2007Sci...318.1782B . doi : 10.1126/science.1149976 . PMID 18079405 . S2CID 13218676 .
Farquhar GD, Ehleringer JR, Hubick KT (June 1989). "Carbon Isotope Discrimination and Photosynthesis". Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology. 40 (1): 503–537. doi : 10.1146/annurev.pp.40.060189.002443 . S2CID 12988287 .
Seibt U, Rajabi A, Griffiths H, Berry JA (March 2008). "Carbon isotopes and water use efficiency: sense and sensitivity". Oecologia. 155 (3): 441–54. Bibcode : 2008Oecol.155..441S . doi : 10.1007/s00442-007-0932-7 . PMID 18224341 . S2CID 451126 .
Biological carbon fixation
| 2,276 |
296 | in photosynthesis the carbon in co2 is initially fixed to what molecule | https://www.zmescience.com/feature-post/natural-sciences/biology-reference/plants-fungi/what-is-carbon-fixation/ | A brief explainer of how plants deal with CO2.
Credit: Pixabay.
It’s one of the first things we learn: plants utilize carbon dioxide (CO2) and water to make food through a process known as photosynthesis . While we’re typically taught that water is absorbed mostly through the ground, we often overlook the carbon assimilation part. This process, known as carbon fixation, involves assimilating carbon and converting it into organic, usable compounds.
Why is Carbon Fixation Significant?
Plants absorb water from the ground. So, what’s the big deal with absorbing CO2? Why is it a complex multi-step process? Well, because carbon isn’t just assimilated—it’s also transformed.
The ABCs of Carbon Fixation
Carbon Capture
The stomata of a Radescantia zebrina leaf as seen under a microscope. Image via Wiki Commons.
Plants, including algae , primarily absorb carbon from the air. They take in CO2 from the atmosphere through their stomata — tiny kidney-shaped pores on the surface of their leaves. This CO2 uptake is what enables them to produce their version of food — glucose (a sugar).
Unlike water, the process of assimilation doesn’t end here. This is because atmospheric CO2 is useless. Plants can’t do anything with it in its current inorganic form. To utilize the collected CO2, they must first convert the molecular carbon into an organic form. Quite literally, plants need to fix CO2.
Fixing Carbon
At its core, carbon fixation is a chemical process, and like most chemical processes, it is catalyzed by an enzyme– biomolecules that affect the rate of a reaction. In the case of carbon fixation, the primary enzyme involved is Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase , or rubisco.
If the name sounds like an unnecessary mouthful, you can blame biochemical nomenclature rules. According to the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) conventions , enzyme names originate from the substrate or the chemical reaction they facilitate. In this case, the enzyme acts on the molecule Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate , or RuBP. As for the reaction, you may have guessed that carbon fixation involves the addition of either carbon dioxide or oxygen to RuBP.
The processes of rubisco. Credit: Wikimedia Commons.
Carboxylation: A Key Step in Sugar Production
Although rubisco can add either molecule — molecular oxygen or CO2 — the primary function of Rubisco in photosynthesis is carboxylation , leading to the fixation of carbon dioxide into organic molecules like carbohydrates . The enzyme facilitates the carboxylation of RuBP, which ultimately leads to the production of organic molecules such as glucose.
If that last bit got you confused a bit, think of it this way: Imagine RuBP as a building block with two holes on its surface. Carboxylation is like taking a single Lego brick (CO2) and snapping it securely into one of those holes on the RuBP block.
Essentially, when we talk about carboxylation — in the context of photosynthesis — we’re referring to when a CO2 molecule is attached to a RuBP molecule, in the presence of rubisco. This changes the shape and properties of the RuBP, allowing it to be used in the next steps of sugar production.
What Happens Next?
While all plants capture and use CO2, they don’t all process it in the same way. The fate of atmospheric CO2, once taken in through the stomata, classifies plants into three major types: C3, C4, and CAM.
C3 Pathway
This pathway is relatively straightforward. After CO2 is captured from the atmosphere, it combines with RuBP to form two molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate (3-PGA) . This molecule is the first stable organic compound produced during carbon fixation. Because 3-PGA is a three-carbon compound, the pathway is named C (for carbon) 3 accordingly. The majority of plant species (around 85%), including crops, trees, and shrubs, utilize the C3 carbon fixation pathway during photosynthesis.
Common Not Perfect
In ideal conditions, most—if not all—plants opt for the C3 pathway yet, ideal conditions are rare. This is especially true in dry regions, where resources are rare and conditions harsh. Take, for instance, the dilemma of carbon capture. It relies on open stomata, yet this very action also paves the way for water loss—a precious commodity in such environments.
Remember how rubisco can pick up either molecular CO2 or oxygen? That’s not a good thing. When molecular oxygen levels increase, rubisco snatches up the surplus amount and instead of carboxylation–the first step of carbon fixation–takes up photorespiration instead.
In photorespiration, instead of processing CO2, plants end up releasing CO2 instead of using it. To conserve resources, plants in such regions use alternate pathways — such as C4 and CAM — to capture carbon.
C4 Pathway
Unlike the C3 pathway, the C4 is a bit more complex. As the name suggests, the first stable organic compound produced is a four-carbon compound. This compound, known as oxaloacetate , or malate is formed by the carboxylation of a three-carbon compound, phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP). In this pathway, PEP is the initial CO2 acceptor that receives CO2 in the form of a bicarbonate ion.
The oxaloacetate, the four-carbon organic product, is then transported to bundle sheath cells. Here the compound undergoes decarboxylation and releases CO2, for use in the Calvin cycle — the sugar-making step of photosynthesis.
The Calvin Cycle. Credits: TED-ed.
What About RubP?
You might wonder, “What’s the role of RuBP and Rubisco in the C4 pathway?” Well, not much initially. In the first few stages of the C4 pathway, the primary substrate is PEP, not RuBP. Therefore, without RuBP, there’s no need for Rubisco either. Rubisco cannot catalyze PEP; instead, PEP is catalyzed by an enzyme known as phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, or PEPC.
How Does the C4 Pathway Prevent the Loss of Resources?
Apart from the obvious biochemical differences, the saving grace of the pathway lies in the anatomy C4 plants possess—this anatomy is known as the Kranz Anatomy . It’s a bit like Russian Matryoshka nesting dolls. An easy way to visualize the anatomy is to consider mesophyll cells as the outermost layer, followed by bundle sheath cells, and finally vascular bundles. Of these three, the bundle sheath is the most prominent. These cells have thick walls to minimize wasteful processes like photorespiration, conserving both water and CO2!
Cross section of a typical plant leaf. Image via Wiki Commons.
Features of the Kranz Anatomy
Division: In C3 plants such as rice, wheat, and oats, carbon fixation and subsequent photosynthetic processes, such as the Calvin Cycle, happen in the mesophyll cells. However, in C4 plants like maize, sugarcane, and certain grasses, processes are separated. Initially, carbon is captured and fixed in the mesophyll cells. It is then transported to bundle sheath cells where the actual Calvin Cycle—the sugar production part—occurs. These bundle sheath cells, specialized structures surrounding vascular bundles containing xylem for water transportation and phloem for nutrient transportation, are adapted to concentrate CO2.
Efficiency: In C4 plants, carbon fixation occurs effectively twice—first in the mesophyll cells and then in the bundle sheath cells. In the mesophyll, CO2 is fixed into oxaloacetate using the enzyme PEPC. It quickly converts into malate and is transported to the bundle sheath. Here, it undergoes decarboxylation, releasing CO2 (along with pyruvate) once again!
The Kranz Anatomy of a Maize leaf (the xylem and phloem are the structures in the center). Image via Wiki Commons.
The Second Carboxylation
After malate is metabolized to CO2 and pyruvate, this free CO2 is then used in a second carboxylation. However, instead of using PEP as the substrate, this carboxylation in the chloroplasts of the bundle sheath cells utilizes RuBP. Effectively, this second carboxylation follows a typical C3 pathway. The product of this second carboxylation, 3-PGA, is used for two purposes: glucose (sugar) production as well as the regeneration of RuBP, marking the first and last steps of the Calvin cycle.
CAM Pathway
The Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM) pathway is the last of the fixation pathways. It is a variation of the C4 pathway. Initially discovered in flowering plants of the Crassulaceae family, it is particularly characteristic of succulents and certain aquatic plants. Like the C4 pathway, it conserves water and CO2 by reducing resource loss through photorespiration.
Most succulents are CAM plants. Image via Wiki Commons.
Features of the CAM Pathway
Storage in Vacuoles: During the night, when stomata are open and atmospheric CO2 is available, CAM plants fix CO2 into organic acids, such as malate, using the PEPC. These organic acids are then stored in the vacuoles of mesophyll cells.
Nighttime Accumulation: Storing organic acids at night allows CAM plants to avoid water loss through transpiration (water loss through stomata) during the day. This nighttime carbon fixation also reduces the risk of photorespiration.
C3 Cycle During the Day: During the day, CAM plants use the stored organic acids in the Calvin Cycle (C3 pathway) within the same mesophyll cells. The organic acids undergo decarboxylation, releasing CO2 for use to produce sugars and other organic molecules.
Conclusion
Understanding the intricacies of carbon fixation pathways is challenging yet crucial. This process is one of the remarkable mechanisms within photosynthesis that sustains life on our planet. From the simple C3 pathway to the more intricate C4 and CAM pathways, plants have evolved diverse mechanisms to capture and utilize atmospheric carbon dioxide.
In essence, carbon fixation is indispensable for synthesizing organic molecules, serving as fundamental building blocks for plant growth and metabolism. It plays a pivotal role in the global carbon cycle, supporting ecosystems and life on Earth.
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The carbon cycle describes how carbon moves between the atmosphere, soils, living creatures, the ocean, and human sources.
Image courtesy of the Department of Energy Office of Science
The carbon cycle is the process that moves carbon between plants, animals, and microbes; minerals in the earth; and the atmosphere. Carbon is the fourth most abundant element in the universe. With its ability to form complex molecules such as DNA and proteins, carbon makes life on Earth possible. Carbon in the form of carbon dioxide (CO2) is also an important part of our atmosphere, where it helps to control the Earth’s temperature.
Because only a tiny number of atoms reach the Earth from space, our planet is called a closed system. This means the Earth does not gain or lose carbon. But carbon does move constantly. Most carbon on Earth is stored in rocks and sediments. The rest is in the ocean, atmosphere, and in living organisms. Scientists use the term “carbon sinks” to refer to places where carbon is stored away from the atmosphere.
Plants constantly exchange carbon with the atmosphere. Plants absorb carbon dioxide during photosynthesis and much of this carbon dioxide is then stored in roots, permafrost, grasslands, and forests. Plants and the soil then release carbon dioxide when they decay. Other organisms also release carbon dioxide as they live and die. For example, animals exhale carbon dioxide when they breathe and release carbon dioxide when they decompose. The oceans also exchange carbon with the atmosphere by absorbing carbon, which then sinks as it cools. In addition, carbon is stored in rocks and other geological deposits. For example, coal and other fossil fuels are made of carbon from plants that has been stored under the Earth’s surface for millions of years.
Humans have a huge effect on the carbon cycle when we burn wood, fossil fuels (such as oil, coal, and natural gas), and other forms of carbon. This action releases the stored carbon into the atmosphere, where it becomes a greenhouse gas. Greenhouse gases are gases in the atmosphere that absorb and release heat.
Where carbon is in the cycle shapes our climate. As a greenhouse gas, carbon dioxide in the atmosphere helps to determine how warm the Earth is. Too little carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases and the Earth would be frozen. Too much would turn the atmosphere into a furnace. That’s why understanding the carbon cycle—and our role in that cycle—is critical to the Earth’s future.
DOE Office of Science: Contributions to Carbon Cycle Research
The Department of Energy (DOE) supports research on the carbon cycle primarily through the Office of Science Biological and Environmental Research (BER) program. BER supports research into atmosphere carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. BER also supports systems biology research focusing on plant processes that remove CO2 from the atmosphere and convert it into more stable forms of carbon as well as the complex relationships between plants, their associated microbes (i.e., plant microbiomes), and broader communities of soil microbes that impact carbon cycle processes. In addition to BER, DOE’s Advanced Scientific Computing Research (ASCR) program plays a vital role in studying the carbon cycle with its efforts to improve Earth systems and climate models to better understand how carbon dioxide and other factors shape our planet. DOE also participates in the U.S. Carbon Cycle Science Program , a multi-agency effort to coordinate U.S. carbon cycle science.
Carbon Cycle Facts
Carbon dioxide is one of the main greenhouse gases, along with methane, nitrous oxide, and a series of industrial gases called fluorinated gases. These are gases that trap heat in the atmosphere.
Carbon can be removed from the atmosphere using a series of technologies called carbon sequestration , including direct air capture that pulls carbon dioxide straight from the atmosphere.
In the past, about 25 percent of carbon emissions from human sources have historically been captured by forests, grassland, and farms. And about 30 percent of the carbon dioxide we produce has been captured by the ocean. These percentages will change in the future as humans continue to release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
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297 | what is the thickness of earth's inner core | https://calacademy.org/explore-science/from-core-to-crust-defining-earths-layers | 0
Before learning about earthquakes, let’s look at the inside of our planet.
What happens on Earth’s surface is directly related to its interior. About 4.6 billion years ago, Earth formed from a hot cloud of dust orbiting a blazing sun. As the planet cooled, dense elements became concentrated in the core of the planet, while lighter elements formed the mantle. A thin, rigid crust formed at the surface. A constant heating and cooling cycle in the mantle drives plate movement on Earth’s surface. Heat working its way out from the core of the planet fractured the crust into irregular tectonic plates that are constantly in motion.
Inner Core: The innermost part of Earth is the core and is about 1500 miles (2414 km) thick. Both the inner and outer cores consist primarily of iron and nickel. They're extremely hot, with temperatures ranging from 7200–9000℉ (4000–5000℃). The inner core is under intense pressure, which keeps it solid despite high temperatures.
Outer Core: The outer core, which is liquid, is about 1300 miles (2092 km) thick. Both the inner and outer cores consist primarily of iron and nickel and are extremely hot with temperatures ranging from 7200–9000℉ (4000–5000℃).
Mantle: Most of Earth's volume is in the mantle. This layer is about 1800 miles (2880 km) thick. It's composed of dark, dense rock, similar to oceanic basalt. The deeper you go inside the Earth, the hotter it gets. Mantle material near the cold outer crust is about 1300℉ (700℃) while rock near the Earth’s core heats up to about 7200℉ (4000℃).
Crust: Two types of crust make up Earth’s outermost layer: continental and oceanic. Continental crust is composed of silica-rich rocks and is an average of 44 miles (70 km) thick. Ocean crust is made of dark, silica-poor rocks like basalt. It is thinner and more flexible than the continents, only about 3 miles (5 km) thick.
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297 | what is the thickness of earth's inner core | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth's_inner_core | Earth's inner core
Innermost part of Earth, a solid ball of iron-nickel alloy
This article is about the geological center of the planet. For the geographical meaning of the term "center of the Earth", see Geographical centre of Earth .
The internal structure of Earth
outer core–inner core boundary
Earth's inner core is the innermost geologic layer of the planet Earth . It is primarily a solid ball with a radius of about 1,220 km (760 mi), which is about 20% of Earth's radius or 70% of the Moon 's radius. [1] [2]
There are no samples of the core accessible for direct measurement, as there are for Earth's mantle . [3] The characteristics of the core have been deduced mostly from measurements of seismic waves and Earth's magnetic field . [4] The inner core is believed to be composed of an iron–nickel alloy with some other elements. The temperature at its surface is estimated to be approximately 5,700 K (5,430 °C; 9,800 °F), about the temperature at the surface of the Sun . [5]
The inner core is solid at high temperature because of its high pressure, in accordance with the Simon-Glatzel equation . [6]
Scientific history
Earth was discovered to have a solid inner core distinct from its molten Earth's outer core in 1936, by the Danish seismologist Inge Lehmann 's [7] [8] study of seismograms from earthquakes in New Zealand , detected by sensitive seismographs on the Earth's surface. She deduced that the seismic waves reflect off the boundary of the inner core and inferred a radius of 1,400 km (870 mi) for the inner core, not far from the currently accepted value of 1,221 km (759 mi). [9] [10] [11] In 1938, Beno Gutenberg and Charles Richter analyzed a more extensive set of data and estimated the thickness of the outer core as 1,950 km (1,210 mi) with a steep but continuous 300 km (190 mi) thick transition to the inner core, implying a radius between 1,230 and 1,530 km (760 and 950 mi) for the inner core. [12] : p.372
A few years later, in 1940, it was hypothesized that this inner core was made of solid iron. In 1952, Francis Birch published a detailed analysis of the available data and concluded that the inner core was probably crystalline iron. [13]
The boundary between the inner and outer cores is sometimes called the "Lehmann discontinuity", [14] although the name usually refers to another discontinuity . The name "Bullen" or "Lehmann-Bullen discontinuity", after Keith Edward Bullen , has been proposed, [15] but its use seems to be rare. The rigidity of the inner core was confirmed in 1971. [16]
Adam Dziewonski and James Freeman Gilbert established that measurements of normal modes of vibration of Earth caused by large earthquakes were consistent with a liquid outer core. [17] In 2005, shear waves were detected passing through the inner core; these claims were initially controversial, but are now gaining acceptance. [18]
Data sources
Almost all measurements that scientists have about the physical properties of the inner core are the seismic waves that pass through it. Deep earthquakes generate the most informative waves, 30 km or more below the surface of the Earth (where the mantle is relatively more homogeneous) and are recorded by seismographs as they reach the surface, all over the globe.[ citation needed ]
Seismic waves include "P" (primary or pressure) compressional waves that can travel through solid or liquid materials, and "S" (secondary or shear) shear waves that can only propagate through rigid elastic solids. The two waves have different velocities and are damped at different rates as they travel through the same material.
Of particular interest are the so-called "PKiKP" waves—pressure waves (P) that start near the surface, cross the mantle-core boundary, travel through the core (K), are reflected at the inner core boundary (i), cross the liquid core (K) again, cross back into the mantle, and are detected as pressure waves (P) at the surface. Also of interest are the "PKIKP" waves, that travel through the inner core (I) instead of being reflected at its surface (i). Those signals are easier to interpret when the path from source to detector is close to a straight line—namely, when the receiver is just above the source for the reflected PKiKP waves, and antipodal to it for the transmitted PKIKP waves. [19]
While S waves cannot reach or leave the inner core as such, P waves can be converted into S waves, and vice versa, as they hit the boundary between the inner and outer core at an oblique angle. The "PKJKP" waves are similar to the PKIKP waves, but are converted into S waves when they enter the inner core, travel through it as S waves (J), and are converted again into P waves when they exit the inner core. Thanks to this phenomenon, it is known that the inner core can propagate S waves, and therefore must be solid.
Other sources
Other sources of information about the inner core include
the Earth's magnetic field . While it seems to be generated mostly by fluid and electric currents in the outer core, those currents are strongly affected by the presence of the solid inner core and by the heat that flows out of it. (Although made of iron, the core is not ferromagnetic , due to being above the Curie temperature .)[ citation needed ]
the Earth's mass, its gravitational field , and its angular inertia . These are all affected by the density and dimensions of the inner layers. [20]
the natural oscillation frequencies and modes of the whole Earth oscillations, when large earthquakes make the planet "ring" like a bell . These oscillations also depend strongly on the inner layers' density, size, and shape. [21]
Physical properties
The velocity of the S waves in the core varies smoothly from about 3.7 km/s at the center to about 3.5 km/s at the surface. That is considerably less than the velocity of S waves in the lower crust (about 4.5 km/s) and less than half the velocity in the deep mantle, just above the outer core (about 7.3 km/s). [5] : fig.2
The velocity of the P-waves in the core also varies smoothly through the inner core, from about 11.4 km/s at the center to about 11.1 km/s at the surface. Then the speed drops abruptly at the inner-outer core boundary to about 10.4 km/s. [5] : fig.2
Size and shape
On the basis of the seismic data, the inner core is estimated to be about 1221 km in radius (2442 km in diameter), [5] which is about 19% of the radius of the Earth and 70% of the radius of the Moon.
Its volume is about 7.6 billion cubic km (7.6 × 1018 m3), which is about
1⁄146 (0.69%) of the volume of the whole Earth.
Its shape is believed to be close to an oblate ellipsoid of revolution, like the surface of the Earth, only more spherical: the flattening f is estimated to be between 1⁄400 and 1⁄416, [20] : f.2 meaning that the radius along the Earth's axis is estimated to be about 3 km shorter than the radius at the equator. In comparison, the flattening of the Earth as a whole is close to 1⁄300, and the polar radius is 21 km shorter than the equatorial one.
Pressure and gravity
The pressure in the Earth's inner core is slightly higher than it is at the boundary between the outer and inner cores: It ranges from about 330 to 360 gigapascals (3,300,000 to 3,600,000 atm). [5] [22] [23]
The acceleration of gravity at the surface of the inner core can be computed to be 4.3 m/s2; [24] which is less than half the value at the surface of the Earth (9.8 m/s2).
Density and mass
The density of the inner core is believed to vary smoothly from about 13.0 kg/L (= g/cm3 = t /m3) at the center to about 12.8 kg/L at the surface. As it happens with other material properties, the density drops suddenly at that surface: The liquid just above the inner core is believed to be significantly less dense, at about 12.1 kg/L. [5] For comparison, the average density in the upper 100 km of the Earth is about 3.4 kg/L.
That density implies a mass of about 1023 kg for the inner core, which is 1⁄60 (1.7%) of the mass of the whole Earth.
The temperature of the inner core can be estimated from the melting temperature of impure iron at the pressure which iron is under at the boundary of the inner core (about 330 GPa ). From these considerations, in 2002, D. Alfè and others estimated its temperature as between 5,400 K (5,100 °C; 9,300 °F) and 5,700 K (5,400 °C; 9,800 °F). [5] However, in 2013, S. Anzellini and others obtained experimentally a substantially higher temperature for the melting point of iron, 6,230 ± 500 K (5,957 ± 500 °C; 10,754 ± 900 °F). [25]
Iron can be solid at such high temperatures only because its melting temperature increases dramatically at pressures of that magnitude (see the Clausius–Clapeyron relation ). [26] [27]
Magnetic field
Although seismic waves propagate through the core as if it were solid, the measurements cannot distinguish a solid material from an extremely viscous one. Some scientists have therefore considered whether there may be slow convection in the inner core (as is believed to exist in the mantle). That could be an explanation for the anisotropy detected in seismic studies. In 2009, B. Buffett estimated the viscosity of the inner core at 1018 Pa ·s, [29] which is a sextillion times the viscosity of water, and more than a billion times that of pitch .
There is still no direct evidence about the composition of the inner core. However, based on the relative prevalence of various chemical elements in the Solar System , the theory of planetary formation , and constraints imposed or implied by the chemistry of the rest of the Earth's volume, the inner core is believed to consist primarily of an iron–nickel alloy .
At the estimated pressures and temperatures of the core, it is predicted that pure iron could be solid, but its density would exceed the known density of the core by approximately 3%. That result implies the presence of lighter elements in the core, such as silicon , oxygen , or sulfur , in addition to the probable presence of nickel. [30] Recent estimates (2007) allow for up to 10% nickel and 2–3% of unidentified lighter elements. [5]
According to computations by D. Alfè and others, the liquid outer core contains 8–13% of oxygen, but as the iron crystallizes out to form the inner core the oxygen is mostly left in the liquid. [5]
Laboratory experiments and analysis of seismic wave velocities seem to indicate that the inner core consists specifically of ε-iron , a crystalline form of the metal with the hexagonal close-packed (HCP) structure. That structure can still admit the inclusion of small amounts of nickel and other elements. [19] [31]
Many scientists had initially expected that the inner core would be found to be homogeneous , because that same process should have proceeded uniformly during its entire formation. It was even suggested that Earth's inner core might be a single crystal of iron. [32]
Axis-aligned anisotropy
In 1983, G. Poupinet and others observed that the travel time of PKIKP waves (P waves that travel through the inner core) was about 2 seconds less for straight north–south paths than straight paths on the equatorial plane. [33] Even taking into account the flattening of the Earth at the poles (about 0.33% for the whole Earth, 0.25% for the inner core) and crust and upper mantle heterogeneities, this difference implied that P waves (of a broad range of wavelengths ) travel through the inner core about 1% faster in the north–south direction than along directions perpendicular to that. [34]
This P wave speed anisotropy has been confirmed by later studies, including more seismic data [19] and study of the free oscillations of the whole Earth. [21] Some authors have claimed higher values for the difference, up to 4.8%; however, in 2017 Daniel Frost and Barbara Romanowicz confirmed that the value is between 0.5% and 1.5%. [35]
Non-axial anisotropy
Causes of anisotropy
Laboratory data and theoretical computations indicate that the propagation of pressure waves in the HCP crystals of ε-iron are strongly anisotropic, too, with one "fast" axis and two equally "slow" ones. A preference for the crystals in the core to align in the north–south direction could account for the observed seismic anomaly. [19]
One phenomenon that could cause such partial alignment is slow flow ("creep") inside the inner core, from the equator towards the poles or vice versa. That flow would cause the crystals to partially reorient themselves according to the direction of the flow. In 1996, S. Yoshida and others proposed that such a flow could be caused by higher rate of freezing at the equator than at polar latitudes. An equator-to-pole flow then would set up in the inner core, tending to restore the isostatic equilibrium of its surface. [38] [31]
Others suggested that the required flow could be caused by slow thermal convection inside the inner core. T. Yukutake claimed in 1998 that such convective motions were unlikely. [39] However, B. Buffet in 2009 estimated the viscosity of the inner core and found that such convection could have happened, especially when the core was smaller. [29]
On the other hand, M. Bergman in 1997 proposed that the anisotropy was due to an observed tendency of iron crystals to grow faster when their crystallographic axes are aligned with the direction of the cooling heat flow. He, therefore, proposed that the heat flow out of the inner core would be biased towards the radial direction. [40]
In 1998, S. Karato proposed that changes in the magnetic field might also deform the inner core slowly over time. [41]
Multiple layers
In 2002, M. Ishii and A. Dziewoński presented evidence that the solid inner core contained an "innermost inner core" (IMIC) with somewhat different properties than the shell around it. The nature of the differences and radius of the IMIC are still unresolved as of 2019, with proposals for the latter ranging from 300 km to 750 km. [42] [43] [44] [37]
A. Wang and X. Song proposed, in 2018, a three-layer model, with an "inner inner core" (IIC) with about 500 km radius, an "outer inner core" (OIC) layer about 600 km thick, and an isotropic shell 100 km thick. In this model, the "faster P wave" direction would be parallel to the Earth's axis in the OIC, but perpendicular to that axis in the IIC. [36] However, the conclusion has been disputed by claims that there need not be sharp discontinuities in the inner core, only a gradual change of properties with depth. [37]
In 2023, a study reported new evidence "for an anisotropically-distinctive innermost inner core" – a ~650-km thick innermost ball – "and its transition to a weakly anisotropic outer shell, which could be a fossilized record of a significant global event from the past." They suggest that atoms in the IIC atoms are [packed] slightly differently than its outer layer, causing seismic waves to pass through the IIC at different speeds than through the surrounding core (P-wave speeds ~4% slower at ~50° from the Earth’s rotation axis). [45] [ clarification needed ]
Lateral variation
In 1997, S. Tanaka and H. Hamaguchi claimed, on the basis of seismic data, that the anisotropy of the inner core material, while oriented N−S, was more pronounced in "eastern" hemisphere of the inner core (at about 110 °E longitude, roughly under Borneo ) than in the "western" hemisphere (at about 70 °W, roughly under Colombia ). [46] : fg.9
Alboussère and others proposed that this asymmetry could be due to melting in the Eastern hemisphere and re-crystallization in the Western one. [47] C. Finlay conjectured that this process could explain the asymmetry in the Earth's magnetic field. [48]
However, in 2017 Frost and Romanowicz disputed those earlier inferences, claiming that the data shows only a weak anisotropy, with the speed in the N−S direction being only 0.5% to 1.5% faster than in equatorial directions, and no clear signs of E−W variation. [35]
Other structure
Schematic of the Earth's inner core and outer core motion and the magnetic field it generates.
The Earth's inner core is thought to be slowly growing as the liquid outer core at the boundary with the inner core cools and solidifies due to the gradual cooling of the Earth's interior (about 100 degrees Celsius per billion years). [49]
According to calculations by Alfé and others, as the iron crystallizes onto the inner core, the liquid just above it becomes enriched in oxygen, and therefore less dense than the rest of the outer core. This process creates convection currents in the outer core, which are thought to be the prime driver for the currents that create the Earth's magnetic field. [5]
The existence of the inner core also affects the dynamic motions of liquid in the outer core, and thus may help fix the magnetic field.[ citation needed ]
Because the inner core is not rigidly connected to the Earth's solid mantle, the possibility that it rotates slightly more quickly or slowly than the rest of Earth has long been entertained. [50] [51] In the 1990s, seismologists made various claims about detecting this kind of super-rotation by observing changes in the characteristics of seismic waves passing through the inner core over several decades, using the aforementioned property that it transmits waves more quickly in some directions. In 1996, X. Song and P. Richards estimated this "super-rotation" of the inner core relative to the mantle as about one degree per year. [52] [53] In 2005, they and J. Zhang compared recordings of "seismic doublets" (recordings by the same station of earthquakes occurring in the same location on the opposite side of the Earth, years apart), and revised that estimate to 0.3 to 0.5 degree per year. [54] In 2023, it was reported that the core stopped spinning faster than the planet 's surface around 2009 and likely is now rotating slower than it. This is not thought to have major effects and one cycle of the oscillation is thought to be about seven decades, coinciding with several other geophysical periodicities, "especially the length of day and magnetic field". [55] [56]
In 1999, M. Greff-Lefftz and H. Legros noted that the gravitational fields of the Sun and Moon that are responsible for ocean tides also apply torques to the Earth, affecting its axis of rotation and a slowing down of its rotation rate . Those torques are felt mainly by the crust and mantle, so that their rotation axis and speed may differ from overall rotation of the fluid in the outer core and the rotation of the inner core. The dynamics is complicated because of the currents and magnetic fields in the inner core. They find that the axis of the inner core wobbles ( nutates ) slightly with a period of about 1 day. With some assumptions on the evolution of the Earth, they conclude that the fluid motions in the outer core would have entered resonance with the tidal forces at several times in the past (3.0, 1.8, and 0.3 billion years ago). During those epochs, which lasted 200–300 million years each, the extra heat generated by stronger fluid motions might have stopped the growth of the inner core. [57]
Theories about the age of the core are part of theories of the history of Earth . It is widely believed that the Earth's solid inner core formed out of an initially completely liquid core as the Earth cooled. However, the time when this process started is unknown. [4]
Age estimates in billion years fromdifferent studies and methods
T = thermodynamic modelingP = paleomagnetism analysis(R) = with radioactive elements(N) = without them
Date
Authors
Age
Method
2001
0.5
P
Two main approaches have been used to infer the age of the inner core: thermodynamic modeling of the cooling of the Earth, and analysis of paleomagnetic evidence. The estimates yielded by these methods vary from 0.5 to 2 billion years old.
Thermodynamic evidence
Heat flow of the inner Earth, according to S.T. Dye [67] and R. Arevalo. [68]
One of the ways to estimate the age of the inner core is by modeling the cooling of the Earth, constrained by a minimum value for the heat flux at the core–mantle boundary (CMB). That estimate is based on the prevailing theory that the Earth's magnetic field is primarily triggered by convection currents in the liquid part of the core, and the fact that a minimum heat flux is required to sustain those currents. The heat flux at the CMB at present time can be reliably estimated because it is related to the measured heat flux at Earth's surface and to the measured rate of mantle convection . [69] [58]
In 2001, S. Labrosse and others, assuming that there were no radioactive elements in the core, gave an estimate of 1±0.5 billion years for the age of the inner core — considerably less than the estimated age of the Earth and of its liquid core (about 4.5 billion years) [58] In 2003, the same group concluded that, if the core contained a reasonable amount of radioactive elements, the inner core's age could be a few hundred million years older. [59]
In 2012, theoretical computations by M. Pozzo and others indicated that the electrical conductivity of iron and other hypothetical core materials, at the high pressures and temperatures expected there, were two or three times higher than assumed in previous research. [70] These predictions were confirmed in 2013 by measurements by Gomi and others. [71] The higher values for electrical conductivity led to increased estimates of the thermal conductivity , to 90 W/m·K; which, in turn, lowered estimates of its age to less than 700 million years old. [62] [64]
However, in 2016 Konôpková and others directly measured the thermal conductivity of solid iron at inner core conditions, and obtained a much lower value, 18–44 W/m·K. With those values, they obtained an upper bound of 4.2 billion years for the age of the inner core, compatible with the paleomagnetic evidence. [65]
In 2014, Driscoll and Bercovici published a thermal history of the Earth that avoided the so-called mantle thermal catastrophe and new core paradox by invoking 3 TW of radiogenic heating by the decay of 40K in the core. Such high abundances of K in the core are not supported by experimental partitioning studies, so such a thermal history remains highly debatable. [61]
Paleomagnetic evidence
Another way to estimate the age of the Earth is to analyze changes in the magnetic field of Earth during its history, as trapped in rocks that formed at various times (the "paleomagnetic record"). The presence or absence of the solid inner core could result in different dynamic processes in the core that could lead to noticeable changes in the magnetic field. [72]
In 2011, Smirnov and others published an analysis of the paleomagnetism in a large sample of rocks that formed in the Neoarchean (2.8–2.5 billion years ago) and the Proterozoic (2.5–0.541 billion). They found that the geomagnetic field was closer to that of a magnetic dipole during the Neoarchean than after it. They interpreted that change as evidence that the dynamo effect was more deeply seated in the core during that epoch, whereas in the later time currents closer to the core-mantle boundary grew in importance. They further speculate that the change may have been due to growth of the solid inner core between 3.5–2.0 billion years ago. [60]
In 2015, Biggin and others published the analysis of an extensive and carefully selected set of Precambrian samples and observed a prominent increase in the Earth's magnetic field strength and variance around 1.0–1.5 billion years ago. This change had not been noticed before due to the lack of sufficient robust measurements. They speculated that the change could be due to the birth of Earth's solid inner core. From their age estimate they derived a rather modest value for the thermal conductivity of the outer core, that allowed for simpler models of the Earth's thermal evolution. [63]
In 2016, P. Driscoll published a numerical evolving dynamo model that made a detailed prediction of the paleomagnetic field evolution over 0.0–2.0 Ga. The evolving dynamo model was driven by time-variable boundary conditions produced by the thermal history solution in Driscoll and Bercovici (2014). The evolving dynamo model predicted a strong-field dynamo prior to 1.7 Ga that is multipolar, a strong-field dynamo from 1.0–1.7 Ga that is predominantly dipolar, a weak-field dynamo from 0.6–1.0 Ga that is a non-axial dipole, and a strong-field dynamo after inner core nucleation from 0.0–0.6 Ga that is predominantly dipolar. [73]
An analysis of rock samples from the Ediacaran epoch (formed about 565 million years ago), published by Bono and others in 2019, revealed unusually low intensity and two distinct directions for the geomagnetic field during that time that provides support for the predictions by Driscoll (2016). Considering other evidence of high frequency of magnetic field reversals around that time, they speculate that those anomalies could be due to the onset of formation of the inner core, which would then be 0.5 billion years old. [66] A News and Views by P. Driscoll summarizes the state of the field following the Bono results. [74] New paleomagnetic data from the Cambrian appear to support this hypothesis. [75] [76]
See also
"Earth's Interior" . National Geographic. 18 January 2017. Archived from the original on 11 April 2021. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
Lehmann, Inge (2008). "Discoverer of the Earth's inner core" . Earth Inside Out. Curriculum Collection. American Museum of National History. Retrieved 7 April 2019.
Lehmann, Inge (1936). "P′". Publications du Bureau central séisismologique international. Série A: Travaux scientfiques. Vol. fascicule 14. pp. 87–115.
Lehmann, Inge (1987). "Seismology in the days of old". Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union. 68 (3): 33–35. Bibcode : 1987EOSTr..68...33L . doi : 10.1029/EO068i003p00033-02 .
Bolt, Bruce A.; Hjortenberg, Erik (1994). "Memorial essay: Inge Lehmann (1888–1993)" . Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America (obituary). 84 (1): 229–233. doi : 10.1785/BSSA0840010229 .
Richter, Gutenberg C.F. (1938). "P′ and the Earth's Core" . Geophysical Supplements to the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 4 (5): 363–372. Bibcode : 1938GeoJ....4..363G . doi : 10.1111/j.1365-246X.1938.tb01761.x .
Birch, Francis (1952). "Elasticity and constitution of the Earth's interior". Journal of Geophysical Research. 57 (2): 227–286. Bibcode : 1952JGR....57..227B . doi : 10.1029/JZ057i002p00227 .
.
Lee, William H.K.; Kanamori, Hiroo; Jennings, Paul C.; Kisslinger, Carl, eds. (2002). International Handbook of Earthquake and Engineering Seismology . Vol. part A. Academic Press. p. 926. ISBN
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Dziewoński, A.M.; Gilbert, F. Gilbert (24 December 1971). "Solidity of the inner core of the Earth inferred from normal mode observations". Nature. 234 (5330): 465–466. Bibcode : 1971Natur.234..465D . doi : 10.1038/234465a0 . S2CID 4148182 .
Tromp, Jeroen (1993). "Support for anisotropy of the Earth's inner core from free oscillations". Nature. 366 (6456): 678–681. Bibcode : 1993Natur.366..678T . doi : 10.1038/366678a0 . S2CID 4336847 .
Lide, David R., ed. (2006–2007). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). pp. j14 – j13. Archived from the original on 24 July 2017. Retrieved 4 December 2006.
Dziewoński, Adam M.; Anderson, Don L. (1981). "Preliminary reference Earth model". Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors. 25 (4): 297–356. Bibcode : 1981PEPI...25..297D . doi : 10.1016/0031-9201(81)90046-7 .
Aitta, Anneli (1 December 2006). "Iron melting curve with a tricritical point". Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment. 2006 (12): 12015–12030. arXiv : cond-mat/0701283 . Bibcode : 2006JSMTE..12..015A . doi : 10.1088/1742-5468/2006/12/P12015 . S2CID 119470433 .
Aitta, Anneli (1 July 2008). "Light matter in the core of the Earth: Its identity, quantity and temperature using tricritical phenomena". arXiv : 0807.0187 .
Buffett, Bruce A. (2010). "Tidal dissipation and the strength of the Earth's internal magnetic field". Nature. 468 (7326): 952–954. Bibcode : 2010Natur.468..952B . doi : 10.1038/nature09643 . PMID 21164483 . S2CID 4431270 .
Morelli, Andrea; Dziewoński, Adam M.; Woodhouse, John H. (1986). "Anisotropy of the inner core inferred from PKIKP travel times". Geophysical Research Letters. 13 (13): 1545–1548. Bibcode : 1986GeoRL..13.1545M . doi : 10.1029/GL013i013p01545 .
Daniel, A.Frost; Romanowicz, Barbara (2019). "On the orientation of the fast and slow directions of anisotropy in the deep inner core". Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors. 286: 101–110. Bibcode : 2019PEPI..286..101F . doi : 10.1016/j.pepi.2018.11.006 . S2CID 134591811 .
Yoshida, S.I.; Sumita, I. & Kumazawa, M. (1996). "Growth model of the inner core coupled with the outer core dynamics and the resulting elastic anisotropy". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 101 (B12): 28085–28103. Bibcode : 1996JGR...10128085Y . doi : 10.1029/96JB02700 .
Yukutake, T. (1998). "Implausibility of thermal convection in the Earth's solid inner core". Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors. 108 (1): 1–13. Bibcode : 1998PEPI..108....1Y . doi : 10.1016/S0031-9201(98)00097-1 .
Bergman, Michael I. (1997). "Measurements of electric anisotropy due to solidification texturing and the implications for the Earth's inner core". Nature (letter). 389 (6646): 60–63. Bibcode : 1997Natur.389...60B . doi : 10.1038/37962 . S2CID 9170776 .
Karato, S.I. (1999). "Seismic anisotropy of the Earth's inner core resulting from flow induced by Maxwell stresses". Nature. 402 (6764): 871–873. Bibcode : 1999Natur.402..871K . doi : 10.1038/47235 . S2CID 4430268 .
News article about the study:
Alboussière, T.; Deguen, R.; Melzani, M. (2010). "Melting-induced stratification above the Earth's inner core due to convective translation". Nature. 466 (7307): 744–747. arXiv : 1201.1201 . Bibcode : 2010Natur.466..744A . doi : 10.1038/nature09257 . PMID 20686572 . S2CID 205221795 .
Song, Xiaodong; Richards, Paul G. (1996). "Seismological evidence for differential rotation of the Earth's inner core". Nature. 382 (6588): 221–224. Bibcode : 1996Natur.382..221S . doi : 10.1038/382221a0 . S2CID 4315218 .
Zhang, Jian; Song, Xiaodong; Li, Yingchun; Richards, Paul G.; Sun, Xinlei; Waldhauser, Felix (2005). "Inner core differential motion confirmed by earthquake waveform doublets". Science. 309 (5739): 1357–1360. Bibcode : 2005Sci...309.1357Z . doi : 10.1126/science.1113193 . PMID 16123296 . S2CID 16249089 .
Greff-Lefftz, Marianne; Legros, Hilaire (1999). "Core rotational dynamics and geological events". Science. 286 (5445): 1707–1709. doi : 10.1126/science.286.5445.1707 . PMID 10576731 .
Arevalo, Ricardo; McDonough, William F.; Luong, Mario (February 2009). "The K-U ratio of the silicate Earth: Insights into mantle composition, structure and thermal evolution". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 278 (3–4): 361–369. Bibcode : 2009E&PSL.278..361A . doi : 10.1016/j.epsl.2008.12.023 . ISSN 0012-821X .
Gomi, Hitoshi; Ohta, Kenji; Hirose, Kei; Labrosse, Stéphane; Caracas, Razvan; Verstraete, Matthieu J.; Hernlund, John W. (1 November 2013). "The high conductivity of iron and thermal evolution of the Earth's core". Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors. 224: 88–103. Bibcode : 2013PEPI..224...88G . doi : 10.1016/j.pepi.2013.07.010 . S2CID 55915820 .
Aubert, Julien; Tarduno, John A.; Johnson, Catherine L. (2010). "Observations and models of the long-term evolution of Earth's magnetic field". Terrestrial Magnetism. Springer New York. pp. 337–370. ISBN
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Further reading
Earth's inner core
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From Wikipedia : Earth's inner core is Earth's innermost part and is a primarily solid ball with a radius of about 1,220 km (760 mi). (This is about 70% of the Moon's radius.) It is believed to consist primarily of an iron–nickel alloy and to be approximately the same temperature as the surface of the Sun: approximately 5700 K (5430 °C).
How do we know what the size of the inner core is?
Bonus Points: How did we come up with iron-nickel as being the believed constituent for the core?
asked Apr 24, 2014 at 2:10
Ben A. Noone Ben A. Noone
1,53422 gold badges1414 silver badges2222 bronze badges
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We know the the size of the inner core through seismology. From my answer to this question: How are subsurface wave speeds determined without subsurface sensors? , we can determine the speeds of the different layers of earth. Pictured below is a diagram of raypaths going through the earth from the 1994 Northridge Earthquake in Southern California:
As you can see the earthquake causes many raypaths, some of which go all the layers of Earth. From Huygen's Principle we know that there are infinitely many ray paths, meaning that there is a raypath, depending on location, that
Goes through only the crust
Goes through the crust + mantle
Goes through the crust + mantle + outer core
Goes through the crust + mantle + outer core + inner core
and arrives at the same seismometer (probe that measures vibrations, or seismic waves in this case). Depending on the composition of these layers, the ray paths will have different arrival times. The difference between these arrival times are important, we call them lag times, which seismologists can use as a proxy for distance. The lag time between the 3rd and 4th raypath I mentioned above could be used as a proxy for the radius of of the inner core, but we probably would not get a good answer from that. More over, we use this seismic data along with other data types to constrain its size.
We can use gravity data to understand get the mass of the earth. See this question for how that can be achieved: How is the mass of the Earth determined?
Using the mass of the earth, its size, and assuming that density increases with depth, we can form a seismic wave model (in the first question I linked) which would give us a more accurate lag time to distance conversion.
We also know that Earth is made up of the same stuff as the Sun, by examining its composition through the light spectrum.
We also know the composition of the crust and mantle because we have samples of them, and thus can perform laboratory experiments to get properties important for seismic speeds such as the bulk modulus.
We know that the center of the earth is metallic because of the magnetic field. It was the Trela model that first proposed this. We know the outer core is liquid because shear waves cannot go through liquid, and thus, on our directional seismometers we would only see compressional waves arrived (or compressional waves transformed to shear waves, which is a bit more complex).
Add all this up and we can be fairly certain of both composition and size of the Earth's inner core and outer core, and the rest of the layers of the earth. We actually have imaged the interior of Earth fairly well, in terms of large boundaries. Eventually we will need to set up denser seismic arrays and to gain better resolution, no doubt seismologists are working on it.
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$\begingroup$ "... so by examining its composition through the light spectrum." This is the start of a very good sentence, which unaccountably ends abruptly. Perhaps delete "so"? Or add some conclusion. $\endgroup$
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$\begingroup$ I removed "so", though I guess I could have extrapolated on that point, I think its a bit too in depth for this particular question. $\endgroup$
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$\begingroup$ There was the additional clue: you mention that we know the mass of the Earth. The Cavendish experiment gave us Earth mass; as you note we know the composition of the crust and mantle because we have samples of them, and therefore know their density; and given these things, we know that the crust+mantle are not dense enough to account for the whole of the Earth's mass. Compare and contrast with the existence of pallasite and iron-nickel meteorites and there's another clue. $\endgroup$
Commented Apr 29, 2014 at 21:55
$\begingroup$ Another clue is that we know from studies of nucleosynthesis in supernovae that iron and nickel are much more abundant than other heavy elements: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleosynthesis $\endgroup$
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Scientists used the seismic waves created by earthquakes bouncing off the core to map out the approximate size of the earth's inner core.
The materials that constituted the core were guessed with the thinking that because it was once liquid, the heavier elements like iron and nickel were able to sink down into the center. It probably even has vast amounts of the heaviest elements, like gold, platinum and uranium.
answered Apr 24, 2014 at 2:45
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$\begingroup$ I think this answer is too imprecise to be useful. Refraction is more important than reflection. $\endgroup$
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In 1906, Richard D. Oldham found that the increasing speed of seismic waves with depth within the Earth holds only down to 2890 km below the surface. Deeper than that, the mechanical waves (sound) propagate much slower, suggesting a different rock nature. Because this distinct material did not transmit shear seismic waves, it became clear that this core is liquid. This is what we call the Earth's core. Its size is known because the farther your seismometer is from a earthquake hypocenter, the deeper the registered seismic waves have travelled: since the velocity of sound increases with depth down to the core, seismic rays are refracted and they curve back towards the surface. Because the velocity-depth relation breaks abruptly at the core-mantle boundary, this is clearly detected in seismographs. I link this example of how to use seismic refractions to determine the size of the core .
In 1936, Inge Lehmann, using the same technique, found that the center of the core is indeed nearly-solid, because she detected weak shear waves travelling through it [2] using highly-sensitive seismometers in New Zealand. This has become known as the inner core.
References:
[2]: Lehmann, I., P'. Publ. Int. Geod. Geophys. Union, Assoc. Seismol., Ser. A, Trav. Sci., 1936, 14, 87-115.
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The previous answers are correct in that geophysics and crust-mantle samples are the main tools for sorting out the composition of the core.
In addition, don't forget that meteorites are the solid 'left overs' of planetary formation, and we have many thousands of meteorite analyses. Most are 'rocky', but some are palasites (mixed rock-iron), or 'irons', whose composition is basically iron with a smaller percentage of alloyed nickel and a few other heavy metals. Even allowing for the fact that average meteorite composition does not necessarily yield 'average Earth' composition, the presence of so much nickel-iron in meteorites is a strong pointer to the likely core composition of the Earth, and is entirely consistent with clues from geophysics.
answered Apr 22, 2016 at 7:06
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Earth’s core is the very hot, very dense center of our planet.
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Earth’s core is the very hot, very dense center of our planet. The ball-shaped core lies beneath the cool, brittle crust and the mostly solid mantle. The core is found about 2,900 kilometers (1,802 miles) below Earth’s surface, and has a radius of about 3,485 kilometers (2,165 miles).
Planet Earth is older than the core. When Earth was formed about 4.5 billion years ago, it was a uniform ball of hot rock. Radioactive decay and leftover heat from planetary formation (the collision, accretion, and compression of space rocks) caused the ball to get even hotter. Eventually, after about 500 million years, our young planet’s temperature heated to the melting point of iron—about 1,538° Celsius (2,800° Fahrenheit). This pivotal moment in Earth’s history is called the iron catastrophe.
The iron catastrophe allowed greater, more rapid movement of Earth’s molten, rocky material. Relatively buoyant material, such as silicates, water, and even air, stayed close to the planet’s exterior. These materials became the early mantle and crust. Droplets of iron, nickel, and other heavy metals gravitated to the center of Earth, becoming the early core. This important process is called planetary differentiation.
Earth’s core is the furnace of the geothermal gradient. The geothermal gradient measures the increase of heat and pressure in Earth’s interior. The geothermal gradient is about 25° Celsius per kilometer of depth (1° Fahrenheit per 21.3 meters [70 feet]). The primary contributors to heat in the core are the decay of radioactive elements, leftover heat from planetary formation, and heat released as the liquid outer core solidifies near its boundary with the inner core.
Unlike the mineral-rich crust and mantle, the core is made almost entirely of metal—specifically, iron (Fe) and nickel (Ni). The shorthand used for the core’s iron-nickel alloys is simply the elements’ chemical symbols—NiFe.
Elements that dissolve in iron, called siderophiles, are also found in the core. Because these elements are found much more rarely on Earth’s crust, many siderophiles are classified as “precious metals.” Siderophile elements include gold, platinum, and cobalt.
Another key element in Earth’s core is sulfur—in fact 90 percent of the sulfur on Earth is found in the core. The confirmed discovery of such vast amounts of sulfur helped explain a geologic mystery: If the core was primarily NiFe, why wasn’t it heavier? Geoscientists speculated that lighter elements such as oxygen or silicon might have been present. The abundance of sulfur, another relatively light element, explained the conundrum.
Although we know the core is the hottest part of our planet, its precise temperatures are difficult to determine. The fluctuating temperatures in the core depend on pressure, Earth's rotation, and the varying composition of core elements. In general, temperatures range from about 4,400° Celsius (7,952° Fahrenheit) to about 6,000° Celsius (10,800° Fahrenheit).
The core is made of two layers: the outer core, which borders the mantle, and the inner core. The boundary separating these regions is called the Bullen discontinuity.
Outer Core
The outer core, about 2,200 kilometers (1,367 miles) thick, is mostly composed of liquid iron and nickel. The NiFe alloy of the outer core is very hot, between 4,500° and 5,500° Celsius (8,132° and 9,932° Fahrenheit).
The liquid metal of the outer core has very low viscosity, meaning it is easily deformed and malleable. It is the site of violent convection. The churning metal of the outer core creates and sustains Earth’s magnetic field.
The hottest part of the core is actually the Bullen discontinuity, where temperatures reach 6,000° Celsius (10,800° Fahrenheit)—as hot as the surface of the sun.
Inner Core
The inner core is a hot, dense ball of (mostly) iron. It has a radius of about 1,220 kilometers (758 miles). Temperature in the inner core is about 5,200° Celsius (9,392° Fahrenheit). The pressure is nearly 3.6 million atmospheres (atm).
The temperature of the inner core is far above the melting point of iron. However, unlike the outer core, the inner core is not liquid or even molten. The inner core’s intense pressure—the entire rest of the planet and its atmosphere—prevents the iron from melting. The pressure and density are simply too great for the iron atoms to move into a liquid state. Because of this unusual set of circumstances, some geophysicists prefer to interpret the inner core not as a solid, but as a plasma behaving as a solid.
The liquid outer core separates the inner core from the rest of Earth, and as a result, the inner core rotates a little differently than the rest of the planet. It rotates eastward, like the surface, but it’s a little faster, making an extra rotation about every 1,000 years.
Geoscientists think the iron crystals in the inner core are arranged in an “hcp” (hexagonal close-packed) pattern. The crystals align north-south, along with Earth’s axis of rotation and magnetic field.
The orientation of the crystal structure means seismic waves—the most reliable way to study the core—travel faster when going north-south than when going east-west. Seismic waves travel four seconds faster pole-to-pole than through the Equator.
Growth in the Inner Core
As the entire Earth slowly cools, the inner core grows by about a millimeter every year. The inner core grows as bits of the liquid outer core solidify or crystallize. Another word for this is “freezing,” although it’s important to remember that iron’s freezing point is more than 1,000° Celsius (1,832° Fahrenheit).
The growth of the inner core is not uniform. It occurs in lumps and bunches, and is influenced by activity in the mantle.
Growth is more concentrated around subduction zones—regions where tectonic plates are slipping from the lithosphere into the mantle, thousands of kilometers above the core. Subducted plates draw heat from the core and cool the surrounding area, causing increased instances of solidification.
Growth is less concentrated around “superplumes” or LLSVPs. These ballooning masses of superheated mantle rock likely influence “hot spot” volcanism in the lithosphere, and contribute to a more liquid outer core.
The core will never “freeze over.” The crystallization process is very slow, and the constant radioactive decay of Earth’s interior slows it even further. Scientists estimate it would take about 91 billion years for the core to completely solidify—but the sun will burn out in a fraction of that time (about five billion years).
Core Hemispheres
Just like the lithosphere, the inner core is divided into eastern and western hemispheres. These hemispheres don’t melt evenly, and have distinct crystalline structures.
The western hemisphere seems to be crystallizing more quickly than the eastern hemisphere. In fact, the eastern hemisphere of the inner core may actually be melting.
Inner Inner Core
Geoscientists recently discovered that the inner core itself has a core—the inner inner core. This strange feature differs from the inner core in much the same way the inner core differs from the outer core. Scientists think that a radical geologic change about 500 million years ago caused this inner inner core to develop.
The crystals of the inner inner core are oriented east-west instead of north-south. This orientation is not aligned with either Earth’s rotational axis or magnetic field. Scientists think the iron crystals may even have a completely different structure (not hcp), or exist at a different phase.
Magnetism
Earth’s magnetic field is created in the swirling outer core. Magnetism in the outer core is about 50 times stronger than it is on the surface.
It might be easy to think that Earth’s magnetism is caused by the big ball of solid iron in the middle. But in the inner core, the temperature is so high the magnetism of iron is altered. Once this temperature, called the Curie point, is reached, the atoms of a substance can no longer align to a magnetic point.
Dynamo Theory
Some geoscientists describe the outer core as Earth’s “geodynamo.” For a planet to have a geodynamo, it must rotate, it must have a fluid medium in its interior, the fluid must be able to conduct electricity, and it must have an internal energy supply that drives convection in the liquid.
Variations in rotation, conductivity, and heat impact the magnetic field of a geodynamo. Mars, for instance, has a totally solid core and a weak magnetic field. Venus has a liquid core, but rotates too slowly to churn significant convection currents. It, too, has a weak magnetic field. Jupiter, on the other hand, has a liquid core that is constantly swirling due to the planet’s rapid rotation.
Earth is the “Goldilocks” geodynamo. It rotates steadily, at a brisk 1,675 kilometers (1,040 miles) per hour at the Equator. Coriolis forces, an artifact of Earth’s rotation, cause convection currents to be spiral. The liquid iron in the outer core is an excellent electrical conductor, and creates the electrical currents that drive the magnetic field.
The energy supply that drives convection in the outer core is provided as droplets of liquid iron freeze onto the solid inner core. Solidification releases heat energy. This heat, in turn, makes the remaining liquid iron more buoyant. Warmer liquids spiral upward, while cooler solids spiral downward under intense pressure: convection.
Earth’s Magnetic Field
Earth’s magnetic field is crucial to life on our planet. It protects the planet from the charged particles of the solar wind. Without the shield of the magnetic field, the solar wind would strip Earth’s atmosphere of the ozone layer that protects life from harmful ultraviolet radiation.
Although Earth’s magnetic field is generally stable, it fluctuates constantly. As the liquid outer core moves, for instance, it can change the location of the magnetic North and South Poles. The magnetic North Pole moves up to 64 kilometers (40 miles) every year.
Fluctuations in the core can cause Earth’s magnetic field to change even more dramatically. Geomagnetic pole reversals, for instance, happen about every 200,000 to 300,000 years. Geomagnetic pole reversals are just what they sound like: a change in the planet’s magnetic poles, so that the magnetic North and South Poles are reversed. These “pole flips” are not catastrophic—scientists have noted no real changes in plant or animal life, glacial activity, or volcanic eruptions during previous geomagnetic pole reversals.
Studying the Core
Geoscientists cannot study the core directly. All information about the core has come from sophisticated reading of seismic data, analysis of meteorites, lab experiments with temperature and pressure, and computer modeling.
Most core research has been conducted by measuring seismic waves, the shock waves released by earthquakes at or near the surface. The velocity and frequency of seismic body waves changes with pressure, temperature, and rock composition.
In fact, seismic waves helped geoscientists identify the structure of the core itself. In the late 19th century, scientists noted a “shadow zone” deep in the planet, where a type of body wave called an s-wave either stopped entirely or was altered. S-waves are unable to transmit through fluids or gases. The sudden “shadow” where s-waves disappeared indicated Earth had a liquid layer.
In the 20th century, geoscientists discovered an increase in the velocity of p-waves, another type of body wave, at about 5,150 kilometers (3,200 miles) below the surface. The increase in velocity corresponded to a change from a liquid or molten medium to a solid. This proved the existence of a solid inner core.
Meteorites, space rocks that crash to Earth, also provide clues about Earth’s core. Most meteorites are fragments of asteroids, rocky bodies that orbit the sun between Mars and Jupiter. Asteroids formed about the same time, and from about the same material, as Earth. By studying iron-rich chondrite meteorites, geoscientists can get a peek into the early formation of our solar system and Earth’s early core.
In the lab, the most valuable tool for studying forces and reactions at the core is the diamond anvil cell. Diamond anvil cells use the hardest substance on Earth (diamonds) to simulate the incredibly high pressure at the core. The device uses an x-ray laser to simulate the core’s temperature. The laser is beamed through two diamonds squeezing a sample between them.
Complex computer modeling has also allowed scientists to study the core. In the 1990s, for instance, modeling beautifully illustrated the geodynamo—complete with pole flips.
Fast Fact
Buried Treasure
Although the inner core is mostly NiFe, the iron catastrophe also drove heavy siderophile elements to the center of Earth. In fact, one geoscientist calculated that there are 1.6 quadrillion tons of gold in the core—that’s enough to gild the entire surface of the planet half-a-meter (1.5 feet) thick.
Fast Fact
Planetary CoresAll known planets have metal cores. Even the gas giants of our solar system, such as Jupiter and Saturn, have iron and nickel at their cores.
Fast Fact
Geoneutrinos
One of the most bizarre ways geoscientists study the core is through “geoneutrinos.” Geoneutrinos are neutrinos, the lightest subatomic particle, released by the natural radioactive decay of potassium, thorium, and uranium in Earth’s interior. By studying geoneutrinos, scientists can better understand the composition and spatial distribution of materials in the mantle and core.
Fast Fact
Inge Lehman
Inge Lehman, who called herself “the only Danish seismologist” working in the 1930s, was a pioneering figure in the study of Earth’s interior. Lehman was the first to identify Earth’s solid inner core, and became a leading expert in the structure of the upper mantle as well. She was the first woman to receive the prestigious William Bowie Medal, the highest honor awarded by the American Geophysical Union. In 1997, the AGU created the Inge Lehman Medal, recognizing a scientist’s “outstanding contributions to the understanding of the structure, composition, and dynamics of the Earth's mantle and core.”
Fast Fact
Subterranean Fiction
“Subterranean fiction” describes adventure stories taking place deep below Earth's surface. Jules Verne’s Journey to the Center of the Earth is probably the most well-known piece of subterranean fiction. Other examples include Dante Alighieri’s Divine Comedy, in which the center of Earth is Hell itself; the movie Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs, in which an underground world allows dinosaurs to survive into the present day; and the rabbit hole of Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland—which was originally titled Alice’s Adventures Under Ground.
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Interior of the earth
Not to be confused with Earth structure .
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Geological cross section of Earth, showing the different layers of the interior.
Scientific understanding of the internal structure of Earth is based on observations of topography and bathymetry , observations of rock in outcrop , samples brought to the surface from greater depths by volcanoes or volcanic activity, analysis of the seismic waves that pass through Earth, measurements of the gravitational and magnetic fields of Earth, and experiments with crystalline solids at pressures and temperatures characteristic of Earth's deep interior.
Global properties
Chemical composition of the upper internal structure of Earth [1]
7.7
1.4
1.2
N/A
5.5
Fe
N/A
N/A
N/A
25.8
N/A
Ni
N/A
N/A
N/A
1.7
N/A
Si
N/A
N/A
N/A
3.5
N/A
Note: In chondrite model (1), the light element in the core is assumed to be Si. Chondrite model (2) is a model of chemical composition of the mantle corresponding to the model of core shown in chondrite model (1). [1]
Measurements of the force exerted by Earth's gravity can be used to calculate its mass . Astronomers can also calculate Earth's mass by observing the motion of orbiting satellites . Earth's average density can be determined through gravimetric experiments, which have historically involved pendulums . The mass of Earth is about 6×1024 kg. [4] The average density of Earth is 5.515 g/cm3 . [5]
The structure of Earth can be defined in two ways: by mechanical properties such as rheology , or chemically. Mechanically, it can be divided into lithosphere , asthenosphere , mesospheric mantle , outer core , and the inner core . Chemically, Earth can be divided into the crust, upper mantle, lower mantle, outer core, and inner core. [6] The geologic component layers of Earth are at increasing depths below the surface. [6] : 146
Crust and lithosphere
Earth's crust ranges from 5 to 70 kilometres (3.1–43.5 mi) [7] in depth and is the outermost layer. [8] The thin parts are the oceanic crust , which underlies the ocean basins (5–10 km) and is mafic -rich [9] (dense iron-magnesium silicate mineral or igneous rock ). [10] The thicker crust is the continental crust , which is less dense [11] and is felsic -rich (igneous rocks rich in elements that form feldspar and quartz ). [12] The rocks of the crust fall into two major categories – sial (aluminium silicate) and sima (magnesium silicate). [13] It is estimated that sima starts about 11 km below the Conrad discontinuity , [14] though the discontinuity is not distinct and can be absent in some continental regions. [15]
Earth's lithosphere consists of the crust and the uppermost mantle . [16] The crust-mantle boundary occurs as two physically different phenomena. The Mohorovičić discontinuity is a distinct change of seismic wave velocity. This is caused by a change in the rock's density [17] – immediately above the Moho, the velocities of primary seismic waves ( P wave ) are consistent with those through basalt (6.7–7.2 km/s), and below they are similar to those through peridotite or dunite (7.6–8.6 km/s). [18] Second, in oceanic crust, there is a chemical discontinuity between ultramafic cumulates and tectonized harzburgites , which has been observed from deep parts of the oceanic crust that have been obducted onto the continental crust and preserved as ophiolite sequences .[ clarification needed ]
Many rocks making up Earth's crust formed less than 100 million years ago; however, the oldest known mineral grains are about 4.4 billion years old, indicating that Earth has had a solid crust for at least 4.4 billion years. [19]
Earth's crust and mantle, Mohorovičić discontinuity between bottom of crust and solid uppermost mantle
Earth's mantle extends to a depth of 2,890 km (1,800 mi), making it the planet's thickest layer. [20] [This is 45% of the
6,371 km (3,959 mi) radius, and 83.7% of the volume - 0.6% of the volume is the crust].
The mantle is divided into upper and lower mantle [21] separated by a transition zone . [22] The lowest part of the mantle next to the core-mantle boundary is known as the D″ (D-double-prime) layer. [23] The pressure at the bottom of the mantle is ≈140 G Pa (1.4 M atm ). [24] The mantle is composed of silicate rocks richer in iron and magnesium than the overlying crust. [25] Although solid, the mantle's extremely hot silicate material can flow over very long timescales. [26] Convection of the mantle propels the motion of the tectonic plates in the crust. The source of heat that drives this motion is the decay of radioactive isotopes in Earth's crust and mantle combined with the initial heat from the planet's formation [27] (from the potential energy released by collapsing a large amount of matter into a gravity well , and the kinetic energy of accreted matter).
Due to increasing pressure deeper in the mantle, the lower part flows less easily, though chemical changes within the mantle may also be important. The viscosity of the mantle ranges between 1021 and 1024 pascal-second , increasing with depth. [28] In comparison, the viscosity of water at 300 K (27 °C; 80 °F) is 0.89 millipascal-second [29] and pitch is (2.3 ± 0.5) × 108 pascal-second. [30]
A diagram of Earth's geodynamo and magnetic field, which could have been driven in Earth's early history by the crystallization of magnesium oxide , silicon dioxide , and iron(II) oxide
Earth's outer core is a fluid layer about 2,260 km (1,400 mi) in height (i.e. distance from the highest point to the lowest point at the edge of the inner core) [36% of the Earth's radius, 15.6% of the volume] and composed of mostly iron and nickel that lies above Earth's solid inner core and below its mantle . [31] Its outer boundary lies 2,890 km (1,800 mi) beneath Earth's surface. The transition between the inner core and outer core is located approximately 5,150 km (3,200 mi) beneath Earth's surface. Earth's inner core is the innermost geologic layer of the planet Earth . It is primarily a solid ball with a radius of about 1,220 km (760 mi), which is about 19% of Earth's radius [0.7% of volume] or 70% of the Moon 's radius. [32] [33]
The inner core was discovered in 1936 by Inge Lehmann and is composed primarily of iron and some nickel. Since this layer is able to transmit shear waves (transverse seismic waves), it must be solid. Experimental evidence has at times been inconsistent with current crystal models of the core. [34] Other experimental studies show a discrepancy under high pressure: diamond anvil (static) studies at core pressures yield melting temperatures that are approximately 2000 K below those from shock laser (dynamic) studies. [35] [36] The laser studies create plasma, [37] and the results are suggestive that constraining inner core conditions will depend on whether the inner core is a solid or is a plasma with the density of a solid. This is an area of active research.
In early stages of Earth's formation about 4.6 billion years ago, melting would have caused denser substances to sink toward the center in a process called planetary differentiation (see also the iron catastrophe ), while less-dense materials would have migrated to the crust . The core is thus believed to largely be composed of iron (80%), along with nickel and one or more light elements, whereas other dense elements, such as lead and uranium , either are too rare to be significant or tend to bind to lighter elements and thus remain in the crust (see felsic materials ). Some have argued that the inner core may be in the form of a single iron crystal . [38] [39]
Under laboratory conditions a sample of iron–nickel alloy was subjected to the core-like pressure by gripping it in a vise between 2 diamond tips ( diamond anvil cell ), and then heating to approximately 4000 K. The sample was observed with x-rays, and strongly supported the theory that Earth's inner core was made of giant crystals running north to south. [40] [41]
The composition of Earth bears strong similarities to that of certain chondrite meteorites, and even to some elements in the outer portion of the Sun. [42] [43] Beginning as early as 1940, scientists, including Francis Birch , built geophysics upon the premise that Earth is like ordinary chondrites, the most common type of meteorite observed impacting Earth. This ignores the less abundant enstatite chondrites, which formed under extremely limited available oxygen, leading to certain normally oxyphile elements existing either partially or wholly in the alloy portion that corresponds to the core of Earth.[ citation needed ]
Dynamo theory suggests that convection in the outer core, combined with the Coriolis effect , gives rise to Earth's magnetic field . The solid inner core is too hot to hold a permanent magnetic field (see Curie temperature ) but probably acts to stabilize the magnetic field generated by the liquid outer core. The average magnetic field in Earth's outer core is estimated to measure 2.5 milliteslas (25 gauss), 50 times stronger than the magnetic field at the surface. [44]
The magnetic field generated by core flow is essential to protect life from interplanetary radiation and prevent the atmosphere from dissipating in the solar wind . The rate of cooling by conduction and convection is uncertain, [45] but one estimate is that the core would not be expected to freeze up for approximately 91 billion years, which is well after the Sun is expected to expand, sterilize the surface of the planet, and then burn out. [46] [ better source needed ]
The layering of Earth has been inferred indirectly using the time of travel of refracted and reflected seismic waves created by earthquakes. The core does not allow shear waves to pass through it, while the speed of travel ( seismic velocity ) is different in other layers. The changes in seismic velocity between different layers causes refraction owing to Snell's law , like light bending as it passes through a prism. Likewise, reflections are caused by a large increase in seismic velocity and are similar to light reflecting from a mirror.
See also
"Apollo Imagery – AS17-148-22727" . NASA. 1 November 2012. Archived from the original on 20 April 2019. Retrieved 22 October 2020.
"Planetary Fact Sheet" . Lunar and Planetary Science. NASA. Archived from the original on 24 March 2016. Retrieved 2 January 2009.
.
Andrei, Mihai (21 August 2018). "What are the layers of the Earth?" . ZME Science. Archived from the original on 12 May 2020. Retrieved 28 June 2019.
Jackson, Julia A., ed. (1997). "mafic". Glossary of Geology (4th ed.). Alexandria, Virginia: American Geological Institute. ISBN
"Continental crust" . Encyclopædia Britannica. 5 September 2023. Retrieved 6 October 2024.
Schmidt, Victor A.; Harbert, William (1998). "The Living Machine: Plate Tectonics". Planet Earth and the New Geosciences (3rd ed.). Kendall/Hunt. p. 442. ISBN
Schmidt, Victor A.; Harbert, William. "Unit 3: The Living Machine: Plate Tectonics" . Planet Earth and the New Geosciences. Poznańb: Adam Mickiewicz University. Archived from the original on 2010-03-28.
Hess, H. (1955-01-01). "The oceanic crust" . Journal of Marine Research. 14 (4): 424.
It has been common practice to subdivide the crust into sial and sima. These terms refer to generalized compositions, sial being those rocks rich in Si and Al and sima those rich in Si and Mg.
Kearey, P.; Klepeis, K. A.; Vine, F. J. (2009). Global Tectonics (3 ed.). John Wiley & Sons . pp. 19–21. ISBN
Himiyama, Yukio; Satake, Kenji; Oki, Taikan, eds. (2020). Human Geoscience. Singapore: Springer Science+Business Media . p. 27. ISBN
"Earth's Interior" . Science & Innovation. National Geographic. 18 January 2017. Archived from the original on 18 January 2019. Retrieved 14 November 2018.
Benuzzi-Mounaix, A.; Koenig, M.; Ravasio, A.; Vinci, T. (2006). "Laser-driven shock waves for the study of extreme matter states". Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion. 48 (12B): B347. Bibcode : 2006PPCF...48B.347B . doi : 10.1088/0741-3335/48/12B/S32 . S2CID 121164044 .
Benuzzi-Mounaix, A.; Koenig, M.; Husar, G.; Faral, B. (June 2002). "Absolute equation of state measurements of iron using laser driven shocks". Physics of Plasmas. 9 (6): 2466. Bibcode : 2002PhPl....9.2466B . doi : 10.1063/1.1478557 .
Schneider, Michael (1996). "Crystal at the Center of the Earth" . Projects in Scientific Computing, 1996. Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center. Archived from the original on 5 February 2007. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
Stixrude, L.; Cohen, R.E. (1995). "High-Pressure Elasticity of Iron and Anisotropy of Earth's Inner Core". Science. 267 (5206): 1972–75. Bibcode : 1995Sci...267.1972S . doi : 10.1126/science.267.5206.1972 . PMID 17770110 . S2CID 39711239 .
Ozawa, H.; al., et (2011). "Phase Transition of FeO and Stratification in Earth's Outer Core". Science. 334 (6057): 792–94. Bibcode : 2011Sci...334..792O . doi : 10.1126/science.1208265 . PMID 22076374 . S2CID 1785237 .
Herndon, J.M. (1980). "The chemical composition of the interior shells of the Earth". Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A372 (1748): 149–54. Bibcode : 1980RSPSA.372..149H . doi : 10.1098/rspa.1980.0106 . JSTOR 2398362 . S2CID 97600604 .
Herndon, J.M. (2005). "Scientific basis of knowledge on Earth's composition" (PDF). Current Science. 88 (7): 1034–37. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-07-30. Retrieved 2012-01-27.
Buffett, Bruce A. (2010). "Tidal dissipation and the strength of the Earth's internal magnetic field". Nature. 468 (7326): 952–94. Bibcode : 2010Natur.468..952B . doi : 10.1038/nature09643 . PMID 21164483 . S2CID 4431270 .
Further reading
Drollette, Daniel (October 1996). "A Spinning Crystal Ball". Scientific American. 275 (4): 28–33. Bibcode : 1996SciAm.275d..28D . doi : 10.1038/scientificamerican1096-28 .
Kruglinski, Susan (June 2007). "Journey to the Center of the Earth" . Discover. Archived from the original on 26 May 2016. Retrieved 9 July 2016.
Lehmann, I (1936). "Inner Earth". Bur. Cent. Seismol. Int. 14: 3–31.
Wegener, Alfred (1966). The origin of continents and oceans . New York: Dover Publications. ISBN
Internal structure of Earth
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Coroner -- “Back to the Future” -- Image Number: COR305_0003 -- Pictured (L - R): Serinda Swan as Dr. Jenny Cooper and Roger Cross as Detective Donovan “Mac” McAvoy -- Photo: Ramona Diaconescu/Muse Entertainment Enterprises, Inc. -- © 2021 Muse Entertainment Enterprises, Inc.
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Canadian crime drama TV series
This article is about the Canadian TV series on the CBC. For the British TV series, see The Coroner .
Coroner
Genre
7 January 2019 (2019-01-07) –7 April 2022 (2022-04-07)
The series stars Serinda Swan as Jenny Cooper, [1] a recently widowed coroner in Toronto who investigates suspicious deaths. [2] [3]
Cast and characters
Serinda Swan as Dr. Jenny Cooper, a former ER doctor now working as a coroner in Toronto, Jenny is dealing with PTSD from the abrupt death of her husband, Dr. David Kalighi, from an aneurysm. Several months after his death, she discovers that he had a heavy gambling problem, leaving significant debts that forces Jenny to sell their home and move out of the city.
Roger Cross as Det. Donovan "Mac" McAvoy, a senior homicide detective who works alongside Jenny investigating various suspicious deaths, meeting her for the first time in the premiere episode. Though somewhat jaded, he is open to many of the theories and conclusions Jenny makes during investigations, and is willing to back her up if she brings enough evidence.
Ehren Kassam as Ross Kalighi, Jenny's gay teenage son, who is grieving the loss of his father, but dealing with resentment for him as well. A promising athlete on his school swim team, Ross steps away from the sport because of his father's death and tries to find himself again.
Éric Bruneau as Liam Bouchard (seasons 1–3; guest season 4), A Canadian Armed Forces veteran Jenny meets while on the job, who works as a handyman. After a one-night stand, they slowly become friends as he helps with repairs around her new home. Due to limited finances, he lives in the woods in a treehouse, 'off the grid'.
Tamara Podemski [a] as Alison Trent (seasons 1–3)
Saad Siddiqui as Dr. Neil Sharma (seasons 1–3)
Lovell Adams-Gray as Dr. Dwayne Allen (season 1; guest season 2)
Kiley May as River Baitz (seasons 2–4; recurring season 1)
Andy McQueen as Det. Malik Abed (seasons 2–4)
Jennifer Dale as Peggy Cooper (seasons 3–4), Jenny's Mom and Gordon's wife
Shawn Ahmed as Alphonse Usmani (seasons 3–4)
Mark Taylor as Clark Coleman (seasons 3–4)
Uni Park as Dr. Melanie Lum-Davis (season 3)
Nicholas Campbell as Gordon Cooper (season 4; recurring seasons 1–3)
Jon De Leon as Dennis Garcia (season 4; recurring season 3)
Thom Allison as Dr. Elijah Thompson (season 4)
Kate Corbett as Cassidy James (season 4)
Graeme Jokic as Matteo (seasons 1–3)
Oluniké Adeliyi as Noor Armias (season 2)
Nicola Correia-Damude as Kelly Hart (season 2)
Jonathan Tan as Dr. Luca Cheng (seasons 3–4)
Sarah Podemski as Kirima Rite (seasons 3–4)
Production and development
The first season consists of eight episodes. [4] Following the finale of the first season, CBC renewed Coroner for an eight-episode second season on 25 March 2019. [5] The third season was announced on 26 May 2020, [6] and premiered on 3 February 2021. [7] [8]
On 2 June 2021, CBC announced the series had been renewed for a fourth season. [9] [10] Production began on the 12-episode fourth season in July 2021, [11] and in November it was announced that the fourth season was scheduled to premiere on 6 January 2022. [12]
In June 2022, Sally Catto , CBC General Manager, announced that Serinda Swan had decided to leave the series, and options were being discussed with its producers. [13]
Series overview
Noelle Carbone & Leah Cameron
3 March 2021 (2021-03-03)
351416-38
N/A
Release
[ edit ]
Coroner premiered on CBC on 7 January 2019, [23] [24] and attracted more than 1 million viewers per episode throughout the first season. [25] The series was subsequently renewed for a second season. [5] Season 2 premiered on 6 January 2020; [26] followed by Season 3 on February 3, 2021. [7] [8] The fourth season premiered on 6 January 2022. [27] [28]
In September 2018, Cineflix Rights acquired the global distribution rights to Coroner. [29]
In October 2018, NBCUniversal International Networks acquired Coroner from Cineflix Rights for their channels in the UK, Germany, France, Spain, Poland, Africa, Latin America, Brazil and Australia. [30] [31]
Season 1 premiered in the United Kingdom on Universal TV on 21 January 2019. [32] Cineflix announced that the broadcast of Coroner in the UK was Universal TV's strongest ever series launch. [33] After the shut down of Universal TV in January 2020 with the takeover of Sky Group by Comcast and the subsequent merger of operations, [34] Season 2 premiered in the UK on Sky Witness on 29 July 2020. [35] Season 3 premiered on 22 February 2021. [36]
UK's Channel 4 acquired the first and second seasons in May 2020 [37] [38] and began broadcasting the series on the More4 channel on 6 May 2021. [39]
In the United States, The CW acquired the broadcast rights to the series in June 2020. [40] Coroner premiered in the U.S. on 5 August 2020. [41] Season 2 premiered on 7 October 2020. [42] Season 3 premiered on 19 August 2021. [43] [44] Season 4 premiered on 2 October 2022. [45] [46]
^ Podemski was credited as part of the main cast during her sole appearance in the third season.
Super Agent Jon Le Bon! (since 2018)
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Coroner (TV series)
| 2,285 |
298 | will there be another series of the coroner | https://tvseriesfinale.com/tv-show/coroner-season-five-has-the-cw-tv-series-been-cancelled-or-renewed-yet/ | by Telly Vulture
Vulture Watch
Jenny is determined to start anew after suffering a loss. Has the Coroner TV show been cancelled or renewed for a fifth season on The CW? The television vulture is watching all the latest cancellation and renewal news, so this page is the place to track the status of Coroner, season five. Bookmark it, or subscribe for the latest updates . Remember, the television vulture is watching your shows. Are you?
What’s This TV Show About?
Airing on The CW television network, the Coroner TV show stars Serinda Swan, Roger Cross, Andy McQueen, Ehren Kassam, Kiley May, Jon De Leon, and Thom Allison. Recurring players in the fourth season include Éric Bruneau, Mark Taylor, Jennifer Dale, Jonathan Tan, Sarah Podemski, and Gordon Cooper. The series follows the life of widowed Doctor Jenny Cooper (Swan), a coroner who investigates any suspicious, unnatural, or sudden deaths in the city of Toronto. Jenny taps into her intuition, as much as her intellect and heart, as she solves cases. In season four, Jenny is fresh from a recent loss but is determined to start anew. She tackles a myriad of new mysterious cases, while ring-leading the circus that is her life. To cope with grief, she dives into her work, but a new face in the office causes Jenny to re-examine her relationship with life and death. Jenny will move from isolation to openness this season and realize that the voices of the dead can help her to make sense of the life she is living.
Season Four Ratings
The fourth season of Coroner averaged a 0.04 rating in the 18-49 demographic and 354,000 viewers in the live+same day ratings (including DVR playback through 3:00 AM). Compared to season three , that’s down by 54% in the demo and down by 44% in viewership. While these numbers don’t include further delayed or streaming viewing, they are a very good indicator of how a show is performing, especially when compared to others on the same channel. There can be other economic factors involved in a show’s fate, but typically the higher-rated series are renewed and the lower-rated ones are cancelled. Find out how Coroner stacks up against other The CW TV shows .
The CW As of February 28, 2025, Coroner has not been cancelled or renewed for a fifth season. Stay tuned for further updates.
Telly’s Take
Will The CW cancel or renew Coroner for season five? If a fifth season of this Canadian series is produced, I think the network will air it. However, that’s a big “if.” Following the completion of season four, Swan revealed that she didn’t want to continue with the series. Theoretically, Coroner could be reworked to go on without its main character, but that seems unlikely to happen. I’ll update this page with breaking developments. Subscribe for free alerts on Coroner cancellation or renewal news.
Coroner Cancellation & Renewal Related Links
What do you think? Do you hope that the Coroner TV show will be renewed for a fifth season? How would you feel if The CW cancelled this TV series, instead?
Check out our CW status sheet to track the smallest network’s new series pickups, renewals, and cancellations. You can find lists of cancelled shows here .
December 18, 2022
April 8, 2022
October 21, 2021
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August 5, 2020
December 1, 2024 9:01 pm
If she Is gone I have no desire to watch any longer.
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June 1, 2024 9:54 pm
Would love the program to continue, so many loose ends need to be tied up and loved watching it every week!
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Gaile
Coroner great series hope it stays
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Definitely
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July 2, 2023 7:32 pm
Love love this show!!! Please bring it back!!!! I look forward to it every week!!!
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Carole
March 16, 2023 10:07 am
I love this show please bring it back and also in the dark that was on CW those two were the best so please keep them coming thank you
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Floride
February 15, 2023 7:28 pm
Enjoyed watching Coroner from the start. There is still a storyline for several characters, how about Det. Malik, Dr. Elijah, River Baitz? Even if the principal character is dealing with loss, the storyline can continue and we can all discover where it will take us. Careers change, people move onto different projects, relationships etc, perhaps Coroner can adapt with the changing storyline, cast have already been introduced- see where it goes. Just a suggestion. I’d like to see the possibilities.
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Lexie
December 22, 2022 8:55 pm
I just watched the season finale & somehow missed how her sister Katy died?
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Susan
December 21, 2022 2:54 am
Coroner had run its course when her whole family got involved. Ep1 showed an even more eclectic cast and the season finale was just a terrible ending for a lead’s Swan song
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December 15, 2022 9:27 am
There’s the last 2 eps to go next week, but I can easily see this going on without Swan. They’ve built up the other characters this season, plus the addition of Dr Thompson-so why not?
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Zach
December 12, 2022 10:47 pm
I’d love to see this even without Serinda, though I love her. I’d watch it for its eclectic cast and focus on First Nations communities and social justice issues alone.
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November 13, 2022 10:06 pm
The Coroner is a great show! The cast, from Jenny and Det McIvoie and her family and all the other great cast members who make the show so fulsome! The scrips are dynamite as are the scenes. Everything meshes. Dynamite show! My number one for the week!
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Tammy
Such a fabulous show!! Please continue!!
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Coroner Season 5 seems unlikely as major cast exit signals series' end
Coroner Season 5 seems unlikely as major cast exit signals series' end
What's your opinion?
Coroner Season 5 seems unlikely as major cast exit signals series' end
Discuss Now
Coroner Season 5 seems unlikely after Serinda Swan left the franchise (Image via Hulu)
Coroner season 5 is majorly awaited, after the fourth season ended on April 7, 2022, with 12 episodes. Morwyn Brebar developed the famous Canadian CBC police drama, based on Jenny Cooper novels by the British author M.R. Hall.
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Coroner premiered on January 7, 2019, on CBC and ran for three seasons until 2022. CBC renewed it for a fourth season, which aired on January 6, 2022.
As per the TV Line article, published on August 23, 2023, the General Manager of CBC Entertainment, Sally Catto announced that Serinda Swan, who played the protagonist Dr. Jenny Cooper is leaving the series. As per recent updates, it is highly unlikely that fans will be receiving Coroner season 5.
Here's a riveting new look at Apple's new medical drama: CLICK HERE
Serinda Swan is not coming back for Coroner season 5
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In the series Coroner, Serinda Swan plays the role of its central character Dr. Jenny Cooper. She was a former ER Doctor, who was shifted to Toronto being assigned as the coroner. Jenny is a widow suffering from the traumatic death of her husband Dr. David Kalighi.
Suffering from PTSD , and heavy debt from her former partner, Jenny tries her very best to start a new life with her teenage son. After encountering some mysterious deaths in the city, Jenny Cooper soon begins an inspection of the evidence to find the true culprits behind them.
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Serinda Swan has denied to do Coroner Season 5 (Image via Hulu)
As per reports, when the fans were anticipating Coroner season 5, Sally Catto, the producer, quoted a statement on the future of the series. In an article on Brioux, published on June 2, 2022, she stated,
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“Serinda Swan has made the decision to leave the series to focus on new creative endeavours including directing, and we are now discussing options with the producers in light of her departure. We respect Serinda’s decision to begin a new creative journey and thank her for her dedication and commitment to bringing Dr. Jenny Cooper to life.”
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Currently, CBC has not confirmed any possibility of the revival of Coroner season 5. According to a CBC reporter, Serinda Swan left the series to explore new creative ventures, including directing. The Canadian actress has directed episode 6 of season 4, titled Young Legend, which was released on March 3, 2022.
Serinda Swan received recognition for playing Medusa in MCU's Inhumans in 2017. The actress recently played Karla Dixon in the second season of Amazon Prime Video's Reacher .
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What happens in Coroner season 4
Jenny and Donovan go on a journey to navigate their past trauma (Image via Hulu)
After the uneventful death of her lover Liam, Jenny Cooper takes herself into a brief period of isolation. She finds herself encountering her past traumas back again and believes that everyone close to her is supposed to die. But strange events, strange events follow her as she encounters a mysterious dead body.
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Jenny teams up with Donovan back again for new investigations but finds it difficult to come to terms with the newly appointed coroner. Coroner Dr. Alijah Thompson is a gifted investigator but has his own set of rules.
Eventually, Jenny learns to collaborate with her new co-worker as they investigate a fatal car accident. Coroner Season 4 becomes a journey for both Jenny and Donovan to make peace with their past, and rebuild the path to their future.
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
British daytime drama television series
This article is about a British TV series. For the Canadian TV series on the CBC, see Coroner (TV series) . For the 2009 novel by M.R. Hall, see The Coroner (novel) .
The Coroner
16 November 2015 (2015-11-16) –2 December 2016 (2016-12-02)
On 2 March 2017, the BBC announced that the series had been cancelled after two series. [6]
Jane Kennedy returns to Lighthaven as the local coroner . She works with Davey Higgins, a Detective Sergeant in the South Dart police; they were childhood sweethearts until he broke her heart. They investigate any sudden, violent or unexplained deaths in the South Hams district of South Devon. Also featuring are Beth, Kennedy's 15-year-old daughter; Judith, Kennedy's mother; Judith's boyfriend, Mick Sturrock; and Clint Holman, Coroner's Officer. [2]
Matt Bardock as Davey Higgins, Detective Sergeant
Beatie Edney as Judith Kennedy, Jane's mother
Ivan Kaye as Mick Sturrock, landlord of The Black Dog
Oliver Gomm as Clint Holman, Coroner’s Officer
Grace Hogg-Robinson as Beth Kennedy, Jane's daughter
Sally Abbott created The Coroner from an idea by Will Trotter, executive producer and head of BBC Drama Birmingham, about a woman coroner aged about 40 and in a location such as the Cotswolds or Devon. The series would have self-contained stories with drama and humour; a formula successfully used in Father Brown from the same production team. The characters, Jane and Davey, were based on Katharine Hepburn and Spencer Tracy in Adam's Rib with the unresolved sexual tension between them. Abbott wrote the Davey character with Matt Bardock in mind. She created four other characters to complete the cast. [7]
According to the BBC, the series is not inspired by M R Hall 's "Jenny Cooper" novels, including The Coroner . Hall stated he was "unhappy" about the "enormous similarities", but the BBC say any resemblance with his books – also about an unusually pro-active, Land Rover driving, forty-something female solicitor who after a failed relationship returns to the West Country (albeit in different areas) to take up the post of coroner – are purely coincidental. [8] [9] The novels would later be made into a Canadian television series.
The production office was located at Dartington where some interior scenes were filmed. Filming began in mid-April 2015 for 15 weeks. The episodes were divided into blocks of two with the same director, assistant director, and director of photography. [10]
Locations included Hope Cove , Dartmouth , Torquay , and Broadsands Beach , Paignton . The Mansion, now a community building, in Totnes was used as the Coroner's Court. A brass plate was attached to the brickwork. The exterior and interior of Oldway Mansion is used as Lighthaven's town hall. The Old Customs House in Bayard's Cove, Dartmouth is the location of the Coroners office. [11] [12]
The set for The Black Dog Inn is the derelict Crooked Spaniards Inn, Cargreen , Cornwall . The tower at Gribben Head , Cornwall featured in the first episode. [13]
The Old Custom House, Bayards Cove
The derelict Crooked Spaniards
Gribben Tower, Gribben Head
16 November 2015 (2015-11-16)
A 16-year-old teenager, Steve Kernan, is found dead at the foot of a tower and Detective Sergeant Davey Higgins believes it was a suicide, but Jane disagrees when the investigation uncovers an abusive father, a pregnant girlfriend, a possessive father, and Kernan's best friend, Matt Wickens; he was with Beth Kennedy the night Kernan died.
2
2
Matt Carter
Al Smith
17 November 2015 (2015-11-17)
Three bodies wash up on shore during one month. Jane is convinced they are mismanaged sea burials but Davey disagrees, believing that the latest is a local man who was lost at sea during the past fortnight. Each is determined to prove the other wrong and, as various facts come to light – a £75,000 robbery at a local casino, a fake Rolex watch, a tattoo on the missing man's body – the truth emerges. Another clue comes from one of three rival undertakers that Clint Holman has questioned.
3
3
Matt Carter
David Bowker
18 November 2015 (2015-11-18)
The local mayor, Una Drake, closes down a Punch and Judy show on the beach. The puppeteer is found dead the following morning. Then the mayor is found murdered in a hotel room. Davey and Jane look for a connection between the two deaths from the dead man's drunken friend, the hotel resident singer, the mayor's estranged husband and their daughter.
4
4
At the reopening of his first fish restaurant, Peter Bradshaw is shot dead by a sniper. Davey's investigation is undermined by Detective Inspector Ben Marshall from Scotland Yard, who believes the killing has international connections. Bradshaw's wife had recently withdrawn £100,000, and pink diamonds they owned are missing. A male lover of Bradshaw's surfaces. An old army colleague is a likely suspect but he has an alibi. Judith must have bumped into the killer while eating an ice cream leaving a possible clue.
5
5
"Gilt"
20 November 2015 (2015-11-20)
Errol Prowse reports to Jane the finding of buried gold coins by his small group of treasure hunters. After their celebration in the pub, he is found dead in his locked-and-bolted home the following morning. Davey thinks he has died of natural causes but Jane is not so sure. The circumstances become suspicious when it is found that Prowse has been poisoned and that the coins are fake. The suspects include the staff of the local museum.
6
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"Capsized"
23 November 2015 (2015-11-23)
25-year-old Ian Igby, out on probation for theft, is found dead in a container, one of many washed up on the beaches of South Devon from a sunken ship. Igby is suspected at first of being one of the many looters salvaging the cargo, and the investigation leads to his girlfriend, his probation officer, and his girlfriend's father, (who was also his employer in the docks). Jane and Davey have to break a wall of silence to uncover the truth, and are not helped by Judith and Mick, who have also been salvaging the goods from the containers.
7
7
24 November 2015 (2015-11-24)
When 18-year-old Leah Walker walks ashore, risen like a Selkie , her parents are stunned after having buried her seven months ago, her body having been discovered five months after she had disappeared overboard from her father's boat. Suffering amnesia, she begins to remember where she had been held and the evidence implicates her godfather Tim Morris, who is subsequently murdered, and Leah's father is arrested. Jane becomes involved in discovering who was the girl buried in Leah's place and why the pathologist got the DNA identification wrong. This is the only episode of Series 1 not to feature the Coroner's Court final sequence. Instead Jane is seen putting flowers into the sea for the unidentified dead girl.
8
8
25 November 2015 (2015-11-25)
The patriarch of a local aristocratic family is found stabbed to death. His dysfunctional family includes: his son, his daughter, the son's teenage daughter, and a writer employed to write the history of a valuable violin belonging to Napoleon. The violin is missing and the investigation reveals: that the father suffered from depression; that the son is suffering from early-onset Parkinson's disease; that the daughter is suffering from agoraphobia; that the granddaughter (the son's teenage daughter), is of a morose nature, seemingly because she had not seen her own mother who had disappeared when the girl was four years old; and that the writer has a prison record.
9
9
26 November 2015 (2015-11-26)
Robert Talbot, the owner of an ice-cream factory, is found dead in a walk-in freezer which has a defective lock, by his factory manager of 40 years. The successful factory was in the process of being sold. Jane suspects his glamorous wife, whose previous two husbands died mysteriously, while Davey suspects the son, who has debts, but the son has an alibi provided by the factory manager, who is heartbroken because she did not have the freezer lock repaired. Jane and Davey fall out over their opinions and Clint is avoiding the son.
10
10
Ann Marie Di Mambro
27 November 2015 (2015-11-27)
During Lighthaven's Latin American Dance Festival, Cuban dancer, Isabella Martinez, dies in the street. Her body is stolen from the mortuary and found later washed up on a beach with the stomach cut open. Jane and Davey question the festival organisers, who paid for her air ticket from Cuba. Meanwhile, Jane becomes friendly with an Egyptian doctor, who is practicing illegally, whilst seeking asylum in the UK. Davey arrests the dead girl's brother when he discovers his name differs from hers.
Series 2 (2016)
21 November 2016 (2016-11-21)
The chief instructor, Rafe, of a skydiving school "The Drop Zone" falls to his death when his main and reserve parachutes fail to open. The parachutes having been tampered with leads to suspicion of murder by one of his colleagues. When Jane receives a medical report that he had a terminal illness suicide becomes another possibility. Rafe's personal relationships with his wife and colleagues have to be unravelled to solve the death. Beth defies her mother by using an isolated beach riddled with quicksand.
12
2
22 November 2016 (2016-11-22)
The remains of a newborn baby wrapped in 1970s newspaper is found in a cottage condemned by coastal erosion. A nearby closed children's home, Greyvale, and interviewing the uncooperative former residents and staff leads Jane and Davey to three sisters; one of whom, Lisa Millar is missing. Lee Millar, the brother, another resident of the home, visiting from America, who knows more than he is admitting and has tried to protect his sisters lead Jane to mistakenly suspect incest.
13
3
23 November 2016 (2016-11-23)
The Falmouth coastguard calls out the Angel Cove lifeboat to investigate a red flare one mile west of Seal Island. Two crew, the only women crew members, one of whom is the coxswain are swept overboard, and only the coxswain survives. Sabotage to the victim's life jacket and the subsequent murder of another crew member leads Davey and Jane to investigate the rest of the crew. Mick, a former crew member, is attacked pointing to a previous rescue of a man that later killed.
14
4
24 November 2016 (2016-11-24)
Beth, camping with friends, overnight on the moors is frightened by animal noises and discovers a savaged sheep. Posting a picture on social media arouses the interest of local journalist Ben Fairhead of the Lighthaven Star. Fairhead believes the picture will convince the locals and police of his belief that a big cat is loose on the moors. When he is found dead on the moors, Jane and Davey delve into his past and the murder of his mother 15 years previously by his father, who was known as the Beast of Lighthaven.
15
5
25 November 2016 (2016-11-25)
Tam Bryant the owner of The Captain's Pipe public house and a bitter rival of Mick's is found dead beneath a rock fall at an inaccessible cove. Davey arrests Mick as the evidence points to his involvement in the death. Mick implores Jane to prove his innocence but his reluctance to cooperate hinders the investigation. A smugglers' tunnel is discovered in the shape of a pipe under the pub and evidence of an explosion leads to a builder and his wife, renovating the pub, with past relationships with Tam and Mick.
16
6
"Life"
28 November 2016 (2016-11-28)
A false tip-off about the location of a missing girl's body and the death of an inmate in prison from a drug overdose brings Jane and Davey together to investigate the dead man and his cell mate, Sidney Sutton who is awaiting an appeal of his conviction for the killing of the missing girl. A prisoner and a prison guard, Ben Arnold, go missing and Sutton's appeal is successful. Ben Arnold kidnaps Beth and takes her to a well where the missing girl is buried. This is the only Series 2 episode that uses the 'Coroner's Court' closing sequence seen in Series 1. All other Series 2 episodes use a closing sequence related to the episode's storyline.
17
7
A window cleaner found dead next to a car he does not own turns out to have multiple identities and had been using a dating agency "Perfect Pair". The owner of the car, prominent businessman Jason Daniels, claims his car had been stolen despite the window cleaner using the car on numerous occasions. Jane and Davey's investigation reveals they led a dual life using the dating website to meet women, providing multiple suspects and motives to murder either one.
18
8
30 November 2016 (2016-11-30)
A newspaper official notice of Oliver Foxby applying to the court to issue a death certificate for his brother Jerry who disappeared 20 years earlier after murdering a call-girl whose body had never been found. Jane is called by an unwell woman claiming to have information who is subsequently murdered. Identification of the woman as the call-girl with thousands of pounds in a safe deposit box leads to Davey arresting Oliver for murder and the possibility that Jerry had been murdered as well.
19
9
1 December 2016 (2016-12-01)
Davey is dealing with the theft of a cash van by robbers dressed as pirates during the Lighthaven pirate festival while Jane is dealing with a body washed up on the beach. A tattoo on the dead man identifies him as part of a fisherman's darts team Mick belongs to and when the wife misidentifies the dead man as her husband; Davey and Jane believe the two events are linked; together with a closed fish market, where the cash van is found and the darts team worked, now owned by cash strapped businessman Don Shapur ( Ramon Tikaram ).
20
10
"Crash"
2 December 2016 (2016-12-02)
17-year-old Ellie Pearson dies in a car accident. The post mortem reveals her body had been moved from the car which killed her and evidence of the driver removed. The close family ties of Ellie's mother and aunt Cath, whose husband is a policeman and their son who is going to university, Beth's best friend, Megan, who fell out with Ellie over a secret boyfriend confuses the investigation. Ellie's mother, aunt and her husband all went to the same senior school as Jane and Dave, who realise a vindictive Cath broke up their childhood romance at the school-leaving dance leading each to marry the wrong person.
Both series are available on DVD in the UK. They have also been released in Germany and Australia. All of these releases are PAL format. NTSC format DVDs will be released in the USA in 2018. Although being one of the first BBC drama series to be shot in 4K resolution, there have been no blu-rays released in either 4K or high definition in any region to date.
"The Coroner" . BBC . Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 11 January 2016.
Abbott, Sally (12 November 2015). "Creating 'The Coroner' for BBC One" . BBC Writers Room. Archived from the original on 3 December 2015. Retrieved 18 November 2015.
"Bone of contention" . Law Society Gazette . The Law Society of England and Wales. 20 November 2015. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
O'Reagan, Mike (August–September 2015). "BBC TV's 'The Coroner'" . By The Dart (Interview). Archived from the original on 19 November 2015. Retrieved 18 November 2015.
External links
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Ms. Nude Argentina (by herself)Pumpkin, Bambi, My Angel, My Pride and Joy (by Bob )Hot Donna (on WFPP Radio Station)D, Big Red, Godzilla, Big Bone Magoo, Carnation Instant Bitch, Double Dillhole, Young Lady, Sweetie (by Eric )Sexy Schoolgirl (by Fez )Granny, Granny Panties, Esmeralda (by Hyde )Big D (by Kelso )Lumberjack (by Jackie )The Neighbor Girl (by Red )Pretty Lady, Cherry Pie (by Mitch )Mom (by Leia )Mrs. Forman (by Gwen )
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Michael – College is for ugly girls who can't get modeling contracts
Donna – No, college is for women who don't want to marry the first idiot they meet and squeeze out his bastard moron children
―Donna tells Kelso what's up [src]
Donna Marie Pinciotti-Forman is the female lead on FOX comedy That '70s Show and a recurring character in That '90s Show . She is the daughter of Midge and Bob Pinciotti . She is Eric Forman 's wife. She is Leia Forman 's mother. She is portrayed by Laura Prepon .
Contents
Character
Donna is the tall (5’11 ½”) red-haired neighbor girl, characterized as an intelligent, rather physically strong, athletic teenager with a strong ideological mindset. She is often outwardly confident and strong - sometimes to the point of coming across as arrogant or self-righteous. However, despite her stubbornness, she is usually quite laid back and easy going, and though her sarcastic comments may come at the expense of others, she is still a rather fair and kind individual. Her boyish attitude and personal interests are reflective to those of a typical tomboy. However, in spite of her "cool" and "laidback" nature, she also uses these qualities to deal with her personal issues. An example of this is how she tends to act sarcastic around her father and mother, Midge & Bob Pinciotti , whom she has had a shaky relationship with as a result of them having her when they were still in high school.
Although generally outgoing and kind, Donna tends to have some difficulty expressing her true feelings - and by extension - her feminine side in general, often resulting in her acting awkward in the face of her romantic endeavours. This is seen through her relationship with Eric who, although more nervous around her than she is, him, she tends to act embarrassed around - especially when the topic of her personal feelings towards him are brought up by other members of her friend group (namely, Hyde and Jackie.) She usually does this out of a fear of displaying traditional feminine traits, which she views as a betrayal of her feministic values. Though uncomfortable with acting girlish, however, she is not above displaying her feminine side. While she tends to dress in a tomboyish fashion, she has also been seen donning skirts and dresses for special occasions, but mostly wears jeans and pants in her day to day life. In addition to her feministic ideology, she also tends to be a very supportive and helpful person - sticking by people like Hyde and Fez, who sometimes make racy, almost invasive comments towards her.
Donna also seems to maintain a generally positive, optimistic outlook. While she may use nihilism and worst-circumstances as a punchline for the witty comments she dishes out, she is often friendly, kind, and accepting to those around her. Furthermore, she is rarely shown to be irritable or cranky, although she can come off as moody and irritated if circumstances in her life lead her to feeling frustrated. This is best seen in the finale of Season 1, where Donna is noticeably bothered by her parents fighting, and outwardly verbally lashes out at Jackie for discussing what she did at the mall.
Series arc
Donna has grown up one of the guys, hanging out with Kelso, Eric and Hyde since she was very young. She comes across as laid back, but is not afraid to give out to the guys when they are being idiots or sexist. She enjoys hanging out with the guys, but has outside interests such as writing poetry and short stories, and dreams of living in New York as a writer or a DJ one day. These dreams often clash with Eric's conservative views of what marriage is and what kind of future he wants for him and Donna, which is why they break up at one point. Hyde understands this, while Eric at first refuses to acknowledge their differences.
Hyde – Look, Forman. I get what you’re trying to do. You know, you’re trying to... lock her up. Seal the deal. And, alls I’m saying is... (clears throat) maybe Donna’s not that kinda girl
Eric – OK, you don’t know as much as you think, Hyde. So you need to just shut up
―Just before the break-up [src]
Donna's job as a radio DJ, to Eric, takes priority over their relationship, as Donna blows off their dates. While Donna genuinely feels she is right to do this, as she is following her dreams of becoming a music journalist, her actions provoke a bad response in the normally even-keeled Eric, who feels Donna is not taking him and their relationship seriously. Eric breaks up with Donna when she returns his promise ring and much awkwardness ensued over rights to the basement and trying to get along while exploring new romances. Donna is bemused at just how many girls are interested in Eric and happily mocks his attempts at finding a new girlfriend, although when some of them work, she does not take it quite as well and later confesses it hurt her when Eric started dating.
Her mother Midge leaving her father and moving to California, followed by her father's relationship with Joanne Stupac, does not help matters. Donna starts dating Casey Kelso , Kelso's older brother. Though flaky and rather older than her, Donna considers Casey a real winner of a boyfriend, seeming to her good natured, laid back, and easy going. Donna feels she is hit the jackpot with Casey and everyone else agrees – except Eric, who sees Casey for what he is: an oversexed frat boy who just wants to date Donna until he is bored. Eric tries to warn Donna but she ignores him.
Casey dumps Donna in front of Bob and the Formans
When Kitty and Eric witness Donna drunk in the middle of a school day at the Hub with Casey, Kitty rallies Red and Bob to bring an end to relationship with Eric awkwardly overseeing the proceedings while Hyde, Kelso, Jackie and Fez listen from the kitchen. Donna is more than ready and willing to fight for Casey, who she thinks loves her, but Casey is not ready or willing to fight for her and he readily agrees to break up with her when Red puts the pressure on. Casey lazily says that Donna is a great girl and fun to hang out with, but he stated the relationship has gotten to be too much of a hassle. The realizations of her own over-confidence, poor judgement and being dumped in front of the people who means the most to her come as quite a shock to Donna, who regards herself as an ideal feminist, but who had fallen for the exact kind of jerk she always swore she had never look twice at.
Kelso and Donna run away to California
Hurt, humiliated and heartbroken, Donna turns to the one person she thinks still truly cares for her - old boyfriend Eric Forman. Eric offers his sympathy, but when a shaken up, crying Donna tells him she wants to be his girlfriend again, Eric refuses believing that she did not really want him for who he is but simply wanted a way to feel better about herself and would most likely dump him when someone better came along. A tearful Donna pleaded with him to take her back but he refused to be her "second choice". Was he just a rebound? Unable to handle being rejected by her first love, an emotionally-wrecked Donna fled Point Place for California alongside Kelso, where she crashed with her mother and tried to sort out her feelings. She decided she truly did love Eric and tried to call him but could not get hold of him; she suspected he no longer wanted her and moved on to another girlfriend and became rather depressed. But then, to her delight, Eric showed up in California looking for her, and the two reunited and returned to Point Place.
Eric proposes to Donna
Shortly after their return, Bob punishes Donna's disappearance without a word by transferring her to Catholic school for her senior year, which Donna despised, to put some distance between her and Eric. This only furthers the Romeo & Juliet aspect of Eric going to California for Donna, in their relationship and Eric ignores the objections of their friends and proposes to Donna at the Water Tower and she accepts. Once Red and Kitty find out about the engagement, they are shocked, Kitty in particular, who claims that Donna is trying to snatch her "baby" away from her. Despite enduring a great deal of flack from Red (far more than usual) Red eventually accepts his son had become a man and gave them his blessing.
Donna and Eric prepare to leave Point Place after graduation to attend college in Madison. However, just as they were packing their stuff in the Vista Cruiser , Fez and Laurie announced their marriage. Red was so shocked he had a heart attack, and as a result Eric had to stay in Point Place and help support the family. Donna also gave up going to college in Madison so that she could stay with Eric. Eventually though, their wedding fell through at the end of season 6 when Eric, worried that marrying Donna would eventually leave him because this is not the life she wanted, did not to show up for their rehearsal.
When Eric leaves for Africa, Eric and Donna are still together. However, Donna tells her friends that Eric had broken up with her, when Fez and Jackie suspect that she is cheating on Eric with the new guy, Randy. Donna tells them that Eric broke up with her three weeks earlier. There were hints leading up to the breakup when Eric called Kitty but not Donna, even though she was awake at 4AM waiting for him to call her. Also, when Donna was at the Formans' for Red & Kitty's 25th anniversary, Eric called his parents and Kitty gave the phone to Donna, but Eric spoke to her only briefly before bailing out, claiming he had to "go teach".
Eric and her shared a kiss after he returned to Point Place for New Years Eve. Before this, she dated Randy after the break up with Eric, and then realized her relationship with Randy would interfere with her plans of seeing the world, and a possibility that she was still in love with Eric so she broke it off. Eric and Donna two got back together and get married in the future. Donna is last seen running upstairs to the living room in an effort not to call Red a "Dumbass".
Relationships
Hyde and Donna dancing
Hyde and Donna are in many ways a great match, which is displayed in their close friendship throughout the series – Donna talks to Hyde when her parents have problems, and leans on Hyde when Eric ditches her before their wedding. Hyde feels they would make a great romantic match as well, but Donna chooses Eric, which is later argued to be the right choice in Eric's subconscious by his guardian angel (which could be construed as the show shutting down any notion of Hyde and Donna for good). Hyde is very sweet in his pursuit of Donna at first, even having Kitty teach him how to dance so he can dance with Donna. Later, while Donna shows obvious interest in Eric, she also makes her disinterest in Hyde's blatant advances clear.
Hyde flirting with Donna
Hyde and Donna are very similar: Both do not display vulnerable emotions often, although their good hearts often betray their sentiments, they are laid back, very intelligent and very direct and honest with their friends. The major difference, however, is that Donna comes from a stable, loving home, while Steven does not and even so, Donna needs the stability of Eric's parents when hers act immaturely and neglect to provide Donna with a 'normal' home life.
Donna has been lifelong friends with Eric, having grown up next door to each other in the fictional Wisconsin suburb of Point Place . As she puts it when he is leaving for Africa, "You've lived 20 steps away from me my entire life, and now what am I supposed to do without you?" She lost her virginity to Eric and at first found it awkward and weird, but assured Eric that with "practice" they would find it enjoyable. And to both of their delight, very frequent.
Their relationship has been tumultuous at times, having suffered two break ups since the show began. However during the majority of the time since the show aired, Eric and Donna have been in a serious, stable relationship, and they often act as the "parents" of the group, being mature and responsible when their friends are not so. This was sometimes threatened by the fact that he feels inferior to her, especially during the third season when she gets a job as a radio personality named "Hot Donna."
Though with each time their relationship went on the rock, they always come back together. Even when Eric left Donna at the altar and broke up with her when he was in Africa, the two always reconciled their strong feelings for each other.
Donna hallucinating Hyde and Fez's heads
They start off as "just friends" until they begin dating around Valentines day. During their relationship, Donna learns that Randy had dated a lot of women in Point Place. When her father had admitted to her that he bought a place in Florida and put the house on the market, she grew upset. It grew worse when she learned that he couldn't remove her childhood house from the market as it had sold. It was around this time that Randy invited her to move in with him.
Donna, Randy, and Randy's dog.
At first she agrees, but once at his apartment and introduced to his dog as its "new mommy" she grew weirded out and broke up with him. He tries to win her back by making a mix tape, but she decides that they were better as friends.
Quotes
(In Fez's accent) "My name is Fez, I love candy! Whore! Good-day, I said good day."
"What the Hell?"
"I'm gonna snap that little monkey like a twig!”
—Donna about Eric [src]
"(Donna) Keep It up, and you'll be having sex with yourself."
"Keep in mind Hyde, you're being called a Stooge, by a stooge, while a third stooge *Points to Eric* sits idly by.
"Get bent."
Trivia
In the episode " Eric's Birthday ", Kelso mentions that Donna is older than Eric. Donna replies that she's only a month older. Her birthday was said to be in July. But because of Eric's birthday in May, and her being a month older, her birthday would be in April.
Another mixup in her birthday is that in another episode, her birthday is taken place in February, about the time of Valentine's Day (even though the episode takes place late into 1979), which would conclude Eric's birthday is in March, which he delusionally prompted saying in a season 5 episode.
In the episode " Ice Shack ", Donna reveals her favorite pizza topping, according to her, her last name is Pinciotti, and if she (and accidentally Eric) could change anything about herself it would be "My Wiley Coyote feet".
Donna owns a car but rarely seems to use it, it is only seen once in " Going Mobile ".
In the episode " Eric's Burger Job ", it was revealed that Donna had a younger sister named Tina Pinciotti . However, after this episode, she was never seen or mentioned again. She had been written out of the show's plot. In the episode " Eric's Birthday ", Donna was also mentioned to have an older sister named Valerie Pinciotti , but she also was written out of the show's plot. For the rest of the series, starting with the episode " Vanstock ", it would always be mentioned that Donna is an only child.
In " Misty Mountain Hop " she mentions that she had taken ballet.
In the first six seasons Donna had red hair, then in the last two seasons she changed her hair into blonde. The true reason for Donna having blonde hair in the last two seasons is because Laura Prepon was working on the film Karla which was released in 2006. Karla Homolka (based on the real-life Canadian serial killer) had natural blonde hair, so Prepon had to dye her hair blonde and the hair color change was added into the show.
In That 90s Show Donna went back to her natural red hair, but this time Prepon had actually wore a red haired wig due to her having dyed black hair. She went back to her natural red hair by the time season 2 started production, but still wore a wig because her real hair was too short for Donna's character.
In the episode " Fun It ", when the gang steals Fatso the Clown statue from Fatso Burger Donna (excited about also stealing the statue) exclaims "I can go to a girl prison this freakin rocks!". Ironically, seven years after the ending of That 70s show Laura Prepon would play a prison inmate Alex Vause in the Netflix television series Orange is the New Black where the show mainly takes place in a women's prison.
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Episodes
1
Christina "Tina" Rose Pinciotti is the younger sister of Donna Pinciotti . She made her first and only appearance in the episode Eric's Burger Job and would shortly after be written off the show, leaving Donna as an only child.
Contents
Character[
Her only appearance was in the episode " Eric's Burger Job " where she was seen at Donna's party flirting with Fez . There was one other mention of her in a later episode, " Vanstock ".
Tina was a 5’6” redhead like her sister, and she was three years younger. At the time of her only appearance, she was said to be 14. Her sister, Donna , was 17 at the time.
The only other time she was mentioned was in the season 2 episode, "Vanstock," where, in the closing credits, the question of what happened to her was asked. This was a humorous reference to how she disappeared from the show after just one appearance.
In later episodes it was alluded to that Donna was an only child, effectively writing Tina out of the show. However it is possible she actually still exists and was simply in high school at the time.
Appearances[
Trivia[
Tina was written out of the series, either during or after season 1 because the creators wanted Donna to be an only child. After she was gone, there was never any mention of her existence among the other characters.
At the end of the episode Vanstock , an announcer for the show, parodying that of a Soap Opera announcer, asked the question "What ever happened to Midge 's daughter, Tina?", making a reference to her unexplained removal from the show.
A similar situation happened in an earlier episode, Eric's Birthday , where Donna mentioned that she had an older sister named Valerie . She was of course, never seen on screen or mentioned again, without any explanation, whatsoever.
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KELSO AND JACKIE - FANS SUPPORTED
Kelso and Jackie had perfect chemistry together which makes a lot of sense considering the fact that Ashton Kutcher and Mila Kunis are now happily married with kids.
Funnily enough, Mila Kunis's first kiss was with Ashton Kutcher while filming That 70s Show. It was her first kiss and it will be her last kiss! How sweet is that? Jackie and Kelso had their issues (he would frequently cheat on her) but when they were together you could tell how much they truly loved each other.
JACKIE AND FEZ - FANS REJECTED
Jackie and Fez's relationship is arguably one of the most forced pairings in television history. It is one of those tired tropes where the beautiful girl chooses the "nice guy" in the end, but unfortunately, Fez wasn't the "nice guy" that she was so quick to claim him to be.
ERIC AND DONNA - FANS SUPPORTED
Eric and Donna are the quintessential pairing on That 70s Show. They are the glue that holds the series together, a series all about friends with opposing personalities. Eric and Donna are pretty different when it comes to their social status and personalities, yet their oppositions only work to complement each other rather than make things worse.
They are best friends as well as lovers and they truly seem to care about one another as individuals. It is with each other that Eric and Donna feel as though they can be their truest selves.
RANDY AND DONNA - FANS REJECTED
Fans of That 70s Show were furious when Randy Pearson was added to the series in order to serve as a stand-in for Eric and Kelso. When Ashton Kutcher and Topher Grace left the series to move on to bigger projects, Randy's character served as a mix of both the absent characters combined.
Many people believe this move felt unnatural and therefore initiated the decline of the series as a whole. When Randy and Donna had a fling, fans were up in arms over this relationship because the series had been building up for Eric and Donna to remain together for the long haul.
KITTY AND RED - FANS SUPPORTED
Kitty and Red are the dream team, and they make the perfect husband and wife on That 70s Show. With Red's tough love "foot-in-the-ass" schtick and Kitty's warm/understanding nature, their opposite personalities ultimately benefit the family dynamic and help Eric and Laurie become stronger.
JACKIE AND HYDE - FANS SUPPORTED
People loved Jackie and Hyde as a couple because out of all the relationships in the series, there pairing arguably had the most heat and passion. This is expected with any love/hate relationship dynamic, and at the beginning of the series, these characters couldn't stand each other.
They are complete opposites as well. Jackie is the peppy cheerleader while Hyde is the scruffy bad boy. Their relationship is totally unexpected which is why it works so well. Both Hyde and Jackie become better people with each other, as they are both willing to sacrifice a great deal for one another.
HYDE AND DONNA - FANS REJECTED
At the beginning of the series, there was a rather forced romance between Hyde and Donna. It seems like a relationship that would be built off of betrayal considering the fact that Eric is in love with Donna, and Hyde knows this.
Their "relationship" only seems like a failed attempt for the writers to add unnecessary drama to the series and we don't see a universe where these two could thrive as a healthy couple. There just isn't any chemistry between the two characters, even as friends.
JACKIE AND ERIC - FANS SUPPORTED
Although this is the only couple on the list that isn't a part of the That 70s Show canon, people all over the internet show their support and dedication to this fan-made couple. Supporters of this pairing believe Jackie and Eric had the healthiest relationship out of anyone in Eric's basement crew, and that they both desired the same things out of a romantic relationship.
Both Eric and Jackie favored commitment and affection above all else. It is also believed that Eric was the only person out of all the guys who saw her as an actual person rather than just a sex object. It was a potential love story that never got to see the light of day.
KELSO AND BROOKE - FANS REJECTED
Kelso and Brooke may have appeared to be an attractive looking couple on the outside, but the truth is, their relationship was built on a lack of trust. Kelso and Brooke had sex one night at a concert and it ended up getting the librarian pregnant. When they ran into each other again, Brooke pretended to have no idea who Kelso was.
When Kelso found out she was pregnant with his baby, he was relieved over the fact that she pretended not to know him. He had no interest in having a child at that age and she had no interest in letting him serve as her child's father. Eventually, they made it work, but the foundation of their relationship was most likely too rocky to be sustained.
FEZ AND RHONDA - FANS SUPPORTED
Although Rhonda (known by the gang as "Big Rhonda") is not your typical beauty that you'd expect to see on the cover of Vogue magazine, Fez sees her as the most beautiful woman since Cleopatra. She may be on the dorky side, but to Fez, this makes her all the more endearing.
The two shared a heartwarming relationship that was filled with love and affection. It was nice to see a love interest on the show that wasn't your stereotypical beauty queen. Their relationship fizzled out without explanation but it was incredibly sweet while it lasted.
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299 | did donna have a little sister on that 70s show | https://screenrant.com/that-70s-show-donna-eric-relationship-timeline/ | Summary
Eric and Donna's relationship on That '70s Show is a central focus of the show, and they go through many firsts and milestones together.
Their relationship has its ups and downs, with breakups and conflicts, but they manage to work things out and end up together in the end.
In the spinoff series That '90s Show, Eric and Donna are shown as a married couple with a teenage daughter, indicating a happy future for them.
As one of the central couples in That '70s Show , Eric Forman and Donna Pinciotti's relationship is a main focal point from the very beginning of the show. Set in the 1970s, That '70s Show is a teen sitcom about a teenager named Eric Forman and his friends, who spend most of their time hanging out in Eric's basement, much to his mom Kitty's delight and his dad Red's dismay. Donna is Eric's longtime best friend and next-door neighbor, who becomes his on-and-off girlfriend.
Throughout all eight seasons of That '70s Show plus the spinoff series, That '90s Show, the couple share many firsts and experience pivotal milestones together. However, Eric and Donna’s relationship on That ‘70s Show also takes many turns and is put to the test more than once. Through it all, they manage to work things out and end up together in the long run.
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Friendship Turns Into More
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"That '70s Pilot" (Season 1, Episode 1) - Eric and Donna share their first kiss
"First Date" (Season 1, Episode 16) - Eric asks Donna to be his girlfriend, and they go on their first date at a fancy restaurant on Valentine's Day
"Prom Night" (Season 1, Episode 19) - Eric and Donna go to prom together and almost have sex for the first time
Eric and Donna are introduced as longtime best friends and next-door neighbors. By the end of the pilot episode, Eric and Donna share their first kiss. They become romantically involved but aren't exclusive yet for a while. Throughout season 1, Eric competes with Hyde for Donna's affection and often gets jealous when Donna gives Hyde attention. When Hyde crashes Eric and Donna's first date and confesses his feelings for her, she makes it clear she wants to be with Eric, not Hyde. Eric and Donna make their relationship official after Donna rejects Hyde once and for all.
That '70s Show Season 2
Getting Serious
"I Love Cake" (Season 2, Episode 7) - Donna tells Eric she loves him, and he responds by saying he loves cake
"The First Time" (Season 2, Episode 16) - Eric and Donna have sex for the first time together
"Parents Find Out" (Season 2, Episode 19) - Eric and Donna's parents find out they're having sex after they get caught by the police
In season 2, Eric and Donna's relationship starts getting more serious. They take some major steps, like saying "I love you" to each other for the first time (albeit at different times) and losing their virginities to each other. After they have sex for the first time, Eric's ego is crushed when he finds out that Donna said he wasn't good in bed, but Donna reassures him that it can only get better. Eric still feels inferior to her and threatened by Donna's dynamic with Hyde at times. They get into some arguments and experience communication problems, but despite these hiccups, they manage to stay together the whole season.
That '70s Show Season 3
Trouble In Paradise & First Breakup
"The Promise Ring" (Season 3, Episode 25) - Eric and Donna break up
Throughout season 3, Eric and Donna are going strong, but their relationship is not void of conflict. They start to imagine their future together, which ends up causing problems. Eric gets more and more insecure in their relationship as he continues to believe he'll never be good enough for Donna. He gets frustrated by how much time Donna spends at her new job at a radio station, accusing her of not prioritizing their relationship or making any time for him.
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As Eric gets progressively more worried that Donna is slipping away, he decides to give her a promise ring in the season 3 finale, in an attempt to secure their relationship. Donna tells him she's not ready for that kind of commitment, which only makes Eric's fears of losing her worse. After nearly three seasons together, Eric breaks up with Donna for the first time.
That '70s Show Season 4
Time Apart & Dating Other People
"The Relapse" (Season 4, Episode 6) - Eric and Donna sleep together while broken up
"Donna Dates a Kelso" (Season 4, Episode 16) - Eric and Donna date other people
"Love, Wisconsin Style" (Season 4, Episode 27) - Donna tries to get back together with Eric, but he rejects her
Eric and Donna's breakup hits Eric especially hard, and they both struggle to navigate their new dynamic and their lingering feelings for each other post-breakup. Their status as exes gets even more complicated when Donna's mother, Midge, leaves for California and Eric reluctantly offers Donna support. Eric turns out to be a comfort to Donna, and they end up sleeping together. Eric becomes convinced that this means they're back together; however, for Donna, it is a one-time thing that she wants to forget about.
Eric and Donna decide to start seeing other people, but when she starts dating Kelso's brother, Casey, Eric is reminded of what he has lost. When it becomes clear that Casey is a bad influence on Donna and is just using her, Eric tries to intervene and expose his true colors. In the season 4 finale, Red, Kitty, and Donna's dad, Bob, confront Casey and Donna about the negative impact of their relationship, at which point Casey happily dumps Donna, much to her dismay. Donna tries to get back together with Eric, but he tells her he turns her down because he doesn't want to be her second choice, which he instantly regrets.
That '70s Show Season 5
Back Together Again
"Going To California" (Season 5, Episode 1) - Eric and Donna get back together
"Hot Dog" (Season 5, Episode 7) - Eric and Donna get engaged
"Nobody's Fault But Mine" (Season 5, Episode 23) - Eric and Donna decide to move to Madison after graduation
In the season 5 premiere, Eric decides to follow Donna to California to get her back. The couple gets back together but is punished for running off to California. With college approaching, Eric and Donna start to seriously think about their future together. Eric buys an engagement ring and decides to propose to Donna, and she says yes. Their engagement is not well-received by their friends and families as nobody thinks it's a good idea to get married so young. By the end of the season, though, they're still happily engaged and planning to move to Madison after graduation, ready to spend the rest of their lives together.
That '70s Show Season 6
Engaged & Committed
"Magic Bus" (Season 6, Episode 3) - Donna chooses Eric over college
"Won't Get Fooled Again" (Season 6, Episode 13) - Donna and Eric have a pregnancy scare
"Baby Don't You Do It" (Season 6, Episode 14) - Eric and Donna become celibate after attending pre-marital counseling
"Going Mobile" (Season 6, Episode 24) - Eric runs off before his and Donna's wedding
"The Seeker" (Season 6, Episode 25) - Eric and Donna decide not to get married
After Red suffers a heart attack, Eric's plans to move to Madison for college with Donna change as he decides to defer from college and stay at home to help his family adjust. Donna is all set to leave for college on Eric's 18th birthday but changes her mind at the last minute and decides to stay in Point Place with Eric instead. After a pregnancy scare turns out to be a false alarm, Eric and Donna's parents force them to attend pre-marital counseling at a church, which leads Donna to believe she and Eric should be celibate until their wedding day.
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They continue to plan and prepare for their wedding, but when the day finally arrives in the penultimate episode of season 6, Eric gets cold feet and runs off before the rehearsal. Donna is furious despite also having second thoughts. Eric eventually returns and explains that he isn't ready to get married, and she reveals she feels the same way. The couple agree to stay together but decide to call off their wedding and hold off on marriage for now.
That '70s Show Season 7
Eric's Final Season
"Till the Next Goodbye" (Season 7, Episode 25) - Eric and Donna say goodbye as he leaves for Africa
After calling off their engagement, Eric and Donna's relationship is still going strong in season 7. However, throughout the season, Eric panics about his future and what he wants to do with his life. He eventually decides to become a teacher and spend a year in Africa. Donna tries to convince Eric to stay by inventing a fake date with a co-worker to make him jealous, but she ultimately accepts his decision and they agree to do long-distance. In the season finale, Eric and Donna say their goodbyes and he leaves for Africa.
That '70s Show Season 8
Second Breakup & Reconciliation
"Long Away" (Season 8, Episode 6) - Donna reveals she and Eric broke up again
"That '70s Finale" (Season 8, Episode 22) - Eric and Donna presumably get back together
In season 8, episode 6, "Long Away," it is revealed that Eric and Donna broke up at some point offscreen after Donna is accused of cheating on Eric with the new guy, Randy. Donna does start dating Randy but breaks up with him before the end of the season. After being away the whole final season, Eric returns on New Year's Eve in the series finale, "That '70s Finale," to ring in the '80s with his family and the gang. He confesses his true feelings to Donna and tells her how much he regrets breaking up with her (again). The two share a kiss, and it is implied that they get back together and are thus an endgame couple.
That '90s Show Season 1
Marriage & Parenthood
"That '90s Pilot" (Season 1, Episode 1) - Eric and Donna are now married with a 15-year-old daughter, Leia
In 2023, a spinoff series of That '70s Show was released that centers around Eric and Donna's teenage daughter, Leia, who stays with Red and Kitty during the summer of 1995. In the pilot episode, "That '90s Pilot," a now-married and grown-up Eric and Donna drop off Leia at his parents' house. Though Eric only appears with Donna in the pilot, Donna appears in three episodes total, including the season finale. With That '90s Show season 2 on the horizon, Eric and Donna could make another return to the franchise.
TV Show
Cast
Topher Grace, Laura Prepon, Mila Kunis, Ashton Kutcher , Wilmer Valderrama, Debra Jo Rupp , Kurtwood Smith, Danny Masterson
Seasons
8
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Cast table
^ Uncredited in That '70s Show Season 8.
^ Credited in That '70s Show through episodes 1-10 and 13 as main cast; otherwise does not appear and is uncredited.
Main characters
Donna Pinciotti
Steven Hyde
Michael Kelso
Portrayed by Ashton Kutcher : The dim-witted, sex-obsessed pretty boy of the group who wants to coast through life on his good looks. He spends the first half of the series in a relationship with the equally vapid Jackie but their relationship comes to an end when Jackie finds out he's been cheating on her with Laurie. In the season 4 finale, Jackie wants to marry Michael but he isn't ready, so he runs away to California with Donna. His best friend is Fez. He fathers a baby girl named Betsy during the seventh season after getting a girl named Brooke pregnant. He becomes a police officer but gets kicked off the force because he does just about everything wrong. He gets a job as a security guard at a Playboy Club in Chicago , and leaves the series during the eighth and final season. He only appears in five episodes during season eight, including the series finale . [2] [3] In the first episode of That '90s Show, Kelso makes a guest appearance where it is revealed he and Jackie were on their "second re-marriage" and that he had become a father for (at least) a second time with a son named Jay. In the second season, his daughter Betsy mentions that he and her mother were together again for two years while he and Jackie were divorced.
Kelso was portrayed once again by Kutcher in a Robot Chicken sketch entitled "That '00s Show". Critics have noted striking similarities to the portrayal of Kutcher's character Walden Schmidt on Two and a Half Men to that of Kelso. Walden's personality, however, drastically changed since his initial appearances and by the series' end he was a completely changed man. Other similarities drawn are between that of his role as Jesse Montgomery III in the stoner film Dude, Where's My Car? (2000). [4]
Jacqueline "Jackie" Burkhart
Red Forman
Kitty Forman (née Sigurdson)
Bob Pinciotti
Midge Pinciotti
Laurie Forman
Leo Chingkwake
Tommy Chong played Leo
Portrayed by Tommy Chong : A hippie, and the owner of a Foto Hut at which Hyde once worked. Leo is an Army veteran who served in World War II, where he was awarded a Purple Heart . He would have had a promising medical career ahead of him after the war ended, but he became the stoner he is today after accepting a ride home with some jazz musicians that were smoking marijuana. Leo often puts play before work and maintains an easy-going attitude in most things, business included. Due to Chong's real-life legal issues at the time , he disappears from the series after season four but is later referenced in season five's " The Battle of Evermore ", when the gang goes on an unsuccessful mission to find him, finding only a letter from him explaining that he remembered he has a wife and should probably go back to her. Following Chong's release from prison, he returns in season seven and remains on the series until the show's end. In season 8, he gets a new job working for Hyde at Grooves. Leo makes two appearances in Season 1 of That '90s Show, where it is revealed he has remained a stoner and has unsuccessfully auditioned for The Real World . He also returns in the second season finale, celebrating his "retirement party" at the Forman house.
Randy Pearson
Leia Forman
Gwen Runck
Jay Kelso
Nate Runck
Ozzie Takada
Nikki Velasco
Recurring characters
Angie Barnett (played by Megalyn Echikunwoke ) is Hyde's half-sister. Hyde did not know he had a sister until season 7 . Angie graduated from college as a mathematics major. Angie and Hyde worked together managing their father's record store, but Angie did not always like working with him. She dated Kelso, which sometimes annoyed Hyde. Angie got her name because all season 7 episodes were named after Rolling Stones songs, and " Angie " was a song by the Stones.
Annette Berkardt (played by Jessica Simpson ) was Kelso's girlfriend for a brief period of time in season 5 . She acts and talks very similar to Jackie, constantly bossing Kelso around. Eric and Donna once referred to her as a blonde version of Jackie, or "Blackie." Despite this, Jackie and Annette hated each other. Once at The Hub, Jackie said to Annette "I did not know they let 'slutballs' in here". Annette said since she saw Jackie in there she thought it was okay. Later in the episode, when Annette and Kelso were kissing, Jackie yelled "Get off my boyfriend!" to Annette, even though it was months after Kelso and Jackie broke up. This led to Hyde wanting to break up with Jackie. After Hyde and Jackie both reconciled and seeing Kelso is still not over Jackie, Annette decides to break up with Kelso and go back home to California.
Beatrice "Bea" Sigurdson (played by Betty White ) is Kitty's mother. Bea seems like a friendly old lady but is cold and critical, especially of Kitty. She appeared in a few episodes in season five, often nagging at Burt or saying something rude to Kitty in a faux-friendly manner. She was widowed in "Your Time is Gonna Come" when Burt collapses in the driveway and is rushed to the hospital where he dies. She shows little emotion after her husband's death but Kitty does catch her crying in a bedroom. Bea stays with the Formans for a while after Burt's death, causing Kitty considerable stress. She is mentioned as being deceased by the time of the first episode of That 90s Show. In the seventh episode of That 90s Show, Kitty mentions that they spread Bea's ashes outside a Sizzler restaurant. Kitty also claims in the episode "Life Is A Highway" of That 90s Show that she made a joke at her husband's deathbed, but this is impossible given how he died.
Bernice Forman (played by Marion Ross ) is Red's mother. Bernice resented Kitty and was always mean to her. Kitty revealed it was because Red married her instead of an attractive and wealthy woman he once dated who Bernice liked. She appeared in the episodes "Sunday, Bloody Sunday", "The Best Christmas Ever" and "Grandma's Dead" of season 1, and in a flashback in the episode "Halloween" of season two. In the episode "Grandma's Dead" she dies in Eric's car while he is driving her home after Eric tells her off for her treatment of his mother.
Brooke Rockwell (played by Shannon Elizabeth ) was the valedictorian of the high school class two years before Eric's class. The summer after Kelso's graduation, she had sex with him at a Molly Hatchet concert in a bathroom stall and got pregnant. Initially, Brooke did not trust Kelso because of his immaturity and did not want him in the child's life. Eventually, Kelso convinced her to give him another chance. Brooke gave birth to their daughter Betsy in 1979. In That 90s Show, her daughter Betsy mentions that she and Kelso were together again for two years while he and Jackie were divorced and Jay had already been born.
Burt Sigurdson (played by Tom Poston ) is Kitty's father. He is often seen avoiding his wife, Bea. In one episode, he bought an ostrich farm, which was right next to a coyote farm. The coyotes ate all the ostriches and the Sigurdsons had to sell the house. Burt died in the driveway on the episode "Your Time is Gonna Come". He is later mentioned in the eighth episode of That 90s Show to have given Kitty beer when she was ten. Kitty claims in the episode "Life Is A Highway" of That 90s Show that he once dipped an empty hot dog bun in ketchup at a barbecue, which her mother referenced on his deathbed, but this is impossible given how he died.
Caroline "Crazy Caroline" Dupree (played by Allison Munn ) was Fez's girlfriend in season 3 . Fez quickly learned Caroline is very jealous and paranoid. She made threats against Donna and Jackie because Caroline felt they were going to steal Fez from her, when in fact Jackie and Donna had no intention of doing so. Caroline was once found hiding in the men's bathroom looking for Fez. Fez did not want to be with someone that aggressive and paranoid so he broke up with her. Fez and Caroline were together one last time in the eighth season . She got extremely angry when she found out that Fez had lied to her about Jackie being his roommate, and when she found nude photos of Donna in Fez's Barry White album (Leo hid the nude photos in the album without Fez's knowledge, but Caroline believed they were put there by Fez). Caroline appeared again in "Sheer Heart Attack". Fez was having sex with women once and not seeing them again and then decided that he wanted to be with only one woman, so he called Caroline. Later in the episode, Jackie told Fez that she loved him and then kissed him as Caroline walked in. This, as always, made Caroline angry with Fez and attack him viciously.
Casey Kelso (played by Luke Wilson ) is Kelso's brother who was in the military . Towards the end of season 4 he was dating Donna. During their relationship, there were instances of them engaging in bad behavior, such as Donna drinking and skipping school to hang out with Casey. Donna's father, Bob, felt that Casey was a bad influence and did not want Donna to date him anymore. Eric was jealous of Casey because he wanted to be with Donna, so Eric wanted them to break up. When Red, Kitty and Bob were discussing Casey's bad influence with Donna and Casey, Casey broke up with Donna, deciding the conflict with the adults to be too much hassle. Donna felt that she and Casey were in love, but Casey cruelly said "I have this thing where I say stuff don't really mean." Kelso said that his brother got bored with his girlfriends and broke up with them. During the summer of 1979, Casey was teaching physical education at Eric's old high school, and Eric was in Casey's class. He likes to call Eric "Foreplay". His last appearance was in the Season 7 episode "2120 So. Michigan Ave". He is later mentioned in the season finale of That 90s Show when Donna tells Leia she dated him while broken up with Eric.
Charlie Richardson (played by Bret Harrison ) is the son of one of Red's war buddies. Eric held a grudge against him from the time that he let some sick children win "Eric's" goldfish in an egg toss . Charlie only appeared in about three episodes towards the end of season 7. Before the beginning of season 8, Charlie accidentally fell off the water tower and died. The water tower is named the Charlie Richardson Memorial Water Tower in his honor. The show originally planned to have Charlie stay the entire 8th season as a replacement for Eric, but killed Charlie off because Harrison got an offer to star in The Loop .
Christine St. George (played by Mary Tyler Moore ) is a talk show host of What's Up Wisconsin. In the episode "Sweet Lady", Jackie felt she was destined to be Christine's co-host on the show. She persistently tries to get the job, but Christine St. George makes Jackie her assistant instead. After a few episodes, Jackie was fired for knowing too much about her.
Earl Arthur (played by Bob Clendenin ) is a friend of Red's who worked for Red at Price Mart. Earl frequently came to work late and slacked off on his job, so Red fired him. In response Earl sued Red for wrongful termination , but the judge ruled in favor of Red when Earl arrived too late for his own hearing. Earl later got a job working at a fast food restaurant, where he is again fired for his poor work ethic (this time for repeatedly eating the restaurant's food while at work). Earl appears in the episodes "Red Fired Up", "Roller Disco" and "Radio Daze". In the penultimate episode of the second season of That 90s Show, Earl returns as a member of a men's support group which also includes Mitch. It is mentioned that the last three houses he lived in burned down in fires he may have started. He also implies that he has been in prison for the last twelve years prior. He is one of three characters who were not part of the main cast to make an appearance in That 90s Show.
Edna Hyde (played by Katey Sagal ) is Hyde's biological mother. She is in the season 1 episodes "Career Day", "Prom Night", and "Punk Chick", only appearing on-screen in "Career Day". She plays a large part in "Career Day" as the school chef "Gross Edna", playing opposite Hyde when he has to help her in the kitchen on Career Day. In other episodes she only has lines yelling at Hyde on the porch from the inside of the house such as:
In Prom Night Edna: "They're all gonna laugh at you!" (a prom night reference to the 1976 film, Carrie ) Steven: "Shut up ma, you're makin' the night too damn special!"
In Punk Chick Steven: "It's still my suitcase!" Edna: "Nothing in this house is yours!" Steven: "Shut up!"
Edna then ran off and abandoned Hyde, not heard of again until the 4th season where Hyde claims that she and his stepfather Bud got back together and ran off. After Hyde's abandonment, Kitty prevailed upon Red to let the squalor-ridden Hyde live with the Formans.
Fenton (played by Jim Rash ) is someone with whom Fez has a feud due to a "half-off sale, a crowded parking lot and a pair of pants that made Fez's ass look like an oil painting" (in Fez's own words). In the fifth season, he was an employee at the jewelry store where Eric bought Donna's engagement ring. He is also the landlord of the apartment that Fez and Kelso moved into in the seventh season, which later became Fez and Jackie's apartment when Kelso moved to Chicago . At first, Fenton did not want to let Kelso and Fez move in because of his feud with Fez, but later when he found out Kelso wanted the apartment to have a place to take care of his daughter, and Fenton got the impression that Kelso and Fez were "life partners", he let them have it. Though Fenton does not state this explicitly, his frequent innuendos about men, his lack of experience with women, his mannerisms and affect overtly imply that he is gay. Whenever he sees Fez, he says "Oh, it's you" in a contemptuous way. Neither Fenton nor Fez specifically explain the reason for their mutual hostility and dislike to Eric, despite his increasing curiosity. Fenton later becomes good friends with Jackie, who persuades him not to evict Fez and end their feud. However, very shortly thereafter she carelessly floods both their apartment and Fenton's apartment directly underneath after falling asleep while running the bathtub. He returns in the first season finale of That 90s Show, now Sherri's landlord, and reignites his rivalry with Fez. He also mentions that he now owns three houses, a duplex and a Dippin Dots . In the second season finale he returns, no longer Sherri's landlord, working at a pawnshop, and reveals he had to sell his possessions to it after falling on hard times. He is one of three characters who were not part of the main cast to make an appearance in That 90s Show.
Hilary Robinson (played by Lara Everly) is Fez's co-worker at the salon where Fez works in season 8. Fez tries to impress her by trying to look cool, which instead intimidates her. However, when Jackie explains to her who Fez really is, she falls in love with him. Fez and Hilary date for a few weeks before Hilary suddenly decides to become a nun and leaves Fez.
Jack Burkhart (played by Paul Kreppel ) is the father of Jackie. Jack's imprisonment for bribery and embezzlement causes Jackie to cease being a rich, privileged girl.
Joanne Stupac (played by Mo Gaffney ) is a girlfriend of Bob who appears in seasons 4 and 5. She meets Bob at the supermarket when Bob, unable to cook, was about to buy a dozen TV dinners . Joanne decides to teach Bob to make a meatloaf so he would not have to buy more TV dinners. She does not get along well with Red. When Red and Joanne first meet, they get into an argument about who would cook the meat and who would make the salad. Joanne works at the dog food factory and hires Eric to put coupons in the dog food bags. Eric eventually loses that job after Joanne breaks up with Bob.
Mitch Miller (played by Seth Green ) is a student in the same class as Eric. Mitch has a feud with Fez and publishes a photo in the school newspaper of Fez and Kelso kissing each other. Mitch has a crush on Donna, and the two once went to a wedding. Eric is angered when Mitch embarrasses Donna, and Eric and Mitch agree to fight each other the next day at 5:15 PM. Not wanting to fight, Mitch persuades Eric not to fight by offering him a French-made GI Joe called "GI Jacques". Mitch has a father, Charlie Miller, played by Fred Willard . In the second season of That 90s Show, he is shown to have become the manager of a Hot Topic store, and still be obsessed with Donna and despise Eric. He also is shown to hate Abercrombie and Fitch , and implies he still lives with his mother. He is later shown to head a men's support group, and attempts to reconnect with Donna when she arrives in Point Place. He is one of three characters who were not part of the main cast to make an appearance in That 90s Show.
Nina Bartell (played by Joanna Canton) is a girlfriend of Fez in season 5 who works with him at the DMV . Fez loses his virginity to her but it goes badly, so she suggests they need to do it more often to get better. It turns out that the reason she's dating Fez was to anger her parents due to him being "different", They break up a while later because Nina thinks he is too needy.
Officer Kennedy (played by James Avery ) is Kelso's training officer when he joins the police force. He appears mostly in the 6th season, playing a straight ace to the bumbling Kelso.
Pam Burkhart (played by Eve Plumb in season 1 and Brooke Shields in season 6) is the mother of Jackie who was dating Bob Pinciotti in season 6. Once a serious business lady, she flees to Mexico when Jackie's councilman father is arrested for bribery and embezzling $60,000. She returns to try to fix her relationship with Jackie.
Pam Macy (played by Jennifer Lyons) is a classmate of the main characters of the show. She is mentioned in more episodes than she appears, mostly by Michael Kelso. She appears in the episodes "Prom Night", "Romantic Weekend", and "It's a Wonderful life". In "Prom Night", Michael takes Pam to the prom while temporarily broken up with Jackie. In "Romantic Weekend", Kelso is about to have sex with Pam but is unable to perform, telling his friends " the buffer wouldn't buff ." Pam tells the whole school, which causes everyone to tease Kelso.
Pastor Dave (played by Kevin McDonald ), Pastor Dave is the local pastor at the church. He is overly cheerful and (incorrectly) thinks he is "hip cand cool", up to date with the trends. He is often greeted by Eric and his friends with deadpan voices, and they typically just agree with Dave in the hopes he'll go away. Dave is good friends with Kitty, who helps with the church fundraisers, and has an uneasy friendship with Red (mostly because Red is not used to having friends). His friendship with Red seems to have brought out a less-pure side of Dave, as he spends a day with Red watching football and drinking beer, and once even quit the church because he wanted to watch more football on Sundays (later rejoining as the pastor). He appears primarily in season 3 and 4, but has a few cameos in season 2.
Rhonda Tate (played by Cynthia Lamontagne ) Often called "Big Rhonda" by her classmates, she is a recurring character during season 4 as Fez's girlfriend. When she and Fez are stuck in the school during a tornado they are about to have sex, but Rhonda changes her mind when the tornado ends. She breaks up with Fez after she chokes him after he wanted to get to third base, which came from bad advice from Casey Kelso. Like Fez, she loves candy. She treats Eric with relentless contempt but is genuinely fond of Fez. She also physically intimidated tiny Jackie by threatening to wrestle her after Jackie gets rude with her. The episode "It's a Wonderful Life" features an alternate timeline where Rhonda goes to the prom with Eric (in this timeline, Eric and Donna were never in a relationship), and they remain together until he dumps her. Eric mentions that the two only had sex three times. Later in the same episode she is seen at their 10-year reunion but now as a trim, beautiful, and sexy woman. Rhonda claims her new body came from being dumped by Eric, leading her to lose weight using Jane Fonda workout tapes before becoming a fitness instructor herself. She thanks him for this. It is also mentioned in the season 3 episode "Kitty's Birthday" that she was hit by a car but was apparently uninjured.
Roy Keene (played by Jim Gaffigan ) is the kitchen manager of the Holiday Hotel employing Eric, Hyde, and Kelso to work as waiters in the hotel's restaurant during seasons 5 and 6. The character serves as the replacement for Leo, who was written out during season 5. Hyde mentions that Roy is like a father figure since his father abandoned him. Roy has stated that his standards for food service are low, and he goes days without washing his hands. Roy served in the Vietnam War , once describing Eric as "scrawny, but strong... like the Vietcong ". He suffers from serious trouble connecting to people. One time, he got the impression a woman was in love with him after she insulted him when he got her some butter, so he hid in her shower to surprise her with flowers. He once mentioned he was living with a woman but moved out when she found out he was living with her in secret. It is revealed in the season 6 episode "A Legal Matter" that he was a police cadet who was kicked out of the police academy for shooting a police horse.
Samantha Hyde (played by Judy Tylor ) is Hyde's wife during season 8. They got married while Hyde was drunk in Las Vegas . The two barely knew each other when they got married. Hyde did not even remember the wedding and did not know he was married until after Samantha came to Point Place to see Hyde. In the episode "My Fairy King", Hyde learned that Samantha was already married to someone else. After this, Hyde and Samantha's relationship ended.
Schatzi is a Dachshund that Red gave Kitty in an attempt to make her happy. Schatzi was in several episodes of season 5, was absent for all of season 6, then returned for only one episode towards the beginning of season 7. Red claimed that his absence was due to hiding under the house because he was afraid of the garden hose. "Schatzi" is German and means "little treasure" or "darling" ( diminutive of " Schatz "). In the eighth episode of That 90s Show, Kitty mentions that they don't have a dog anymore, confirming that Schatzi is either dead or no longer lives with the Formans.
Steven James "Bud" Hyde Sr. (played by Robert Hays ) is Hyde's stepfather. Bud Hyde worked as a bartender and is an alcoholic . Until the end of the 6th season , Hyde thought Bud was his biological father. Bud abandoned Hyde when he was a child and Steven was always angry at Bud for this. They temporarily reconciled in season 3, with Hyde even moving in with him. However, he would leave again at the beginning of season 4 after getting back together with Edna – forcing Hyde to move back to the Forman house. Hyde mentioned that Bud did attempt to get in touch with him again. (Bud was passed out drunk on Hyde's car.)
Suzy Simpson (played by Alyson Hannigan ) appears in two episodes of season 6. She is Kelso's buddy from the police academy who is also attracted to him. Fez has a crush on Suzy and it is because of her that he and Kelso fight after Kelso lies to Fez saying that Suzy has agreed to go on a date with him when really she thinks that she is dating Kelso. However, when Fez reveals that Kelso's having a Baby with another woman and Kelso reveals that Fez is married, she is furious and wants nothing to do with them.
Timmy Thompson (played by Paul Connor) is an annoying fellow student in the gang who always embarrasses someone with loud comments meant for everyone around to hear, such as:
"Heeey, Forman and Donna got a motel room and they're going to do it!"
"Heeey, I'm taking off my pants!"
"Heeey, Forman's on a date with his mom!"
"Heeey, Donna's showed her ass!" (while showing everyone a yearbook photo where Donna mooned the camera).
He only has real dialogue in the episode "Burning Down The House".
William James "WB" Barnett (played by Tim Reid ) is Hyde's biological father. Hyde originally thought Bud Hyde was his biological father until the cliffhanger between the 6th and 7th seasons, where Kitty discovers that Hyde's real father is a man who lives in Milwaukee . Sometimes people call Barnett by his initials, "WB". Barnett is wealthy and owns Grooves, a chain of record stores. Barnett put Hyde in charge of the Point Place record store along with his daughter (and Hyde's half sister), Angie. Barnett is an African American, which Hyde believes explains his "coolness, afro and suspicion of The Man " (it can also be noted that when Hyde asked him who killed Kennedy his father stated "I don't know, because they don't want me to know"). WB's last on-screen appearance is in the first half of the series finale which is the twenty-first episode of the eighth season, "Love of My Life" (WB had already appeared in the fourteenth episode of that season, "Son and Daughter").
Introduced in That '90s Show
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Betsy Kelso (played by Kira Kosarin ) is Michael Kelso's daughter with Brooke Rockwell, born at the beginning of season 7. She mainly lived with her mother and grandmother in Chicago, with her father involved in her life. In That 90s Show she is revealed to have been studying abroad in Spain and had returned to Point Place shortly before the events of season 2. She hooks up with Nate after he breaks up with Nikki and gets blown off by Jay, and continues to date him, to Jay's frustration, until Nate eventually breaks it off after some struggle.
Cole Carson (played by Niles Fitch ) is a boy who Gwen began hooking up with a month before season 2. He works for Abercrombie and Fitch , and sometimes visits her at her job at Hot Topic . Gwen mentions to Leia that she met him at Applebee's , and wants to make their relationship more serious, which they later do after some doubts from both of them.
Isaac (played by Raphael Alejandro) is Ozzie's boyfriend in the second half of season 2. They meet at a wrestling convention, and later begin going out after Kitty finds him through the newspaper.
Sherri Runck (played by Andrea Anders ) is the single mother of Gwen and Nate Runck, with different men. Nate's father, named Brian, lives and works in Japan, where he plays baseball and does commercials for adult diapers, as the oldest player on the team, while Gwen's father is a trucker named Otis who sometimes passes through Point Place. She lives in the house next door to Red and Kitty, which she is revealed in the first season finale to be renting from Fenton. She had a tendency to sleep with a lot of men before the show, but has a relationship with Fez in the first season, which she tries to give up to focus on herself. By the second season, they appear to have broken up. She befriends Red and Kitty, and is also shown to have issues with her deceased father.
Theo (played by Anthony Turpel) is Nikki's boyfriend in the second half of season 2. He works at The Hub, and he and Nikki share many of the same interests. Nikki is the one who makes the relationship more physical after he is reluctant to. She later breaks up with him after he fights Nate and reveals his immature side.
"Wilmer Valderrama" . That70sShow.com. Carsey-Werner LLC. Archived from the original on 2009-04-29. Retrieved 2009-04-16.
List of That '70s and '90s Show characters
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