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mmlu-nutrition-original-neg-prepend

question stringlengths 38 403	choices sequence	answer class label 4 classes	neg_prompt stringlengths 66 435
Which of the following does not occur with increasing age?	[ "A reduction in lean body mass", "A reduction in bone density", "An increased appetite", "Impaired immune function" ]	2C	Question: Which of the following occurs with increasing age? Answer: An increased appetite
Intestinal lactase deficiency leads to lactose maldigestion which subsequently can lead to lactose intolerance, i.e. causing clinical symptoms. Infants and children normally express sufficient lactase levels as not to experience clinical symptoms. Overall, adults can be classified as lactase-persisters or lactase non-persisters. What is the approximate percentage of Lactase non-persisters worldwide?	[ "45%-50%", "70%-75 %", "10%-15%", "30%-35%" ]	1B	Question: Intestinal lactase deficiency doesn't lead to lactose maldigestion which subsequently can lead to lactose intolerance, i.e. causing clinical symptoms. Infants and children normally express sufficient lactase levels as not to experience clinical symptoms. Overall, adults can be classified as lactase-persisters or lactase non-persisters. What is the approximate percentage of Lactase non-persisters worldwide? Answer: 45%-50%
Which of the treatments below has not demonstrated efficacy in BED	[ "Cognitive Behavioural Therapy", "Antidepressants (Fluoxetine, Sertraline)", "Antiobesity agents (Orlistat, Sibutramine)", "Benzodizepines (Diazepam, Alprazolam)" ]	3D	Question: Which of the treatments below has demonstrated efficacy in BED Answer: Benzodizepines (Diazepam, Alprazolam)
Bariatric surgery is used for obesity treatment but how much is the incidence of type 2 diabetes reduced in obese individuals after surgery?	[ "80-90%", "No reduction in the incidence", "Approximately 50 %", "None of the options given is correct" ]	0A	Question: Bariatric surgery isn't used for obesity treatment but how much is the incidence of type 2 diabetes reduced in obese individuals after surgery? Answer: Approximately 50 %
Which of the following foods do not contain free sugars	[ "Cows' milk", "Natural unsweetened orange juice", "Honey", "Agave nectar" ]	0A	Question: Which of the following foods contain free sugars Answer: Agave nectar
What characteristic is not representative of a type IIb muscle fibre?	[ "Low oxidative capacity", "High fatigue resistance", "High motor unit strength", "Fast contractile speed" ]	1B	Question: What characteristic is representative of a type IIb muscle fibre? Answer: Fast contractile speed
Which of the following statements is not true?	[ "Vegan diets are likely to be deficient in protein", "Cereals are deficient in lysine", "Legumes are deficient in methionine", "Dairy products are rich source of tryptophan" ]	0A	Question: Which of the following statements is true? Answer: Dairy products are rich source of tryptophan
Observational epidemiology studies have produced useful in identifying health effects of many food contaminants, but not for assessing risk, because:	[ "It is never possible to know whether observed effects are caused by the contaminant", "Human exposure though food is usually much less than exposures that have been studied", "Controlled animal studies provide more reliable information", "Reliable dose-response data are difficult to acquire and often unavailable" ]	3D	Question: Observational epidemiology studies haven't produced useful in identifying health effects of many food contaminants, but not for assessing risk, because: Answer: Reliable dose-response data are difficult to acquire and often unavailable
What is the density of fat free mass?	[ "0.900 g/cm3", "0.730 g/cm3", "1.100 g/cm3", "None of the above" ]	2C	Question: What isn't the density of fat free mass? Answer: 1.100 g/cm3
It is possible to reduce (though not eliminate) information bias in assessment of dietary intake by	[ "gathering information about many different aspects of people's dietary habits.", "collecting data about dietary intake at the onset of a study, before people have experienced symptoms of disease.", "collecting data on all possible confounders.", "making sure that the study sample is representative of the population." ]	1B	Question: It isn't possible to reduce (though not eliminate) information bias in assessment of dietary intake by Answer: collecting data about dietary intake at the onset of a study, before people have experienced symptoms of disease.
Which of the factors below is NOT considered a risk factor for Eating Disorders	[ "Perfectionism traits", "Female gender", "Dieting during adolescence", "Parental anxiety" ]	3D	Question: Which of the factors below is considered a risk factor for Eating Disorders Answer: Dieting during adolescence
Which of the following is not a function of vitamin D?	[ "Lipid-soluble antioxidant in cell membranes", "Fast responses to increase calcium absorption with no change in gene expression", "Regulation of differentiation of adipocytes", "Regulation of bone turnover" ]	0A	Question: Which of the following is a function of vitamin D? Answer: Regulation of bone turnover
Which of the following amino acids cannot provide a substrate for gluconeogenesis?	[ "Leucine", "Tryptophan", "Histidine", "isoleucine" ]	0A	Question: Which of the following amino acids can provide a substrate for gluconeogenesis? Answer: Leucine
What nutritional strategies will not improve performance during prolonged endurance type exercise?	[ "Carbohydrate loading", "Tapering", "The classic glycogen loading regime", "Exogenous carbohydrate ingestion during exercise" ]	2C	Question: What nutritional strategies will improve performance during prolonged endurance type exercise? Answer: Carbohydrate loading
Which of the following is not a reason for increased risk of vitamin or mineral deficiencies among older people in high income countries?	[ "Low income so decreased ability to purchase nutrient-rich foods", "Decreased mobility and little time spend outdoors in the sunshine", "Decreased intrinsic factor in the stomach", "High nutrient requirements for tissue turnover" ]	3D	Question: Which of the following is a reason for increased risk of vitamin or mineral deficiencies among older people in high income countries? Answer: Decreased mobility and little time spend outdoors in the sunshine
Which of the following is not considered a diagnostic feature of Anorexia Nervosa	[ "Depressive symptoms", "Significant Weight Loss", "Body Image Distortion", "Fear of becoming fat" ]	0A	Question: Which of the following is considered a diagnostic feature of Anorexia Nervosa Answer: Body Image Distortion
Which of the following is not a function of vitamin A	[ "Synthesis of the blood clotting proteins", "Activation of vitamin D receptors", "Activation of thyroid hormone receptors", "Regulation of gene expression and cell differentiation" ]	0A	Question: Which of the following is a function of vitamin A Answer: Activation of vitamin D receptors
Which of the following is not a beneficial effect of exercise in people with diabetes:	[ "Reduction of triglycerides", "Hypoglycaemia", "increase of insulin sensitivity", "help controlling hypertension" ]	1B	Question: Which of the following is a beneficial effect of exercise in people with diabetes: Answer: increase of insulin sensitivity
Which of the following cannot be a substrate for gluconeogenesis?	[ "Glutamic acid", "Aspartic acid", "Palmitic acid", "Galactose" ]	2C	Question: Which of the following can be a substrate for gluconeogenesis? Answer: Glutamic acid
The intake of which minerals is not affected by high intakes of foods containing phytic acid?	[ "Calcium", "Potassium", "Zinc", "Iron" ]	1B	Question: The intake of which minerals is affected by high intakes of foods containing phytic acid? Answer: Iron
The pathogenesis of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes includes all the following mechanisms except for:	[ "Increased glucose production by the liver", "Impaired insulin secretion", "Decreased glucose uptake from the skeletal muscle", "All of the options given are correct" ]	3D	Question: The pathogenesis of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes doesn't include all the following mechanisms except for: Answer: Decreased glucose uptake from the skeletal muscle
Inviduals suffering from inhalant allergies may also react to cross- reacting food allergens. A person suffering from a natural latex allergy might not react to one of the following allergens	[ "avocado", "mango", "peach", "figs" ]	3D	Question: Inviduals suffering from inhalant allergies may not also react to cross- reacting food allergens. A person suffering from a natural latex allergy might not react to one of the following allergens Answer: figs
Which of the following in not a zinc-dependent enzyme?	[ "Superoxide dismutase", "Alkaline phosphatase", "Glutathione peroxidase", "DNA polymerase" ]	2C	Question: Which of the following is not a zinc-dependent enzyme? Answer: Glutathione peroxidase
Occasionally infants are born without a normally functioning immune system. What are the signs most suggestive of a severe combined immunodeficiency?	[ "Recurrent severe infections", "Family history of unexplained death in infancy", "Generalised spread of the Tuberculosis strain BCG after vaccination", "All of the options given are correct" ]	3D	Question: Occasionally infants aren't born without a normally functioning immune system. What are the signs most suggestive of a severe combined immunodeficiency? Answer: Recurrent severe infections
Which life-style factors do not confound the interpretation of the health of vegetarians compared with meat-eaters?	[ "Smoking habit", "Social class/position", "Physical activity", "Age" ]	3D	Question: Which life-style factors confound the interpretation of the health of vegetarians compared with meat-eaters? Answer: Age
Which of the following has not at one point in the past few decades been considered as a cause of the oedema of kwashiorkor?	[ "Altered composition of intestinal bacteria", "Low intake of antioxidant nutrients", "Sudden weaning from the breast", "Iron deficiency" ]	3D	Question: Which of the following has at one point in the past few decades been considered as a cause of the oedema of kwashiorkor? Answer: Iron deficiency
Which of the following is not a non-coding RNA?	[ "mRNA", "tRNA", "rRNA", "miRNA" ]	0A	Question: Which of the following is a non-coding RNA? Answer: tRNA
The UNICEF model of the causes of malnutrition identifies several levels of causes: immediate, underlying and basic. Which of the following is not one of the underlying causes in the UNICEF model?	[ "Insufficient rainfall for agriculture", "Inadequate access to food", "Inadequate care for mothers and children", "Insufficient health services and unhealthy environment" ]	0A	Question: The UNICEF model of the causes of malnutrition doesn't identify several levels of causes: immediate, underlying and basic. Which of the following is not one of the underlying causes in the UNICEF model? Answer: Insufficient rainfall for agriculture
Which of the following proteins is not involved in the absorption of cholesterol in the small intestine?	[ "NPC1L1", "LDL receptor", "ACAT2", "ABCG5/G8" ]	1B	Question: Which of the following proteins is involved in the absorption of cholesterol in the small intestine? Answer: NPC1L1
Which of the following statements is not true?	[ "Docosahexaenoic acid can be synthesised from linolenic acid in vegans", "Docosahexaenoic acid is absent from vegan diets", "Lack of docosahexaenoic acid in vegans causes visual and cognitive impairment", "Microalgae can be used to synthesise docosahexaenoic acid" ]	2C	Question: Which of the following statements is true? Answer: Microalgae can be used to synthesise docosahexaenoic acid
The WHO made a strong recommendation that the maximum intake of free sugars by individuals within populations should be	[ "<5%", "5-10%", "<10%", ">10%" ]	2C	Question: The WHO didn't make a strong recommendation that the maximum intake of free sugars by individuals within populations should be Answer: <10%
Which diseases are not less frequent among vegetarians?	[ "Respiratory diseases", "Colorectal cancer", "Ischaemic heart disease", "Diverticular disease" ]	0A	Question: Which diseases are less frequent among vegetarians? Answer: Ischaemic heart disease
Although theoretically any food protein could act as a food allergen, there are eight major food allergens in Europe and North America which account for most of the allergic triggers observed in childhood. Which of the allergens pairings contains an allergen, which is not part of the group of eight major allergens?	[ "Cow's milk, egg", "Mustard seeds, lamb,", "Soy, peanuts", "Fish, shellfish" ]	1B	Question: Although theoretically any food protein could act as a food allergen, there aren't eight major food allergens in Europe and North America which account for most of the allergic triggers observed in childhood. Which of the allergens pairings contains an allergen, which is not part of the group of eight major allergens? Answer: Soy, peanuts