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Which American-born Sinclair won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1930?	"Sinclair Lewis Harry Sinclair Lewis (February 7, 1885 – January 10, 1951) was an American novelist, short-story writer, and playwright. In 1930, he became the first writer from the United States to receive the Nobel Prize in Literature, which was awarded ""for his vigorous and graphic art of description and his ability to create, with wit and humor, new types of characters."" His works are known for their insightful and critical views of American capitalism and materialism between the wars. He is also respected for his strong characterizations of modern working women. H. L. Mencken wrote of him, ""[If] there"	"of alcoholism ""per se"". He reported that Lewis had a heart attack and that his doctors advised him to stop drinking if he wanted to live. Lewis did not stop, and perhaps could not; he died when his heart stopped. In summing up Lewis' career, Shirer concludes: Samuel J. Rogal edited ""The Short Stories of Sinclair Lewis (1904–1949)"", a seven-volume set published in 2007 by Edwin Mellen Press. The first attempt to collect all of Lewis's short stories. Sinclair Lewis Harry Sinclair Lewis (February 7, 1885 – January 10, 1951) was an American novelist, short-story writer, and playwright. In 1930,"	"Upton Sinclair Upton Beall Sinclair Jr. (September 20, 1878 – November 25, 1968) was an American writer who wrote nearly 100 books and other works in several genres. Sinclair's work was well known and popular in the first half of the 20th century, and he won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1943. In 1906, Sinclair acquired particular fame for his classic muck-raking novel ""The Jungle"", which exposed labor and sanitary conditions in the U.S. meatpacking industry, causing a public uproar that contributed in part to the passage a few months later of the 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act"	"Bennie Lee Sinclair Bennie Lee Sinclair (April 15, 1939 – May 22, 2000) was an American poet, novelist, and short story writer. She was named by Governor Richard Wilson Riley as the fifth South Carolina Poet Laureate from 1986 to 2000. Sinclair was born on April 15, 1939, in Greenville, South Carolina. She was born to William Graham Sinclair, Sr., and the former Bennie Lee Ward. Her parents separated when she was five years old and she stayed with her mother. Sinclair graduated from Greenville High School in 1956 and then graduated from Furman University in 1961. She was elected"	"Jo Sinclair Ruth Seid (July 1, 1913 – April 4, 1995), was an American novelist who wrote under the pen name Jo Sinclair. She earned awards and critical praise for her novels about race relations and the struggles of immigrant families in America. The fifth child and third daughter of Jewish immigrants, Ruth Seid was born in Brooklyn, New York on July 1, 1913, the daughter of Nathan Seid and his wife, Ida (Kravetsky). In an effort to escape the blinding poverty in which they lived, the Seid family moved to Cleveland, Ohio in 1916, but her parents were unable"	"as the narrator. His book ""The Better Half: The Emancipation of the American Woman"" won the Somerset Maugham Prize in 1967. His biographies have covered a wide variety of famous people: Che Guevara, Dylan Thomas, Jack London, John Ford, J Pierpont Morgan and Francis Bacon. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature in 1972. His most recent work is his autobiography, ""Storytelling: A Sort of Memoir"" (2018). Sinclair was Director of Historical Studies, Churchill College, Cambridge, 1961–63; and Lecturer in American History, University College London (UCL), 1965–67. His writings on persons and themes of American history"	"Linnea Sinclair Linnea Sinclair (born 1954 in New Jersey, United States) is an American writer of Science Fiction Romance, Fantasy romance and Paranormal romance. Sinclair's ""Gabriel's Ghost"" was the winner of the 2006 RITA Award in the Best Paranormal Romance category. She has used the pseudonym Megan Sybil Baker. Formerly, she has been a news reporter and a private detective. Linnea Sinclair was born in New Jersey, USA. She studied journalism and criminology at Indiana University Bloomington (1972–1975) and Florida State University. Sinclair is a former investigative news reporter and private investigator in the Central Florida area who has written"	"stories and articles although her output slowed somewhat as she aged. She succumbed to cancer on April 4, 1995 at the age of 81 at her home in Jenkintown, Pennsylvania. Jo Sinclair Ruth Seid (July 1, 1913 – April 4, 1995), was an American novelist who wrote under the pen name Jo Sinclair. She earned awards and critical praise for her novels about race relations and the struggles of immigrant families in America. The fifth child and third daughter of Jewish immigrants, Ruth Seid was born in Brooklyn, New York on July 1, 1913, the daughter of Nathan Seid and"	"Poetry. Other awards include: Sinclair published works included a novel, short stories, and poetry: In addition to her collections, some of her writings have been anthologized and have appeared in magazines and journals such as ""Foxfire"", ""Ms."", ""North American Review"", and ""The South Carolina Review"". In 1994, Sinclair composed the alma mater for Coastal Carolina University. Bennie Lee Sinclair Bennie Lee Sinclair (April 15, 1939 – May 22, 2000) was an American poet, novelist, and short story writer. She was named by Governor Richard Wilson Riley as the fifth South Carolina Poet Laureate from 1986 to 2000. Sinclair was born"	"also been the British Library Penguin Writer's Fellow, as well as a visiting lecturer, most frequently at the University of East Anglia, but also at the University of California, Santa Cruz, his special subjects being gothic fiction, creative writing, detective fiction, and Holocaust literature. His recent books include ""Clive Sinclair's True Tales of the Wild West"", ""A Soap Opera From Hell: Essays on the Facts of Life and the Facts of Death"" and ""Death & Texas"". Sinclair was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature in 1983. Sinclair died in March 2018, aged 70. A posthumous collection of"	"Mary Craig, Sinclair wrote or produced several films. Recruited by Charlie Chaplin, Sinclair and Mary Craig produced Eisenstein's ""¡Qué viva México!"" in 1930–32. Aside from his political and social writings, Sinclair took an interest in occult phenomena and experimented with telepathy. His book ""Mental Radio"" (1930) included accounts of his wife Mary's telepathic experiences and ability. William McDougall read the book and wrote an introduction to it, which led him to establish the parapsychology department at Duke University. Sinclair broke with the Socialist party in 1917 and supported the war effort. By the 1920s, however, he had returned to the"	"Sue Sinclair Sue Sinclair is an award-winning Canadian poet. She was raised in St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, and studied at Mount Allison University in Sackville, New Brunswick, graduated in 1994 and then continued her education at the University of New Brunswick. She then went on to complete an MA & PhD in Philosophy at the University of Toronto. Sinclair's first collection of poetry, ""Secrets of Weather and Hope"" (2001), was a finalist for the 2002 Gerald Lampert Award. ""Mortal Arguments"" (2003) was a finalist for the Atlantic Poetry Prize. Her third collection, ""The Drunken Lovely Bird"", won the International"	"Babbitt (novel) Babbitt (1922), by Sinclair Lewis, is a satirical novel about American culture and society that critiques the vacuity of middle-class life and the social pressure toward conformity. The controversy provoked by ""Babbitt"" was influential in the decision to award the Nobel Prize in literature to Lewis in 1930. The word ""Babbitt"" entered the English language as a ""person and especially a business or professional man who conforms unthinkingly to prevailing middle-class standards"". After the social instability and sharp economic depression that followed World War I, many Americans in the 1920s saw business and city growth as foundations for"	"was ever a novelist among us with an authentic call to the trade ... it is this red-haired tornado from the Minnesota wilds."" He has been honored by the U.S. Postal Service with a postage stamp in the Great Americans series. Born February 7, 1885, in the village of Sauk Centre, Minnesota, Sinclair Lewis began reading books at a young age and kept a diary. He had two siblings, Fred (born 1875) and Claude (born 1878). His father, Edwin J. Lewis, was a physician and a stern disciplinarian who had difficulty relating to his sensitive, unathletic third son. Lewis's mother,"	"such as ""Eisenstein on Disney"", have surfaced decades later as seminal scholarly texts used as curriculum in film schools around the world. Eisenstein and his entourage spent considerable time with Charlie Chaplin, who recommended that Eisenstein meet with a sympathetic benefactor in the person of American socialist author Upton Sinclair. Sinclair's works had been accepted by and were widely read in the USSR, and were known to Eisenstein. The two had mutual admiration and between the end of October 1930 and Thanksgiving of that year, Sinclair had secured an extension of Eisenstein's absences from the USSR, and permission for him"	"a raw food diet of predominantly vegetables and nuts. For long periods of time, he was a complete vegetarian, but he also experimented with eating meat. His attitude to these matters was fully explained in the chapter, ""The Use of Meat"", in the above-mentioned book. Fiction Autobiographical Non-fiction Drama As editor Upton Sinclair Upton Beall Sinclair Jr. (September 20, 1878 – November 25, 1968) was an American writer who wrote nearly 100 books and other works in several genres. Sinclair's work was well known and popular in the first half of the 20th century, and he won the Pulitzer Prize"	"John Sinclair (poet) John Sinclair (born October 2, 1941) is an American poet, writer, and political activist from Flint, Michigan. Sinclair's defining style is jazz poetry, and he has released most of his works in audio formats. Most of his pieces include musical accompaniment, usually by a varying group of collaborators dubbed Blues Scholars. As an emerging young poet in the mid-1960s, Sinclair took on the role of manager for the Detroit rock band MC5. The band's politically charged music and its Yippie core audience dovetailed with Sinclair's own radical development. In 1968, while still working with the band, he"	"altered version. Not until 1981 did Dreiser's unaltered version appear when the University of Pennsylvania Press issued a scholarly edition based upon the original manuscript held by the New York Public Library. It is a reconstruction by a team of leading scholars to represent the novel before it was edited by hands other than Dreiser's. In his Nobel Prize Lecture of 1930, Sinclair Lewis said that ""Dreiser's great first novel, ""Sister Carrie"", which he dared to publish thirty long years ago and which I read twenty-five years ago, came to housebound and airless America like a great free Western wind,"	"died there in a nursing home on November 25, 1968, a year after his wife. He is buried in Rock Creek Cemetery in Washington, DC, next to Willis. Sinclair devoted his writing career to documenting and criticizing the social and economic conditions of the early 20th century in both fiction and nonfiction. He exposed his view of the injustices of capitalism and the overwhelming effects of poverty among the working class. He also edited collections of fiction and nonfiction. His novel based on the meatpacking industry in Chicago, ""The Jungle,"" was first published in serial form in the socialist newspaper"	"American woman to win the Nobel Prize for Literature. After returning to the United States in 1935, she continued writing prolifically, became a prominent advocate of the rights of women and minority groups, and wrote widely on Chinese and Asian cultures, becoming particularly well known for her efforts on behalf of Asian and mixed-race adoption. Originally named Comfort by her parents, Pearl Sydenstricker was born in Hillsboro, West Virginia, to Caroline Maude (Stulting) (1857–1921) and Dr. Absalom Sydenstricker. Her parents, Southern Presbyterian missionaries, traveled to China soon after their marriage on July 8, 1880, but returned to the United States"	"community of Greenville County, South Carolina, which they moved into in 1976. Sinclair had suffered from diabetes and suffered many ailments over the last several years of her life. In 1993, she underwent a kidney transplant. She died of an apparent heart attack on May 22, 2000, in Greenville, South Carolina. Sinclair was one of the featured writers of the Southern Appalachian Writers Collection exhibition in the 1980s at the University of North Carolina at Asheville. The university still maintains the materials in that collection. Her 1990 book of poetry, ""Lord of Spring"", was nominated for a Pulitzer Prize for"	"his work, entitled ""Shylock Must Die"" – based on the character Shylock – was published in July 2018. Clive Sinclair (author) Clive John Sinclair (19 February 1948 – 5 March 2018) was a British author who published several award-winning novels and collections of short stories, including ""The Lady with the Laptop"" and ""Bedbugs"". Sinclair, who was born into a Jewish family originally named Smolensky, grew up in Hendon, North London, and was educated at the University of East Anglia (BA, PhD), the University of California, Santa Cruz, and at the University of Exeter. Although his writing career began with short"	"Clive Sinclair (author) Clive John Sinclair (19 February 1948 – 5 March 2018) was a British author who published several award-winning novels and collections of short stories, including ""The Lady with the Laptop"" and ""Bedbugs"". Sinclair, who was born into a Jewish family originally named Smolensky, grew up in Hendon, North London, and was educated at the University of East Anglia (BA, PhD), the University of California, Santa Cruz, and at the University of Exeter. Although his writing career began with short stories that appeared in magazines and journals, his first book was a novel – ""Bibliosexuality"" – which was"	"Sinclair hoped ""Boston"" would win the Pulitzer Prize, but the chairman of the 1928 Pulitzer Prize Committee said his personal opinion was that its ""socialistic tendencies"" and ""special pleading"" made it unsuitable. When the Committee named John B. Oliver's ""Victim and Victor"" instead, Sinclair denounced the selection in a widely distributed letter that pointed out how that novel was as argumentative as ""Boston"" only for a more respectable cause. In the end, the Pulitzer advisory committee at the Columbia University School of Journalism overrode the Committee's choice and awarded the Pulitzer to Julia Peterkin's ""Scarlet Sister Mary"". ""Boston"" met with"	"Ronald Sinclair Ronald Sinclair (21 January 1924 – 22 November 1992), born Richard Arthur Hould and sometimes credited as Ra Hould or Ron Sinclair, was a child actor from New Zealand, turned film editor. Sinclair was a juvenile player turned film editor who retained his celebrity in his native New Zealand long after the end of his Hollywood acting career. Sinclair's feature credits include William Wellman's ""The Light That Failed,"" ""Tower of London"", Alexander Korda's ""That Hamilton Woman"" and Raoul Walsh's ""Desperate Journey"". He also appeared in a series of children's adventure films featuring the ""Five Little Peppers"". Sinclair also"	"novel about American life. The book dealt with the problems facing second-generation Russian Jewish immigrants, including a disdain for tradition and a shame over family. With the $10,000 prize, Seid was able to provide for herself and her family. It also helped that her novel earned respectful reviews. She went on to write three more novels: ""Sing at My Wake"" (McGraw, 1951); ""The Changelings"" (McGraw, 1955); and ""Anna Teller"" (McKay, 1960). Although ""Wasteland"" is the best known of Sinclair's novels, the later books seem more powerful and sensitive. Sinclair is much more successful when she presents female characters and when"	"zines, records, and documentaries highlighting John Sinclair's contribution to the historic cannabis legalisation effort, rock music in Detroit, and psychedelic communitarianism. John Sinclair has recorded several of his poems and essays. On these albums blues and jazz musicians provide psychedelic soundscapes to accompany his delivery: John Sinclair (poet) John Sinclair (born October 2, 1941) is an American poet, writer, and political activist from Flint, Michigan. Sinclair's defining style is jazz poetry, and he has released most of his works in audio formats. Most of his pieces include musical accompaniment, usually by a varying group of collaborators dubbed Blues Scholars. As"	"Sinclair Ross James Sinclair Ross, CM (January 22, 1908 – February 29, 1996) was a Canadian banker and author, best known for his fiction about life in the Canadian prairies. He is best known for his first novel, ""As For Me and My House"". Ross was born on a homestead near Shellbrook, Saskatchewan. When he was seven, his parents separated, and he lived with his mother on a number of different farms during his childhood, going to school in Indian Head, Saskatchewan. He left school after Grade 11 and in 1924 the sixteen-year-old Ross joined the Union Bank of Canada"	"in arguments. They married October 18, 1900. They used abstinence as their main form of birth control. Meta became pregnant with a child shortly after they married and attempted to abort it multiple times. The child was born on December 1, 1901, and named David. Meta and her family tried to get Sinclair to give up writing and get ""a job that would support his family."" Around 1911, Meta left Sinclair for the poet Harry Kemp, later known as the ""Dunes Poet"" of Provincetown, Massachusetts. In 1913, Sinclair married Mary Craig Kimbrough (1883–1961), a woman from an elite Greenwood, Mississippi,"	"the characters in the book, as well as living in the same artist's colony which served as the novel's setting. His sixth book was titled ""The Hills Look Down"", and was published in 1941, to positive reviews. Updegraff died in Paris on December 7, 1965, survived by his wife of over 40 years, Dora Loues Miller. Allan Eugene Updegraff Allan Eugene Updegraff (1883-1965) was an American-born novelist, poet, and editor. After he and his friend, Sinclair Lewis, dropped out of Yale during his junior year, he made a living working odd jobs, as well as writing stories for magazines and"	"that ""the flower of youth and the best manhood of the peoples [had] been mowed down,"" for example such notable casualties as the poets Isaac Rosenberg, Rupert Brooke, Edward Thomas and Wilfred Owen, composer George Butterworth and physicist Henry Moseley. Members of the Lost Generation include Sinclair Lewis, who was the first American to receive the Nobel Prize in Literature, United States Army General George S. Patton, Russian-born composer Irving Berlin, American writer, reporter, and political commentator Walter Lippmann, Earl Warren, American theologian, ethicist, and commentator on politics Reinhold Niebuhr, Actresses Lillian Gish, Mary Pickford, and Mae West, American poet"	"extremely frail by the mid-1950s, and died in Monrovia, California, on April 26, 1961, at the age of 78. Mary Craig Sinclair Mary Craig Sinclair (1882–1961) was a writer and the wife of Upton Sinclair. She was born Mary Craig Kimbrough in Greenwood, Mississippi on February 12, 1882, the oldest child of Mary Hunter (Southworth) and Allan McCaskill Kimbrough, a judge. Beginning at age 13, Mary studied at the Mississippi State College for Women (starting with what were essentially high school classes) and graduated from the Gardner School for Young Ladies in New York City in 1900. Her father was"	"Mary P. Sinclair Mary P. Sinclair (September 23, 1918 – January 14, 2011) was an American environmental activist and ""one of the nation’s foremost lay authorities on nuclear energy and its impact on the natural and human environment"". She was born Mary Jean Palcich, raised in Chisholm, Minnesota where she was high school valedictorian, then graduated from the College of St. Catherine in St. Paul, Minnesota. Subsequently, she was a teacher and editor for ""Chemical Industries"" magazine. She worked as a librarian at the Library of Congress in Washington, D.C., where she met and married William Sinclair in 1945. After"
Where in England was Dame Judi Dench born?	"regular contact with the theatre. Her father, a physician, was also the GP for the York theatre, and her mother was its wardrobe mistress. Actors often stayed in the Dench household. During these years, Judi Dench was involved on a non-professional basis in the first three productions of the modern revival of the York Mystery Plays in 1951, 1954 and 1957. In the third production she played the role of the Virgin Mary, performed on a fixed stage in the Museum Gardens. Though she initially trained as a set designer, she became interested in drama school as her brother Jeff"	"the RSC what it is: he did not necessarily always play the leading roles, but proved by his presence that the company’s vitality lies in its strength in depth"". Jeffery Dench Jeffery Danny Dench (29 April 1928 – 27 March 2014) was an English actor, best known for his work with the Royal Shakespeare Company. He was the older brother of actress Judi Dench. Jeffery Dench was born in Tyldesley, Lancashire to Eleanora Olave (née Jones), a native of Dublin, and Reginald Arthur Dench, a physician who met his future wife while studying medicine at Trinity College, Dublin. Jeff lived"	"to independence, published in August 2014, a few weeks before the Scottish referendum. In September 2018, Dench criticized the response to the sexual misconduct allegations made against actor Kevin Spacey, referring to him as a ""good friend"". Judi Dench Dame Judith Olivia Dench (born 9 December 1934) is an English actress. Dench made her professional debut in 1957 with the Old Vic Company. Over the following few years, she performed in several of Shakespeare's plays, in such roles as Ophelia in ""Hamlet"", Juliet in ""Romeo and Juliet"", and Lady Macbeth in ""Macbeth"". Although most of her work during this period"	"Dame Judi Dench. A significant proportion of the £6.5m building cost was contributed by the National Lottery. The name Theatre by the Lake was decided by public consultation and the first performance in the new building was on 19 August 1999. The theatre has two auditoria: 400 seats in the Main House; and 100 seats in the Studio. Theatre by the Lake Theatre by the Lake in Keswick, Cumbria, England is situated on the shores of Derwentwater in the Lake District. It opened in 1999 (replacing the mobile Century Theatre) and was made possible by an Arts Council Lottery Fund"	"Judi Dench Dame Judith Olivia Dench (born 9 December 1934) is an English actress. Dench made her professional debut in 1957 with the Old Vic Company. Over the following few years, she performed in several of Shakespeare's plays, in such roles as Ophelia in ""Hamlet"", Juliet in ""Romeo and Juliet"", and Lady Macbeth in ""Macbeth"". Although most of her work during this period was in theatre, she also branched into film work and won a BAFTA Award as Most Promising Newcomer. She drew strong reviews for her leading role in the musical ""Cabaret"" in 1968. Over the next two decades,"	"She has also received the BAFTA Fellowship in 2001, and the Special Olivier Award in 2004. In June 2011, she received a fellowship from the British Film Institute (BFI). Dench is also a Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts (FRSA). Dench was born in Heworth, North Riding of Yorkshire. Her mother, Eleanora Olive (""née"" Jones), was born in Dublin, Ireland. Her father, Reginald Arthur Dench, a doctor, was born in Dorset, England, and later moved to Dublin, where he was brought up. He met Dench's mother while he was studying medicine at Trinity College, Dublin. Dench attended the Mount"	"Can Dance"" in the United States, for which she has been nominated five times for a Primetime Emmy. Since 2003, Deeley has been a patron of London's Great Ormond Street Hospital for sick children. In December 2009, she was made a UNICEF UK ambassador. She is married to Northern Irish comedian and television personality Patrick Kielty. Deeley was born at Sandwell General Hospital, West Bromwich, England and grew up in Sutton Coldfield and Great Barr. She attended Grove Vale Junior School followed by Dartmouth High School in Great Barr, where she played the clarinet in the Sandwell Youth Concert Band."	"Judi Dench filmography Dame Judi Dench is an English actress who has worked in theater, television, and film. Dench made her professional debut in 1957 with the Old Vic Company. Over the following few years she played in several of Shakespeare's plays in such roles as Ophelia in ""Hamlet"", Juliet in ""Romeo and Juliet"" and Lady Macbeth in ""Macbeth"". She branched into film work, and won a BAFTA Award as Most Promising Newcomer; however, most of her work during this period was in theatre. Over the next two decades, she established herself as one of the most significant British theatre"	"London in 1586, the daughter of Walter Dunch of Avebury Manor in Wiltshire and his wife, also called Deborah. She was the daughter of James Pilkington, Bishop of Durham and his wife. Walter's father was Sir William Dunch, the Auditor of the Royal Mint. Deborah married Sir Henry Moody, 1st Baronet. By marriage she was entitled to be addressed as Lady Moody. She was widowed by 1629. Lady Moody left England in 1639 due to religious persecution, as she had adopted Anabaptist beliefs. At the age of 54, she settled in the town of Saugus, Massachusetts. She moved to a"	"to Dench. In addition, Hare received a special citation from the New York Drama Critics' Circle. It was revived in November 2006 with Felicity Kendal and Jenna Russell in the lead roles and toured various English theatres until February 2007. The play takes place in Berkshire near Pangbourne, and in London, from 1979 to 1995. Over the course of these sixteen years, ""a running argument about the respective virtues of traditional theater and the media arts weaves its way through espoused opinions on marriage, love, fame, fidelity, betrayal, personal and artistic integrity, and the sometimes elusive ethics of the corporate"	"and an English mother, Theresa, who was a kindergarten teacher. Her father was born in France. Elmaloglou left school at the age of 15 and trained at the Keane Kids studios in Sydney, where she studied acting, singing and dancing. Dame Judi Dench is a cousin. When working on ""Home and Away"" (from 1990–93), she suffered frequently from panic attacks. She was later diagnosed with OCD and has been open about her condition. Elmaloglou's first child, Kai, with partner Kane Baker was born in 2008. She married Kane in 2009. Elmaloglou has appeared in numerous roles in various programmes and"	"Dench which Dench had previously helped to promote. In 2019, Dench will star as Old Deuteronomy in the film adaptation of ""Cats"" alongside Jennifer Hudson, Ian McKellen, Taylor Swift, James Corden, and Idris Elba. Dench is a long-time resident of Outwood, Surrey. On 5 February 1971, Dench married British actor Michael Williams. They had their only child, Tara Cressida Frances Williams, an actress known professionally as Finty Williams, on 24 September 1972. Dench and her husband starred together in several stage productions and on the Bob Larbey British television sitcom, ""A Fine Romance"" (1981–84). Michael Williams died from lung cancer"	"Di Botcher Di Botcher is a Welsh actress born in Taibach in Port Talbot in 1959. She has appeared in film and television and on stage in plays and musicals since the 1980s. She starred in several British television sitcoms and dramas, including Sky comedy drama ""Stella"", BBC comedies ""Little Britain"" and ""Tittybangbang"" and ITV period drama ""Downton Abbey"". In 2018, she joined ""Casualty"" as Jan Jennings. Botcher was born in 1959 in Taibach, Port Talbot, Glamorgan, in Wales, one of two children to parents Bernard and Glenys Botcher. She read English and drama at Warwick University, and after graduating,"	"questioned why Renée waited until the Marquis was finally let out of prison to leave him. In March 2009 London's Donmar Warehouse staged a production at Wyndhams Theatre directed by Michael Grandage. It starred Rosamund Pike (in the title role) and Judi Dench as her mother, Madame De Montreuil. Frances Barber, Deborah Findlay, Jenny Galloway and Fiona Button co-starred. Judi Dench was forced to miss several performances after she tripped over the stage-doors and severely sprained her ankle and thus her understudy, Marjorie Hayward, took over the role. When Dench did return four days after the injury, she performed with"	"where she was partnered with professional skater Matt Evers, and in 2012 she won the ninth series of ""Celebrity Big Brother"". 2012 also saw her star as Truvy in the UK touring production of the play ""Steel Magnolias"". Jacqueline Denise Welch was born in Tynemouth, North Tyneside. She has a younger sister Debbie. She attended Bygate School in Whitley Bay, La Sagesse Roman Catholic School in Newcastle upon Tyne, before moving to Ebchester, County Durham at the age of 13 where she attended Blackfyne Grammar School in Consett and passed five GCE exams. She developed a penchant for acting at"	"Peter Dench Peter Dench (23 April 1972) is a photojournalist working primarily in advertising, editorial and portraiture photography. His work has been published in a number of his own books, exhibited and won awards. Dench was born and grew up in Weymouth, Dorset. He graduated from the University of Derby with a degree in Photographic Studies in 1995 and has been working as a photojournalist since 1998. He currently lives in Crouch End, London. Dench is best known for his decade of work documenting England. He breaks the subject down into manageable chunks with a specific theme (thereby also making"	"Geoff Dench Professor Geoff Dench (14 August 1940 - 24 June 2018) was a British social scientist whose work related particularly to the lives of working class men. He did extensive research using opinion surveys and arrived at conclusions relating to immigration, meritocracy and feminism that were out of keeping with prevailing attitudes in British academia in the later twentieth century. Geoff Dench was born in Brighton on 14 August 1940 to Herbert, a dental technician, and Edna, who had trained as an accountant. He did not see his father until he was five years old due to the Second"	"of Flavigny-sur-Ozerain in Burgundy, France, and on the Rue De L'ancienne Poste in Beynac-et-Cazenac on the Dordogne River in Dordogne, France. The river scenes were filmed at Fonthill Lake at Fonthill Bishop in Wiltshire, England and interior scenes at Shepperton Studios, Surrey, England. The film was nominated for five Academy Awards, including Best Picture. It was also nominated for eight BAFTAs, and four Golden Globes. Judi Dench won a Screen Actors Guild Award for her performance in the film. An unnamed woman narrates the story of Vianne Rocher (Juliette Binoche), an expert chocolatier who drifts across Europe with her daughter"	"the world in 2012 and 2016. Her 2016–17 tour, saw her break attendance records in a number of countries, including the UK, Australia, and the US. With sales of more than 100 million records, Adele is one of the world's best-selling music artists. Adele Laurie Blue Adkins was born on 5 May 1988 in Tottenham, London, to an English mother, Penny Adkins, and a Welsh father, Marc Evans. Evans left when Adele was two, leaving her mother to raise her. She began singing at age four and asserts that she became obsessed with voices. Growing up, Adele spent most of"	"Los Angeles, where they live. In 2017, O'Porter gave birth to a second son, Valentine. Dawn O'Porter Dawn O'Porter (born Dawn Porter; born 23 January 1979) is a British writer, director and television presenter. She was born in Alexandria, West Dunbartonshire, Scotland but raised in Guernsey. She studied acting at the Liverpool Institute for Performing Arts but in her third year decided that acting was not for her and did work experience on the television series ""Baddiel and Skinner Unplanned"" rather than participate in a school production. Porter's father lives in Scotland. Having established her credentials as a writer and"	"Jean Denton, Baroness Denton of Wakefield Jean Denton, Baroness Denton of Wakefield CBE (29 December 1935 – 5 February 2001) was a British businesswoman and politician. Jean Moss was born in 1935 she was the daughter of Charles and Kathleen Moss (born Tuke) in Wakefield in Yorkshire. Her father worked at a hospital and her mother was a school cook. When she was 8 she represented Yorkshire in a child's version of the radio programme Round Britain Quiz. Moss attended Rothwell Grammar School near Leeds. When she was fourteen she had to take bed rest for a year to cure"	"of the late historian and journalist, Josef Fraenkel (b. 1903, Ustrzyki Dolne, Poland) who fled Vienna and then Prague from the Nazis. He arrived in Britain on 3 September 1939, the day the Allies declared war on Germany. Several other members of her family were murdered in Nazi concentration camps during World War II. Her first cousin is Maurice Frankel, Director of the UK Campaign for Freedom of Information. In 2008, it emerged that a 101-yr old Polish artist living in Kraków, Eugeniusz Waniek, had in his possession a set of silver cutlery which had once belonged to Deech's father's"	"Jakki Degg Jakki Degg (born 20 February 1978) is an English glamour model and actress. While the bulk of her work has been done in England, she has appeared in American film and television, and has posed for posters and magazine pictorials. Although born in Stone, Degg, daughter of David Degg, was raised in Hednesford, Staffordshire, England. Degg studied dance as a child, particularly ballet, and won several competitions. She went on to hairdressing school and managed a salon of her own by age 20. Jakki became famous when, at her mother's encouragement, she entered and won the inaugural Max"	"received an honorary DLitt degree from Durham University. On 24 June 2008, she was honoured by the University of St Andrews, receiving an honorary DLitt degree at the university's graduation ceremony. On 26 June 2013, she was honoured by the University of Stirling, receiving an honorary doctorate at the university's graduation ceremony in recognition of her outstanding contribution to the Arts, particularly to film. In March 2013, Dench was listed as one of the fifty best-dressed over 50s by ""The Guardian"". One of the highest-profile actresses in British popular culture, Dench appeared on Debrett's 2017 list of the most influential"	"a 19 CD box set which was released in November 2010. Denny was born on 6 January 1947 at Nelson Hospital, Kingston Road, Merton Park, London. She studied classical piano as a child. Her Scottish grandmother was a singer of traditional songs. At an early age Denny showed an interest in singing, although her strict parents were reluctant to believe there was a living to be made from it. Sandy Denny attended Coombe Girls' School in New Malden. After leaving school, she started training as a nurse at the Royal Brompton Hospital. Her nursing career proved short-lived. In the meantime"	"Award UK for Best Performance in a Musical for her performance as Dolly Levi in ""Hello Dolly"" at Curve, Leicester. Janie Dee was born in Old Windsor, Berkshire. She is the daughter of John Lewis and Ruth Lewis (née Miller) and the eldest of four sisters. She trained at the Arts Educational School in Chiswick, London. On leaving ArtsEd, Dee began her career as a dancer, subsequently moving to Rome, Italy where she taught dance, took singing lessons, and learned to speak Italian. Dee's first West End production was Gillian Lynne's 1986 revival of ""Cabaret"" by Kander and Ebb in"	"something you can actually do to put things right or make the best of those that are wrong."" Born in Hampstead, London, she is the daughter of the novelists Nigel Balchin and Elizabeth Ayrton. She graduated from Newnham College, Cambridge, with honours in 1959. After Cambridge, she attended the London School of Economics, where she received her PhD in psychology (1964) and lectured on child development. Her first research positions included a year in the Home Office Research Unit studying juvenile crime and six years at the Medical Research Council Developmental Research Unit. Leach is a fellow of the British"	"in Wonderland"" (2010) and ""Alice Through the Looking Glass"" (2016). Windsor was born in Shoreditch, London, in 1937 (her birth was registered in Stepney), the only child of John Deeks, a costermonger, and his wife, Rose (née Ellis), a dressmaker. Windsor is of English and Irish ancestry. She passed her 11-plus exams gaining a place at Our Lady's Convent in Stamford Hill. Her mother paid for her to have elocution lessons, and she trained at the Aida Foster School in Golders Green, making her stage debut at 13 and her West End debut in 1952 in the chorus of the"	"from 1996 to 2004. Their daughter Tallulah Rose Tepper was born on 20 February 1997 in Los Angeles, California. Since 2007 she has lived in Los Angeles with Vinnie Tortorich, fitness expert, podcaster, and author of ""Fitness Confidential"". Serena Scott Thomas Serena Harriet Scott Thomas (born 21 September 1961) is an English actress. Her television roles include Diana, Princess of Wales in """" in 1993. Her film appearances include ""The World Is Not Enough"" (1999), ""Hostage"" (2005), ""Brothel"" (2008), and ""Inherent Vice"" (2014). Scott Thomas was born in Nether Compton, Dorset. Her mother, Deborah (née Hurlbatt), was brought up in"	"of Fire"" (2005) and ""Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1"" (2010). Other television roles include Emma Porlock in the Dennis Potter serial ""Cold Lazarus"" (1996), Headmistress Margaret Baron in BBC sitcom ""Big School"" and Violet Crosby in the sitcom ""Vicious"". De la Tour was born in Bovingdon, Hertfordshire, to Moyra (née Fessas) and Charles de la Tour (1909–1982). The name was also spelt De Lautour, and it was in this form that her birth was registered in Hemel Hempstead, Hertfordshire, in the third quarter of 1944. She has French, Greek, and Irish ancestry. She was educated at"	"received Classic Brit Awards as Album of the Year. She has also been seen widely in concert, including performing for British troops in Iraq and Afghanistan. She has also sung at sporting events, on television shows and in support of many charities. In Spring 2012, she competed on the U.S. television show ""Dancing with the Stars"", finishing in second place, behind NFL Super Bowl champion Donald Driver. Jenkins was born in Neath, Wales, where she and her sister Laura were raised by their parents Selwyn John and Susan. She attended Alderman Davies Church in Wales Primary School in Neath, Dwr-y-Felin"	"in Camberwell, London, England, on 25 March 1927. Her father, Sidney Thomas, was a champion boxer, and her mother, Beatrice (née Aberdeen), a dressmaker. After graduating from the London School of Economics with a degree in sociology and political science, she became a social worker. She emigrated to the United States to live with her first husband, an American golfer. Whilst in America she worked as a journalist. Anderson returned to the United Kingdom in 1955 with her daughter. She joined the newly founded and short-lived Polytechnic Films as an office assistant in 1957. There, she met Gerry Anderson, an"	"recognisable writers. She appeared in the US market, featuring on ""The New York Times"" best-seller list and in Oprah's Book Club. Recognised for her ""total absence of malice"" and generosity to other writers, she finished 3rd in a 2000 poll for World Book Day, ahead of Jane Austen, Charles Dickens, and Stephen King. Anne Maeve Binchy was born on 28 May 1939 in Dalkey, the oldest of the four children of William and Maureen (née Blackmore) Binchy. Her siblings include one brother, William Binchy, Regius Professor of Laws at Trinity College, Dublin, and two sisters: Irene ""Renie"" (who predeceased Binchy),"
From which country did Angola achieve independence in 1975?	"they really are. Angola's colonial era ended with the Angolan War of Independence against Portugal occurred between 1970 and 1975. Independence did not produce a unified Angola, however; the country plunged into years of civil war between the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) and the governing Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA). 30 years of war would produce historical legacies that combine to allow for the persistence of a highly corrupt government system. The Angolan civil war was fought between the pro-western UNITA and the communist MPLA and had the characteristics typical of a"	"1970s in Angola The 1970s in Angola, a time of political and military turbulence, saw the end of Angola's War of Independence (1961–1975) and the outbreak of civil war (1975–2002). Agostinho Neto, the leader of the People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), declared the independence of the People's Republic of Angola on November 11, 1975, in accordance with the Alvor Accords. UNITA and the FNLA also declared Angolan independence as the Social Democratic Republic of Angola based in Huambo and the Democratic Republic of Angola based in Ambriz. FLEC, armed and backed by the French government, declared the"	"governments of Angola, Zambia, and Zaire signed a non-aggression pact. 1970s in Angola The 1970s in Angola, a time of political and military turbulence, saw the end of Angola's War of Independence (1961–1975) and the outbreak of civil war (1975–2002). Agostinho Neto, the leader of the People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), declared the independence of the People's Republic of Angola on November 11, 1975, in accordance with the Alvor Accords. UNITA and the FNLA also declared Angolan independence as the Social Democratic Republic of Angola based in Huambo and the Democratic Republic of Angola based in Ambriz."	"Portuguese Overseas Province of Angola as the People's Republic of Angola on 11 November 1975. UNITA declared Angolan independence as the Social Democratic Republic of Angola based in Huambo, and the FNLA declared the Democratic Republic of Angola based in Ambriz. FLEC, armed and backed by the French government, declared the independence of the Republic of Cabinda from Paris. The FNLA and UNITA forged an alliance on 23 November, proclaiming their own coalition government based in Huambo with Holden Roberto and Jonas Savimbi as co-Presidents, and José Ndelé and Johnny Pinnock Eduardo as co-Prime Ministers. In early November 1975, the"	"than 400 years from the 15th century. Demands for independence picked up momentum during the early 1950s, with the principal protagonists including the MPLA, founded in 1956, the National Front for the Liberation of Angola (FNLA), which appeared in 1961, and the UNITA, founded in 1966. After many years of conflict that weakened all of the insurgent parties, Angola gained independence on 11 November 1975, after the Carnation Revolution in Portugal, which overthrew the Portuguese regime headed by Marcelo Caetano. A fight for dominance broke out immediately between the three nationalist movements. The events prompted a mass exodus of Portuguese"	"declaration of independence. In response, Cuba intervened in favor of the MPLA, which became a flash point for the Cold War. With Cuban support, the MPLA held Luanda and declared independence on 11 November 1975, with Agostinho Neto becoming the first president, though the civil war continued. At this time, most of the half-million Portuguese who lived in Angola – and who had accounted for the majority of the skilled workers in public administration, agriculture, industries and trade – fled the country, leaving its once prosperous and growing economy in a state of bankruptcy. Cuban intervention in Angola is believed"	"(UNITA), founded in 1966. After many years of conflict that weakened all of the insurgent parties, Angola gained its independence on 11 November 1975, after the 1974 coup d'état in Lisbon, Portugal, which overthrew the Portuguese régime headed by Marcelo Caetano. A fight for dominance broke out immediately between the three nationalist movements. The events prompted a mass exodus of Portuguese citizens, creating up to 300 000 destitute Portuguese refugees—the ""retornados"". The new Portuguese government tried to mediate an understanding between the three competing movements, which was initially agreed by the movements, but later failed and resulted in a devastating"	"mutiny and leftist coup in Lisbon, Angola's independence was achieved on November 11, 1975 through the Alvor Agreement. After independence, Angola later entered a period of civil war that lasted up until 2002. The area of current day Angola was inhabited during the paleolithic and neolithic eras, as attested by remains found in Luanda, Congo, and the Namibe desert. At the beginning of recorded history other cultures and people also arrived. The first ones to settle were the San people. This changed at the beginning of the sixth century AD, when the Bantu, already in possession of metal-working technology, ceramics"	"nationalist's demands for independence, thereby provoking the armed conflict that started in 1961 when guerrillas attacked colonial assets in cross-border operations in northeastern Angola The war came to be known as the Colonial War. In this struggle, the principal protagonists were the MPLA (Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola), founded in 1956, the FNLA (National Front for the Liberation of Angola), which appeared in 1961, and UNITA (National Union for the Total Independence of Angola), founded in 1966. After many years of conflict, the nation gained its independence on 11 November 1975, after the 1974 coup d'état in Lisbon,"	"started in 1961 when freedom fighters attacked both white and black civilians in cross-border operations in northeastern Angola, which was called the Colonial War. The principal protagonists included the People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), founded in 1956, the National Front for the Liberation of Angola (FNLA), which appeared in 1961, and the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), founded in 1966. After many years of conflict that weakened all of the insurgent parties, Angola gained its independence on 11 November 1975, after the 1974 coup d'état in Lisbon, Portugal, which overthrew the Portuguese régime"	"Angola–France relations Franco-Angolan relations are foreign relations between France and Angola. Relations between the two countries have not always been cordial due to the former French government's policy of supporting militant separatists in Angola's Cabinda province and the international Angolagate scandal embarrassed both governments by exposing corruption and illicit arms deals. Following French President Nicolas Sarkozy's visit in 2008, relations have improved. Agostinho Neto, the leader of the People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), declared the independence of the People's Republic of Angola on November 11, 1975, in accordance with the Alvor Accords. National Union for the Total"	"pushing north. Alvor Agreement The Alvor Agreement, signed on 15 January 1975, granted Angola independence from Portugal on 11 November, ending the war for independence while marking the transition to the Angolan Civil War. The agreement, signed by the People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), the National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA), National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), and the Portuguese government, was never signed by the Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda (FLEC) or the Eastern Revolt as the other parties excluded them from negotiations. The coalition government established by the"	"society without ethnic discrimination; agreeing to a transitional government, armed forces and civil service and lastly to co-operate in the country's decolonisation and defence. The FNLA and the other parties would meet in Portimao, Portugal on 10 January 1975 and resulted in the formation of the Alvor Agreement, signed on 15 January 1975, which would grant Angola independence from Portugal on 11 November ending the war of independence. The plan also called for a coalition government and a united army. Within 24 hours of the Alvor Agreement, fighting broke out in Luanda amongst the FNLA and MPLA with further violence"	"Alvor Agreement The Alvor Agreement, signed on 15 January 1975, granted Angola independence from Portugal on 11 November, ending the war for independence while marking the transition to the Angolan Civil War. The agreement, signed by the People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), the National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA), National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), and the Portuguese government, was never signed by the Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda (FLEC) or the Eastern Revolt as the other parties excluded them from negotiations. The coalition government established by the Alvor Agreement"	"quickly broke down and the newly independent Angola broke into a state of civil war. Maintaining control over Luanda and the lucrative oil fields of the Atlantic coastline, Agostinho Neto, the leader of the MPLA, declared the independence of the Portuguese Overseas Province of Angola as the People's Republic of Angola on November 11, 1975, in accordance with the Alvor Accords. UNITA and FNLA together declared Angolan independence in Huambo. These differences reiginited civil war between UNITA & FNLA and the MPLA, with the latter winning the upper hand. Agostinho Neto became the first president upon independence, and he was"	"with the nationalist movements, and a few even joined them in their fight. The Angolan author Pepetela is among these. When the Salazar regime in Portugal was abolished by a military coup in Portugal, in 1974, and independence was granted to the colonies by the new government, whites overwhelmingly left Angola after independence in 1975. Most of them went to Portugal, where they were called ""retornados"" and were not always welcomed, while others moved to neighboring Namibia (then a South African territory), South Africa or Brazil, or United States. It is estimated that around 250,000 left the country in 1975"	"and South Africa intervened militarily in favour of the FNLA and UNITA, with the intention of taking Luanda before the declaration of independence. In response, Cuba intervened in favour of the MPLA, and the country became a flash point for the Cold War. With Cuban support, the MPLA held Luanda and declared independence on 11 November 1975, with Agostinho Neto becoming the first president, although the civil war continued. Independent Angola's first constitution dedicated the new republic to eliminating the vestiges of Portuguese colonialism. The Constitution provided numerous guarantees of individual freedom and prohibited discrimination based on color, race, ethnic"	"were confining many Africans. Many of them were relocated from their homes. In 1974 the Carnation Revolution in Portugal caused the Estado Novo regime to collapse, and Angola become independent from Portugal in 1975. Jonas Savimbi’s UNITA movement began fighting his political rivals soon after independence and gained the support of the United States and South Africa because of his rivals' ties to communism and Cuba. The MPLA leader Agostinho Neto declared himself president of the country with the backing of Cuba and founded a Marxist–Leninist inspired regime. After Neto died in 1979, José Eduardo dos Santos became his successor."	"Africa intervened militarily in favour of the FNLA and UNITA with the intention of taking Luanda before the declaration of independence. In response, Cuba intervened in favor of the MPLA, which became a flash point for the Cold War. With Cuban support, the MPLA held Luanda and declared independence on 11 November 1975, with Agostinho Neto becoming the first president, though the civil war continued. At this time, most of the half-million Portuguese who lived in Angola – and who had accounted for the majority of the skilled workers in public administration, agriculture, industries and trade – fled the country,"	"Quifangondo on 10 November 1975, the day before the People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) declared Angola's independence from Portugal. Cuba supplied the People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) rebels with weapons and soldiers along with tanks to fight as the Cuban military would fight alongside the MPLA in major battles. The arrival of the T-55 tanks in 1963 allowed Castro to send many of the older T-34-85 tanks to the conflict in Angola in 1975. All of the T-34s in Angola were armed with a ZiS-S-53 85mm main gun and two 7.62mm DT machine guns,"	"on 5 January 1975 and agreed to stop fighting each other, further outlining constitutional negotiations with the Portuguese. They met for a third time, with Portuguese government officials, in Alvor, Portugal from 10 till 15 January. They signed on 15 January what became known as the Alvor Agreement, granting Angola independence on 11 November and establishing a transitional government. The agreement ended the war for independence while marking the transition to civil war. The Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda (FLEC) and Eastern Revolt never signed the agreement as they were excluded from negotiations. The coalition government"	"between the three rebel factions and Portugal that were to pave the way to independence. Under its terms, a transitional government was formed, elections were scheduled for the end of the year, and 11 November 1975 was slated as Angola's independence day. Fighting between the three rebel factions started soon after the transitional government took office on 31 January 1975, with each movement gaining control of their traditional areas of influence by mid-1975: the MPLA in the capital and central Angola, the FNLA in the north and UNITA in the south. The FNLA was defeated in the 1970s and the"	"the combatants. The FNLA occupied northern Angola and UNITA the central south, while the MPLA mostly occupied the coastline, the far south-east and, after capturing it in November 1974, Cabinda. Negotiations for independence resulted in the Treaty of Alvor being signed on 15 January 1975, naming the date of official independence as 11 November 1975. The agreement ended the war for independence but marked the escalation of the civil war. Two dissenting groups, the Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda and the Eastern Revolt, never signed the accords, as they were excluded from negotiations. The coalition government"	"United States, the People's Republic of China and the Mobutu government in Zaïre. The United States, South Africa, and several other African nations also supported Jonas Savimbi's National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), whose ethnic and regional base lies in the Ovimbundu heartland of central Angola. The government of the Soviet Union, well aware of South African activity in southern Angola, flew Cuban soldiers into Luanda one week before November 11, 1975, the date on which Angolan nationalists had agreed to declare independence. While Cuban officers led the mission and provided the bulk of the troop force,"	"control over Luanda. On 11 November Neto declared the independence of the People's Republic of Angola. The FNLA and UNITA responded by proclaiming their own government based in Huambo. The South African Army retreated and, with the help of Cuban forces, the MPLA retook most of the south in the beginning of 1976. Many analysts have blamed the transitional government in Portugal for the violence that followed the Alvor Agreement, criticizing the lack of concern about internal Angolan security, and the favoritism towards the MPLA. High Commissioner Coutinho, one of the seven leaders of the National Salvation Junta, openly gave"	"Angola–Brazil relations Angola–Brazil relations refers to the historical and current bilateral relationship between Angola and Brazil. Brazil was the first country to recognize the independence of Angola, in November 1975. Commercial and economic ties dominate the relations of each country. Both countries are former colonies under the Portuguese Empire; Brazil from the early 16th century until its independence in 1822, and Angola until its independence in 1975. Due to their status as former Portuguese colonies and the transatlantic slave trade, Brazil and Angola have a long and important history of economic ties. Period of the transatlantic slave trade In 1646,"	"in 1975, the year that Angola became an independent territory known as the People's Republic of Angola. At the age of 19, Passos Coelho was admitted to the University of Lisbon to study mathematics. He did not, however, finish his degree and instead taught mathematics at the Escola Secundária de Vila Pouca de Aguiar high school for a year (1982/1983). Back in Lisbon, he then made a living as a part-time private mathematics tutor, while developing his political career rising through the ranks of PSD's youth branch (JSD). In 1987 he was elected vice-president of JSD, and president in 1991."	"conscripted into military service, and replacing the authoritarian ""Estado Novo"" (New State) regime and its secret police which repressed elemental civil liberties and political freedoms. It started as a professional class protest of Portuguese Armed Forces captains against the 1973 decree law ""Dec. Lei n. 353/73"". These events prompted a mass exodus of Portuguese citizens, overwhelmingly white but some ""mestiço"" (mixed race) or black, from Portugal's African territories, creating hundreds of thousands destitute refugees — the ""retornados"". Angola became a sovereign state on 11 November 1975 in accordance with the Alvor Agreement and the newly independent country was proclaimed the"	"Angolan War of Independence The Angolan War of Independence (1961–1974) began as an uprising against forced cotton cultivation, and it became a multi-faction struggle for the control of Portugal's overseas province of Angola among three nationalist movements and a separatist movement. The war ended when a leftist military coup in Lisbon in April 1974 overthrew Portugal's ""Estado Novo"" regime, and the new regime immediately stopped all military action in the African colonies, declaring its intention to grant them independence without delay. The conflict is usually approached as a branch or a theater of the wider Portuguese Overseas War, which also"	"UN symbol, the other side is South Korea. Angola is a country in Southern Africa. It is the seventh-largest country in Africa. Since it gained independence from Portugal in 1975, the Civil War had begun between the People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA)(Portuguese: ""Movimento Popular de Libertação de Angola)"" and the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA). Although a peace treaty was concluded in May 1991, the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), which lost the referendum under the arbitration of the UN, caused the civil war again. In the process, the"	"Angolan Civil War The Angolan Civil War () was a civil conflict in Angola, beginning in 1975 and continuing, with interludes, until 2002. The war began immediately after Angola became independent from Portugal in November 1975. The war was a power struggle between two former liberation movements, the People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) and the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA). The war was used as a surrogate battleground for the Cold War by rival states such as the Soviet Union, Cuba, South Africa and the United States. The MPLA and UNITA had different"	"had been administered by a provisional government, representatives of the Portuguese government and FRELIMO signed an agreement to grant independence to Mozambique, with the president of FRELIMO to assume the presidency of the newly independent nation. This was followed the next month by the announcement of the independence of Cape Verde, and the establishment of a new nation, the Republic of Cape Verde. In Angola, the Alvor Agreement was signed on January 15, 1975, granting Angola independence from Portugal on 11 November 1975. The Alvor Agreement formally ended the war for independence. The agreement, while signed by the MPLA, the"	"Nakuru Agreement The Nakuru Agreement, signed on June 21, 1975, in Nakuru, Kenya, was an attempt to salvage the Alvor Agreement, which granted Angola independence from Portugal and established a transitional government. While the Nakuru Agreement did produce a truce between the three nationalist movements—the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA), and National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA)—it was a fragile truce that dissolved on July 9, 1975. The three principal separatist leaders, MPLA's Agostinho Neto, UNITA's Jonas Savimbi, and the FNLA's Holden Roberto met in Nakuru from June"
Which city does David Soul come from?	"his fifth wife, Helen Snell, in June 2010. They had been in a relationship since 2002, after meeting when Soul was working in the British stage production of ""Deathtrap."" David Soul David Soul (born David Richard Solberg, August 28, 1943) is an American-British actor and singer. He is known for his role as Detective Kenneth ""Hutch"" Hutchinson in the ABC television series ""Starsky & Hutch"" from 1975 to 1979. He became a British citizen in 2004. Soul was born in Chicago, Illinois, on August 28, 1943, and is of Norwegian extraction. His mother, June Johnanne (Nelson), was a teacher, and"	"born in London, and at the age of 16 set up the UK's first fan club for singer Nina Simone. In 1966, with Dave Godin and Robert Blackmore, he established Soul City, in Deptford, South London, claimed to be the first record store outside the US specialising in American rhythm and blues and soul music. The shop also started a record label in 1968, to release US R&B singles in the UK. In 1970, he began working in London for Contempo International, which owned ""Blues & Soul"" magazine. He moved to New York City in 1975 as contributing editor for"	"Collective Soul Collective Soul is an American rock band originally from Stockbridge, Georgia. Now based in Atlanta, the group consists of lead vocalist Ed Roland, rhythm guitarist Dean Roland, bassist Will Turpin, drummer Johnny Rabb and lead guitarist Jesse Triplett. Before forming Collective Soul, singer Ed Roland studied music composition and guitar at the Berklee College of Music in Boston, Massachusetts. Since the mid-1980s, Roland was involved in Atlanta's underground music scene making demos and performing. He also worked at Real 2 Reel Studios in Stockbridge, which was owned by bassist Will Turpin's father, Bill Turpin. Roland's duties were producing,"	"a variety of known aliases and nicknames used throughout the group's career. The following are the most significant: David Jude Jolicoeur David Jude Jolicoeur (born September 21, 1968), also known under the stage name Trugoy the Dove and more recently Dave, is an American rapper, producer, and one third of the hip hop trio De La Soul. He was born in the Brooklyn, New York but grew up in East Massapequa. Jolicoeur, Vincent Mason and Kelvin Mercer were friends who attended the same high school in the Amityville area of Long Island during the 1980s. After they decided to form"	"at nightclubs and music festivals around New York, Miami, and The Bahamas. He released his debut single, ""Don't Stop"" with an extended version on Spotify in June 2018. David Michael Solomon was born circa 1962 in Hartsdale, New York to Jewish parents. His father, Alan Solomon, was an executive vice president of a small publishing company, and his mother, Sandra, worked as an audiology supervisor. He grew up in Scarsdale, New York where he attended Edgemont Junior-Senior High School and worked at a local Baskin Robbins before working as a camp counselor in New Hampshire. He graduated from Hamilton College"	"David Nathan (music writer) David Nathan (born 15 February 1948) is a British-born biographer, journalist, authority on soul music, and singer. In the 1960s and 1970s, he was the co-founder of the Soul City record label and a contributing editor to ""Blues & Soul"" magazine. Living in the US between 1975 and 2009, he wrote several biographies of musicians as well as hundreds of articles and liner notes, and founded the website soulmusic.com. He has also recorded and performed as a jazz and blues singer, both under his own name and as his ""alter ego"" Nefer Davis. David Nathan was"	"Dave Hill David John Hill (born 4 April 1946) is an English musician, who is the lead guitarist and backing vocalist in the English band Slade. Hill is known for his flamboyant stage clothes and hairstyle. Born in Flete House, Holbeton, Devon, the son of a mechanic, he moved with his parents to Penn, Wolverhampton when he was a year old. There he attended Springdale Junior school and Highfields Secondary school. He bought his first guitar from a mail order catalogue and received some guitar lessons from a science teacher at his school. He then formed a band called The"	"The London Souls The London Souls were an American, New York City based rock and roll band active from 2008 to 2018. Tash Neal and Chris St. Hilaire met in New York City as teenagers, jamming for the first time in hourly rehearsal rooms with friends. They shared a passion for songwriting and improvisation, and in 2008 formed The London Souls. Their song ""She's So Mad"" has received airplay on FOX TV's show ""Fearless Music"". Also, their song ""I Think I Like It"" was used in a commercial advertising NBA star Derrick Rose's line of shoes by Adidas. Their debut"	"Hamilton - ""The Dark End Of The Street"" 24.Jimmy Robins - ""I Made It Over"" 25.Bob & Earl - ""Don't Ever Leave Me"" Dave Godin David Edward Godin (21 June 1936, Peckham, London – 15 October 2004, Rotherham, England) was an English fan of American soul music, who made a major contribution internationally in spreading awareness and understanding of the genre, and by extension African-American culture. The son of a milkman, Dave Godin spent his early childhood in Peckham before bombing forced the family to move to Bexleyheath, Kent, where he won a scholarship to Dartford Grammar School. Godin began"	"Soul for Real Soul for Real (also known as Soul 4 Real and Soul IV Real) is an R&B group from Wheatley Heights, New York, currently living in Atlanta, Georgia made up of brothers Christopher Sherman Dalyrimple a.k.a. Choc (born April 30, 1971), Andre ""Dre"" Lamont Dalyrimple a.k.a. KD now (born April 4, 1974), Brian ""Bri"" Augustus Dalyrimple (born December 14, 1975), and Jason ""Jase"" Oliver Dalyrimple a.k.a. Jase4Real (born May 10, 1980). The group were best known in the mid-1990s for their gold-certified singles ""Candy Rain"" and ""Every Little Thing I Do"" from their platinum selling debut album ""Candy"	"when he was 7 years old. In Manchester, David attended a vocal training course led by Elaine Hanley, affiliated with Owen Thomas’ Cultural Fusion, which helped to hone his singing abilities. Before joining Divine Divine he was known to many as DavidB, a R&B/Inspirational Gospel singer-songwriter, musician, vocal producer, dancer, choreographer, and entertainer. David was also a well-respected member of Manchester’s finest Gospel Choir – Manchester Sing out Choir, under the leadership of Vocal Genius – Wayne Ellington. He has also sung with Grammy Award Winner Joshua Groban and Heather Small. Nadine Sade Caesar (born , London) is from North"	"David Jude Jolicoeur David Jude Jolicoeur (born September 21, 1968), also known under the stage name Trugoy the Dove and more recently Dave, is an American rapper, producer, and one third of the hip hop trio De La Soul. He was born in the Brooklyn, New York but grew up in East Massapequa. Jolicoeur, Vincent Mason and Kelvin Mercer were friends who attended the same high school in the Amityville area of Long Island during the 1980s. After they decided to form a rap group, each member re-christened themselves with an outlandish name (Trugoy the Dove, P.A. Pasemaster Mase and"	"full live album ""Collective Soul - Live"" on December 8, 2017. The recordings were gathered from concerts the band performed during their 2016 and 2017 tours. According to Ed Roland, the group took its name from a phrase in ""The Fountainhead"", citing that ""we're not preaching Ayn Rand, objectivism, egoism, or anything...we just dug the name."" Billboard Music Awards Collective Soul Collective Soul is an American rock band originally from Stockbridge, Georgia. Now based in Atlanta, the group consists of lead vocalist Ed Roland, rhythm guitarist Dean Roland, bassist Will Turpin, drummer Johnny Rabb and lead guitarist Jesse Triplett. Before"	"prominent emergency department doctor well known for work on methods for assisting suicide bombing victims. He was born in Detroit, Michigan, and moved to Chicago, Illinois, as a teenager. After being ordained as a rabbi, he attended Northwestern University and graduated with a Masters in Biology. David then attended the University of Toledo Medical Center. He moved to Israel in 1982, and traveled back at times to practice in the United States. David's daughter Nava was born in Cleveland, Ohio. The family later moved to Israel, where David became chief of the emergency department and trauma services at Jerusalem's Shaare"	"appearance upon returning from Mexico to the States was in a club in Minneapolis, The 10 O'Clock Scholar. Soul first gained attention as the ""Covered Man"" appearing on ""The Merv Griffin Show"" in 1966 and 1967, on which he sang while wearing a mask. He explained: ""My name is David Soul, and I want to be known for my music."" The same year, he made his television debut in ""Flipper."" In 1967, he signed a contract with Columbia Pictures and following a number of guest appearances, including the episode ""The Apple"" from the second season of ""Star Trek,"" he landed"	"of their older material. The Best of David and Adam, a compilation cassette tape/download featuring music from David and Adam's five albums, was released by Cellar Hits in 2011. David was born in Chicago and grew up in Park Forest, Illinois, where his father worked for the United States Postal Service and Chicago Public Schools. His interest in the history of the railroad system was sparked at a young age but extended throughout his life. He has written several songs discussing both his personal remembrances and history of mid-20th Century railroad lines. He is vocal about his abstinence from smoking,"	"with a more contemporary sound. The phrase ""Northern soul"" emanated from the record shop Soul City in Covent Garden, London, which was run by journalist Dave Godin. It was first publicly used in Godin's weekly column in ""Blues & Soul"" magazine in June 1970. In a 2002 interview with Chris Hunt of ""Mojo"" magazine, Godin said he had first come up with the term in 1968, to help employees at Soul City differentiate the more modern funkier sounds from the smoother, Motown-influenced soul of a few years earlier. With contemporary black music evolving into what would eventually become known as"	"Steve Forbert and George Soule by the Jimmie Rodgers Music Foundation in Meridian, Mississippi to receive The Jimmie Award. A live concert album and video was filmed and recorded in St. Louis, Missouri, in August 2017 celebrating 40 years of David and the Giants music. In September 2018 the band recorded their first full studio album since 1989 with the original lineup of David Huff, Clayborn Huff , Rayborn Huff, and Keith Thibodeaux in Athens, Georgia. David and the Giants David and the Giants began as a rock band in Laurel, Mississippi; with the Huff brothers: David, Clay, and Ray—with"	"as writing briefly for ""Saturday Night Live"". He has won two Primetime Emmy Awards, and was voted by fellow comedians and comedy insiders as the 23rd greatest comedy star ever in a 2004 British poll to select ""The Comedian's Comedian"". David was born in the neighborhood of Sheepshead Bay, in Brooklyn, New York. His parents are Rose (born Regina Brandes) and Mortimer Julius ""Morty"" David, a men's clothing manufacturer, and he has an older brother named Ken. David's family is Jewish. His father's side moved from Germany to the U.S. during the 19th century, while David's mother was born in"	"sheriff of the town of Providence, Arizona, David Solomon moved to New York City. Unable to find work he reluctantly joined the police force, but in his letters home he led his parents to believe that he had become a parish priest. This was in order to keep their minds at ease, since they did not want him to get into such a dangerous profession like his father. When his widowed mother Mary moved into his New York flat, David was forced to maintain the deception in fear that the truth would cause her a heart attack. Thus, when he"	"the vocabulary of lyrical abstraction and symbolism emerges, the playfulness of the forms becomes clearer, while their significance deepens."" Deceased December 2017. David Solomon (artist) David Solomon (born 1976 in Kingston, New York) was an American artist and painter. Solomon studied at the San Francisco Art Institute. Solomon is an artist based in Santa Fe's art community; his work has been shown in many exhibitions and art fairs across the country, including David Richard Contemporary, Gerald Peters Gallery in Santa Fe, Peter Marcelle Gallery in Bridgehampton NY, Dean Jenson Gallery in Milwaukee, Brown Art Space in San Francisco, Aqua Art"	"David Broza David Broza (; born September 4, 1955) is an Israeli singer-songwriter. His music mixes modern pop with Spanish music. David Broza was born in Haifa, Israel. His father was an Israeli–British businessman. He grew up in England and Spain, attending Runnymede College, in Madrid. Broza's grandfather, Wellesley Aron, co-founded the Arab-Israeli peace settlement Neve Shalom – Wāħat as-Salām (""The Oasis of Peace"") and the Habonim youth movement. Young David Broza originally planned to become a graphic artist, and by age 17 he was selling his paintings in the Rastro, Madrid's Sunday flea market. Following high school, and while"	"David Szalay David Szalay (born 1974 in Montreal, Quebec) is an English writer. His surname is pronounced SOL-loy. Szalay was born in Canada. He moved to the United Kingdom the following year and has lived there ever since. He studied at Oxford University. Szalay has written a number of radio dramas for the BBC. He won the Betty Trask Award for his first novel, ""London and the South-East"", along with the Geoffrey Faber Memorial Prize. Since then he has written two other novels: ""Innocent"" (2009) and ""Spring"" (2011). A linked collection of short stories, ""All That Man Is"", was short"	"soul is a driving and strongly rhythmic style that combined elements of gospel music with the uptempo energy of R&B. As a soul city it is thoroughly influenced by the hard driving ""southern soul"" of the Civil Rights Movement era and the musical and social legacy of that time. The rise of Muscle Shoals Alabama as a recording center was in part influenced by professional musicians coming north from Birmingham such as Barry Beckett of the Muscle Shoals Rhythm Section also known as the ""Swampers"" and bringing their musical influence with them to the Tennessee Valley. Similarly Detroit soul is"	"""city-soul"" groups such as The Delfonics and the historically black Howard University's Unifics.<ref name=""Erlewine (Hall/Oats)""></ref> The syndicated music/dance variety television series ""Soul Train"", hosted by Chicago native Don Cornelius, debuted in 1971. The show provided an outlet for soul music for several decades, also spawning a franchise that saw the creation of a record label (Soul Train Records) that distributed music by The Whispers, Carrie Lucas, and an up-and-coming group known as Shalamar. Numerous disputes led to Cornelius spinning off the record label to his talent booker, Dick Griffey, who transformed the label into Solar Records, itself a prominent soul"	"David Nelson (musician) David Nelson (born June 12, 1943, in Seattle, Washington, U.S.) is an American musician, singer, and songwriter. He is perhaps best known as a co-founder and longtime member of the New Riders of the Purple Sage. Nelson started his musical career playing folk and bluegrass music, most notably as a member of The Wildwood Boys with Jerry Garcia. Shortly after his friend and former bandmate began to play rock music with The Warlocks (subsequently renamed the Grateful Dead), Nelson joined the similarly inclined New Delhi River Band. Although they lacked the managerial acumen and cultural cachet of"	"David Suhor David Suhor is a professional American jazz musician and teacher living in Pensacola Florida; he is the founder of a local business called ShamaLamaGram that delivers singing telegrams. Suhor is also known for being a local activist for separation of church and state as well as religious freedom and equality. He is well known for his role as a plaintiff in the 2017 judgement to remove the Bayview park cross and also as a founder of a local chapter of The Satanic Temple. David Suhor was Originally from New Orleans Raised in Tallahassee. Suhor grew up in a"	"David Solomon (artist) David Solomon (born 1976 in Kingston, New York) was an American artist and painter. Solomon studied at the San Francisco Art Institute. Solomon is an artist based in Santa Fe's art community; his work has been shown in many exhibitions and art fairs across the country, including David Richard Contemporary, Gerald Peters Gallery in Santa Fe, Peter Marcelle Gallery in Bridgehampton NY, Dean Jenson Gallery in Milwaukee, Brown Art Space in San Francisco, Aqua Art Fair in Miami, and Cindy Lisica Gallery in Houston. ""David Solomon has been an active member of the Santa Fe art community"	"of Soul's hits was subsequently released, also entering the UK top 200.. This song is also loved by Peter Kay, being used in many references during the classic comedy: Phoenix Nights. Silver Lady (song) ""Silver Lady"" is a popular single by David Soul. Written by Tony Macaulay and Geoff Stephens and produced by Macaulay, ""Silver Lady"" was the second and final number one hit in the UK Singles Chart for David Soul, spending three weeks at the top in October 1977. It had spent five weeks in the top ten before eventually toppling Elvis Presley. The single also spent four"	"stereo (album) releases of the song. Soul Man (song) ""Soul Man"" is a 1967 song written and composed by Isaac Hayes and David Porter, first successful as a number 2 hit single by Atlantic Records soul duo Sam & Dave, which consisted of Samuel ""Sam"" Moore and David ""Dave"" Prater. Co-author Isaac Hayes found the inspiration for ""Soul Man"" in the turmoil of the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s. In July 1967, watching a television newscast of the aftermath of the 12th Street riot in Detroit, Michigan, Hayes noted that black residents had marked buildings that had not been"	"David Salle David Salle (born 1952) is an American painter, printmaker, and stage designer who helped define postmodern sensibility. Salle was born in Norman, Oklahoma. He earned a BFA and MFA from the California Institute of the Arts, Valencia, California where he studied with John Baldessari. Salle’s work first came to public attention in New York in the early 1980s. His paintings and prints comprise what appear to be randomly juxtaposed images, or images placed on top of one other with deliberately ham-fisted techniques. At a 2005 lecture, Salle stated: Major exhibitions of his work have taken place at the"	"Satellite Soul Satellite Soul is an alternative country/folk rock band from Kansas. Their sound has developed and matured over the years from jangly roots rock to a hard cutting Alt-Country sound. They were formed in 1996 while living in Manhattan, Kansas and played extensively in the Midwest as an independent band. The band toured extensively nationwide, playing with many of the top acts in Christian music. They shared billing with artists such as the Newsboys, Audio Adrenaline, Skillet, Smalltown Poets, Chris Tomlin, Steven Curtis Chapman, and others. They toured extensively with Big Tent Revival, Jennifer Knapp, Eli, Clear, Jason Ingram"	"in Katowice, Poland includes an interview with Suzuki. Dave Suzuki Dave Suzuki (born February 8, 1972) is an American death metal multi-instrumentalist from Las Vegas, Nevada. He is best known for his work as the guitarist, lyricist, bassist and drummer for Vital Remains from 1995 to 2007 and as a touring guitarist with Deicide from 2004 to 2005. Since 2011 he has been the guitarist and vocalist for the doom/death metal band Churchburn. His work can be heard on Vital Remains' ""Forever Underground"" (1997), ""Dawn of the Apocalypse"" (2000), ""Dechristianize"" (2003), and ""Icons of Evil"" (2007). Vital Remains' live DVD,"
Who won Super Bowl XX?	"game summary. Source: Super Bowl XX Super Bowl XX was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Chicago Bears and the American Football Conference (AFC) champion New England Patriots to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1985 season. The Bears defeated the Patriots by the score of 46–10, capturing their first NFL championship (and Chicago's first overall sports victory) since 1963, three years prior to the birth of the Super Bowl. Super Bowl XX was played on January 26, 1986 at the Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans. This was the fourth Super Bowl"	"Super Bowl XXXV Super Bowl XXXV was an American football game between the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Baltimore Ravens and the National Football Conference (NFC) champion New York Giants to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 2000 season. The Ravens defeated the Giants by the score of 34–7, tied for the seventh largest Super Bowl margin of victory with Super Bowl XXXVII. The game was played on January 28, 2001 at Raymond James Stadium in Tampa, Florida. The Ravens, who posted a 12–4 regular season record, became the third wild card team to win the Super"	"Super Bowl XXI Super Bowl XXI was an American football game between the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Denver Broncos and the National Football Conference (NFC) champion New York Giants to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1986 season. The Giants defeated the Broncos by the score of 39–20, winning their first ever Super Bowl, and their first NFL title since 1956. The game was played on January 25, 1987, at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California. This was the Broncos' first Super Bowl appearance since the 1977 season. Led largely through the play of quarterback John"	"Super Bowl XXXI Super Bowl XXXI was an American football game between the American Football Conference (AFC) champion New England Patriots and the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Green Bay Packers to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1996 season. The Packers defeated the Patriots by the score of 35–21, earning their third overall Super Bowl victory, and their first since Super Bowl II. The Packers also extended their league record for the most overall NFL championships to 12. It was also the last in a run of 13 straight Super Bowl victories by the NFC over"	"this feat: the New York Giants (Phil Simms in Super Bowl XXI, Jeff Hostetler in Super Bowl XXV, and Eli Manning in Super Bowls XLII and XLVI) and the Green Bay Packers (Bart Starr in the first two Super Bowls, Brett Favre in Super Bowl XXXI, and Aaron Rodgers in Super Bowl XLV). This was the last major professional championship won by a D.C.-based team until the Capitals won the Stanley Cup in 2018. Sources: NFL.com Super Bowl XXVI, Super Bowl XXVI Play Finder Was, Super Bowl XXVI Play Finder Buf Completions/attempts Carries Long gain Receptions Times targeted The following"	"Super Bowl XXIX Super Bowl XXIX was an American football game between the American Football Conference (AFC) champion San Diego Chargers and the National Football Conference (NFC) champion San Francisco 49ers to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1994 season. This is the only Super Bowl in history to be played between two teams from the same state. The 49ers defeated the Chargers by the score of 49–26, becoming the first team to win five Super Bowl championships. The game was played on January 29, 1995 at Joe Robbie Stadium in Miami, Florida (now part of the"	"Super Bowl XXXIV Super Bowl XXXIV was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champion St. Louis Rams and the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Tennessee Titans to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1999 season. The Rams defeated the Titans by the score of 23–16, capturing their first Super Bowl win and first NFL championship since 1951. The game, played on January 30, 2000 at the Georgia Dome in Atlanta, was the fourth Super Bowl to be held a week after the conference championship games (the previous time this happened was Super Bowl"	"Super Bowl XXXVI Super Bowl XXXVI was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champion St. Louis Rams and the American Football Conference (AFC) champion New England Patriots to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 2001 season. The Patriots defeated the Rams by the score of 20–17. It was New England's first Super Bowl championship, and the franchise's first league championship of any kind, having suffered two previous losses. The game was also notable for snapping the AFC East's long streak of not being able to win a Super Bowl championship, as the division's"	"Security Event, qualifying for extra security detail from the Secret Service. Super Bowl XXXV Super Bowl XXXV was an American football game between the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Baltimore Ravens and the National Football Conference (NFC) champion New York Giants to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 2000 season. The Ravens defeated the Giants by the score of 34–7, tied for the seventh largest Super Bowl margin of victory with Super Bowl XXXVII. The game was played on January 28, 2001 at Raymond James Stadium in Tampa, Florida. The Ravens, who posted a 12–4 regular season"	"Super Bowl XXV Super Bowl XXV was an American football game between the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Buffalo Bills and the National Football Conference (NFC) champion New York Giants to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1990 season. The Giants defeated the Bills by the score of 20–19, winning their second Super Bowl. The game was held at Tampa Stadium in Tampa, Florida, on January 27, 1991, during the time of the Gulf War. It was preceded by a memorable performance of ""The Star-Spangled Banner"" by Whitney Houston during the pre-game ceremonies. The American Broadcasting Company"	"Super Bowl XXIV Super Bowl XXIV was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champion San Francisco 49ers and the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Denver Broncos to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1989 season. The game was played on January 28, 1990, at the Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans, Louisiana. The 49ers defeated the Broncos by the score of 55–10, winning their second consecutive Super Bowl, and tying the Pittsburgh Steelers with four Super Bowl victories. San Francisco also became the first team to win back-to-back Super Bowls with two different head"	"Super Bowl XXII Super Bowl XXII was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Washington Redskins and American Football Conference (AFC) champion Denver Broncos to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1987 season. The Redskins defeated the Broncos by the score of 42–10, winning their second Super Bowl. The game was played on January 31, 1988 at Jack Murphy Stadium in San Diego, the first time that the Super Bowl was played in that city. This Super Bowl came at the end of a season that was shortened by a players' strike. Each"	"Super Bowl XXX Super Bowl XXX was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Dallas Cowboys and the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Pittsburgh Steelers to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1995 season. The Cowboys defeated the Steelers by the score of 27–17. The game was played on January 28, 1996, at Sun Devil Stadium in Tempe, Arizona, the first time the Super Bowl was played in the Phoenix metropolitan area. Both teams entered the game trying to tie the San Francisco 49ers for the record for most Super Bowl wins by"	"Super Bowl XXVII Super Bowl XXVII was an American football game between the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Buffalo Bills and the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Dallas Cowboys to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1992 season. The Cowboys defeated the Bills by the score of 52–17, winning their third Super Bowl in team history, and their first one in fifteen years. This game is tied with Super Bowl XXXVII as the third-highest scoring Super Bowl ever with 69 combined points. The Bills became the first team to lose three consecutive Super Bowls, and just the"	"suspense at the game's ending. Super Bowl XXX Super Bowl XXX was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Dallas Cowboys and the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Pittsburgh Steelers to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1995 season. The Cowboys defeated the Steelers by the score of 27–17. The game was played on January 28, 1996, at Sun Devil Stadium in Tempe, Arizona, the first time the Super Bowl was played in the Phoenix metropolitan area. Both teams entered the game trying to tie the San Francisco 49ers for the record for"	"Super Bowl XXIII Super Bowl XXIII was an American football game between the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Cincinnati Bengals and the National Football Conference (NFC) champion San Francisco 49ers to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1988 season. The 49ers defeated the Bengals by the score of 20–16, winning their third Super Bowl. The game was played on January 22, 1989 at Joe Robbie Stadium in Miami (now part of the suburb of Miami Gardens, which became a separate city in 2003). This was the first Super Bowl hosted in the Miami area in 10 years,"	"Super Bowl XXXVII Super Bowl XXXVII was an American football game between the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Oakland Raiders and the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Tampa Bay Buccaneers to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 2002 season. The Buccaneers defeated the Raiders by the score of 48–21, tied with Super Bowl XXXV for the seventh largest Super Bowl margin of victory, and winning their first ever Super Bowl. The game, played on January 26, 2003 at Qualcomm Stadium in San Diego, California, was the sixth Super Bowl to be held a week after the conference"	"Super Bowl XXXIX Super Bowl XXXIX was an American football game played between the American Football Conference (AFC) champion New England Patriots and the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Philadelphia Eagles to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 2004 season. The Patriots defeated the Eagles by the score of 24–21. The game was played on February 6, 2005, at Alltel Stadium in Jacksonville, Florida, the first time the Super Bowl was played in that city. The Patriots, who entered the Super Bowl after compiling a 14–2 regular season record, became the first, and most recent (as of"	"Super Bowl XXXVIII Super Bowl XXXVIII was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Carolina Panthers and the American Football Conference (AFC) champion New England Patriots to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 2003 season. The Patriots defeated the Panthers by a score of 32–29. The game was played at Reliant Stadium in Houston, Texas, on February 1, 2004. At the time, this was the most watched Super Bowl ever with 144.4 million viewers. The Panthers were making their first ever Super Bowl appearance after posting an 11–5 regular season record. They also"	"by the Green Bay Packers in 1998 (won Super Bowl XXXI, lost Super Bowl XXXII), the Seattle Seahawks in 2015 (won Super Bowl XLVIII, lost Super Bowl XLIX), and the New England Patriots in 2018 (won Super Bowl LI, lost Super Bowl LII). Sources: NFL.com Super Bowl XVIII, Super Bowl XVIII Play Finder LA, Super Bowl XVIII Play Finder Was Completions/attempts Carries Long gain Receptions Times targeted The following records were set in Super Bowl XVIII, according to the official NFL.com boxscore, the 2016 NFL Record & Fact Book and the ProFootball reference.com game summary. <br>Some records have to meet"	"XIII and XIV following the 1978 and 1979 seasons and remain, to date, the only team to win back-to-back Super Bowl titles more than once, the San Francisco 49ers won Super Bowls XXIII and XXIV following the 1988 and 1989 seasons, the Dallas Cowboys won Super Bowls XXVII and XXVIII following the 1992 and 1993 seasons, the Denver Broncos won Super Bowls XXXII and XXXIII following the 1997 and 1998 seasons, and most recently, the New England Patriots won Super Bowls XXXVIII and XXXIX following the 2003 and 2004 seasons. After the franchise's victory in Super Bowl II, Vince Lombardi"	"XXVI. The Giants claimed Super Bowls XXI and XXV. As in the 1970s, the Oakland Raiders were the only team to interrupt the Super Bowl dominance of other teams; they won Super Bowls XV and XVIII (the latter as the Los Angeles Raiders). Following several seasons with poor records in the 1980s, the Dallas Cowboys rose back to prominence in the 1990s. During this decade, the Cowboys made post-season appearances every year except for the seasons of 1990 and 1997. From 1992 to 1996, the Cowboys won their division championship each year. In this same period, the Buffalo Bills had"	"Super Bowl XLIX Super Bowl XLIX was an American football game played to determine the champion of the National Football League (NFL) for the 2014 season. The American Football Conference (AFC) champion New England Patriots defeated the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Seattle Seahawks, 28–24, to earn their fourth Super Bowl title and their first in ten years. The game was played on February 1, 2015 at University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale, Arizona. It was the second time the stadium has hosted a Super Bowl, and the third one held in the Phoenix metropolitan area. With the loss, the"	"to win Super Bowls as head coaches: Belichick with the Patriots in Super Bowls XXXVI, XXXVIII, XXXIX, XLIX, and LI; Coughlin with the Giants in Super Bowls XLII and XLVI, coincidentally both against Belichick's Patriots. This was the first Super Bowl in which neither team committed a turnover. The only other Super Bowl to date without a turnover is Super Bowl XXXIV, in which the St. Louis Rams defeated the Tennessee Titans 23–16. Because of Thomas' high production, some sports writers, such as ""Sports Illustrated""s Paul Zimmerman, felt that he should have won the game MVP even though his team"	"touchdown, to clinch the victory. New Orleans quarterback Drew Brees, who completed 32 of 39 passes for 288 yards and two touchdowns, was named the Super Bowl MVP. His 32 completions tied a Super Bowl record set by Tom Brady in Super Bowl XXXVIII. The live broadcast of the game on CBS was watched by an average U.S. audience of 106.5 million viewers, making it then the most-watched Super Bowl. The National Anthem was sung by Carrie Underwood, and the halftime show featured the British rock band The Who. Super Bowl XLIV was the last Bowl to have a uniquely"	"Super Bowl X Super Bowl X was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Dallas Cowboys and the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Pittsburgh Steelers to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1975 season. The Steelers defeated the Cowboys by the score of 21–17 to win their second consecutive Super Bowl. They were the third team to win back-to-back Super Bowls. (The Miami Dolphins won Super Bowls VII and VIII, and the Green Bay Packers won Super Bowls I and II.) It was also the first Super Bowl in which both participating teams"	"Super Bowl XIX Super Bowl XIX was an American football game between the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Miami Dolphins and the National Football Conference (NFC) champion San Francisco 49ers to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1984 season. The 49ers defeated the Dolphins by the score of 38–16, to win their second Super Bowl. The game was played on January 20, 1985, at Stanford Stadium, on the campus of Stanford University in Stanford, California, the first Super Bowl played in the San Francisco Bay Area. This also became the second Super Bowl after Super Bowl XIV"	"Super Bowl XXVIII Super Bowl XXVIII was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Dallas Cowboys and the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Buffalo Bills to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1993 season. The Cowboys defeated the Bills by the score of 30–13, winning their fourth Super Bowl in team history, tying the Pittsburgh Steelers and the San Francisco 49ers for most Super Bowl wins. The game was played on January 30, 1994, at the Georgia Dome in Atlanta, Georgia. Since the 1993 regular season was conducted over 18 weeks (two byes"	"Super Bowl XLIV Super Bowl XLIV was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champions New Orleans Saints and the American Football Conference (AFC) champions Indianapolis Colts to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 2009 season. The Saints defeated the Colts by a score of 31–17, earning their first Super Bowl win. The game was played at Hard Rock Stadium (formerly Joe Robbie Stadium) in Miami Gardens, Florida, for the fifth time (and in South Florida for the tenth time), on February 7, 2010, the latest calendar date for a Super Bowl yet. This"	"Vince Lombardi, Mike Holmgren, and Mike McCarthy, and the Pittsburgh Steelers winning under Chuck Noll, Cowher, and Mike Tomlin. Sources: NFL.com Super Bowl XXX, Super Bowl XXX Play Finder Dal, Super Bowl XXX Play Finder Pit Completions/attempts Carries Long gain Receptions Times targeted The following records were set in Super Bowl XXX, according to the official NFL.com boxscore and the ProFootball reference.com game summary. <br>Some records have to meet NFL minimum number of attempts to be recognized. The minimums are shown (in parenthesis). Turnovers are defined as the number of times losing the ball on interceptions and fumbles. Source: A"	"Super Bowl LII Super Bowl LII was an American football game played to determine the champion of the National Football League (NFL) for the 2017 season. The National Football Conference (NFC) champion Philadelphia Eagles defeated the American Football Conference (AFC) and defending Super Bowl LI champion New England Patriots, 41–33, to win their first Super Bowl and their first NFL title since 1960. The game was played on February 4, 2018, at U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis, Minnesota. This was the second time that a Super Bowl was played in Minneapolis, the northernmost city to ever host the event, after"	"a Super Bowl XXXIX rematch with the New England Patriots. Foles had his best performance since Week 15, and his third best as an Eagles player, throwing for 352 yards and 4 touchdowns. The Eagles defeated the Patriots 41-33 to win their first Super Bowl title in franchise history, and their first championship since 1960. During the game, a trick play, known as the Philly Special was called where three players combined for a touchdown at 4th-and-Goal before halftime. Nick Foles was name the Super Bowl MVP, the first backup player or quarterback to earn this award. Foles was 28-of-43"	"the Los Angeles Rams, Singletary and the Bears dominated again. Coach Mike Ditka said that the day before the game, he was talking to the offense while Singletary was in the next room giving the defense a motivational speech. While it started out quiet, within minutes, Samurai Mike was screaming at the top of his lungs and the defensive players were throwing chairs and knocking over tables. The Bears would eventually go to win Super Bowl XX by beating the New England Patriots 46–10. In the game, Singletary broke up a pass that would have gone for a touchdown, delivered"
Which was the first European country to abolish capital punishment?	"at Akershus Fortress. In 1988 Norway signed on to protocol 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights which bans the use of capital punishment in peacetime and ratified protocol 13 which bans all use of capital punishment whatsoever in 2005. Norway generally opposes capital punishment outside of the country as well. The government has banished Mullah Krekar from Norway, but has not sent him to Iraq due to the possibility of him being charged with capital crimes in his home county. In the Martine Vik Magnussen case, Norway has declined to cooperate with the Yemenese government unless a guarantee"	"Capital punishment in Europe The death penalty has been completely abolished in all European countries except for Belarus and Russia, the latter of which has a moratorium and has not conducted an execution since 1999. The absolute ban on the death penalty is enshrined in both the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (EU) and two widely adopted protocols of the European Convention on Human Rights of the Council of Europe, and is thus considered a central value. Of all modern European countries, San Marino, Portugal and the Netherlands were the first to abolish capital punishment, whereas only"	"completely free of executions. This century the following European countries have abolished capital punishment: Ukraine (2000), Malta (2000), Cyprus (2002), Turkey (2004), Greece (2004), Moldova (2005), Albania (2007), and Latvia (2012). Executions in Europe in 2017: Belarus (2) ""Note: The tables can be sorted alphabetically or chronologically using the icon."" Of the 14 independent countries in Oceania that are UN member or observer states: Only Papua New Guinea and Tonga have not formally abolished capital punishment despite not using the practice since 1975 and 1982 respectively. The most recent countries to abolish capital punishment in Oceania are Samoa (2004), Fiji"	"has a moratorium and has not conducted an execution since 1999. The absolute ban on the death penalty is enshrined in both the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (EU) and two widely adopted protocols of the European Convention on Human Rights of the Council of Europe, and is thus considered a central value. Of all modern European countries, San Marino, Portugal and the Netherlands were the first to abolish capital punishment, whereas only Belarus still practices capital punishment in some form or another. In 2012, Latvia became the last EU Member State to abolish capital punishment in"	"Capital punishment in Portugal Portugal was a pioneer in the process of abolition of capital punishment. No executions have been carried out since 1846, with the formal abolishment of capital punishment for civil crimes occurring in 1867. The method of capital punishment used in Portugal was by hanging. Portugal was the first country in the world to begin the process to abolish the death penalty, abolishing it in stages – for political crimes in 1852, for all crimes except the military in 1867, and for all crimes in 1911. In 1916 Portugal entered in World War I and it was"	"tackle criminal reform and to suggest that criminal justice should conform to rational principles. As a consequence in Italy, the first pre-unitarian state to abolish the death penalty was the Grand Duchy of Tuscany as of November 30, 1786, under the reign of Pietro Leopoldo, later Holy Roman Emperor Leopold II. So Tuscany was the first civil state in the world to do away with torture and capital punishment. In 2000, Tuscany's regional authorities instituted an annual holiday on 30 November to commemorate the event. The event is commemorated on this day by 300 cities around the world celebrating Cities"	"Emil, hanged for desertion in 1917, shortly before Austria-Hungary dissolved and Transylvania united with Romania. The modern Romanian state was formed in 1859 after the unification of the Danubian Principalities, and a Penal Code was enacted in 1864 that did not provide for the death penalty except for several wartime offences. The 1866 Constitution, inspired by the liberal Belgian model of 1831, confirmed the abolition of capital punishment for peacetime crimes. By the end of the 19th century, just six other European countries had abolished the death penalty: Belgium, Finland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and Portugal. Abolition with respect to"	"Capital punishment in San Marino Capital punishment is no longer applied in San Marino: the last execution was carried out in 1468, by hanging. San Marino is one of only two countries in the world to have carried out no executions since prior to 1800 (the other is Liechtenstein, where the last execution took place in 1785). San Marino was the first country in the world to abolish the death penalty for ordinary crimes, in 1848. In 1865, it became the second country in the world (and the first in Europe) to abolish the death penalty for all crimes, following"	"and to suggest that criminal justice should conform to rational principles. As a consequence in Italy the first pre-unitarian state to abolish the death penalty was the Grand Duchy of Tuscany as of November 30, 1786, under the reign of Pietro Leopoldo, later Holy Roman Emperor Leopold II. So Tuscany was the first civil state in the world to do away with torture and capital punishment. Since then in the last two centuries the refusal of death penalty has been increasing all around the world: ""In 2012, 141 states have abolished either by law or on a de facto basis"	"capital execution in his land. In 2000, Tuscany's regional authorities instituted an annual holiday on 30 November to commemorate the event. The event is commemorated on this day by 300 cities around the world celebrating Cities for Life Day. The Roman Republic banned capital punishment in 1849. Venezuela followed suit and abolished the death penalty in 1863 and San Marino did so in 1865. The last execution in San Marino had taken place in 1468. In Portugal, after legislative proposals in 1852 and 1863, the death penalty was abolished in 1867. The last execution of the death penalty in Brazil"	"1970s, and a further 10 in the 1980s. After the end of the Cold War, many more countries followed. 35 countries abolished capital punishment in the 1990s, with 9 in 1990 alone, and a further 23 in the 2000s. 11 countries have abolished so far in the 2010s. Since 1985, there have been only 6 years when no country has abolished the death penalty: 1988, 2001, 2003, 2011, 2013 and 2014. Note: Where a country has abolished, re-instated, and abolished again (e.g. Philippines, Switzerland, Portugal) only the later abolition date is included. Countries who have abolished and since reinstated (e.g."	"Capital punishment in Italy The use of capital punishment in Italy has been banned since 1889, with the exception of the period 1926-1947, encompassing the rule of Fascism in Italy and the early restoration of democracy. Before the unification of Italy in 1860, capital punishment was performed in almost all pre-unitarian states, except for Tuscany, where it was historically abolished in 1786. It is currently out of use as a result of the adoption of the current constitution, and defunct as of 1 January 1948. In Italy, the first pre-unitarian state to abolish the death penalty was the Grand Duchy"	"abolition of the death penalty by a European state, decreed by Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor of Habsburg-Lorraine in 1786 for his Grand Duchy of Tuscany. On this occasion the participating cities show their commitment for life and against the death penalty. On this day, participating cities illuminate a symbolic monument, such as the Atomium in Brussels, the Colosseum in Rome and the Plaza de Santa Ana in Madrid. Participating cities in 2009 include more than 60 capitals worldwide, and over 1,200 cities and towns around the world, such as Rome, Brussels, Madrid, Ottawa, Mexico City, Berlin, Barcelona, Florence, Venice,"	"(2015), and Nauru (2016). ""Note: The tables can be sorted alphabetically or chronologically using the icon."" The table below lists in chronological order the 105 independent states, that are either UN members or have UN observer status, that have completely abolished the death penalty. In the hundred years following the abolition of capital punishment by Venezuela in 1863 only 11 more countries followed, not counting temporary abolitions which were later reversed. From the 1960s onwards, abolition became far more popular. 4 countries abolished capital punishment in the 1960s (a record up to that time for any decade), 11 in the"	"Capital punishment in the Netherlands Capital punishment in the Netherlands (Dutch: ""doodstraf in Nederland"") was abolished in 1870 in criminal law after the States General recognized it was ""cruel and rude"". The bill was introduced by liberal-catholic Minister of Justice Franciscus van Lilaar and debated in both the Senate and House of Representatives for seven days before approval. Following the abolition of the death penalty, life imprisonment was made an official punishment in 1878. A few years after gaining independence in 1815, the Kingdom of the Netherlands determined that the death penalty could be carried out through beheading. Between 1945"	"Capital punishment in Ukraine Capital punishment was abolished in Ukraine in 2000. In 1995 Ukraine had entered the Council of Europe and thus (at the time) it was obliged to undertake to abolish the death penalty. The Verkhovna Rada (Ukraine's parliament) introduced amendments to the then acting Criminal Code in 2000, according to which “death penalty” was withdrawn from the list of official punishments of Ukraine. Ukraine carried out its last execution in 1997 according to Amnesty International. Capital punishment in Ukraine existed soon after fall of the Russian Empire in 1917. Among of known people who was executed by"	"Capital punishment in Slovakia Capital punishment in Slovakia () was abolished in 1990 and the most severe punishment permissible by law is life imprisonment. Before that, capital punishment was common in Czechoslovakia, Slovak State, Austria-Hungary, Kingdom of Hungary and probably all previous political entities that existed in the area of today's Slovakia. Since 1989, no one was executed in Slovakia with a few controversial political killings by the Slovak Secret Service in the 1990s. Since then, there have been no reports of the government or its agents committing arbitrary or unlawful killings. The last person executed in Slovakia remains Štefan"	"Belarus still practices capital punishment in some form or another. In 2012, Latvia became the last EU Member State to abolish capital punishment in wartime. As of 2017, in Europe, the death penalty for peacetime crimes has been abolished in all countries except Belarus, while the death penalty for wartime crimes has been abolished in all countries except Belarus and Kazakhstan. (Kazakhstan is a country situated partly in Europe and partly in Asia). In Russia the death penalty has been indefinitely suspended (under moratorium), therefore is uncommon but not unheard of. Except for Belarus, which carried out two executions in"	"Liberia) are not included. Non-independent territories are considered to be under the jurisdiction of their parent country – which leads to unexpectedly late abolition dates for the UK, New Zealand and the Netherlands, where Jersey (UK), the Cook Is (NZ), and the Netherlands Antilles, were the last territories of those states to abolish capital punishment, and all were rather later than the more well known abolitions on the respective mainlands. Defunct countries such as the GDR (East Germany), which abolished capital punishment in 1987 but was dissolved in 1990, are also not included. References are in the continental tables above"	"in Asia, Africa and the Caribbean. The only retentionist country in Europe is Belarus. The death penalty was overwhelmingly practised in poor and authoritarian states, which often employed the death penalty as a tool of political oppression. During the 1980s, the democratisation of Latin America swelled the ranks of abolitionist countries. This was soon followed by the fall of Communism in Europe. Many of the countries which restored democracy aspired to enter the EU. The European Union and the Council of Europe both strictly require member states not to practise the death penalty (see Capital punishment in Europe). Public support"	"Venezuela in 1863. It is one of only three countries to have abolished the death penalty for all crimes before 1900 (the third one being Costa Rica). In 1989, it formally ratified Protocol 6 to the European Convention on Human Rights, which requires the complete abolition of the death penalty in peacetime. Capital punishment in San Marino Capital punishment is no longer applied in San Marino: the last execution was carried out in 1468, by hanging. San Marino is one of only two countries in the world to have carried out no executions since prior to 1800 (the other is"	"committed under special circumstances (war-crimes). See also Capital punishment in Cyprus. The Donetsk People's Republic introduced the death penalty in 2014 for cases of treason, espionage, and assassination of political leaders. There had already been accusations of extrajudicial execution occurring. Capital punishment in Europe The death penalty has been completely abolished in all European countries except for Belarus and Russia, the latter of which has a moratorium and has not conducted an execution since 1999. The absolute ban on the death penalty is enshrined in both the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (EU) and two widely adopted"	"Capital punishment in Hungary = Abolishing the Death Penalty = Capital punishment was completely abolished in Hungary on 24 October 1990 by the Constitutional Court (Decision 23/1990). A month later on 1 December 1990 protocol No. 6 to the ECHR came into force. Hungary later adopted the Second Optional Protocol to the ICCPR as well. The last condemned man to be executed was hanged for the crime of murder on the 31 May 1988. = Suggestion of reintroducing the Death Penalty = In that parliamentary debate on capital punishment Orbán stated that the EU attacked the implementation of real life"	"Capital punishment in Finland Capital punishment in Finland (Finnish: ""kuolemanrangaistus"") has been abolished ""de jure"". As of 1823 in the Grand Duchy of Finland, death sentences were commuted to transportation to Siberia or other lesser sentences. The last person to be executed in peacetime was Tahvo Putkonen, on 8 July 1825. The capital punishment was ""de facto"" abolished during the rest of the Czarist regime 1825–1917 in Finland. During and right after the Finnish Civil War of 1918 there were many executions, most done without due process. Approximately 1,400–1,650 Whites and 7,000–10,000 Reds were executed by the opposing side. The"	"of Justice, also member of the same party, if capital punishment could be re-enacted, referring to the court case against two asylum seekers for 11 murders. Capital punishment in Finland Capital punishment in Finland (Finnish: ""kuolemanrangaistus"") has been abolished ""de jure"". As of 1823 in the Grand Duchy of Finland, death sentences were commuted to transportation to Siberia or other lesser sentences. The last person to be executed in peacetime was Tahvo Putkonen, on 8 July 1825. The capital punishment was ""de facto"" abolished during the rest of the Czarist regime 1825–1917 in Finland. During and right after the Finnish"	"(""Glossip v. Gross"") that lethal injection does not constitute cruel and unusual punishment. Many countries have abolished capital punishment either in law or in practice. Since World War II there has been a trend toward abolishing capital punishment. Capital punishment has been completely abolished by 102 countries, a further six have done so for all offences except under special circumstances and 32 more have abolished it in practice because they have not used it for at least 10 years and are believed to have a policy or established practice against carrying out executions. The death penalty was banned in China"	"and Canada have abolished capital punishment. In Latin America, most states have completely abolished the use of capital punishment, while some countries such as Brazil and Guatemala allow for capital punishment only in exceptional situations, such as treason committed during wartime. The United States (the federal government and 31 of the states), some Caribbean countries and the majority of countries in Asia (for example, Japan and India) retain capital punishment. In Africa, less than half of countries retain it, for example Botswana and Zambia. South Africa abolished the death penalty in 1995. Abolition was often adopted due to political change,"	"Tuscany was the first to abolish capital punishment. Giordano Bruno had a great influence on 17th-century scientific and philosophical thought and, ever since, his ideals have been absorbed by many philosophers. Bruno's freedom of thought inspired European liberal movements of the 19th century. The significance of Bruno’s work lies in his cosmological theories, which anticipated some fundamental aspects of the modern concept of the universe; his ethical ideas, in contrast with religious ascetical ethics, which appealed to modern humanistic activism; and his ideals of religious and philosophical tolerance. Giambattista Vico was a political philosopher, rhetorician, historian, and jurist, who is"	"Capital punishment in Romania Capital punishment in Romania was abolished in 1990, and has been prohibited by the Constitution of Romania since 1991. The death penalty has a long and varied history in present-day Romania. Vlad the Impaler (reigned in Wallachia, principally 1456–62) was notorious for executing thousands by impalement. One of his successors, Constantine Hangerli, was strangled, shot, stabbed and beheaded by the Ottomans in 1799. In Moldavia, the earliest reference to executions is found in a 1646 text from the time of Vasile Lupu, while in Wallachia, a similar mention from 1652 dates to Matei Basarab's reign. Both"	"Capital punishment in Latvia Capital punishment in Latvia was abolished for ordinary crimes in 1999 and for crimes committed during wartime in 2012. Latvia is party to several international instruments which ban the capital punishment. Latvia regained independence in 1991 after the fall of the Soviet Union. Subsequently, the death penalty in civilian cases was reserved for murder and the only method of execution, as during Soviet times, was shooting with a single bullet to the back of the head. The last executions took place in January 1996. In October 1996, President Guntis Ulmanis claimed that he would commute any"	"de facto blocked capital executions (the last was in 1769), Leopold promulgated the reform of the penal code that abolished the death penalty and ordered the destruction of all the instruments for capital execution in his land. Torture was also banned. Leopold also introduced radical reforms to the system of neglect and inhumane treatment of the mentally ill. On 23 January 1774, the ""legge sui pazzi"" (law regarding the insane) was established, the first of its kind to be introduced in Europe, allowing steps to be taken to hospitalize individuals deemed insane. A few years later Leopold undertook the project"	"the major influence for those countries. Portugal was the first country in the world to abolish life imprisonment (in 1884) and was one of the first countries to abolish the death penalty. Maximum jail sentences are limited to 25 years. Portugal is also known for having decriminalized the usage of all common drugs in 2001, the first country in the world to do so. Portugal decriminalized possession of effectively all drugs that are still illegal in other developed nations including cannabis, cocaine, heroin, and LSD. While possession is legal, trafficking and possession of more than ""10 days worth of personal"	"abolition to most of the rest of Europe. The last European jurisdictions to abolish legal torture were Portugal (1828) and the canton of Glarus in Switzerland (1851). Under codified legal systems such as France, torture was superseded with a legal system that is highly dependent on investigating magistrates and the confession remains ""The Queen of Proofs"". Such magistrates are often under pressure to produce results. It is alleged that in many cases police violence towards suspects has been ignored by the magistrates. In the adversarial system of Common Law used throughout the English-speaking world, the experience is a different one."
What is Bruce Willis' real first name?	"him as the main character. Selected notable roles: Willis has won a variety of awards and has received various honors throughout his career in television and film. Bruce Willis Walter Bruce Willis (born March 19, 1955) is an American actor, producer, and singer. Born to a German mother and American father in Idar-Oberstein, Germany, he moved to the United States with his family in 1957. His career began on the Off-Broadway stage in the 1970s. He later achieved fame with his leading role on the hit television series ""Moonlighting"" (1985–89). He has since appeared in over 70 films and is"	"Bruce Willis filmography Bruce Willis is a German-born American actor, producer with Cheyenne Enterprises, and singer. The following is a filmography of his work. Willis's career began in television in 1984, most notably as David Addison in ""Moonlighting"" (1984–1989), and has continued both in television and film since, including comedic, dramatic, and action roles. He is well known for the role of John McClane in the ""Die Hard"" series, which were mostly critical and uniformly financial successes. He has also appeared in over sixty films, including box office successes like ""Death Becomes Her"" (1992), ""Pulp Fiction"" (1994), ""12 Monkeys"" (1995),"	"""The Fifth Element"" (1997), ""Armageddon"" (1998), ""The Sixth Sense"" (1999), ""Unbreakable"" (2000), ""Sin City"" (2005), ""Red"" (2010), ""Moonrise Kingdom"" (2012), ""The Expendables 2"" (2012), and ""Looper"" (2012). Motion pictures featuring Willis have grossed US$2.64 billion to 3.05 billion at North American box offices, making him the ninth-highest-grossing actor in a leading role and twelfth-highest-grossing, including supporting roles. He is a two-time Emmy Award–winning, Golden Globe Award–winning, and four-time Saturn Award–nominated actor. Solo albums: Compilations/guest appearances: Bruce Willis filmography Bruce Willis is a German-born American actor, producer with Cheyenne Enterprises, and singer. The following is a filmography of his work. Willis's"	"In 2014, Willis played the role of Garth Stubbs in the revived ITV sitcom ""Birds of a Feather"" and Luke Riley in the BBC One soap opera ""EastEnders"". Willis was born in Tooting in London on 8 May 1983. He has an older brother, Stephen, but their parents split up when he was only 3 years old. His mother later remarried and had his half-sister, Doreen, who is an ambassador for a charity called Whizz-Kidz. Willis has had three different last names legally while growing up. Even though his original last name was Willis, after his father, this was changed"	"The Return of Bruno The Return of Bruno is a 1987 comedic film, originally aired as a one-hour special on HBO and later released on VHS. It is a mockumentary starring Bruce Willis as his fictitious alter ego ""Bruno Radolini"", a legendary blues singer/musician who influenced, as the story goes, a number of famous musicians. Elton John, Phil Collins, Brian Wilson, Grace Slick, Joan Baez, Jon Bon Jovi, Paul Stanley, The Bee Gees, Graham Nash, Stephen Stills, and Ringo Starr appear in the film as themselves, paying tribute to Radolini. It also features legendary photographer Henry Diltz. Written by: Paul"	"Gus Lewis Gus Lewis (born 19 January 1993) is an American-born English actor. He is best known for playing the young Bruce Wayne in the 2005 blockbuster film ""Batman Begins"", co-starring with Christian Bale and Michael Caine. That year, he also co-starred in the film ""Asylum"" alongside Hugh Bonneville and Natasha Richardson. In 2005, Lewis played a young Bruce Wayne in the blockbuster film ""Batman Begins"", whose adult counterpart was Christian Bale. The American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry observed that Lewis played ""an intense and appealing"" child, while ""Orlando Weekly"" opined that the actor ""makes a strong impression"	"The Return of Bruno (album) The Return of Bruno is the debut album by actor Bruce Willis. Released by Motown in 1987, this album is an eclectic gathering of R&B music sung by Willis, with backing musicians including Booker T. Jones, The Pointer Sisters and The Temptations. It is a companion piece to an HBO special of the same name which aired shortly after the album's release. A re-issue was distributed by Razor & Tie in 1997. The album peaked at #14 on the US ""Billboard"" 200 album chart. Leadoff single ""Respect Yourself,"" a duet with June Pointer featuring background"	"his father was a welder, master mechanic, and factory worker. Willis attended Penns Grove High School in his hometown, where he encountered issues with a stutter. He was nicknamed ""Buck-Buck"" by his schoolmates. Willis joined the drama club in high school, and acting on stage reduced his stutter. He was eventually appointed student council president. After he graduated from high school in 1973, Willis took a job as a security guard at the Salem Nuclear Power Plant and transported work crews at the DuPont Chambers Works factory in Deepwater, New Jersey. After working as a private investigator (a role he"	"Emma Heming Emma Heming-Willis (born 18 June 1978) is an English model and actress. Born in Malta to an English father and a Guyanese mother, Heming was raised in north London, United Kingdom, and California, United States. On 21 March 2009, Heming married actor Bruce Willis in the Turks and Caicos Islands. The ceremony was not legally binding, so the couple wed again in a civil ceremony in Beverly Hills, California, six days later. They have two daughters together: Mabel Ray (born April 2012) and Evelyn Penn (born May 2014). Heming is also a stepmother to Willis's three elder daughters"	"B+, while calling Willis' cover of ""Under the Boardwalk"" ""surprisingly okay"", noting additionally that the album ""shows us that he (Willis) can't shout songs quite as well as Don Johnson. So Springsteen he ain't. Funny he is."" Allmusic observes that Willis ""doesn't quite have the conviction or skill of the Blues Brothers"", adding that ""The Return of Bruno"" is today little more than a kitsch artifact. The Return of Bruno (album) The Return of Bruno is the debut album by actor Bruce Willis. Released by Motown in 1987, this album is an eclectic gathering of R&B music sung by Willis,"	"Bruce Campbell Bruce Lorne Campbell (born June 22, 1958) is an American actor, producer, writer, comedian and director. One of his best-known roles is portraying Ash Williams in Sam Raimi's ""Evil Dead"" franchise, beginning with the 1978 short film ""Within the Woods"". He has starred in many low-budget cult films such as ""Crimewave"" (1985), ""Maniac Cop"" (1988), """" (1989), and ""Bubba Ho-Tep"" (2002). In television, Campbell had lead roles in ""The Adventures of Brisco County, Jr."" (1993–94) and ""Jack of all Trades"" (2000), starred as Autolycus (the King of Thieves) in """" and """" (1995–99), Sam Axe on the USA"	"the film. The name ""Ted Casablanca"" was borrowed from a minor character from ""Valley of the Dolls"". Casablanca's birth date was found to have been November 20, 1960. According to Ancestry.com’s Texas Birth Index 1903-1997 Bruce Wallace Bibby was born November 20, 1960 in Dallas county Texas to Robert and Alice Wallace Bibby. Casablanca's alter ego also earned a degree in sculpture from the California Institute of the Arts before turning to journalism. According to his own column, Casablanca married Jon Powell in Hawaii in May 2008. But on September 16, 2009, Casablanca announced that he and Powell had, after"	"Hal B. Wallis Harold Brent Wallis (born Aaron Blum Wolowicz; October 19, 1898 – October 5, 1986) was an American film producer. He is best remembered for producing ""Casablanca"" (1942), ""The Adventures of Robin Hood"" (1938), and ""True Grit"" (1969), along with many other major films for Warner Bros. featuring such film stars as Humphrey Bogart, Bette Davis, and Errol Flynn. Later on, for a long period, he was connected with Paramount Pictures and oversaw films featuring Dean Martin, Jerry Lewis, Elvis Presley, and John Wayne. Aaron Blum Wolowicz was born October 19, 1898 in Chicago, Illinois, the son of"	"Robert Bruce (wrestler) Robert Bruce (3 November 1943 – 2 March 2009), born John Charles Young, was a Scottish-born professional wrestler and talent agent in Auckland, New Zealand. Bruce was born in Musselburgh, near Edinburgh in Scotland. He was born John Charles Young, but adopted the stage name of Robert the Bruce, later shortened to Robert Bruce, and kept the name when he quit wrestling. In the ring he played the quintessential villain who prefaced every low blow with an evil smirk, once saying """"Honestly, it's better being a bad guy. I suppose it's the underlying evil you may have."	"Robert Bruce (wrestler) Robert Bruce (3 November 1943 – 2 March 2009), born John Charles Young, was a Scottish-born professional wrestler and talent agent in Auckland, New Zealand. Bruce was born in Musselburgh, near Edinburgh in Scotland. He was born John Charles Young, but adopted the stage name of Robert the Bruce, later shortened to Robert Bruce, and kept the name when he quit wrestling. In the ring he played the quintessential villain who prefaced every low blow with an evil smirk, once saying """"Honestly, it's better being a bad guy. I suppose it's the underlying evil you may have."	"Jason Scott Lee Jason Scott Lee (, born November 19, 1966) is an American actor and martial artist. Lee is perhaps best known for his roles as Bruce Lee (no relation) in the 1993 martial arts film """", and Mowgli in Disney's 1994 live-action adaptation of ""The Jungle Book"". Lee was born in Los Angeles. He was raised in Hawaii and is of Chinese descent. He attended school at Pearl City High School. He has been married to Diana Lee since 2008. Lee started his acting career with small roles in ""Born in East L.A."" (1987) and ""Back to the"	"Bill Wallis William Wallis (20 November 1936 – 6 September 2013) was an English character actor and comedian who appeared in numerous radio and television roles, as well as in the theatre. Wallis was born in Guildford in Surrey, the only son of Albert Wallis, a trainee fishmonger turned engineer, and his wife, Anne, a nurse. He attended Farnham Grammar School from 1948 to 1955, where he was head boy. He gained a State Scholarship to St John's College, Cambridge, and while at Cambridge met Peter Cook and David Frost. When Cook and the team took ""Beyond the Fringe"" to"	"the movie ""Mindwarp"". Campbell is also an ordained minister and has officiated weddings for couples. Bruce Campbell Bruce Lorne Campbell (born June 22, 1958) is an American actor, producer, writer, comedian and director. One of his best-known roles is portraying Ash Williams in Sam Raimi's ""Evil Dead"" franchise, beginning with the 1978 short film ""Within the Woods"". He has starred in many low-budget cult films such as ""Crimewave"" (1985), ""Maniac Cop"" (1988), """" (1989), and ""Bubba Ho-Tep"" (2002). In television, Campbell had lead roles in ""The Adventures of Brisco County, Jr."" (1993–94) and ""Jack of all Trades"" (2000), starred as"	"Batman, real name Wayne Williams, debuted in ""Just Imagine Stan Lee with Joe Kubert Creating Batman"" (September 2001). Creators Stan Lee and Joe Kubert based this version on the character created by Bill Finger and Bob Kane. Like the original, this Batman has no superpowers. Unlike Bruce Wayne, Wayne Williams is African-American, instead of Caucasian. He is in excellent physical condition, and has a vast personal fortune allowing him access to custom equipment including: night vision lenses, Kevlar costume and sensors to magnify sound and cape-like bat wings to glide. Wayne Williams' father was a policeman who was killed in"	"Muse Watson Muse Watson (born July 20, 1948) is an American stage and screen actor. He became known for his roles as Ben Willis, the primary antagonist in the ""I Know What You Did Last Summer"" franchise, Charles Westmoreland on the Fox television series ""Prison Break"" and as Mike Franks in CBS television series ""NCIS"". Watson was born on July 20, 1948, in Alexandria, Louisiana. He attended Louisiana Tech on a music stipend for two years before transferring to Berea College in Berea, Kentucky, where he performed for the first time on stage as Petruchio in a production of Shakespeare's"	"My Name Is Bruce My Name Is Bruce is a 2007 American comedy horror film directed, co-produced by and starring B movie cult actor Bruce Campbell. The film was written by Mark Verheiden. It had a theatrical release in October 2008, followed by DVD and Blu-ray releases on February 10, 2009. Although Sam Raimi, with whom Bruce frequently collaborates, is not involved with this production, much of the film is in the vein of the ""Evil Dead"" series. Ted Raimi (Sam's brother), also a frequent collaborator, appears in this film. Campbell has shown several minutes of the movie during some"	"Bobby Willis Robert Willis (25 January 1942 – 23 October 1999) was a British songwriter, who became the manager and eventually the husband of the late British singer and television personality Cilla Black. His first known recorded composition, ""Shy of Love"" was featured on the B-side of ""Love of the Loved"", the debut release of Cilla Black in September 1963. During the sixties he was to write many songs for his then girlfriend to record and perform. One of his most popular – ""Is It Love?"" – was featured in the beat film ""Ferry Cross the Mersey"" in 1965. He"	"Austin Willis Alexander Austin Willis, (September 30, 1917 – April 3, 2004) was a Canadian actor and television host. Austin was born in Halifax, Nova Scotia to parents Alexander Samuel and Emma Graham (Pushie) Willis. His older brother, J. Frank Willis, was a radio broadcaster with the Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission (later the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation). In 2002, Austin was made a Member of the Order of Canada. He is best known internationally for his appearance as Simmons, the man whom Auric Goldfinger beats at cards in the opening scenes of the James Bond film, ""Goldfinger"". Originally he was to"	"in its ""Top 100"" list. Heming has also walked the runway for fashion shows including Herve Leger, John Galliano, Paco Rabanne, Christian Dior, Chanel, Maska, Thierry Mugler, Valentino, Emanuel Ungaro, Ralph Lauren, and Victoria's Secret Fashion Show. Emma Heming Emma Heming-Willis (born 18 June 1978) is an English model and actress. Born in Malta to an English father and a Guyanese mother, Heming was raised in north London, United Kingdom, and California, United States. On 21 March 2009, Heming married actor Bruce Willis in the Turks and Caicos Islands. The ceremony was not legally binding, so the couple wed again"	"David Dunn (character) David Dunn is a fictional character and the main protagonist in the ""Unbreakable"" film series, portrayed by American actor Bruce Willis. Dunn is a former college football prodigy and presently a security guard who discovers he has superhuman abilities. He is the main protagonist in ""Unbreakable"", a minor cameo character in ""Split"", and will return in ""Glass"" as the main protagonist. David Dunn was a football player until an auto car accident occurred. Sometime after the accident, he went off to marry Audrey who together have a son named Joseph. In the present, David is a security"	"Lewis Wilson Lewis Gilbert Wilson (January 28, 1920 – August 9, 2000) was an American actor from New York City who was most famous for being the first actor to play DC Comics character Batman on screen in the 1943 film serial ""Batman"". Wilson graduated from Worcester Academy in Worcester, Massachusetts in 1939. His family had long roots with the school and his father and even grandfather were graduates. Following the entry of the United States into World War II, in 1943 Columbia Pictures created the first Batman live action series, simply called ""Batman"". Wilson was cast as the title"	"of 17, she married singer Freddy Moore, 12 years her senior and recently divorced from his first wife, Lucy. During their marriage, Demi began using Freddy's surname as her stage name. She filed for divorce in September 1984; it was finalized on August 7, 1985. Moore was then engaged to actor Emilio Estevez, with whom she co-starred in ""Wisdom,"" a crime drama he also wrote and directed. The pair planned to marry in December 1986, but called off the engagement. On November 21, 1987, Moore married her second husband, actor Bruce Willis. She and Willis have three daughters together: Rumer"	"recurring roles as Alex Longshadow in ""Banshee"" and Bruce Wayne / Batman in ""Beware the Batman"". Anthony Ruivivar Anthony Michael Ruivivar (born ) is an American actor. He is known for his portrayal of paramedic Carlos Nieto in ""Third Watch"" and as the voice of Bruce Wayne / Batman in ""Beware the Batman"". He often plays characters working in law enforcement. Ruivivar was born in Honolulu, Hawaii to a musician father. In January 1998 he married actress Yvonne Jung, who would later appear in seasons 5 and 6 (2003–05) of ""Third Watch"" as FDNY EMS Paramedic Holly Levine. In the"	"On September 21, 2009, Willis posted their wedding program. Their twin boys, Chase Alexander and Zachary Dashiel, were born on December 3, 2015. ""Roomies!"", ""It's Walky!"", ""Shortpacked!"", and ""Joyce & Walky!"" are each set in the same fictional universe, with many characters appearing in multiple comics. This is collectively called the Walkyverse. ""Dumbing of Age"" shares many of the same characters with the previous titles, but it exists within a separate continuity. Roomies! is a webcomic by Willis starring the college adventures of two roommates, Danny and Joe. It ran from September 8, 1997, to December 20, 1999. Originally a"	"Willis was born in Sunderland, County Durham, and grew up in the Surrey village of Stoke d'Abernon near Cobham, having moved there at the age of six. His father was an employee of the BBC, and Willis had an elder brother named David with whom he played cricket in the garden, and an elder sister. In 1965, Willis added his third name ""Dylan"" by deed poll in honour of American musician Bob Dylan, of whom he is a fan. Willis was educated at the Royal Grammar School, Guildford, playing his early cricket for Stoke d'Abernon Cricket Club, where he later"	"""On Santa Fe Trail"" and ""This Is the Army"") sent condolences to the family. Wallis is interred in a crypt at the Great Mausoleum at Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery in Glendale, California. 1938 and 1943 Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Awards Hal B. Wallis Harold Brent Wallis (born Aaron Blum Wolowicz; October 19, 1898 – October 5, 1986) was an American film producer. He is best remembered for producing ""Casablanca"" (1942), ""The Adventures of Robin Hood"" (1938), and ""True Grit"" (1969), along with many other major films for Warner Bros. featuring such film stars as Humphrey Bogart, Bette Davis, and"	"Rumer Willis Rumer Glenn Willis (born August 16, 1988) is an American actress and singer. She is the oldest daughter of actors Bruce Willis and Demi Moore. Willis won season 20 of ""Dancing with the Stars."" She went on to make her Broadway debut in ""Chicago"" as Roxie Hart on September 21, 2015. She has recently had a recurring role in season 3 and 4 of FOX musical-drama ""Empire"" and became a series regular in its fourth season. She was born at Western Baptist Hospital in Paducah, Kentucky, while her father, Bruce Willis, was filming ""In Country"". She was named"	"Wiz"", and who later played Clair Huxtable on ""The Cosby Show""). He also wrote the lyrics for her album, ""Josephine Superstar"". On November 17, 2007 Willis married a second time; his wife Karen is a lawyer and an entertainment executive. Victor Willis Victor Edward Willis (born July 1, 1951) is an American singer, songwriter, and actor. He is best known as the founding member of the disco group Village People and also as lead singer and co-songwriter for all of their most successful singles. In the group he performed costumed as a policeman or a naval officer. The son of"
Which William wrote the novel Lord Of The Flies?	"to a fictional town that has appeared in a number of his novels. The book itself appears prominently in his novels ""Hearts in Atlantis"" (1999), ""Misery"" (1987), and ""Cujo"" (1981). Stephen King wrote an introduction for a new edition of ""Lord of the Flies"" (2011) to mark the centenary of William Golding's birth in 2011. The novel ""Garden Lakes"" by Jaime Clarke is an homage to ""Lord of the Flies"". The final song on U2's debut album ""Boy"" (1980) takes its title, ""Shadows and Tall Trees"", from Chapter 7 in the book. Iron Maiden wrote a song inspired by the"	"The Lord of the Isles The Lord of the Isles is a rhymed, romantic, narrative-poem by Sir Walter Scott, written in 1815. The story begins during the time when Robert Bruce, Earl of Carrick has been hunted out of Scotland into exile by the English and their allies. Bruce returns over sea from the Island of Rachrin: but is forced to land close to hostile forces at Artonish Castle on the seacoast of Argylshire. Seeking refuge from tempestuous seas, Bruce begs shelter from Ronald, Lord of the Isles: inadvertently on the day of his marriage feast to the beautiful Edith"	"The Kingdom by the Sea The Kingdom by the Sea (1983) is a written account of a three-month-long journey taken by novelist Paul Theroux round the United Kingdom in the summer of 1982. Starting his journey in London, he takes a train to Margate on the English coast. He then travels roughly clockwise round the British coastline, mainly by train, getting as far north as Cape Wrath. He ends his journey in Southend. 1982 was the summer of the Falklands War and the year when Prince William was born. The title of the book is taken from the opening lines"	"posthumously. His son David (born 1940) continues to live at Tullimaar House. In September 1953, after many rejections from other publishers, Golding sent a manuscript to Faber & Faber and was initially rejected by their reader. His book, however, was championed by Charles Monteith, a new editor at the firm. Monteith asked for some changes to the text and the novel was published in September 1954 as ""Lord of the Flies"". After moving in 1958 from Salisbury to nearby Bowerchalke, he met his fellow villager and walking companion James Lovelock. The two discussed Lovelock's hypothesis, that the living matter of"	"of novels ""A Dance to the Music of Time"" (1951–75), is a comic examination of movements and manners, power and passivity in English political, cultural and military life in the mid-20th century; comic novelist Kingsley Amis is best known for his academic satire ""Lucky Jim"" (1954); Nobel Prize laureate William Golding's allegorical novel ""Lord of the Flies"" (1954), explores how culture created by man fails, using as an example a group of British schoolboys marooned on a deserted island; philosopher Iris Murdoch was a prolific writer of novels that deal with such things as sexual relationships, morality, and the power"	"a script of ""Lord of the Flies"" from Nigel Kneale, but Ealing Studios closed in 1959 before it could be produced. The novel was adapted into a movie for a second time in 1990; the 1963 film is generally considered more faithful to the novel than the 1990 adaptation. A group of British schoolboys are evacuated from England following the outbreak of an unidentified war. Their airliner is shot down by briefly-glimpsed fighter planes and ditches near a remote island. The main character, Ralph, is seen walking through a tropical forest. He meets an intelligent and chubby boy, who reveals"	"Alkitrang Dugo Alkitrang Dugo is a 1976 Filipino television film based on the novel ""Lord of the Flies"" by English novelist Sir William Golding. A group of young Filipino athletes find themselves stranded on an uninhabited island after their plane crashes, claiming the lives of both their pilot and coach. Luis organizes the group and appoints himself leader. They find fresh water and gather coconuts. They then tried to build a shelter and tried to start a fire to keep warm and alert passing ships of their whereabouts, but Andy wants to stay on this island forever, because he is"	"Kenneth Grahame Kenneth Grahame ( ; 8 March 1859 – 6 July 1932) was a British writer, most famous for ""The Wind in the Willows"" (1908), one of the classics of children's literature. He also wrote ""The Reluctant Dragon"". Both books were later adapted for stage and film, of which A. A. Milne's ""Toad of Toad Hall"" was the first. The Disney films ""The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad"" and ""The Reluctant Dragon"" are other adaptations. Kenneth Grahame was born on 8 March 1859 in Edinburgh, Scotland. When he was a little more than a year old, his father,"	"The Fringes of the Fleet The Fringes of the Fleet is a booklet written in 1915 by Rudyard Kipling (1865–1936). The booklet contains essays and poems about nautical subjects in World War I. It is also the title of a song-cycle written in 1917 with music by the English composer Edward Elgar and lyrics from poems in Kipling's booklet. In 1915 Kipling was commissioned by ""The Daily Telegraph"" to write a series of six articles on his view of life in less well-known aspects of the defence of the nation on its seas. These were given the general title ""The"	"laureate William Golding's allegorical novel ""Lord of the Flies"" 1954, explores how culture created by man fails, using as an example a group of British schoolboys marooned on a deserted island who try to govern themselves, but with disastrous results. Philosopher Iris Murdoch was a prolific writer of novels throughout the second half of the 20th century, that deal especially with sexual relationships, morality, and the power of the unconscious, including ""Under the Net"" (1954), ""The Black Prince"" (1973) and ""The Green Knight"" (1993). Scottish writer Muriel Spark pushed the boundaries of realism in her novels. Her first, ""The Comforters"""	"back into fashion. In 1908, Kenneth Grahame (1859–1932) wrote the children's classic ""The Wind in the Willows"". An informal literary discussion group associated with the English faculty at the University of Oxford, were the ""Inklings"". Its leading members were the major fantasy novelists; C.S. Lewis and J.R.R. Tolkien. Lewis is especially known for ""The Chronicles of Narnia"", while Tolkien is best known as the author of ""The Hobbit"" and ""The Lord of the Rings"". Another significant writer is Alan Garner author of ""Elidor"" (1965), while Terry Pratchett is a more recent fantasy writer. Roald Dahl rose to prominence with his"	"as Geoffrey Chaucer's ""Canterbury Tales"" (1387), Miguel de Cervantes' ""Don Quixote"" (1605), William Shakespeare's ""Pericles, Prince of Tyre"" (c.1608), Laurence Sterne's ""The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman"" (1759), William Makepeace Thackeray's ""Vanity Fair"" (1847), as well as more recent works such as J.R.R. Tolkien's ""The Lord of the Rings"" (1954–1955), or Douglas Adams' ""The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy"" (1979). Metafiction, however, became particularly prominent in the 1960s, with authors and works such as John Barth's ""Lost in the Funhouse"", Robert Coover's ""The Babysitter"" and ""The Magic Poker"", Kurt Vonnegut's ""Slaughterhouse-Five"", John Fowles' ""The French Lieutenant's Woman"", Thomas"	"J. Thomas Looney John Thomas Looney (14 August 1870 – 17 January 1944) was an English school teacher who is notable for having originated the Oxfordian theory, which claims that Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford (1550–1604) was the true author of Shakespeare's plays. Looney came from a Methodist religious background, but later converted to the rationalistic Religion of Humanity, becoming a leader of its church in Tyneside. After the failure of the local church, Looney turned to the Shakespeare authorship question, publishing in 1920 his theory that de Vere was the author of most of the poems and"	"Time"", is a comic examination of movements and manners, power and passivity in English political, cultural and military life in the mid-20th century; Nobel Prize laureate William Golding's allegorical novel ""Lord of the Flies"" 1954, explores how culture created by man fails, using as an example a group of British schoolboys marooned on a deserted island. Philosopher Iris Murdoch was a prolific writer of novels throughout the second half of the 20th century, that deal especially with sexual relationships, morality, and the power of the unconscious. Scottish writer Muriel Spark pushed the boundaries of realism in her novels. ""The Prime"	"goes into high gear as they set out to rescue the women. Ultimately, one lady is reunited with her knight, another finds a new love when her knight is killed, and the last is left to mourn as her champion throws her over for Birdalone. The Water of the Wondrous Isles The Water of the Wondrous Isles is a fantasy novel by William Morris, perhaps the first writer of modern fantasy to unite an imaginary world with the element of the supernatural, and thus a precursor of much of present-day fantasy literature. It was first printed in 1897 by Morris'"	"Lloyd Alexander Lloyd Chudley Alexander (January 30, 1924 – May 17, 2007) was an American author of more than forty books, primarily fantasy novels for children and young adults. His most famous work is ""The Chronicles of Prydain"", a series of five high fantasy novels whose conclusion, ""The High King"", was awarded the 1969 Newbery Medal for excellence in American children's literature. He won U.S. National Book Awards in 1971 and 1982. Alexander was one creator of the children's literary magazine ""Cricket"". Alexander was born in Philadelphia in 1924 and grew up in Drexel Hill, a section of Upper Darby"	"la justice mettre le nez dans nos draps"" (""The Oscar Wilde Affair, or, On the Danger of Allowing Justice to put its Nose in our Sheets"") by , a French religious historian. Oscar Wilde Oscar Fingal O'Flahertie Wills Wilde (16 October 185430 November 1900) was an Irish poet and playwright. After writing in different forms throughout the 1880s, he became one of London's most popular playwrights in the early 1890s. He is best remembered for his epigrams and plays, his novel ""The Picture of Dorian Gray"", and the circumstances of his imprisonment and early death. Wilde's parents were successful Anglo-Irish"	"Geoffrey Chaucer Geoffrey Chaucer (; – 25 October 1400) is known as the Father of English literature and is widely considered the greatest English poet of the Middle Ages. He was the first to be buried in Poets' Corner of Westminster Abbey. Chaucer achieved fame during his lifetime as an author, philosopher, and astronomer, composing a scientific treatise on the astrolabe for his 10 year-old son Lewis. He also maintained an active career in the civil service as a bureaucrat, courtier, and diplomat. Among his many works are ""The Book of the Duchess"", ""The House of Fame"", ""The Legend of"	"Geoffrey Chaucer Geoffrey Chaucer (; – 25 October 1400) is known as the Father of English literature and is widely considered the greatest English poet of the Middle Ages. He was the first to be buried in Poets' Corner of Westminster Abbey. Chaucer achieved fame during his lifetime as an author, philosopher, and astronomer, composing a scientific treatise on the astrolabe for his 10 year-old son Lewis. He also maintained an active career in the civil service as a bureaucrat, courtier, and diplomat. Among his many works are ""The Book of the Duchess"", ""The House of Fame"", ""The Legend of"	"King Lear King Lear is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare. It depicts the gradual descent into madness of the title character, after he disposes of his kingdom by giving bequests to two of his three daughters egged on by their continual flattery, bringing tragic consequences for all. Derived from the legend of Leir of Britain, a mythological pre-Roman Celtic king, the play has been widely adapted for the stage and motion pictures, with the title role coveted by many of the world's most accomplished actors. The first attribution to Shakespeare of this play, originally drafted in 1605 or 1606"	"J. R. R. Tolkien John Ronald Reuel Tolkien, (; 3 January 1892 – 2 September 1973) was an English writer, poet, philologist, and university professor who is best known as the author of the classic high fantasy works ""The Hobbit"", ""The Lord of the Rings"", and ""The Silmarillion"". He served as the Rawlinson and Bosworth Professor of Anglo-Saxon and Fellow of Pembroke College, Oxford, from 1925 to 1945 and Merton Professor of English Language and Literature and Fellow of Merton College, Oxford, from 1945 to 1959. He was at one time a close friend of C. S. Lewis—they were both"	"James are popular. Nigel Tranter wrote historical novels of celebrated Scottish warriors; Robert the Bruce in ""The Bruce Trilogy"", and William Wallace in ""The Wallace"" (1975), works noted by academics for their accuracy. John Wyndham wrote post-apocalyptic science fiction, his most notable works being ""The Day of the Triffids"" (1951), and ""The Midwich Cuckoos"" (1957). George Langelaan's ""The Fly"" (1957), is a science fiction short story. Science fiction novelist Arthur C. Clarke's """" (1968), is based on his various short stories, particularly ""The Sentinel"" (1951). His other major novels include ""Rendezvous with Rama"" (1972), and ""The Fountains of Paradise"" (1979)."	"even contentious choice"". In 1988 Golding was appointed a Knight Bachelor. In September 1993, only a few months after his sudden death, the First International William Golding Conference was held in France, where Golding's presence had been promised and was eagerly expected. Despite his success, Golding ""was abnormally thin-skinned when it came to criticism of his work. He simply could not read even the mildest reservation and on occasion left the country when his books were published."" His first novel, ""Lord of the Flies"" (1954; film, 1963 and 1990; play, adapted by Nigel Williams, 1995), describes a group of boys"	"and Jack Caine as ""Simon"". Many writers have borrowed plot elements from ""Lord of the Flies"". By the early 1960s, it was required reading in many schools and colleges. Stephen King's fictional town of Castle Rock, inspired by the fictional mountain fort of the same name in ""Lord of the Flies"", in turn inspired the name of Rob Reiner's production company, Castle Rock Entertainment, which produced the film ""Lord of the Flies"" (1990). Stephen King got the name Castle Rock from the fictional mountain fort of the same name in ""Lord of the Flies"" and used the name to refer"	"Oscar Wilde Oscar Fingal O'Flahertie Wills Wilde (16 October 185430 November 1900) was an Irish poet and playwright. After writing in different forms throughout the 1880s, he became one of London's most popular playwrights in the early 1890s. He is best remembered for his epigrams and plays, his novel ""The Picture of Dorian Gray"", and the circumstances of his imprisonment and early death. Wilde's parents were successful Anglo-Irish intellectuals in Dublin. Their son became fluent in French and German early in life. At university, Wilde read Greats; he proved himself to be an outstanding classicist, first at Dublin, then at"	"he hoped it would answer ""some of the standard questions which students were asking"" (7). The book starts out with an essay on the Battle of Thermopylae, which can be translated from ancient Greek to English as ""hot gates"", thus giving it the title. The Hot Gates are famous for being the place where Leonidas I made his last stand against the Persian army under Xerxes I. The Hot Gates The Hot Gates is the title of a collection of essays by William Golding, author of ""Lord of the Flies"". The collection is divided into four sections: ""People and Places"","	"career began in the 1890s with science fiction novels like ""The War of the Worlds"" (1898) which describes an invasion of late Victorian England by Martians, and Wells is, along with Frenchman Jules Verne (1828–1905), as a major figure in the development of the science fiction genre. The history of the modern fantasy genre is generally said to begin with George MacDonald, the influential author of ""The Princess and the Goblin"" and ""Phantastes"" (1858). William Morris was a popular English poet who also wrote several fantasy novels during the latter part of the nineteenth century. The vampire genre fiction began"	"The House of the Wolfings A Tale of the House of the Wolfings and All the Kindreds of the Mark is a fantasy novel by William Morris, perhaps the first modern fantasy writer to unite an imaginary world with the element of the supernatural, and thus the precursor of much of present-day fantasy literature. It was first published in hardcover by Reeves and Turner in 1889. The book influenced J. R. R. Tolkien's popular ""The Lord of the Rings"". This work and its successor, ""The Roots of the Mountains"", were to some degree historical novels, with little or no magic."	"classes, as well as an Anglo-Norman literature. Middle English literature emerged with Geoffrey Chaucer, author of ""The Canterbury Tales"", along with Gower, the Pearl Poet and Langland. William of Ockham and Roger Bacon, who were Franciscans, were major philosophers of the Middle Ages. Julian of Norwich, who wrote ""Revelations of Divine Love"", was a prominent Christian mystic. With the English Renaissance literature in the Early Modern English style appeared. William Shakespeare, whose works include ""Hamlet"", ""Romeo and Juliet"", ""Macbeth"", and ""A Midsummer Night's Dream"", remains one of the most championed authors in English literature. Christopher Marlowe, Edmund Spenser, Philip Sydney,"	"The Water of the Wondrous Isles The Water of the Wondrous Isles is a fantasy novel by William Morris, perhaps the first writer of modern fantasy to unite an imaginary world with the element of the supernatural, and thus a precursor of much of present-day fantasy literature. It was first printed in 1897 by Morris' own Kelmscott Press on vellum and artisanal paper in a blackletter type of his own design. For the wider reading public, a hardcover trade edition was published later that year by Longmans, Green and Co. The novel was republished by Ballantine Books as the thirty-eighth"	"characterized as a typical ""noble savage"" by art historian Vivien Green Fryd, but her interpretation has been contested. The most famous modern example of ""hard"" (or anti-) primitivism in books and movies was William Golding's ""Lord of the Flies"", published in 1954. The title is said to be a reference to the Biblical devil, Beelzebub. This book, in which a group of school boys stranded on a desert island ""revert"" to savage behavior, was a staple of high school and college required reading lists during the Cold War. In the 1970s, film director Stanley Kubrick professed his opposition to primitivism."	"as ""Heart of Darkness"" and ""Lord of the Flies"", and the anonymous memoirs of an escaped Australian prisoner. Although set in Thailand, Garland wrote the book while living in the Philippines and in particular was inspired by similar geography on the island of Palawan . Novelist Nick Hornby referred to ""The Beach"" as ""a ""Lord of the Flies"" for Generation X"", and the ""Sunday Oregonian"" called it ""Generation X's first great novel"". ""The Washington Post"" wrote that it is ""a furiously intelligent first novel"" and ""a book that moves with the kind of speed and grace many older writers can"	"echoed in William Golding's ""Lord of the Flies"", written some 66 years later. Two Years' Vacation Two Years' Vacation () is an adventure novel by Jules Verne, published in 1888. The story tells of the fortunes of a group of schoolboys stranded on a deserted island in the South Pacific, and of their struggles to overcome adversity. In his preface to the book, Verne explains that his goals were to create a Robinson Crusoe-like environment for children, and to show the world what the intelligence and bravery of a child was capable of when put to the test. The story"
Which innovation for the car was developed by Prince Henry of Prussia in 1911?	"became the club's patron. Henry was interested in motor cars as well and supposedly invented a windshield wiper and, according to other sources, the car horn. In his honor, the ""Prinz-Heinrich-Fahrt"" (Prince Heinrich Tour) was established in 1908, like the earlier Kaiserpreis a precursor to the German Grand Prix. Henry and his brother William gave patronage to the Kaiserlicher Automobilclub (Imperial Automobile Club). Henry also was an early proponent of introducing submarines and airplanes. He had merchant ships converted into seaplane tenders for operations in the Baltic Sea. Henry respected his brother, but this attitude was not returned in the"	"cars sold quickly and became known as Prince Henry Vauxhalls. Prince Henry cars also competed in other international trials including the 1911 St Petersburg to Sebastopol Trial and so two cars were sold to Tsar Nicholas II. A sales and support and distribution branch was opened in Moscow with good results. Hampered by the First World War the office was finally closed after the 1918 revolution. The Prince Henry was a higher tuned version of the Vauxhall 20 hp that had been designed in the winter of 1907-08 by then draughtsman Laurence Pomeroy (1883–1941) when the company's chief engineer F."	"Vauxhall Prince Henry The Vauxhall Prince Henry was a car manufactured by Vauxhall from 1911 to 1914. It had a length of around and a weight of depending on the model and the coachwork fitted. It is often thought of as the first sports car insofar as its high performance depends less on brute strength and more on overall excellence of design and sturdiness of construction. Known to Vauxhall as their C-10 three specially prepared cars were entered in the 1200 mile (1900 km) long 1910 Motor Trials named in honour of Prince Henry of Prussia. Replicas of the trial"	"the Prince Henry radiator and bonnet were adopted. This was one of the first cases of a British car having its bonnet merging into the scuttle without an intermediate no-man's land of exposed dashboard. ""Of the three Vauxhalls which ran in the Prince Henry Tour, two got full marks for reliability, and all did about 65 miles an hour in the speed trial, which was really quite good for that engine with a four-seated body and a full complement of passengers. So many people desired cars of this special type that in 1911 it was made a regular product of"	"from DMG's ownership in 1909. In 1910, the company was renamed ""Oesterreichische Daimler Motoren AG"" (Austrian Daimler Engines AG) whose logo was the ""Austrian Royal double-headed eagle"". In 1912 DMG sold its remaining shares. In 1911 Austro-Daimler began producing the ""Prinz Heinrich"" (in English: ""Prince Henry"") model; this car, which featured an overhead cam 5,714-cc four-cylinder engine, quickly became famous. It could develop 95 bhp at 2,100 rpm; there was also a less potent version with side valves and a 6,900-cc engine capable of developing at only 1,200 rpm. Both designs were by Porsche. During the First World War, the"	"Prince engine Prince is the codename for a family of automobile straight-4 engines developed by PSA Peugeot Citroën and BMW. It is a compact engine family of 1.4–1.6 L in displacement and includes most modern features including gasoline direct injection, turbocharging, BMW VANOS and variable valve timing. The BMW variants of the Prince engine are known as the N12, N13, N14, N16 and N18. It replaced the Tritec engine family in the Mini and was first introduced in 2006 for MINI. Later in 2011 also for BMW models F20 116i and 118i. This was the first longitudinal engine mount option"	"The last event was in 1911, not as contest, but as a touristic event. Prinz-Heinrich-Fahrt The Prinz-Heinrich-Fahrt (""Prince Heinrich Tour"", also known as Prince Henry Tour), named after Prince Albert Wilhelm Heinrich of Prussia, was an automobile contest held from 1908 to 1911 and a precursor to the German Grand Prix. The brother of Emperor Wilhelm II, who had staged a Kaiserpreis for automobiles in 1907 (and for other sports also), was an automobile enthusiast and inventor. Only production touring cars with four seats and three passengers were admitted, no special made race cars. The trophy for the winner was"	"This revolutionary design worked well and was much quieter than other twin engines in the country, providing up to 14 hp and remaining in production for several years. Protos' six-cylinder vehicle found many buyers, including Crown Prince Wilhelm II, and his brother Prince Heinrich of Prussia who invented and patented the first windscreen wipers for cars in 1908. Crown Prince Wilhelm II's stable of cars consisted entirely of Protos so that the firm could advertise in 1911 """"The German Crown Prince, a sportsman and automobile expert, drives only Protos vehicles."""" In 1906 the headquarters were moved from 39 Schöneberg Großgörschenstraße"	"at £580 with the chassis code C10 and known as the Prince Henry model. Both Austro-Daimler and Vauxhall offered for sale replicas of their Prince Henry models at the 1911 Olympia Motor Show In 1913 the engine capacity was increased to 3969 cc and the internal designation changed to C. Production continued until 1915. Cars produced in 1914 have flutes in the bonnet that fade out a short way behind the radiator. This 1914 car described below was very familiar to the writer who was a colleague and a close friend of its owner, Laurence Pomeroy junior, the designer's son."	"Prinz-Heinrich-Fahrt The Prinz-Heinrich-Fahrt (""Prince Heinrich Tour"", also known as Prince Henry Tour), named after Prince Albert Wilhelm Heinrich of Prussia, was an automobile contest held from 1908 to 1911 and a precursor to the German Grand Prix. The brother of Emperor Wilhelm II, who had staged a Kaiserpreis for automobiles in 1907 (and for other sports also), was an automobile enthusiast and inventor. Only production touring cars with four seats and three passengers were admitted, no special made race cars. The trophy for the winner was a model car made of 13,5 kg silver. Ferdinand Porsche himself won in 1910."	"The smallest Vauxhall 16-20 was not displayed. Vauxhall's 23-60 replaced the 25 in July 1922. In 1911 Vauxhall introduced its Prince Henry which had much sporting success. Many of these cars were fitted with heavy bodies and to better cater for this trade, Vauxhall re-tuned the engine, de-rating the maximum power to . The 25 was marketed as the ""weight carrying chassis"". Top speed is around 60 mph. The substantial chassis has semi elliptic leaf springs and rigid axles front and rear. The engine, with fixed cylinder head and bore of 95 mm and stroke of 140 mm, drives the"	"himself driving a front-wheel drive hybrid. It was later upgraded with more powerful engines from Daimler and Panhard, which proved to be enough to gain more speed records. In 1905 Porsche was awarded the ""Pötting prize"" as Austria's most outstanding automotive engineer. In 1902 he was drafted into military service. He served as a chauffeur to Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, the crown prince of Austria whose assassination sparked World War I a decade later. In 1906, Austro-Daimler recruited Porsche as their chief designer. Porsche's best known Austro-Daimler car was designed for the Prince Henry Trial in 1910, named after"	"the 1912 Peugeot which won the French Grand Prix at Dieppe that year. This car was powered by a straight-4 engine designed by Ernest Henry under the guidance of the technically knowledgeable racing drivers Paul Zuccarelli and Georges Boillot. Boillot, who drove the winning car that year, won the French Grand Prix for Peugeot again in 1913 but was beaten in 1914 by the SOHC Mercedes of Christian Lautenschlager. Both the Allies and the Central Powers quickly adapted the overhead camshaft engine designs that had been used in racing cars just before the First World War to their liquid-cooled aircraft"	"were important to the growing popularity of fast motor cars in Britain. Like the 60 hp Mercedes the Prince Henry Austro-Daimler and Vauxhall were production fast touring cars. The Prince Henry Tours (which were similar to modern car rallies) were among the sporting events of the period, bringing renown to successful entrants. Porsche himself drove the Austro-Daimler to victory in the 1910 Prince Henry Tour. The Prince Henry Tours started the evolution of reasonably large and technically advanced production sports cars. Hispano-Suiza's Alfonso XIII is also considered one of the earliest sports cars, developed between 1911 and 1914 from the"	"the high price of oil and the economic recession, the proportion of new vehicles with inline-four engines have increased considerably at the expense of V6 and V8 engines. This is particularly evident in mid-size vehicles where a decreasing number of buyers have chosen the V6 performance options. 1913 saw a Peugeot driven by Jules Goux winning the Indianapolis 500. This car was powered by an inline-four engine designed by Ernest Henry. This design was very influential for racing engines as it had, for the first time, dual overhead camshafts (DOHC) and four valves per cylinder, a layout that would become"	"first of the ""vintage"" and the last of the ""veteran"" cars.""""<br> –Kent Karslake, 1956 ""The evolution of this model has been interesting. In 1910 there was organised in Germany the event now famous as the Prince Henry Tour. Having an idea of opening an agency in Germany, the Vauxhall company thought that to enter for this competitive run would be useful to them. There were penalties for involuntary stops, as in most road trials, but there was also a speed test in which marks were awarded according to a figure of merit based upon a hypothetical relationship between car-speed and"	"the 1912 Peugeot L76 Grand Prix race car designed by Ernest Henry. Its 7.6-litre monobloc straight-4 with modern hemispherical combustion chambers produced 148 bhp (19.5 HP/Liter(0.32 bhp per cubic inch)). In April 1913, on the Brooklands racetrack in England, a specially built L76 called """"la Torpille"""" (torpedo) beat the world speed record of 170 km/h. Robert Peugeot also commissioned the young Ettore Bugatti to develop a GP racing car for the 1912 Grand Prix. This chain-driven Bugatti Type 18 had a 5-litre straight-4 with SOHC and three valves per cylinder (two inlet, one exhaust). It produced appr. at 2800 rpm"	"ultra-rich. Also in 1919, hydraulic brakes were invented by Malcolm Loughead (co-founder of Lockheed); they were adopted by Duesenberg for their 1921 Model A. Three years later, Hermann Rieseler of Vulcan Motor invented the first automatic transmission, which had two-speed planetary gearbox, torque converter, and lockup clutch; it never entered production. (Its like would only become an available option in 1940.) Just at the end of the vintage era, tempered glass (now standard equipment in side windows) was invented in France. In this era the revolutionary ponton design of cars without fully articulated fenders, running boards and other non-compact ledge"	"the Vauxhall works, and, during the last year or so a new style has sprung up. In this the engine dimensions are 95 by 140 mm., the old bore-stroke ratio having penalised the car under many hill-climbing formulae. All such formulae which do not involve the cubic capacity of the engine are by common acceptance considered advantageous to engines with small bore and long stroke. The chassis follows the lines of the original Prince Henry, but has rather a longer wheel base.""<br>H. Massac Buist, March 1914. Vauxhall Prince Henry The Vauxhall Prince Henry was a car manufactured by Vauxhall from"	"engines, to the current Formula 1 recapitulate this formula, which is now becoming universal in production automobiles. In 1913, the 5.6 liter and 3 liter engines were further developed with camshaft timing, previously carried by shaft and bevel, now carried out by a cascade of gears, and lubrication was amended by adding a dry sump. In 1914 Henry adapted his automobile engine design for a new 500 cc straight-twin engine racing motorcycle. The Peugeot 500 M racing motorcycle was the world's first motorcycle to use a double overhead camshaft cylinder head; the twin camshafts were driven by a cascade of"	"Wilhelm II's younger brother Prince Heinrich of Prussia. Examples of this streamlined, 85 horsepower (63 kW) car won the first three places, and the car is still better known by the nickname ""Prince Henry"" than by its model name ""Modell 27/80"". He also created a 30 horsepower model called the Maja, named after Mercedes Jellinek's younger sister, Andrée Maja (or Maia) Jellinek. Porsche had advanced to Managing Director by 1916 and received an honorary doctorate from the Vienna University of Technology in 1916: the title ""Dr. Ing. h.c."" is an abbreviation of """"Doktor Ingenieur Honoris Causa"""". Porsche successfully continued to"	"sports cars are considered to be the 3 litre 1910 Prince Henry ""(Prinz Heinrich)"" Vauxhall 20 hp (tax rating), and the 27/80PS Austro-Daimler designed by Ferdinand Porsche. Porsche's active engineering career spanned the history of the sports car over the first half of the twentieth century, first coming to prominence as chief designer and technical director for the 1910 Prince Henry Austro-Daimler (then Austrian-Daimler). The Prince Henry Vauxhall was designed by L.H. Pomeroy and featured a 3-liter engine that gave 60 hp at 2800 rpm, high performance for the period with reliability, and ""torpedo"" flush-bonnet coachwork. The Prince Henry Vauxhalls"	"If this car is typical of what the Prince Henry Tours produced the Prince Henry period can only be regarded as a most important constituent of the Golden Age.<br>Kent Karslake, 1956. The only other surviving examples are in the Schlumpf Collection, Musée National de l'Automobile de Mulhouse, France and the other car is privately owned and in England. Black Bess changed stable in 2009 for €2,427,500. Bugatti Type 18 The Bugatti Type 18, also called the Garros, is an automobile produced from 1912 through 1914. Produced shortly after the start of the business, the design was something of a relic."	"in fuel economy. In 1906 Krebs traveled to the United States to plead in the Selden Case, associated with Henry Ford. Krebs introduced many improvements in car design: the steering wheel (1898), non-reversible steering (1898), engine balance (1898), nickel steel alloys and other special steel alloys (1901), the shock absorber (1906), multi-disc clutch (1907), the electric brake dynamometer for testing high performance engines (1905), the enveloping (globoid) Worm gear differential (1915). Also, Krebs contributed significantly to improve the Systeme Panhard (engine in front, rear wheel drive) which became universally adopted before World War II. In 1909, he became interested in"	"as pioneering the rear-view mirror which appeared on his 1911 Indianapolis 500 winning car, though he himself claimed he got the idea from seeing a mirror used for a similar purpose on a horse-drawn vehicle in 1904. A typical open-wheeler has a minimal cockpit sufficient only to enclose the driver's body, with the head exposed to the air. In the Whelen Modified Tour and other short track modified series, the driver's head is contained in the car. In modern cars the engine is often located directly behind the driver, and drives the rear wheels; except in asphalt modified cars, such"	"been created in 1885 by the German inventor Carl Benz (Benz Patent-Motorwagen). More efficient production methods were needed to make automobiles affordable for the middle class, to which Ford contributed by, for instance, introducing the first moving assembly line in 1913 at the Ford factory in Highland Park. Between 1903 and 1908, Ford produced the Models A, B, C, F, K, N, R, and S. Hundreds or a few thousand of most of these were sold per year. In 1908, Ford introduced the mass-produced Model T, which totalled millions sold over nearly 20 years. In 1927, Ford replaced the T"	"for racing engines as it featured for the first time DOHC and four valves per cylinder, providing for high engine speeds, a radical departure from previous racing engines which relied on huge displacement for power. In 1913, Peugeots of similar design to the 1912 Grand Prix car won the French Grand Prix at Amiens and the Indianapolis 500. When one of the Peugeot racers remained in the United States during World War I and parts could not be acquired from France for the 1914 season, owner Bob Burman had it serviced in the shop of Harry Miller by a young"	"Nicolaus Otto created a four-stroke internal combustion engine, Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach modified the Otto engine to run at higher speeds, and Karl Benz pioneered the electric ignition. The Duryea brothers and Hiram Percy Maxim were among the first to construct a ""horseless carriage"" in the US in the mid-1890s, but these early cars proved to be heavy and expensive. Henry Ford revolutionized the automobile manufacturing process by employing interchangeable parts on assembly lines—the beginning of industrial mass production. In 1908, the Ford Motor Company released the Ford Model T which could generate 20 horsepower, was lightweight, and easy"	"and together with Panhard they started building cars. Levassor, Peugeot and Daimler all met in 1888 at Peugeot's Valentigny Factory to share their knowledge, a summit that led Levassor and Peugeot to cooperate in experimenting with Daimler and Benz engines. However, Levassor gave more thought to the design and operation of the new car than had Benz, Daimler or Peugeot, all of whom had been more concerned with introducing a successful engine into what was still basically a small carriage. The Panhard of 1891, with an engine built under Daimler licence, introduced a series of innovations that effectively created the"	"car — much lower than their usual designs — which were similar to horse carriages; that model dominated racing for years. In 1914, just before the beginning of the First World War, the DMG ""Mercedes 35 hp"" won the French Grand Prix, finishing 1-2-3. Karl Benz's company, Benz & Cie. built the ""bird beaked"", ""Blitzen Benz"" that set land speed records several times, reaching in 1911. That record gained that model the reputation of being faster than any other automobile — as well as any train or plane. They constructed many aerodynamically designed race cars. Benz was involved in Grand"	"its speed controlled by the driver using a lever on the steering wheel. Its peak output was at Mercedes 35 hp The Mercedes () was a radical early car model designed in 1901 by Wilhelm Maybach and Paul Daimler, for Emil Jellinek. Produced in Stuttgart, Germany, by Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft (DMG), it began the Mercedes line of cars (since 1926 re-branded Mercedes-Benz). Its name is derived from the power of the car, , approximately . A significant advancement over the previous generation of automobiles, which were modified stagecoaches, the Mercedes is regarded as the first modern car. It was equipped with a"	"propulsion, using a mechanism devised by Charles Mildé and Louis Kriéger who had been pioneers of electrically powered cars before the First World War. The Licorne 6/8 hp sedan on which the car was based was a conventionally sized small car, so significantly heavier than the cycle cars more usually associated with electric cars in the 1940s. Nevertheless a range of 90 kilometres (60 miles) and a cruising speed of 40 km/h (25 mph) were quoted. A light van using the same chassis and running gear was also advertised. Note: French Grand Prix, 1911 - Maurice Fournier died in a"	"influenced later cars. Marcus created the two-cycle combustion engine. The car's second incarnation in 1880 introduced a four-cycle, gasoline-powered engine, an ingenious carburetor design and magneto ignition. He created an additional two models further refining his design with steering, a clutch and a brake. The four-stroke petrol (gasoline) internal combustion engine that still constitutes the most prevalent form of modern automotive propulsion was patented by Nikolaus Otto. The similar four-stroke diesel engine was invented by Rudolf Diesel. The hydrogen fuel cell, one of the technologies hailed as a replacement for gasoline as an energy source for cars, was discovered in"
How is Joan Molinsky better known?	"and David Letterman. She is considered by many critics and journalists a pioneer of women in comedy. All authored and read by Joan Rivers, except where noted. Joan Rivers Joan Alexandra Molinsky (June 8, 1933 – September 4, 2014), known professionally as Joan Rivers, was an American comedian, actress, writer, producer, and television host. She was noted for her often controversial comedic persona—heavily self-deprecating or sharply acerbic, especially toward celebrities and politicians. Rivers rose to prominence in 1965 as a guest on ""The Tonight Show"". Hosted by her mentor, Johnny Carson, the show established Rivers' comedic style. In 1986, with"	"Joanne Nosuchinsky Joanne Nosuchinsky (born September 26, 1988) is an American actress, beauty pageant titleholder, and co-host of ""Mornin'!!!"" on Compound Media. Joanne appeared as a permanent panelist on the Fox News Channel's late-night show ""Red Eye w/ Tom Shillue"", along with other Fox News programming. Nosuchinsky was also the 2013 Miss New York USA. Nosuchinsky is from Freehold Township, New Jersey. She went to the Performing Arts Center at Howell High School. In 2010 she graduated from Rider University (summa cum laude) with a BA in Fine Arts and a focus on theatre. She has Italian and Ukrainian ancestry"	"Her cancer worsened, and, on 15 June 2015, she died at age 40. Jeanna Friske Jeanna Vladimirovna Friske (; born Jeanna Vladimirovna Kopylova; 8 July 1974 – 15 June 2015), better known by the stage name Zhanna Friske, was a Russian actress, singer and model. She was a member of the girl group Blestyashchiye. Her father Vladimir Kopylov (later known as Vladimir Friske) is of German descent; his mother Paulina Friske was born to a Black Sea German family in the Odessa Oblast then in the Soviet Union. She graduated in 1991 from secondary school No. 406, Perovo District, Moscow."	"Joy Osmanski Joy Kathleen Osmanski (born October 29, 1975) is a Korean-American actress. She is best known for her wide range of comedic roles on the TV shows ""The Loop"", ""Samantha Who?"", ""True Jackson, VP"" and lately ""Devious Maids"". Joy is also known for her recurring role on ""Grey's Anatomy"" and her voicing of the Failsafe AI in the video game Destiny 2. Osmanski currently plays the recurring character ""Maggie Tompkins"" on the NBC show ""Save Me"" starring Anne Heche. She has also voiced ""Julie"" on the FOX animated show ""Allen Gregory"", created by and also starring Jonah Hill. She"	"asylum. He elevated feeling and action in his writing. A ""New York Times"" review said, ""How ironic that in erasing the real ugliness of his insanity, the old version silenced not only Nijinsky's true voice but the magnificently gifted body from which it came. And how fortunate we are to have them both restored."" This version inspired new artistic works - three plays in 1998 alone. (see below) Romola de Pulszky Romola de Pulszky (or Romola Pulszky), (married name Nijinsky; 20 February 1891 – 8 June 1978), was a Hungarian aristocrat, the daughter of a politician and an actress. Her"	"Jeanna Friske Jeanna Vladimirovna Friske (; born Jeanna Vladimirovna Kopylova; 8 July 1974 – 15 June 2015), better known by the stage name Zhanna Friske, was a Russian actress, singer and model. She was a member of the girl group Blestyashchiye. Her father Vladimir Kopylov (later known as Vladimir Friske) is of German descent; his mother Paulina Friske was born to a Black Sea German family in the Odessa Oblast then in the Soviet Union. She graduated in 1991 from secondary school No. 406, Perovo District, Moscow. She studied journalism at Moscow University, but abandoned it. Friske's common-law husband is"	"She divided her time between homes in Manhattan, Sandisfield, Massachusetts, and Domrémy-la-Pucelle, France, the birthplace of Joan of Arc. For the stage, she designed the costumes for George Balanchine's production of Tchaikovsky's ""The Nutcracker"", among others. Barbara Karinska was born Varvara Andreevna Jmoudsky () in Kharkov, now Ukraine, the Russian Empire, in 1886, to a successful textile manufacturer. She was the third and eldest female of the ten Jmoudsky siblings. Ukrainian embroidery was an art form filled with detailed shades and colors of varying texture of stitches – some tiny and fine and others broad and rough. This was Karinska's"	"Monica Lewinsky Monica Samille Lewinsky (born July 23, 1973) is an American activist, television personality, fashion designer, and former White House intern. President Bill Clinton admitted to having had what he called an ""inappropriate relationship"" with Lewinsky while she worked at the White House in 1995–1996. The affair and its repercussions (which included Clinton's impeachment) became known later as the Clinton–Lewinsky scandal. As a result of the public coverage of the political scandal, Lewinsky gained international celebrity status; she subsequently engaged in a variety of ventures that included designing a line of handbags under her name, being an advertising spokesperson"	"Joanna Salska Joanna Salska, also working under the pseudonym Uba Owl, is a Polish-American Visual artist known for her fine art gallery paintings and for founding the interdisciplinary art movement, Alterrealism. She currently works out of Berkeley, California. Salska initially came to the United States in 1982, funded by a Yaddo Foundation grant. Joanna Salska was one of 14 US artists chosen for the 4th Beijing International Art Biennale, 2010, taking place at the Beijing National Art Museum. She has exhibited widely in galleries and museums and throughout US, Europe and Asia. Joanna Salska as Uba Owl has created a"	"In 1934 Romola de Pulszky published her first biography of Nijinsky, covering his early life and dance career. She discovered his diary, written before he went into an asylum, which she published in a ""bowdlerized"" version in 1936. She published a biography of her husband's later years in 1952, two years after his death in London. Romola de Pulszky was born in Hungary as the second daughter of Emilia Márkus, the most renowned Hungarian actress of her time, and Károly (Charles) Pulszky (1853-1899), a Hungarian politician, member of Parliament and director of the Hungarian National Gallery of Art. His family"	"Maina-Miriam Munsky Maina-Miriam Munsky (born Meina Munsky: 24 September 1943 - 26 October 1999) was a German artist. She came to prominence in West Berlin during the 1970s with a series of ""larger than life"" (""""großformatige"""") paintings of births, abortions and . Meina Munsky was born the second of her parents' two daughters in Wolfenbüttel at the height of the Second World War. Oskar Munsky (1910-1945 or 1947), her father, was a young architect who had studied with Hans Poelzig and worked during the 1930s on several high-profile public projects such as the Reichswerke Hermann Göring (industrial complex) and the"	"Terézia Vansová Terézia Zuzana Vansová née Medvecká, pseudonyms Johanka Georgiadesová, Milka Žartovnická and Nemophila (1857–1942) was a pioneering Slovak female writer and editor during the period of realism. She wrote poetry in both German and Slovak, founded the first Slovak women's journal ""Dennica"", and went on to write plays and novels. She became widely known for her novel ""Sirota Podhradských"" (The Podhradskýs' Orphan, 1889) which was deemed suitable for girls. Terézia Medvecká was born with a twin brother in Zvolenská Slatina on 18 April 1857. She was the seventh child of Terézia (née Langeová) and the Lutheran pastor Samuel Medvecký."	"Ivan Olinsky Ivan Gregorewitch Olinsky (1 January 1878 – 11 February 1962) was a Russian-American painter and art instructor. Olinsky was born in Elizabethgrad, Russia (now Kirovohrad, Ukraine). After immigrating to the United States at the age of twelve he studied at the National Academy of Design, then worked for the American muralist George Willoughby Maynard, then for Elmer Garnsey, then for John La Farge in Boston until about 1906. Olinsky became best known for his female portraits in a style that tended towards Impressionism. He was awarded full membership in the National Academy of Design in 1919, and served"	"in 1985. She studied at the London School of Journalism and worked as a journalist for the ""Daily Mail"", contributing a page for the financial section. She moved back to the United States in 1989. She worked as a council trainer and facilitator at Crossroads School, Santa Monica, California and several others schools from 1989 to 1995. She has been Director of Leadership Directories, Inc. since 1993. She is currently married to Bob Sorel. Jill Townsend Jill Townsend (born January 25, 1945) is an American actress best known for her roles as Elizabeth Chynoweth in ""Poldark"" and Dulcey Coopersmith in"	"Poland. Jadwiga Smosarska Jadwiga Smosarska (23 September 1898 – 1 November 1971) was a Polish film actress. She appeared in more than 25 films between 1919 and 1937, as well as various stage productions. Smosarska was known for playing characters representative of Polish clichés that reflected the suffering of the country's citizens. Patriotic, romantic and in good social standing, her the characters often struggled with malaise and a tragic love life. In the 1920s she rose to fame in Poland as one of Sfinks Film Studio's leading stars after Poli Negri left the country for Germany. Smosarska fled Warsaw in"	"famous. He helped promulgate the myth Lana Turner had been discovered there, when actually, it had been another Sunset Boulevard establishment, The Top Hat Cafe, which was closer to Lana's alma mater, Hollywood High. He helped champion and was very close to Marilyn Monroe. While Skolsky might not have created the nickname ""Oscar"" for the Academy Award, he is the first person to use the nickname in print for Hollywood's premier award, in his 16 March 1934 column. In 1946, he became a movie producer with ""The Jolson Story"" (1946), which was nominated for several Academy Awards. He followed it"	"she painted a series of pictures of sombre and unoccupied rooms, along with views out through faint window panes and house fronts. Maina-Miriam Munsky Maina-Miriam Munsky (born Meina Munsky: 24 September 1943 - 26 October 1999) was a German artist. She came to prominence in West Berlin during the 1970s with a series of ""larger than life"" (""""großformatige"""") paintings of births, abortions and . Meina Munsky was born the second of her parents' two daughters in Wolfenbüttel at the height of the Second World War. Oskar Munsky (1910-1945 or 1947), her father, was a young architect who had studied with"	"four million additional citizens to the category. Orshansky, a native-born U.S. citizen, was characterized incorrectly in the show as an Eastern European immigrant who created a United States ""cost of living formula ... based on life in Poland during the Cold War."" Mollie Orshansky Mollie Orshansky (January 9, 1915 – December 18, 2006) was an American economist and statistician who, in 1963–65, developed the ""Orshansky Poverty Thresholds"", which are used in the United States as a measure of the income that a household must not exceed to be counted as poor. Miss Orshansky was born January 9, 1915, the third"	"of ""Marle Springer"". Her information led to localization and destruction of the German battleship . Stanislaw Danielewicz worked on breaking Enigma machine ciphers. Karola Uniechowska(1904–1955) was voluntary medical doctor during World War II, she also participated in the Battle of Monte Cassino while Zofia Uniechowska (1909–1993) - achieved Order of Virtuti Militari for conspiracy against Nazi government in Poland. Stefan Ścibor-Bogusławski (1897–1978) was richly awarded Colonel, also for his decisive actions in the Battle of Monte Cassino. Stanisław Chrostowski (1897–1947) was a professor and artist. Maxim Rylski (1895–1969) became a famous poet in Ukraine. There is a park and institution"	"Jane Wymark Jane Wymark (born 31 October 1952) is an English actress. The daughter of English actor Patrick Wymark (1926–1970) and the American writer and playwright Olwen Wymark, she is best known for playing Morwenna Chynoweth Whitworth (Morwenna Carne by the close of the series) in the 1970s BBC television period drama ""Poldark"" (1977), and more recently as Joyce Barnaby (1997–2011) in the ITV detective series ""Midsomer Murders"". She has appeared in UK television dramas such as ""The Bass Player and the Blonde"", ""A Touch of Frost"", ""Dangerfield"", ""Lovejoy"" and ""Pie in the Sky"". She also appeared as Jill Mason"	"and from the University of California, San Diego with an MFA from the graduate acting program. Joy Osmanski Joy Kathleen Osmanski (born October 29, 1975) is a Korean-American actress. She is best known for her wide range of comedic roles on the TV shows ""The Loop"", ""Samantha Who?"", ""True Jackson, VP"" and lately ""Devious Maids"". Joy is also known for her recurring role on ""Grey's Anatomy"" and her voicing of the Failsafe AI in the video game Destiny 2. Osmanski currently plays the recurring character ""Maggie Tompkins"" on the NBC show ""Save Me"" starring Anne Heche. She has also voiced"	"Maggie Kirkpatrick Margaret Anne Kirkpatrick (née Downs; born 29 January 1941) is an Australian actress who is best known for her portrayal of the character Joan Ferguson, a sinister and cold lesbian prison officer, nicknamed ""The Freak"", in the popular Australian television soap opera ""Prisoner"". She performed as Madame Morrible in an Australian production of the musical ""Wicked"". Kirkpatrick has appeared in such popular series as ""Water Rats"", ""Home and Away"" and ""All Saints"". Margaret Anne Downs was born in Albury, New South Wales, to James and Crissie Downs. When she was seven months old her father was killed while"	"while Karinska worked in Hollywood. Under this arrangement she won her Oscar for Joan of Arc and her Oscar nomination for Hans Christian Andersen. These were the “Golden Years”. The label “KARINSKA Stage and Art Inc.” was sewn into costumes for Ice Shows, Musicals, legitimate theater, motion pictures, lyric opera and the most important for the Lady from Kharkov –Ballet. At the end of the German occupation of Paris, Irène Karinska reopened her costume atelier and worked successfully until retirement in the 1970s. Due to the fact that Irène's work was often credited as ""Costumes par Karinska"", researchers have credited"	"Hope"" alongside Delany. After living 18 years beyond the original prognosis, Monsky died on May 11, 2002, at age 48, due to complications from the disease. Sharon Monsky Sharon Monsky (1953–2002) founded the Scleroderma Research Foundation. Monsky was born in Omaha, Nebraska on October 23, 1953. She was a competitive figure skater as a teenager. Monsky received a BA in Economics at Pitzer College, where she also met her future husband Mark Scher. She received her MBA from Stanford University in 1980, while living in San Francisco and working on the Pacific Stock Exchange. In 1982, while working as a"	"she would executive producer season 2 of ""The Girlfriend Experience"". She was instrumental in instigating Jenkins' sophomore feature, ""Moonlight"", including getting him to decide on concepts, scouting locations and recommending Mahershala Ali for the role of Juan. She won an Academy Award for Best Picture for producing her 2016 film ""Moonlight"". In addition to producing, Romanski has also written and directed the 2012 film ""Leave Me Like You Found Me"". In February 2018, she was selected to be on the jury for the main competition section of the 68th Berlin International Film Festival. Adele Romanski Adele Romanski () is an"	"Mollie Orshansky Mollie Orshansky (January 9, 1915 – December 18, 2006) was an American economist and statistician who, in 1963–65, developed the ""Orshansky Poverty Thresholds"", which are used in the United States as a measure of the income that a household must not exceed to be counted as poor. Miss Orshansky was born January 9, 1915, the third of six daughters of Samuel and Fannie Orshansky; Jewish immigrants who settled in the Bronx after leaving Ukraine. She attended Hunter College High School, and received an A.B. in mathematics and statistics from Hunter College in 1935. Orshansky continued graduate studies in"	"Magalski is a certified holistic health coach (HHC) specializing in emotional eating & “spiritual” food, lifestyle entrepreneur, motivational speaker, author, TV host, and philanthropist. Whether struggling with a lack of energy, anxiety, major life change, or weight loss, her mission is to support others with tools to feed their spirit, mind, and body. Magalski founded Divine Lifestyles, a weekly podcast and Healing is Hot (Healthy on-Going Transformation) TV to create a platform to share her experiences with others who seek to live a happy, healthier, and purpose driven life. She has been featured on FOX 5 LIVE, as a health"	"Gabriela Zapolska Maria Gabriela Stefania Korwin-Piotrowska (1857–1921), known as Gabriela Zapolska, was a Polish novelist, playwright, naturalist writer, feuilletonist, theatre critic and stage actress. Zapolska wrote 41 plays, 23 novels, 177 short stories, 252 works of journalism, one film script, and over 1,500 letters. Zapolska received most recognition for her socio-satirical comedies. Among them, ""The Morality of Mrs. Dulska"" – a tragic-farce about petty-bourgeois – is considered the most famous internationally. It is regarded as a landmark of early modernist Polish drama. Her stage plays were translated into foreign languages, and performed at Polish and European theatres, as well as"	"Joan Palevsky Joan Palevsky (February 23, 1926 – March 21, 2006), a former wife of Max Palevsky, was an investor and philanthropist who contributed to many charitable organizations during her lifetime and after. On October 30, 2006, it was announced that her estate had made a $200 million bequest to the California Community Foundation. There is also a classical literature imprint of the University of California Press named after her. With Max Palevsky she had two children, Madeleine Moskowitz and Nicholas Palevsky. Joan Palevsky grew up in Los Angeles and graduated from UCLA. She earned her master's degree in French"	"Nijinsky (film) Nijinsky is a 1980 American biographical film directed by Herbert Ross. Hugh Wheeler wrote a screenplay that explores the later life and career of Vaslav Nijinsky; it was based largely on the premier danseur's personal diaries (a bowdlerized 1936 version was edited and published by his wife, Romola de Pulszky), and her 1934 biography of Nijinsky, largely ghostwritten by Lincoln Kirstein, who later co-founded the New York City Ballet. The film suggests Nijinsky was driven into madness by both his consuming ambition and self-enforced heterosexuality. He became involved with Romola de Pulszky, a society girl who joined impresario"	"Maria Pawlikowska-Jasnorzewska Maria Pawlikowska-Jasnorzewska, ""née"" Kossak (24 November 1891 – 9 July 1945), was a prolific Polish poet known as the ""Polish Sappho"" and ""queen of lyrical poetry"" during Poland's interwar period. She was also a dramatist. Born in Kraków into a family of painters, Maria Kossak grew up surrounded by artists, writers, and intellectuals. Her grandfather, Juliusz Kossak, and father, Wojciech Kossak, were both professional painters famous for their depictions of historical scenes and horses. Her younger sister, Magdalena Samozwaniec, was also a popular writer of satire. Fluent in French, English, and German, in her youth, Kossak divided her"	"Juliya Chernetsky Juliya Chernetsky (, ""Yulia Chernetska""; born July 10, 1982), is a television personality best known for her popularity on the music-themed network Fuse, formerly known as MuchMusicUSA. She is best known by her stage name Mistress Juliya. She hosted the heavy metal-themed program ""Uranium"" and a call-in and e-mail advice program called ""Slave to the Metal"". She formerly hosted ""Fuse Top 20 Countdown"" along with several online programs that she self-promotes. Chernetsky was born in Ukraine and raised in Brooklyn, New York. She attended Fort Hamilton High School and Hunter College. She was a big fan of MMUSA"	"Jadwiga Smosarska Jadwiga Smosarska (23 September 1898 – 1 November 1971) was a Polish film actress. She appeared in more than 25 films between 1919 and 1937, as well as various stage productions. Smosarska was known for playing characters representative of Polish clichés that reflected the suffering of the country's citizens. Patriotic, romantic and in good social standing, her the characters often struggled with malaise and a tragic love life. In the 1920s she rose to fame in Poland as one of Sfinks Film Studio's leading stars after Poli Negri left the country for Germany. Smosarska fled Warsaw in 1939,"
In which branch of the arts is Patricia Neary famous?	"Patricia Neary Patricia Neary (born October 27, 1942) is an American ballerina, choreographer and ballet director, who has been particularly active in Switzerland. She has also been a highly successful ambassador for the Balanchine Trust, bringing George Balanchine's ballets to 60 cities around the globe. Born in Miami, Florida, she first studied there under George Milenoff and Thomas Armour until she attended the School of American Ballet in New York. At the age of 14, she joined the National Ballet of Canada as the youngest dancer in the company. In 1960, she became a member of the New York City"	"Nancy Petry Nancy Petry, RCA, is a Canadian artist known for innovation within the field of painting, photography, film and performance art. As one of the first Canadian artists to paint in the style of lyrical abstraction, her work was featured at the Commonwealth Institute (London, UK), at the Musée d'art contemporain de Montréal and in a National Gallery of Canada touring exhibition. She was also instrumental in establishing the Association des graveurs du Québec and contributed to the success of the Montreal alternative art cooperative, Véhicule Art. In 2015 the ""Nancy Petry Award"" was instituted. Nancy Petry (1931) was"	"Rao. She later discovered during her psychiatric training she could use art to aid recovery and communication in children. She is known for her work in the field of Clinical Psychiatry by integrating Neuroscience with the Creative Arts. Since 2008, she has been with National Health Service as a Senior Consultant Psychiatrist and a Medical Educator. She employs her self-developed therapeutic technique ‘CAPE: Creative Arts for Processing Emotions’ where she uses music & art as media to support emotional well-being, cure mental illnesses and aid personality development. In 2015, she founded iMANAS London, an organisation created to promote the integration"	"adapted as nose art on many World War II bomber and fighter aircraft; Generally, they were considered inspiring, and not seen negatively, or as prostitutes, but mostly as inspiring female patriots that were helpful for good luck. Among the other well-known artists specializing in the field were Earle K. Bergey, Enoch Bolles, Gil Elvgren, George Petty, Rolf Armstrong, Zoë Mozert, Duane Bryers and Art Frahm. Notable contemporary pin-up artists include Olivia De Berardinis, known for her pin-up art of Bettie Page and her pieces in ""Playboy"". Many people believe that since its beginnings the pin-up ""...has presented women with models"	"Patricia Neway Patricia Neway (September 30, 1919 – January 24, 2012) was an American operatic soprano and musical theatre actress who had an active international career during the mid-1940s through the 1970s. One of the few performers of her day to enjoy equal success on both the opera and musical theatre stages, she was a regular performer on both Broadway and at the New York City Opera during the 1950s and 1960s. Critic Emily Langer of ""The Washington Post"" wrote that, ""Neway was a rare type of singer — one with the classical training and raw vocal strength to meet"	"the film ""Nelly"", choreographed by Brassard, was shown at Montreal’s Festival TransAmériques. She was recently awarded L'Ordre des arts et des lettres du Québec. Marie Brassard Marie Brassard is a Canadian actress, theatrical writer and director. She is known for her work with playwright and actor Robert Lepage and later for her own French and English theatrical pieces, which have been presented in many countries in the Americas, Europe and in Australia. Brassard performed and co-created with Lepage between the years 1985 and 2000 in theatre (The Dragons’ Trilogy, Polygraph, The Seven Streams of the River Ota, The Shakespeare Trilogy:"	"and crayon. She also created engravings of the female body. Often these were fat and or missing arms and legs to represent the difficult role women have in society, especially in traditional cultures. Although best known for her painting, she has had more commercial success with video, performance art and installations. Her work over her career has been in painting and engraving along with making sculptures from wire. Her work evolved from figurative to more abstract in the 1990s, created large-scale works often with atmospheric and oceanic themes in which human or divine figures sometimes appear. She also creates immensely"	"is known for her clay sculptures of human, animal, and vessel forms, and uses mud, bones, and shells in her art. She is also known for pencil and tempera drawings, whose style has been compared to Hogarth by the New York Times. Her influences are a mix of Native American and African American traditional cultures. Some of her work was based on television images, such as the Coneheads characters of ""Saturday Night Live"". Her works have been displayed at London's Outsider Archives, the Art Brut Museum, in Lausanne, Switzerland, at the University of Mississippi, and at the Smithsonian Art Museum"	"Neway moved to Corinth, Vermont, where she lived with her second husband, John Francis Byrne, until Byrne's death in 2008. Her first marriage, to Morris Gesell, had ended earlier in divorce. In 2009 she donated papers and artifacts related to her father-in-law's Chaocipher cipher system to the National Cryptologic Museum. She died at her home in Corinth on January 24, 2012, aged 92. Patricia Neway Patricia Neway (September 30, 1919 – January 24, 2012) was an American operatic soprano and musical theatre actress who had an active international career during the mid-1940s through the 1970s. One of the few performers"	"of Art where she studied drawing and painting, though she was drawn to working with clay. Her most famous work, a statue of Father Mathew in Dublin's O’Connell Street was inaugurated in 1893 (or 1891 ) (February 8). She won a contest to create the sculpture, an achievement for a woman artist at the time. According to Nora J Murray’s article in Capuchin Annual (1932) the male model for the Father Mathew statue took the concept of getting plastered a little too far, was dismissed for drunkenness and was later convicted for vandalising her work. Amongst her other works were"	"Jo Neary Joanna Neary is a British comedian, writer and actress. Her solo, character-based stage shows include ""Youth Club"" and ""Joanna Neary Is Not Feeling Herself"", which received a Perrier Best Newcomer award nomination in 2004. She has also appeared in the TV shows ""Time Trumpet"", ""Angelo's"", ""That Mitchell and Webb Look"", ""Skins"" series three, ""Dogface"", ""Man Down"" and, as the jumpy necrophiliac Judith, in ""Ideal"". Radio credits include acting as an ensemble member of the cast in the first series of the ""Count Arthur Strong Radio Show"", as well as appearing in numerous series of ""Out To Lunch"". Harry"	"in New York City. They created another company, Ozone Productions, Ltd., to sell and license Olivia's artwork. In 1987, they moved from Manhattan, New York to Malibu, California, where they currently reside. Olivia's artwork has been shown in art galleries throughout the United States and Japan, and her work is collected by fans worldwide. Olivia De Berardinis Olivia De Berardinis (born November 1948), known worldwide simply as Olivia, is an American artist who is famous for her paintings of women, often referred to as pinup or cheesecake art. She has been working in this genre since the mid-1970s, becoming a"	"almost anarchic hour of character comedy from a very talented young comedienne that comes thoroughly recommended. In fact, given that it’s on at the relative outpost of the Stand Comedy Club, it qualifies as one of our “hidden gems”.' Neary is a regular collaborator with the visual and performance artist, Mel Brimfield. In 2010, she appeared as the fictional performance artist, Alex Owens, in a series of photographs, later reproduced in Brimfield's book, 'This is Performance Art'. In 2011, Brimfield staged a live performance, 'Barbara Hepworth > Henry Moore', at the ICA as part of Bob and Roberta Smith's 'Women"	"300-year history made 'Her Majesty's painter and limber in Scotland, she was awarded the OBE in 1982. An interesting genre of women's art is women's environmental art. As of December 2013, the Women Environmental Artists Directory listed 307 women environmental artists, such as Marina DeBris, Vernita Nemec and Betty Beaumont. DeBris uses beach trash to raise awareness of beach and ocean pollution. and to educate children about beach trash. Nemec recently used junk mail to demonstrate the complexity of modern life. Beaumont has been described as a pioneer of environmental art and uses art to challenge our beliefs and actions."	"Other’s such as Helen Frankenthaler and Louise Nevelson influenced her art’s modernist flair. O’Leary took these influences and combined them with her personal style, allowing her own cultural heritage to be presented. She is best known for her figure studies of Native American women, representing them in their historical context through her own non-traditional style. Her work advocates for the equality and dignity of the oppressed and misused, including Native Americans, women, and the environment. O’Leary’s work has been displayed internationally in public galleries as well as private collections. Her pieces have been included in collections throughout the United States"	"Nancy O'Meara Nancy O'Meara is an American dancer, choreographer and occasional actress. O'Meara was born and raised in Boston, Massachusetts with a strong technical background, trained in all forms of dance. Her choreography is known to be fast-paced and powerful. She has worked with some of the biggest names in showbusiness, including Jennifer Lopez, Kelly Clarkson, Britney Spears, Usher, Reba McEntire and Paula Abdul. She has performed in a variety of specials including the Grammy Awards, the MTV Movie Awards, the American Music Awards, the Academy Awards, the Billboard Awards, and the Latin Grammy Awards and on television shows that"	"including the National Estuary Program in Washington D.C. Her work has also been used in television shows and film sets. Diane O'Leary Diane O’Leary (Opeche-Nah-Se), PhD (1939–2013), was a Native American multimedia artist, half Irish and half Comanche. Her work advocates for the equality and dignity of the oppressed and misused, including Native Americans, women, and the environment. She is most known for her female native figures pieces, combining her scientific education and creative talents to create abstract yet accurate body portraits. O'Leary's latest work was a collage series advocating for the poor environmental state of Oregon's Tillamook Bay. Diane"	"nonprofit publishing organization. The organization works to increase communication between women and connect the public with forms of women-based media. Betty Lane Betty Lane (1907 – 1996) was an American artist. Lane's first exhibition was at the Phillips Memorial Gallery in 1931. Lane created figure subjects, portraits, and landscapes executed in watercolor and oil. Her work includes nature and street scenes in the Americas and Europe, domestic scenes, and grotesques. Lane's work is included in the permanent collections of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, The Phillips Collection, the Provincetown Art Association and Museum, and the Cape Cod Museum of Art."	"Olivia De Berardinis Olivia De Berardinis (born November 1948), known worldwide simply as Olivia, is an American artist who is famous for her paintings of women, often referred to as pinup or cheesecake art. She has been working in this genre since the mid-1970s, becoming a contributor to ""Playboy"" in 1985. By June 2004, she was given her own monthly pinup page for the magazine that continued for many years, often appearing with captions written by Hugh Hefner. Born in Long Beach, California, Olivia's childhood years were spent primarily on the East Coast. She attended the New York School of"	"Most were reprinted, some with alternative titles. In 1966, several of the stories were presented on the BBC children's TV program 'Jackanory', read by the British actress Sheila Hancock. Susan Beatrice Pearse Susan Beatrice Pearse (19 January 1878 – 1980) was a British illustrator of children's books best known for the Ameliaranne series of books. She was born in Kennington in South London and educated at King Edward's School, Southwark. She married Walter E Webster in Fulham towards the end of 1919, but continued to use her maiden name professionally. To her friends, she was known as 'Trissy' Webster. She"	"quilting techniques, traditionally used by women, became prominent in the making of fine arts. Dr. Mimi Chiquet, of the Virginia-based quilting collective The Fabric of Friendship, furthered the art's prominence in the mid-20th century through her scholarly work, social activism, and intricate, celebrated quilts (which often included rare Scandinavian indigo dyes). The transition from traditional quilting through art quilts to quilted art was rapid; many of the most important advances in the field came in the 1970s and 1980s. Jean Ray Laury (1928 - 2011)is cited by Robert Shaw as the ""most prominent and influential of [the] early modern [American]"	"Jane McNeill Jane McNeill-Balter, professionally credited as Jane McNeill, is an American stage, film and television actress, best known to television audiences for her recurring role as Patricia on the second season of ""The Walking Dead"". McNeill is a native of Whiteville, North Carolina, in Columbus County. She is the daughter of John McNeill and Margaret Powell McNeill. McNeill first became involved in theater and acting as a sixth grader. She earned a bachelor's degree in journalism from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, but began taking drama classes during her sophomore year at the university. She attended"	"Competition to encourage African American students of design. Judy Dearing Judy Dearing (1940 – September 30, 1995) was an American costume designer, dancer, and choreographer. She is most well known for designing costumes for a wide range of theater and musical productions, including Charles Fuller's Pulitzer Prize winning drama ""A Soldier's Play"" and the 1976 stage adaptation of Ntozake Shange's book, ""for colored girls who have considered suicide / when the rainbow is enuf"". Judy Dearing grew up in Manhattan and graduated from City College of New York, majoring in mathematics and science. She began her performance arts career dancing"	"to popularize its revival. In her own words, she ""puts the tease back into striptease"" with long, elaborate dance shows with props and characters, often inspired by 1930s and 1940s musicals and films. Some of her more famous dances have involved a carousel horse, a giant powder compact, a filigree heart and a clawfoot bathtub with a working shower head. Her signature show features a giant martini glass. Her feather fan dance, inspired by burlesque dancer Sally Rand, featured the world's largest feather fans, now on display in Hollywood's Museum of Sex. Her burlesque career has included some memorable performances."	"3, 2018, on the campus of UCLA. In 1972, June Foray conceived the idea that there should be awards for animation as there were no awards for the field. With the approval of ASIFA-Hollywood president Nick Bosustow, Annie Awards ceremony was organized. The first ceremony was held at the banquet room of Sportsmen's Lodge in Ventura Boulevard in Studio City, Los Angeles, California. Max Fleischer and Dave Fleischer were the first to be honored by the first Annie Awards for creating the characters Betty Boop, Popeye and Olive Oyl, and for inventing the technique of rotoscoping. According to Foray, her"	"of the car window with his tongue lolling – a version of Pollock's much discussed alcoholism and primitive urges. Krasner puts up a relentlessly optimistic front despite Greenberg's blatant misogyny and the art world's complete disinterest in her as anything other than Pollock's carer.' In September 2016, Neary performed at the Keep Corbyn rally in Brighton in support of Jeremy Corbyn's campaign in the Labour Party leadership election. Jo Neary Joanna Neary is a British comedian, writer and actress. Her solo, character-based stage shows include ""Youth Club"" and ""Joanna Neary Is Not Feeling Herself"", which received a Perrier Best Newcomer"	"landscapes and flowers from Marblehead, Massachusetts and Winston-Salem, North Carolina. Her specialty was landscape with architectural interest. Her works were recognized in New England and in the South, including first prize in the North Carolina Federation of Women's Club Arts Competitions in 1923, 1924 and 1925. Her paintings are at the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts Reynolda House Museum of American Art, Wake Forest University, and in private collections. She made a watercolor painting in 1922 of the Reynolda House that was used on notecards and sold at the Reynolda House Museum. It also appeared on the cover of the"	"from what is conventionally accepted. All her works are based on redefining sexuality and art, as publicly acknowledged by celebrity satirist Perez Hilton in stating on his confusion about Art, “We're not really sure how this is art, but it's awesome!” She is based in Brooklyn, New York. Her most notable performance is “Body As Commodity” performed at Art Basel Miami, at VECTOR Gallery, sponsored by Select Fair- the Huffington Post made note of the irony with which the piece gained international viral attention, “How artworks meant to call the unsavory aspects of culture into question often end up affirming"	"Meatpacking District. In 2014, she moved her studio to a three-level space in SoHo, with a dedicated space for private appointments for the brand's growing bespoke business. Her designs have been worn by Michelle Obama, Natalie Portman, Gwyneth Paltrow, Kerry Washington, Reese Witherspoon, Naomi Watts, Gisele Bündchen, Lupita Nyong'o, Emma Watson, Jennifer Lawrence, Karlie Kloss, Constance Jablonski, Jessica Chastain, Liya Kebede, Joan Smalls, Bérénice Bejo and Rachel Weisz. Péan was raised outside of Washington D.C. She earned her Bachelor of Arts in Philosophy, Political Science and Economics from the University of Pennsylvania in 2003. Before launching her jewelry line in"	"crafts. She was considered singlehandedly responsible for the great revival of Indian handicrafts and handloom, in the post-independence era, and is considered her greatest legacy to modern India. Around this time she became concerned at the possibility that the introduction of Western methods of factory-based mass production in India as part of Nehru's vision for India's development would affect traditional artisans, especially women in the unorganised sectors. She set up a series of crafts museums to hold and archive India's indigenous arts and crafts that served as a storehouse for indigenous know how. This included the Theater Crafts Museum in"	"26 January 1928 at Upper Norwood. Rae specialised in classical, allegorical and literary subjects. Her painting ""Elaine Guarding the Shield of Lancelot"" (1885) drew inspiration from the Tennyson poem ""Lancelot and Elaine"". Among her many other paintings in the classical vein, ""Eurydice Sinking Back to Hades"" (1886) won Honorable Mention at the 1889 International Exhibition in Paris and a medal at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago. Her 1891 painting ""Miss Nightingale at Scutari (1854)"", of Florence Nightingale, the founder of modern nursing, has been frequently reproduced, and is generally referred to as ""The Lady with the Lamp"". Rae's"	"been her art teacher at the Dalton School in Manhattan. She began writing plays in the 1940s and several of them were performed in New York and London. Her 1996 film, ""Infinity"", was based on the life of Nobel Prize-winning physicist Richard Feynman. Her paintings were displayed in several galleries in New York and across the country. Broderick's partner of her last six years was the painter John Wesley. Broderick died of cancer on November 18, 2003, at her home in Greenwich Village, aged 78. Patricia Broderick Patricia Biow Broderick (née Biow; February 23, 1925 – November 18, 2003) was"	"who graduated from the University of Alabama and received a medical degree from Tulane University in 1967. Patricia was educated at Marymount School, Olney Friends School, and George Washington University, where she obtained a bachelor's degree magna cum laude in 1964 and then a master's degree in 1965, both in art history and archaeology. She was a lecturer in art history at George Washington University and lived for many years in Georgetown, where she later owned and ran Arcadia, a private art dealership that handled major paintings by such artists as Georgia O'Keeffe, Martin Johnson Heade, Frederick Church, and Winslow"
Which country is Europe's largest silk producer?	"and in part replaced natural silk. Following the crisis in Europe, the modernization of sericulture in Japan made it the world's foremost silk producer. By the early 20th century, rapidly industrializing Japan was producing as much as 60 percent of the world's raw silk, most exports shipping through the port of Yokohama. Italy managed to rebound from the crisis, but France was unable. Urbanization in Europe saw many French and Italian agricultural workers leave silk growing for more lucrative factory work. Raw silk was imported from Japan to fill the void. Asian countries, formerly exporters of raw materials (cocoons and"	"Silk industry in China China is the world's largest silk producer. The vast majority of Chinese silk originates from the mulberry silkworms (""Bombyx mori""). During the larval stage of its life-cycle, the insects feeds on the leaves of mulberry trees. Non-mulberry silkworms cocoon production in China primarily focuses on wild silk from the Chinese Tussah moth (""Antheraea"" spp.). This moth typically feeds on trees (e.g. oaks) and its larvae spin coarser, flatter, yellower filament than the mulberry silk moths. In 2005, China accounted for 74 percent of the global raw silk production and 90 percent of the world export market."	"of synthetic fibres and loosening of the protectionist economy contributed to the decline of Japan's silk industry, and by 1975 it was no longer a net exporter of silk. With its recent economic reforms, the People's Republic of China has become the world's largest silk producer. In 1996 it produced 58,000 tonnes out of a world production of 81,000, followed by India at 13,000 tonnes. Japanese production is now marginal, at only 2500 tonnes. Between 1995 and 1997 Chinese silk production went down 40% in an effort to raise prices, reminiscent of earlier shortages. In December 2006 the General Assembly"	"2500–2000 BC, suggests, ""people of the Indus civilization either harvested silkworm cocoons or traded with people who did, and that they knew a considerable amount about silk."" India is the second largest producer of silk in the world after China. About 97% of the raw mulberry silk comes from six Indian states, namely, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Jammu and Kashmir, Tamil Nadu, Bihar and West Bengal. North Bangalore, the upcoming site of a $20 million ""Silk City"" Ramanagara and Mysore, contribute to a majority of silk production in Karnataka. In Tamil Nadu, mulberry cultivation is concentrated in the Coimbatore, Erode, Bhagalpuri,"	"of silk, 104 kg of mulberry leaves must be eaten by 3000 silkworms. It takes about 5000 silkworms to make a pure silk kimono. The major silk producers are China (54%) and India (14%). Other statistics: The environmental impact of silk production is potentially large when compared with other natural fibers. A life cycle assessment of Indian silk production shows that the production process has a large carbon and water footprint, mainly due to the fact that it is an animal-derived fiber and more inputs such as fertilizer and water are needed per unit of fiber produced. Silk fibers from"	"largest exporter of textiles and the third largest for clothing. Its annual turnover is €207.6 Billion and its 196,858 companies employ 2.4 million workers. Euratex has members in Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, and the United Kingdom. Euratex Euratex (The European Apparel and Textile Organisation) is a European organisation based in Brussels, Belgium. It represents the European textile and clothing industry, and its main objective is to create an environment within the European Union which is conducive"	"28% of world production. Other major producers include China, the Netherlands, Russia, and the U.S. Finland is the largest United States supplier of fox pelts. The United States is a major exporter of fur skins. Major export markets include China, Russia, Canada, and the EU. Exports to Asia as a share of total exports grew from 22% in 1998 to 47% in 2002. China is the largest importer of fur pelts in the world and the largest exporter of finished fur products. Fur farming is banned in Austria, Croatia, the United Kingdom, the Czech Republic (effective in 2019) and Norway."	"Lister Mills Lister's Mill (otherwise known as Manningham Mills) was the largest silk factory in the world. It is located in the Manningham district of Bradford, West Yorkshire, England and was built by Samuel Cunliffe Lister to replace the original Manningham Mills that were destroyed by fire in 1871. The mill is a Grade II* listed building, built in the Italianate style of Victorian architecture. At its height, Lister's employed 11,000 men, women and children – manufacturing high-quality textiles such as velvet and silk. It supplied of velvet for King George V's coronation and in 1976 new velvet curtains for"	"Sericulture Sericulture, or silk farming, is the cultivation of silkworms to produce silk. Although there are several commercial species of silkworms, ""Bombyx mori"" (the caterpillar of the domesticated silk moth) is the most widely used and intensively studied silkworm. Silk was believed to have first been produced in China as early as the Neolithic period. Sericulture has become an important cottage industry in countries such as Brazil, China, France, India, Italy, Japan, Korea, and Russia. Today, China and India are the two main producers, with more than 60% of the world's annual production. According to Confucian text, the discovery of"	"the world's biggest silk producer and silk comforter manufacturer. Silk comes from the cocoons of the silkworm, which feeds off mulberry trees in subtropical climates. When the cocoon is boiled, the hard cocoon becomes a loose ball of strong, flexible filament measuring over 1,000 meters. Usually, this ball is uncoiled and wrapped on a spindle for use in the textile industry. Silk is used for making everything from clothing to rugs. During silk comforter production, however, the silk filament is not unraveled, but rather stretched into a flat tangled web and layered to form silk floss, which will fill the"	"billion euros. 633 companies are represented by the Confederation of European Paper Industries (CEPI) and these account for 23% of world production. The raw material consists of 40% recycled fibre and 44% virgin pulp, the balance being other pulp (1%) and non-fibrous materials (15%). 94% of the wood requirements come from managed forests within Europe. In national terms the largest ""paper"" producer is Germany, followed by Finland, Sweden and France; the largest ""pulp"" producers are Finland and Sweden. The two largest European companies in the sector, Stora Enso and UPM, are both based in Finland. The European pulp and paper"	"method is known as “cottonizing” which is quicker and requires less equipment. The flax stalks are processed using traditional cotton machinery; however, the finished fibers often lose the characteristic linen look. Flax is grown in many parts of the world, but top quality flax is primarily grown in Western European countries and Ukraine. In recent years bulk linen production has moved to Eastern Europe and China, but high quality fabrics are still confined to niche producers in Ireland, Italy and Belgium, and also in countries including Poland, Austria, France, Germany, Sweden, Denmark, Belarus, Lithuania, Latvia, the Netherlands, Spain, Switzerland, Britain"	"Byzantine silk Byzantine silk is silk woven in the Byzantine Empire (Byzantium) from about the fourth century until the Fall of Constantinople in 1453. The Byzantine capital of Constantinople was the first significant silk-weaving center in Europe. Silk was one of the most important commodities in the Byzantine economy, used by the state both as a means of payment and of diplomacy. Raw silk was bought from China and made up into fine fabrics that commanded high prices throughout the world. Later, silkworms were smuggled into the Empire and the overland silk trade gradually became less important. After the reign"	"Euratex Euratex (The European Apparel and Textile Organisation) is a European organisation based in Brussels, Belgium. It represents the European textile and clothing industry, and its main objective is to create an environment within the European Union which is conducive to the manufacture of textile and clothing products. It promotes the interests of its members while taking into account the European Union's institutional framework and its international obligations. The European Union is the largest world market for textile and clothing products, with an apparent consumption of at least €415 Billion. The European textile and clothing industry is the world's second"	"and groundnuts, as well as the second-largest fruit and vegetable producer, accounting for 10.9% and 8.6% of the world fruit and vegetable production, respectively. India is also the second-largest producer and the largest consumer of silk, producing 77,000 tons in 2005. India is the largest exporter of cashew kernels and cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL). Foreign exchange earned by the country through the export of cashew kernels during 2011–12 reached 4,390 crore ( 43.9 billion) based on statistics from the Cashew Export Promotion Council of India (CEPCI). 131,000 tonnes of kernels were exported during 2011–12. There are about 600 cashew"	"is either silk on silk or silk with polyester. Silk in the Indian subcontinent Silk in the Indian subcontinent is a luxury good. In India, about 97% of the raw mulberry silk is produced in the five Indian states of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal and Jammu and Kashmir. Mysore and North Bangalore, the upcoming site of a US$20 million ""Silk City"", contribute to a majority of silk production. Another emerging silk producer is Tamil Nadu where mulberry cultivation is concentrated in Salem, Erode and Dharmapuri districts. Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh and Gobichettipalayam, Tamil Nadu were the first locations"	"cotton that is noted for being strong and durable. Lisle is composed of two strands that have each been twisted an extra twist per inch than ordinary yarns and combined to create a single thread. The yarn is spun so that it is compact and solid. This cotton is used mainly for underwear, stockings, and gloves. Colors applied to this yarn are noted for being more brilliant than colors applied to softer yarn. This type of thread was first made in the city of Lisle, France (now Lille), hence its name. The largest producers of cotton, currently (2009), are China"	"talc and steatite producing country with an output of about 2.2M tonnes(2016), which accounts for 30% of total global output. The other major producers are Brazil (12%), India (11%), the U.S. (9%), France (6%), Finland (4%), Italy, Russia, Canada, and Austria (2%, each). Notable economic talc occurrences include the Mount Seabrook talc mine, Western Australia, formed upon a polydeformed, layered ultramafic intrusion. The France-based Luzenac Group is the world's largest supplier of mined talc. Its largest talc mine at Trimouns near Luzenac in southern France produces 400,000 tonnes of talc per year. Extraction in disputed areas of Nangarhar province, Afghanistan,"	"silk on 15,520 rai of land. Eri silk production, on the other hand, amounts to only a fraction of these quantities, grown by a small network of 600 families scattered throughout 28 provinces in north, northeast, and central Thailand. In 2006, US$14,540,325 worth of silk was exported from Thailand. The predominant markets are the US and the UK. Silk fabric accounts for about half of the silk exported from Thailand (the rest being raw silk, yarn, cocoons, and silk waste). However, Thailand remains only a small contributor to the global trade in silk. China produces 100,000 tonnes of silk a"	"global textile market, but its value is higher owing to dying and other modifications of the material. Australia is a leading producer of wool which is mostly from Merino sheep but has been eclipsed by China in terms of total weight. New Zealand (2016) is the third-largest producer of wool, and the largest producer of crossbred wool. Breeds such as Lincoln, Romney, Drysdale, and Elliotdale produce coarser fibers, and wool from these sheep is usually used for making carpets. In the United States, Texas, New Mexico, and Colorado have large commercial sheep flocks and their mainstay is the Rambouillet (or"	"Silk in the Indian subcontinent Silk in the Indian subcontinent is a luxury good. In India, about 97% of the raw mulberry silk is produced in the five Indian states of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal and Jammu and Kashmir. Mysore and North Bangalore, the upcoming site of a US$20 million ""Silk City"", contribute to a majority of silk production. Another emerging silk producer is Tamil Nadu where mulberry cultivation is concentrated in Salem, Erode and Dharmapuri districts. Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh and Gobichettipalayam, Tamil Nadu were the first locations to have automated silk reeling units. Recent archaeological discoveries"	"of the United Nations proclaimed 2009 to be the International Year of Natural Fibres, so as to raise the profile of silk and other natural fibres. Main sources: History of silk The production of silk originates in China in the Neolithic (Yangshao culture, 4th millennium BC). Silk remained confined to China until the Silk Road opened at some point during the later half of the 1st millennium BC. China maintained its virtual monopoly over silk production for another thousand years. Not confined to clothing, silk was also used for a number of other applications, including writing, and the color of"	"in India and Pakistan. There, even in the modern period, handlooms were long widely used, but since the 1990s it has been produced on mechanical looms in the Bangalore area. From the 1970s until the 1990s, the Jiangsu province of China produced fine silk taffetas: these were less flexible than those from Indian mills, however, which continue to dominate production. Other countries in Southeast Asia and the Middle East also produce silk taffeta, but these products are not yet equal in quality or competitiveness to those from India. The most deluxe taffetas, however, are still woven in France, Italy, Russia,"	"available in over 60 countries worldwide. However Sunsilk products seem to be no longer available in the UK, the United States and Canada. The Sunsilk website has a list of countries where their products are sold, in which the USA is not one of them. Sunsilk Sunsilk (also known as Sedal in Spanish-speaking Latin American countries, Seda in Brazil, Elidor in Turkey and Hazeline in China) is a hair care brand produced by the Unilever group. The brand was introduced in 1954 in the UK, available in most global countries. It is the number one hair care brand in Philippines,"	"Italy in developing a successful silk trade, though the efforts of most other nations to develop a silk industry of their own were unsuccessful. The Industrial Revolution changed much of Europe's silk industry. Due to innovations on spinning cotton, cotton became much cheaper to manufacture and therefore caused more expensive silk production to become less mainstream. New weaving technologies, however, increased the efficiency of production. Among these was the Jacquard loom, developed for silk embroidery. An epidemic of several silkworm diseases caused production to fall, especially in France, where the industry never recovered. In the 20th century Japan and China"	"to the western countries. The Indian silks were often exchanged with the western countries for their spices in the barter system. During the late 17th and 18th century there were large export of the Indian cotton to the western countries to meet the need of the European industries during industrial revolution. . India is the second largest producer of fibre in the world and the major fibre produced is cotton. Other fibres produced in India include silk, jute, wool, and man-made fibers. 60% of the Indian textile Industry is cotton based. The strong domestic demand and the revival of the"	"Mink industry in Denmark The mink industry is important to the economy of Denmark as the country is the largest producer of mink skins in the world, producing 40 percent of the world's pelts. Ranked third in Denmark's agricultural export items of animal origin, fur and mink skins have a yearly export value of about EUR 0,5 billion. Kopenhagen Fur, located in Copenhagen, is the world's largest fur auction house; annually, it sells approximately 14 million Danish mink skins produced by 2,000 Danish fur farmers, and 7 million mink skins produced in other countries. Mink produced in Denmark is considered"	"Silk industry in Azerbaijan The silk industry in Azerbaijan has existed since ancient times. Shirvan was the largest silk farming region there. The population in Shamakhi, Basgal, Ganja, Shaki and Shusha engaged in silk production. Patterned, ornamental silk female kerchiefs were produced in these regions. Silk production was one of the main activities continued into modern times. The silk produced in Shirvan was known in countries such as Russia and Western Europe by the 11th century. At that time, silk was exported to Russia, Iraq, Syria and other countries from Shamakhi. Shirvan maintained its dominance in silk production in the"	"that milking a sow's numerous small teats is very cumbersome, and that sows can't store their milk as cows can. A few pig farms do sell pig cheese as a novelty item; these cheeses are exceedingly expensive. In 2012, the largest producer of milk and milk products was India followed by the United States of America, China, Pakistan and Brazil. All 28 European Union members together produced 153.8 million tonnes of milk in 2013, the largest by any politico-economic union. Increasing affluence in developing countries, as well as increased promotion of milk and milk products, has led to a rise"	"Europe, Africa, Asia and Australia. Courtaulds Textiles was Britain's largest producer of lingerie and underwear. The organization employs around 20,000 people across 16 countries in Europe, North America and Asia, and has annual turnover exceeding £1billion, 40% of which is earned by sales to Marks & Spencer. It markets its products under leading retailer labels across the world as well as its own reputed brands which include Aristoc, Berlei and Gossard and Well. Additionally, Courtaulds Textiles had an international network of lace and stretch fabric businesses. After its demerger the business sold off its retail business' Salisbury's, Sock Shop and"	"according to United Nations Commodity Trade Statistics Database stood at $772 billion. The largest exporters of textiles in 2013 were China ($274 billion), India ($40 billion), Italy ($36 billion), Germany ($35 billion), Bangladesh ($28 billion) and Pakistan ($27 Billion). In 2016, the largest apparel exporting nations were China ($161 billion), Bangladesh ($28 billion), Vietnam ($25 billion), India ($18 billion), Hong Kong ($16 billion), Turkey ($15 billion) and Indonesia ($7 billion). The Multi Fibre Arrangement (MFA) governed the world trade in textiles and garments from 1974 through 2004, imposing quotas on the amount developing countries could export to developed countries. It"	"educate the public about the importance of reducing chemical use in fiber and food production and supporting local farmers. Organic cotton is currently being grown successfully in many countries; the largest producers (as of 2018) are India (51%), China (19%), Turkey (7%) and Kyrgyzstan (7%). Organic cotton production in Africa takes place in at least 8 countries. The earliest producer (1990) was the SEKEM organization in Egypt; the farmers involved later convinced the Egyptian government to convert 400,000 hectares of conventional cotton production to integrated methods, achieving a 90% reduction in the use of synthetic pesticides in Egypt and a"	"and Kochi in India. High quality linen fabrics are now produced in the United States for the upholstery market and in Belgium. Russia is currently the major flax cultivating nation. Over the past 30 years the end use for linen has changed dramatically. Approximately 70% of linen production in the 1990s was for apparel textiles, whereas in the 1970s only about 5% was used for fashion fabrics. Linen uses range across bed and bath fabrics (tablecloths, bath towels, dish towels, bed sheets); home and commercial furnishing items (wallpaper/wall coverings, upholstery, window treatments); apparel items (suits, dresses, skirts, shirts); and industrial"
At which university did Joseph Goebbels become a doctor of philosophy?	"Joseph Goebbels Paul Joseph Goebbels (; 29 October 1897 – 1 May 1945) was a German Nazi politician and Reich Minister of Propaganda of Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1945. He was one of Adolf Hitler's close associates and most devoted followers, and was known for his skills in public speaking and his deep, virulent antisemitism, which was evident in his publicly voiced views. He advocated progressively harsher discrimination, including the extermination of the Jews in the Holocaust. Goebbels, who aspired to be an author, obtained a Doctor of Philosophy degree from the University of Heidelberg in 1921. He joined"	"correct it just prior to starting grammar school. Goebbels wore a metal brace and special shoe because of his shortened leg, and walked with a limp. He was rejected for military service in World War I due to his deformity. Goebbels was educated at a Christian ""Gymnasium"", where he completed his ""Abitur"" (university entrance examination) in 1917. He was the top student of his class and was given the traditional honour to speak at the awards ceremony. His parents initially hoped that he would become a Catholic priest, and Goebbels seriously considered it. He studied literature and history at the"	"went to Europe, and after spending the summer in travel, entered the University of Berlin. His studies for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy were completed at the University of Göttingen in 1889, and he then returned to the United States and spent some time in historical research in the libraries of New York City. He had received an M.A. in course at Yale in 1888. In the fall of 1890, he took up his work as lecturer in political economy at the University, being made an instructor in that department in the following year. He was promoted to an"	"said of himself, ""I lived in a fantasy world and was on the way to becoming a complete obsessive."" Despite these early Romantic daydreams, he was able to apply himself to his school work and was, at age 16, a model student. Given his upbringing, it is probably unsurprisingly that he initially studied theology at the Georg-August University of Göttingen from 1806. He went on to study philosophy, literature and aesthetics from 1808, and received his doctorate in 1812. Afterward, he devoted himself to philology, which he taught privately in Göttingen. During his time at university he became a member"	"Vienna. He graduated in 1865, and the next year he passed his gymnasium professorship exam. He worked as an assistant, and soon became a full professor at gymnasiums in Osijek and Zagreb. In 1870, after one political protest, he left his service and headed for Vienna to study philosophy, and soon to Dresden, Leipzig, Berlin and Paris, receiving his Ph.D. in philosophy in 1872. In 1874 he was appointed as the first head of the independent department for philosophy in Zagreb and the dean of the Faculty of Philosophy. That year the renovated University of Zagreb was founded, and within"	"and grew up in Veringenstadt. His father was a local teacher and his mother educated as a bookseller. During his high school years, he lived in the Catholic student home in Sigmaringen. He studied at the Seminary of Freiburg 1957–1964 and then at the Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome where he earned a doctorate in philosophy, in 1962, with a thesis titled ""Vom Ursprung und Sinn der Seinsfrage im Denken Martin Heideggers"". He also received a doctorate in theology in 1967, with a thesis titled """"Auferweckt am dritten Tag nach der Schrift""—Exegetische und fundamentaltheologische Studien zu 1 Kor 15, 3b-5""."	"theology: ""That was the discovery of the church as the one place within a Stalinist society where one could speak the truth without being penalized."" Jüngel studied undergraduate theology at the (Theological Seminary of East Berlin). During this time he was particularly interested in developing the works of and , two influences who remain important throughout his work. He concluded his undergraduate theological studies abroad in 1957-1958 in Switzerland, working with Gerhard Ebeling at the University of Zürich and Karl Barth at the University of Basel. In 1961, he completed his doctorate and then completed his Habilitation in 1962 at"	"universities of Bonn, Würzburg, Freiburg, and Munich, aided by a scholarship from the Albertus Magnus Society. By this time Goebbels had begun to distance himself from the church. Historians, including Richard J. Evans and Roger Manvell, speculate that Goebbels' lifelong pursuit of women may have been in compensation for his physical disabilities. At Freiburg, he met and fell in love with Anka Stalherm, who was three years his senior. She went on to Würzburg to continue school, as did Goebbels. In 1921 he wrote a semi-autobiographical novel, ""Michael"", a three-part work of which only Parts I and III have survived."	"the in Berlin's Charlottenburg quarter. He was not quite twelve when war broke out, and by the time he left school he was already a vocal backer of those calling for peace. After leaving school he went on to study Philosophy, Pedagogy, History and Economics at Berlin, Freiburg iB., Gießen and Leipzig. In 1924 he concluded his studies with a doctoral dissertation on the philosopher Friedrich Wilhelm Foerster, entitled ""Das Problem der Autorität bei Friedrich Wilhelm Foerster"". He had been contributing to SPD newspapers since 1920. After receiving his doctorate he became a committed member of the German Peace Society"	"to one of the world's largest inland ports. His father was a lawyer. He successfully completed his schooling at the city's Landfermann-Gymnasium (secondary school) and then, in 1950, moved on to study classical philology, archeology and philosophy, upriver at Bonn. His student career at Bonn lasted till 1956, during which time the scope of his studies also covered papyrology and language sciences. In 1951/52 he spent a year at Tübingen. He also received a DAAD scholarship which enabled him to spend a year in Athens. It was nevertheless from the University of Bonn that in 1956 he received his doctorate."	"he studied successfully for a in Marxism–Leninism at the Karl Marx University (as it was known between 1953 and 1991) at Leipzig, with a focus on history and journalism. He joined the ruling Socialist Unity Party (""""Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands"""" / SED) in 1963, the year of his twenty-first birthday. He stayed on at Leipzig as a research assistant - later a senior research assistant - between 1966 and 1970. He received his doctorate in 1969. The work for it involved, in his own words, the study of ""problems of the development of economic democracy between 1945 and 1952 in the"	"education was now open to her, however. She applied to the University of Bonn and was admitted to embark on the study of modern languages and . Her studies took in time at Munich during 1918, and concluded, between 1919 and 1921, at Freiburg i.B.. It was at Freiburg that in 1921 she received her doctorate. Her dissertation, which earned her a ""magna cum laude"" commendation, dealt with ""Jean Jaurès as philosopher, socialist and politician"" (""""Jean Jaurès als Philosoph, Sozialist und Politiker""""). On 1 November 1921 she began work for the , the catholic charitable organisation, which then as now"	"studies. As an ethnic German, he was uncomfortable at school, which he therefore attended only irregularly. At the age of 19, he entered a music school in Moscow over the opposition of his father, where he was befriended by Tchaikovsky and Rubinstein. He graduated at age 24, but decided not to pursue a career as a musician due to his shyness, and instead went to Jena in Germany, where he studied natural history, and later philosophy at the University of Jena with Rudolf Christoph Eucken. After receiving his doctorate at the age of 30, he held teaching posts in University"	"philosophy. He studied at Bonn (1824–1830) and then at Munich, where he focused on Schelling, Görres, and Baader, whose daughter he later married. After finishing his studies at the university, he spent the next four years traveling around Austria, Italy, Greece, and Palestine; visiting all the most important places from history. His trip to Athens was made as part of the party of Prince Otto of Wittelsbach, who had just been made King of the Hellenes Returning to Germany, he received his doctorate from Kiel in 1835 with the dissertation ""De mortis dominatu in veteres, commentatio theologica-philosophica"", and was subsequently"	"and at the Ecole Normale Israélite Orientale, where he was greatly influenced by its principal, Emmanuel Levinas, who taught him philosophy and Talmud. After briefly studying economics and law at the University of Paris, he moved to Israel. For his B.A. (1969), he studied philosophy and Jewish thought at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. After his military service (1969–1972), he studied for the PhD in the Study of Religion at Harvard University. After the submission of his doctoral dissertation (1978) which dealt with Gnostic mythology, he was appointed a Lecturer in the Department of Comparative Religion at the Hebrew University."	"outbreak, slightly less than a year later. In May 1632 he concluded his schooling with a farewell speech ""de laudibus musices"" (""""in praise of music"""") and enrolled at the University of Leipzig. However, he was driven to leave the city by a plague outbreak and transferred to Jena where he arrived on 4 August 1633 with just 16 groschen. At Jena he studied under , receiving his ""Baccalaurat"" in 1633 and becoming, on 8 August 1637, a Master of Philosophical sciences and Theology. This opened the way to a teaching career that included the Greek, Hebrew and Syrian languages along"	"well known literary historian. It did not seem to bother Goebbels that Gundolf was Jewish. Gundolf was no longer teaching, so directed Goebbels to associate professor Max Freiherr von Waldberg. Waldberg, also Jewish, recommended Goebbels write his thesis on Wilhelm von Schütz. After submitting the thesis and passing his oral examination, Goebbels earned his PhD in 1921. By 1940 he had written 14 books. Goebbels then returned home and worked as a private tutor. He also found work as a journalist and was published in the local newspaper. His writing during that time reflected his growing antisemitism and dislike for"	"as a postgraduate student, receiving a Doctor of Philosophy degree in 1961 under the supervision of Sir Isaiah Berlin. As an undergraduate student, he started one of the first campaigns to ban thermonuclear weapons in the United Kingdom in 1956, serving as the first president of the Oxford Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament. He succeeded John Plamenatz as Chichele Professor of Social and Political Theory at the University of Oxford and became a Fellow of All Souls College. For many years, both before and after Oxford, he was Professor of Political Science and Philosophy at McGill University in Montreal, where he"	"1831, and later at the University of Tübingen (the Tübinger Stift), then much under the influence of Hegel. He received his doctorate in 1836 with a thesis on Plato's Laws. In 1840 he was ""Privatdozent"" of theology at Tübingen, in 1847 professor of theology at Berne, and in 1849 professor of theology at Marburg, where he soon shifted to the philosophy faculty as the result of disputes with the Clerical party. He became professor of philosophy at the University of Heidelberg in 1862, moved to Berlin in 1872, and retired around 1895. He remained best known for his ""The Philosophy"	"Exile"" (1978), editing a volume of Trotsky's correspondence (1980), and advising and working with the archivists at the Houghton Library in Harvard University, which holds many of Trotsky's papers from his years in exile. After completing a Ph.D. in mathematics at New York University in 1949 under the supervision of J. J. Stoker, he taught mathematics there but evolved into a logician and philosopher of mathematics, in good part because of the influence of Georg Kreisel. He began teaching philosophy, first part-time at Columbia University, then full-time at Brandeis University, 1965-77. He spent much of his last decade at Stanford"	"(""Unternehmensgruppe Freudenberg""). In 1905, he began studying classical philology at the University of Bonn and the Humboldt University of Berlin. There he received his doctorate in 1910 under Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff. Upon graduation, he taught at the universities of Bonn, Marburg, and Hamburg, until he was called to the University of Frankfurt in 1924. He remained there until he was named Professor of Classical Philology Emeritus in 1951, except for the years 1942–1945, when he was at the University of Leipzig. He became a regular member of the Saxon Academy of Sciences at the time of his call to Leipzig."	"traveling first to Geneva, and then matriculating at Göttingen University in 1861. After spending some semesters at the University of Berlin, he graduated from Göttingen with a Doctorate in Law. He returned to the United States in 1865 and spent two years practicing law in New York City. In 1867, he joined the faculty of the newly founded Cornell University as Assistant Professor of French and German. He left Cornell in 1872 to return to Germany to study philology, principally Anglo-Saxon, at the University of Leipzig. He returned to New York and wrote ""German Universities: A Narrative of Personal Experience,"""	"studied philosophy, philology, anthropology, and theology for two years at the Joseph Fourier University in Grenoble. He was also enrolled, apparently concurrently, at the University of Leipzig from 25 November 1911 to 29 July 1913, and from 22 November 1913 to 2 December 1914 for classes in languages, linguistics and cultural history. During the 1920s, he conducted research in Sierra Leone and at Tela, Honduras. In the 1930s he returned to the U.S.A. and worked at the Worcester State Hospital, Worcester, Massachusetts, from whence he was commissioned to conduct a study for the ""Research Council on Problems of Alcohol"". The"	"He started his education at the Royal School in the Grand Palace. At the age of 14, he was sent to Germany for his education. At first the Martineum gymnasium in Halberstadt where he graduated with Abitur in 1905 and later Heidelberg-University in Heidelberg. Though he was more interested in medicine, his father insisted on an education in jurisprudence, which he completed at the Ruprecht Karl University of Heidelberg. He additionally studied philosophy in 1908. It was during his study that he met his wife, Elisabeth Scharnberger (15 September 1892 - 29 September 1973), a German woman whom he married"	"military service in 1960 to start his academic career, but during the Six Days War in 1967, he returned briefly to active service on the general staff. . He attended the Hebrew University, where he earned his Bachelor of Arts degree in 1962. Going on to the University of Oxford in England, he earned his doctor of philosophy in 1965 with a thesis on “Clausewitz and Schlieffen: a study of the impact of their theories on the German conduct of the 1914–1918 and 1939–1945 wars, “ under the supervision of Professor N.H. Gibbs, Chichele Professor of the History of War."	"was to become a priest. When he was 18 though, his love for natural science became dominant, and he turned to medicine, entering the University of Bonn in 1819. There he received his M.D.. He then studied at Berlin. There, under the influence of Hegel and Rudolphi, he was induced to reject all systems of physiology which were not founded upon a strict observation of nature. He became ""Privatdozent"" of physiology and comparative anatomy at Bonn in 1824, extraordinary professor of physiology in 1826, and ordinary professor in 1830. In 1833 he went to the Humboldt University of Berlin, where"	"Africa, Spain, Sudan, Switzerland, Taiwan, Tunisia, and, of course, the United States. • St. Norbert College, B.A. (1946–50) - Philosophy • St. Norbert Seminary, 1950-52 - Theology • St. Paul Seminary (Minnesota), 1952-54 - Theology • Marquette University, 1954-55 - M.A. in History; Philosophy and Literature Minors • University of Wisconsin, 1955-57 - History, Philosophy and Literature • University of Tübingen (Germany), 1957-58 - History and Theology; Licentiate in Sacred Theology (S.T.L.) in 1959 • University of Munich (Germany), 1958-59 - History and Theology • University of Wisconsin (1961) - Ph.D. in History • Milwaukee School of Engineering, 1955 (English)"	"as teacher one of its founders, rabbi Azriel Hildesheimer, ideologist of the Modern Jewish Orthodoxy. As demanded by the curriculum, he made parallel university secular studies, of philosophy, history and Oriental studies in Berlin, and then in 1895 he got the title of doctor in philosophy with ""Magna cum laude"" at the University of Bern, in Switzerland. His PhD thesis debated about the reciprocal relations between the free will, the conscience, the reward and the punishment. At the end of the theological studies he got from the rabbi Ernst Abraham Biberfeld the licence of Orthodox rabbi. After some sources he"	"psychology and sociology. Continuing his studies at the Humboldt University of Berlin, the University of Edinburgh in Scotland and the Université de Rennes I in France, he received his Master of Science degree in Philosophy of Science from the University of Edinburgh and his Doctorate degree in History of Medicine from the Free University of Berlin. Following to teaching positions held at the Humboldt University of Berlin, the Friedrich Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuernberg and the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, he became a two-year Visiting Assistant Professor in the Department of Social Studies of Medicine at McGill University in Montreal."	"and writers received their education from both Harvard and Göttingen. For example, Edward Everett, once Secretary of State and President of Harvard University, stayed in Göttingen for two years of study. George Ticknor spent two years studying classics in Göttingen. Even John Lothrop Motley, a diplomat and historian, had personal friendship with Otto von Bismarck during his two-year-long study in Göttingen. George Bancroft, a politician and historian, received his PhD from the University of Göttingen in 1820. In the 1930s, the university became a focal point for the Nazi crackdown on ""Jewish physics"", as represented by the work of Albert"	"his studies in theology and philology at the universities of Tübingen, Freiburg — where he had received the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in 1862, and received that of Doctor of Divinity in 1865 — and Bonn. In the autumn of 1865 he became beneficiary of Pfalzel near Trier, where he developed a zealous literary activity, interrupted by several journeys of the purpose of study to Paris, Belgium, and to Rome in January 1870. In the spring of 1872 he was attached to the faculty of philosophy at the university of Strasburg as professor extraordinary of the history of Christian"	"he met while serving Mass at the cathedral, Hofbauer entered the University of Vienna. Since Emperor Joseph's government had closed all seminaries, students for the priesthood had to study at government-controlled universities. Hofbauer was frustrated by the theology courses that were permeated by Josephinism, rationalism, and other outlooks and teachings he found questionable. He completed his studies in philosophy by the year 1784, but he could proceed no further toward ordination, however, as the Emperor had also forbidden religious communities to accept new candidates. During another pilgrimage in 1784 made on foot, Hofbauer and his traveling companion, Thaddäus Hübl, decided"	"studied philosophy and history at the Humboldt University of Berlin. In 1881, he received his doctorate for his thesis on Kant's philosophy of matter, ""Das Wesen der Materie nach Kants Physischer Monadologie"" (The Nature of Matter According to Kant's Physical Monadology). In 1885, he became a ""Privatdozent"" at the University of Berlin, officially lecturing in philosophy but also in ethics, logic, pessimism, art, psychology and sociology. His lectures were not only popular inside the university, but attracted the intellectual elite of Berlin as well. Although his applications for vacant chairs at German universities were supported by Max Weber, Simmel remained"
Which prince is Queen Elizabeth II's youngest son?	"Queen Elizabeth Hospital (Charlottetown) The Queen Elizabeth Hospital (QEH) is a 243-bed acute care hospital located in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada, making it the largest hospital in the province. Operated by Health PEI, the hospital opened in 1982, resulting in the closure of the Charlottetown Hospital and the Prince Edward Island Hospital. It is named in honour of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II. The QEH is located on a large forested campus originally known as Falconwood Farm in the northeast corner of the city adjoining the neighbourhoods of East Royalty and Sherwood, overlooking the Hillsborough River. The Hillsborough Hospital"	"James, Viscount Severn James, Viscount Severn (James Alexander Philip Theo Mountbatten-Windsor; born 17 December 2007), is the younger child and only son of Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex, and Sophie, Countess of Wessex, and the youngest grandchild of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. He is eleventh in line of succession to the British throne. James was born by caesarean section at 16:20 UTC on 17 December 2007, at Frimley Park Hospital. Prince Edward, who was present for the birth of his second child, remarked that the birth was ""a lot calmer than last time"" (a reference"	"of Flanders or Prince of Liège). Source : www.monarchie.be, Prince Laurent Prince Laurent of Belgium Prince Laurent of Belgium (, ; born 19 October 1963) is the second son of King Albert II and Queen Paola, and younger brother of King Philippe. Laurent's involvement with animal welfare and the environment, together with a relative lack of interest in protocol, has caused him to be dubbed by elements of the popular Belgian press as (the ""eco-blunderer""). Currently, he is 12th in the Belgian line of succession. He had been as high as third in line, but the constitution was amended in"	"Catholics are eligible. Queen Elizabeth II is the sovereign, and her heir apparent is her eldest son, Charles, Prince of Wales. Next in line after him is Prince William, Duke of Cambridge, the Prince of Wales's elder son. Third in line is Prince George, the eldest child of the Duke of Cambridge, followed by his sister, Princess Charlotte and younger brother, Prince Louis. Sixth in line is Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex, the younger son of the Prince of Wales. Under the Perth Agreement, which came into effect in 2015, only the first six in line of succession require the"	"Elizabeth II Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary; born 21 April 1926) is Queen of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms. Elizabeth was born in London as the first child of the Duke and Duchess of York, later King George VI and Queen Elizabeth, and she was educated privately at home. Her father acceded to the throne on the abdication of his brother King Edward VIII in 1936, from which time she was the heir presumptive. She began to undertake public duties during the Second World War, serving in the Auxiliary Territorial Service. In 1947, she married Philip, Duke"	"Sophie, Countess of Wessex Sophie, Countess of Wessex, (born Sophie Helen Rhys-Jones; 20 January 1965), is the wife of Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex, the youngest son of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. Married in 1999, she worked in public relations until 2002 and now is a full-time working member of the British royal family who splits her time between her work in support of the Queen and a large number of her own charities and organisations. The Earl and Countess have two children: James, Viscount Severn, and Lady Louise Windsor, who are respectively eleventh and"	"until his death in Flanders in 1071. Following this, the earldom was reduced in power and regional jurisdiction, and it passed to FitzOsbern's son, Roger, as the earldom of Hereford. In 1999, Queen Elizabeth II's youngest son, Prince Edward, married Sophie Rhys-Jones. Younger sons of the monarch have customarily been given dukedoms at the time of their marriage, and experts had suggested the former royal dukedoms of Cambridge and Sussex as the most likely to be granted to Prince Edward. Instead, the Palace announced that Prince Edward would eventually be given the title Duke of Edinburgh, which is currently held"	"Canadian province of Manitoba, the Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba-in-Council named a lake in the north of the province after James. James, Viscount Severn James, Viscount Severn (James Alexander Philip Theo Mountbatten-Windsor; born 17 December 2007), is the younger child and only son of Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex, and Sophie, Countess of Wessex, and the youngest grandchild of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. He is eleventh in line of succession to the British throne. James was born by caesarean section at 16:20 UTC on 17 December 2007, at Frimley Park Hospital. Prince Edward, who was present"	"Wales was also entitled to the style but not younger sons or daughters of the oldest living son of the Prince of Wales. Queen Elizabeth II changed this in 2012 prior to the birth of Prince George of Cambridge so that all the children of the oldest living son of the Prince of Wales would bear the style. This returned it to the format Queen Victoria had instituted in 1898. There is no mention of younger living sons of a Prince of Wales, however, in 2018, Prince Harry was married to Meghan Markle and they were awarded Duke and Duchess"	"King George II's eldest son and heir apparent to the throne. When the scheme was frustrated by Prime Minister Robert Walpole, Lady Diana was married off to Lord John Russell, later 4th Duke of Bedford. The couple's only child was a son named John, whose preterm birth was induced by a carriage accident and who lived for a day. Following a further miscarriage, the Duchess of Bedford died of tuberculosis at the age of 25. Her brother John's descendant Lady Diana Spencer, who married Charles, Prince of Wales, in 1981, was named after her. Lady Diana Spencer was born into"	"to the 16 thrones of Elizabeth II to absolute primogeniture, except for male heirs born before the Perth Agreement. The effects are not likely to be felt for many years; the first two heirs at the time of the agreement (Charles, Prince of Wales, and his son Prince William, Duke of Cambridge) were already eldest born children, and in 2013, William's first-born son Prince George of Cambridge became the next apparent successor. But even in legal systems that apply male-preference primogeniture, female heirs apparent are by no means impossible: if a male heir apparent dies leaving no sons but at"	"Anne, Princess Royal Anne, Princess Royal, (Anne Elizabeth Alice Louise; born 15 August 1950) is the second child and only daughter of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. At the time of her birth, she was third in the line of succession to the British throne, behind her mother – then Princess Elizabeth – and elder brother, Charles. She rose to second after her mother's accession, but is currently thirteenth in line. Anne is known for her charitable work, and is a patron of over 200 organisations. She is also known for equestrian talents; she won two"	"Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem. See also: ""List of honours of the British Royal Family by country"" Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester, (Richard Alexander Walter George; born 26 August 1944) is the youngest grandchild of King George V and Queen Mary. He practised as an architect until the death of his elder brother placed him in direct line to inherit his father's dukedom of Gloucester, which he inherited, as the second duke, in 1974. He is a paternal cousin of Queen Elizabeth II, and currently 26th in the line"	"""the boy will ruin himself in twelve months."" Second-in-line to the throne was the prince's younger brother Albert (""Bertie""). Albert and his wife, Elizabeth (later the Queen Mother), had two children, including Princess Elizabeth (""Lilibet""), the future Queen Elizabeth II. George V favoured Albert and his granddaughter Elizabeth and told a courtier, ""I pray to God that my eldest son will never marry and have children, and that nothing will come between Bertie and Lilibet and the throne."" In 1929, ""Time"" magazine reported that the Prince of Wales teased his sister-in-law, by calling her ""Queen Elizabeth"". The magazine asked if"	"Albert II, Prince of Monaco Albert II (Albert Alexandre Louis Pierre Grimaldi; born 14 March 1958) is the reigning monarch of the Principality of Monaco and head of the princely house of Grimaldi. He is the son of Prince Rainier III and the American actress Grace Kelly. Prince Albert's sisters are Caroline, Princess of Hanover, and Princess Stéphanie. In July 2011, Prince Albert married Charlene Wittstock. Prince Albert II is one of the wealthiest royals in the world, with assets valued at more than $1 billion, which include land in Monaco and France. Although Prince Albert does not own the"	"Prince Andrew, Duke of York Prince Andrew, Duke of York, (Andrew Albert Christian Edward, born 19 February 1960) is a member of the British royal family. He is the third child and second son of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. At the time of his birth, he was second in the line of succession to the British throne; he is seventh in line. He holds the rank of commander and the honorary rank of Vice Admiral (as of February 2015) in the Royal Navy, in which he served as an active-duty helicopter pilot and instructor and"	"affected business and popular culture. On 3 December 2012, Clarence House announced that Prince William, Duke of Cambridge, and Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge, were expecting their first child. The Duke is the elder son of Charles, Prince of Wales, who is the eldest son of Queen Elizabeth II, meaning that the child would be third in the line of succession to the British throne. Speculation ensued that the birth would boost the British national economy and provide a focus for national pride. Commemorative coins were issued by the Royal Mint, Royal Canadian Mint, and Royal Australian Mint; the first time"	"became extinct. During the period leading up to the 1999 wedding of Prince Edward, the youngest son of Queen Elizabeth II, experts speculated that the dukedom of Cambridge or Sussex were the most likely to be granted to him, and ""The Sunday Telegraph"" later reported that Prince Edward was at one point set to be titled Duke of Cambridge. Instead, Prince Edward was created Earl of Wessex, and it was announced that he would eventually be created the next Duke of Edinburgh after his father. On 29 April 2011, the day of his wedding, it was announced that Prince William"	"Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester, (Richard Alexander Walter George; born 26 August 1944) is the youngest grandchild of King George V and Queen Mary. He practised as an architect until the death of his elder brother placed him in direct line to inherit his father's dukedom of Gloucester, which he inherited, as the second duke, in 1974. He is a paternal cousin of Queen Elizabeth II, and currently 26th in the line of succession to the British throne as well as the first in line not descended from King George VI. He is also the"	"on two stamps with HMS ""Herald"", issued by Saint Helena. Prince Andrew, Duke of York Prince Andrew, Duke of York, (Andrew Albert Christian Edward, born 19 February 1960) is a member of the British royal family. He is the third child and second son of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. At the time of his birth, he was second in the line of succession to the British throne; he is seventh in line. He holds the rank of commander and the honorary rank of Vice Admiral (as of February 2015) in the Royal Navy, in which"	"Prince William, Duke of Cambridge Prince William, Duke of Cambridge, (William Arthur Philip Louis; born 21 June 1982) is a member of the British royal family. He is a grandson of Queen Elizabeth II, and the elder son of Charles, Prince of Wales, and Diana, Princess of Wales. Since birth, he has been second in the line of succession to the British throne after his father. William was educated at four schools in the United Kingdom and studied for a degree at the University of St. Andrews. During a gap year, he spent time in Chile, Belize, and Africa. In"	"Prince Laurent of Belgium Prince Laurent of Belgium (, ; born 19 October 1963) is the second son of King Albert II and Queen Paola, and younger brother of King Philippe. Laurent's involvement with animal welfare and the environment, together with a relative lack of interest in protocol, has caused him to be dubbed by elements of the popular Belgian press as (the ""eco-blunderer""). Currently, he is 12th in the Belgian line of succession. He had been as high as third in line, but the constitution was amended in 1991 to extend an equal right of succession to women who"	"with the princely title in general terms). On 31 December 2012, Queen Elizabeth II issued letters patent enabling all children of the eldest son of the Prince of Wales to enjoy the princely title and style of ""Royal Highness"", as opposed to only the eldest son. In European countries, a woman who marries a prince will almost always become a princess, but a man who marries a princess will almost never become a prince, unless specifically created so. From 1301 onward, the eldest sons of the Kings of England (and later Great Britain and the United Kingdom) have generally been"	"Prince Louis of Cambridge Prince Louis of Cambridge (Louis Arthur Charles; ; born 23 April 2018) is a member of the British royal family. He is the third and youngest child and second son of Prince William, Duke of Cambridge, and Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge. He is fifth in the line of succession to the British throne. Kensington Palace announced on 4 September 2017 that the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge were expecting their third child. A son was born at 11:01 BST (10:01 UTC) on 23 April 2018. He was first seen in public seven hours after his birth,"	"Lady Louise Windsor Lady Louise Windsor (Louise Alice Elizabeth Mary Mountbatten-Windsor; born 8 November 2003) is the elder child and only daughter of Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex, and Sophie, Countess of Wessex. She is the youngest granddaughter of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. When Lady Louise was born, she was eighth in the line of succession to the British throne. Following the birth of her brother and the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge's children, she is twelfth in the line of succession. Lady Louise was born prematurely on 8 November 2003 at 23:32 GMT at"	"Albert II of Belgium Albert II (born 6 June 1934) reigned as the King of the Belgians from 1993 until his abdication in 2013. King Albert II is the son of King Leopold III and Queen Astrid, born princess of Sweden. He is the younger brother of Grand Duchess Joséphine-Charlotte of Luxembourg and King Baudouin, whom he succeeded upon Baudouin's death in 1993. He is currently the last living child of Leopold III and Astrid. He married Donna Paola Ruffo di Calabria (now Queen Paola), with whom he had three children. Albert's elder son, Philippe, is the current King of"	"Charles, Prince of Wales Charles, Prince of Wales (Charles Philip Arthur George; born 14 November 1948) is the heir apparent to the British throne as the eldest child of Queen Elizabeth II. He has been Duke of Cornwall and Duke of Rothesay since 1952, and is the oldest and longest-serving heir apparent in British history. He is also the longest-serving Prince of Wales, having held that title since 1958. Charles was born at Buckingham Palace as the first grandchild of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth. He was educated at Cheam and Gordonstoun Schools, which his father, Prince Philip, Duke"	"her elder son Rupert. In 1856, at the age of three, Prince Leopold was granted a personal coat of arms — the arms of the kingdom, with an inescutcheon of the shield of Saxony (representing his father), and all differenced by a label argent of three points, the first and third bearing hearts gules, and the second a cross gules. Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany, (Leopold George Duncan Albert; 7 April 185328 March 1884) was the eighth child and youngest son of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert. Leopold was later created Duke of Albany, Earl"	"Lord Nicholas Windsor Lord Nicholas Charles Edward Jonathan Windsor (born 25 July 1970) is the youngest child of Prince Edward, Duke of Kent, and Katharine, Duchess of Kent, and a great-grandson of King George V. He is a first cousin once removed of Queen Elizabeth II. Lord Nicholas Windsor was born on 25 July 1970 at King's College Hospital in Denmark Hill, London. He has an older brother, the Earl of St Andrews, and a sister, Lady Helen Taylor. He was baptised on 11 September 1970 at Windsor Castle. His godparents included Charles, Prince of Wales and Donald Coggan, at"	"Lord Frederick Windsor Lord Frederick Windsor (born 6 April 1979), also nicknamed Freddie Windsor, is a British financial analyst, and the only son of Prince and Princess Michael of Kent. He is currently 48th in line to the succession of the British throne. He is President of the charity Soldier On!, which invites socially isolated people to participate in archaeology and heritage projects as well as career development workshops. Windsor was born on 6 April 1979 at St Mary's Hospital, London. He is a first cousin once removed of Queen Elizabeth II and a first cousin twice removed of Prince"	"shortened title is ""His Serene Highness Albert II, Sovereign Prince of Monaco""; this does not include the many other styles claimed by the Grimaldi family. Albert II, Prince of Monaco Albert II (Albert Alexandre Louis Pierre Grimaldi; born 14 March 1958) is the reigning monarch of the Principality of Monaco and head of the princely house of Grimaldi. He is the son of Prince Rainier III and the American actress Grace Kelly. Prince Albert's sisters are Caroline, Princess of Hanover, and Princess Stéphanie. In July 2011, Prince Albert married Charlene Wittstock. Prince Albert II is one of the wealthiest royals"	"of Edinburgh the current prince consort of the United Kingdom as the husband of Queen Elizabeth II. Princess Victoria was also the mother of Queen Louise of Sweden. Queen Victoria → Princess Alice → Princess Victoria of Hesse → Princess Alice of Battenberg → Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. Alice and Louis's second daughter, Princess Elisabeth of Hesse and by Rhine, married, in 1884, the Russian Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich, the fifth son of Tsar Alexander II and Empress Maria Alexandrovna, and younger brother of the then reigning Tsar Alexander III. They had no children. Following Sergei's assassination in 1905,"	"adulthood. Their living descendants include Elizabeth II; Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh; Harald V of Norway; Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden; Margrethe II of Denmark; and Felipe VI of Spain. Victoria's youngest son, Leopold, was affected by the blood-clotting disease haemophilia B and two of her five daughters, Alice and Beatrice, were carriers. Royal haemophiliacs descended from Victoria included her great-grandsons, Alexei Nikolaevich, Tsarevich of Russia, Alfonso, Prince of Asturias, and Infante Gonzalo of Spain. The presence of the disease in Victoria's descendants, but not in her ancestors, led to modern speculation that her true father was not the Duke"
When did the founder of Jehovah's Witnesses say the world would end?	"developed feelings of self-importance and craved worship. Satan influenced Adam and Eve to disobey God, and humanity subsequently became participants in a challenge involving the competing claims of Jehovah and Satan to universal sovereignty. Other angels who sided with Satan became demons. Jehovah's Witnesses teach that Satan and his demons were cast down to earth from heaven after October 1, 1914, at which point the end times began. They believe that Satan is the ruler of the current world order, that human society is influenced and misled by Satan and his demons, and that they are a cause of human"	"""territories"", with ""publishers"" working under the direction of a field service ""captain"". Under Rutherford, Jehovah's Witnesses grew from about 44,000 in 1928 to about 115,000 at the time of his death on January 8, 1942. Rutherford's term as president was marked by a succession of changes to doctrines, with many of Russell's teachings altered or abandoned and many new teachings introduced. ""The Finished Mystery"" declared that God would destroy churches ""wholesale"" and church members by the millions in 1918, and that all earthly governments would be destroyed in 1920, resulting in anarchy. Expectations remained strong that the change of the"	"or death. It is said to have been the focal point of Jesus' ministry on earth. They believe the kingdom was established in heaven in 1914, and that Jehovah's Witnesses serve as representatives of the kingdom on earth. A central teaching of Jehovah's Witnesses is that the current world era, or ""system of things"", entered the ""last days"" in 1914 and faces imminent destruction through intervention by God and Jesus Christ, leading to deliverance for those who worship God acceptably. They consider all other present-day religions to be false, identifying them with ""Babylon the Great"", or the ""harlot"", of Revelation"	"Tower Society literature of the 1970s and 1980s repeatedly claimed that the ""end"" had to be expected before the turn of the century. The 1971 book ""The Nations Shall Know That I Am Jehovah – How?"" stated: ""Shortly, within our twentieth century, the 'battle in the day of Jehovah' will begin against the modern antitype of Jerusalem, Christendom."" A 1980 ""Watchtower"" article described the notion that ""the wicked system of this world"" would last ""until the turn of the century"" as """"highly improbable"" in view of world trends and the fulfillment of Bible prophecy"" (emphasis added). A similar statement in"	"Spoken Word"", as Elizabeth and Mark taught it, was thought to be a gift of sound combined with meditation, prayer and visualization. They believed that a Divine Gift (The Ascension) of union with God was possible. Prophet predicted nuclear war would cause the end of the world in March 1990. Adherents started construction of a large bomb shelter in the church compound in Corwin Springs, Montana on land purchased from magazine publisher Malcolm Forbes. Construction was halted by court order when large amounts of stored diesel fuel leaked and contaminated the area. Prophet was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease in November"	"Jehovah's Witnesses Jehovah's Witnesses is a millenarian restorationist Christian denomination with nontrinitarian beliefs distinct from mainstream Christianity. The group reports a worldwide membership of approximately 8.5 million adherents involved in evangelism and an annual Memorial attendance of around 20 million. Jehovah's Witnesses are directed by the Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses, a group of elders in Warwick, New York, which establishes all doctrines based on its interpretations of the Bible. They believe that the destruction of the present world system at Armageddon is imminent, and that the establishment of God's kingdom over the earth is the only solution for all"	"be accomplished at the end of A.D. 1914"". The result, he wrote, was that ""all present governments will be overthrown and dissolved"", along with the destruction of ""what God calls Babylon, and what men call Christendom"". In an 1894 ""Watch Tower"", responding to readers who questioned whether—because of recent political upheavals—the world could last until 1914, he wrote: As 1914 approached, excitement mounted over the expected ""change"" of anointed Christians. Early that year some Bible Students, convinced the end of the world had arrived, began distributing their material belongings, abandoning their jobs and eagerly anticipating the future. In May 1914—five"	"Jehovah's Witnesses and the United Nations Jehovah's Witnesses teach that the League of Nations and the United Nations were set up as a counterfeit of God's Kingdom. Joseph F. Rutherford, second president of the Watch Tower Society, condemned politicians, business leaders and clergy in their support of the League of Nations. Jehovah's Witnesses believe that the United Nations will soon destroy all other religions, and then turn against Jehovah's Witnesses. At a convention of Bible Students held in September 1919, the local press reported J. F. Rutherford's comments on the League of Nations: ""He declared a League of Nations formed"	"when the Watch Tower Society sought NGO association, ""the organization agreed to meet criteria for association, including support and respect of the principles of the Charter of the United Nations"", acknowledging that the purpose of membership is to ""promote knowledge of the principles and activities of the United Nations."" Jehovah's Witnesses assert that Jerusalem was destroyed by the Babylonians in 607 BC and completely uninhabited for exactly seventy years. This date is critical to their selection of October 1914 for the arrival of Christ in kingly power—2520 years after October 607 BC. Non-Witness sources do not support 607 BC for"	"Mystery"" predicted the end of the World War ""some time about October 1, 1917,"" but this was changed in subsequent editions. It also predicted the destruction of governments in 1920. The predictions for 1920 were discarded before that year arrived, in favor of a new chronology. In 1918–1919, Joseph Franklin Rutherford, second president of the Watch Tower Society, inaugurated a worldwide lecture series entitled ""Millions Now Living Will Never Die!"", later reproduced in booklet form. It provided a re-interpretation of the significance of the year 1914 (now seen as the beginning of the ""last days""). It also included new predictions"	"Jehovah's Witnesses beliefs The beliefs of Jehovah's Witnesses are based on the Bible teachings of Charles Taze Russell—founder of the Bible Student movement—and successive presidents of the Watch Tower Society, Joseph Franklin Rutherford, and Nathan Homer Knorr. Since 1976 all doctrinal decisions have been made by the Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses, a group of elders at the group's Warwick, New York headquarters. These teachings are disseminated through ""The Watchtower"" magazine and other publications of Jehovah's Witnesses, and at conventions and congregation meetings. Jehovah's Witnesses teach that the present world order, which they perceive as being under the control of"	"Jehovah's Witnesses beliefs The beliefs of Jehovah's Witnesses are based on the Bible teachings of Charles Taze Russell—founder of the Bible Student movement—and successive presidents of the Watch Tower Society, Joseph Franklin Rutherford, and Nathan Homer Knorr. Since 1976 all doctrinal decisions have been made by the Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses, a group of elders at the group's Warwick, New York headquarters. These teachings are disseminated through ""The Watchtower"" magazine and other publications of Jehovah's Witnesses, and at conventions and congregation meetings. Jehovah's Witnesses teach that the present world order, which they perceive as being under the control of"	"holocaust that was prophesied to occur on April 23, 1990. When these predictions failed to come true, she reiterated her statements of impending doom, stating to her congregation: ""We need your sacrifice. The world is about to fail. I don't know where the bombs are coming from. But we must be ready."" The group had stockpiled their shelter with military-grade weaponry, and members of the organization were later arrested on federal weapons charges. After Prophet was diagnosed with epilepsy and Alzheimer's disease, the group's leadership tried to draw the focus of its work away from doomsday predictions. The Summit Lighthouse"	"rapture, and that Nibiru would destroy the Earth that day. He referred to his prediction as ""end of days convergence"" and that the ""disappearance of the Church will occur"". Meade became the first preacher since William Miller to predict that the world would end on 23 April. On April 19, 2018, he stated that reports saying that he predicted the world would be destroyed on 23 April were ""fake news"", but that the rapture—but not the end of the world—would take place on an unspecified date between May and December 2018. He stated that the rapture would bring in seven"	"followers) to incorrect assumptions. One example is ""The Watchtower's"" assertions that the end of the ""Gentile times"" or ""times of the nations"" would occur in 1914; even prominent Watch Tower representatives such as A. H. Macmillan incorrectly concluded and overstated their expectations. As a result, ""The Watchtower"" has acknowledged that Jehovah's Witnesses ""have made mistakes in their understanding of what would occur at the end of certain time periods."" Concurrently with these exceptions, Jehovah's Witnesses in their literature and assemblies have taught their leadership was personally chosen by Jesus Christ in 1919 (a prophetic year in Jehovah's Witnesses eschatology) and"	"question of unbelief, it was a question of, 'There must be a reason for it.'"" In 1970, Camping dated the Great Flood to 4990 BC. Using this date, taking the statement in Genesis 7:4 (""Seven days from now I will send rain on the earth"") to be a prediction of the end of the world, and combining it with 2 Peter 3:8 (""With the Lord a day is as a thousand years, and a thousand years are as a day""), Camping concluded that the end of the world would occur in 2011, 7000 years from 4990 BC. Camping takes the"	"Russell as president of the Watch Tower Society, predicted that the Millennium would begin in 1925, and that biblical figures such as Abraham, Isaac, Jacob and David would be resurrected as ""princes"". The Watch Tower Society bought property and built a house, Beth Sarim, in California for their return. From 1966, statements in Jehovah's Witness publications raised strong expectations that Armageddon could arrive in 1975. In 1974 Witnesses were commended for selling their homes and property to ""finish out the rest of their days in this old system"" in full-time preaching. In 1976 ""The Watchtower"" advised those who had been"	"associated with the End of the World. Camping, who was then president of the Family Radio Christian network, claimed the Bible as his source and said May 21 would be the date of the Rapture and the day of judgment ""beyond the shadow of a doubt"". Camping suggested that it would occur at 6 pm local time, with the Rapture sweeping the globe time zone by time zone, while some of his supporters claimed that around 200 million people (approximately 3% of the world's population) would be 'raptured'. Camping had previously claimed that the Rapture would occur in September 1994."	"church, and Utah was eventually granted statehood in 1896. After the Reed Smoot hearings began in 1904, a Second Manifesto was issued which specified that anyone entering into or solemnizing polygamous marriages would be excommunicated, and clarified that polygamy restrictions applied everywhere, and not just in the United States. Thanks to worldwide missionary work, the church grew from 7.7 million members worldwide in 1989 to 14 million in 2010. Jehovah's Witnesses comprise a fast-growing denomination that has kept itself separate from other Christian denominations. It began in 1872 with Charles Taze Russell, but experienced a major schism in 1917 as"	"years, at most"" remained before Armageddon. Circuit assemblies in 1970 held a public talk entitled ""Who will conquer the world in the 1970s?"" and in a speech in Australia in 1975 the society's vice-president Frederick Franz went so far as to name a precise date—September 5, 1975—as the ""end of the present wicked system"". Witnesses were also urged that they should not be ""toying with the words of Jesus that 'concerning that day and hour nobody knows' ... to the contrary, one should be keenly aware that the end of this system of things is rapidly coming to its violent"	"""The Mystery of God and the Spring of the Water of Life"" is made available online; World Mission Society Church of God in their later editions of the book have deleted information pertaining to the failed prediction. Ahn in his book ""The Bridegroom Was a Long Time in Coming, and They All Became Drowsy and Fell Asleep"" (1980) in a discussion based on scriptural typology, presented his conclusion that the world would come to an end in 2012: By 1978 a group of people centered around a female member, one Um Sooin (born 1941), within the Witnesses of Jesus Church"	"view in 2013, calling the ""evil slave"" a hypothetical warning to the 'faithful slave'.) Jehovah's Witnesses report worldwide membership of over 8 million. Paul S. L. Johnson founded the Laymen's Home Missionary Movement in 1919. Johnson's death in 1950 led to an internal disagreement over his role as a teacher chosen by God, and resulted in the formation of new splinter groups, such as the Epiphany Bible Students Association, and the Laodicean Home Missionary Movement. Johnson believed he had been appointed by God as Russell's official spiritual successor, that he was the last member of the 144,000 of Revelation 7,"	"occur in 1794, based on his analysis of the Book of Revelation. Adam Clarke, whose commentary was published in 1831, proposed a possible date of 2015 for the end of the papal power. In 19th-century America, William Miller proposed that the end of the world would occur on October 22, 1844, based on a historicist model used with Daniel 8:14. Miller’s historicist approach to the Book of Daniel spawned a national movement in the United States known as Millerism. After the Great Disappointment some of the Millerites eventually organized the Seventh-day Adventist Church, which continues to maintain a historicist reading"	"executed him. Isaac Newton proposed that the world would not end until the year 2060, based largely on his own study and deciphering of Bible codes. The Millerites were the followers of the teachings of William Miller who, in 1833, first shared publicly his belief in the coming Second Coming of Jesus Christ in roughly the year 1844. The ideological descendants of the Millerites are the Seventh-day Adventists. One notable example was the following of Margaret Rowen, a member of the Los Angeles Seventh-Day Adventists, who believed the second coming of Jesus was to strike on February 6, 1925. Like"	"updated their apocalyptic forecast and scheduled it to the opening of the 1988 Olympics in Seoul later that year where the members gathered and preached the end of the world would come by the end of 1988 and that Ahn Sahng Hong would come again. WMSCOG later claimed it was a fulfillment of the preaching of Johna. Around 1997, Witnesses of Ahn Sahng-hong Church of God had established a non-profit organization titled the Church of God World Mission Society for the purpose of registering and managing the organization's assets. List of people claimed to be Jesus Ahn Sahng-hong Ahn Sahng-hong"	"White Horse Prophecy The White Horse Prophecy is the popular name given an influential but disputed version given by Edwin Rushton, in about 1900, of statements supposedly made in 1843 by Joseph Smith, Jr., the founder of the Latter Day Saint movement, on the future of the Latter Day Saints (popularly called Mormons) and the United States. The Latter Day Saints, according to Rushton's version, would ""go to the Rocky Mountains and... be a great and mighty people,"" associated in the prophecy's figurative language, with one of the biblical four Horsemen of the Apocalypse in the Book of Revelation. Smith's"	"The instruction was that Mgijima should leave the Wesleyan Methodist Church. In November 1912, he joined the Church of God and Saints of Christ, a small church based in the United States of America, observed the Sabbath on Saturday, held services four times a day, and had the Passover in mid-April as their main festival. Towards the end of 1912, Mgijima predicted that the world would end by Christmas and would be followed by 30 days of rain. As a result of his prediction, the Israelites stopped working their fields. However, the end did not come. Over the years his"	"indicates the presence of the Prophet or divine beings. It visually says, ""Those here cannot be depicted"". Jehovah's Witnesses believe, from their interpretation of the Book of Genesis, that God's original purpose was, and is, to have the earth filled with the offspring of Adam and Eve as caretakers of a global paradise. However, Adam and Eve rebelled against God's sovereignty and were banished from the Garden of Eden, driven out of paradise into toil and misery. Jehovah's Witnesses believe that disobedient and wicked people will be destroyed by Christ at Armageddon and those obedient to Christ will live eternally"	"public speaking as part of their weekly meetings for worship. He established 1914 as the date of Christ's invisible return, asserted that Christ died on a tree rather than a cross, formulated the current Witness concept of Armageddon as God's war on the wicked, and reinforced the belief that the start of Christ's millennial reign was imminent. He condemned the observance of traditional celebrations such as Christmas and birthdays, the saluting of national flags and the singing of national anthems. He introduced the name ""Jehovah's witnesses"" in 1931 and the term ""Kingdom Hall"" for houses of worship in 1935. He"	"Boukman at Bois Caïman, where the slaves allegedly made a famous pact with the devil in exchange for victory over the French"". Various figures in mainline and evangelical Christianity have on occasion disavowed some of Robertson's remarks. Several times near New Year, Robertson has announced that God told him several truths or events that would happen in the following year. ""I have a relatively good track record"", he said. ""Sometimes I miss."" In late 1976, Robertson predicted that the end of the world was coming in October or November 1982. In a May 1980 broadcast of ""The 700 Club"" he"	"Ntabelanga. Towards the end of 1912, Mgijima predicted that the world would end on Christmas, after 30 days of rain. As a result of his predictions, his followers stopped working and came to join this communal living settlement. Over the years Mgijima’s visions displayed a future full of violence. He was asked to renounce his visions by the leaders of the church as they could not condone the preaching of conflict and war, but Mgijima refused and was excommunicated. In 1914, the South African Church of God and Saints of Christ split, with one of the group following Enoch Mgijima,"	"evident in 1914."" In 2015, it was asserted that the ""generation"" would include any individuals ""anointed"" up until 1992 at the earliest, and that it includes all of the current members of the Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses. Jehovah's Witnesses assert that Jerusalem was destroyed by the Babylonians in 607 BC and completely uninhabited for exactly seventy years. This date is critical to their selection of October 1914 for the arrival of Christ in kingly power—2520 years after October 607 BC. Non-Witness scholars do not support 607 BC for the event; most scholars date the destruction of Jerusalem to within"	"He also commanded that they live in tents, rather than houses. At Jeremiah 35:6-19, his followers are commended for adhering to his instructions, and God promises that his lineage will continue. Jehovah's Witnesses use the terms ""Jonadabs"" or ""Jehonadabs"" to refer to Christians who hope to live forever on earth, rather than in heaven. The term was first used in this way in the early 1930s, though it is now used less frequently; Jehovah's Witnesses now usually use the terms ""great crowd"" (people who survive Armageddon) and ""other sheep"" (Armageddon survivors and others resurrected later). Witnesses believe that exactly 144,000"
Who found the remains of the Titanic?	"intact and undamaged dresser behind it. Robert Ballard has suggested that areas within the ship or buried under debris, where scavengers may not have been able to reach, may still contain human remains. According to Charles Pellegrino, who dived on ""Titanic"" in 2001, a finger bone encircled by the partial remains of a wedding ring was found concreted to the bottom of a soup tureen that was retrieved from the debris field. It was returned to the sea bed on the next dive. The longest-lasting inhabitants of ""Titanic"" are likely to be bacteria and archaea which have colonized the metal"	"""Titanic"". Graham Jessop Graham Jessop (born 5 June 1957) is a British commercial diver and marine archaeologist who has taken part in a number of important expeditions such as the 1999 discovery of the remains of the RMS Carpathia off the coast of Ireland. Jessop subsequently purchased the ""Carpathia"", so as to control access and protect it from private scavengers. Along with his father, Keith ""Goldfinder"" Jessop, he recovered the approximately $85,000,000 of gold bullion from HMS ""Edinburgh"" in 1981. He was born in Yorkshire. In 2000, RMS Titanic Inc. named Jessop as the recovery manager of the wreck of"	"difficulty of finding and reaching a wreck that lies over below the surface, in a location where the water pressure is over . A number of expeditions were mounted to find ""Titanic"" but it was not until 1 September 1985 that a Franco-American expedition led by Robert Ballard succeeded. The team discovered that ""Titanic"" had in fact split apart, probably near or at the surface, before sinking to the seabed. The separated bow and stern sections lie about a third of a mile (0.6 km) apart in Titanic Canyon off the coast of Newfoundland. They are located from the inaccurate"	"were scattered over the North Atlantic, above the place where the Titanic rests. Survivors Ruth Becker and Fourth Officer Joseph Boxhall also had their remains scattered there. Frank John William Goldsmith Frank John William Goldsmith Jr. (19 December 1902 — 27 January 1982), was a young third-class passenger of the and a survivor of the sinking in 1912. He later wrote a book about his experiences on the ship, entitled ""Echoes In the Night: Memories of a Titanic Survivor"" (1991), which featured in the documentary, """" (1994). Frank Goldsmith Jr. was born in Strood, Kent, the eldest child of Frank"	"US and the UK. Only a few days after Ballard's discovery of the wreck, Jack Grimm – the author of the unsuccessful early 1980s attempts to find ""Titanic"" – claimed ownership of it on the grounds that he had allegedly been the first to find it. He announced that he intended to begin salvaging the wreck. He said that he ""[couldn't] see them just lie there and be absorbed by the ocean floor. What possible harm can [salvage] do to this mass of twisted steel?"" Titanic Ventures Inc., a Connecticut-based consortium, co-sponsored a survey and salvage operation in 1987 with"	"The Unknown Child The Unknown Child refers to an unidentified body recovered by the ""Mackay-Bennett"" after the RMS ""Titanic"", and for decades was referred to as The Unknown Child. The grave's headstone read ""Erected to the memory of an unknown child whose remains were recovered after the disaster to the Titanic April 15th 1912"". Initial DNA testing in 2002 pointed to third class passenger Eino Viljami Panula as the probable individual; however subsequent testing in 2008 conclusively identified the child's remains as those of fellow third class toddler Sidney Leslie Goodwin. The body of a fair-haired toddler was the fourth"	"professional archaeologist and former college professor, Arbuthnot has been featured on ABC, Discovery Channel and the Learning Channel. Most recently Arbuthnot conducted the first archaeological survey of the famous shipwreck R.M.S. Titanic with film maker and explorer James Cameron on Discovery Channel’s televised event, Last Mysteries of the Titanic. He continues to excite audiences and historians alike by blending ancient history and archaeology with filmmaking.” As stated previously, artifacts were first found in the early 1900s. Children would return to the shore from playing in the shallow water with small stone bowls. Scuba diving became increasingly popular in the 1950s,"	"of arts and antiquities were consigned to go on the auction block at Christie's in June 2014, over three years after her death. Clark's nephew, Walter Miller Clark, son of James Ross and Miriam Augusta (Evans) Clark, along with Walter's wife, Virginia (McDowell) Clark, were passengers on the RMS ""Titanic"". He was among the 1,514 who died on April 15, 1912 after the ship struck an iceberg at 2:20 a.m. She survived and arrived in New York City a widow. Some of Mr. Clark's personal items were retrieved during an expedition to the site of the sinking in 1994 in"	"an artifact recovery operations. Mr. Harris also found the now world-famous perfume bottles from the Titanic on August 2, 2000 in the Mir2 Russian Submersible along with Mr. Harris' Director of Operations, David Walker. The television documentary “Return to the Titanic….LIVE”, hosted by Telly Savalas, was shown in 27 countries in 1987. A feature was the supposed live opening of the assistant purser's safe on television. RMS Titanic and Premier continue to be involved in litigation over the matter. In 1999 founder G. Michael Harris (Belleair, Florida), Arnie Geller (Atlanta, Georgia)and music promoter Joseph B. Marsh (who handled tours for"	"Robert Ballard Robert Duane Ballard (born June 30, 1942) is a retired United States Navy officer and a professor of oceanography at the University of Rhode Island who is most noted for his work in underwater archaeology: maritime archaeology and archaeology of shipwrecks. He is most known for the discoveries of the wrecks of the RMS ""Titanic"" in 1985, the battleship ""Bismarck"" in 1989, and the aircraft carrier in 1998. He discovered the wreck of John F. Kennedy's ""PT-109"" in 2002 and visited Biuku Gasa and Eroni Kumana, who saved its crew. He leads ocean exploration on E/V Nautilus. Ballard"	"Robin Gardiner Robin Gardiner (24 May 1947 – 23 July 2017) was an English ""Titanic"" conspiracy theorist who made several theories in which the ""Titanic"" never sank. Most of the conspiracy theories revolved around an alleged switch with Titanic’s sister ship, the RMS Olympic. He was born in the suburb of Oxford, Headington on 24 May 1947, the middle child of three, his parents were Harold Gardiner, a military man, and Audry Gardiner. His fascintation with the started during his childhood and became a fiery investigator of her history until his death, writing several books where he covered his controversial"	"four days into the ship's maiden voyage, ""Titanic"" struck an iceberg and sank two hours and forty minutes later, early on April 15, 1912. The sinking resulted in the deaths of 1,517 of the 2,223 people on board, making it one of the deadliest peacetime maritime disasters in history. After nearly 74 years of being lost at sea on the bottom of the ocean floor, a joint Franco-American expedition led by American oceanographer Dr. Robert D. Ballard, discovered the wreckage of the RMS ""Titanic"" two miles (3 km) beneath the waves of the North Atlantic on September 1, 1985. Ballard"	"in ministry and his final hours on board the RMS Titanic. Thomas Byles Thomas Roussel Davids Byles (26 February 1870 – 15 April 1912) was an English Catholic priest who was a passenger aboard the ""RMS Titanic"" on its maiden voyage when it sank after striking an iceberg during the night of 15 April 1912. He was reported as being amidst the throng of trapped passengers on the ship's rear deck in its final moments of descent, audibly praying. Thomas Byles was born Roussel Davids Byles in Leeds, Yorkshire, the eldest of seven children of the Reverend Alfred Holden Byles,"	"salvage award ($225 million requested by RMS Titanic Inc.). On 24 March 2009, it was revealed that the fate of 5,900 artefacts retrieved from the wreck would rest with a U.S. District Judge's decision. The ruling was later issued in two decisions on 12 August 2010 and 15 August 2011. As announced in 2009, the judge ruled that RMS Titanic Inc. owned the artefacts and her decision dealt with the status of the wreck as well as establishing a monitoring system to check future activity upon the wreck site. On 12 August 2010, Judge Rebecca Beach Smith granted RMS Titanic,"	"found by chance in 1985 when Father Edward E. O'Donnell, SJ, discovered them in a large metal trunk, once belonging to Browne, in the Irish Jesuit archives. ""When the trunk was opened in 1985, people compared him to the greats like Henri Cartier Bresson and Robert Doisneau, but his work predated theirs by decades,” archivist David Davison later recalled. O'Donnell brought the negatives to the attention of several publishers. The Titanic photographs were published in 1997 as ""Father Browne’s Titanic Album"" with text by E.E. O'Donnell (Fr. Eddie O’Donnell). In all, at least 25 volumes of Browne's photographs have now"	"book, ""Olympic and Titanic: The Truth Behind the Conspiracy"". Author Mark Chirnside has also raised serious questions about the switch theory. Robin Gardiner Robin Gardiner (24 May 1947 – 23 July 2017) was an English ""Titanic"" conspiracy theorist who made several theories in which the ""Titanic"" never sank. Most of the conspiracy theories revolved around an alleged switch with Titanic’s sister ship, the RMS Olympic. He was born in the suburb of Oxford, Headington on 24 May 1947, the middle child of three, his parents were Harold Gardiner, a military man, and Audry Gardiner. His fascintation with the started during"	"Titanic Ventures Limited Partnership, George Tulloch, Connecticut, and Oceanic Research & Exploration, G. Michael Harris, Florida. These co-partners led a $6 million expedition to the ship, and recovered artifacts beneath the surface of the North Atlantic. In order to recover these artifacts, George Tulloch, G. Michael Harris and their team completed 32 dives to Titanic in the “Nautile”, a deep-diving submersible chartered by Oceanic Research and Exploration in a partnership with Ifremer, the French Research Institute for Exploration of the Sea. This is the greatest number of deep-sea dives ever completed for any televised project. The company had an OTC"	"Graham Jessop Graham Jessop (born 5 June 1957) is a British commercial diver and marine archaeologist who has taken part in a number of important expeditions such as the 1999 discovery of the remains of the RMS Carpathia off the coast of Ireland. Jessop subsequently purchased the ""Carpathia"", so as to control access and protect it from private scavengers. Along with his father, Keith ""Goldfinder"" Jessop, he recovered the approximately $85,000,000 of gold bullion from HMS ""Edinburgh"" in 1981. He was born in Yorkshire. In 2000, RMS Titanic Inc. named Jessop as the recovery manager of the wreck of the"	"of third-class passengers perished because they could not understand the English language. The Unknown Child The Unknown Child refers to an unidentified body recovered by the ""Mackay-Bennett"" after the RMS ""Titanic"", and for decades was referred to as The Unknown Child. The grave's headstone read ""Erected to the memory of an unknown child whose remains were recovered after the disaster to the Titanic April 15th 1912"". Initial DNA testing in 2002 pointed to third class passenger Eino Viljami Panula as the probable individual; however subsequent testing in 2008 conclusively identified the child's remains as those of fellow third class toddler"	"Phil Gowan Phillip Gowan (October 17, 1952 – May 1, 2018), was an American RMS Titanic historian. Born in Corsicana, Texas on October 17, 1952 from Theodore Phillip ""Ted"" Gowan and Julia Thedia ""Judy"" Morris Gowan, he graduated from Spanish and business at Howard Payne University. He was really interested in genealogy and travelling since a child which he later demonstrated throughout his research on the Titanic. The parents-in-law of his mother perished on the disaster. His research field focused more on passengers and crew, and the sinking itself, getting exclusive photographs and stories that he made public and interviewing"	"just under US $20 million, including one by museums in England and Northern Ireland, with assistance by James Cameron. Oceanographer Robert Ballard told the news media that he favored this bid since it would ensure that the memorabilia would be permanently displayed in Belfast and in Greenwich. A decision as to the outcome was to be made by Paul M. Glenn, a United States district court judge in Jacksonville, Florida. RMS Titanic Founder G. Michael Harris put the first Salvage Operation of the RMS Titanic in October 1986. The first Titanic expedition began in July 1987 and was financed by"	"structure of ""Titanic"" would eventually collapse entirely, leaving only the more durable interior fittings of the ship intermingled with a pile of rust on the sea floor. Many artefacts from ""Titanic"" have been recovered from the sea bed by RMS Titanic Inc., which exhibits them in touring exhibitions around the world and in a permanent exhibition at the Luxor Las Vegas hotel and casino in Las Vegas, Nevada. A number of other museums exhibit artefacts either donated by survivors or retrieved from the floating bodies of victims of the disaster. On 16 April 2012, the day after the 100th anniversary"	"at age 104. http://records.ancestry.com/Edith_Eileen_Brown_records.ashx?pid=117308364 Edith Haisman Edith Haisman (27 October 1896 – 20 January 1997) was one of the last remaining and oldest survivors of the sinking of the RMS Titanic in April 1912. She was the last survivor born in the 19th century, although seven younger survivors outlived her. Edith Eileen Brown was born on 27 October 1896 in Cape Town, South Africa to Thomas William Solomon Brown and his wife, Elizabeth Catherine (née Ford) who owned and operated a hotel in Worcester. Edith was 15 years old when she and her parents boarded the RMS Titanic in Southampton,"	"the first systematic archeological survey of Titanic’s internal bow structure. Findings from this survey were shown in the Discovery Channel special “Last Mysteries of the Titanic” and will exhibited as part of the Titanic Legacy Database Project presently in development with the non-profit digital historic preservation organization, CyArk. Arbuthnot founded Team Atlantis Productions in 1996. The name, of course, is a play on the mythical underwater city of Atlantis. Arbuthnot defines Team Atlantis, saying, “TA is a multi-disciplinary outfit whose mission is to explore archeological mysteries with an emphasis on those enigmas associated with underwater contexts.” Because underwater archeological sites"	"Edward Kamuda Edward Stephen Kamuda (November 10, 1939 – April 13, 2014) was an American historian who specialized in the study of the RMS Titanic. The Titanic sank on April 14, 1912, after striking an iceberg in the north Atlantic Ocean. Kamuda devoted much of his life to the preservation of the Titanic's legacy as the founder and president of the Titanic Historical Society. Much of his research focused on the biographies of the crew and passengers of the RMS Titanic. Kamuda co-founded the Titanic Historical Society on July 7, 1963, in Indian Orchard, Springfield, Massachusetts, with five other people."	"were buried at Baron de Hirsch Cemetery, eight of whom unidentified. The others were the Titanic's saloon steward Frederick William Wormald and the passenger Michel Navratil. While the intent was for Jewish victims to be buried in the cemetery based on initial body identification, it later turned out that the only two identified victims from ""Titanic"" in the cemetery were not Jewish. Wormald was Church of England and Navratil, who had boarded the ship under the name ""Louis M. Hoffman"", was Catholic. The cemetery also contains a Commonwealth war grave of a Canadian soldier of World War I. Baron de"	"they struck the mountain, which supports this theory. In addition to wreckage discovered in 1999, a mummified left hand and arm was found in the Alaska glacier. After nearly a decade, identifiable fingerprints were recovered from the remains by Edward Robinson. The remains were then positively identified by Michael Grimm on September 6, 2007 using fingerprints, making this the world's oldest known identification of post-mortem remains using fingerprint identification. The limb was from Francis Joseph Van Zandt, a 36-year-old merchant marine from Roanoke, Virginia, one of the passengers on Flight 4422. Subsequently, using DNA from a descendant of Van Zandt,"	"of the sinking, photos were released showing possible human remains resting on the ocean floor. The photos, taken by Robert Ballard during an expedition led by NOAA in 2004, show a boot and a coat close to ""Titanic""'s stern which experts called ""compelling evidence"" that it is the spot where somebody came to rest, and that human remains could be buried in the sediment beneath them. The wreck of the ""Titanic"" falls under the scope of the 2001 UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage. This means that all states party to the convention will prohibit the"	"which will follow ours."" However, within only two weeks of the discovery, a British insurance company claimed that it owned the wreck, and several more schemes to raise it were announced. A Belgian entrepreneur offered trips to ""Titanic"" for $25,000 a head. Spurred by Ballard's appeals for the wreck to be left alone, North Carolina Congressman Walter B. Jones, Sr. introduced the RMS Titanic Maritime Memorial Act in the United States House of Representatives in 1986. It called for strict scientific guidelines to be introduced to govern the exploration and salvage of ""Titanic"" and urged the United States Secretary of"	"Thomas Byles Thomas Roussel Davids Byles (26 February 1870 – 15 April 1912) was an English Catholic priest who was a passenger aboard the ""RMS Titanic"" on its maiden voyage when it sank after striking an iceberg during the night of 15 April 1912. He was reported as being amidst the throng of trapped passengers on the ship's rear deck in its final moments of descent, audibly praying. Thomas Byles was born Roussel Davids Byles in Leeds, Yorkshire, the eldest of seven children of the Reverend Alfred Holden Byles, a Congregationalist minister, and his wife Louisa Davids. He attended Leamington"	"""Ghosts of the Abyss "" (2001), James Cameron sent a robot into the Harper's cabin and found Henry's bowler hat sitting on top of the remains of the wardrobe. Henry S. Harper Henry Sleeper Harper (11 March 1864 – 1 March 1944) was an American businessman. He was an ""incorporator of Harper & Brothers when the firm became a corporation in 1896."" Harper is remembered as a passenger on the RMS ""Titanic"" when it sank on April 15, 1912, and also for his work to save the Adirondack forests from logging, and for the fact that his Pekingese was one"	"Atlantis Found Atlantis Found is a 1999 novel by Clive Cussler, the fifteenth book in the Dirk Pitt series. In 7120 BC, a comet hit North America, abruptly ending several advanced civilizations. In AD 1858, a whaling vessel discovers a 1770s merchant ship frozen in Antarctic ice; included on this ship is a polished obsidian skull. A group of U.S. scientists discover a mysterious underground chamber in Colorado, including a polished obsidian skull. They are attacked and left to drown, but U.S. National Underwater and Marine Agency (NUMA) Special Projects Director Dirk Pitt saves them. Both skulls found are given"	"EV Nautilus Exploration Vessel (E/V) ""Nautilus"" is a 64-meter research vessel owned by the Ocean Exploration Trust under the direction of Dr. Robert Ballard, the man who is known for finding the wreck of the ""Titanic"" and the German battleship ""Bismarck"". The vessel home port is at the AltaSea facility in San Pedro, CA, at the Port of Los Angeles. E/V Nautilus is on a global mission of exploration. ""Nautilus"" is equipped with a team of remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) ""Hercules"", and ""Argus"", a multibeam mapping system, and mapping tools ""Diana"" and ""Echo"". All of these tools help the Ocean"
Who was the only Spice Girl not to have a middle name?	"entirely on a green set with a great deal of post-production, making it one of the most complex solo Spice Girl videos to date. These are the formats and track listings of major single releases of ""Not Such an Innocent Girl"". Not Such an Innocent Girl ""Not Such an Innocent Girl"" is a song by British singer-songwriter, Victoria Beckham. It was released on 17 September 2001 as the lead single from her self-titled debut solo album. It sold 36,000 copies in its first week of release in the United Kingdom, and about 80,263 copies altogether becoming the 163rd best seller"	"Melanie C Melanie Jayne Chisholm (born 12 January 1974), professionally known as Melanie C, is an English singer, songwriter, entrepreneur, actress and television personality. She is one of the five members of the Spice Girls, in which she was nicknamed Sporty Spice and with whom she sold over 85 million records worldwide. Chisholm began her solo career in late 1998 by singing with Canadian rock singer Bryan Adams on the worldwide hit ""When You're Gone"". Her solo debut album ""Northern Star"" was released in 1999, reaching number 1 in Sweden and number 4 on the UK Albums Chart. It was"	"where she broke several ribs and severed her hand, and was rushed into emergency surgery. Mel B Melanie Janine Brown (born 29 May 1975), also known as Mel B or Melanie B, is an English television personality, singer and actress. Brown rose to prominence in the 1990s as a member of the girl group Spice Girls, in which she was nicknamed Scary Spice. With over 85 million records sold worldwide, the group became the best-selling female group of all time. During the group's hiatus, Brown released her debut solo album ""Hot"". The album's lead single, ""I Want You Back"" charted"	"Mel B Melanie Janine Brown (born 29 May 1975), also known as Mel B or Melanie B, is an English television personality, singer and actress. Brown rose to prominence in the 1990s as a member of the girl group Spice Girls, in which she was nicknamed Scary Spice. With over 85 million records sold worldwide, the group became the best-selling female group of all time. During the group's hiatus, Brown released her debut solo album ""Hot"". The album's lead single, ""I Want You Back"" charted at number one on the UK Singles Chart, and was included on the soundtrack for"	"be lodged open, it was thought that there had been an assassin there, and Beckham later revealed that she was terrified by the experience. In November 2002, five people were arrested after another plot for her kidnap was infiltrated by a tabloid newspaper. All charges were dropped after a witness was deemed unreliable. Victoria Beckham Victoria Caroline Beckham (née Adams; born 17 April 1974) is an English businesswoman, fashion designer and former singer. In the late 1990s, Beckham rose to fame with the all-female pop group Spice Girls, and was dubbed Posh Spice by the July 1996 issue of the"	"Victoria Beckham Victoria Caroline Beckham (née Adams; born 17 April 1974) is an English businesswoman, fashion designer and former singer. In the late 1990s, Beckham rose to fame with the all-female pop group Spice Girls, and was dubbed Posh Spice by the July 1996 issue of the British music magazine ""Top of the Pops"". After the Spice Girls split, she was signed to Virgin Records and Telstar Records and had four UK Top 10 singles. Her first release, ""Out of Your Mind"", reached number 2 in the UK Singles Chart. Beckham has participated in five official documentaries and reality shows"	"""Northern Star"", Melanie C was considered the only member of the Spice Girls to be able to establish a steady successful career as a solo artist. By the end of 2003 she was the only member of the Spice Girls to have a contract with Virgin Records, since all of the rest of the Spice Girls either left or were dropped by their record label as solo artists. Melanie C had spent most of 2000 and 2001 touring around the world, promoting ""Northern Star"", planning to enter the studio at the end of 2001, to start recording her new album."	"godmother to Geri Halliwell's daughter, Bluebell Madonna Halliwell, born in 2006. Emma Bunton Emma Lee Bunton (born 21 January 1976) is an English singer, songwriter, actress, and radio and television presenter. She was a member of the girl group the Spice Girls formed in the 1990s, and in which Bunton was nicknamed Baby Spice. In 2009, she began as a radio presenter on the Heart Breakfast show in London with Jamie Theakston and presenting her own show on Sunday evenings. Bunton's debut solo album, ""A Girl Like Me"", was released in April 2001 by Virgin Records. The album debuted and"	"Scarlett Montanaro Scarlett Montanaro (born in Leigh-on-Sea, United Kingdom), known professionally as Baybe!, is a British-based singer / actress. She is best known for her hit records in the 1990s including ""Sexy Sugar Hut me"", ""New Age fun with a Vintage Feel"" ""Cider, no Crack"", ""All that she wants is another Baby"" and ""S'Mo from Essex"". She is more recently known as one of Amy Childs best friends in 'The Only Way is Essex.' During her early career she was a stand-in for Victoria Beckham on the Spice World film. Montanaro continues to volunteer her time to various charities and"	"an urban and soulful Spice Girls. Alexandra Buggs, Karis Anderson and Courtney Rumbold formed following a series of auditions and scouting in Topshop stores over a nine-month period. Using tracks from writing/production duo Future Cut, the group spent the next twelve months developing their look and sound. Anderson said the band's name originates from the word 'stoosh', which is urban slang for something expensive, ""a girl who thinks she's nicer than she is"", or being stoned. They then added 'she' on the end to represent female empowerment. The resulting name is pronounced like the Scottish word ""stooshie"". The group released"	"went to number one in the United Kingdom and United States, and another 35 countries. It was followed by eight further number one singles from their albums ""Spice"", ""Spiceworld"" and ""Forever"". Each member of the group received a nickname from the media and Beckham was named ""Posh Spice"". The group is the best-selling female group of all time, selling over 80 million records worldwide. After the release of their third album, ""Forever"", which charted at number two in the UK but was far less successful than their previous two albums, the Spice Girls stopped recording, concentrating on their solo careers"	"all the Cuckoos, she was most proud of her. Originally, the first letter of each of the Cuckoo's names was supposed to spell out the word ""spice"" when put in proper sequence, Sophie, Phoebe, Irma, Celeste and Esme, a reference to the British pop group, the Spice Girls. However, Grant Morrison never mentioned the name of the fifth Cuckoo (the one whose name was supposed to start with ""I"") during his run on New X-Men, and it was only later on that this fifth Cuckoo was named ""Mindee"" by Chuck Austen, who was unaware of Morrison's Easter egg. However, writer"	"also offering a new line for children's wear. In 2018 the collection was presented at London Fashion Week instead of at New York Fashion Week as normal. Beckham auditioned for a March 1994 advertisement in ""The Stage"" which required girls who were ""street smart, extrovert, ambitious and able to sing and dance"". In 1994, Beckham joined the all-female group, the Spice Girls. In the recordings before her marriage, she is credited with her maiden name as Victoria Adams. The group's first single was called ""Wannabe"" (1996), and she worked alongside Geri Halliwell, Emma Bunton, Melanie Brown and Melanie Chisholm. It"	"Michelle Stephenson Michelle Stephenson is a British singer and television presenter. At the age of 17, she was briefly a member of the English girl group that would go on to become the Spice Girls. Alongside Melanie Brown, Melanie Laccohee (later replaced by Victoria Adams), Lianne Morgan (later replaced by Melanie Chisholm) and Suzanne Tinker (soon replaced with Geri Halliwell), Stephenson completed the original 1994 line-up of Touch, receiving the highest scores at the audition. At the audition, she sang Dina Carroll's song ""Don't Be a Stranger"". Stephenson was a member of the group for only a short period before"	"the German soap opera telenovela ""Wege zum Glück"". At the time of ""The Sea""s release, the lead single ""Rock Me"" served as the official theme song for German TV channel ZDF's coverage of the 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup. Melanie C Melanie Jayne Chisholm (born 12 January 1974), professionally known as Melanie C, is an English singer, songwriter, entrepreneur, actress and television personality. She is one of the five members of the Spice Girls, in which she was nicknamed Sporty Spice and with whom she sold over 85 million records worldwide. Chisholm began her solo career in late 1998 by"	"has staged several raves in abandoned Mosques. Scarlett Montanaro Scarlett Montanaro (born in Leigh-on-Sea, United Kingdom), known professionally as Baybe!, is a British-based singer / actress. She is best known for her hit records in the 1990s including ""Sexy Sugar Hut me"", ""New Age fun with a Vintage Feel"" ""Cider, no Crack"", ""All that she wants is another Baby"" and ""S'Mo from Essex"". She is more recently known as one of Amy Childs best friends in 'The Only Way is Essex.' During her early career she was a stand-in for Victoria Beckham on the Spice World film. Montanaro continues to"	"and 2017 lists, and in 2016, she occupied the sixth place for ""Time""'s Person of the Year. With the release of ""Lemonade"", Beyoncé became the first and only musical act in ""Billboard"" chart history to debut at number one with their first six solo studio albums. Beyoncé Giselle Knowles was born in Houston, Texas, to Celestine ""Tina"" Knowles (née Beyincé), a hairdresser and salon owner, and Mathew Knowles, a Xerox sales manager. Beyoncé's name is a tribute to her mother's maiden name. Beyoncé's younger sister Solange is also a singer and a former backup dancer for Destiny's Child. Solange and"	"with ""The Guardian"", for which she received wide-scale media attention: ""For me, feminism is bra-burning lesbianism. It's very unglamorous...We need to see a celebration of our femininity and softness."" Halliwell became a Christian after she previously self-identified as an agnostic. Geri Halliwell Geraldine Estelle Horner (; born 6 August 1972) is an English pop singer-songwriter, clothes designer, author, and actress. Halliwell came to international prominence in the 1990s as Ginger Spice, a member of the successful girl group the Spice Girls, the best-selling girl group of all time with over 85 million records sold, of which more than 75 million"	"""Sheriff"". In 2016 Halliwell, Mel B, and Emma Bunton reunited for the 20th anniversary of the Spice Girls' debut album and are working on new music. Former Spice Girls members Victoria Beckham and Melanie C opted to not take part in the reunion to focus on their own careers. During an interview with James Corden on ""Late Late Show"", Mel B announced that the Spice Girls will go on tour again for the 20th anniversary of their debut album. Victoria Beckham and Melanie C gave Mel B, Emma, and Geri their blessing to reunite and go on tour without them."	"on his comeback single ""Never Be Your Woman"", the single charted at number-eight on the UK Singles Charts becoming Sandé's second consecutive Top 10 Single. Sandé decided against using the name Adele Sandé, due to Adele's growing success, so used her middle name instead. She revealed: ""I changed it as soon as Adele came out. I just thought, 'You've kind of taken the [name] now', so I went with my middle name. She was just getting bigger and bigger, so I thought I just really need it. Sandé revealed her first solo single would be released in early 2011. There"	"Emma Bunton Emma Lee Bunton (born 21 January 1976) is an English singer, songwriter, actress, and radio and television presenter. She was a member of the girl group the Spice Girls formed in the 1990s, and in which Bunton was nicknamed Baby Spice. In 2009, she began as a radio presenter on the Heart Breakfast show in London with Jamie Theakston and presenting her own show on Sunday evenings. Bunton's debut solo album, ""A Girl Like Me"", was released in April 2001 by Virgin Records. The album debuted and peaked at number four on the UK Albums Chart. It was"	"language and came up with nicknames all the time so it came naturally to give them names that would be used by the magazine and its readers; it was never meant to be adopted globally."" Shortly after using the nicknames in a magazine feature on the group, Loraine received calls from other British media outlets requesting permission to use them, and before long the nicknames were synonymous with the Spice Girls. Each Spice Girl had a unique, over-the-top style that served as an extension of her public persona, becoming her trademark look. In their one-off reunion at the 2012 Summer"	"shown in the run up to the 2007 event, this year featuring celebrity hairdresser Lee Stafford. The winner was Ninia Benjamin with Aled Haydn Jones as the runner up. On 5 October 2007, whilst in an interview with Scott Mills on BBC Radio 1, Melanie C announced that the new Spice Girls single would be called ""Headlines (Friendship Never Ends)"". On the same day, Geri Halliwell announced the news on GMTV. The single was released on 19 November 2007 in aid of the 2007 Children In Need Appeal. Lee Mead, winner of BBC One's ""Any Dream Will Do"" search for"	"and 10 million singles), and a further 75 million during her tenure with the Spice Girls. Geraldine Estelle Halliwell was born at Watford General Hospital, Hertfordshire, to Ana María Halliwell (née Hidalgo), who is a native of Huesca in Spain and Laurence Francis Halliwell (1922–1993), who was of English and Swedish descent. Halliwell grew up on a council estate in North Watford. She was educated at Watford Grammar School for Girls and Camden School for Girls. Before starting her music career, Halliwell had worked as a nightclub dancer in Majorca, as a presenter on the Turkish version of ""Let's Make"	"Upon its release, the album received mixed to negative reviews. The BBC described the album as ""a mish-mash affair of gushy sentiment and wishy-washy RnB"" while ""NME"" called the album ""a new low in shameless pop slaggery."" Credits adapted from the liner notes of ""Victoria Beckham"". Victoria Beckham (album) Victoria Beckham (stylised as VB) is the self-titled debut and only album by British singer-songwriter, Victoria Beckham. It was released on 1 October 2001 by Virgin Records. Beckham was the last member of the Spice Girls to release a solo album. The album's lead single, ""Not Such an Innocent Girl"" was"	"Victoria Beckham (album) Victoria Beckham (stylised as VB) is the self-titled debut and only album by British singer-songwriter, Victoria Beckham. It was released on 1 October 2001 by Virgin Records. Beckham was the last member of the Spice Girls to release a solo album. The album's lead single, ""Not Such an Innocent Girl"" was released on 17 September 2001. The second single, ""A Mind of Its Own"" was released on 11 February 2002. The album reached number ten in the United Kingdom and number twenty on the Australian Hitseekers Albums Chart. The album did not include the hit ""Out of"	"Geri Halliwell Geraldine Estelle Horner (; born 6 August 1972) is an English pop singer-songwriter, clothes designer, author, and actress. Halliwell came to international prominence in the 1990s as Ginger Spice, a member of the successful girl group the Spice Girls, the best-selling girl group of all time with over 85 million records sold, of which more than 75 million copies sold with the quintet lineup with Halliwell. In 1998, Halliwell left the Spice Girls to pursue a solo career but later returned to the group when they reunited in 2007. Halliwell reportedly amassed a $40 million fortune during her"	"Beyoncé Beyoncé Giselle Knowles-Carter (; born September 4, 1981) is an American singer, songwriter, actress, record producer, and dancer. Born and raised in Houston, Texas, Beyoncé performed in various singing and dancing competitions as a child. She rose to fame in the late 1990s as lead singer of the R&B girl-group Destiny's Child. Managed by her father, Mathew Knowles, the group became one of the best-selling girl groups in history. Their hiatus saw Beyoncé's theatrical film debut in ""Austin Powers in Goldmember"" (2002) and the release of her first solo album, ""Dangerously in Love"" (2003). The album established her as"	"single off of her debut solo album, expected later in 2017. Two follow-up singles have been released since then; ""Hard to Be a Woman"" and ""Weapon of War"". In May 2017, Allison Pierce released her debut solo album ""Year of the Rabbit"". The Pierces The Pierces are a Los Angeles-based band consisting of sisters Allison and Catherine Pierce. They are best known for their song ""Secret"", which was used as the opening song for the television show ""Pretty Little Liars"". Allison Margaret Pierce (born July 22, 1975) and Catherine Eleanor Pierce (born September 12, 1977) were born in Birmingham, Alabama."	"initial signing. In the 1990s Tracey Ackerman joined the songwriting duo as a regular writing partner. In order to have the pair focus on songwriting, Simon Fuller offered the band a publishing contract through BMG Music. Around this time Absolute were introduced to a new girl band called ‘Spice’, by BMG Publishings Mark Fox. Informing Fuller of the girls they had found, Absolute asked if he would consider managing them. A period of songwriting commenced and eventually Virgin Records signed the band, now known as Spice Girls. The first album ""Spice"" was released in November 1996 leading to a BRIT"	"Bob Herbert (manager) Robert “Bob” Herbert (7 February 1942 – 9 August 1999) was an English talent manager. He was the original manager of the Spice Girls. Born in Brentford, England, Herbert qualified as an accountant and first got involved in the music industry in 1985. He took a liking to Matt and Luke Goss, twin friends of his son Chris when they were pupils together at Collingwood School in Camberley, Surrey. Although the twins were only 15, they had formed their own pop group called Gloss with the bassist Craig Logan. Realising the blond looks of Matt and Luke"	"air footage of her meeting her father for the first time in 1996. Thomas was first a dancer for Damian Dame. In 1991, she joined TLC, replacing founding member Crystal Jones, and was nicknamed ""Chilli"" by Lisa Lopes so that the group could retain the name TLC. The group went on to sell over 65 million records worldwide and became the best-selling American girl group of all-time; only the Spice Girls has sold more. Chilli has won four Grammy Awards for her work with TLC. Since the death of group member Lisa ""Left Eye"" Lopes in April 2002, Thomas and"	"The latter featured the first solo recording of Spice Girl Victoria Beckham, and reached No. 2; it was beaten to the number one spot by Spiller featuring Sophie Ellis-Bextor with ""Groovejet (If This Ain't Love)"" in August 2000. In 2001, two solo singles released under the moniker of 'Dane', ""Shut Up and Forget About It"" (allegedly written about his relationship with Jordan) and ""Another Lover"", both stalled at No. 9 on the UK Singles Chart, and an album, ""Facing the Crowd"" remained unreleased. Bowers subsequently went on to focus on behind the scenes work, writing and producing, including a collaboration"
How did Jock die in Dallas?	"beside Miss Ellie's headstone and grave. In a storyline during the 1986–87 season of the show, a man named Wes Parmalee (portrayed by Steve Forrest) came to Dallas, where Clayton and Ray hired him as ranch foreman on Southfork. One day, Miss Ellie found Jock's belt buckle, knife, letters, and photo of a young Miss Ellie in Parmalee's room. Wes then claimed to be Jock Ewing, and that he had survived the helicopter accident, which necessitated plastic surgery and rehab in a South American hospital. After passing a series of tests set by J.R. and Bobby, including X-ray tests, a"	"made the decision not to write his death into the ""Dallas"" storyline right away. Initially, plans were made to replace him with another actor, but were dropped because of audience awareness and because no suitable actor could be found for the role to be recast. His character remained offscreen for 13 episodes after Davis' death, with the storyline explaining that Jock was in South America drilling for oil after taking care of Ewing Oil-related legislative business in Washington, D.C. The fifth-season episode ""The Search"", which confirmed the character's death in a helicopter crash, was broadcast on January 8, 1982, and"	"from Venezuela to Texas, the helicopter he was in collided with a small plane and crashed into a lake. Jock's body was never found, but he was declared dead in the fall of 1982. The storyline involving Jock's death was necessitated by the death of actor Jim Davis. A tribute to Davis was shown at the end of the episode ""The Search""; a picture of Davis and the words ""Jim Davis 1909-1981"" was displayed for some moments as the final seconds of musical score played out before the final commercial break. A memorial headstone to Jock stands on Southfork Ranch,"	"staff Dora Mae (Pat Colbert, seasons 7–14), Cassie (Anne C. Lucas, seasons 5–10) and Debbie (Deborah Marie Taylor, seasons 11–14). The most well known supporting actor (at the time) was Tina Louise, who played J.R.'s secretary, Julie Grey, during the 1978–79 seasons. Her character was eventually killed off. By the end of the series, only three of the series' original characters (J.R., Bobby, and Cliff) were left in Dallas, the others having either died or left town. Jock Ewing was the first main character to depart the series, as Jock died offscreen in a mysterious helicopter crash in South America,"	"put her in a mental hospital. The doctor told Jock that Amanda would never recover and advised Jock to divorce her, which he eventually did in 1930. In 1936, Jock and Miss Ellie married on the day that her family was to lose Southfork, and it was well known that Jock was the only man in Dallas with the money to save the ranch. Jock had a fragile and stormy relationship with Miss Ellie's father, Aaron Southworth, and with her brother Garrison; however, Barbara Southworth seemed to accept her new son-in-law, if only for Miss Ellie's sake. On his deathbed,"	"interred at Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery in Glendale, California. For his contribution to the television industry, he has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6290 Hollywood Blvd. Jim Davis (actor) Jim Davis (born Marlin Davis, August 26, 1909 – April 26, 1981) was an American actor, best known for his role as Jock Ewing in the CBS prime-time soap opera, ""Dallas"", a role which continued until he was too ill from a terminal illness to perform. Born in Edgerton in Platte County in northwestern Missouri, Davis attended high school in Dearborn, and the Baptist-affiliated William Jewell"	"Jim Davis (actor) Jim Davis (born Marlin Davis, August 26, 1909 – April 26, 1981) was an American actor, best known for his role as Jock Ewing in the CBS prime-time soap opera, ""Dallas"", a role which continued until he was too ill from a terminal illness to perform. Born in Edgerton in Platte County in northwestern Missouri, Davis attended high school in Dearborn, and the Baptist-affiliated William Jewell College in Liberty. At WJC, he played end on the football team and graduated with a degree in political science. He served in the United States Coast Guard during World War"	"father's company, and in his distress Seth killed himself. Jock and Bobby believed that J.R. knew the wells were going to be nationalized, and that the Cartel had been double crossed, but J.R. denied that he knew anything prior to the nationalization. Bobby left Dallas after Jock supported J.R. shutting down a Ewing field to prevent Cliff Barnes from gaining any profit from the field. One night in the spring of 1980, J.R. was shot at the Ewing offices. Among the suspects were the Asian leasers investors, as well as J.R's wife, Sue Ellen, although it turned out to be"	"predecessor. Producers finally yielded to viewers and ended the storyline, leaving Jock dead for good by the end of the tenth season. After Jim Davis' death, artist Ro Kim painted a portrait of the actor in his role as Jock Ewing. The portrait became a focal point of the ""Dallas"" set and was featured in a number of episodes. The painting hung in the home of Larry Hagman, who played antagonist J.R. Ewing for many years until he decided to sell the portrait at auction in spring 2011. The Southfork Ranch in Parker, Texas, where ""Dallas"" exteriors were shot, features"	"polygraph test and knowledge about the Ewing family, including Jock's first wife Amanda and Ray being Jock's son, Wes convinced many in Dallas, in addition to Miss Ellie, Ray, and several other members of the Ewing family, that he could be Jock. However, Clayton, Bobby and J.R. utterly refused to believe any suggestion that Wes was Jock. Bobby flew down and talked with the doctor who had treated Jock for a severe fever while he was in South America. Bobby returned to Southfork and revealed this information at a Ewing barbecue, where Jock's best friend Punk Anderson said that while"	"Dallas Mayor Mike Rawlings, Dallas Mavericks owner Mark Cuban and Dallas Cowboys owner Jerry Jones. J.R.'s funeral was held at the family cemetery plot on Southfork Ranch. Ray, Lucy, Gary, Christopher, Elena, Sue Ellen, and Bobby all spoke. J.R. was buried next to the graves of Jock and Miss Ellie. At his funeral, Sue Ellen read the letter that J.R. had written to her before he was murdered where he stated that he wanted another chance with her. Sue Ellen referred to J.R. as ""the love of my life"". Since J.R. had been a war veteran, his coffin was draped"	"began dating Digger's business partner, friend Jock Ewing, who had just begun making his fortune in the oil business and building Ewing Oil. On the day that her family was going to lose Southfork, Miss Ellie married Jock, and Jock was the only man in Dallas known to have the money to save the ranch. While she initially married Jock to save Southfork and for Jock's dependability, she grew to love him and they remained married for well over 40 years until his death in a helicopter crash in 1982, although Jock's body was never found. The couple had three"	"Jock Ewing John Ross ""Jock"" Ewing Sr. (1909–82) is a character in the popular American television series ""Dallas"", played by Jim Davis from 1978 to 1981; in the made-for-TV movie prequel to the series """" (1986), he was played by Dale Midkiff. Jock Ewing founded Ewing Oil in 1930 and was the patriarch of the Ewing family. Jock was born in 1909, the younger of two sons born to Leander Ewing and his wife. Through his older brother Jason, Jock got a job in an oil field in east Texas. While riding in a train boxcar he met Willard ""Digger"""	"in a helicopter crash and is reported to have been killed, although his body is never recovered. In 1983, Miss Ellie goes to court to overturn the terms of Jock's will, which set up a fierce and bitter competition between two of their sons, J.R. and Bobby, for control of Ewing Oil. Miss Ellie loses the case after failing to convince the court that Jock was mentally incompetent at the time he wrote his will. Before Jock's death, Sue Ellen Ewing leaves J.R., taking John Ross to live at the Southern Cross Ranch near San Angelo, Texas, the home of"	"October 5, 1871, Hickok stood off a crowd alone following a street brawl. Phil Coe was in the crowd and shot twice at Hickok, missing him both times. Hickok fired back, seriously wounding Coe. However, Hickok also mistakenly shot and killed his deputy, Mike Williams, who was running to his aid. Williams was due to return to Kansas City that night. This fatal accident haunted Hickok for the rest of his life. Phil Coe lingered for several days, before dying on October 9, 1871. He would be Hickok's last known victim. Coe's body was taken to Brenham, Texas, where he"	"Jack McCall John McCall (); (1852 or 1853 – March 1, 1877), also known as ""Crooked Nose"" or ""Broken Nose Jack"", was the murderer of Old West legend Wild Bill Hickok. McCall shot Hickok from behind as he played poker at Nuttal & Mann's Saloon in Deadwood, Dakota Territory on August 2, 1876. McCall was executed for the murder on March 1, 1877. Many details of McCall's life are unknown. He was born in the early 1850s in Jefferson County, Kentucky. McCall was raised in Kentucky with three sisters, and eventually drifted west to become a buffalo hunter. By 1876,"	"contained flashback scenes of the character. A portrait of Davis in his role as Jock Ewing often appeared as a memorial on ""Dallas"" after his death. In 1945, Davis wed the former Blanche Hammerer (1918–2009). Their only child was a daughter named Tara Diane Davis (January 15, 1953 – February 9, 1970), who was killed in an automobile accident at the age of 17. Davis later became close to his ""Dallas"" co-star Victoria Principal, who had a physical resemblance to his late daughter Tara. Davis died at his home in Northridge, California on April 26, 1981, aged 71. He is"	"Bob Taft deny clemency for Hicks. At the hearing, his brother plead for Hicks' life to be spared, while his sister-in-law argued that Hicks should be executed for his crimes. John Hicks died by lethal injection at 10:20 a.m. on November 29, 2005 at the Southern Ohio Correctional Facility in Lucasville, Ohio. Asked for a final statement by the warden, he said: It begun with a syringe in my arm and it ends with a needle in my arm. It's come full circle. I realize that. … I know this may be shallow or hollow words to y'all but it's"	"Dallas and taking Cliff with them. An angry Digger punched Hutch and Hutch pulled a gun on Digger, the gun being Jock Ewing's, which Hutch had stolen that night. This then resulted in Rebecca taking Hutch by surprise, disarming him, and Digger picking up the gun and shooting Hutch dead in a temper. Digger then buried Hutch's body on Southfork land, where it remained undiscovered for over 25 years. Digger and Rebecca then moved to Corpus Christi. Rebecca gave birth to Hutch's biological daughter, Pamela, and both she and Digger passed the child off as Digger's own daughter, with Digger"	"he was taken out of the house and put in the ambulance. An LAFD official gave a different account, stating that paramedics found Jackson in ""full cardiac arrest"", and that they did not observe a change in his status on the route to the hospital. LAFD transported Jackson to Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center. After the ambulance arrived at the hospital at approximately 1:14 p.m., a team of medical personnel attempted to resuscitate Jackson for more than an hour. They were unsuccessful, and Jackson was pronounced dead at 2:26 p.m. at the age of 50. Jackson's body was flown by"	"in a bag, murdered by Bill. After killing Simsek, Bill attacks Leo, only to have Leo impale Bill on his own knife. Duck arrives at Bill's house, refuses to take Bill to a hospital, and taunts him with the knowledge that he will kidnap Josie. Duck knocks out Leo and implants an electrolarynx so he can hear Leo apologize for killing Bill. When Leo refuses, Duck takes him to the bridge in the one photo Leo has of Naadirah. Leo still refuses to apologize, takes a deep breath and throws them both into the water. Duck drowns and Leo shouts"	"to Bobby at the last minute. Bobby kept his word, and his and J.R.'s shares were divided equally. Ownership of Ewing Oil was now as follows: The brothers would run the company side by side. In 1984, Bobby was shot at the office by Katherine Wentworth, Pam's sister who was in love with him. During his recovery, Donna Krebbs stepped into his place, much to the annoyance of J.R. Jamie Ewing, Jock's niece, turned up at Southfork Ranch from Alaska, where she had been working in the oil business. Her father, Jason, Jock's brother, was dead and Jamie had a"	"during season 5. Actor Jim Davis, who played Jock, had died just after production had completed on season 4 in 1981. Bobby Ewing's death in the season 8 finale, alongside his subsequent absence during the following season, was explained away at the beginning of season 10 as a dream of Pamela Barnes Ewing, thus effectively erasing everything that had happened during season 9. Actor Patrick Duffy had left the series to pursue other opportunities, but due to declining ratings, he was convinced to return to the series by production company Lorimar as well as series star Larry Hagman. Jack Ewing"	"with a gun Ward pulled his gun and fired, killing Tyke. On July 18, 1940, the Los Angeles District Attorney found that Ward had fired in self-defense and dismissed the charges. Although it had no known bearing on the shoot out between Ward and Tyke, it was later learned that Tyke had been a suspect in a gas station robbery in the area. The police had intention of questioning Tyke in the matter but did not get the chance. Ward died in Los Angeles, California on April 29, 1954. Jerome Bonaparte ""Black Jack"" Ward Jerome Bonaparte ""Black Jack"" Ward was"	"media than any other comic book event before it. Readers voted ""yes"" by a small margin (5,343 to 5,271) and Todd was subsequently murdered by the Joker in the storyline, """", in which the psychopath beat the youngster severely with a crowbar, and left him to die in a warehouse rigged with a bomb. Jason Todd later returned as the new Red Hood (the original alias of the Joker) when he was brought back to life due to reality being altered. After the continuity changes following the New 52 DC Comics relaunch, Jason becomes a leader of the Outlaws, a"	"Tabor and briefly joined Tabor's Light Cavalry, a local militia formed to kept order in the newly founded town. A few months after arriving, Texas Jack contracted a cold which developed into pneumonia, he died weeks later. The funeral was well-attended, and he was given full military honors, with several military companies in attendance firing a three-volley salute as his flag-draped coffin was lowered into the ground. His final resting place is Evergreen Cemetery in Leadville. Shortly after Texas Jack's death, Morlacchi returned to their home in Lowell. She never toured again. After several years the grave fell into disrepair,"	"began grooming regular stand-in Jim Peck as his successor for ""The Joker's Wild"". Peck had periodically stood in for Barry, and Barry had planned on announcing his retirement at the opening of the eighth-season premiere in September 1984, then handing over the hosting duties to Peck. However, on May 2, 1984, less than a month after completing ""Joker's"" seventh syndicated season and returning from a visit to his daughter in Europe, Barry suffered a massive cardiac arrest during a morning jog in Central Park. He died at Lenox Hill Hospital in New York City later that day. His remains are"	"deathbed that due to his longstanding love for Miss Ellie, and not wanting to devastate her life, as would be the case if Jock were sent to prison, he confessed to murdering Hutch. Digger died of alcohol poisoning in 1980, after decades of mostly heavy drinking. Jock claimed that he never cheated Digger out of a fortune but had taken control of the company, because Digger would have squandered any profit. The feud between the Ewing and Barnes families never ended, and continued through the years with Jock's son, J.R., and Digger's son, Cliff. In the episode ""Ewings Unite!"", his"	"hanged on March 1, 1877, aged 24. McCall was buried in Sacred Heart Cemetery in Yankton County, South Dakota, a cemetery which was moved in 1881. When McCall's body was exhumed, it was found to still have the noose around its neck. McCall was the first person to be executed by federal officials in the Dakota Territory. The killing of Hickok and the capture of McCall is reenacted every summer evening (except Mondays) at the Masonic Temple in Deadwood. McCall was played by: Jack McCall John McCall (); (1852 or 1853 – March 1, 1877), also known as ""Crooked Nose"""	"once gave him a tape of cult ""kook"" Francis E. Dec recordings that he lent to a friend who played it at a 1993 party in Dallas where Forrest Jackson heard it, leading to Jackson videotaping in 1995 the only documented encounter with the reclusive Dec. About his involvement with the Church, Riley was quoted by the Church's online zine ""The Stark Fist of Removal"" as saying: ""I'm not into SubGenius for the religious aspect so much. I see the Church more as... genetic stuntmen."" Joe Riley died of a sudden and unexpected heart attack on September 27, 2007, at"	"on an agreement he realized Jock Ewing (Jim Davis) and Digger Barnes (Keenan Wynn) had, J.R. has the oil fields stopped to keep Cliff from earning any royalties. Pamela Barnes Ewing (Victoria Principal) and husband Bobby Ewing (Patrick Duffy) move out of Southfork out of disgust at J.R.'s dealings. In the end, J.R. is shot while working late at the office. J.R. Ewing is a fictional character that William K. Stevens of ""The New York Times"" described as ""the nastiest man on television, the Iago of Texas oilmen, the smiling snake of a star of Friday night TV's ""Dallas,"" a"	"Hill Cemetery in Dallas. Joseph Civello Joseph Francis Civello (February 3, 1902 – January 17, 1970) was an American mobster and the leader of the Dallas crime family from 1956 until his death in 1970. A native of Baton Rouge, Louisiana, Civello had moved to Dallas as early as July 1928 when he was arrested for the murder of Joe DeCarlo at the St. Paul Drug Store in Dallas. Reportedly, DeCarlo's dying words were that the close-range shotgun blast to his abdomen was accidental. Based on this information, a grand jury did not issue an indictment against Civello. Civello was"	"Washington, DC. After the suicide of Thomas Jefferson Rusk in 1857, Jones became convinced that the legislature would finally send him to the Senate, but he received no votes. For four days, he had lodged at Houston's old Capitol Hotel, the former seat of government of the Republic of Texas. His arm permanently injured in a fall, and having received no votes for a vacant seat in the U.S. Senate, he brooded over his career. After dinner on January 9, 1858, he returned to his room and fatally shot himself. He was 59 years old. Jones was buried at Glenwood"
Who wrote the novel Evening Class?	"Evening Class (novel) Evening Class is a novel by Maeve Binchy. It was adapted as the award-winning film ""Italian for Beginners"" (2000) by writer-director Lone Scherfig, who failed to formally acknowledge the source, although at the very end of the closing credits is the line 'with thanks to Maeve Binchy'. A story of many Irish men and women from various backgrounds and how a teacher, Nora O'Donoghue (known as ""Signora""), and an Italian evening class changes their lives over the course of a year. Each chapter deals with the life story of one or more students in the class. In"	"that his money be sent back to his family in Hungary. The Class (Erich Segal novel) The Class is Erich Segal's 6th novel, published in 1985. The class of the title is the Harvard Class of 1958, and particularly refers to five fictional members of this class: Andrew Eliot, Jason Gilbert, Theodore Lambros, Daniel Rossi and George Keller. ""The Class"" follows the diverse fates of five members of Harvard's Class of 1958, recording the way their lives intertwine, and coming to a dramatic conclusion at their class reunion, twenty-five years later. Andrew Eliot comes from the Boston Brahmin Eliot family."	"The Class (Erich Segal novel) The Class is Erich Segal's 6th novel, published in 1985. The class of the title is the Harvard Class of 1958, and particularly refers to five fictional members of this class: Andrew Eliot, Jason Gilbert, Theodore Lambros, Daniel Rossi and George Keller. ""The Class"" follows the diverse fates of five members of Harvard's Class of 1958, recording the way their lives intertwine, and coming to a dramatic conclusion at their class reunion, twenty-five years later. Andrew Eliot comes from the Boston Brahmin Eliot family. Due to his background, he always feels the pressure of high"	"Angels family vault in Haworth. Notes Footnotes Bibliography Emily Brontë Emily Jane Brontë (, ; 30 July 1818 – 19 December 1848) was an English novelist and poet who is best known for her only novel, ""Wuthering Heights"", now considered a classic of English literature. Emily was the third-eldest of the four surviving Brontë siblings, between the youngest Anne and her brother Branwell. She published under the pen name Ellis Bell. Emily Brontë was born on 30 July 1818 in Market Street in the village of Thornton on the outskirts of Bradford, in the West Riding of Yorkshire, in Northern"	"from those of Emerson and Thoreau. Millen Brand Millen Brand (January 19, 1906 – March 19, 1980) was an American writer and poet. His novels ""Savage Sleep"" and ""The Outward Room,"" which addressed mental health institutions, were bestsellers in the 1960s and 1930s, respectively. Millen was born on January 19, 1906, in Jersey City, New Jersey, into a working-class family. He was of Pennsylvania German descent on his mother’s side. He graduated from Columbia University. After graduation (circa 1926), he began to work as a psychiatric aide and also a copywriter before accepting faculty posts at New York University and"	"CJ Daugherty CJ Daugherty (born 30 October 1974), also known as Christi Daugherty, is an American novelist best known for ""Night School"", a series of bestselling young adult romantic thrillers set in a fictional boarding school called Cimmeria Academy. She began her career as a journalist, writing for publications such as the Dallas Morning News, Reuters and Time Out. After a brief period working for the British government, she began writing novels in 2010. In 2016 it was announced that Daugherty had signed a deal with Minotaur Books/St. Martin's Press in the U.S., and Harper Collins in the UK, to"	"Eugene O'Neill Eugene Gladstone O'Neill (October 16, 1888 – November 27, 1953) was an American playwright and Nobel laureate in Literature. His poetically titled plays were among the first to introduce into U.S. drama techniques of realism earlier associated with Russian playwright Anton Chekhov, Norwegian playwright Henrik Ibsen, and Swedish playwright August Strindberg. The drama ""Long Day's Journey into Night"" is often numbered on the short list of the finest U.S. plays in the 20th century, alongside Tennessee Williams's ""A Streetcar Named Desire"" and Arthur Miller's ""Death of a Salesman"". O'Neill's plays were among the first to include speeches in"	"Night School (novel) Night School is a 2016 novel by Lee Child. This is the twenty-first book in the Jack Reacher series. It is written in the third person. In 1996, U.S. Army Major Jack Reacher is in Virginia to receive a medal for eliminating two militants in the Balkans when he receives orders from his superior officer and trusted friend, Leon Garber, to attend a special ""inter-agency cooperation"" school alongside Casey Watterman, an FBI agent, and John White, a CIA officer. Reacher quickly realizes that there is no school: the entire thing is an elaborate joint-agency operation overseen by"	"Elisabeth Ogilvie Elisabeth Ogilvie (May 20, 1917 – September 9, 2006) was an American writer. She was born in Boston and grew up in Dorchester, Quincy, and Roxbury. She spent her summers on the coast of Maine. She attended schools in Dorchester and Mount Wollaston, graduating from North Quincy High School in 1934. Later she took writing courses at Harvard University. Elisabeth Ogilvie wrote ""High Tide at Noon"" in 1944 her first of nine novels in the Bennett Island families series. She would write over 40 novels and books in her prolific career. Many of her novels dealt with life"	"write a new series of adult crime thrillers, starting with the Echo Killing in 2018. The first book in the Night School series was published by Little, Brown in the UK in 2012. ""Endgame"", the fifth book in the series, is due out in 2015. The Night School series has been translated into 22 languages. The series has been a bestseller in multiple countries. ""Night School: Resistance"", the fourth book in the series, reached number two on the Spiegel Bestseller list in Germany in May 2014. It was also a number one bestseller in Poland. ""Night School: Fracture"", the third"	"Emily Brontë Emily Jane Brontë (, ; 30 July 1818 – 19 December 1848) was an English novelist and poet who is best known for her only novel, ""Wuthering Heights"", now considered a classic of English literature. Emily was the third-eldest of the four surviving Brontë siblings, between the youngest Anne and her brother Branwell. She published under the pen name Ellis Bell. Emily Brontë was born on 30 July 1818 in Market Street in the village of Thornton on the outskirts of Bradford, in the West Riding of Yorkshire, in Northern England, to Maria Branwell and an Irish father,"	"Millen Brand Millen Brand (January 19, 1906 – March 19, 1980) was an American writer and poet. His novels ""Savage Sleep"" and ""The Outward Room,"" which addressed mental health institutions, were bestsellers in the 1960s and 1930s, respectively. Millen was born on January 19, 1906, in Jersey City, New Jersey, into a working-class family. He was of Pennsylvania German descent on his mother’s side. He graduated from Columbia University. After graduation (circa 1926), he began to work as a psychiatric aide and also a copywriter before accepting faculty posts at New York University and New Hampshire University. On May 1,"	"Edwin Abbott Abbott Edwin Abbott Abbott (20 December 1838 – 12 October 1926) was an English schoolmaster and theologian, best known as the author of the novella ""Flatland"" (1884). Edwin Abbott Abbott was the eldest son of Edwin Abbott (1808–1882), headmaster of the Philological School, Marylebone, and his wife, Jane Abbott (1806–1882). His parents were first cousins. He was educated at the City of London School and at St John's College, Cambridge, where he took the highest honours in classics, mathematics and theology, and became a fellow of his college. In particular, he was 1st Smith's prizeman in 1861. In"	"The Evenings The Evenings (Dutch: ""De avonden"") is a debut novel by Dutch author Gerard Reve released in November 1947 under the pseudonym ""Simon van het Reve"". The full title of the book was ""De avonden: Een winterverhaal"" (English: ""The Evenings: A Winter's Tale""). The novel describes ten evenings out of the life of the 23-year-old office clerk Frits van Egters living in Amsterdam. It is partitioned into ten chapters, of which each describes an evening between 22 and 31 December 1946. The novel was written very shortly after World War II. Though the war itself is hardly mentioned, the"	"short films. Edwin Abbott Abbott Edwin Abbott Abbott (20 December 1838 – 12 October 1926) was an English schoolmaster and theologian, best known as the author of the novella ""Flatland"" (1884). Edwin Abbott Abbott was the eldest son of Edwin Abbott (1808–1882), headmaster of the Philological School, Marylebone, and his wife, Jane Abbott (1806–1882). His parents were first cousins. He was educated at the City of London School and at St John's College, Cambridge, where he took the highest honours in classics, mathematics and theology, and became a fellow of his college. In particular, he was 1st Smith's prizeman in"	"Evening (film) Evening is a 2007 American drama film directed by Lajos Koltai. The screenplay by Susan Minot and Michael Cunningham is based on the 1998 novel of the same name by Susan Minot. The film alternates between two time periods, the 1950s and the present, in which a dying Ann Grant Lord (Vanessa Redgrave) reflects on her past. Her confusing comments about people she never mentioned before - leave her daughters, reserved Constance (Natasha Richardson) and restless Nina (Toni Collette), wondering if their mother is delusional. As a young woman in her early twenties, cabaret singer Ann (Claire Danes)"	"Ernest Hemingway Ernest Miller Hemingway (July 21, 1899 – July 2, 1961) was an American journalist, novelist, and short-story writer. His economical and understated style—which he termed the iceberg theory—had a strong influence on 20th-century fiction, while his adventurous lifestyle and his public image brought him admiration from later generations. Hemingway produced most of his work between the mid-1920s and the mid-1950s, and he won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954. He published seven novels, six short-story collections, and two non-fiction works. Three of his novels, four short story collections, and three non-fiction works were published posthumously. Many of"	"The Evening and the Morning and the Night ""The Evening and the Morning and the Night"" is a science fiction novelette by American writer Octavia Butler. It was first published in ""Omni"" in May 1987, and subsequently republished in ""The Year's Best Science Fiction"" (fifth edition); in ""Best New SF 2""; in ""Omni Visions One""; in ""The Penguin Book of Modern Fantasy By Women""; in ""Dark Matter: A Century of Speculative Fiction from the African Diaspora""; in ""Daughters of Earth: Feminist Science Fiction in the Twentieth Century""; in ""Crucified Dreams""; in Butler's collection ""Bloodchild and Other Stories"", and as a"	"Larry""). Evening (film) Evening is a 2007 American drama film directed by Lajos Koltai. The screenplay by Susan Minot and Michael Cunningham is based on the 1998 novel of the same name by Susan Minot. The film alternates between two time periods, the 1950s and the present, in which a dying Ann Grant Lord (Vanessa Redgrave) reflects on her past. Her confusing comments about people she never mentioned before - leave her daughters, reserved Constance (Natasha Richardson) and restless Nina (Toni Collette), wondering if their mother is delusional. As a young woman in her early twenties, cabaret singer Ann (Claire"	"Gerard Woodward Gerard Woodward (born 1961) is a British novelist, poet and short story writer, best known for his trilogy of novels concerning the troubled Jones family, the second of which, ""I'll Go to Bed at Noon"", was shortlisted for the 2004 Man-Booker Prize. Woodward was born in North London and attended St Ignatius College, a Jesuit comprehensive school, leaving at 16 to work for two years in a variety of jobs before studying painting at Falmouth School of Art in Cornwall. He later attended the London School of Economics, where he studied Social Anthropology, and Manchester University, where he"	"Maxwell Perkins William Maxwell Evarts ""Max"" Perkins (September 20, 1884 – June 17, 1947), was an American book editor, best remembered for discovering authors Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald and Thomas Wolfe. Perkins was born on September 20, 1884, in New York City, to Elizabeth (Evarts) Perkins, a daughter of William M. Evarts, and Edward Clifford Perkins, a lawyer. He grew up in Plainfield, New Jersey, attended St. Paul's School in Concord, New Hampshire and then graduated from Harvard College in 1907. Although an economics major in college, Perkins also studied under Charles Townsend Copeland, a literature professor who helped"	"The Ruling Class (novel) The Ruling Class is a teen novel by Francine Pascal, released in 2004. When a new girl moves to Highland Park High School, she encounters a difficult clique and dramatic situations. The book centers on a 16-year-old girl, Twyla Gay Stark. She soon transfers to a new town and a new school in a wealthy neighborhood, Highland Park High, where the rich and nasty strut around in designer labels. The worst happens when Twyla Gay runs afoul of the resident bitch clique, led by the beautiful, intimidating and rich Jeanette Sue and bringing in the rear"	"Hall of Fame. Other Ernest Hemingway Ernest Miller Hemingway (July 21, 1899 – July 2, 1961) was an American journalist, novelist, and short-story writer. His economical and understated style—which he termed the iceberg theory—had a strong influence on 20th-century fiction, while his adventurous lifestyle and his public image brought him admiration from later generations. Hemingway produced most of his work between the mid-1920s and the mid-1950s, and he won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954. He published seven novels, six short-story collections, and two non-fiction works. Three of his novels, four short story collections, and three non-fiction works were"	"E. W. Hornung Ernest William Hornung (7 June 1866 – 22 March 1921) was an English author and poet known for writing the A. J. Raffles series of stories about a gentleman thief in late 19th-century London. Hornung was educated at Uppingham School; as a result of poor health he left the school in December 1883 to travel to Sydney, where he stayed for two years. He drew on his Australian experiences as a background when he began writing, initially short stories and later novels. In 1898 he wrote ""In the Chains of Crime"", which introduced Raffles and his sidekick,"	"have received grants. In some cases, these grants have been controversial due to their requiring research or teaching related to Rand. Novels: Other fiction: Non-fiction: Ayn Rand Ayn Rand (; born Alisa Zinovyevna Rosenbaum; – March 6, 1982) was a Russian-American writer and philosopher. She is known for her two best-selling novels, ""The Fountainhead"" and ""Atlas Shrugged"", and for developing a philosophical system she named Objectivism. Educated in Russia, she moved to the United States in 1926. She had a play produced on Broadway in 1935 and 1936. After two early novels that were initially unsuccessful, she achieved fame with"	"Gillian Gill Gillian Catherine Gill (born June 12, 1942) is a Welsh-American writer and academic who specializes in biography. She is the author of ""Agatha Christie"" (1990), ""Mary Baker Eddy"" (1998), ""Nightingales: The Extraordinary Upbringing and Curious Life of Miss Florence Nightingale"" (2004), and ""We Two: Victoria and Albert, Rulers, Partners, Rivals"" (2009). Gill (née Scobie) was born in Cardiff, Wales. She attended Cardiff High School for Girls, and graduated from the University of Cambridge with a first-class honours degree in French, Italian, and Latin. She obtained her Ph.D. in March 1972, also from Cambridge, for a thesis entitled ""André"	"Ayn Rand Ayn Rand (; born Alisa Zinovyevna Rosenbaum; – March 6, 1982) was a Russian-American writer and philosopher. She is known for her two best-selling novels, ""The Fountainhead"" and ""Atlas Shrugged"", and for developing a philosophical system she named Objectivism. Educated in Russia, she moved to the United States in 1926. She had a play produced on Broadway in 1935 and 1936. After two early novels that were initially unsuccessful, she achieved fame with her 1943 novel, ""The Fountainhead"". In 1957, Rand published her best-known work, the novel ""Atlas Shrugged"". Afterward, she turned to non-fiction to promote her philosophy,"	"Laurence Stallings Laurence Tucker Stallings (November 25, 1894 - February 28, 1968) was an American playwright, screenwriter, lyricist, literary critic, journalist, novelist, and photographer. Best known for his collaboration with Maxwell Anderson on the 1924 play ""What Price Glory"", Stallings also produced a groundbreaking autobiographical novel, ""Plumes"", about his service in World War I, and published an award-winning book of photographs, ""The First World War: A Photographic History"". Stallings was born Laurence Tucker Stallings in Macon, Georgia, to Larkin Tucker Stallings, a bank clerk, and Aurora Brooks Stallings, a homemaker and avid reader who inspired her son's love of literature."	"Evenings at Home Evenings at Home, or The Juvenile Budget Opened (1792–1796) is a collection of six volumes of stories written by John Aikin and his sister Anna Laetitia Barbauld. It is an early example of children's literature. The late Victorian children's writer Mary Louisa Molesworth named it as one of the handful of books that was owned by every family in her childhood and read enthusiastically. In their introduction, the authors explain the title in these words: The book was translated into French. W. S. Gilbert took the title for one of his plays, ""Eyes and No Eyes"" (1875),"	"The Boat in the Evening The Boat in the Evening () is a 1968 novel by the Norwegian writer Tarjei Vesaas. It has a fragmentary and meditative narrative which centres on a child who observes a crane colony perform its breeding ritual. It was the author's final book. It was published in English in 1971, translated by Elizabeth Rokkan. ""Kirkus Reviews"" critic wrote: ""From the work of the late Norwegian writer (this is his last book), there always seems to emanate that curious fiery chill of snow defining the edge of dark fjords, and this 'novel,' really a series of"	"Opening Night (novel) Opening Night is a detective novel by Ngaio Marsh; it is the sixteenth novel to feature Roderick Alleyn, and was first published in 1951. It was published in the United States as Night at the Vulcan. The novel is one of the theatrical ones for which Marsh was best known, and concerns the murder of an actor backstage on opening night of a new play in London. The play is being performed at the Vulcan Theatre; it was formerly known as the Jupiter Theatre, renamed after an infamous murder recounted in the Alleyn short story ""I Can"	"Eleanor Dark Eleanor Dark AO (26 August 190111 September 1985) was an Australian author whose novels included ""Prelude to Christopher"" (1934) and ""Return to Coolami"" (1936), both winners of the Australian Literature Society Gold Medal for literature, and her best known work ""The Timeless Land"" (1941). Eleanor Dark was born in Sydney, the second of three children of the poet, writer and parliamentarian Dowell Philip O'Reilly and his wife, Eleanor McCulloch O'Reilly. She studied at the Redlands College for Girls at Cremorne, and was known as Pixie O'Reilly. On finishing school and unable to enter university, having failed mathematics, she"	"Evening's Empire Evening's Empire is a science fiction novel by American writer David Herter in 2002. It is the author's second novel after 2000's ""Ceres Storm"". The book follows the travels of a man to the small town of Evening, Oregon, where his beloved wife was killed in a freak accident the year before. The novel relies heavily on surrealism and a lolling suspense that is never realized in any sort of actual climax. Nonetheless, the book retains a small following of fans that greatly admire its ""mature"" style and few reviewers have considered it a poor effort. Regina Schroeder"
Which country does the airline Air Pacific come from?	"Pacific Island Air Pacific Island Air is an Air Charter company operating out of Nadi International Airport, Fiji. Pacific Island Seaplanes was established in 1999 by Larry 'Dusty' Simon. The air charter company initially operated two de Havilland Canada DHC-2 Beavers and a Britten-Norman Islander aircraft. Pacific Island Seaplanes was acquired by the Christchurch, New Zealand based GCH Aviation in 2013. GCH merged their existing Helicopters (Fiji) operation with Pacific Island Seaplanes to form Pacific Island Air (PIA). The airline offers daily services to Mamanuca Island Resorts and most Yasawa Island Resorts utilizing seaplanes and helicopters as well as charter"	"Air Pacific (United States) Air Pacific was a commuter airline based in the United States that operated regional flights wholly within the state of California. Founded as Eureka Aero in 1970, it was renamed Air Pacific in 1979. Its de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter and DHC-7 Dash 7 turboprop aircraft were capable of STOL (short takeoff and landing) operations. Air Pacific merged with Gem State Airlines in 1981 to form Golden Gate Airlines, which merged again later in 1981, with Swift Aire Lines, but service was discontinued shortly thereafter. Air Pacific served the following destinations in California during its"	"existence with some of these destination being served at different times: Air Pacific (United States) Air Pacific was a commuter airline based in the United States that operated regional flights wholly within the state of California. Founded as Eureka Aero in 1970, it was renamed Air Pacific in 1979. Its de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter and DHC-7 Dash 7 turboprop aircraft were capable of STOL (short takeoff and landing) operations. Air Pacific merged with Gem State Airlines in 1981 to form Golden Gate Airlines, which merged again later in 1981, with Swift Aire Lines, but service was discontinued shortly"	"Asia Pacific Airlines (United States) Asia Pacific Airlines is a cargo airline headquartered in Danville, California, USA in the San Francisco Bay Area. It operates cargo charter services from Guam. Its main base is Guam International Airport. The airline was established on June 5, 1998 and started operations, with Boeing 727-200 series aircraft, on June 3, 1999. It was formed as Aero Micronesia, and is an affiliate company of the Tan Holdings Corporation. The primary aspect of the airline's operation is the shipment of US Mail, and other cargo, throughout Micronesia, as well as the importation of fresh high grade"	"tuna for transshipment to worldwide fish markets. As of January 2015 the airline has begun the process of bringing Boeing 757-200 series aircraft into service as part of fleet modernization and expansion. The Asia Pacific Airlines fleet consists of the following aircraft (as of August 2017): The airline previously operated the following aircraft as of August 2016: Asia Pacific Airlines (United States) Asia Pacific Airlines is a cargo airline headquartered in Danville, California, USA in the San Francisco Bay Area. It operates cargo charter services from Guam. Its main base is Guam International Airport. The airline was established on June"	"the following aircraft: Pacific Air Express Pacific Air Express is an airline based in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It operates cargo services to Honiara, Nauru, Noumea, Port Moresby and Port Vila; and charter flights in the South Pacific area. Its main bases are Brisbane Airport and Honiara International Airport. The airline was established in 1993 by Australian expatriate Gary Clifford (General Manager) and a business partner from the Solomon Islands. The airline was originally based in Honiara, but relocated due to civil unrest in 1999. It had 35 employees as of March 2007. As of October 2018 the Pacific Air Express"	"Pacific Air Express Pacific Air Express is an airline based in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It operates cargo services to Honiara, Nauru, Noumea, Port Moresby and Port Vila; and charter flights in the South Pacific area. Its main bases are Brisbane Airport and Honiara International Airport. The airline was established in 1993 by Australian expatriate Gary Clifford (General Manager) and a business partner from the Solomon Islands. The airline was originally based in Honiara, but relocated due to civil unrest in 1999. It had 35 employees as of March 2007. As of October 2018 the Pacific Air Express fleet consists of"	"Jetstar Pacific Jetstar Pacific Airlines Joint Stock Aviation Company (operating as Jetstar Pacific) is a low-cost airline headquartered in Tan Binh District, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. With its hub at Tan Son Nhat International Airport, Ho Chi Minh City, operates scheduled domestic and international services along with charter flights. The airline, formerly known as Pacific Airlines, began operations in 1991, flying chartered cargo services. From 1996 to 2005, the airline, along with other local companies, operated under the government-owned Vietnam Airlines Corporation. Having by now operated passenger services, Pacific Airlines then came under the control of the government itself."	"about government assistance to Pacific Aerospace. In 2006 a consortium of aviation professionals purchased the assets of the company and Pacific Aerospace Corporation became Pacific Aerospace Limited. In 2012 the Pacific Aerospace P-750 XSTOL aircraft was certified against ICAO Annex 6 for Single Engine IFR Passenger Transport Operations. In 2017 the company plead guilty to breaching United Nations Security Council Resolution 1718 against North Korea after a PAC P-750 XSTOL was observed flying at the Wonsan International Friendship Air Festival in September 2016. Pacific Aerospace Pacific Aerospace Ltd (PAL) is an aircraft manufacturing company based in Hamilton, New Zealand. Along"	"Pacific Aerospace Pacific Aerospace Ltd (PAL) is an aircraft manufacturing company based in Hamilton, New Zealand. Along with its predecessors, it has produced around 600 utility, training and agricultural aircraft. Pacific Aerospace was formed from two companies, Air Parts (NZ) Ltd and Aero Engine Services Ltd. Air Parts imported Fletcher FU-24s in kit form during the mid-1950s and began manufacturing a significantly-modified variant, known as the PAC Fletcher, in 1965. Aero Engine Services Ltd diversified from maintenance work into taking over production of the Victa Airtourer, a light aircraft it developed into a military trainer, the PAC CT/4 in the"	"expansion plan, it is intended that Jetstar Pacific will have up to 15 Airbus A320s by the end of 2015. The remaining 30% of Jetstar Pacific is held by Qantas Group (most likely for naming rights). Jetstar Pacific operates more than 40 daily flights to domestic destinations from its main hub at Tan Son Nhat International Airport. Jetstar Pacific has codeshare agreements with the following airlines: Jetstar Pacific has an all-Airbus A320 family fleet. As a low-cost carrier, Jetstar Pacific does not include in-flight catering in its fares. Instead it has a buy-on-board service offering food and drinks for purchase."	"service. In conjunction with Qantas, Air Pacific helped pioneer the concept of codeshare agreements in the early 1980s. Today, codesharing is an accepted airline practice all over the world. In the 1990s Air Pacific signed a codeshare agreement with Canadian Airlines, allowing it to transport traffic from Toronto on to Auckland, New Zealand. Soon after it struck a codeshare deal with American Airlines. As of 2014, Fiji Airways partners with Qantas, Air New Zealand, Alaska Airlines, American Airlines, Cathay Pacific and Solomon Airlines. Qantas, which owned less than 20% of Air Pacific at the time, began a ten-year management contract"	"California Pacific Airlines California Pacific Airlines (CP Air) is an American regional airline that is headquartered on the grounds of McClellan-Palomar Airport in Carlsbad, California. The airline was founded in 2009 by Ted Vallas. Vallas, a San Diego County businessperson from North County, had previously operated Air Resorts Airlines, wanted to create a San Diego County-based airline. He picked Palomar Airport as a hub, since it had moderate demand but infrequent scheduled service. Vallas invested about $14 million in seed money, with plans to raise up to $32 million more from private investment. From 2009 to 2017, the airline struggled"	"is reciprocally one of the major shareholders of Air China. On 6 November 2017, Qatar Airways acquired a 9.6% shareholding of Cathay Pacific, becoming its 3rd largest shareholder. Cathay Pacific is the world's tenth largest airline measured in terms of sales, and fourteenth largest measured in terms of market capitalisation. In 2010, Cathay Pacific became the world's largest international cargo airline, along with main hub Hong Kong International Airport as the world's busiest airport in terms of cargo traffic. It is one of the founding members of the Oneworld alliance. Cathay Pacific's subsidiary Cathay Dragon is an affiliate member of"	"Sierra Pacific Airlines Sierra Pacific Airlines is an American charter airline based in Tucson, Arizona, USA. It operates passenger charters and sub-charters for other airlines, as well as for the United States Forest Service, United States Military and the United States Marshals Service with jet aircraft. Sierra Pacific also previously operated scheduled passenger service in the western U.S. with prop and turboprop aircraft. The airline was initially founded as Trans Sierra Airlines in 1970 by Chris Condon and Allan Silliphant with profits from their box office hit soft X and later R rated 3-D film The Stewardesses. It was renamed"	"ticketing for a time. On May 29, 2018, ADI was purchased by California Pacific Airlines and now does business as California Pacific on the Pierre/Watertown route as well as California Pacific's intended markets out of McClellan–Palomar Airport. Aerodynamics, Inc. operated fleet of Embraer ERJ-145 regional jet aircraft with 50 seats. ADI operated scheduled flights to the following destinations : Aerodynamics Inc. Aerodynamics Inc., also known as ADI, was an American charter airline that began offering scheduled services subsidized by the Essential Air Service program in 2016 under a codeshare agreement with Great Lakes Airlines. The airline was based in Kennesaw,"	"Cathay Pacific Cathay Pacific Airways Limited is the flag carrier of Hong Kong, with its head office and main hub located at Hong Kong International Airport. The airline's operations and subsidiaries have scheduled passenger and cargo services to more than 190 destinations in more than 60 countries worldwide including codeshares and joint ventures. Cathay Pacific operates a fleet of wide-body aircraft, consisting of Airbus A330, Airbus A350 and Boeing 777 equipment. Cathay Pacific Cargo operates two models of the Boeing 747. Wholly owned subsidiary airline Cathay Dragon operates to 44 destinations in the Asia-Pacific region from its Hong Kong base."	"In 2007, the Vietnamese government sold a portion of its shares to Qantas, and as such airline adopted a low-cost operations model and adopted its current name on 23 May 2008, becoming part of the Jetstar network. In February 2012, Vietnam Airlines bought a 70% stake in the company. As part of its expansion plan, it is intended that Jetstar Pacific will have up to 15 Airbus A320 aircraft by the end of 2015 and up to 30 aircraft by 2020. Pacific Airlines was established in December 1990 and began operations in April 1991 with a start-up capital of US$2.47"	"when a seven-seater de Havilland Dragon Rapide biplane departed Suva's Nausori Airport for Drasa Airport near Lautoka, on the west coast of the main island. The airline's first international flight to Brisbane, Australia was on 1 June 1973. In 1983 it started flights to the US with a route to Honolulu called “Project America.” In December 2009, Air Pacific commenced a twice weekly service to Hong Kong, which was increased to three services in January 2014. In July 2010 Air Pacific announced a new Suva-Auckland service. Today, the airline and its domestic/regional subsidiary, Fiji Link, operate over 400 flights a"	"in the car park outside the Flight Training Center of Cathay City. <br> Cathay Pacific fleet Cathay Pacific operates an all-wide-body fleet composed of Airbus A330, Airbus A350 XWB and Boeing 777 aircraft. As of December 2018, the Cathay Pacific passenger fleet comprises the following aircraft: As of December 2017, the Cathay Pacific Cargo fleet comprises the following aircraft: Cathay Pacific Cargo operates to more than 40 destinations around the world, in addition to utilising the cargo space on the passenger aircraft. The cargo subsidiary was established in 1981 with a twice-a-week Hong Kong–Frankfurt–London service operated jointly with Lufthansa. Cathay"	"Garuda Indonesia via Jakarta to Manila. On 16 May 2016, Cebu Pacific became a founding member of the world's largest low-cost carrier alliance, Value Alliance. It joined other pioneer members Singapore Airlines' Scoot, South Korea's Jeju Air, Thailand's Nok Air and NokScoot, Tigerair, Tigerair Australia, and Japan's Vanilla Air in the low-cost carrier network. Cebu Pacific is also currently the only Philippine carrier which is a member of an airline alliance. Cebu Pacific Cebu Air, Inc., operating as Cebu Pacific () and informally known as ""Cebu Pac"", is a Philippine low-cost airline based on the grounds of Ninoy Aquino International"	"including the Airbus A330-300 and Boeing 777-300 ER. Tony Tyler left his position as CEO at the airline on 31 March 2010 to pursue his new job at the IATA. Chief operating officer John Slosar had succeeded as the new CEO. In addition, New Zealand's Commerce Commission had dropped charges against Cathay Pacific concerning the air cargo price fixing agreements. In 2014, the airline underwent the largest network expansion in recent years which included the addition of links to Manchester, Zurich and Boston. On 8 October 2016, Cathay Pacific retired their last passenger Boeing 747, a 747-400, with a farewell"	"Pacific Pearl Airways Pacific Pearl Airways is an airline based in Subic Bay International Airport, Philippines. The airline flies from Manila, South Korea, Subic, Aklan, Cebu, Davao and Palawan. The Airline has also expressed their intentions to fly Scheduled Charter flights around the Philippine Islands. Pacific Pearl Airways has also inquired about space at Mactan-Cebu International Airport to commence service from Cebu to various Asian countries and Regional Philippine Destinations. As of April 2015 the airline is inactive and appears to be defunct. On July 6, 2007, Pacific Pearl's initial aircraft RP-C8777, a former Delta Air Lines 737-200, was ferried"	"and territories on five continents, with a well-developed Asian network. The airline serves a number of gateway cities in North America and Europe, with easy connections with its Oneworld and codeshare partners, American Airlines and British Airways via Los Angeles and London, respectively. In addition, the airline serves 10 French cities via a codeshare partnership with French national rail operator, SNCF, from Paris. The airline also has access to over 17 destinations in China through its subsidiary, Cathay Dragon. Cathay Pacific has codeshare agreements with the following airlines: The airline also has a codeshare agreement with French high speed trains"	"of the merged airline would be Canadian Airlines International. In 2000, Canadian Airlines was taken over by and merged into Air Canada. List is incomplete and uses data primarily from the Boeing Sales Database. There were 15 major incidents aboard Canadian Pacific Air Lines / CP Air aircraft. Canadian Pacific Air Lines Canadian Pacific Air Lines was a Canadian airline that operated from 1942 to 1987. It operated under the name CP Air from 1968 to 1986. Headquartered at Vancouver International Airport in Richmond, British Columbia, it served domestic Canadian as well as international routes until it was purchased by"	"Fiji Airways Fiji Airways (trading as and formerly known as Air Pacific), is the flag carrier airline of Fiji. and operates international services to 13 countries and 23 cities including Fiji, Australia, New Zealand, Samoa, Tonga, Tuvalu, Kiribati, Vanuatu and Solomon Islands (Oceania), the United States, Hong Kong and Singapore. It has an extended network of 108 international destinations through its codeshare partners. The airline resumed direct flights to Narita, Tokyo on 3 July 2018. The Fiji Airways Group brings in 64 percent of all visitors who fly to Fiji, employs over 1000 employees, and earns revenues of over FJD$815"	"Unlike its sister carriers, JPA does not operate medium-haul routes, and as such does not offer in-flight entertainment. Jetstar Pacific Jetstar Pacific Airlines Joint Stock Aviation Company (operating as Jetstar Pacific) is a low-cost airline headquartered in Tan Binh District, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. With its hub at Tan Son Nhat International Airport, Ho Chi Minh City, operates scheduled domestic and international services along with charter flights. The airline, formerly known as Pacific Airlines, began operations in 1991, flying chartered cargo services. From 1996 to 2005, the airline, along with other local companies, operated under the government-owned Vietnam Airlines"	"falloff in air traffic, Air Pacific returned one of its two leased Boeing 747s. In 2003, Air Pacific received the first of its 2 Boeing 747-400s it was leasing from Singapore Airlines (They had previously been leased with Ansett Australia until its downfall in 2001). In April 2011, Air Pacific announced that it had cancelled its order of eight Boeing 787-9s due to delivery delays of almost four years by Boeing. In October 2011, Air Pacific announced that it had ordered three Airbus A330-200s. In March 2013 the company received its first “Fiji Airways” re-branded Airbus A330. It was christened"	"Oneworld. Cathay Pacific Airways was founded on 24 September 1946 in Hong Kong, with Sydney ""Syd"" de Kantzow, Roy Farrell, as well as Neil Buchanan, Donald Brittan Evans and Robert ""Bob"" Stanley Russell were the initial shareholders. Buchanan and Russell already worked for de Kantzow and Farrell in the predecessor of Cathay Pacific, Roy Farrell Import-Export Company, which was initially headquartered in Shanghai. Both de Kantzow and Farrell were ex-air force pilots who had flown the Hump, a route over the Himalayan mountains. Farrell purchased the airline's first aircraft, a Douglas DC-3, nicknamed ""Betsy"", in Bush Field, New York City"	"Fiji Airways officially took place on 27 June 2013. The name change aimed to associate the airline more closely with the nation and to be more visible in search results.Also during the rebranding of Air Pacific to Fiji Airways, a new line of uniforms for its cabin crew was launched, and was designed by Fiji-based French designer Alexandra Poenaru-Philp. In China, the name Air Pacific was often confused with Hong Kong airline Cathay Pacific, Philippine airline Cebu Pacific and a Chinese air conditioning company. With the rebranding came a name change for the airline's booking classes. The Pacific Voyager (economy)"	"Cebu Pacific Cebu Air, Inc., operating as Cebu Pacific () and informally known as ""Cebu Pac"", is a Philippine low-cost airline based on the grounds of Ninoy Aquino International Airport (NAIA Terminal 3), Pasay City, Metro Manila, in the Philippines. It is Asia's oldest budget or low-cost carrier airline, founded in 1988. It offers scheduled flights to both domestic and international destinations. Its main base is Ninoy Aquino International Airport, Manila, with other hubs at Mactan-Cebu International Airport, Clark International Airport, Kalibo International Airport Francisco Bangoy International Airport, Iloilo International Airport, and Laguindingan Airport. The airline is a subsidiary of"	"Pacific Express Pacific Express was an all-jet airline in the western United States from 1982 to early 1984, based in Chico, California. The airline later marketed itself as Pan Am Pacific Express, thus reflecting a marketing agreement between Pan American World Airways (Pan Am) and the carrier for connecting passenger traffic feed at the Los Angeles and San Francisco airports. At one point, Pacific Express served 22 destinations in the western United States. It was a subsidiary of WestAir Jet Inc. Pacific Express initially operated a fleet of seven British Aircraft Corporation BAC One-Eleven twinjets, then added Boeing 737-200 aircraft."	"a long-standing plan to launch flights to the US West Coast, it has been postponed due mainly to the stringent requirement that must be met, which the airline is currently working towards. Jetstar Pacific Airlines is the second largest domestic carrier behind Vietnam Airlines. Based in Ho Chi Minh City, the airline operates approximately 7 aircraft, with which it provides services to 7 destinations within Vietnam. Jetstar Pacific was formerly known as ""Pacific Airlines"", but changed its name after Qantas of Australia bought 18% of shares, thereby integrating it into the Jetstar low-cost carrier network. Jetstar Pacific currently enjoys 20%"
In which branch of the arts does Allegra Kent work?	"McGowan and artistic director Barbara Zinn Krieger. The adaptation received positive reviews by ""The New York Times"", ""Time Out New York Kids"", and others. Due to its success, in December 2015, New York City Children's Theater produced a revival of ""Ballerina Swan."" Kent currently teaches ballet at Barnard College. Notes Bibliography Allegra Kent Allegra Kent (born August 11, 1937) is an American ballet dancer, actress, children's book author and columnist. Iris Margo Cohen was born to Jewish parents, Harry Herschel and Shirley (née Weissman) Cohen, and later changed her name to Allegra Kent. Kent grew up in what she later"	"Indira Allegra Indira Allegra is an American artist and writer based in Oakland, California. Her work, which includes installation, sculpture, poetry, and performance art, explores tensions as they manifest internally and in response to political and emotional triggers. Indira Allegra was born in Detroit, Michigan and moved in the 1980s to Portland, Oregon. Allegra attended Portland Community College and studied Sign Language Interpretation, and later achieved a Bachelor of Fine Arts from the California College of Arts in 2015. She and her work have appeared at SOMArts, SFMOMA, De Young Museum, Center for Craft and Design, New York Queer Experimental"	"Film Festival, International Black Women’s Film Festival, BBC, and SFJAZZ Poetry Festival. She has also published written work in several journals and anthologies, including ""Foglifter Magazine"", ""Red Indian Road West: Native American Poetry from California"", ""Writing the Walls Down: A Convergence of LGBTQ Voices"", and ""Sovereign Erotics: A Collection of Two-Spirit Literature"". Indira Allegra Indira Allegra is an American artist and writer based in Oakland, California. Her work, which includes installation, sculpture, poetry, and performance art, explores tensions as they manifest internally and in response to political and emotional triggers. Indira Allegra was born in Detroit, Michigan and moved in"	"machine production; Alvin Lustig, an architect, printer, educator, who refused to specialize; Imre Reiner, an anti-Modernist typographer in Switzerland who rebelled against ""objectivity""; Sister Corita Kent, a Southern California nun and printmaker who, in the 1960s, seized upon the idea of using the language of pop culture to speak to her local audience about spirituality, subverting, and appropriating to communicate; and Edward Fella, who mutated out of ""commercial art"" by working on problems only as he defined them and his commitment to anti-mastery. ""Her thoroughly informed and deeply sympathetic understanding of the nature of art and design has brought her"	"Vita Nuova"" was selected for The Best American Short Stories 2011 and was broadcast on Public Radio International's Selected Shorts in February 2012. Goodman and Karger live in Cambridge, Massachusetts, where Karger is a professor in computer science at MIT. They have four children, three boys and a girl. Allegra Goodman Allegra Goodman (born 1967) is an American author based in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Her most recent novel, ""The Chalk Artist"", was published in 2017. Goodman wrote and illustrated her first novel at the age of seven. Goodman was born in Brooklyn, NY, and raised in Hawaii. The daughter of Lenn"	"Annette Corcoran Annette Corcoran (born 1930) is an American artist who was born in Inglewood, California. She earned a B.A. from the University of California, Berkeley in 1952, and continued post-graduate studies at California State University, Long Beach, California Polytechnic State University, Saddleback College, and the College of Marin. She worked as a graphic artist for 15 years before turning to ceramics. She then spent 25 years making ceramic teapots. Although originally functional, they evolved into non-functional works of art. ""Anhinga"", in the collection of the Honolulu Museum of Art, is typical of her teapots, which usually incorporate birds into"	"Grass, and soon to the Henry Art Gallery in Seattle, Washington. Helguera's work has been described as ""socially engaged"", creating works engaging communities in local or global issues. He is currently the director of adult and academic programs at the New York Museum of Modern Art. Pablo Helguera Pablo Helguera (born April 25, 1971, Mexico City) is an artist, performer, author, and Director of Adult and Academic Programs at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City. Following his BFA degree at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago and employment with the Museum of Contemporary Art of"	"The Fabric Workshop and Museum in 2009. She graduated in 2015 with a Master of Fine Arts in Visual Art from the University of California, San Diego. 2017 2016 2015 Angela Washko Angela Washko (born 1986) is a New York-based new media artist and facilitator who works to mobilize communities and creates new forums for discussions of feminism where they do not exist. She is currently a Visiting Assistant Professor of Art at Carnegie Mellon University. Washko has been creating performances inside the online video game World of Warcraft since 2012 in which she initiates discussions about feminism within the"	"and Kent School in Kent, Connecticut in the United States. She earned her BA in Drama & Music in 1996 from the Royal Holloway, University of London. She was awarded an honorary doctorate by Royal Holloway in 2011. Her debut album was named ""Eye to the Telescope"" - the name was inspired by her childhood experiences at her father's physics laboratory at University of St Andrews. Released in 2004, this album launched her music career. That album inspired her nomination for the Mercury Prize in 2005, BRIT Award for Best British Live Act and BRIT Award for Best Breakthrough Act"	"Yoga Studio, The Kane School of Core Integration, and other schools, as well as anatomy and injury prevention classes for yoga, dance, and Pilates in New York and nationally. She teaches anatomy at the Center for Cartoon Studies and in the dance department of Marymount Manhattan College, and has taught at Bard College, and NYU. Kriota Willberg Kriota Willberg is a cartoonist and visual artist who draws from decades of experience as a massage therapist and educator in health sciences and the arts. She is the author of ""Draw Stronger: Self-Care For Cartoonists & Other Visual Artists"", a comprehensive guide"	"serigraphs, using as many as 200 separate color plates and heavy, acid free archival papers. Melanie Taylor Kent Melanie Taylor Kent is an American artist. Born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, she was raised and has spent most of her life in Southern California. She won her first National Art Competition at age 12. She graduated from the UCLA School of Art and taught art in the Los Angeles City Schools. In 1980 she started her own publishing company and has published a series of art chronicling America by depicting famous streets and famous events. Her artwork has been licensed to Warner"	"part in the projects Flesh World, (w)hole, T.N.B., and Karaoke Motel by creating video content. Kasra joined the Collage Ensemble in 2005, “a Los Angeles Arts Collective of inter-disciplinary artists collaborating on multi-media artwork related to urban life and inter-ethnic experiences.” Collage Ensemble Inc. lasted from 1984 to 2012. According to Kasra, inter.sect art collective is “a group of digital artists who used new media platforms to explore digital exhibition spaces outside the traditional gallery model.” The collective was founded and is directed by Christi Nielsen. In 2011 Kasra served as the Art Gallery Chair for ACM SIGGRAPH. For this,"	"Sarah Kent Sarah Kent (born 1947) is a British art critic, formerly art editor of the weekly London 'what's on' guide ""Time Out"". She was an early supporter of the Young British Artists in general, and Tracey Emin in particular, helping her to get early exposure. This has led to polarised reactions of praise and opposition for Kent. She adopts a feminist stance and has stated her position to be that of ""a spokesperson, especially for women artists, in a country that is essentially hostile to contemporary art."" Kent studied painting at the Slade School of Art and worked as"	"MA at the University of Southern California in Art History in 1951. Between 1938 and 1968 Kent lived and worked in the Immaculate Heart Community. She taught in the Immaculate Heart College and became the chair of its art department in 1964. Her classes at Immaculate Heart were an avant-garde mecca for prominent, ground-breaking artists and inventors, such as Alfred Hitchcock, John Cage, Saul Bass, Buckminster Fuller and Charles & Ray Eames. Kent credited Charles Eames, Buckminster Fuller, and art historian Dr. Alois Schardt for their important roles in her intellectual and artistic growth. By the early 1950s, she had"	"Anglia. In addition, she is artistic adviser to the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art and on the council of the Royal Society of Literature. Central topics in her work are the efforts of individuals, particularly women: pursuing quests, seeking change, breaking boundaries, and constructing or challenging gender roles. A central technique is the revisioning of actual or imaginary lives from the past, sometimes remote in place as well as in time. There is a further recurring theme in her work: displacement. In her plays, characters are often removed from the familiarity of home and are forced to live in new"	"Applegate, Carmen Electra, and special guests Gwen Stefani, Christina Aguilera, Brittany Murphy, Nikka Costa, and Charlize Theron. Other stage productions include And the Curtain Rises at the Signature Theater; the winner of the New York's Fringe Festival, Catch The Fish; Twelfth Premise (LA Times Critics Pick); the Los Angeles Premiere of Terrence McNally's Corpus Christi (Ticketholder Award, Best Production; Ticketholder Award, Best Director; Robby Award, Best Director of a Play); Crane, Mississippi (LA Times Critic's Choice,[Backstage West Critic's Pick). Hanggi is working alongside Amy Heckerling to develop Heckerling's 1995 film Clueless into a musical for the stage. Hanggi graduated with"	"refined his role as an educator with engagement by the Museum of Modern Art. Helguera has been the recipient of numerous awards for his art and his ideas concerning social practice art, including the Guggenheim Foundation, the Rockefeller Foundation/Fideicomiso para la Cultura Mexico, Creative Capital, a Franklin Furnace Fellowship and most recently a Blade of Grass Award from the Rubin Museum in New York. Pablo Helguera is represented by Kent Fine Art in New York. Helguera began exhibiting as an artist in Mexico City in 1998, and for the first time in New York at the Bronx Museum of Art"	"projects and arts non-profits. The grantLOVE project has supported arts organizations as diverse as the Heart of Los Angeles (Visual Arts) in Los Angeles and Union for Contemporary Art in Omaha, NE. Alexandra Grant Alexandra Grant (born 1973 in Fairview Park, Ohio) is a Los Angeles-based artist, who uses language and exchanges with writers as a source for imagery in sculpture, painting, drawing, and video. Grant graduated from Swarthmore College with a BA in 1994, and from California College of the Arts with a MFA in 2000. Grant’s first solo exhibition at a museum was in 2007, organized by curator"	"and honors along with awards in Advertising and Creative Excellence. Kat began his career in fashion photography, portraits, commercial advertising and has shifted in 2009 to Contemporary Art and Fine-art photography. A Researcher and a photographer, Kat is best known for his explorations of culture and heritage as well as landscape and spiritual transformations. In 2013, the artist has introduced a new technique in contemporary Art classified as a Post medium condition, It is a type of “digital Collage” Kat calls it ""Mental Spaces"", The art work deals with capturing a given space and connects several images taken from various"	"community groups in her practice. Phillips draws much of her inspiration from Corita Kent (1918/1986), a pioneering artist, educator and activist famous for her reinterpretations of advertising slogans and imagery relevant to 1960s consumer culture. She is the founder of the artist collective ""Poster Club"" and her ongoing project titled ‘(Workshop 2010—)’ has been subject to various reiterations after its initial exhibit at ""The Showroom Gallery"" in London won her a nomination for the ""Turner Prize"" in 2014. A key aspect of Ciara Phillips' art practice is the compositional techniques that are devoid of traditional representational systems. In other words,"	"practice and community engagement as vital forms of contemporary art. In the Wall Street Journal review of their 2014 exhibition at Perrotin Gallery in New York, Carol Kino writes: “Kate Ericson and Mel Ziegler were ardent pioneers of the art now known as ""social practice.""” Mel Ziegler (artist) Mel Ziegler is an American artist (born 1956) whose artistic practice includes community art, integrated arts, public art. Ziegler began his undergraduate studies at the Rhode Island School of Design, later transferring to the Kansas City Art Institute. He earned an MFA from the California Institute of the Arts in Valencia in"	"Allegra Goodman Allegra Goodman (born 1967) is an American author based in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Her most recent novel, ""The Chalk Artist"", was published in 2017. Goodman wrote and illustrated her first novel at the age of seven. Goodman was born in Brooklyn, NY, and raised in Hawaii. The daughter of Lenn and Madeleine Goodman, she was brought up as a Conservative Jew. Her mother, who died in 1996, was a professor of genetics and women's studies, then assistant vice president at the University of Hawaii at Manoa for many years, before moving on to Vanderbilt University in the 1990s. Her"	"New York. Corita Kent Corita Kent (November 20, 1918 – September 18, 1986), born Frances Elizabeth Kent and also known as Sister Mary Corita Kent, was an American Roman Catholic religious sister, artist, and educator. She worked almost exclusively with silkscreen, also known as serigraphy, pushing back the limitations of the two-dimensional medium by the development of innovative methods. Kent's emphasis on printing was partially due to her wish for democratic outreach, as she wished for affordable art for the masses. Her artwork, with its messages of love and peace, was particularly popular during the social upheavals of the 1960s"	"Andrea Ackerman Andrea Ackerman is an American artist, theorist and writer best known for her New Media artworks. She lives and works in New York. At Yale Ackerman studied physics and biophysics; afterwards she graduated Harvard Medical School, with a concentration in Neuroscience, and trained and practiced as a psychiatrist and psychoanalyst. She has used digital technology since the mid 1990s in order to fabricate her work, which dabbles in the realms concerning technology, nature, aesthetics and ethics. She imbues objects with qualities not ordinarily occurring in nature, and in doing so fabricates a “synthetic” nature. Specific aspects of 2D"	"Andrea Ackerman Andrea Ackerman is an American artist, theorist and writer best known for her New Media artworks. She lives and works in New York. At Yale Ackerman studied physics and biophysics; afterwards she graduated Harvard Medical School, with a concentration in Neuroscience, and trained and practiced as a psychiatrist and psychoanalyst. She has used digital technology since the mid 1990s in order to fabricate her work, which dabbles in the realms concerning technology, nature, aesthetics and ethics. She imbues objects with qualities not ordinarily occurring in nature, and in doing so fabricates a “synthetic” nature. Specific aspects of 2D"	"Corita Kent Corita Kent (November 20, 1918 – September 18, 1986), born Frances Elizabeth Kent and also known as Sister Mary Corita Kent, was an American Roman Catholic religious sister, artist, and educator. She worked almost exclusively with silkscreen, also known as serigraphy, pushing back the limitations of the two-dimensional medium by the development of innovative methods. Kent's emphasis on printing was partially due to her wish for democratic outreach, as she wished for affordable art for the masses. Her artwork, with its messages of love and peace, was particularly popular during the social upheavals of the 1960s and 1970s."	"Angela Washko Angela Washko (born 1986) is a New York-based new media artist and facilitator who works to mobilize communities and creates new forums for discussions of feminism where they do not exist. She is currently a Visiting Assistant Professor of Art at Carnegie Mellon University. Washko has been creating performances inside the online video game World of Warcraft since 2012 in which she initiates discussions about feminism within the gameplay. She's the founder of the Council on Gender Sensitivity and Behavioral Awareness in World of Warcraft to bring attention to and protest the sexist language from players in the"	"Allegra Fuller Snyder Allegra Fuller Snyder is a dance ethnologist (ethnochoreologist), choreographer, professor and author specializing on dance and culture. Her research focuses on dances among Native American tribes particularly the Yaqui, and on dance among several ethnic groups in Africa and Asia. She is Professor Emerita of dance ethnology from the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA). Snyder is the daughter of noted architect and inventor Buckminster Fuller and his wife Anne Hewlett. Snyder pioneered the field of Dance Ethnography, and defines a dance ethnologist as ""...one who is concerned with studying the process of dance in culture."""	"Ilka White Ilka Jane White is an Australian artist. Her practice spans projects in textiles, drawing, sculpture and installation, art-in-community and cross disciplinary collaboration. Direct engagement with the natural world is central to White’s making process. Her current work explores relationships between the mind, body, time and place, and questions the separation of these elements. White was born in the rural Victorian town of Maryborough and grew up in the Shire of Central Goldfields with a steady stream of musicians, artists and makers dropping into the family home. White went on to study fashion design so she could become a"	"Melanie Taylor Kent Melanie Taylor Kent is an American artist. Born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, she was raised and has spent most of her life in Southern California. She won her first National Art Competition at age 12. She graduated from the UCLA School of Art and taught art in the Los Angeles City Schools. In 1980 she started her own publishing company and has published a series of art chronicling America by depicting famous streets and famous events. Her artwork has been licensed to Warner Bros., The Walt Disney Corporation and Hanna-Barbera. Kent's serigraphs are noted for the personalities that"	"Art Docent Matter Inc., the Franklin Furnace Fund for Performance Art, the National Endowment for the Arts, and New York Foundation for the Arts. She also received a Foundation for Contemporary Arts Grants to Artists award (2017). Andrea Fraser Andrea Fraser (born 1965) is a performance artist, mainly known for her work in the area of institutional critique. Fraser is based in New York and Los Angeles and is currently a new genres professor of the Art Department faculty at the University of California, Los Angeles. Fraser was born in Billings, Montana and grew up in Berkeley, California. She attended"	"was the first scholarly work at the University of São Paulo presented as a series of serigraphs. Similarly, her 1982 doctoral thesis consisting of 13 lithographs was the first non-verbal dissertation presented in her department. Diminishing health made Katz give up printmaking, shifting her focus to watercolors. ""Since engraving demands physical strength, with time it became increasingly hard to work with it"", she claimed. Renina Katz Renina Katz Pedreira (born 1925, Rio de Janeiro), known as Regina Katz, is a Brazilian engraver, printmaker, and watercolorist. Together with Edith Behring and Fayga Ostrower, she is part of the generation of Brazilian"	"Martha Clarke Martha Clarke (born June 3, 1944) is an American theater director and choreographer noted for her multidisciplinary approach to theatre, dance, and opera productions. She is the creator of plotless, dreamlike works that are perhaps described by the term ""moving paintings. Her work frequently emphasizes striking visual tableaux, often directly inspired by visual art, especially painting. Though dance is the primary basis of Clarke's training, she has maintained a career which spans and melds dance, theater, the visual arts, and opera. Probably her best-known original work is ""The Garden of Earthly Delights"" (1984), an exploration in theatre, dance,"
Who had a 70s No 1 hit with Billy, Don't Be A Hero?	"Billy Don't Be a Hero ""Billy Don't Be a Hero"" is a 1974 pop song that was first a UK hit for Paper Lace and then, some months later, a US hit for Bo Donaldson and The Heywoods. The song was written and composed by two British songwriters, Mitch Murray and Peter Callander. Because the song was released in 1974, it was associated by some listeners with the Vietnam War, though the war to which it actually refers is never identified in the lyrics. It has been suggested that the drum pattern, references to a marching band leading soldiers in"	"Bo Donaldson and The Heywoods Bo Donaldson and The Heywoods are an American pop music group, known mainly for their 1970s hit singles, ""Billy Don't Be A Hero"" and ""Who Do You Think You Are"". The band was formed in Cincinnati, Ohio in 1965 by their leader, Robert Walter ""Bo"" Donaldson. They were first discovered while touring with The Osmonds in the early 1970s and signed with Family Productions, releasing their first single in 1972, ""Special Someone,"" but their big break came after moving to ABC Records and working with the record producer Steve Barri in 1973. Although their first"	"which to this day remains unreleased. Ultimately the group left the label and joined Capitol Records, where they recorded songs by Nicky Chinn and Mike Chapman, the writing/producing team behind the UK act The Sweet. Lead singer and trumpeter Mike Gibbons died on 2 April 2016. Bo Donaldson and The Heywoods Bo Donaldson and The Heywoods are an American pop music group, known mainly for their 1970s hit singles, ""Billy Don't Be A Hero"" and ""Who Do You Think You Are"". The band was formed in Cincinnati, Ohio in 1965 by their leader, Robert Walter ""Bo"" Donaldson. They were first"	"""Dear Mom and Dad"". Into the 1970s, as the Vietnam War continued, hit ballads of youth and death included B. J. Thomas' ""Billy and Sue"" (1972) and Terry Jacks' No. 1 hit ""Seasons in the Sun"" (1974), their protagonists of indeterminate age, or slightly older than teens. A song that was thought to have referenced the Civil War was Paper Lace's 1974 hit ""Billy Don't Be a Hero,"" made a bigger hit in the U.S. by Bo Donaldson and the Heywoods. Hard-rock acts recorded vehicular death scenarios such as ""D.O.A."" (Bloodrock, 1971), ""Detroit Rock City"" (Kiss, 1976) and ""Bat Out"	"single with ABC, ""Deeper and Deeper,"" failed to make a big impression on the charts, beginning in 1974, the band began a string of hit songs. Their first two (and largest two) hits were cover versions of British hit songs whose original versions had not been hits in the U.S.: ""Billy Don't Be A Hero"" (a cover of a #1 UK Paper Lace song that reached #1 for 2 weeks on the Hot 100 with the Heywoods's version) and ""Who Do You Think You Are"" (written by Clive Scott & Des Dyer of Jigsaw, which originally became a hit for"	"""High Fidelity"". The song is also featured in a Season 1 episode of ""That '70s Show"". ""The Night Chicago Died"" was Paper Lace's follow-up single to ""Billy Don't Be a Hero"", a #1 hit in the U.K. but virtually unheard in the U.S. where Bo Donaldson and the Heywoods' cover reached #1. Callander and Murray wrote both songs. The U.S. single received a Gold certification from the Recording Industry Association of America, signifying sales of at least one million copies. Though the song's story is set in the United States, Paper Lace were unable to perform the song live in"	"Phil Wright's Original 70s Paper Lace) the band initially questioned appearing. However, with the show having weekly viewing figures of 7 million, they concluded that going on the programme was a ""no brainer"", and the band won Opportunity Knocks for five consecutive weeks. Based on Opportunity Knocks' performances, songwriters (Mitch Murray and Peter Callander) offered the band ""Billy Don't Be a Hero"", with the possibility of more songs if it took off. Billy Don't Be a Hero would spend three weeks at Number 1 on the UK Singles Chart in March 1974, with a total of 14 weeks on the"	"chart. It was followed by another Murray/Callander composition, the story song ""The Night Chicago Died"" which reached Number 3 and spent 11 weeks on the charts. A third Murray/Callander-penned release, ""The Black-Eyed Boys"", took Paper Lace to number 11 in late 1974 and number 37 in Canada. With their subject matter assumed in America to be about the American Civil War, it was logical that ""Billy Don't Be a Hero"" should become a hit in the United States. However, Bo Donaldson and the Heywoods were the first to release the song in the United States, and Paper Lace had to"	"single of all time, confirmed by the Guinness Records. The early seventies also marked the deaths of rock legends Jim Morrison, Janis Joplin, Jimi Hendrix, gospel great Mahalia Jackson and Cass Elliot of the Mamas and the Papas. The decade also saw the plane crash in 1977 in which three members of Lynyrd Skynyrd were killed. Elton John became the decade's biggest solo pop star, releasing diverse styles of music that ranged from ballads to arena rock; some his most popular songs included ""Crocodile Rock"", ""Goodbye Yellow Brick Road"", ""Bennie and the Jets"", ""Philadelphia Freedom"" and ""Don't Go Breaking My"	"I Don't Want to Be a Hero ""I Don't Want to be a Hero"" is a 1987 song by the British band Johnny Hates Jazz. It reached #11 in the UK top 40 in August 1987 spending 10 weeks on the chart. It is taken from their #1 album ""Turn Back the Clock"". The song was written by the band's lead singer and main songwriter, Clark Datchler. It has a strong anti-war sentiment and is written from the perspective of a soldier who is questioning their participation in what they consider an unjust war. The band's American record company were"	"Two Bonus tracks (2001 re-issue): I'm No Hero I'm No Hero is a 1980 album by Cliff Richard. It featured the singles ""Dreamin'"" and ""A Little in Love"", which were top 20 hits in both the UK and the US. Following the success of his 1979 single ""We Don't Talk Anymore"" which was written and arranged by Alan Tarney, the record company were keen to use his services again. For the follow-up album in 1980, he was employed as producer for the entire album. This gave ""I'm No Hero"" a cohesive sound but was criticised at the time for being"	"and Mina. Murray also wrote ""My Brother"" which became a children's favourite when recorded by Terry Scott. Later Murray and Callander formed their own record label, Bus Stop, through which they launched the career of Paper Lace. Their first two singles, released in 1974, were both written by Murray and Callander, ""Billy Don't Be a Hero"" (No. 1 UK, with a cover version by Bo Donaldson and The Heywoods reaching Number 1 in the US), and ""The Night Chicago Died"" (Number 1 US). Another song Murray was involved in was ""Sing Me"", a UK Top Ten hit for one-hit wonders,"	"I'm No Hero I'm No Hero is a 1980 album by Cliff Richard. It featured the singles ""Dreamin'"" and ""A Little in Love"", which were top 20 hits in both the UK and the US. Following the success of his 1979 single ""We Don't Talk Anymore"" which was written and arranged by Alan Tarney, the record company were keen to use his services again. For the follow-up album in 1980, he was employed as producer for the entire album. This gave ""I'm No Hero"" a cohesive sound but was criticised at the time for being too unadventurous. The songs on"	"Records (1973–1975). The CD contains all their charted singles and, in fact, includes 9 of the 11 songs featured on the 1974 LP ""Billy Don't Be a Hero"" (#97 on the Hot 200). The CD booklet includes liner notes written by Gordon Pogoda and the CD features such highlights as ""Who Do You Think You Are"", ""The House on Telegraph Hill"", and ""The Heartbreak Kid"". In 1975, the band was working on a second album of material for ABC including ""Our Last Song Together"", released as a single (and which made the pop charts), and ""Take Me Make Me Yours"","	"is known in the industry—a condescending term—as a one-hit wonder. But sometimes, just sometimes, once in a while, a one-hit wonder can make a more powerful impact than a recording star who's got 20 or 30 hits behind him. And Billy's hit song was called ""Red Hot,"" and it was red hot. It could blast you out of your skull and make you feel happy about it. Change your life. Billy Lee Riley Billy Lee Riley (October 5, 1933 – August 2, 2009) was an American rockabilly musician, singer-songwriter, and record producer. His most memorable recordings include ""Rock With Me"	"Don't Worry, Be Happy ""Don't Worry, Be Happy"" is a popular worldwide hit song by musician Bobby McFerrin. Released in September 1988, it became the first ""a cappella"" song to reach number one on the ""Billboard"" Hot 100 chart, a position it held for two weeks. The Indian mystic and sage Meher Baba (1894–1969) often used the expression ""Don't worry, be happy"" when cabling his followers in the West. In the 1960s, the expression was printed up on inspirational cards and posters of the era. In 1988, McFerrin noticed a similar poster in the apartment of the jazz duo Tuck"	"Candlewick Green and reached #15 on the Hot 100 with the Heywoods's version). This was followed by their last top-40 hit, ""The Heartbreak Kid"" (#39 Hot 100), and their ominously titled last Hot 100 hit, ""Our Last Song Together"" (#95 on the Hot 100, the last song written by the Sedaka-Greenfield tandem before its breakup). ""Billy Don't Be A Hero"" sold over three and a half million copies, receiving a gold disc by the R.I.A.A. in June 1974. Despite the song's popularity, many people disliked it, and it was voted #8 on ""Rolling Stone"" magazine's readers' poll of ""10 Worst"	"treatise on the subject ever produced."" Award winning documentarian Alan Swyer has directed a documentary on Billy Vera, also titled ""Harlem to Hollywood"" due out this year. Billy Vera Billy Vera (born William Patrick McCord; May 28, 1944) is an American singer, songwriter, actor, author and music historian. He has been a singer and songwriter since the 1960s, his most successful record being ""At This Moment"", a US number 1 hit in 1987. He continues to perform with his group Billy Vera & The Beaters, and won a Grammy Award in 2013. Vera was born in Riverside, California, and is"	"#1 hit ""The Tears of a Clown"". Baby, Baby Don't Cry ""Baby, Baby Don't Cry"", released in December 1968, is a single recorded by The Miracles for Motown Records' Tamla label. The composition was written by Miracles lead singer Smokey Robinson, Motown staff writers Al Cleveland and Terry Johnson, a former member of The Flamingos. Robinson, Johnson, and Miracles member Warren ""Pete"" Moore were the song's producers. ""Baby Baby Don't Cry"" was a top 10 pop hit for The Miracles, peaking at number eight on the ""Billboard"" Hot 100 in the United States, and at a Top 10 R&B hit"	"Billy Vera Billy Vera (born William Patrick McCord; May 28, 1944) is an American singer, songwriter, actor, author and music historian. He has been a singer and songwriter since the 1960s, his most successful record being ""At This Moment"", a US number 1 hit in 1987. He continues to perform with his group Billy Vera & The Beaters, and won a Grammy Award in 2013. Vera was born in Riverside, California, and is the son of the radio and television announcer Bill McCord. His mother, singer Ann Ryan, was a member of the Ray Charles Singers backing Perry Como on"	"Al Lewis (lyricist) Al Lewis (April 18, 1901April 4, 1967) was an American lyricist, songwriter and music publisher. He is thought of mostly as a Tin Pan Alley era lyricist; however, he did write music on occasion as well. Professionally he was most active during the 1920s working into the 1950s. During this time, he most often collaborated with popular songwriters Al Sherman and Abner Silver. Among his most famous songs are ""Blueberry Hill"" and ""You Gotta Be a Football Hero"". Between 1931 and 1934, during the last days of Vaudeville, Lewis and several other hitmakers of the day performed"	"as a 7"". King Heroin ""King Heroin"" is an anti-drug song by James Brown, David Matthews, Manny Rosen and Charles Bobbit. Brown recorded this poem set to music at a studio in New York with session musicians in January 1972 and released it as a single in March. It was his fifth single for Polydor Records and reached number six on the U.S. Hot Soul Singles chart and number forty on the ""Billboard"" Hot 100 in the spring. The song was included on Brown's 1972 album ""There It Is"". The poem was originally written by Rosen, who worked at the"	"Billy Paul Paul Williams (December 1, 1934 – April 24, 2016), known professionally as Billy Paul, was a Grammy Award-winning American soul singer, known for his 1972 #1 single, ""Me and Mrs. Jones"", as well as the 1973 album and single ""War of the Gods"" which blends his more conventional pop, soul, and funk styles with electronic and psychedelic influences. He was one of the many artists associated with the Philadelphia soul sound created by Kenny Gamble, Leon Huff, and Thom Bell. Paul was identified by his diverse vocal style which ranged from mellow and soulful to low and raspy."	"Don Covay Donald James Randolph (March 24, 1936 – January 31, 2015), better known by the stage name Don Covay, was an American R&B, rock and roll and soul singer and songwriter most active from the 1950s to the 1970s. His most successful recordings include ""Mercy, Mercy"" (1964), ""See-Saw"" (1965), and ""It's Better to Have (and Don't Need)"" (1974). He also wrote ""Pony Time"", a US number 1 hit for Chubby Checker, and ""Chain of Fools"", a Grammy-winning song for Aretha Franklin. He received a Pioneer Award from the Rhythm and Blues Foundation in 1994. Writing in the ""Washington Post"""	"Ned Miller Henry Ned Miller (April 12, 1925 – March 18, 2016) was an American country music singer-songwriter. Active as a recording artist from 1956 to 1970, he is known primarily for his hit single, ""From a Jack to a King"", a crossover hit in 1962 which reached Top 10 on the country music, adult contemporary, and ""Billboard"" Hot 100 charts. He had several more chart singles in his career, although none matched the success of ""From a Jack to a King"". He composed and recorded ""Invisible Tears"". Miller's start as a songwriter came when he was sixteen years old."	"Bobby Goldsboro Bobby Goldsboro (born January 18, 1941) is an American pop and country singer-songwriter. He had a string of pop and country hits in the 1960s and 1970s, including his signature No. 1 hit ""Honey"", which sold over one million copies in the United States. Goldsboro was born in Marianna, Florida. During his first year of life, his family moved north from Marianna to Dothan, Alabama. He graduated from Dothan High School in 1959 and later enrolled at Auburn University. Goldsboro left college after his second year to pursue a musical career. He played guitar for Roy Orbison from"	"Mel Tillis Lonnie Melvin Tillis (August 8, 1932 – November 19, 2017) was an American country music singer and songwriter. Although he recorded songs since the late 1950s, his biggest success occurred in the 1970s, with a long list of Top 10 hits. Tillis' biggest hits include ""I Ain't Never"", ""Good Woman Blues"", and ""Coca-Cola Cowboy"". On February 13, 2012, President Barack Obama awarded Tillis the National Medal of Arts for his contributions to country music. He also won the Country Music Association Awards' most coveted award, Entertainer of the Year. Additionally, he was known for his speech impediment, which"	"thwarted after the group's 1969 song ""Baby Baby Don't Cry"" hit the ""Billboard"" Pop Top 10, and when the Miracles' 1967 song, ""The Tears of a Clown"",(their ""fourth Grammy Hall of Fame-""inducted hit) was released as a single in 1970, it became a number-one hit in the UK. It was subsequently released in the U.S., where it duplicated its U.K. success, reaching number 1 on the """"Billboard"" Hot 100 Pop Chart"" and selling over 3 million copies. As a result, the Miracles became hotter than ever, and Robinson decided to stay with the group for another two years. In 1970,"	"A House Is Not a Home (song) ""A House Is Not a Home"" is a 1964 ballad recorded by American singer Dionne Warwick, and written by the team of Burt Bacharach and Hal David for the 1964 film of the same name, starring Shelley Winters and Robert Taylor. The song was a modest hit in the United States for Warwick, peaking at #71 on the pop singles chart as the B-side of the top 40 single, ""You'll Never Get to Heaven (If You Break My Heart)"". Another version of the song, by Brook Benton, which was the version that appeared"	"""Heroes"" (David Bowie song) ""Heroes"" is a song by English musician David Bowie. It was co-written by Bowie and Brian Eno, produced by Bowie and Tony Visconti, and recorded in July and August 1977 at Hansa Studio by the Wall. It was released on 23 September 1977 as the lead single from his 12th studio album of the same name, backed with the song ""V-2 Schneider"". A product of Bowie's ""Berlin"" period, the track was not a huge hit in the United Kingdom or United States after its release, but it has since become one of his signature songs. In"	"You Don't Have to Be a Star (To Be in My Show) ""You Don't Have to Be a Star (To Be in My Show)"" is a song by the husband/wife duo of Marilyn McCoo and Billy Davis, Jr., former members of the vocal group The 5th Dimension. Released from their album, ""I Hope We Get to Love in Time"", it became a crossover success, spending six months on the charts and soaring to number one on both the ""Billboard"" Hot 100 and Hot Soul Singles charts during late 1976 and early 1977. The song also reached #6 on Billboard's Easy"	"them repeatedly at block parties and dance clubs. At the end of the 1970s, popular songs like ""Rapper's Delight"" by Sugarhill Gang gave hip hop a wider audience. Hip hop was also influenced by the song ""The Revolution Will Not Be Televised"" by Gil Scott-Heron. Country music also continued to increase in popularity in the 1970s. Between 1977 and 1979, it became more mainstream, particularly with the outlaw movement, led by Waylon Jennings and Willie Nelson. Other artists; such as Conway Twitty, Loretta Lynn, Don Williams, Kenny Rogers, Dolly Parton, the Allman Brothers Band, Ronnie Milsap, Crystal Gayle, and Barbara"	"Roger Daltrey Roger Harry Daltrey (born 1 March 1944) is an English singer, occasional songwriter and actor. In a career spanning more than 50 years, Daltrey came to prominence in the mid-1960s as the founder and lead singer of the rock band The Who, which released 14 singles that entered the Top 10 charts in the United Kingdom during the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s, including ""I Can't Explain"", ""My Generation"", ""Substitute"", ""I'm a Boy"", ""Happy Jack"", ""Pictures of Lily"", ""Pinball Wizard"", ""Won't Get Fooled Again"", and ""You Better You Bet"". Daltrey began his solo career in 1973, while still a"
Banting and Best pioneered the use of what?	"Banting and Best Centre for Innovation and Entrepreneurship The Banting and Best Centre for Innovation and Entrepreneurship is an initiative of the University of Toronto which facilitates business mentorship and the development of commercially viable innovations. The goal of the Centre is to foster start-up companies by supporting new ideas as they are developed and then during the incubation phase on through commercialization. The centre was launched in September, 2012, in the Banting and Best buildings on College Street, Toronto. The 50,000 square foot Centre was named after Frederick Banting and Charles Best, co-discoverers of insulin, a treatment for diabetes"	"these and relieve glycosuria."" In the spring of 1921, Banting traveled to Toronto to explain his idea to J.J.R. Macleod, Professor of Physiology at the University of Toronto. Macleod was initially skeptical, since Banting had no background in research and was not familiar with the latest literature, but he agreed to provide lab space for Banting to test out his ideas. Macleod also arranged for two undergraduates to be Banting's lab assistants that summer, but Banting required only one lab assistant. Charles Best and Clark Noble flipped a coin; Best won the coin toss and took the first shift. This"	"time, as he would say later, that he began to ""use his head"". He then moved to Sutter County, California to work with his brother, Henry Best, on his ranch, where he discovered his calling as an inventor. Over a period of 43 years, Daniel Best received 41 patents, ranging from an improved washing machine to combine harvesters. His first invention, patented April 25, 1871, was a portable grain cleaner and separator. Prior to this, farmers had to haul their grain to town to have it cleaned and separated. Now the cleaner and separator could be brought to the grain."	"another dog, whose pancreas had been surgically removed. On his return, Macleod was surprised and expressed doubt about the results. Banting took this as an attack on his integrity. They argued bitterly, but Banting finally accepted Macleod's instruction that further experiments were needed, and he even convinced Macleod to provide better working conditions and to give him and Best a salary. Further experiments were successful and the three started to present their work at meetings. Macleod was a far better orator, and Banting came to believe that he wanted to take all the credit. Their discovery was first published in"	"proved unfortunate for Noble, as Banting kept Best for the entire summer and eventually shared half his Nobel Prize money and credit for the discovery with Best. On 30 July 1921, Banting and Best successfully isolated an extract (""isleton"") from the islets of a duct-tied dog and injected it into a diabetic dog, finding that the extract reduced its blood sugar by 40% in 1 hour. Banting and Best presented their results to Macleod on his return to Toronto in the fall of 1921, but Macleod pointed out flaws with the experimental design, and suggested the experiments be repeated with"	"This invention won first prize at the California State Fair in 1871. While continuing to produce grain cleaners, Daniel began experimenting with the idea of combining grain harvesting, threshing and cleaning in one machine. He was successful in 1885 when he sold his first horse-powered combined harvester. This new addition to his product line gave him the means to move onto the next major invention. It was actually an improvement on an existing design, but is one of his better known inventions. Daniel Best, as with most industrialists, was always looking to improve, simplify, or create pieces of equipment that"	"role in regulating blood glucose concentration. Even though Banting had virtually no experience of physiology, he managed to convince Macleod to lend him laboratory space during a vacation in Scotland that summer. In addition to the laboratory, Macleod provided experimental animals and his student Charles Herbert Best, who worked as a demonstrator. Macleod also advised on project planning and the use of analytical techniques, and assisted with the operation on the first dog. While Macleod was away, Banting and Best achieved a breakthrough: they isolated an internal secretion of the pancreas and succeeded in reducing the blood sugar level of"	"the February 1922 issue of ""The Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine"". Macleod declined co-authorship because he considered it Banting's and Best's work. Despite their success, there remained the issue of how to get enough pancreas extract to continue the experiments. Together, the three researchers developed alcohol extraction, which proved to be far more efficient than other methods. This convinced Macleod to divert the whole laboratory to insulin research and to bring in the biochemist James Collip to help with purifying the extract. The first human clinical trial was unsuccessful. Banting was insufficiently qualified to participate and felt sidelined. By"	"of Innis College Council from 1965–1967, and he served on the Governing Council of the University of Toronto from 1972 to 1974. Sellers earned himself an international research reputation mainly through his work on cold adaptation, non-shivering thermogenesis and thyroid function. In 1978, he became the founding director of the Banting & Best Diabetes Centre. The Centre is an extra-departmental unit of the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Toronto and was named in honor of Banting and Best. Dr. Edward A. Sellers was a personal friend of Best. Edward A. Sellers Edward Alexander Sellers (born Canada - died"	"daughter of U.S. Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes. Banting and Macleod were jointly awarded the 1923 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Banting split his half of the Prize money with Best, and Macleod split the other half of the Prize money with James Collip. Banting was appointed Senior Demonstrator in Medicine at the University of Toronto in 1922. The following year he was elected to the new Banting and Best Chair of Medical Research, endowed by the Legislature of the Province of Ontario. He also served as Honorary Consulting Physician to the Toronto General, the Hospital for Sick"	"Best Manufacturing Company The Best Manufacturing Company (sometimes known as the ""Daniel Best Company"") of San Leandro, California was a manufacturer of farm machinery, known for its steam tractors. The company was formed in 1871 by Daniel Best. The company's initial product was a portable grain cleaner, soon followed by a combine harvester. In 1890, the company purchased the rights to manufacture the Remington steam engine, and produced a range of steam-driven farm machinery, including steam tractors and combine harvesters. The company was acquired by the Holt Manufacturing Company in 1908 after a legal battle. C. L. Best, the son"	"for this line of research. ""Encyclopædia Britannica""'s guide to Nobel Prizes in cancer research mentions Yamagiwa's work as a milestone without mentioning Fibiger. The 1923 prize was awarded to Frederick Banting and John Macleod ""for the discovery of insulin"". Banting clearly deserved the prize, however, the choice of Macleod as co-winner was controversial. Banting felt that Charles Best was the proper corecipient, while Macleod had merely given them lab space at the University of Toronto while Macleod was away for the summer. However, on his return, Macleod pointed out some flaws in their experimental design and gave them advice about"	"William Banting William Banting (""c."" December 1796 – 16 March 1878) was a notable English undertaker. Formerly obese, he is also known for being the first to popularise a weight loss diet based on limiting the intake of carbohydrates, especially those of a starchy or sugary nature. He undertook his dietary changes at the suggestion of Soho Square physician Dr. William Harvey, who in turn had learned of this type of diet, but in the context of diabetes management, from attending lectures in Paris by Claude Bernard. In the early 19th century, the family business of William Banting of St."	"Banting. Laboratory studies in pressure physiology began in the Banting and Best Institute, University of Toronto, where the first decompression chamber for human studies in Canada was set up. To expand the effort, in 1940, the No.1 Clinical Investigation Unit (No1 CIU) was formed at the former Eglinton Hunt Club at 1107 Avenue Road with the construction of a low-temperature low-pressure chamber to support research on human capabilities under extremes of cold and high altitude. This led to extensive activity in the development of oxygen and survival equipment for the Royal Canadian Air Force. The second significant experimental facility constructed"	"Fust and Peter Schöffer experimented with Gutenberg in Mainz. Compared to woodblock printing, movable type page-setting was quicker and more durable. The metal type pieces were more durable and the lettering was more uniform, leading to typography and fonts. The high quality and relatively low price of the Gutenberg Bible (1455) established the superiority of movable type, and printing presses rapidly spread across Europe, leading up to the Renaissance, and later all around the world. Today, practically all movable type printing ultimately derives from Gutenberg's movable type printing, which is often regarded as the most important invention of the second"	"was created in 1925 and provides funding to support health and biomedical research in Canada. Banting's name is immortalised in the yearly Banting Lectures, given by an expert in diabetes, and by the creation of the Banting and Best Department of Medical Research of the University of Toronto; Sir Frederick G Banting Research Centre located on Sir Frederick Banting Driveway in the Tunney's Pasture complex, Ottawa, ON; Banting Memorial High School in Alliston, ON; Sir Frederick Banting Secondary School in London, ON; Sir Frederick Banting Alternative Program Site in Ottawa, ON; Frederick Banting Elementary School in Montréal-Nord QC and École"	"join the research team. Collip's task was to prepare insulin in a more pure, usable form than Banting and Best had been able to achieve to date. In January 1922, after 14-year-old Leonard Thompson suffered a severe allergic reaction to an injection of insulin, Collip achieved the goal of preparing a pancreatic extract pure enough for him to recover and to use in clinical trials. Successful trials were soon completed and the future of insulin was assured. Banting, Best and Collip subsequently shared the patent for insulin, which they sold to the University of Toronto for one dollar. Regrettably, due"	"directions to work in. Banting's original method of isolating insulin required performing surgery on living dogs, which was too labor-intensive to produce insulin on a large scale. Best then set about finding a biochemical extraction method, while James Bertram Collip, a chemistry professor on sabbatical from the University of Alberta, joined Macleod's team and worked in parallel with Best. The two of them succeeded within days of each other. When Banting agreed to receive the prize, he decided to give half of his prize money to Best. Macleod, in turn, split his half of the prize money with Collip. Since"	"shells to the British government before 1790. Cast iron was used for guns before the invention of wrought iron, and the cast iron guns were subject to rigorous production controls and quality tests. On 27 July 1796 the partners signed an agreement with Matthew Boulton and James Watt to pay royalties on the two steam engines in use at the works, and to be allowed to make additional steam engines at the works, paying royalties. When Sir William Armstrong invented wrought-iron guns, some of the first coils he used were Bowling iron. Bowling iron, or Best Yorkshire, became well known"	"Daniel Best Daniel Best (March 20, 1838 in Tuscarawas County, Ohio – August 22, 1923 in Oakland, CA) was an American adventurer, inventor, and entrepreneur known for pioneering agriculture machinery and heavy machinery. In 1839, Daniel Best’s father, John, moved the family to Missouri. There he built a saw mill and proceeded to cut lumber for the local pioneers. The first nine years of Daniel's life were spent here, and is probably where he received his interest in logging and machines. In 1847, the family moved again to Lee County, Iowa. Here they took up farming and raised stock. In"	"Best, a Canadian politician and geneticist. He died on March 31, 1978 in Toronto, Ontario. Best is interred in Mount Pleasant Cemetery, Toronto (section 29) not far from Sir Frederick Banting. Best moved in 1915 to Toronto, Ontario, where he started studying towards a bachelor of arts degree at University College, University of Toronto. In 1918, he enlisted in the Canadian Army serving with the 2nd Canadian Tank Battalion. After the war, he completed his degree in physiology and biochemistry. As a 22-year-old medical student at the University of Toronto he worked as an assistant to the surgeon Dr. Frederick"	"1860s, mechanical cutting devices were developed; from these came the modern devices including mechanical mowers and balers. In 1872, a reaper that used a knotter device to bundle and bind hay was invented by Charles Withington; this was commercialized in 1874 by Cyrus McCormick. In 1936, Innes invented an automatic baler that tied bales with twine using Appleby-type knotters from a John Deere grain binder; In 1938 Edwin Nolt filed a patent for an improved version that was more reliable. The most common type of baler in industrialized countries today is the round baler. It produces cylinder-shaped ""round"" or ""rolled"""	"up to the saw by means of a pair of rollers. This predates William Bell's straw cutting machine. 1821: Emanuel Heaton, gun finisher, takes out a patent for a watertight pan for gun locks. 1823: Francis Deakin improves a method of stringing the piano by employing the screw and nut as opposed to the previously used wooden peg, thus allowing a greater tension and strength of wire. 1824: American inventor William Church patents a printing machine in his Birmingham works, which positions the paper sheets more accurately. He is a prolific inventor, taking out numerous patents for methods of button"	"Thomas & Betts Thomas & Betts is a designer and manufacturer of connectors and components for electrical and communication markets. Thomas and Betts was founded in 1898 by two young engineers from Princeton University, Robert M. Thomas and Hobart D. Betts. They formed an agency for selling conduit to electrical distributors during a time when incandescent electric lighting was first introduced to New York City. Thomas & Betts is notable as the inventor of cable ties in 1958 to facilitate assembling wire harnesses in airplanes. It has recently expanded its product offerings through the acquisition of leading brands in the"	"He was finally persuaded to accept it but gave half of his prize money to Best. Macleod in turn gave half of his to Collip. In 1972 the Nobel Foundation officially conceded that omitting Best was a mistake. A second controversial aspect of the award was the fact that eight months before Banting's and Best's paper, the Romanian physiologist Nicolae Paulescu had reported the discovery of a pancreas extract that he dubbed ""pancrein"", which lowered blood glucose concentration. Banting and Best even cited him in their paper, but misinterpreted his findings, purportedly because of an error in translation from French."	"the germ theory of disease. However, Semmelweis' findings were not appreciated by his contemporaries and handwashing came into use only with discoveries by British surgeon Joseph Lister, who in 1865 proved the principles of antisepsis. Lister's work was based on the important findings by French biologist Louis Pasteur. Pasteur was able to link microorganisms with disease, revolutionizing medicine. He also devised one of the most important methods in preventive medicine, when in 1880 he produced a vaccine against rabies. Pasteur invented the process of pasteurization, to help prevent the spread of disease through milk and other foods. Perhaps the most"	"to disagreements between Banting and MacLeod, there was ill-will generated within the team. The Nobel Prize for Medicine was awarded to Banting and MacLeod in 1923. Feeling that Best had been overlooked in the award, Banting shared his portion with Best. In response, MacLeod shared his portion with Collip. Nonetheless, Collip (and Best) have been largely forgotten as co-discoverers of insulin. Following this early success, Collip returned to Edmonton to take up a position as Head of the new Department of Biochemistry, and to pursue his own studies on hormone research. In 1928 he was recruited to McGill University in"	"& Saatchi and Bates Worldwide, and Bates became the primary subsidiary firm of a newly formed holding company, Cordiant Communications Group. In 2003, Cordiant was purchased by WPP Group. Ted Bates' creative partner was advertising maverick Rosser Reeves, who invented the TV commercial, crafted one of the most popular brand slogans of all time (M&M's ""melt in your mouth, not in your hand""), wrote the first bestselling book on advertising, ""Reality in Advertising,"" and created the famous unique selling proposition (or USP) that is still used by marketers today. To quote David Ogilvy, founder of Ogilvy & Mather, ""Rosser taught"	"the Banting Medal of the American Diabetes Association the same year; Banting Lecturer of the BDA in 1949 and in 1964 Toronto University conferred on him its LLD ""honoris causa"". Charles Best, then professor of physiology in Toronto, was probably the proposer for this honour as he had met and become friendly with Lawrence when doing postgraduate research in London with Sir Henry Dale and A. V. Hill in 1925–28. They remained lifelong friends meeting regularly when in each other's country. Best was present at Lawrence's wedding to Doreen Nancy Batson on 7 September 1928. The Lawrences had three sons."	"who added a ""rubber"" consisting of a cushion of woollen material. The collector, consisting of a series of metal points, was added to the machine by Benjamin Wilson about 1746, and in 1762, John Canton of England (also the inventor of the first pith-ball electroscope in 1754) improved the efficiency of electric machines by sprinkling an amalgam of tin over the surface of the rubber. In 1729, Stephen Gray conducted a series of experiments that demonstrated the difference between conductors and non-conductors (insulators), showing amongst other things that a metal wire and even packthread conducted electricity, whereas silk did not."	"approved. In 1926 he released a new ""automatic operation"" ""Banjo"" lighter, which offered to both ignition and extinguish in a single push. It was a great success, demand shortly exceeding supply, spurring Aronson to Patent it and design other products around the invention, which were marketed under the ""Ronson"" brand name. Under his leadership, the Art Metal Works began designing prototypes, and patented several generations of ""Igniting-Apparatus"" until finally arriving at the Banjo Lighter. Ronson received an exclusive patent, in 1926, for a new automatic style of lighter that worked with one hand, and in 1927 Ronson began marketed it"	"by John Baskerville (1706–1775) in Birmingham, England. Baskerville is classified as a transitional typeface, positioned between the old style typefaces of William Caslon, and the modern styles of Giambattista Bodoni and Firmin Didot. 1758: Paul and Wyatt improve their Roller Spinning machine and take out a second patent. Richard Arkwright later uses this as the model for his water frame. 1758: Benjamin Franklin first travels to Birmingham ""to improve and increase Acquaintance among Persons of Influence"", and later returns in 1760 to conduct experiments with Boulton on electricity and sound. Franklin remains a common link among many of the early"	"ignoring Best and Collip. Banting chose to share half of the prize money with Best. The key contribution by Collip was recognised in the Nobel speech of McLeod, who also gave one-half of his prize money to Collip. Best succeeded Macleod as professor of physiology at University of Toronto in 1929. During World War II he was influential in establishing a Canadian program for securing and using dried human blood serum. In his later years, he was an adviser to the Medical Research Committee of the United Nations World Health Organization. Best was elected a foreign member of the Royal"
Who directed the movie La Dolce Vita?	"La Dolce Vita La Dolce Vita (; Italian for ""the sweet life"" or ""the good life"") is a 1960 Italian drama film directed and co-written by Federico Fellini. The film follows Marcello Rubini (Marcello Mastroianni), a journalist writing for gossip magazines, over seven days and nights on his journey through the ""sweet life"" of Rome in a fruitless search for love and happiness. ""La Dolce Vita"" won the ""Palme d'Or"" (Golden Palm) at the 1960 Cannes Film Festival and the Oscar for Best Costumes. The film was a massive box office hit in Europe with 13,617,148 admissions in Italy and"	"Marcello Mastroianni Marcello Vincenzo Domenico Mastroianni (; 28 September 1924 – 19 December 1996) was an Italian film actor. His prominent films include: ""La Dolce Vita""; ""8½""; ""La Notte""; ""Divorce Italian Style""; ""Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow""; ""Marriage Italian Style""; ""The 10th Victim""; ""A Special Day""; ""City of Women""; ""Henry IV""; ""Dark Eyes""; and ""Everybody's Fine"". His honours included British Film Academy Awards, Best Actor awards at the Cannes Film Festival and two Golden Globe Awards. Mastroianni was born in Fontana Liri, a small village in the Apennines in the province of Frosinone, Lazio, and grew up in Turin and Rome."	"Tatò's four-hour documentary, """". The festival refused and the movie was shown. The three women reportedly tried to do the same thing at Cannes. Tatò said Mastroianni had willed her all rights to his image. Marcello Mastroianni Marcello Vincenzo Domenico Mastroianni (; 28 September 1924 – 19 December 1996) was an Italian film actor. His prominent films include: ""La Dolce Vita""; ""8½""; ""La Notte""; ""Divorce Italian Style""; ""Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow""; ""Marriage Italian Style""; ""The 10th Victim""; ""A Special Day""; ""City of Women""; ""Henry IV""; ""Dark Eyes""; and ""Everybody's Fine"". His honours included British Film Academy Awards, Best Actor awards"	"1880s, during a real estate boom subsequent to the annexation of Rome to the new Kingdom of Italy. In the 1950s and 60s, Via Veneto acquired international fame as the centre of ""la dolce vita"" (""the sweet life""), when its bars and restaurants attracted Hollywood stars and jet set personalities such as Audrey Hepburn, Anita Ekberg, Anna Magnani, Gary Cooper, Orson Welles, Tennessee Williams, Jean Cocteau and Coco Chanel. The 1960 film ""La Dolce Vita"" by Federico Fellini immortalized Via Veneto's hyperactive lifestyle, lights, and crawling stream of honking traffic. Some of Rome's most renowned cafés and five star hotels,"	"The Life of Leonardo da Vinci La Vita di Leonardo Da Vinci — in English, The Life of Leonardo da Vinci — is a 1971 Italian television miniseries dramatizing the life of the Italian Renaissance genius Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519). The Golden Globe-winning miniseries was directed by Renato Castellani, and produced by RAI (the Italian national television) and distributed in the United States by CBS, which aired it from August 13, 1972 to September 10, 1972. Castellani wrote the screenplay. It was filmed entirely on location in Italy and France. The total runtime of the five episodes is nearly five"	"Giuseppe Tornatore Giuseppe Tornatore (born 27 May 1956) is an Italian film director and screenwriter. He is considered as one of the directors who brought critical acclaim back to Italian cinema. In a career spanning over 30 years he is best known for directing and writing drama films such as ""Everybody's Fine"", ""The Legend of 1900"", ""Malèna"", ""Baarìa"" and ""The Best Offer"". Probably his most noted film is ""Nuovo Cinema Paradiso"", for which Tornatore won the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film. He has also directed several advertising campaigns for Dolce & Gabbana. Tornatore is also known for his"	"La Notte La Notte () is a 1961 Italian drama film directed by Michelangelo Antonioni and starring Marcello Mastroianni, Jeanne Moreau and Monica Vitti (Umberto Eco appeared in a cameo). Filmed on location in Milan, the film is about a day in the life of an unfaithful married couple and their deteriorating relationship. In 1961 ""La Notte"" received the Golden Bear at the Berlin International Film Festival (first time for Italian film), as well as the David di Donatello Award for Best Director. ""La Notte"" is considered the central film of a trilogy beginning with ""L'Avventura"" (1960) and ending with"	"of celebrities on the via Veneto. The scandal provoked by Turkish dancer Haish Nana's improvised striptease at a nightclub captured Fellini's imagination: he decided to end his latest script-in-progress, ""Moraldo in the City"", with an all-night ""orgy"" at a seaside villa. Pierluigi Praturlon’s photos of Anita Ekberg wading fully dressed in the Trevi Fountain provided further inspiration for Fellini and his scriptwriters. Changing the title of the screenplay to ""La Dolce Vita"", Fellini soon clashed with his producer on casting: the director insisted on the relatively unknown Mastroianni while De Laurentiis wanted Paul Newman as a hedge on his investment."	"main studios were and still are amongst the most important in the world, hosting some of the greatest films of all time. They were built in 1937, and they rose to fame as the Neorealist films of the 1940s, for example Roberto Rosselini's ""Roma Città Aperta"", and Vittorio De Sica ""Bicycle Thieves"". Possibly Italy's greatest film director, Federico Fellini, was often associated with Cinecitta and Roman cinema, with his classic films ""La Dolce Vita"" of 1960, and ""Rome"" in 1971. Pier Paolo Pasolini was also a highly controversial director associated with the studios, with famous films such as Il Decamerone"	"Felice Quinto Felice Quinto (1929 – January 16, 2010) was an Italian photographer. He was known for his photographs of celebrities and often referred to as the ""king of paparazzi."" It is reported that he was the inspiration of the paparazzi character in Federico Fellini's 1960 film ""La Dolce Vita"". Quinto was born in Milan in 1929. He later moved to Rome. Quinto began working as a photographer 1956. After striking up a friendship with director Federico Fellini, he was offered a role in Fellini's upcoming film, ""La Dolce Vita"". Quinto declined the offer for financial reasons, although he did"	"wider distribution and sees movements like la Nouvelle Vague (The French New Wave) featuring French filmmakers such as Roger Vadim, François Truffaut, Alain Resnais, and Jean-Luc Godard; Cinéma vérité documentary movement in Canada, France and the United States; Swedish filmmaker Ingmar Bergman, Chilean filmmaker Alexandro Jodorowsky and Polish filmmakers Roman Polanski and Wojciech Jerzy Has produced original and offbeat masterpieces and the high-point of Italian filmmaking with Michelangelo Antonioni and Federico Fellini making some of their most known films during this period. Notable films from this period include: ""La Dolce Vita"", ""8½""; ""La Notte""; ""L'Eclisse"", ""The Red Desert""; ""Blowup""; ""Fellini"	"hours. The Life of Leonardo da Vinci La Vita di Leonardo Da Vinci — in English, The Life of Leonardo da Vinci — is a 1971 Italian television miniseries dramatizing the life of the Italian Renaissance genius Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519). The Golden Globe-winning miniseries was directed by Renato Castellani, and produced by RAI (the Italian national television) and distributed in the United States by CBS, which aired it from August 13, 1972 to September 10, 1972. Castellani wrote the screenplay. It was filmed entirely on location in Italy and France. The total runtime of the five episodes is nearly"	"Anna Maria Tatò, an author and filmmaker. They remained together until his death. He was made a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic in 1994. Mastroianni died of pancreatic cancer on 19 December 1996 at the age of 72. Both of his daughters, as well as Deneuve and Tatò, were at his bedside. The Trevi Fountain in Rome, associated with his role in Fellini's ""La Dolce Vita"", was symbolically turned off and draped in black as a tribute. At the 1997 Venice Film Festival, Chiara, Carabella and Deneuve tried to block the screening of"	"Café de Paris (Rome) The Café de Paris was a famous bar on Via Veneto, one of the best known (and most expensive) streets in Rome, Italy. It was located at Nr. 90, close to the United States embassy. The bar was immortalised in 1960 in the movie ""La Dolce Vita"" by Italian filmmaker Federico Fellini, starring Anita Ekberg, Anouk Aimée and Marcello Mastroianni who played a ""paparazzo"" riding his Vespa in search of celebrities. During the heady days in the 1960s, the cafe was one of the preferred watering holes of starlets, residual nobility, nouveau riche and sultans. On"	"to develop his drama ""with a skill that is excitingly fertile, subtle and awesomely intuitive."" On the review aggregator web site ""Rotten Tomatoes"", the film holds a 82% positive rating among film critics based on 17 reviews, and a 91% positive audience rating. Stanley Kubrick listed ""La Notte"" as one of his top 10 favorite films. La Notte La Notte () is a 1961 Italian drama film directed by Michelangelo Antonioni and starring Marcello Mastroianni, Jeanne Moreau and Monica Vitti (Umberto Eco appeared in a cameo). Filmed on location in Milan, the film is about a day in the life"	"national populaire, and with Jean-Louis Barrault at the Odéon-Théâtre de France. His dramatic presence and measured diction made him well-suited to many classical roles. His first major role in the cinema was as one of the devil's envoys in Marcel Carné's film ""Les Visiteurs du soir"" (1942). A few other romantic leading parts followed, but increasingly he appeared in supporting roles, especially in characterizations of intellectuals such as the tormented philosopher Steiner in ""La Dolce Vita"" (1960), directed by Federico Fellini. He worked frequently in Italian cinema and had close associations with Michelangelo Antonioni and Francesco Rosi as well as"	"including classics such as Federico Fellini's ""La Dolce Vita"" (which featured a stage performance by Adriano Celentano), ""Profumo di Donna/Scent of a Woman"", as well as more recent popular films such as Guy Richie's ""Man from U.N.C.L.E."", which features the song ""Che Vuole Questa Musica Stasera"" in one of the film’s most iconic scenes for over 2 minutes uninterrupted by any dialogue or other form of sound. The song is performed by Peppino Gagliardi with Ezio Leoni and his orchestra. Also recognized as a successful talent scout, Leoni was the first to offer the first recording contract to artists that"	"The Family (2013 film) The Family (released as Malavita and Cosa Nostra in some countries) is a 2013 black comedy crime film directed by Luc Besson, starring Robert De Niro, Michelle Pfeiffer, Tommy Lee Jones, Dianna Agron, and John D'Leo. The film follows a Mafia family in the witness protection program who want to change their lives. The film is based on the French novel ""Malavita"" (""Badfellas"" in the 2010 English translation) by Tonino Benacquista. Mafia boss Giovanni Manzoni, who offended Don Luchese, a rival mafia boss, survives an attempted hit on him and his family at a barbecue. He"	"Sergio Leone Sergio Leone (; ; 3 January 1929 – 30 April 1989) was an Italian film director, producer and screenwriter, credited as the inventor of the Spaghetti Western genre. Leone's film-making style includes juxtaposing extreme close-up shots with lengthy long shots. His movies include the sword and sandal action films ""The Last Days of Pompeii"" (1959) and ""The Colossus of Rhodes"" (1961), the Dollars Trilogy of Westerns featuring Clint Eastwood: ""A Fistful of Dollars"" (1964), ""For a Few Dollars More"" (1965) and ""The Good, the Bad and the Ugly"" (1966); ""Once Upon a Time in the West"" (1968); ""Duck,"	"then read the entire work. La Dolce Viva La Dolce Viva is a nonfiction novel written by Barbara L. Goldsmith, first published in 1968 in ""New York Magazine"", about a destroyed one-named actress, Viva, who is drugged out and couldn’t pay her phone bill. Barbara Goldsmith is an American author, journalist, and philanthropist. Her ""La Dolce Viva"" made known the sadder side of Andy Warhol’s entourage through Viva, a high on drugs “superstar.” ""La Dolce Viva"" is an interview story with ""superstar"" Viva, who is one of the many actresses in Andy Warhol's movies. Viva was headlined as 'The Last"	"La ricotta La ricotta (""Curd Cheese"") is a short film written and directed by Pier Paolo Pasolini in 1962 and is part of the omnibus film ""Ro.Go.Pa.G."" It is often considered the most memorable portion of ""Ro.Go.Pa.G"" and the height of Pasolini's creative powers and social criticism. In summary, the film deals with the film production of the Passion of Jesus with a director acting like Pasolini yet played by Orson Welles. The most biting social critique is shown through the main character of Stracci (meaning ""rags""). Stracci is a poor and starving man who works as an extra (ironically,"	"is in an ambulance blocked by the shooting of the famous scene of the Trevi Fountain from La Dolce Vita (Frederico Fellini, 1960). He sees the movie's main actor and playboy, Marcello Mastroiani talking to an actress: Luciana. The ex lovers sit for a talk. Antonio is worry to see she has developed an alcoholic habit. As in love as the first day, he invites her for diner the next evening when her impresario comes in and says she is busy that evening. Antonio starts a fight. She asks not to see him again. A decade later, Gianni is a"	"by Marco Bellocchio, ""The Best of Youth"" (""La meglio gioventù"") by Marco Tullio Giordana, ""The Beast in the Heart"" (""La bestia nel cuore"") by Cristina Comencini. In 2008 Paolo Sorrentino's ""Il Divo"", a biographical film based on the life of Giulio Andreotti, won the Jury prize and ""Gomorra"", a crime drama film, directed by Matteo Garrone won the Gran Prix at the Cannes Film Festival. Paolo Sorrentino's ""The Great Beauty"" (""La Grande Bellezza"") won the 2014 Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film. The two highest-grossing Italian films have both been directed by Gennaro Nunziante and starred Checco Zalone: ""Sole"	"La Dolce Viva La Dolce Viva is a nonfiction novel written by Barbara L. Goldsmith, first published in 1968 in ""New York Magazine"", about a destroyed one-named actress, Viva, who is drugged out and couldn’t pay her phone bill. Barbara Goldsmith is an American author, journalist, and philanthropist. Her ""La Dolce Viva"" made known the sadder side of Andy Warhol’s entourage through Viva, a high on drugs “superstar.” ""La Dolce Viva"" is an interview story with ""superstar"" Viva, who is one of the many actresses in Andy Warhol's movies. Viva was headlined as 'The Last of Andy Warhol's ""superstars"", as"	"to the classic ""La Dolce Vita"" (1960). The Rome Film Festival official program is divided into several sections: A selection of feature films of young or already successful directors. The Festival will give priority to feature films that are world premieres. At the end of each screening, the audience will give their vote and assign the People’s Choice Award \| Cinema d'Oggi. A selection of some of the year’s most important films. Only feature films that are world premieres, international or European premieres will be considered for selection. . A selection of films belonging to different film genres. Only feature"	"bianco"" (1952), ""I Vitelloni"" (1953), ""La Strada"" (1954), ""Il bidone"" (1955), ""Le notti di Cabiria"" (1957), and ""La Dolce Vita"" (1960). With Alberto Lattuada, he co-directed ""Luci del varietà"" (""Variety Lights"") in 1950. His two short segments included ""Un'Agenzia Matrimoniale"" (""A Marriage Agency"") in the 1953 omnibus film ""L'amore in città"" (""Love in the City"") and ""Le Tentazioni del Dottor Antonio"" from the 1962 omnibus film ""Boccaccio '70"". The working title for """" was ""La bella confusione"" (""The Beautiful Confusion"") proposed by co-screenwriter, Ennio Flaiano, but Fellini then ""had the simpler idea (which proved entirely wrong) to call it ""Comedy""""."	"34th Academy Awards The 34th Academy Awards, honoring the best in film for 1961, were held on April 9, 1962, at the Santa Monica Civic Auditorium in Santa Monica, California. They were hosted by Bob Hope; this was the 13th time Hope hosted the Oscars. Legendary filmmaker Federico Fellini received his first Best Director nomination for his film ""La Dolce Vita"", though the movie itself failed to garner a nomination for Best Picture. Sophia Loren became the first thespian to win an acting Oscar for a non-English-speaking role as well as only the second person ever to win the Best"	"films of Tadeusz Konwicki, such as ""All Souls' Day"" (""Zaduszki"", 1961) and ""Salto"" (1962), inspired discussions about war and raised existential questions on behalf of their everyman protagonists. Federico Fellini's ""La Dolce Vita"" (1960) depicts a succession of nights and dawns in Rome as witnessed by a cynical journalist. In 1963, Fellini made ""8½"", an exploration of creative, marital and spiritual difficulties, filmed in black-and-white by cinematographer Gianni di Venanzo. The 1961 film ""Last Year at Marienbad"" by director Alain Resnais examines perception and reality, using grand tracking shots that became widely influential. Robert Bresson's ""Au Hasard Balthazar"" (1966) and"	"classic Italian films in the short, including several by Federico Fellini, such as ""La Dolce Vita"" (1960) and ""Amarcord"" (1973). Castello Cavalcanti Castello Cavalcanti is a short film written and directed by Wes Anderson and released in 2013. Starring Jason Schwartzman as an unsuccessful race car driver who crashes his car in an Italian village, the 8-minute film was filmed at Cinecittà in Rome, Italy and financed by Prada. It debuted at the Rome Film Festival and was released online on November 13, 2013. It quickly became viral and received critical acclaim. In a quiet Italian village in 1955, American"	"Records and Bounce Records. New version Dolce Vita (song) ""Dolce Vita"" is a song by Italian musician Ryan Paris, released as a single in 1983. The song was composed by Pierluigi Giombini, the same composer, producer, arranger and keyboard player of ""I Like Chopin"" and ""Masterpiece"". It reached the top 10 in many countries. The music video was filmed on-location in Paris. Interviewed for the book ""Europe's Stars of '80s Dance Pop Vol. 2"", composer Pierluigi Giombini explained the evolution of the song: It was Gazebo who suggested I should write a song inspired by the title of the famous"	"Hardy, the Marx Brothers, and Roberto Rossellini. Exploiting ""La Dolce Vita""’s success, financier Angelo Rizzoli set up Federiz in 1960, an independent film company, for Fellini and production manager Clemente Fracassi to discover and produce new talent. Despite the best intentions, their overcautious editorial and business skills forced the company to close down soon after cancelling Pasolini’s project, ""Accattone"" (1961). Condemned as a ""public sinner"" for ""La Dolce Vita"", Fellini responded with ""The Temptations of Doctor Antonio"", a segment in the omnibus ""Boccaccio '70"". His second colour film, it was the sole project green-lighted at Federiz. Infused with the surrealistic"	"Michelangelo Antonioni Michelangelo Antonioni, Cavaliere di Gran Croce OMRI (29 September 1912 – 30 July 2007), was an Italian film director, screenwriter, editor, and short story author. Best known for his ""trilogy on modernity and its discontents"" — ""L'Avventura"" (1960), ""La Notte"" (1961), and ""L'Eclisse"" (1962), as well as the English-language ""Blowup"" (1966)—Antonioni ""redefined the concept of narrative cinema"" and challenged traditional approaches to storytelling, realism, drama, and the world at large. He produced ""enigmatic and intricate mood pieces"" and rejected action in favor of contemplation, focusing on image and design over character and story. Antonioni received numerous awards and"	"long illness in 2007. Luigi Comencini Luigi Comencini (; 8 June 1916 – 6 April 2007) was an Italian film director. Together with Dino Risi, Ettore Scola and Mario Monicelli, he was considered among the masters of the ""commedia all'italiana"" genre. His daughters Cristina and Francesca are both film directors. His first successful movie was ""L'imperatore di Capri"", featuring Totò. Comencini's 1953 ""Pane, amore e fantasia"", with Vittorio De Sica and Gina Lollobrigida, is considered a primary example of ""neorealismo rosa"" (pink neorealism). It was followed by ""Pane, amore e gelosia"". After a first work with Alberto Sordi (""La bella"
Which country does the airline LACSA come from?	"Avianca Costa Rica Avianca Costa Rica, formerly known as LACSA (""Spanish: Lineas Aéreas Costarricenses S.A.""), minority owned by the Synergy Group, is the national airline of Costa Rica and is based in San José. It operates international scheduled services to over 35 destinations in Central, North and South America. The airline previously used the TACA/LACSA moniker when it was a subsidiary of Grupo TACA. Since May 2013, following Avianca's purchase of Grupo TACA, Avianca Costa Rica became one of seven nationally branded airlines (Avianca Ecuador, Avianca Honduras, etc.) operated by Avianca Holdings group of Latin American airlines. LACSA was established"	"after an engine failure on short final 13 October 2014, after a flight from Luis Munoz Marin International Airport in San Juan, Puerto Rico. All 13 passengers and 2 flight crew on board survived the fire. Air Century Air Century, S.A., or ACSA is a Dominican Republic Air Charter operator that offers local and international services from the Santo Domingo Las Américas International Airport. The company was founded by Captain and Pilot Omar Chahin. Air Century commenced operations in Santo Domingo on March, 1992. Its corporate head office is at the La Isabela International Airport (Dr. Joaquín Balaguer International Airport)"	"was being flown with a Convair 440 propliner. The airline was operating to such international destinations in 1984 as: These cities were flown to using Lacsa's Boeing 727 aircraft. As of August 2017 the LACSA fleet consisted of the following aircraft: LACSA services were previously flown exclusively by Airbus A320 family jetliners drawn from the pooled fleet of the former Grupo TACA. In 2008, a new fleet of Embraer 190 jets was introduced. On May 23, 1988, a leased Boeing 727-100, registered TI-LRC and operating the route San José-Managua-Miami, collided with a fence at the end of the runway in"	"a subsidiary in the Cayman Islands, Cayman Brac Airways (CBA) Ltd., which it sold a 51% controlling interest in the late 1960s to the Cayman Islands government which in turn used the air carrier to form Cayman Airways. LACSA served Grand Cayman for many years as an intermediate stop on its services between San José, Costa Rica and Miami. Beginning 1998, TACA/LACSA was one of the member airlines comprising the TACA Airlines alliance along with Aviateca of Guatemala, Nica of Nicaragua, Isleña of Honduras, and five other regional airlines. In 2008 a new TACA logo was introduced, followed by a"	"the airlines; thus, the flight departed with the TACA callsign and landed with the Avianca callsign. The final official TACA flight to have the TACA callsign was TACA flight 520 from San Salvador to Los Angeles. This flight departed at 7:20 pm MST and landed at 11:50 pm PDT. The first flight departing operated by Avianca El Salvador took place on May 21, 2013. The flight was Avianca El Salvador flight 561 from San Francisco to San Salvador. The flight departed at 1:25 am PDT and landed at 7:55 am MST. This was followed by Avianca El Salvador flight 521"	"using Southern Winds' fleet. Southern Winds continued to fly under their colours. Yet another Argentine airline, Aerovip, was also absorbed over those same years. In March 2005, the Chilean flagship airline LAN Airlines reached an agreement with the Argentine government to absorb all workers at Argentina's state carrier LAFSA. LAN took over LAFSA's routes and agreed to help Southern Winds for at least 90 days as well. It was at this point that LAN Argentina began. Since then Southern Winds has completely disappeared with LAN Argentina in the place of LAFSA and Southern Winds. The remarkable fact is that LAFSA"	"Aviacsa Consorcio Aviaxsa, S.A. de C.V., doing business as Aviacsa, was a low-cost airline of Mexico with its headquarters in Hangar 1 of Zone C on the property of Mexico City International Airport in Venustiano Carranza, Mexico City, Mexico. The airline operated domestic services until the airline's grounding, radiating from major hubs at Monterrey, Mexico City and Guadalajara and international service to Las Vegas, Nevada in the USA. Aviacsa also had a U.S. office in Houston. According to the Department of Communications and Transportation, as of September 2008, Aviacsa ranked as the seventh largest Mexican airline in domestic and international"	"Los Angeles Airways Los Angeles Airways (LAA) was a helicopter airline founded in October 1947 and based in Westchester, California, which offered service to area airports throughout Southern California. Los Angeles Airways commenced airmail service on October 1, 1947 followed by scheduled passenger service in November 1954, making it the world's first scheduled helicopter airline. The main hub was Los Angeles International Airport (LAX) where passengers were flown to and from local area heliports, including Disneyland Resort in Anaheim and the Newporter Resort in Newport Beach, service was expanded to Ontario and San Bernardino. LAA's fleet grew with the acquisition"	"flights, down from the third largest at the end of 2007. On July 6, 2009, Aviacsa suspended operations due to economic crisis. Aviacsa ceased operations on May 4, 2011. The airline was established on May 5, 1990, as a flag carrier airline by the government of the Mexican state of Chiapas in order to fulfill the transportation needs of the fast-growing communities located in that state. They operated their first flight on September 20, 1990, using an 89-seat British Aerospace 146 (BAe 146) regional aircraft between Mexico City and the cities of Tapachula, and Tuxtla Gutiérrez, both located in the"	"its fleet, but 6 MA-60s are on order. LAC operated the following equipment throughout its history: Lignes Aériennes Congolaises (2005–2013) Lignes Aériennes Congolaises (), also known by its acronym LAC, was an airline of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, with its head office in Kinshasa, and its central administration on the property of N'djili Airport in Kinshasa. The carrier has the latter airport as the base of its flight operations. It was liquidated in 2013. Along with all other airlines registered in the country, the company was banned from flying into any member state of the European Union's bloc."	"LANSA Flight 502 LANSA Flight 502 was a Lockheed L-188A Electra operated by Líneas Aéreas Nacionales Sociedad Anónima (LANSA) which crashed shortly after takeoff from Quispiquilla Airport near Cusco, Peru, on August 9, 1970, after losing all power from one of its engines. The four-engine turboprop aircraft, registered OB-R-939, was bound from Cusco to Lima, carrying 8 crew and 92 passengers. All but one of the occupants died from injuries sustained from impact forces and post crash fire. Two people on the ground were also killed. There were 49 American high school exchange students on board, all of whom perished."	"Líneas Aéreas Canarias Lineas Aereas Canarias, also known by its acronym LAC, was an airline based in Las Palmas, Canary Islands, Spain. Lineas Aereas Canarias was a small airline founded in 1985 with headquarters in Las Palmas by the Armas and Martinón families. After acquiring the MD-83 aircraft it began operating charter flights between the Canary Islands and some central European and Scandinavian countries. The airline experienced a modest growth after Spantax wrapped up in 1988. At the time of the Gulf War the airline faced financial difficulties following which it was purchased by Meridiana Air in 1990. Its personnel"	"Los Angeles International Airport Los Angeles International Airport is the primary international airport serving Los Angeles, California. The airport is most often referred to by its IATA airport code (and FAA LID) LAX, with the letters pronounced individually. LAX is located south of the Westchester district of the City of Los Angeles, California, southwest of Downtown Los Angeles, between the district of Westchester to its immediate north, the city of El Segundo to its immediate south and the city of Inglewood to its immediate east. It is owned and operated by Los Angeles World Airports (LAWA), an agency of the"	"ALSA (bus company) ALSA (Automóviles Luarca, S.A.) is a Spanish subsidiary of the UK company National Express, which operates bus and coach services in Spain and other countries across Europe, including Andorra, Austria, Belgium, the Czech Republic, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Malta, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Switzerland and Ukraine. It also has operations in Morocco. ALSA also had operations in China and Chile, but these were retained by the previous owners of the company and are not owned by National Express. When ALSA was incorporated in 1923, it was merely a regional operator based in Luarca and Oviedo,"	"CSA Air CSA Air is a cargo airline based in Kingsford, Michigan, United States. It operates express cargo services in Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Indiana, Illinois, South Dakota and Canada, operating 52 flights a day. Its main base is Ford Airport in Iron Mountain, Michigan and its air traffic control call sign Iron Air is derived from that city. It exclusively serves as an affiliate of FedEx Feeder, a regional service that operates as a subsidiary of FedEx Express. The airline was established in 1998 and is wholly owned by Air T. The CSA Air fleet consists of 29 Cessna 208"	"and fleet were transferred to Meridiana before the end of 1991. Líneas Aéreas Canarias Lineas Aereas Canarias, also known by its acronym LAC, was an airline based in Las Palmas, Canary Islands, Spain. Lineas Aereas Canarias was a small airline founded in 1985 with headquarters in Las Palmas by the Armas and Martinón families. After acquiring the MD-83 aircraft it began operating charter flights between the Canary Islands and some central European and Scandinavian countries. The airline experienced a modest growth after Spantax wrapped up in 1988. At the time of the Gulf War the airline faced financial difficulties following"	"Los Angeles International Airport (LAX) with flights to such southern California destinations as Burbank, Colton, Inyokern, Ontario, Oxnard, Palmdale, Palm Springs, Santa Ana (Orange County Airport), Santa Barbara and Santa Maria as well as to Lake Havasu City in Arizona. Cable Commuter was acquired by Golden West Airlines, another southern California based commuter air carrier. KCCB is a Class G (untowered) airport. Runway 1-19 is no longer in existence. In its place are some hangars, a fuel island, and a covered, lighted wash rack. Runway 6-24, now lengthened to , was recently resurfaced and is mostly flat, with some undulations"	"LATAM Paraguay LATAM Airlines Paraguay, formerly known as TAM Paraguay or Transportes Aéreos del Mercosur S.A., and previously as LAP (Líneas Aéreas Paraguayas), is the flag carrier and the national airline of Paraguay with its headquarters in Asunción, Paraguay. Its flights operate from Silvio Pettirossi International Airport in Asunción. Its parent company is LATAM Airlines Group. The airline was established in 1962 and started operations in 1963 as Líneas Aéreas Paraguayas. After a brief period (1994–1996) as a subsidiary of the Ecuadorian airline SAETA when its name was LAPSA, in 1996 the majority of the stakes of LAP were sold"	"Air Century Air Century, S.A., or ACSA is a Dominican Republic Air Charter operator that offers local and international services from the Santo Domingo Las Américas International Airport. The company was founded by Captain and Pilot Omar Chahin. Air Century commenced operations in Santo Domingo on March, 1992. Its corporate head office is at the La Isabela International Airport (Dr. Joaquín Balaguer International Airport) in Santo Domingo. This airline offers charter flights and other services through the Dominican Republic, the Caribbean, South America, and North America. ""Regular:"" ""Charter:"" A Jetstream 32 aircraft, HI816 was destroyed by fire at Punta Cana"	"LATAM Cargo Mexico LATAM Cargo México, formerly ""Aerotransportes Mas de Carga, S.A. de C.V."" or simply known as ""MasAir"", is a cargo airline based in Mexico City, Mexico. It operates scheduled cargo services in Mexico and to the USA, Brazil, Ecuador and Colombia. Its main base is Mexico City International Airport, with hubs at Los Angeles International Airport and Miami International Airport. It is a sister company of LATAM Cargo Brasil, LATAM Cargo Chile and LATAM Cargo Colombia. The airline was established as ""MasAir"" in 1992 and started operations in April 1992. In December 2000 LAN Airlines purchased a 25%"	"of a flight safety program in SANSA. SANSA Flight 32 SANSA Flight 32, a CASA C-212 Aviocar on its way to Palmar Sur Airport crashed into the Cerro Cedral, a mountain in Costa Rica after takeoff from Juan Santamaria International Airport in San Jose on January 15, 1990. All 20 passengers and 3 crew on board died in the crash. Pilot fatigue was determined to be the cause. At the time, it was the worst accident involving a CASA C-212 Aviocar and is currently the fifth worst accident. It is also currently the second worst accident in Costa Rica. SANSA"	"Compagnie Africaine d'Aviation Compagnie Africaine d'Aviation (literally ""African Aviation Company"", commonly abbreviated CAA and marketed as flyCAA) is a regional airline from the Democratic Republic of the Congo, based at N'djili Airport in Kinshasa. It offers an extensive network of domestic scheduled passenger flights, as well as cargo flights. Due to safety and security concerns, CAA has been included in the list of air carriers banned in the European Union, along with many other airlines from the Congo. Compagnie Africaine d'Aviation (CAA) was founded in February 1991 by David and Daniel Blattner as an air taxi company, initially operating a"	"California cross the international border between Tijuana, B.C. and San Diego, California. The Los Angeles International Airport (LAX) is located 138 miles from the border with Mexico. From there, regular shipments of live fish and fresh seafood are made, using a route from the Baja California fishing fields ending at the Tsukiji fish market in Tokyo, Japan. Lázaro Cárdenas, Baja California By land, San Quintín is communicated by the Federal Highway 1, which runs from Cabo San Lucas to Tijuana. By air, the San Quintín Valley is served by severals airstrips: The San Quintín Airport is the only paved airstrip"	"company incorporated as LAMIA Corporation SRL—set up offices in a house in Santa Cruz de la Sierra, and received permission from its national civil aviation authority to begin offering domestic charter flights there; such operations began in January 2016 under the new company's ""indefinite"" operating certificate. Its fleet included three RJ85 aircraft with capacity for 95 passengers, though two never flew and the airline never offered commercial service. At the time, operations coordinator Mario Pacheco said that resource extraction and mining companies, travel agencies and soccer teams were among their target clients. Indeed, soccer teams were among the most faithful"	"LaMia LaMia, short for ""Línea Aérea Mérida Internacional de Aviación"", was a Bolivian charter airline headquartered in Santa Cruz de la Sierra, as a Ecojet filial. It had its origins in the failed Venezuelan airline of the same name. Founded in 2015, LaMia operated three Avro RJ85 aircraft as of November 2016. The airline received international attention when one of its aircraft crashed in November 2016, killing many members of Brazilian football club Chapecoense. In the aftermath, LaMia's air operator's certificate was suspended by the Bolivian civil aviation authority. Bolivian airline LaMia originated in the failed Venezuelan airline of the"	"by ""Third Watch"". LAX (TV series) LAX is an American television drama set at the Los Angeles International Airport, drawing its name from the airport's IATA airport code, ""LAX"". The series premiered on September 13, 2004 on NBC, and aired through April 16, 2005. ""LAX"" is a drama focusing on the day-to-day operations of the airport, with its runway manager, Harley Random (Heather Locklear), and its terminal manager, Roger de Souza (Blair Underwood). In the final episode, Harley leaves her job at the LAX after she is told by Roger that he wants stability back in his life and no"	"Yerex. TACA began operations with a single-engine Stinson plane. Since its beginnings, routes covered all the national territory and its aircraft sported the XH Mexican registration (which were changed later by HR). The idea of its founder was to establish one airline in each Latin-American country, such as Aerovias Brasil in Brazil and other TACAs in Mexico, Venezuela, and Colombia.Out of all the TACA franchise airlines created, only TACA International of El Salvador survived, As a consequence, in 1945 Yerex left the company and TACA moved its headquarters to the Republic of El Salvador where it was modernized and expanded,"	"other airports, many more travelers begin or end their trips in Los Angeles than use it as a connection. It is also the only airport to rank among the top five U.S. airports for both passenger and cargo traffic. LAX serves as a hub or focus city for more passenger airlines than any other airport in the United States. It is the only airport that four U.S. legacy carriers (Alaska, American, Delta, and United) have designated as a hub and is a focus city for Air New Zealand, Allegiant Air, Norwegian Air Shuttle, Qantas, Southwest Airlines, Spirit Airlines, and Volaris."	"Johannesburg International Airport. The only fatal accident involving an aircraft of Compagnie d'Aviation Africaine occurred on 4 March 2013, when a Fokker 50 (registered 9Q-CBD) crashed near Goma International Airport. Of the nine people that had been on the flight from Lodja, six were killed. There were however a number of non-fatal incidents which resulted in CAA aircraft being damaged beyond repair: Compagnie Africaine d'Aviation Compagnie Africaine d'Aviation (literally ""African Aviation Company"", commonly abbreviated CAA and marketed as flyCAA) is a regional airline from the Democratic Republic of the Congo, based at N'djili Airport in Kinshasa. It offers an extensive"	"LANICA Líneas Aéreas de Nicaragua, operating as LANICA, was an airline from Nicaragua. Headquartered in the capital Managua, it operated scheduled passenger flights within South and Central America, as well as to the United States. The carrier was founded in as a subsidiary of Pan American Airways, with this airline initially holding 40% of the company. Domestic services began in 1946 with Boeing 247 equipment. The company bought the assets of a local airline called Flota Aérea Nicaragüense (FANSA) in 1950, acquiring the control of the lucrative routes to the mining towns of Bonanza and Siuna in the north. By"	"In the following years the company had suffered two fatal accidents, and with the failure to consummate a contract with Golden West Airlines in which it would have been purchased, Los Angeles Airways ceased operations in 1971. Los Angeles Airways Los Angeles Airways (LAA) was a helicopter airline founded in October 1947 and based in Westchester, California, which offered service to area airports throughout Southern California. Los Angeles Airways commenced airmail service on October 1, 1947 followed by scheduled passenger service in November 1954, making it the world's first scheduled helicopter airline. The main hub was Los Angeles International Airport"	"to competitors interested in using them which later was known to be Sky Airline. The merger was completed on June 22, 2012. As of May 5, 2016 TAM adopted the name LATAM. In 1994 TAM Airlines established a small subsidiary airline in Paraguay called ARPA - Aerolíneas Paraguayas with a fleet consisting mostly of Cessna 208 Caravan aircraft, formerly operated by TAM. On September 1, 1996, TAM via ARPA, purchased 80% of the shares of the former state-owned LAP – Líneas Aéreas Paraguayas and merged it with ARPA. The new airline was named TAM – Transportes Aéreos del Mercosur and"	"Los Angeles World Airports Los Angeles World Airports (LAWA) is the airport oversight and operations department for the city of Los Angeles, California. Its headquarters are on the grounds of Los Angeles International Airport in the Los Angeles neighborhood of Westchester. In 1982, LAWA purchased Ontario International Airport, in bordering San Bernardino County. In April 2013, the City of Ontario, California filed a legal complaint against LAWA alleging mismanagement of Ontario International Airport, ultimately resulting in a 40% decline of traffic between 2007 and 2013. LAWA countered the complaint citing the Great Recession was responsible for the decline in activity."
Who directed 2001: A Space Odyssey?	"had been with Kubrick's film, although he did appear in a cameo role in the finished film, sitting on a park bench feeding birds outside the White House. 2001: A Space Odyssey 2001: A Space Odyssey is the 1968 science fiction written by Arthur C. Clarke and the directed by Stanley Kubrick. It is a part of Clarke's ""Space Odyssey"" series. Both the novel and the film are partially based on Clarke's 1948 short story ""The Sentinel"", an entry in a BBC short story competition, and ""Encounter in the Dawn"", published in 1953 in the magazine ""Amazing Stories"". After deciding"	"2001: A Space Travesty 2001: A Space Travesty is a 2000 comedy film directed by Allan A. Goldstein and starring Leslie Nielsen. The film has a few sequences parodying elements of """", but is not focused on parodying ""Odyssey"". Marshal Richard ""Dick"" Dix, a special detective, saves a fast food chain restaurant from a terrorist hostage situation, much to the displeasure of the police chief. He drives away and back to the police station, where he meets his boss, who is with a police worker, Cassandra Menage. She retells her experience of the cloning of the President of the United"	"Despite mixed reviews from critics at that time, ""2001: A Space Odyssey"" gradually gained popularity and earned $31 million worldwide by the end of 1972. Today, it is widely considered to be one of the greatest and most influential films ever made, and is a staple on All Time Top 10 lists. Baxter describes the film as ""one of the most admired and discussed creations in the history of cinema"", and Steven Spielberg has referred to it as ""the big bang of his film making generation"". For biographer Vincent LoBrutto it ""positioned Stanley Kubrick as a pure artist ranked among"	"its scientific realism, pioneering special effects, and provocatively ambiguous imagery and sound in place of traditional narrative techniques. Despite receiving mixed reviews upon release, ""2001: A Space Odyssey"" is today thought by some critics to be one of the greatest films ever made and is widely regarded as one of the best science fiction films of all time. It was nominated for four Academy Awards, and received one for visual effects. It also won the Kansas City Film Critics Circle Best Director and Best Film awards of 1968. In 1991, ""2001: A Space Odyssey"" was deemed culturally significant by the"	"The One (2001 film) The One is a 2001 American science fiction-martial arts film written and directed by James Wong and starring Jet Li, Delroy Lindo, Jason Statham and Carla Gugino. The film was released in the United States on November 2, 2001. Gabriel Yulaw (Jet Li), once an officer of the ""Multiverse Authority"", an agency that polices interdimensional travel via wormholes, seeks to hunt down all variations of himself in alternate universes. By killing all 124 of his other selves (becoming the last version) and absorbing their life energies, he believes he will become an immortal godlike being called"	"also treats the film throughout as effectively a collaboration between Stanley Kubrick and Steven Spielberg. Other scholarly treatments of Kubrick largely ignore the film. All of Stanley Kubrick's films from ""Paths of Glory"" until the end of his career, except for ""The Shining"", were nominated for Academy Awards or Golden Globe Awards, in various categories. ""2001: A Space Odyssey"" received numerous technical awards, including a BAFTA Award for cinematographer Geoffrey Unsworth and an Academy Award for Best Visual Effects, which Kubrick (as director of special effects on the film) received. This was Kubrick's only personal Academy Award win among 13"	"from ""2001"" as a ""shot-for-shot duplication of ""Road to the Stars"""". Specific comparisons of shots from the two films have been analyzed by the filmmaker Alessandro Cima. A 1994 article in ""American Cinematographer"" says, ""When Stanley Kubrick made ""2001: a Space Odyssey"" in 1968, he claimed to have been first to fly actor/astronauts on wires with the camera on the ground, shooting vertically while the actor's body covered the wires"" but observes that Klushantsev had preceded him in this. Road to the Stars Road to the Stars ( ) is a 1957 Soviet film directed by Pavel Klushantsev. It combines"	"and events including: ""2001: A Space Odyssey"" had an exclusive run locally at Seattle Cinerama for nearly years following its original release in the fall of 1968. In 2001, Warner Brothers chose the Seattle Cinerama as the theater in which to premiere the newly restored 70mm print of Stanley Kubrick's ""2001: A Space Odyssey."" The film opened on October 5, 2001, and eventually opened in other cities around North America the following month. In 2012, Paul Allen himself paid for a new 70mm print of Stanley Kubrick's ""2001: A Space Odyssey"" to be produced for the first annual Cinerama Science"	"by the work of astronomer Richard Berendzen, in particular, Berendzen's audiobook ""Pulp Physics"". He is also an admirer of Carl Sagan and Isaac Asimov. He has always admired science. His favorite movie of all time is 2001: A Space Odyssey. ""Because that movie, what it presents to you, can’t be articulated in any other form than as a movie,"" he said. Mike Cahill (director) Mike Cahill (born July 5, 1979) is an American film director and screenwriter. Mike Cahill was born in New Haven, Connecticut on July 5, 1979. His first forays into filmmaking were with Fisher-Price and VHS camcorders"	"Space Odyssey The ""Space Odyssey"" series is a series of science fiction novels by the writer Arthur C. Clarke. Two of the novels have been made into feature films, released in 1968 and 1984 respectively. Two of Clarke's early short stories may also be considered part of the series. Short stories: Novels: Comic books: It was reported on Yahoo Entertainment in 2000 that M.G.M. and Tom Hanks were in discussions regarding turning both ""2061: Odyssey Three"" and ""3001: The Final Odyssey"" into movies (Hanks would reportedly play Frank Poole in the ""3001"" film). An update in 2001 stated that there"	"film's ""Discovery One"", ""perhaps the most thoroughly and accurately researched film in screen history with respect to aerospace engineering"". Several technical advisers were hired for ""2001"", some of whom were recommended by co-screenwriter Arthur C. Clarke, who himself had a background in aerospace. Advisors included Marshall Spaceflight Center engineer Frederick I. Ordway III, who worked on the film for two years, and I. J. Good, whom Kubrick consulted on supercomputers because of Good's authorship of treatises such as ""Speculations Concerning the First Ultraintelligent Machine"" and ""Logic of Man and Machine"". Dr. Marvin Minsky, of MIT, was the main artificial intelligence"	"Race to Space Race to Space is a 2001 American family drama film. The film was shot on location at Cape Canaveral and Cocoa Beach and Edwards AFB in cooperation with NASA and the U.S. Air Force. The film takes place during the 1960s space race between the United States and the Soviet Union. Dr. Wilhelm von Huber (James Woods), a top NASA scientist, relocates to Cape Canaveral with his 12-year-old son, Billy (Alex D. Linz). Their relationship has become strained in the wake of the recent death of Billy's mother, and the ever-widening gap between father and son has"	"""hugely inspirational"", labeling Kubrick as ""the filmmaker's filmmaker"". Sydney Pollack refers to it as ""groundbreaking"", and William Friedkin states ""2001"" is ""the grandfather of all such films"". George Lucas provided a high appraisal of Kubrick's direction of the film stating: ""Stanley Kubrick made the ultimate science fiction movie, and it is going to be very hard for someone to come along and make a better movie, as far as I'm concerned. On a technical level, it can be compared, but personally I think that '2001' is far superior."" At the 2007 Venice film festival, director Ridley Scott stated he believed"	"it would have to be pretty special for me to like it. Even with that this is still not even that good of a spoof movie making it even harder to watch."" Richard Scheib from ""Moria.co"" also gave the film a very poor review, nominating it the ""Worst Film of 2001"". ""2001: A Space Travesty"" currently holds only 16% audience approval on Rotten Tomatoes. 2001: A Space Travesty 2001: A Space Travesty is a 2000 comedy film directed by Allan A. Goldstein and starring Leslie Nielsen. The film has a few sequences parodying elements of """", but is not focused"	"innovation in technique."" While ""2001: A Space Odyssey"" had featured ""revolutionary effects,"" and ""The Shining"" would later feature heavy use of the Steadicam, ""Barry Lyndon"" saw a considerable number of sequences shot ""without recourse to electric light."" Cinematography was overseen by director of photography John Alcott (who won an Oscar for his work), and is particularly noted for the technical innovations that made some of its most spectacular images possible. To achieve photography without electric lighting ""[f]or the many densely furnished interior scenes ... meant shooting by candlelight,"" which is known to be difficult in still photography, ""let alone with"	"Ghosts of the Abyss Ghosts of the Abyss is a 2003 documentary film released by Walt Disney Pictures and Walden Media. It was directed by Academy Award-winning filmmaker James Cameron after his 1997 Oscar-winning film ""Titanic"". During August and September 2001, Cameron and a group of scientists staged an expedition to the wreck of the RMS ""Titanic"", and dived in Russian deep-submersibles to obtain more detailed images than anyone had before. With the help of two small, purpose-built remotely operated vehicles, nicknamed ""Jake"" and ""Elwood"", the audience too can see inside the ""Titanic"", and with the help of CGI, audiences"	"written by Kubrick and Arthur C. Clarke. 2001 is regarded as the seminal entry in the science-fiction genre as it influenced several later entries. Steven Spielberg, one of the genre's most well-known figures aptly called 2001, 'the big bang of science-fiction.' This movie was groundbreaking in the quality of its visual effects, in its realistic portrayal of space travel, and in the epic and transcendent scope of its story. Science fiction movies that followed this film would enjoy increasingly larger budgets and ever improving special effects. Clarke has told of screening earlier science-fiction films for Kubrick, and Kubrick pronouncing them"	"Space Odyssey (TV series) Space Odyssey: Voyage to the Planets (released as Voyage to the Planets and Beyond in the United States) is a 2004 British fictional documentary about a manned voyage through the solar system. ""Space Odyssey"" premiered in 2004 and was made by the BBC. It was written and directed by Joe Ahearne and produced by Christopher Riley, who was presented with the 2005 Sir Arthur Clarke Award for Best TV & Radio Presentation. The story is set at an unspecified time in the future, though in the accompanying book, the mission's chief science officer recalls reading Arthur"	"Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey is a 2014 American science documentary television series. The show is a follow-up to the 1980 television series """", which was presented by Carl Sagan on the Public Broadcasting Service and is considered a milestone for scientific documentaries. This series was developed to bring back the foundation of science to network television at the height of other scientific-based television series and films. The show is presented by astrophysicist Neil deGrasse Tyson, who, as a young high school student, was inspired by Sagan. Among the executive producers are Seth MacFarlane, whose financial investment"	"the ""2001: A Space Odyssey"" movie ending rather than the novel. After finding out that ""Discovery""s orbit is failing, a joint Soviet-US mission (including Heywood Floyd) travels to Jupiter aboard the spacecraft ""Alexei Leonov"" to intercept and board ""Discovery"" believing that it harbours many of the answers to the mysteries surrounding the 2001 mission. ""Leonov"" docks with ""Discovery"", reactivates the on-board systems, and stabilizes its orbit. Hal's creator, Dr. Chandra, is sent to reactivate the HAL 9000 computer and gather any data he can regarding the previous mission. Later on, an apparition of Dave Bowman appears, warning Floyd that ""Leonov"""	"Cosmic Odyssey (documentary) Cosmic Odyssey is a 2002 documentary television series about the cosmos, created by Avanti Pictures, narrated by William Shatner, and produced by Soapbox Entertainment for The Discovery Channel. In 2003, Schlessinger Media released the series in VHS video format. As of 2007, the series is syndicated on The Science Channel. ""...""Cosmic Odyssey"" tells the stories behind the science of astronomy in an informative and entertaining way. Fast-paced and visually rich, viewers journey to exotic destinations within our solar system and beyond! From moons and planets to comets and asteroids, this series features scientists on the cutting edge"	"A Space Odyssey"" has been analyzed and interpreted by professional critics and theorists, amateur writers and science fiction fans. Peter Kramer in his monograph for BFI analyzing the film summarized the diverse interpretations as ranging from those who saw it as darkly apocalyptic in tone to those who saw it as an optimistic reappraisal of the hopes of mankind and humanity. Questions about ""2001"" range from uncertainty about its implications for humanity's origins and destiny in the universe to interpreting elements of the film's more enigmatic scenes, such as the meaning of the monolith, or the fate of astronaut David"	"about everything were necessary in order to undermine your built-in resistance to the poetical concept"". Upon release in 1968, ""2001: A Space Odyssey"" was not an immediate hit among critics, who faulted its lack of dialog, slow pacing, and seemingly impenetrable storyline. The film appeared to defy genre convention, much unlike any science-fiction movie before it, and clearly different from any of Kubrick's earlier films or stories. Kubrick was particularly outraged by a scathing review from Pauline Kael, who called it ""the biggest amateur movie of them all"", with Kubrick doing ""really every dumb thing he ever wanted to do""."	"asked by Eric Nordern in Kubrick's interview with ""Playboy"" if ""2001: A Space Odyssey"" was a religious film, Kubrick elaborated: I will say that the God concept is at the heart of ""2001"" but not any traditional, anthropomorphic image of God. I don't believe in any of Earth's monotheistic religions, but I do believe that one can construct an intriguing scientific definition of God, once you accept the fact that there are approximately 100 billion stars in our galaxy alone, that each star is a life-giving sun and that there are approximately 100 billion galaxies in just the visible universe."	"Quantum Quest: A Cassini Space Odyssey Quantum Quest: A Cassini Space Odyssey (originally titled as 2004: A Light Knight's Odyssey) is a 2010 animated educational sci-fi adventure film, written by Harry 'Doc' Kloor and directed by Kloor and Dan St. Pierre, as a science fiction film that takes the viewer on an atomic adventure in space. The voice cast originally included Christian Slater, John Travolta, Samuel L. Jackson, Sarah Michelle Gellar, Michael York, and James Earl Jones, but the cast changed in 2008, reflecting a new script that detailed a host of new discoveries made by the ""Cassini–Huygens"" mission to"	"Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace is a 1999 American epic space opera written and directed by George Lucas, produced by Lucasfilm and distributed by 20th Century Fox. It is the first installment in the ""Star Wars"" prequel trilogy and stars Liam Neeson, Ewan McGregor, Natalie Portman, Jake Lloyd, Ian McDiarmid, Anthony Daniels, Kenny Baker, Pernilla August, and Frank Oz. The film is set 32 years before the original film, and follows Jedi Knight Qui-Gon Jinn and his apprentice Obi-Wan Kenobi as they protect Queen Amidala in hopes of securing"	"Ocean's Eleven Ocean's Eleven is a 2001 American heist film directed by Steven Soderbergh, and a remake of the 1960 Rat Pack film of the same name. It features an ensemble cast, including George Clooney, Brad Pitt, Matt Damon, Don Cheadle, Andy García, and Julia Roberts. The film was a success at the box office and with critics, and was the fifth highest-grossing film of 2001 with $450 million. Soderbergh directed two sequels, ""Ocean's Twelve"" in 2004 and ""Ocean's Thirteen"" in 2007, which make up the ""Ocean's Trilogy"". ""Ocean's 8"", a spin-off with an all-female lead cast, was released in"	"Shackleton's Antarctic Adventure Shackleton's Antarctic Adventure is an IMAX film about the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition led by Ernest Shackleton between 1914 and 1917. Directed by George Butler, the film was released in February 2001 and was narrated by Kevin Spacey. It documents Shackleton's journey aboard the ""Endurance"" and was the follow-up to Butler's previous film, """". In 1914, Shackleton set out to walk across the whole of Antarctica. While the South Pole had already been discovered, people had yet to make the cross-continent trek on foot. Before making landfall, however, his ship became trapped in the ice-flow of the Weddell"	"""culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant"" by the United States Library of Congress and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry. ""Sight & Sound"" magazine ranked ""2001: A Space Odyssey"" sixth in the top ten films of all time in its 2002 and 2012 critics' polls editions; it also tied for second place in the magazine's 2012 directors' poll. In 2010, it was named the greatest film of all time by ""The Moving Arts Film Journal"". In an African desert millions of years ago, a tribe of hominids is driven away from its water hole by a rival tribe. They"	"Planet of the Apes (2001 film) Planet of the Apes is a 2001 American science fiction film directed by Tim Burton and starring Mark Wahlberg, Tim Roth, Helena Bonham Carter, Michael Clarke Duncan, Paul Giamatti, and Estella Warren. The sixth film produced in the ""Planet of the Apes"" franchise, it was loosely adapted from Pierre Boulle's 1963 novel of the same name and the 1968 film version. It tells the story of astronaut Leo Davidson crash-landing on a planet inhabited by intelligent apes. The apes treat humans as slaves, but with the help of an ape named Ari, Leo starts"	"Ghosts of Mars Ghosts of Mars is a 2001 American science fiction action horror film written, directed and scored by John Carpenter. The film stars Natasha Henstridge, Ice Cube, Jason Statham, Pam Grier, Clea DuVall, and Joanna Cassidy. The film received negative reviews and was a box office bomb, scoring just a 21% rating on Rotten Tomatoes and earning $14 million at the box office, against a $28 million production budget. Set in the second half of the 22nd century, Mars has been 84% terraformed, allowing humans to walk on the surface without pressure suits. Martian society has become matriarchal,"	"Star Odyssey Star Odyssey (Italian: Sette uomini d'oro nello spazio / Seven Gold Men in Space) is a 1979 Italian film directed by Alfonso Brescia. The film is also known as Space Odyssey, Metallica and Captive Planet in other video markets. This is the fourth and final film in Alfonso Brescia's sci-fi series, with the others being (1977, a.k.a. ""Year Zero War in Space""), Battle of the Stars (1978, a.k.a. ""Battle in Interstellar Space""), and War of the Robots (1978, a.k.a. ""Reactor""). One of four low-budget Italian space opera movies produced in the wake of ""Star Wars"" by Italian director"	"them. It is an ultimate statement of the science fiction film, an awesome realization of the spatial future ... it is a milestone, a landmark for a spacemark, in the art of film."" Louise Sweeney of ""The Christian Science Monitor"" felt that ""2001"" was ""a brilliant intergalactic satire on modern technology. It's also a dazzling 160-minute tour on the Kubrick filmship through the universe out there beyond our earth."" Philip French wrote that the film was ""perhaps the first multi-million-dollar supercolossal movie since D.W. Griffith's ""Intolerance"" fifty years ago which can be regarded as the work of one man ..."
Which is the largest of the Japanese Volcano Islands?	"or central mountain) on Iwo Jima; and two settlements on Kita Iwo Jima: Ishino-mura (""Ishino village""; Ishino is a surname) and Nishi-mura (""West village""). The municipal administration office was located in Higashi until 1940, when the municipality was integrated into the administration of Ogasawara, Tokyo. Iwo Jima was the site of the Battle of Iwo Jima in World War II, and the island group came under the United States administration. The Volcano Islands were returned to Japanese administration in 1968. Volcano Islands The or are a group of three Japanese islands south of the Bonin Islands that belong to the"	"The largest of them is Izu Oshima (8,346 inhabitants, ), the smallest Toshima (292 inhabitants, .) Of the inhabited islands, seven are traditionally referred to as the ""Izu Seven"": Oshima, Toshima, Niijima, Kozujima, Miyakejima, Hachijojima, and Mikurajima, though Shikinejima and Aogashima are sometimes included as well. Each of the islands has its unique character: Oshima is noted for its active volcano Mt Mihara and camellias, Hachijojima for its former penal colony, Mikurajima for dolphin watching, Niijima for its numerous beaches, Kozujima for its white sandy shores, Hachijojima for its well-preserved unique culture, and Miyakejima for the 2001 volcanic eruption. During"	"Nakanoshima (Kagoshima) , is a volcanic island located in the Tokara Islands, part of the Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan. It is the largest and most populous island of the islands in Toshima village. The island, 34.47 km² in area, had 167 inhabitants . The island has no airport, and access is normally by ferry to the city of Kagoshima on the mainland, seven hours away. The islanders are dependent mainly on agriculture, fishing and seasonal tourism. The island's attractions include hot springs, a lighthouse, an observatory and a museum of local history and folklore. Nakanoshima is the largest island in the"	"Iwo Jima , known in English as Iwo Jima (, ), is one of the Japanese Volcano Islands and lies south of the Bonin Islands. Together with other islands, they form the Ogasawara Archipelago. The highest point of Iwo Jima is Mount Suribachi at high. Although south of the metropolis of Tokyo on the mainland, this island of 21 km (8 square miles) is administered as part of the Ogasawara Subprefecture of Tokyo and since July 1944, when the civilian population was forcibly evacuated, has been only populated by military forces. The island of Iwo Jima was the location of"	"Oki Islands The Oki Islands are volcanic in origin, and are the exposed eroded summits of two massive stratovolcanoes dating approximately 5 million years ago to the Tertiary and Quaternary periods. The oldest rocks in Japan have been found on the Oki Islands. Dōgo to the east is the largest island in area, and has the highest elevation, Mount Daimanji, at above sea level. The Dōzen group of islands to the west are all portions of single ancient volcanic caldera which collapsed, leaving three large islands (Nishinoshima, Nakanoshima and Chiburijima) and numerous smaller islands and rocks in a ring formation"	"largest on record, according to US Geological Survey data. Undersea earthquakes also expose the Japanese coastline to danger from tsunamis. Mount Bandai, one of Japan's most noted volcanoes, rises above the north shore of Lake Inawashiro. Mount Bandai is formed of several overlapping stratovolcanoes, the largest of which is O-Bandai forming a complex volcano. O-Bandai volcano was constructed within a horseshoe-shaped caldera that formed about 40,000 years when an earlier volcano collapsed, forming the Okinajima debris avalanche, which traveled to the southwest and was accompanied by a plinian eruption. Four major phreatic eruptions have occurred during the past 5,000 years,"	"Izu Islands The are a group of volcanic islands stretching south and east from the Izu Peninsula of Honshū, Japan. Administratively, they form two towns and six villages; all part of Tokyo Prefecture. The largest is Izu Ōshima, usually called simply Ōshima. Although traditionally referred to as the , there are in fact more than a dozen islands and islets. Nine among them are currently inhabited. The Izu islands stretch south-east from the Izu Peninsula on Honshu and cover an area of approximately . There are nine populated islands with a total population of 24,645 people () spread over ."	"Oshima (Hokkaido) At , Ōshima is the largest uninhabited island under Japanese sovereignty. The island is a double caldera with a scoria hill rising in the middle. It is the peak of two overlapping stratovolcanoes and their associated calderas, Mount Higashi and Mount Nishi. The highest peak, at , is part of a triple volcano. The peak rises close to from the sea floor. The island consists of mafic alkali and non-alkali volcanic rock, less than 18,000 years old. On the south side of the island at , there are a lighthouse and a heliport operated by Japan Coast Guard."	"them. The Izu Islands are a group of volcanic islands and form part of the Fuji-Hakone-Izu National Park. The islands in order from closest to Tokyo are Izu Ōshima, Toshima, Nii-jima, Shikine-jima, Kōzu-shima, Miyake-jima, Mikurajima, Hachijō-jima, and Aogashima. The Izu Islands are grouped into three subprefectures. Izu Ōshima and Hachijojima are towns. The remaining islands are six villages, with Niijima and Shikinejima forming one village. The Ogasawara Islands include, from north to south, Chichi-jima, Nishinoshima, Haha-jima, Kita Iwo Jima, Iwo Jima, and Minami Iwo Jima. Ogasawara also administers two tiny outlying islands: Minami Torishima, the easternmost point in Japan and"	"Mount Ontake , also referred to as , is the 14th highest mountain and second highest volcano in Japan (after Mount Fuji) at . Mt. Ontake is located around northeast of Nagoya, and around 200 km (125 mi) west of Tokyo, at the borders of Kiso and Ōtaki, Nagano Prefecture, and Gero, Gifu Prefecture. The volcano has five crater lakes, with at being the highest mountain lake in Japan. Ontake is a major sacred mountain, and following older shamanistic practices, actors and artists have gone to the mountain to put themselves into trances in order to get divine inspiration for"	"Jeju Volcanic Island and Lava Tubes The Jeju Volcanic Island and Lava Tubes is a World Heritage Site in South Korea. Jeju, also known as Jejudo, is a volcanic island, 130 kilometers from the southern coast of the Korean Peninsula. The largest island and smallest province in South Korea, the island has a surface area of 1,846 square kilometers. A central feature of Jeju is Hallasan, the tallest mountain in South Korea and a dormant volcano, which rises 1,950 meters above sea level. The main volcano includes 360 satellite volcanoes. Volcanic activity on Jeju began approximately in the Cretaceous and"	"suggestion that it could be a single volcano would make the Tamu Massif the largest known volcano on Earth, dwarfing the current record-holder, Mauna Loa on the Hawaiian Islands. Tamu's rounded dome extends over an area of , totaling more than , many times larger than Mauna Loa, which has an area of , and about half the area of the Martian volcano Olympus Mons. The entire mass of Tamu consists of basalt. Its slopes are very gradual, ranging from less than half a degree to one degree near its summit. While the Shatsky Rise oceanic plateau is comparable in"	"Japan Japan (; ""Nippon"" or ""Nihon"" ; formally """" or ""Nihon-koku"", lit. ""State of Japan"") is an island country in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies off the eastern coast of the Asian continent and stretches from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and the Philippine Sea in the south. The kanji that make up Japan's name mean ""sun origin"", and it is often called the ""Land of the Rising Sun"". Japan is a stratovolcanic archipelago consisting of about 6,852 islands. The four largest are Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu, and Shikoku, which"	"a single event. Similarly, the ""Euhadra"" snails, endemic to Japan, populated the islands in a single event and all individuals on inhabited islands possess an identical haplotype. The ""Apodemus"" mice, on the other hand, colonized the islands from the mainland in two independent events. Izu Islands The are a group of volcanic islands stretching south and east from the Izu Peninsula of Honshū, Japan. Administratively, they form two towns and six villages; all part of Tokyo Prefecture. The largest is Izu Ōshima, usually called simply Ōshima. Although traditionally referred to as the , there are in fact more than a"	"part of Dōgo and provides air service to Osaka International Airport (Itami, ""ITM"") and Izumo Airport (""IZO""). The Oki islands can be reached by ferries from harbours like Sakaiminato, Shichirui and Kaga on the mainland. There are also frequent ferries operating between the Dōzen islands throughout the year. Oki Islands The Oki Islands are volcanic in origin, and are the exposed eroded summits of two massive stratovolcanoes dating approximately 5 million years ago to the Tertiary and Quaternary periods. The oldest rocks in Japan have been found on the Oki Islands. Dōgo to the east is the largest island in"	"and Security Group in Tokyo, an IAEA expert warned that a strong earthquake with a magnitude above could pose a ""serious problem"" for Japan's nuclear power stations. The region had experienced three earthquakes of magnitude greater than 8, including the 869 Sanriku earthquake, the 1896 Sanriku earthquake, and the 1933 Sanriku earthquake. The 9.0 M Tōhoku earthquake occurred at 14:46 on Friday, 11 March 2011, with the epicenter near Honshu, the largest island of Japan. It produced maximum ground g-forces of 0.56, 0.52, 0.56 () at units 2, 3, and 5 respectively. This exceeded the earthquake tolerances of 0.45, 0.45,"	"island. Kōzu-shima Kōzushima is administratively part of Kōzushima Village under Ōshima Subprefecture of Tokyo Metropolis. , the island's population was 1,952. Kōzushima is also within the boundaries of the Fuji-Hakone-Izu National Park. Kōzu-shima is a compound volcanic island 6 km in length with a maximum width of 4 km. The island is formed from a cluster of eighteen lava domes, with rhyolite and pyroclastic ash deposits. The highest of these lava domes, , has a height of , and was last active in 838 AD per the ancient Japanese history Shoku Nihon Kōki. Compared with most of the other islands"	"off the Bayonnaise Rocks in the Pacific. The 1914 Sakurajima eruption produced lava flows which connected the former island with the Osumi Peninsula in Kyushu. It is the most active volcano in Japan. The subduction of the Pacific Plate beneath the Philippine Sea Plate created the Izu Islands and Bonin Islands on the Izu-Bonin-Mariana Arc system. During the 2013 eruption southeast of Nishinoshima, a new unnamed volcanic island emerged from the sea. Due to erosion and shifting sands, the new island merged with Nishinoshima and ceased to be a separate entity. A 1911 survey determined the caldera was at its"	"and 270,000 years ago. The largest of these was the fourth, which reached as far as nearby Yamaguchi Prefecture 160 kilometers away. The fourth eruption left a massive pyroclastic plateau which is what remains even today. In 1985 it was discovered that volcanic ash from the fourth eruption covered much of the Japanese islands. The extent of the fourth eruption is estimate to be approximately 200 km3. Aso caldera has often been called the largest in the world, but actually Indonesia's Danau Toba, measuring 100 km by 30 km, is the world's largest. Furthermore, in Japan, Kussharo caldera, which measures"	"for a volcanic island. Suribachi is the only obvious volcanic feature, as it is only the resurgent dome (raised centre) of a larger submerged volcanic caldera. 80 km (43 nautical miles, 50 mi) north of the island is and south is ; these three islands make up the Volcano Islands group of the Ogasawara Islands. Just south of Minami-Iō-jima are the Mariana Islands. Iwo Jima has a history of minor volcanic activity a few times per year (fumaroles, and their resultant discolored patches of seawater nearby), but no evidence of an impending major eruption has been observed. Iwo Jima has"	"Mount Fuji , located on Honshū, is the highest mountain in Japan at 3,776.24 m (12,389 ft), 2nd-highest peak of an island (volcanic) in Asia, and 7th-highest peak of an island in the world. It is a dormant stratovolcano that last erupted in 1707–1708. Mount Fuji lies about 100 kilometers (60 mi) south-west of Tokyo, and can be seen from there on a clear day. Mount Fuji's exceptionally symmetrical cone, which is snow-capped for about 5 months a year, is a well-known symbol of Japan and it is frequently depicted in art and photographs, as well as visited by sightseers"	"boutonii nigropunctatus"", ""Apeltonotus dorsalis"", and ""Takydromus toyamai"". Subspecies of the Chinese box turtle and the yellow pond turtle are native to the islands, as is the Ryukyu black-breasted leaf turtle. Ryukyu Islands The , also known as the or the , are a chain of Japanese islands that stretch southwest from Kyushu to Taiwan: the Ōsumi, Tokara, Amami, Okinawa, and Sakishima Islands (further divided into the Miyako and Yaeyama Islands), with Yonaguni the westernmost. The larger are mostly high islands and the smaller mostly coral. The largest is Okinawa Island. The climate of the islands ranges from humid subtropical climate"	"Shatsky Rise The Shatsky Rise is Earth's third largest oceanic plateau, (after Ontong Java and Kerguelen) located in the north-west Pacific Ocean east of Japan. It is one of a series of Pacific Cretaceous large igneous provinces (LIPs) together with Hess Rise, Magellan Rise, and Ontong Java-Manihiki-Hikurangi. It was named for Nikolay Shatsky (1895-1960), a Soviet geologist, expert in tectonics of ancient platforms. The rise consists of three large volcanic massifs, Tamu, Ori, and Shirshov, but, in contrast, there are few traces of magmatism on the surrounding ocean floor. The Tamu Massif may be the largest volcano yet discovered on"	"Mauna Loa Mauna Loa ( or ; Hawaiian: ; ) is one of five volcanoes that form the Island of Hawaii in the U.S. state of Hawaiʻi in the Pacific Ocean. The largest subaerial volcano in both mass and volume, Mauna Loa has historically been considered the largest volcano on Earth, dwarfed only by Tamu Massif. It is an active shield volcano with relatively gentle slopes, with a volume estimated at approximately , although its peak is about lower than that of its neighbor, Mauna Kea. Lava eruptions from Mauna Loa are silica-poor and very fluid, and they tend to"	"Kōzu-shima Kōzushima is administratively part of Kōzushima Village under Ōshima Subprefecture of Tokyo Metropolis. , the island's population was 1,952. Kōzushima is also within the boundaries of the Fuji-Hakone-Izu National Park. Kōzu-shima is a compound volcanic island 6 km in length with a maximum width of 4 km. The island is formed from a cluster of eighteen lava domes, with rhyolite and pyroclastic ash deposits. The highest of these lava domes, , has a height of , and was last active in 838 AD per the ancient Japanese history Shoku Nihon Kōki. Compared with most of the other islands in"	"Mt. Fuji would be considered stage I. Magma is at a considerable depth and no emissions of gasses can be observed regularly. Following the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami much attention was given to the volcanic reaction of Mt. Fuji. Experts have found that the internal pressure of the Mt. Fuji magma chamber has increased to an estimated 1.6 megapascals, raising speculation over the possibility of an eruption. The estimated damage to Japan from a Fuji eruption is at ¥2.5 trillion ($25 billion). Historic eruptions of Mount Fuji Mount Fuji is the tallest volcano in Japan, and also the highest"	"Geography of Japan Japan is an island nation comprising a stratovolcanic archipelago over along East Asia's Pacific coast. It consists of 6,852 islands. The main islands are Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku and Hokkaido. The Ryukyu Islands and Nanpō Islands are south of the main islands. The territory extends . It is the largest island country in East Asia and fourth largest island country in the world. Japan has the sixth longest coastline and the eight largest Exclusive Economic Zone of in the world. The terrain is mostly rugged and mountainous with 66% forest. The population is clustered in urban areas on"	"eruptions have been centered on ""Minami-dake"". Since 2006, activity has centred on Showa crater, to the east of the summit of Minami-dake. The 1914 eruption began on January 11. It was the most powerful in twentieth-century Japan. The volcano had been dormant for over a century until 1914. Almost all residents had left the island in the previous days, in response to several large earthquakes that warned them that an eruption was imminent. Initially, the eruption was very explosive, generating eruption columns and pyroclastic flows, but after a very large earthquake on January 13, 1914 which killed 35 people, it"	"Sakurajima Sakurajima (, literally ""Cherry blossom Island"") is an active composite volcano and a former island in Kagoshima Prefecture in Kyushu, Japan. The lava flows of the 1914 eruption connected it with the Osumi Peninsula. It is the most active volcano in Japan. The volcanic activity still continues, dropping volcanic ash on the surroundings. Earlier eruptions built the white sand highlands in the region. The most recent eruption started on May 2, 2017. On September 13, 2016 a team of experts from Bristol University and the Sakurajima Volcano Research Centre in Japan suggested that the volcano could have a major"	"Kyushu In the 8th century Taihō Code reforms, Dazaifu was established as a special administrative term for the region. , Kyushu has a population of 12,970,479 and covers . The island is mountainous, and Japan's most active volcano, Mt Aso at , is on Kyushu. There are many other signs of tectonic activity, including numerous areas of hot springs. The most famous of these are in Beppu, on the east shore, and around Mt. Aso, in central Kyushu. The island is separated from Honshu by the Kanmon Straits. The name ""Kyūshū"" comes from the nine ancient provinces of Saikaidō situated"	"in the south of the island were identified as a distinct breed, named the Tokara pony. This species only occurs on Nakanoshima and is believed to have been brought to the island around 1890 from Kikaijima, an island near Amami Ōshima. After World War II, the species almost became extinct, and survivors were removed to a ranch operated by Kagoshima University on mainland Kagoshima for protection . Today, some have been reintroduced to Nakanoshima. Nakanoshima (Kagoshima) , is a volcanic island located in the Tokara Islands, part of the Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan. It is the largest and most populous island"	"contains at least 43 major volcanoes, and Meiji Seamount at its terminus near the Kuril–Kamchatka Trench is 85 million years old. The volcanoes follow a distinct evolutionary pattern of growth and death. The chain includes the second largest volcano on Earth, Mauna Loa, which stands above sea level and reaches a further below the waterline and into the crust, approximately of rock. Kīlauea, meanwhile, is one of the most active volcanoes on Earth, with the current ongoing eruption having begun in January 1983. The Galápagos Islands are an isolated set of volcanoes, consisting of shield volcanoes and lava plateaus, located"	"Honshu experiences frequent earthquakes (the Great Kantō earthquake heavily damaged Tokyo in September 1923, and the earthquake of March 2011 moved the northeastern part of the island by varying amounts of as much as while causing devastating tsunamis). The highest peak is the active volcano Mount Fuji at , which makes Honshu the world's 7th highest island. There are many rivers, including the Shinano River, Japan's longest. The Japanese Alps run the length of Honshu, dividing the northwestern (Sea of Japan) shore from the southeastern (Pacific or Inland Sea) shore; the climate is generally humid subtropical in the southern and"
Who was the first woman to make a solo flight across the Atlantic?	"would be reliable as a voter on local matters. Feminist organizations in Italy were ignored, as the editors purposely associated emancipation with Americanism and transformed the debate over women's rights into a defense of the Italian-American community to set its own boundaries and rules. In 1932, Hattie Caraway of Arkansas became the first woman elected to the Senate. Furthermore, in 1932 Amelia Earhart became the first woman to fly solo across the Atlantic, taking her journey on the 5th anniversary of Lindbergh's solo Atlantic flight . She was awarded the National Geographic Society's gold medal from President Herbert Hoover, and"	"Amelia Earhart Amelia Mary Earhart (, born July 24, 1897; disappeared July 2, 1937) was an American aviation pioneer and author. Earhart was the first female aviator to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean. She received the United States Distinguished Flying Cross for this accomplishment. She set many other records, wrote best-selling books about her flying experiences and was instrumental in the formation of The Ninety-Nines, an organization for female pilots. In 1935, Earhart became a visiting faculty member at Purdue University as an advisor to aeronautical engineering and a career counselor to women students. She was also a member"	"woman to fly solo across the Atlantic from east to west; he was named by Mansfield Markham as a co-respondent in his 1937 divorce from Beryl. Hubert Broad Captain Hubert Standford Broad, MBE, AFC (1897–1975) was a British First World War aviator and noted test pilot. Born at Aston Lodge, Watford, Hertfordshire on 18 May 1897, the son of Thomas and Amelia Broad (""née"" Coles), his father was a solicitor; he was educated at St. Lawrence College in Ramsgate, Kent. Broad learned to fly in 1915 at the Hall School of Flying at Hendon. Flying a single-engined Caudron he received"	"Nicolette Milnes-Walker Nicolette Daisy Milnes-Walker, MBE (1943-) was the first woman to sail non-stop single-handed across the Atlantic. She set sail on 12 June 1971 from Milford Haven, UK and arrived in Newport USA forty five days later on 26 July. She made her crossing in a 30 ft yacht, Aziz, a 'Pioneer' Class 9 meter designed by Van Der Stadt and constructed by Southern Ocean Shipyard Ltd, Poole, Dorset. Miss Milnes-Walker returned from the USA to the UK on board the Cunard passenger liner Queen Elizabeth 2, arriving in Southampton on 11 August, 1971. Upon her arrival, Robin Knox-Johnston"	"Louise Sacchi Louise Sacchi (April 15, 1913 – March 22, 1997) was an aviator and author who flew numerous times across the world's oceans, often solo, ferrying single and multi-engine planes. As the first international woman ferry pilot, she piloted planes across the Pacific and Atlantic oceans over 340 times, more than any other non-airline pilot. On June 28, 1971, she set a speed record by flying a single-engine land plane from New York to London in 17 hours and 10 minutes, a record that still stands today. She won numerous awards in her career, which spanned over 40 years,"	"and 40 minutes non-stop from Trepassey Harbor, Newfoundland. She became the first woman to fly non-stop across the Atlantic. A commemorative blue plaque now marks the site. As most of the flight was on instruments and Earhart because had no training for this type of flying, she did not pilot the aircraft. When interviewed after landing, she said, ""Stultz did all the flying—had to. I was just baggage, like a sack of potatoes."" She added, ""... maybe someday I'll try it alone."" In 1932 she completed her solo Transatlantic solo flight. Pwll Pwll is a small coastal village, located between"	"Betty Miller (pilot) Betty Jean Verret Miller (April 6, 1926 – February 21, 2018) was the first female pilot to fly solo across the Pacific Ocean, which she did in May 1963. Specifically, she flew from Oakland, California, USA to Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, to deliver the plane (a twin-engine Piper) to a buyer. The flight also made her the first woman to fly solo from Oakland, California to Honolulu, Hawaii which she did in just over 17 hours. She started the first leg of the epic flight on April 25.1963 from Oakland California and took over 17 hours to reach"	"presented her with a painting of Aziz on behalf of the builders. Nicolette Milnes-Walker Nicolette Daisy Milnes-Walker, MBE (1943-) was the first woman to sail non-stop single-handed across the Atlantic. She set sail on 12 June 1971 from Milford Haven, UK and arrived in Newport USA forty five days later on 26 July. She made her crossing in a 30 ft yacht, Aziz, a 'Pioneer' Class 9 meter designed by Van Der Stadt and constructed by Southern Ocean Shipyard Ltd, Poole, Dorset. Miss Milnes-Walker returned from the USA to the UK on board the Cunard passenger liner Queen Elizabeth 2,"	"helicopter, and also helped set physical standards for female astronauts that are still used today by those participating in physical tests at the Lovelace Clinic in Albuquerque, New Mexico. Miller died on February 21, 2018, at the age of 91. Betty Miller (pilot) Betty Jean Verret Miller (April 6, 1926 – February 21, 2018) was the first female pilot to fly solo across the Pacific Ocean, which she did in May 1963. Specifically, she flew from Oakland, California, USA to Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, to deliver the plane (a twin-engine Piper) to a buyer. The flight also made her the first"	"after her. Beryl Markham Beryl Markham (née Clutterbuck; 26 October 1902 – 3 August 1986) was a British-born Kenyan aviator (one of the first bush pilots), adventurer, racehorse trainer and author. She was the first person to fly solo, non-stop across the Atlantic from east to west. She wrote about her adventures in her memoir, ""West with the Night"". Markham was born in the village of Ashwell, in the county of Rutland, England, the daughter of Charles Baldwin Clutterbuck, an accomplished horse trainer, and Clara Agnes (""née"" Alexander) Clutterbuck (1878–1952). She had an older brother, Richard Alexander ""Dickie"" Clutterbuck (1900–1927)."	"Tori Murden Victoria Murden McClure (born March 6, 1963) is an athlete and university administrator who was the first woman and the first American to row solo across the Atlantic Ocean, which she did in 1999. She was also the first woman and first American to ski to the geographic South Pole and the first woman to climb the Lewis Nunatak in the Antarctic. She is the president of Spalding University, a private Catholic university in Louisville, Kentucky. She also served as the Chair of the Board of the National Outdoor Leadership School (NOLS), an outdoor education school headquartered in"	"Bessie Raiche Bessica Faith Raiche née Medlar, known as Bessie Raiche, (April 1875 – 11 April 1932) was a dentist, businesswoman, and physician, who was the first woman in the United States accredited with flying solo in an airplane. Her accomplishment, although dimmed by the existence of another flight by a US female earlier in the month, is impressive because she had received no flight instruction or experience prior to her flight. Raiche was born in April 1875 in Beloit, Wisconsin. Her mother, Elizabeth, was from New Hampshire, and her father, James B. Medlar, was from New York. She had"	"receive the Veteran's Pilot Award, and the first woman to be honored with the Elder Statesman of Aviation Award. Davis died of cancer in 1964. Davis was married to Max T. Davis, president of a Cleveland, Ohio, packing company. Arlene Davis Alma Arlene Davis (ca. 1910 – 1964) was an American aviator and air racer who was the first private pilot to receive an instrument rating and the first to fly a private plane across the North and South Atlantic oceans in a single trip. Alma Arlene Davis started out studying art in Chicago, Illinois, and Cleveland, Ohio. She became"	"and was the first woman to win the prestigious Godfrey L. Cabot Award for distinguished service to aviation. Louise Sacchi Louise Sacchi (April 15, 1913 – March 22, 1997) was an aviator and author who flew numerous times across the world's oceans, often solo, ferrying single and multi-engine planes. As the first international woman ferry pilot, she piloted planes across the Pacific and Atlantic oceans over 340 times, more than any other non-airline pilot. On June 28, 1971, she set a speed record by flying a single-engine land plane from New York to London in 17 hours and 10 minutes,"	"in her home in Quincy, Florida by a relative on September 30, 2014. Jerrie Mock Geraldine ""Jerrie"" Fredritz Mock (November 22, 1925 – September 30, 2014) was the first woman to fly solo around the world, which she did in 1964. She flew a single engine Cessna 180 (registered N1538C) christened the ""Spirit of Columbus"" and nicknamed ""Charlie."" The trip began March 19, 1964, in Columbus, Ohio, and ended April 17, 1964, in Columbus, Ohio, and took 29 days, 21 stopovers and almost . An almost forgotten part of this flight is the ""race"" that developed between Jerrie Mock and"	"Naomi James Dame Naomi Christine James, DBE (née Power; born 2 March 1949) is the first woman to have sailed single-handed (i.e., solo) around the world via Cape Horn, the second woman to have ever sailed solo around the world. She departed Dartmouth, Devon on 9 September 1977 and finished her voyage around the globe on 8 June 1978 after 272 days, thus improving Sir Francis Chichester's solo round-the-world sailing record by two days. She was born in New Zealand on a landlocked sheep farm and did not learn how to swim until the age of 23. She worked as"	"in a pasture at Culmore, north of Derry, Northern Ireland. The landing was witnessed by Cecil King and T. Sawyer. When a farm hand asked, ""Have you flown far?"" Earhart replied, ""From America"". As the first woman to fly solo nonstop across the Atlantic, Earhart received the Distinguished Flying Cross from Congress, the Cross of Knight of the Legion of Honor from the French Government and the Gold Medal of the National Geographic Society from President Herbert Hoover. As her fame grew, she developed friendships with many people in high offices, most notably First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt. Roosevelt shared many"	"October 1964 at the age of 34. She was the only civilian besides the Captain’s wife on the bridge of the ""Queen Mary"" when it rounded Cape Horn on its final voyage to Long Beach, California. In 1965 she became the first woman to sail alone from California to Hawaii, which she did in 39 days in her 25-foot folkboat named “Sea Sharp”. In 2008, she published her memoir ""Pacific Lady"". Sharon Sites Adams Sharon Sites Adams (born 29 May 1930) was the first woman to sail solo across the Pacific Ocean, which she did in 1969, from Yokohama to"	"Jerrie Mock Geraldine ""Jerrie"" Fredritz Mock (November 22, 1925 – September 30, 2014) was the first woman to fly solo around the world, which she did in 1964. She flew a single engine Cessna 180 (registered N1538C) christened the ""Spirit of Columbus"" and nicknamed ""Charlie."" The trip began March 19, 1964, in Columbus, Ohio, and ended April 17, 1964, in Columbus, Ohio, and took 29 days, 21 stopovers and almost . An almost forgotten part of this flight is the ""race"" that developed between Jerrie Mock and Joan Merriam Smith who had flown from a field near San Francisco CA"	"Beryl Markham Beryl Markham (née Clutterbuck; 26 October 1902 – 3 August 1986) was a British-born Kenyan aviator (one of the first bush pilots), adventurer, racehorse trainer and author. She was the first person to fly solo, non-stop across the Atlantic from east to west. She wrote about her adventures in her memoir, ""West with the Night"". Markham was born in the village of Ashwell, in the county of Rutland, England, the daughter of Charles Baldwin Clutterbuck, an accomplished horse trainer, and Clara Agnes (""née"" Alexander) Clutterbuck (1878–1952). She had an older brother, Richard Alexander ""Dickie"" Clutterbuck (1900–1927). When she"	"Congress awarded her the Distinguished Flying Cross. Later in 1932 she became the first woman to fly solo nonstop coast to coast, and set the women's nonstop transcontinental speed record, flying 2,447.8 miles in 19 hours 5 minutes. In 1935, she became the first person to solo the 2,408-mile distance across the Pacific between Honolulu and Oakland, California; this was also the first flight where a civilian aircraft carried a two-way radio. Later in 1935, she became the first person to fly solo from Los Angeles to Mexico City. Still later in 1935, she became the first person to fly"	"then Inchfad on Loch Lomond. In 2017 a blue plaque recognizing Ann was unveiled at Mere Brook House (where Ann lived from 1939) which is near Thornton Hough, Wirral. Davison had no children. Ann Davison Ann Davison (1914 – 1992) was, at the age of 39, the first woman to single-handedly sail the Atlantic Ocean. She departed Plymouth, England in her 23-foot boat ""Felicity Ann"" on 18 May 1952. She landed in Brittany, Portugal, Morocco and the Canary Islands, before setting sail across the Atlantic on 20 November 1952, aiming to make land-fall in Antigua. In the event storms pushed"	"Ann Davison Ann Davison (1914 – 1992) was, at the age of 39, the first woman to single-handedly sail the Atlantic Ocean. She departed Plymouth, England in her 23-foot boat ""Felicity Ann"" on 18 May 1952. She landed in Brittany, Portugal, Morocco and the Canary Islands, before setting sail across the Atlantic on 20 November 1952, aiming to make land-fall in Antigua. In the event storms pushed her south and having been driven past Barbados she eventually touched land in Dominica on 23 January 1953. After an extended stopover in the Caribbean she sailed north to Florida and finally to"	"Arlene Davis Alma Arlene Davis (ca. 1910 – 1964) was an American aviator and air racer who was the first private pilot to receive an instrument rating and the first to fly a private plane across the North and South Atlantic oceans in a single trip. Alma Arlene Davis started out studying art in Chicago, Illinois, and Cleveland, Ohio. She became interested in flying when her husband bought a plane and earned her pilot's license in 1931. She later became the first private pilot to receive an instrument rating and the first woman to earn her 4M qualification for piloting"	"with acting as a sales representative for Kinner aircraft in the Boston area, Earhart wrote local newspaper columns promoting flying and as her local celebrity grew, she laid out the plans for an organization devoted to female flyers. After Charles Lindbergh's solo flight across the Atlantic in 1927, Amy Guest (1873–1959) expressed interest in being the first woman to fly (or be flown) across the Atlantic Ocean. After deciding that the trip was too perilous for her to undertake, she offered to sponsor the project, suggesting that they find ""another girl with the right image"". While at work one afternoon"	"one of the first women specialists in obstetrics and gynecology in the United States, and Frank was practising as a lawyer. In 1923 Bessica served as president of the Orange County Medical Association. In 1930 she was living in Santa Ana, California. On April 11, 1932, Raiche died in her sleep in Balboa Island, Newport Beach, California, of a heart attack. Bessie Raiche Bessica Faith Raiche née Medlar, known as Bessie Raiche, (April 1875 – 11 April 1932) was a dentist, businesswoman, and physician, who was the first woman in the United States accredited with flying solo in an airplane."	"spotting game animals from the air and signaling their locations to safaris on the ground. She also mingled with the notorious Happy Valley set. Markham is best known for her solo flight across the Atlantic, from east to west. When Markham decided to take on the Atlantic crossing, no female pilot had yet flown non-stop from Europe to New York, and no woman had made the westward flight solo, though several had died trying. Markham hoped to claim both records. On 4 September 1936, she took off from Abingdon, England. After a 20-hour flight, her Vega Gull, ""The Messenger"", suffered"	"Aida de Acosta Aida de Acosta Root Breckinridge (July 28, 1884 – May 26, 1962) was an American socialite and the first woman to fly a powered aircraft solo. In 1903, while in Paris with her mother, she caught her first glimpse of dirigibles. She then proceeded to take only three flight lessons, before taking to the sky by herself. Later in life, after losing sight in one eye to glaucoma, she became an advocate for improved eye care and was executive director of the first eye bank in America. Aida was born in the Elberon section of Long Branch,"	"Clara Adams Clara Adams (born Clara Grabau; 1884 – 1971), known as the ""first flighter"" and the ""maiden of maiden flights,"" was an aviator who set a variety of flying records. She helped popularize air travel and is known for being the first woman to fly across the Atlantic as a passenger aboard the Graf Zeppelin. Adams was born in 1884 in Cincinnati, Ohio to German parents as Clara Grabau. She later studied music in Leipzig, Germany. Adams was married to George Adams, who was affluent and served as president of the American Leather Tanning Company. In March 1914, Adams"	"Jean Batten. In 2016, Google Doodle commemorated her 107th birthday. Jean Batten Jean Gardner Batten, CBE, OSC (15 September 1909 – 22 November 1982) was a New Zealand aviatrix. Born in Rotorua, she became the best-known New Zealander of the 1930s, internationally, by making a number of record-breaking solo flights across the world. She made the first-ever solo flight from England to New Zealand in 1936. Jane Batten (named ""Jane"" at birth but metamorphosed into ""Jean"") was born to Frederick Batten, a dental surgeon, and Nellie (Ellen) Batten Blackmore (who would become her strong supporter in her choice of a"	"Harbour Grace Airport Harbour Grace Airport , is west of Harbour Grace, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. On 20 May 1932 Amelia Earhart set off from Harbour Grace and, after a flight lasting 14 hours 56 minutes, landed in a pasture at Culmore, north of Derry, Northern Ireland to become the first woman to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean. Over the previous five years, most transatlantic flights had included a stop at Harbour Grace. Wiley Post, who with Harold Gatty as navigator made the first circumnavigation of the globe by airplane (eight days) in 1931, wrote: ""The crazy flyers who"	"own Aero Commander 200, she became the fourth woman to fly a single-engine aircraft solo across the Atlantic Ocean and the second to do it from New York City. Although she was attempting to fly to Moscow, her odyssey ended in Denmark after the government of the Soviet Union denied her permission to enter its air space. She wrote about her aviation exploits and philosophy of life in an autobiography published in 1983. In 1968, she was contacted by Learjet to see if she was interested in getting a type rating in one of their jets with the intent to"	"sailed on the Etoile, one of the two ships on the French expedition led by Louis-Antoine de Bougainville. Baret was a herbalist and assisted in the identification of new species. The expedition left France in April 1768. Naomi James Dame Naomi Christine James, DBE (née Power; born 2 March 1949) is the first woman to have sailed single-handed (i.e., solo) around the world via Cape Horn, the second woman to have ever sailed solo around the world. She departed Dartmouth, Devon on 9 September 1977 and finished her voyage around the globe on 8 June 1978 after 272 days, thus"
Which port lies between Puget Sound and Lake Washington?	"and Seattle has remained as a major part of today's BNSF Railway, now forming the north end of the Seattle–Vancouver Seattle Subdivision, and carries Amtrak's ""Coast Starlight"" and ""Cascades"". On the other hand, the Woodinville Subdivision around the east side of Lake Washington has been mostly abandoned. Puget Sound Shore Railroad The Puget Sound Shore Railroad and successor Northern Pacific and Puget Sound Shore Railroad built a branch line of the Northern Pacific Railroad between Puyallup and Seattle, Washington, U.S., and partially constructed a line around the east side of Lake Washington to Woodinville. After Congress chartered the Northern Pacific"	"Puget Sound Puget Sound is a sound along the northwestern coast of the U.S. state of Washington, an inlet of the Pacific Ocean, and part of the Salish Sea. It is a complex estuarine system of interconnected marine waterways and basins, with one major and two minor connections to the open Pacific Ocean via the Strait of Juan de Fuca—Admiralty Inlet being the major connection and Deception Pass and Swinomish Channel being the minor. Water flow through Deception Pass is approximately equal to 2% of the total tidal exchange between Puget Sound and the Strait of Juan de Fuca. Puget"	"Port Susan Port Susan is a bay and strait located in the U.S. state of Washington. Part of the Whidbey Island Basin of Puget Sound, Port Susan is bounded by Camano Island to the west and the mainland to the east. The Stillaguamish River empties into the northern end of Port Susan. To the south, Port Susan connects with the rest of Puget Sound via Possession Sound and Saratoga Passage. A swampy waterway connects the northern end of Port Susan with Skagit Bay. This waterway also separates Camano Island from the mainland. In late May and early June 1792 George"	"Salmon Bay Salmon Bay is a portion of the Lake Washington Ship Canal—a canal which passes through the city of Seattle, linking Lake Washington to Puget Sound—that lies west of the Fremont Cut. It is the westernmost section of the canal, and empties into Puget Sound's Shilshole Bay. Because of the Hiram M. Chittenden Locks, the smaller, western half of the bay is salt water, and the eastern half is fresh water (though not without saline contamination—see Lake Union). Before construction of the Ship Canal, Salmon Bay was entirely salt water. East of the locks, Salmon Bay is spanned by"	"Bodies of water of Seattle Located on a narrow isthmus between Puget Sound on the west and Lake Washington on the east, water comprises approximately 41% of the total area of the city of Seattle, Washington, USA. It was founded on the harbor of Elliott Bay, home to the Port of Seattle—in 2002, the 9th busiest port in the United States by TEUs of container traffic and the 46th busiest in the world. Seattle is divided in half by the Lake Washington Ship Canal, which connects Lake Washington to Puget Sound. From east to west, it incorporates Union Bay, the"	"Skagit Bay Skagit Bay is a bay and strait located in the U.S. state of Washington. It is part of the Whidbey Island Basin of Puget Sound. The Skagit River empties into Skagit Bay. To the south, Skagit Bay connects with the rest of Puget Sound via Saratoga Passage and Possession Sound. The boundary between Saratoga Passage and Skagit Bay is between Polnell Point on Whidbey Island and Rocky Point on Camano Island. To the northwest, Skagit Bay connects to the Strait of Juan de Fuca via the narrow strait of Deception Pass. A third waterway, the Swinomish Channel, connects"	"Admiralty Inlet Admiralty Inlet is a strait in the U.S. state of Washington connecting the eastern end of the Strait of Juan de Fuca to Puget Sound. It lies between Whidbey Island and the northeastern part of the Olympic Peninsula. It is generally considered to be the northern part of Puget Sound's Main Basin. Its northern boundary is defined as a line running between Point Wilson and Point Partridge, and it extends south to the southern end of Whidbey Island and Point No Point on the Kitsap Peninsula, where it joins the Central Basin of Puget Sound's Main Basin. Admiralty"	"the salt marshes, eelgrass beds and the estuaries. Puget Sound, Washington is a body of water lying east of Admiralty Inlet, through which ocean waters reach inland some from the Pacific Coast to complex and intricate system of channels, inlets, estuaries, embayments and islands. Industries in this area include aerospace, military, biotechnology, fishing, electronics, computers, forest products, marine industries, telecommunications, transportation and other commerce industries. Due to improper storage methods for dangerous chemicals, such as arsenic, areas of soil and aquatic land in Puget Sound are being managed under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA). Standards for"	"costs of monitoring wildlife. Admiralty Inlet Admiralty Inlet is a strait in the U.S. state of Washington connecting the eastern end of the Strait of Juan de Fuca to Puget Sound. It lies between Whidbey Island and the northeastern part of the Olympic Peninsula. It is generally considered to be the northern part of Puget Sound's Main Basin. Its northern boundary is defined as a line running between Point Wilson and Point Partridge, and it extends south to the southern end of Whidbey Island and Point No Point on the Kitsap Peninsula, where it joins the Central Basin of Puget"	"Montlake Cut The Montlake Cut is the easternmost section of the Lake Washington Ship Canal, which passes through the city of Seattle, linking Lake Washington to Puget Sound. It is approximately long and wide. The center channel is wide and deep. The path along the cut was designated a National Recreation Trail as Montlake Cut National Waterside in 1971. The Cut provides a connection between Union Bay, part of Lake Washington, to the east and Portage Bay, an arm of Lake Union, to the west. It is spanned by the Montlake Bridge, a bascule drawbridge carrying Montlake Boulevard (State Route"	"of the Alaska Marine Highway, BC Ferries, and Washington State Ferries systems. The term ""Inside Passage"" is also often used to refer to the ocean and islands around the passage itself. It is generally accepted that the southernmost point of the Inside Passage is Olympia, Washington, which is also the southernmost point of the Puget Sound. Moving north, the passage continues into the waters of the greater Salish Sea. It then passes through the Strait of Georgia and Johnstone Strait, between northeastern Vancouver Island and the coast of mainland British Columbia. From there it continues further northwest into the Alaska"	"Puget Sound Naval Shipyard and Intermediate Maintenance Facility Puget Sound Naval Shipyard and Intermediate Maintenance Facility (PSNS & IMF) is a United States Navy shipyard covering 179 acres (0.7 km²) on Puget Sound at Bremerton, Washington in uninterrupted use since its establishment in 1891; it has also been known as Navy Yard Puget Sound, Bremerton Navy Yard, and Puget Sound Naval Shipyard. It is bordered on the south by Sinclair Inlet, on the west by the Bremerton Annex of Naval Base Kitsap, and on the north and east by the city of Bremerton, Washington. It is the Pacific Northwest's largest"	"Saratoga Passage Saratoga Passage lies in Puget Sound between Whidbey Island and Camano Island. Saratoga Passage extends about 18 miles in a northwesterly direction from its entrance between Sandy Point on the Whidbey Island side and Camano Head on the other. At its northern end, Saratoga Passage connects with Penn Cove and Crescent Harbor, and leads east into Skagit Bay. Depths in the passage are from about 600 feet at the southeastern entrance to about 90 feet near Crescent Harbor. Langley, Washington is the only city on either island located on the passage. Most of the waterfront on either side"	"The causes of these environmental issues are toxic contamination, eutrophication (low oxygen due to excess nutrients), and near shore habitat changes. Puget Sound Puget Sound is a sound along the northwestern coast of the U.S. state of Washington, an inlet of the Pacific Ocean, and part of the Salish Sea. It is a complex estuarine system of interconnected marine waterways and basins, with one major and two minor connections to the open Pacific Ocean via the Strait of Juan de Fuca—Admiralty Inlet being the major connection and Deception Pass and Swinomish Channel being the minor. Water flow through Deception Pass"	"Kitsap Peninsula The Kitsap Peninsula lies west of Seattle across Puget Sound, in Washington state in the northwestern US. Hood Canal separates the peninsula from the Olympic Peninsula on its west side. The peninsula, a.k.a. ""the Kitsap"", encompasses all of Kitsap County except Bainbridge and Blake Islands, as well as the northeastern part of Mason County and the northwestern part of Pierce County. The highest point on the Kitsap Peninsula is Gold Mountain. The U.S. Navy's Puget Sound Naval Shipyard, and Naval Base Kitsap (comprising the former NSB Bangor and NS Bremerton) are on the Peninsula. Its main city is"	"Puget Island, Washington Puget Island is a 19.365 km² (4,785 acre; 7.5 sq mi) island and Census-designated place (CDP) in the Columbia River in Wahkiakum County, Washington, United States. The Julia Butler Hansen Bridge (built in 1938) carries State Route 409 across the Cathlamet Channel to connect the island to the town of Cathlamet, Washington. Route 409 crosses the island to its southern shore, where it connects with the county-operated Wahkiakum County Ferry, ""Oscar B"", providing service to Westport, Oregon. The 2010 census reported a population of 831 persons. Puget Island's Robert W. Little Preserve is home to a population"	"had been portaging between the lakes for centuries, either carrying canoes or shoving them along an intermittent creek that appeared when Lake Washington overflowed. ""The Cut"" is home to the University of Washington Rowing Teams, serving as the final 500 meters of the 2000 meter race course. Montlake Cut The Montlake Cut is the easternmost section of the Lake Washington Ship Canal, which passes through the city of Seattle, linking Lake Washington to Puget Sound. It is approximately long and wide. The center channel is wide and deep. The path along the cut was designated a National Recreation Trail as"	"Port of Poulsbo Port of Poulsbo is located on Puget Sound, in Liberty Bay, Washington, United States. It includes 7 main docks, which contains 254 permanent slips, 130 guest slips, floatplane dock, fuel dock, sanitation pump-out facilities, shower and restroom facilities, launch ramp and laundry facilities. Maritime use of the waters around what is now the Port of Poulsbo has a history predating European contact. The Suquamish people harvested fish and shellfish here for several millennia, and a village — ho-cheeb — was located at the head of the bay until the mid-1800s. In the 1855 Treaty of Point Elliott,"	"Puget Sound Navy Museum The Puget Sound Navy Museum is an official naval museum located in Bremerton, Washington, United States. The museum is one of the 10 Navy museums that are operated by the Naval History & Heritage Command. It is located near the Washington State Ferries terminal, the Puget Sound Naval Shipyard, and the Bremerton Annex of Naval Base Kitsap. According to the museum website, its mission is ""collecting, preserving, and interpreting the naval heritage of the Pacific Northwest for the benefit of the U.S. Navy and general public."" Explore the naval history of the region through exhibits about"	"which was finished in January 2013. Swinomish Channel The Swinomish Channel is an long salt-water channel in Washington State, United States, which connects Skagit Bay to the south, and Padilla Bay to the north, separating Fidalgo Island from mainland Skagit County. The Swinomish Channel is the smallest of the three entrances to Puget Sound—the other two being Deception Pass and Admiralty Inlet. The Swinomish Channel is partly natural and partly dredged. Before being dredged, it was a collection of shallow tidal sloughs, salt marshes, and mudflats known as Swinomish Slough. The United States Army Corps of Engineers used dredging and"	"Fremont Cut The Fremont Cut is a body of water that forms part of the Lake Washington Ship Canal, which passes through the U.S. city of Seattle and links Lake Washington to Puget Sound. The Fremont Cut connects Lake Union to the east with Salmon Bay to the west. It is long and wide. The center channel is wide and deep. Work first began on the cut when the Lake Washington Improvement Company contracted in 1883 to dig out Ross Creek which at that time was Lake Union’s fresh water outlet to Salmon Bay. The total amount of material excavated"	"Quartermaster Harbor Quartermaster Harbor is a small harbor located in southern Puget Sound, in Vashon Island, Washington State. Quartermaster Harbor is formed by Vashon Island on the west and Maury Island on the east. It opens about east of the Tahlequah, Washington ferry landing at the south end of Vashon Island, with the entrance between Neill Point on Vashon Island and Piner Point on Maury Island. It is a nearly five-mile-long inlet, about a half-mile wide, that extends about north between the islands. It then turns east into the bay at Dockton, swings north around Burton Peninsula, past Portage and"	"Northwest Seaport Alliance The Northwest Seaport Alliance is a port authority based in the Puget Sound region of the United States, comprising the seaports of Seattle and Tacoma in Washington state. The combined port authority is the third largest cargo port in the United States and by container volume. The two seaports, which had been rivals for most of the 20th century but lost ground to nearby ports in British Columbia, proposed a merger of marine cargo operations in 2014. A public development authority was created in 2015 and approved by the Federal Maritime Commission, resulting in the formation of"	"Environmental issues in Puget Sound Puget Sound is a deep inlet of the Pacific Ocean in Washington, extending south from the Strait of Juan de Fuca through Admiralty Inlet. It was explored and named by Captain George Vancouver for his aide, Peter Puget, in 1792. The ninth Puget Sound Update, from the Puget Sound Action Team reports that: The abundance of creatures and foliage allowed for the native peoples of the area to thrive and prosper by harvesting it. Many of the problems of the Puget Sound originated from explorers and trappers hunting and killing the indigenous species off of"	"for repairs at Balboa in the Panama Canal Zone. She finally arrived at Seattle on 23 April 1917, carrying supplies for the United States Navy and the United States Lighthouse Service. On 4 July 1917, a dedication ceremony took place in Seattle to mark the opening of the Government Locks, which connected Puget Sound with the Lake Washington Ship Canal and Lake Washington, and ""Roosevelt"" became the first large ocean-going vessel to enter the canal, leading a flotilla of hundreds of boats that included the newly built BOF boat , and the first such ship to enter Lake Washington. On"	"Portage Bay Portage Bay is a body of water, often thought of as the eastern arm of Lake Union, that forms a part of the Lake Washington Ship Canal in Seattle, Washington. To the east, Portage Bay is connected with Union Bay—a part of Lake Washington—by the Montlake Cut, over which spans the Montlake Bridge carrying State Route 513. To the north is the campus of the University of Washington. To the west, Portage Bay is spanned by the University Bridge, which carries Eastlake Avenue between Eastlake and the University District. Its westernmost limit can be said to be the"	"the storage and discharge of industry chemicals have improved, and Puget Sound remains vital to the industries that depend upon it, such as shipping ports. Ports in Washington are diverse. Governed as municipalities, the ports operate shipping terminals, marinas, docks, and associated infrastructure, such as roads, railroads and parks. The fastest-growing part of Washington ports is industrial development. The Puget Sound region has been growing rapidly. According to the Puget Sound Regional Council (PSRC), a board that plans for growth in the four central counties of the area (Kitsap, Pierce, Snohomish and King counties), the combined population of these counties"	"west side of Puget Sound. Based on per capita income, Port Ludlow ranks 16th of 522 ranked areas in the state of Washington, and the highest rank achieved in Jefferson County. Port Ludlow's location and marina facilities make it a convenient and popular port for leisure craft sailing between Puget Sound and the San Juan Islands. The United States Exploring Expedition, under Charles Wilkes, entered Puget Sound in 1841. Wilkes bestowed many patriotically American place names; at the time the sovereignty of the Oregon Country was yet to be resolved between Britain and the United States. Many of Wilkes's names"	"Magnuson Park Magnuson Park is a park on Sand Point, Lake Washington, in the Sand Point neighborhood of Seattle, Washington. The park is the second largest in Seattle, after Discovery Park in Magnolia. It is located on the spot of the former Naval Station Puget Sound. Sand Point is the peninsula with Pontiac and Wolf bays that juts into Lake Washington in northeast Seattle. Sand Point is a peninsula that juts into Lake Washington between Wolf Bay and Pontiac Bay. It is occupied by Magnuson Park, parts of View Ridge, Windermere and gives its name to the Sand Point neighborhood"	"Naval Station Puget Sound Naval Station Puget Sound is a former United States Naval station located on Sand Point in Seattle, Washington. Today, the land is occupied by Magnuson Park. After World War I, a movement was begun to build Naval Air Station (NAS) Seattle at Sand Point, and King County began acquiring surrounding parcels. In 1922 the U.S. Navy began construction on the site, which it was leasing from the county, and in 1926 the Navy was deeded the field outright. The name ""Carkeek Park"" was subsequently given to a new park on the west side of the city,"	"in 52 years of operation. Puget Sound Navy Museum The Puget Sound Navy Museum is an official naval museum located in Bremerton, Washington, United States. The museum is one of the 10 Navy museums that are operated by the Naval History & Heritage Command. It is located near the Washington State Ferries terminal, the Puget Sound Naval Shipyard, and the Bremerton Annex of Naval Base Kitsap. According to the museum website, its mission is ""collecting, preserving, and interpreting the naval heritage of the Pacific Northwest for the benefit of the U.S. Navy and general public."" Explore the naval history of"	"Port Madison Port Madison, sometimes called Port Madison Bay, is a deep water bay located on the west shore of Puget Sound in western Washington. It is bounded on the north by Indianola, on the west by Suquamish, and on the south by Bainbridge Island. Port Madison connects to Bainbridge Island via the Agate Pass Bridge to the southwest. Two small bays open off Port Madison: Miller Bay to the northwest, and another small bay to the south which, confusingly, is also called Port Madison Bay (or, locally, as the ""Inner Harbor""). The inner harbor, which indents into Bainbridge Island"	"Puget Sound Naval Shipyard Historic District Puget Sound Naval Shipyard is a large military industrial complex located in Bremerton, Washington along the north shore of Sinclair Inlet, which opens to Puget Sound. This large shipyard is in length along the shore and over a half-mile in width at its greatest distance across. The shipyard has nearly 1,000 facilities such as shipfitters shops, repair shops, drydocks, piers, cranes, crane rails, railways, and tunnels. In addition to the industrial facilities, supporting structures include: residences for officers and enlisted personnel, recreation facilities, boiler, electrical substations, fuel tanks, medical facilities, and canteens. The historic"
Who became US Vice President when Spiro Agnew resigned?	"10, 1973, after months of maintaining his innocence, Agnew pleaded no contest to a single felony charge of tax evasion and resigned from office. He was replaced by House Minority Leader Gerald Ford. Agnew spent the remainder of his life quietly, rarely making public appearances. He wrote a novel and a memoir that both defended his actions. Spiro Agnew's father was born Theophrastos Anagnostopoulos in about 1877, in the Greek town of Gargalianoi. The family may have been involved in olive growing and been impoverished during a crisis in the industry in the 1890s. Anagnostopoulos emigrated to the United States"	"Spiro Agnew Spiro Theodore Agnew (; November 9, 1918 – September 17, 1996) was the 39th Vice President of the United States from 1969 until his resignation in 1973. He is the second and more recent officeholder to resign the position, after John C. Calhoun in 1832. Agnew was born in Baltimore, to an American-born mother and a Greek immigrant father. He attended Johns Hopkins University, graduated from the University of Baltimore School of Law, and entered the United States Army in 1941. Agnew served as an officer during World War II, earning the Bronze Star, and was recalled for"	"modern conservatism. Spiro Agnew Spiro Theodore Agnew (; November 9, 1918 – September 17, 1996) was the 39th Vice President of the United States from 1969 until his resignation in 1973. He is the second and more recent officeholder to resign the position, after John C. Calhoun in 1832. Agnew was born in Baltimore, to an American-born mother and a Greek immigrant father. He attended Johns Hopkins University, graduated from the University of Baltimore School of Law, and entered the United States Army in 1941. Agnew served as an officer during World War II, earning the Bronze Star, and was"	"United States vice presidential selection, 1973 In 1973, Republican Vice President Spiro Agnew was forced to resign following a controversy over his personal taxes. Under the terms of the 25th Amendment, a vice presidential vacancy is filled when the president nominates a candidate who is confirmed by both houses of Congress. Republican President Richard Nixon thus had the task of selecting a vice president who could receive the majority support of both houses of Congress. Nixon considered selecting former Texas Governor John Connally, New York Governor Nelson Rockefeller, and California Governor Ronald Reagan. However, Nixon settled on House Minority Leader"	"President Spiro Agnew on October 10, 1973. Ford has the distinction of being the first, and to date the only person to have served as both vice president and president without being elected to either office. As President, Ford signed the Helsinki Accords, marking a move toward détente in the Cold War. With the conquest of South Vietnam by North Vietnam nine months into his presidency, U.S. involvement in Vietnam essentially . He made seven international trips while in office. Domestically, Ford presided over the worst economy in the four decades since the Great Depression, with growing inflation and a"	"Vice President Spiro Agnew to resign his position after Agnew's personal corruption became a public scandal. He also had a prominent role in the selection of Gerald Ford as Agnew's replacement as Vice President. After he became Secretary of Defense, Laird and President Nixon appointed a Blue Ribbon Defense Panel that made more than 100 recommendations on DoD's organization and functions in a report on July 1, 1970. The department implemented a number of the panel's proposals while Laird served in the Pentagon. Laird did not depart abruptly from the McNamara–Clifford management system, but rather instituted gradual changes. He pursued"	"use"" for hippies, although she admitted that she didn't know any. In 1973, Spiro Agnew resigned from his position as Vice President of the United States, pleading nolo contendere to charges of income tax evasion. Agnew was charged with having reported a joint income of $26,099 for both him and his wife in 1967, although their correct income had been $55,599. On the day of her husband's resignation, Agnew broke down at a luncheon and cried among her guests. Agnew died on June 20, 2012, in Rancho Mirage, California, aged 91. Judy Agnew Elinor Isabel ""Judy"" Judefind Agnew (April 23,"	"retire in 1976. On October 10, 1973, Vice President Spiro Agnew resigned and then pleaded no contest to criminal charges of tax evasion and money laundering, part of a negotiated resolution to a scheme in which he accepted $29,500 in bribes while governor of Maryland. According to ""The New York Times"", Nixon ""sought advice from senior Congressional leaders about a replacement."" The advice was unanimous. ""We gave Nixon no choice but Ford,"" House Speaker Carl Albert recalled later. Ford agreed to the nomination, telling his wife that the Vice Presidency would be ""a nice conclusion"" to his career. Ford was"	"remain acting president indefinitelya declaration by the vice president together with a majority of the principal officers or other body, then a two-thirds vote in the House and a two-thirds vote in the Senatecontrasts with the Constitution's procedure for removal of the president from office for ""high crimes and misdemeanors"" a ""majority"" of the House (Article I, Section 2, Clause 5) followed by two-thirds of the Senate (Article I, Section 3, Clause 6). On October 12, 1973, following Vice President Spiro Agnew's resignation two days earlier, President Richard Nixon nominated Representative Gerald Ford of Michigan to succeed Agnew as vice"	"After Agnew's resignation in 1973, Sohmer held positions with the General Services Administration and the U.S. Railway Association. In 1978 Sohmer became a founding partner in the Learning Tree, a mail-order company dealing in special education materials. Sohmer died of lung cancer at his home in Woodstock, New York in 1991 at the age of 65. Arthur Sohmer Arthur J. Sohmer (February 16, 1926 – August 25, 1991) held a number of government offices, including serving as Chief of Staff to the Vice President of the United States when Spiro T. Agnew served as Vice President of the United States."	"administration and that former Vice President Spiro Agnew should have been imprisoned. The Senate leadership met throughout August 7 to discuss Nixon's fate, the topic of immunity being mentioned in the office of Hugh Scott. Nixon announced his resignation the following day and resigned on August 9. The resignation led to Congress rearranging their intent from an impeachment to the confirmation of a new vice presidential nominee and the Senate scheduled a recess between August 23 to September 14, Byrd opining, ""What the country needs is for all of us to get out of Washington and let the country have"	"the interim, the Secret Service paid for expensive upgrades to the private homes of Vice-Presidents Hubert Humphrey, Spiro Agnew, and Gerald R. Ford. Agnew only lived in his house for three months before resigning, and shortly thereafter sold it at a large profit, in part because of the upgrades (additional quarters for the Secret Service, fences and a new driveway for example) paid for by the government. This resulted in a minor scandal, and a subsequent investigation showed that it would be cheaper to set up the new Vice-Presidential residence immediately, rather than continue to secure private homes. In July"	"of a bust of him, to be placed with those of other vice presidents. Agnew commented: ""I am not blind or deaf to the fact that some people feel that ... the Senate by commissioning this bust is giving me an honor I don't deserve. I would remind these people that ... this ceremony has less to do with Spiro Agnew than with the office I held"". Agnew remained fit and active into his seventies, playing golf and tennis regularly. On Tuesday, September 17, 1996, he was due to play tennis with a friend, but collapsed at his summer home"	"presidency was established in 1789, it was the first to take place because the incumbent had resigned from office. Ford had become Vice President on December 6, 1973, after the resignation of Spiro Agnew. He was the first person appointed to the vice presidency under the terms of the Twenty-fifth Amendment. Thus, when he succeeded Nixon, Ford became the first (and to date only) person to have held both the office of Vice President and President without having been elected to either. In a televised Oval Office speech on August 8, 1974, President Richard Nixon, who was facing impeachment proceedings"	"to remain firm to override a potential conviction. Within days of the article's release, President Nixon announced his resignation in the face of near-certain impeachment. Eastland is the most recent President pro tempore to have served during a vacancy in the Vice Presidency. He did so twice during the tumultuous 1970s, first from October to December 1973, following Spiro Agnew's resignation until the swearing-in of Gerald Ford as Vice President, and then from August to December 1974, from the time that Ford became President until Nelson Rockefeller was sworn in as Vice President. Then, Eastland was second in the presidential"	"George Beall (attorney) George Beall (August 17, 1937 – January 15, 2017) was a prominent U.S. attorney. He is most widely known for prosecuting Vice President of the United States Spiro Agnew for bribery. This prosecution led to Agnew's resignation as Vice President in 1973. Beall was born in Frostburg, Maryland, on August 17, 1937 to his parents, U.S. Senator James Glenn Beall and the former Margaret Schwarzenbach. He was one of three sons, the eldest being U.S. Senator John Glenn Beall Jr.. Beall received his undergraduate degree from Princeton University and his J.D. from the University of Virginia School"	"was forced to devote increasing attention to the Watergate scandal that enveloped his administration. He resigned from office in the face of near-certain impeachment. He was succeeded by Vice President Gerald Ford, who had become vice president nine months earlier, following Spiro Agnew's resignation from office. While Nixon's premature departure from office tends to dominate contemporary assessments of his presidency --and Nixon's domestic and foreign policy accomplishments are largely overshadowed by the scandals that enveloped his administration-- his legacy has undergone reevaluation in the more than 40 years since his resignation. Political historian and pollster Douglas Schoen argues that Nixon"	"of other candidates was little more than a charade. On August 8, after a final meeting of advisers and party leaders, Nixon declared that Agnew was his choice, and shortly afterwards announced his decision to the press. Delegates formally nominated Agnew for the vice presidency later that day, before adjourning. In his acceptance speech, Agnew told the convention he had ""a deep sense of the improbability of this moment"". Agnew was not yet a national figure, and a widespread reaction to the nomination was ""Spiro who?"" In Atlanta, three pedestrians gave their reactions to the name when interviewed on television:"	"would (and did) bring honor to the White House. Although this sentiment proved too little to bring Ford to victory in 1976, it is an assessment that most Americans and scholars still find valid in the years after his presidency."" Presidency of Gerald Ford The presidency of Gerald Ford began on August 9, 1974, when Gerald Ford became President of the United States upon the resignation of Richard Nixon from office, and ended on January 20, 1977, a period of days. Ford had served as Vice President of the United States since December 6, 1973, following Spiro Agnew's resignation from"	"proposed New York City Mayor John V. Lindsay for Vice President. Nixon turned instead to another perceived moderate, Maryland Governor Spiro T. Agnew. Agnew, former Baltimore County Executive in the Baltimore City suburbs (1963–1967), and since Governor of Maryland, had come to Republican leaders and Nixon's attention when he summoned several Black civic, religious, and political leaders in Baltimore to the local State Office Building complex, following the disastrous April 1968 urban riots which enveloped Black sections of East and West Baltimore in the wake of the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. in Memphis, Tennessee. Agnew complained of the"	"nominated to take Agnew's position on October 12, the first time the vice-presidential vacancy provision of the 25th Amendment had been implemented. The United States Senate voted 92 to 3 to confirm Ford on November 27. Only three Senators, all Democrats, voted against Ford's confirmation: Gaylord Nelson of Wisconsin, Thomas Eagleton of Missouri and William Hathaway of Maine. On December 6, 1973, the House confirmed Ford by a vote of 387 to 35. One hour after the confirmation vote in the House, Ford took the oath of office as Vice President of the United States. Ford became Vice President as"	"Judy Agnew Elinor Isabel ""Judy"" Judefind Agnew (April 23, 1921 – June 20, 2012) was the Second Lady of the United States from 1969 to 1973. She was the wife of the 39th Vice President of the United States, Spiro Agnew, who previously served as Governor of Maryland and Baltimore County Executive. Born Elinor Isabel Judefind in Baltimore, Maryland, to parents of French-German descent, Agnew was daughter of William Lee Judefind, a chemist, and his wife, the former Ruth Elinor Schafer. Her paternal grandfather was a Methodist minister. Agnew confessed in an interview with ""Parade"" magazine that her father had"	"it. In the early spring of 1973, the U.S. attorney in Maryland, investigating illegal campaign contributions and kickbacks, discovered that Vice President Spiro Agnew had been taking kickbacks from local contractors as late as December 1972. The scandal became public in the summer of that year, and as the days progressed, it appeared that an indictment was imminent. So, on the theory that a sitting Vice President couldn't be indicted, at least while an impeachment proceeding was going on, Agnew asked the House to start one in a letter dated September 15, 1973. On September 26, 1973, the House took"	"1968 Republican Party vice presidential candidate selection This article lists those who were potential candidates for the Republican nomination for Vice President of the United States in the 1968 election. After winning the Republican presidential nomination at the 1968 Republican National Convention, former Vice President Richard Nixon convened a series of meetings with close advisers and party leaders such as Strom Thurmond in order to choose his running mate. Nixon ultimately asked the convention to nominate Maryland Governor Spiro Agnew as his running mate. By a large margin, Agnew won the vice presidential nomination on the first ballot over Michigan"	"Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution, Nixon nominated Republican House Minority Leader Gerald R. Ford to succeed Agnew as Vice President in October 1973. As the Watergate crisis began to unfold and the impeachment process against Richard Nixon began, it quickly became apparent that if Nixon resigned or was impeached from office before Ford was confirmed by both houses, Albert would become Acting President under the Presidential Succession Act of 1947. Albert would have been forced to resign from the office of Speaker as well as the House. This was the first occasion since the ratification of the Twenty-fifth"	"autumn of 1973. With the future of Richard Nixon's presidency in doubt on account of the Watergate scandal, and with the vice presidency vacant following Spiro Agnew's resignation, there was a possibility that Speaker of the House Carl Albert might become acting president. Recourse in this case to the 1947 Act was not necessary, because , ratified only six years earlier, established a mechanism for filling an intra-term vice presidential vacancy. As a result, rather than Carl Albert becoming acting president when Richard Nixon resigned on August 9, 1974, Vice President Gerald Ford became president on that date. The Twenty-fifth"	"Democrat who represents Maryland's 5th Congressional District, was elected as House Majority Leader for the 110th Congress of the U.S. House of Representatives and 111th Congress, serving in that post since January 2007. While Maryland is a Democratic Party stronghold, its best known political figure is perhaps a Republican – former Governor Spiro Agnew, who served as Vice President under Richard M. Nixon. He was Vice President from 1969 to 1973, when he resigned in the aftermath of revelations that he had taken bribes while he was Governor of Maryland. In late 1973, a court found Agnew guilty of violating"	"and following an announcement from President Lyndon B. Johnson that a halt in bombing of Vietnam had been negotiated. Winning a close election on November 5, 1968, Nixon and Agnew were inaugurated as the 37th President of the United States and 39th Vice President of the United States, respectively, on January 20, 1969. He was the first Vice President elected President since Martin Van Buren in 1836, and the only one to do so while not an incumbent. Nixon was elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1946, representing California's 12th congressional district from 1947 until his election"	"Vice President Joe Biden, former Presidents Jimmy Carter, Bill Clinton, and George W. Bush, and former Vice Presidents Dan Quayle and Dick Cheney, along with their respective wives, attended the inauguration, including Hillary Clinton, who had been Trump's main opponent in the general election (Clinton was attending as a former First Lady, not as the losing candidate). George H. W. Bush and Barbara Bush did not attend the inauguration due to health reasons. At 11:54 a.m., Associate Justice Clarence Thomas swore in Mike Pence as the 48th Vice President of the United States, with Pence's hand on his personal Bible"	"Jr.; July 14, 1913 – December 26, 2006) was the 38th President of the United States, serving from 1974 to 1977, and the 40th Vice President of the United States serving from 1973 to 1974. Ford was the first person appointed to the vice presidency under the terms of the 25th Amendment, filling the vacancy left by Spiro Agnew's resignation. He became president upon Richard Nixon's resignation on August 9, 1974. Ronald Wilson Reagan (February 6, 1911 – June 5, 2004) was the 40th President of the United States and served two terms from 1981 to 1989, and the 33rd"	"On December 6, Michael G. Flynn, the son of Michael T. Flynn, was forced out of the transition team. Spokesman Jason Miller did not identify the reason for Flynn's dismissal; however, ""The New York Times"" reported that other officials had confirmed it was related to a tweet he made regarding the Pizzagate conspiracy theory. On December 14, Trump met with CEOs and representatives from Silicon Valley tech companies in Trump Tower. The Trump transition team was led by Vice President-elect Mike Pence. It originally had six vice-chairs, which was expanded on November 29, 2016 to thirteen vice-chairs: Ben Carson, Chris"	"as a potential running mate for Nixon in 1968. 1968 Republican Party vice presidential candidate selection This article lists those who were potential candidates for the Republican nomination for Vice President of the United States in the 1968 election. After winning the Republican presidential nomination at the 1968 Republican National Convention, former Vice President Richard Nixon convened a series of meetings with close advisers and party leaders such as Strom Thurmond in order to choose his running mate. Nixon ultimately asked the convention to nominate Maryland Governor Spiro Agnew as his running mate. By a large margin, Agnew won the"	"Living vice presidents of the United States This article shows the variation in the number of living vice presidents of the United States from the inauguration of the first vice President of the United States in 1789 until the present. The following table includes all persons who have taken the vice presidential oath of office. Currently, in addition to the incumbent, Mike Pence, there are five living former vice presidents: Walter Mondale (1977–1981), Dan Quayle (1989–1993), Al Gore (1993–2001), Dick Cheney (2001–2009), and Joe Biden (2009–2017). Number of vice presidents alive at each moment in United States history: Living vice"
In which decade of the 20th century was Billy Crystal born?	"The Evangelical push of the 1940s and 1950s produced a movement that continues to have wide influence. In the southern United States, the Evangelicals, represented by leaders such as Billy Graham, have experienced a notable surge. Australia has seen renewal in different parts of her Anglican Church, as well as a growing presence of an Evangelical community. Although more ""traditional"" in its Anglican roots, the nation has seen growth in its religious sector. The Third Great Awakening had its roots in the Holiness movement which had developed in the late 19th century. The Pentecostal revival movement began out of a"	"Billy Crystal William Edward Crystal (born March 14, 1948) is an American actor, writer, producer, director, comedian, and television host. He gained prominence in the 1970s for playing Jodie Dallas on the ABC sitcom ""Soap"" and became a Hollywood film star during the late 1980s and 1990s, appearing in the critical and box office successes ""When Harry Met Sally..."" (1989), ""City Slickers"" (1991), and ""Analyze This"" (1999) and providing the voice of Mike Wazowski in the ""Monsters, Inc."" franchise. He has hosted the Academy Awards nine times, beginning in 1990 and most recently in 2012. Crystal was born at Doctors"	"documentary ""Baseball"", telling personal stories about his life-long love of baseball, including meeting Casey Stengel as a child and Ted Williams as an adult. Crystal is also a longtime Los Angeles Clippers fan. Crystal and his wife Janice (née Goldfinger) married in June 1970, have two daughters, actress Jennifer and producer Lindsay, and are grandparents. They reside in the Los Angeles neighborhood of Pacific Palisades, California. Billy Crystal William Edward Crystal (born March 14, 1948) is an American actor, writer, producer, director, comedian, and television host. He gained prominence in the 1970s for playing Jodie Dallas on the ABC sitcom"	"Billy Idol William Michael Albert Broad (born 30 November 1955), known professionally as Billy Idol, is an English musician, singer, songwriter, and actor. He first achieved fame in the 1970s as a member of the punk rock band Generation X. Subsequently, he embarked on a solo career which led to international recognition and made Idol one of the lead artists during the MTV-driven ""Second British Invasion"" in the United States. The name ""Billy Idol"" was inspired by a schoolteacher's description of him as ""idle"". Idol began his music career in late 1976 as a guitarist in the punk rock band"	"Billy Bob Thornton Billy Bob Thornton (born August 4, 1955) is an American actor, filmmaker, singer, songwriter, and musician. Thornton had his first break when he co-wrote and starred in the 1992 thriller ""One False Move"", and received international attention after writing, directing, and starring in the independent drama film ""Sling Blade"" (1996), for which he won an Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actor. He appeared in several major film roles in the 1990s following ""Sling Blade"", including Oliver Stone's neo-noir ""U Turn"" (1997), political drama ""Primary Colors"" (1998), science"	"the network on April 19, 2014. 700 Sundays 700 Sundays is an autobiography written by Billy Crystal. The title refers to the number of Sundays shared by Billy and his father, Jack Crystal, who died when Billy was 15. Crystal’s stage adaptation was originally produced in 2004 as a ""Page To Stage"" production at La Jolla Playhouse. Opening on a Sunday in December 2004 at the Broadhurst Theatre, the one-man show won the 2005 Tony Award for Special Theatrical Event. In 2013, a 54-performance revival was staged at the Imperial Theatre. HBO filmed the January 3–4, 2014 performances, the filmed"	"Billy 'Silver Dollar' Baxter Billy Baxter (February 8, 1926 – January 20, 2012) was born and lived in the West side of Manhattan. He was an American film producer who began his career in the early 1960s. He enlisted in the Navy on his 17th birthday and served aboard the battleship in the South Pacific during World War II. At the 1978 Cannes Film Festival, Baxter met producer Richard P. Rubenstein while playing blackjack. Rubinstein said he'd love to double down but was short on francs and couldn't make the bet. ""Let me see your cards,"" Baxter said, and then"	"mile off. They have a different vibe. Not as much dust."" Thornton is a baseball fan; his favorite team is the St. Louis Cardinals, and he has said that his childhood dream was to play for them. He narrated ""The 2006 World Series Film"", the year-end retrospective DVD chronicling the Cardinals' championship season. He is also a professed fan of the Indianapolis Colts football team. Billy Bob Thornton Billy Bob Thornton (born August 4, 1955) is an American actor, filmmaker, singer, songwriter, and musician. Thornton had his first break when he co-wrote and starred in the 1992 thriller ""One False"	"Billy Crystal, Macaulay Culkin, Jamie Lee Curtis, Charles Dance, Edward de Bono, Gerard Depardieu, Phyllis Diller, Kirk Douglas, Michael Douglas, Robert Downey Jr., Duran Duran, Sheena Easton, Clint Eastwood, Britt Ekland, Ben Elton, Gloria Estefan, Emilio Estevez, John Farnham, Sally Field, Bob Geldof, Mel Gibson, Whoopi Goldberg, Jill Goodacre, Elliott Gould, Jerry Hall, Daryl Hannah, Debbie Harry, Goldie Hawn, Audrey Hepburn, Bob Hope, Whitney Houston, Barry Humphries, Natalie Imbruglia, Jeremy Irons, Billy Joel, Elton John, Quincy Jones, Tom Jones, BB King, Kris Kristofferson, Cleo Laine, Don Lane, k.d. Lang, Angela Lansbury, Rob Lowe, Robert Ludlum, Shirley Maclaine, Elle Macpherson, George"	"Billy Crystal to host the show for the second consecutive year. In a statement released by AMPAS, Crystal joked, ""It's a great honor, and I hope to bring the show in under nine hours."" As with the last year's theme of ""Around the World in 3 1/2 Hours,"" Cates centered the show around a theme. He christened the ceremony with the theme ""100 Years of Film"" in celebration to the centennial of the development of both the kinetoscope by Thomas Edison and celluloid film by Eastman Kodak. In tandem with the theme, the show featured an ambitious opening segment. Actor"	"Crystal Taliefero Crystal Taliefero-Pratt (née Taliefero, born 1963 in Bourne, Massachusetts) is an American multi-instrumentalist and vocalist. Taliefero grew with a musical family, performing rhythm and blues with her brother in the Chicago metropolitan area. During her college years she was discovered by John Mellencamp, who helped guide her to a career as a professional musician. Taliefero performed with several artists throughout the 80s and 90s. In 1989 she was hired as a studio musician for the Billy Joel Band, and she has been touring and recording with them ever since. Though born in 1963 in Bourne, Massachusetts, Taliefero spent"	"two songs were dropped from the magazine's 2010 update. In 1961, Barbara Alston (December 29, 1943 – February 16, 2018), Mary Thomas, Dolores ""Dee Dee"" Kenniebrew (born 1945), Myrna Giraud and Patricia ""Patsy"" Wright formed the Crystals with the help of Benny Wells, Alston's uncle. Soon, the quintet signed with Phil Spector's label Philles Records. Their first hit, the gospel-influenced ""There's No Other (Like My Baby)"", debuted on the ""Billboard"" Hot 100 in November 1961. Originally the B-side to ""Oh Yeah, Maybe Baby"" (featuring Wright on lead), the stirring pop ballad was co-written by Spector and Leroy Bates and featured"	"Billy Murray (singer) William Thomas ""Billy"" Murray (May 25, 1877 – August 17, 1954) was one of the most popular singers in the United States in the early 20th century. While he received star billing in vaudeville, he was best known for his prolific work in the recording studio, making records for almost every record label of the era. Billy Murray was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to Patrick and Julia (Kelleher) Murray, immigrants from County Kerry, Ireland. His parents moved to Denver, Colorado in 1882, where he grew up. He became fascinated with the theater and joined a traveling vaudeville"	"Billy the Kid Billy the Kid (born Henry McCarty September 17 or November 23, 1859July 14, 1881, also known as William H. Bonney) was an American Old West outlaw and gunfighter who killed eight men before he was shot and killed at age 21. He took part in New Mexico's Lincoln County War, during which he allegedly committed three murders. McCarty was orphaned at age 14. The owner of a boarding house gave him a room in exchange for work. His first arrest was for stealing food at age 16 in late 1875. Ten days later, he robbed a Chinese"	"Billy Elliot Billy Elliot is a 2000 British dance drama film about a boy becoming a professional ballet dancer. It is set in North East England during the 1984–85 coal miners' strike. It was produced by Greg Brenman and Jon Finn, music composed by Stephen Warbeck, co-produced by BBC Films, Tiger Aspect Pictures and Working Title Films, distributed by Universal Pictures and Focus Features, written by Lee Hall and directed by Stephen Daldry. The film stars Jamie Bell as 11-year-old Billy, an aspiring dancer dealing with the negative stereotype of the male ballet dancer, Gary Lewis as his coal miner"	"on his personal life. He made a musical comeback with the release of ""Devil's Playground"" (2005) and again with ""Kings & Queens of the Underground"" (2014). Idol became an American citizen on November 14, 2018. Billy Idol was born William Michael Albert Broad in Stanmore, Middlesex on 30 November 1955. In 1958, when Idol was two years old, his parents moved to Patchogue, New York. The family returned to England four years later with Idol and his younger sister, Jane (who had been born in the U.S.), settling in Dorking, Surrey. In 1971, the family moved to Bromley, southeast London,"	"his star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame lies alongside that of Jerry Lewis. Billy Daniels William Boone Daniels (September 12, 1915 – October 7, 1988), better known as Billy Daniels, was an American singer active in the United States and Europe from the mid-1930s to 1988, notable for his hit recording of ""That Old Black Magic"" and his pioneering performances on early 1950s television. Daniels was born in Jacksonville, Florida, where his father was a postmaster and notary. His mother was a schoolteacher and organist. Daniels had a heritage of Portuguese sailor, Native American (Choctaw), African American, and frontiersman"	"Fury with the Four Kestrels Billy Fury Ronald Wycherley (17 April 1940 – 28 January 1983), better known by his stage name Billy Fury, was an English singer from the late 1950s to the mid 1960s, and remained an active songwriter until the 1980s. Rheumatic fever, which he first contracted as a child, damaged his heart and ultimately contributed to his death. An early British rock and roll (and film) star, he equalled the Beatles' record of 24 hits in the 1960s, and spent 332 weeks on the UK chart, without a chart-topping single or album. AllMusic journalist Bruce Eder"	"Billy Golden William B. Shires (June 9, 1858 – January 29, 1926), who performed and recorded as Billy Golden, was an American blackface comic and singer who was a popular recording artist between the 1890s and the 1910s. He was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, and grew up in St Louis, Missouri. He began performing as a blackface act in vaudeville in 1874 before working as a duo with, first, John Merritt, and then Billy Draiton. He originated a dance move known as the ""cane pat"" which became popular with blackface minstrels, and, as part of Bailess and Kennedy's ""Brightlights"" vaudeville"	"in the United States, Switzerland, and Germany. Jazz festivals include San Diego, Sacramento (Emperor in 2003), Odessa, Elkhart, and Roswell. Johnny Varro Johnny Varro (born 1930) is a pianist with roots in the swing style of jazz. He is also a leader and arranger. Varro was born in Brooklyn, New York. He began studying piano at the age of ten. During his teenage years he was introduced to jazz by way of the Commodore Music Shop in New York City. There he met the manager Jack Crystal (father of Billy Crystal), who was running jam sessions on the Lower East"	"Chrystal (film) Chrystal is an American drama film, which was released to audiences in the United States on April 8, 2005. The cast included Billy Bob Thornton, Lisa Blount, Harry Lennix, Walton Goggins, and Grace Zabriskie. Ray McKinnon, in addition to playing the role of ""Snake"", directed, wrote, and produced the film. The story is about a woman named Chrystal (Lisa Blount) who has been traumatized both physically and mentally from a car accident that took the life of her son. Joe (Billy Bob Thornton), Chrystal's husband, has just been released from jail after a 16-year sentence stemming from multiple"	"is Jewish (his family emigrated from Austria and Russia). The three young brothers would entertain by reprising comedy routines from the likes of Bob Newhart, Rich Little and Sid Caesar records their father would bring home. Jazz artists such as Arvell Shaw, Pee Wee Russell, Eddie Condon, and Billie Holiday were often guests in the home. With the decline of Dixieland jazz and the rise of discount record stores, in 1963 Crystal's father lost his business and died later that year at the age of 54 after suffering a heart attack while bowling. His mother, Helen Crystal, died in 2001."	"Billy Wilder Billy Wilder (; ; born Samuel Wilder, June 22, 1906March 27, 2002) was an American filmmaker, screenwriter, producer, artist, and journalist whose career spanned more than five decades. He is regarded as one of the most brilliant and versatile filmmakers of the Hollywood Golden Age of cinema. With ""The Apartment"", Wilder became the first person to win Academy Awards as producer, director, and screenwriter for the same film. Wilder became a screenwriter in the late 1920s while living in Berlin. After the rise of the Nazi Party, he left for Paris, where he made his directorial debut. He"	"Billy Fury Ronald Wycherley (17 April 1940 – 28 January 1983), better known by his stage name Billy Fury, was an English singer from the late 1950s to the mid 1960s, and remained an active songwriter until the 1980s. Rheumatic fever, which he first contracted as a child, damaged his heart and ultimately contributed to his death. An early British rock and roll (and film) star, he equalled the Beatles' record of 24 hits in the 1960s, and spent 332 weeks on the UK chart, without a chart-topping single or album. AllMusic journalist Bruce Eder stated, ""His mix of rough-hewn"	"of his subsequent films were not as well received as his earlier hits, Crystal had another success alongside Robert De Niro in Harold Ramis' mobster comedy ""Analyze This"" (1999). More recent performances include roles in ""America's Sweethearts"" (2001), the sequel ""Analyze That"" (2002), and ""Parental Guidance"" (2012). He directed the made-for-television movie ""61*"" (2001) based on Roger Maris's and Mickey Mantle's race to break Babe Ruth's single-season home run record in 1961. This earned Crystal an Emmy nomination for Outstanding Directing for a Miniseries, Movie or a Special. Crystal was originally asked to voice Buzz Lightyear in ""Toy Story"" (1995)"	"the history of the Old West. However, most of his years remain mysterious. He has been described as both a cold-blooded killer and as a romantic Robin Hood. He was extremely loyal to his many friends, and extremely dangerous to anyone he considered an enemy. He will forever be remembered as an immortal figure of a lawless era. Billy the Kid was born William Henry McCarty around the year 1860. His birthplace is uncertain, but during his childhood he lived in Indiana, Kansas and Colorado before his family settled in Silver City, New Mexico. After the death of his mother,"	"Billy B. Van Billy B. Van (August 3, 1870 – November 16, 1950) was a prominent entertainer in the early decades of the 1900s. He was a star, progressively, in minstrel shows, vaudeville, burlesque, the New York stage, and movies. At the same time under another name he was a well-known dairy farmer and agriculturist. And, at the same time he was a manufacturer of soap products. And later in his career he reinvented himself as a nationally known motivational speaker, and a Yankee goodwill ambassador. Billy B Van was born William Webster Van de Grift in 1870, in Pottstown,"	"Billy Crystal and Meg Ryan. The film depicts the decade-long relationship between Harry (Crystal) and Sally (Ryan) as they navigate their own romantic relationships. Ephron has claimed that she wrote this screenplay with Reiner in mind as the character of Harry, and herself as the character of Sally. The film has become iconic in the romantic comedy genre, most notably for the scene in which Sally pretends to have an orgasm in the middle of Katz's Deli during lunch. Ephron said she wrote the part of Sally having an orgasm into the script per Meg Ryan’s suggestions. Additionally, the comment"	"Billy Higgins (vaudeville) William Weldon Higgins (June 9, 1888 – April 19, 1937) was an American vaudeville entertainer, comedian, singer and songwriter — critically acclaimed, and is historically chronicled, as one of the most popular stage comedians of the 1920s. Langston Hughes named him as one of the ""Golden Dozen"" black comedians. On various recordings of the 1920s, Higgins used the pseudonym Jazz Caspar ""(aka"" Casper). Higgins was born in Columbia, South Carolina. He was African American and often worked in blackface. He began his career in 1912 as a singer of ballads at private clubs in is hometown of"	"Johnny Varro Johnny Varro (born 1930) is a pianist with roots in the swing style of jazz. He is also a leader and arranger. Varro was born in Brooklyn, New York. He began studying piano at the age of ten. During his teenage years he was introduced to jazz by way of the Commodore Music Shop in New York City. There he met the manager Jack Crystal (father of Billy Crystal), who was running jam sessions on the Lower East Side. At these sessions Johnny met some of the greatest players of the era, such as Willie ""The Lion"" Smith,"	"Bill Mumy Charles William Mumy Jr. (; born February 1, 1954) is an American actor, musician, pitchman, instrumentalist, voice actor, author and a figure in the science-fiction community. He came to prominence in the 1960s as a child actor, when he was credited as Billy Mumy, an era which included appearances in ""The Twilight Zone"" and ""Alfred Hitchcock Presents"" television shows, as well as co-starring in ""Dear Brigitte"", followed by an iconic three-season role as Will Robinson in the 1960s CBS sci-fi series ""Lost in Space"". He later appeared as lonely teenager Sterling North in the Disney film ""Rascal"" (1969)."	"Julie Christie Julie Frances Christie (born 14 April 1940) is a British actress. An icon of the ""swinging London"" era of the 1960s, she has received such accolades as an Academy Award, a Golden Globe Award, a BAFTA Award, and a Screen Actors Guild Award. She has appeared in six films that were ranked in the British Film Institute's 100 greatest British films of the 20th century, and in 1997 she received the BAFTA Fellowship. Christie's breakthrough film role was in ""Billy Liar"" (1963). She came to international attention for her performances in ""Darling"" (1965), for which she won the"	"Julie Christie Julie Frances Christie (born 14 April 1940) is a British actress. An icon of the ""swinging London"" era of the 1960s, she has received such accolades as an Academy Award, a Golden Globe Award, a BAFTA Award, and a Screen Actors Guild Award. She has appeared in six films that were ranked in the British Film Institute's 100 greatest British films of the 20th century, and in 1997 she received the BAFTA Fellowship. Christie's breakthrough film role was in ""Billy Liar"" (1963). She came to international attention for her performances in ""Darling"" (1965), for which she won the"
Which George invented the Kodak roll-film camera?	"Brownie (camera) The Brownie was a long-running popular series of simple and inexpensive cameras made by Eastman Kodak. Introduced in 1900, it introduced the snapshot to the masses. It was a basic cardboard box camera with a simple meniscus lens that took 2 1/4-inch square pictures on 117 roll film. It was conceived and marketed for sales of Kodak roll films. Because of its simple controls and initial price of $1 () along with the low price of Kodak roll film and processing, The Brownie camera surpassed its marketing goal. It was invented by Frank A. Brownell. The name comes"	"Autographic film The autographic system for roll film was launched by Kodak in 1914, and allowed the photographer to add written information on the film at the time of exposure. The system was patented by Henry Jacques Gaisman, inventor and safety razor manufacturer. George Eastman purchased the rights for US$300,000. It consisted of a tissue-like carbon paper sandwiched between the film and the paper backing. Text was entered using a metal stylus, and would appear in the margin of the processed print. The system was never very popular, and was discontinued in 1932. Kodak's autographic films had ""A"" as the"	"New Jersey, October 13, 1938, the son of a college-educated New Jerseyan, William S. Tice, and Margaret Robertson, a Traveller of Irish, Scottish, and Welsh stock with a fourth grade education. George was raised by his mother, maintaining regular visiting contact with his father, whose influence and advice he valued highly. His first contact with photography was in the albums of family photographs belonging to his father, and this gave him the desire to create images of his own. He began with a Kodak Brownie. In 1953, having bought a Kodak Pony, which gave him some control over exposure and"	"pellicle and process of producing same ... especially in connection with roller cameras"", but the patent was not granted until 13 September 1898. In the meantime, George Eastman had already started production of roll-film using his own process. In 1900, Goodwin set up the Goodwin Film and Camera Company, but before film production had started he was involved in a street accident near a construction site and died on December 31, 1900 from his injuries. His patent was sold to Ansco who successfully sued Eastman Kodak for infringement of the patent and was awarded $5,000,000 in 1914. Hannibal Goodwin Hannibal"	"and color 16mm film. In the late 1940s, George began a period of invention, first designing and obtaining a patent for an endless magnetic loop recording and playback device, elements of which were later incorporated into the Lear Jet Stereo 8 track cartridge player. George and Bill Lear became close friends after George introduced Bill to his future wife, Ole Olsen’s daughter Moya. George next turned his inventive and mechanical skills to designing a 3-D viewer that would display the 3-D photographs he was taking with his 35mm Stereo Realist cameras, mostly around Southern California. He leased the viewers to"	"same ... especially in connection with roller cameras"", but the patent was not granted until September 13, 1898. In the meantime, George Eastman had already started production of roll-film using his own process. Nitrocellulose was used as the first flexible film base, beginning with Eastman Kodak products in August, 1889. Camphor is used as a plasticizer for nitrocellulose film, often called nitrate film. Goodwin's patent was sold to Ansco, which successfully sued Eastman Kodak for infringement of the patent and was awarded $5,000,000 in 1914 to Goodwin Film. Nitrate film was used for X-ray photography for some time, where its"	"his retirement in 1931. In his work for both the GT and CN railways, he was given the opportunity to photograph across Ontario. In his work as an amateur photographer, his photographs were widely published across Canada. He also corresponded with George Eastman, founder of the Eastman Kodak Company, about photographic technology, and published in photographic journals on the subject of technological innovation. He built his first camera out of a oblong box covered in black oil cloth, and went on to design and build such items of equipment as an exposure timing chart, a lens shade, and a fixing"	"learned easily or engaged in lightly, and, as such, it was limited to a relatively small group of academics, scientists and professional photographers. All of that changed in a few years' time span. In 1888 George Eastman introduced the first handheld amateur camera, the Kodak camera. It was marketed with the slogan ""You press the button, we do the rest."" The camera was pre-loaded with a roll of film that produced about 100 2.5"" round pictures exposures, and it could easily be carried and handheld during its operation. After all of the shots on the film were exposed, the whole"	"Dean M. Peterson Dean McCormack Peterson (1931–2004) was an American inventor, responsible for two of consumer photography's largest revolutions: the Kodak Instamatic camera, introduced in 1963, and the panoply of ""point-and-shoot"" cameras introduced in the late 1970s. Both of these inventions had a huge impact on consumer photography, and nearly every snapshot taken since the mid-1960s, and virtually every photo of any kind since the 1980s, have benefited from Peterson's pioneering work. Peterson was born and raised in South Dakota. He graduated from Aberdeen Central High School (South Dakota) in 1950 and attended Northern State College for two years before"	"Washington's work on education problems helped him enlist both the moral and substantial financial support of many major white philanthropists. He became a friend of such self-made men as Standard Oil magnate Henry Huttleston Rogers; Sears, Roebuck and Company President Julius Rosenwald; and George Eastman, inventor of roll film, founder of Eastman Kodak, and developer of a major part of the photography industry. These individuals and many other wealthy men and women funded his causes, including Hampton and Tuskegee institutes. He also gave lectures in support of raising money for the school. On January 23, 1906, he lectured at Carnegie"	"roll film cameras. One used an external apparatus for focusing and another uses an internal system. According to those who worked with him, production over the years was fairly evenly divided between 35 mm and 70 mm model cameras. During World War II Vincent sold many hundreds of his cameras to the U.S. Army for use in making IDs, photos of recruits, photos of war prisoners, etc. In 1926, Vincent filed for a patent on a contact printer that is somewhat similar in design to the many contact printers sold by Kodak in the 1930s and 1940s, but rather than"	"daguerreotypist Augustus Washington was advertising prices ranging from 50 cents to $10. However, daguerreotypes were fragile and difficult to copy. Photographers encouraged chemists to refine the process of making many copies cheaply, which eventually led them back to Talbot's process. Ultimately, the photographic process came about from a series of refinements and improvements in the first 20 years. In 1884 George Eastman, of Rochester, New York, developed dry gel on paper, or film, to replace the photographic plate so that a photographer no longer needed to carry boxes of plates and toxic chemicals around. In July 1888 Eastman's Kodak camera"	"later to become famous for the Kodak camera). His application included not only the engine but its use in a 4-wheeled car. He then filed a series of amendments to his application which stretched out the legal process resulting in a delay of 16 years before the patent was granted on November 5, 1895. Shortly thereafter the fledgling American auto industry began its first efforts and George Selden, despite never having gone into production with a working model of an automobile, had a credible claim to have patented an automobile in 1895. In 1899 he sold his patent rights to"	"first part of the film size designation. Thus, standard 122 film would be labeled ""122"" and autographic 122 would be ""A122"". Autographic roll film sizes were A116, A118, A120, A122, A123, A126, A127, and A130. The autographic feature was marketed as having no extra charge. In 1915, Kodak also sold upgrade autographic backs for their existing cameras. Autographic film The autographic system for roll film was launched by Kodak in 1914, and allowed the photographer to add written information on the film at the time of exposure. The system was patented by Henry Jacques Gaisman, inventor and safety razor manufacturer."	"who died in 1973, is interred with him. George K. Hollister George K. Hollister (March 7, 1873 – March 28, 1952) was an American pioneer cinematographer. Born in New York City, New York, little is known of his background. In 1903 he married a seventeen-year-old girl named Alice from Worcester, Massachusetts, believed to be the daughter of French-Canadian immigrants. They had a daughter, Doris Ethel, born in 1906 and George Jr., born in 1908. Around 1908, Hollister was hired by the Kalem Company to train as a camera operator. Under film director Sidney Olcott, he was the camera man for"	"George Davison (photographer) George Davison (19 September 1854 – 26 December 1930) was a noted English photographer, a proponent of impressionistic photography, a co-founder of the Linked Ring Brotherhood of British artists and a managing director of Kodak UK. He was also a millionaire, thanks to an early investment in Eastman Kodak. Even George Davison was born in Lowestoft, into the poor family of a shipyard carpenter. He received a good education, and became a civil servant in Somerset House in London in 1874. He began to make photographs in 1885, when he joined also in ""Camera Club"" photography society."	"You Press the Button, We Do the Rest ""You Press the Button, We Do the Rest"" was an advertising slogan coined by George Eastman, the founder of Kodak, in 1888. Eastman believed in making photography available to the world, and making it possible for anyone who had the desire to take great pictures. Until then, taking photographs was a complicated process that could only be accomplished if the photographer could process and develop film. With his new slogan, Eastman and the Eastman Kodak Company became wildly successful and helped make photography popular. Eastman's first camera, the Detective, was created in"	"Thanks to the ""We Do the Rest"" advertising campaign, the Kodak camera became wildly popular and Eastman and his Kodak company revolutionized the photography business in the United States and in the world. Thanks to the income generated from advertising this camera, Eastman Kodak was able to dominate competition for years and lead the way in photography innovations for years. You Press the Button, We Do the Rest ""You Press the Button, We Do the Rest"" was an advertising slogan coined by George Eastman, the founder of Kodak, in 1888. Eastman believed in making photography available to the world, and"	"126 film 126 film is a cartridge-based film format used in still photography. It was introduced by Kodak in 1963, and is associated mainly with low-end point-and-shoot cameras, particularly Kodak's own Instamatic series of cameras. Although 126 was once very popular, it is no longer manufactured, and few photofinishers will process it. In 1963, Kodak introduced a new film, encased in a plastic cartridge, for which they re-introduced the ""126"" designation. (The number was originally used for the unrelated 126 roll film format from 1906 to 1949). The term ""126"" was intended to show that images were 26 mm square,"	"in decline, Kodak AG offered single lens reflex cameras with interchangeable lenses into the 1960s. Later products declined in quality and features, with the last of the Retinas being simple viewfinder cameras with modest fixed lenses. Though not branded as a Retina, the Kodak Instamatic Reflex of 1968 - 1972 was essentially a Retina Reflex with interchangeable lenses, but using the Instamatic film cassettes. August Nagel August Nagel (June 1882 to October 1943) was a German camera manufacturer and designer. He was among the founders of Zeiss-Ikon and later left to form Nagel Werkes, which he subsequently sold to Eastman"	"show for Professional Photographers of America and is the longest running national photographic convention, expo and image exhibition in the United States. It was at the 1888 convention that George Eastman introduced his Kodak camera and film processing service, winning a first prize medallion and special certificate of honor. The following year, 1889, Eastman Kodak Company demonstrated the new transparent celluloid roll film. In 1908, color photography was under development, causing quite a stir at the convention in Detroit. At the Golden Anniversary in 1930, the first artificial lighting, consisting of mercury tubes and electricity, was demonstrated. The concept of"	"Hannibal Goodwin Hannibal Williston Goodwin (April 21, 1822 – December 31, 1900), patented a method for making transparent, flexible roll film out of nitrocellulose film base, which was used in Thomas Edison's Kinetoscope, an early machine for viewing motion pictures. He was born on April 21, 1822 in Taughannock, New York. He was motivated to search for a non-breakable, and clear substance on which he could place the images he utilized in his Biblical teachings. On May 2, 1887, the year Reverend Goodwin retired from the church he had served for twenty years, he filed a patent for ""a photographic"	"the Kodak Retina camera. The Retina camera and this daylight loading cassette were the invention of Dr. August Nagel of the ""Kodak AG Dr. Nagel Werk"" in Stuttgart. Kodak bought Dr. August Nagel's company in December, 1931, and began marketing the ""Kodak Retina"" in the summer of 1934. The first Kodak Retina camera was a Typ 117. The 35 mm Kodak Retina camera line remained in production until 1969. Kodak also introduced a line of American made cameras that were simpler and more economical than the Retina. Argus, too, made a long-lived range of 35mm cameras; notably the Argus C3."	"George K. Hollister George K. Hollister (March 7, 1873 – March 28, 1952) was an American pioneer cinematographer. Born in New York City, New York, little is known of his background. In 1903 he married a seventeen-year-old girl named Alice from Worcester, Massachusetts, believed to be the daughter of French-Canadian immigrants. They had a daughter, Doris Ethel, born in 1906 and George Jr., born in 1908. Around 1908, Hollister was hired by the Kalem Company to train as a camera operator. Under film director Sidney Olcott, he was the camera man for the pioneering Kalem team that filmed in Florida"	"large projections. Using the subtractive method, these disadvantages could be avoided. The first Kodak product called Kodachrome was invented by John Capstaff in 1913. His Kodachrome was a subtractive process that used only two colors: blue-green and red-orange. It required two glass plate negatives, one made using a panchromatic emulsion and a red filter, the other made using an emulsion insensitive to red light. The two plates could be exposed as a ""bipack"" (sandwiched emulsion to emulsion, with a very thin red filter layer between), which eliminated the need for multiple exposures or a special color camera. After development, the"	"spool of roll film is usually loaded on one side of the camera and pulled across to an identical take up spool on the other side of the shutter as exposures are made. When the roll is fully exposed, the take up spool is removed for processing and the empty spool on which the film was originally wound is moved to the other side, becoming the take up spool for the next roll of film. In 1881 a farmer in Cambria, Wisconsin, Peter Houston, invented the first roll film camera. His younger brother David, filed the patents for various components"	"moved to Harlech, north Wales, and later, for health reasons, to Antibes, southern France, where he died in 1930. He married twice, his second wife being Florence (""Joan"") Anne Austin-Jones (c.1897-1955). Following his death, she married Malcolm Arbuthnot. George Davison (photographer) George Davison (19 September 1854 – 26 December 1930) was a noted English photographer, a proponent of impressionistic photography, a co-founder of the Linked Ring Brotherhood of British artists and a managing director of Kodak UK. He was also a millionaire, thanks to an early investment in Eastman Kodak. Even George Davison was born in Lowestoft, into the poor"	"was created by Charles Moisson, the chief mechanic at the Lumière works in Lyon in 1894. The camera used paper film 35 millimeters wide, but in 1895, the Lumière brothers shifted to celluloid film, which they bought from New-York’s Celluloid Manufacturing Co. This they covered with their own Etiquette-bleue emulsion, had it cut into strips and perforated. In 1894, the Polish inventor Kazimierz Prószyński constructed a projector and camera in one, an invention he called the Pleograph. Due to the work of Le Prince, Friese-Greene, Edison, and the Lumière brothers, the movie camera had become a practical reality by the"	"George M. C. Fisher George Myles Cordell Fisher (born 1940 in Anna, Illinois) is an American business executive. He served as the chief executive officer and chairman of Eastman Kodak Company from 1993 to 2000. Prior to joining Kodak, Fisher worked at Motorola, Inc. from 1976 to 1993 and was named president and chief executive officer in 1988 and chairman and CEO in 1990. Prior to joining Motorola, George was involved in research and development at Bell Laboratories for ten years. Fisher retired as a senior advisor at Kohlberg Kravis Roberts & Company after serving from 2003 to 2014. Fisher"	"of us saw the object at the same time. The camera! Paul thought it was in the car but I was sure it was in the house. I was right—and the Kodak was loaded with film..."" The roll of film in Paul Trent's camera was not entirely used up, so Trent did not have the film developed immediately. The film was not developed until the remaining frames were used in shooting family photographs for Mother's Day. In a 1997 interview, the Trents claimed that they initially thought the object they had photographed was a secret military aircraft, and feared the"	"to ten photographs per second. Another model, built in 1890, used rolls of the new Eastman celluloid film, which he had perforated. A full report on the patented camera was published in the British ""Photographic News"" on February 28, 1890. He showed his cameras and film shot with them on many occasions, but never projected his films in public. He also sent details of his invention to Edison in February 1890, which was also seen by Dickson (see below). William Kennedy Laurie Dickson, a Scottish inventor and employee of Thomas Edison, designed the Kinetograph Camera in 1891. The camera was"	"George Eastman Museum The George Eastman Museum, the world's oldest museum dedicated to photography and one of the world's oldest film archives, opened to the public in 1949 in Rochester, New York. World-renowned for its collections in the fields of photography and cinema, the museum is also a leader in film preservation and photograph conservation, educating archivists and conservators from around the world. Home to the 500-seat Dryden Theatre, the museum is located on the estate of entrepreneur and philanthropist George Eastman, the founder of Eastman Kodak Company. The estate was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1966. The Rochester"	"eliminating the most serious problems. In fact, some chemical magic was under development which would make that possible. In 1935, American Eastman Kodak introduced the first modern ""integral tripack"" color film and called it Kodachrome, a name recycled from an earlier and completely different two-color process. Its development was led by the improbable team of Leopold Mannes and Leopold Godowsky, Jr. (nicknamed ""Man"" and ""God""), two highly regarded classical musicians who had started tinkering with color photographic processes and ended up working with the Kodak Research Laboratories. Kodachrome had three layers of emulsion coated on a single base, each layer"
Which series had the characters Felix Unger and Oscar Madison?	"as the slovenly Oscar Madison and Thomas Lennon as the obsessively tidy Felix Unger. Perry and Lennon previously worked together on the film ""17 Again"". The show was announced in December 2013 and was picked up by CBS as a midseason offering for the 2014–15 season. On May 16, 2016, CBS renewed the show for a third season of 13 episodes, which premiered on October 17, 2016, and concluded on January 30, 2017. The series was formally canceled on May 15, 2017, after three seasons. Felix Unger and Oscar Madison meet at college in the late 1980s, and fate puts"	"at that time. He was cast in a number of stark dramas, such as ""Fail Safe"" (1964), in which he portrayed Pentagon adviser Dr. Groeteschele, who urges an all-out nuclear attack on the Soviet Union in response to an accidental transmission of an attack signal to U.S. Air Force bombers. Neil Simon cast him in the play ""The Odd Couple"" in 1965, with Matthau playing slovenly sportswriter Oscar Madison, opposite Art Carney as Felix Ungar. Matthau later reprised the role in the film version, with Jack Lemmon as Felix Ungar. He played detective Ted Casselle in the Hitchcockian thriller ""Mirage"""	"the two were in the Army together, with Felix being Oscar's superior, at the time Oscar and wife Blanche (Brett Somers) married. There was a flashback episode where Blanche and Oscar lived in the apartment Oscar now shares with Felix. Such inconsistencies in continuity were common for the show) Also, ""sometime earlier"" was changed to ""several years earlier"" followed by Madison's wife throwing him out, requesting that he never return. The opening credit sequence consisted of Felix and Oscar in various humorous situations around New York City such as cavorting around a Maypole. In later seasons, the opening sequence featured"	"the basis for the ABC television sitcom of the same name, starring Tony Randall and Jack Klugman as Felix and Oscar. Felix Ungar (Jack Lemmon) checks into a fleabag hotel near Times Square and attempts to kill himself by jumping out of the window, but he fails to open it and pulls a muscle in his back. Limping back on the street he tries to get drunk at a dance bar (The Metropole) and ends up hurting his neck when he throws down a shot. He stands on a bridge, contemplating jumping into the river. Meanwhile, in the frowzy Upper"	"The Odd Couple II The Odd Couple II is the 1998 sequel to 1968's ""The Odd Couple"". Written by Neil Simon (who also produced), the film reunites Jack Lemmon as Felix Ungar and Walter Matthau as Oscar Madison. The film was the actors' last together, and Simon's final screenplay. It is also significant among sequels for having one of the longest gaps between the release of the original and a sequel in which all leads return. Each actor made only one more theatrical film after this: ""The Legend of Bagger Vance"" for Lemmon and ""Hanging Up"" for Matthau, in which"	"Tony Randall Tony Randall (born Aryeh (Arthur) Leonard Rosenberg; February 26, 1920May 17, 2004) was an American actor. He is best known for his role as Felix Unger in a television adaptation of the 1965 play ""The Odd Couple"" by Neil Simon. In a career spanning about six decades, Randall received six Golden Globe Award nominations and six Primetime Emmy Award nominations (winning one). On the May 9, 1990 episode of ""The Tonight Show"", he added, ""This is my 95th time on this show."" Randall was born to a Jewish family, in Tulsa, Oklahoma, the son of Julia (née Finston)"	"the same cast. The Odd Couple (film) The Odd Couple is a 1968 American comedy Technicolor film in Panavision, written by Neil Simon, based on his play of the same name, produced by Howard W. Koch and directed by Gene Saks, and starring Jack Lemmon and Walter Matthau. It is the story of two divorced men - neurotic neat-freak Felix Ungar and fun-loving slob Oscar Madison - who decide to live together, even though their personalities clash. The film was successful with critics and audiences, grossing over $44.5 million, making it the fourth highest-grossing picture of 1968. The success of"	"Corning and O-I in Sylvania, Ohio. The tournament has raised over $6.5 million for local children's charities. In 1996–97 Farr went on a national tour with ""The Odd Couple"", playing Oscar Madison, playing opposite his old friend William Christopher in the role of Felix Ungar. The two had appeared in several movies before they were eventually cast together in ""MASH"". On Memorial Day 2007, Farr hosted a multi-episode presentation of ""MASH"" on the Hallmark Channel. The featured episodes showcased Farr's performances on the show, with Farr providing commentary during commercial intermissions. In 2007, Farr played Adam Johnson in Hallmark original"	"by a square-jawed look and a rough, gravelly voice that made him ideal as a ""tough guy"" character, usually as a cowboy or a cop or a drill sergeant type. He had been an NYPD police officer for 12 years (1948–1960) and started his acting career in police academy training films, and in community theater in the Bronx. Slattery appeared in the first season of ""The Odd Couple"", episode #2 ""The Fight of the Felix"". After Oscar gets into a fight with a hockey player played by Slattery, Felix tries to stand up for his roommate, but ends up in"	"of view was the alimony he was ordered to pay. Willie Aames and later Leif Garrett made a few appearances as Felix's son, Leonard. Pamelyn Ferdin and later Doney Oatman appeared as Felix's teenaged daughter, Edna. The two other major supporting characters, Murray the Cop and Myrna Turner, Oscar's secretary, were played by Al Molinaro and Penny Marshall (Garry's sister) respectively. Alice Ghostley played Murray's wife Mimi in one episode of the first season when Felix quickly outstays his welcome after he moves out of Oscar's apartment following a falling-out. She appeared once in the second season as played by"	"with surreal settings and offbeat character depictions. Felix is also more like his original mischievous adult form, rather than the young and innocent depiction from the 1930s, 1950s and the 1988 film """". It does, however, contain some elements from the 1950s series such as Felix's Magic Bag of Tricks and the characters Poindexter, the Master Cylinder, the Professor and Rock Bottom (though the latter two are actually parodies of the original characters, with their names being the Mad Doctor and Lead Fanny, respectively). The series used Fleischer Studios' style. The series starred Thom Adcox-Hernandez as the voice of Felix"	"Felix was portrayed by Jack Lemmon, who had never played the character before. At one point, Frank Sinatra (as Felix) and Jackie Gleason (as Oscar) were reportedly considered for the film version. Dick Van Dyke and Tony Randall were also among those considered for the role of Felix (the latter portrayed him in the TV series). Similarly, Jack Klugman (who aside from the TV series had replaced Matthau on Broadway) and Mickey Rooney were also to play Oscar. Most of the script from the play has been retained, although the setting is expanded: instead of taking place entirely in Oscar's"	"The Odd Couple (film) The Odd Couple is a 1968 American comedy Technicolor film in Panavision, written by Neil Simon, based on his play of the same name, produced by Howard W. Koch and directed by Gene Saks, and starring Jack Lemmon and Walter Matthau. It is the story of two divorced men - neurotic neat-freak Felix Ungar and fun-loving slob Oscar Madison - who decide to live together, even though their personalities clash. The film was successful with critics and audiences, grossing over $44.5 million, making it the fourth highest-grossing picture of 1968. The success of the film was"	"October 1962 to May 1963. From 1960 to 1963, Klugman appeared in two episodes of ""The Untouchables"" series: ""Loophole"" (1961), and ""An Eye for an Eye"" (1963). In 1965, Klugman replaced Walter Matthau in the lead role of Oscar Madison in the original Broadway production of ""The Odd Couple."" He reprised the role when the play was adapted as a television series, which was broadcast on ABC from 1970 to 1975. Over the course of the show's five-year, 114-episode run, Klugman won two Primetime Emmy Awards for his work on the series. In 1973, during the run of the series,"	"2½ weeks after their 18th wedding anniversary. They had a son, David, and two daughters, Martha and Sarah. He proposed to twice-divorced Betty White, whom he had met on ""Password"", at least twice before she accepted. Their romance blossomed when they played summer stock together, in the play ""Critic's Choice"" in 1962. They also appeared together in the romantic comedy ""Janus"" in 1963. They were married on June 14, 1963, and remained together until Ludden's death; White has never remarried. They appeared together in an episode of ""The Odd Couple"" in which Felix and Oscar appeared on ""Password"". Ludden also"	"and 2007 he appeared in Ricky Gervais's comedy series ""Extras"" as Ian ""Bunny"" Bunton. From 2007 to 2010 he appeared regularly as Father Henderson, a camp ""Doctor Who""-loving priest, in the award-winning BBC Radio 4 comedy ""Fags, Mags and Bags"". In 2011, after Kelly's death, reference was made in the series to Father Henderson's move to another parish and to the fact that the new priest can never replace him. In 1994 Kelly played Felix Ungar in a Scottish touring production of ""The Odd Couple"", relocated to modern-day Glasgow, alongside Craig Ferguson as Oscar Madison. Kelly reprised the role at"	"Jack Mercer. Oriolo's plots revolve around the unsuccessful attempts of the antagonists to steal Felix's Magic Bag, though in an unusual twist, these antagonists are occasionally depicted as Felix's friends as well. The cartoons proved popular, but critics have dismissed them as paling in comparison to the earlier Sullivan–Messmer works, especially since Oriolo aimed the cartoons at children. Limited animation (required due to budgetary restraints) and simplistic storylines did nothing to diminish the series' popularity. In 1970, Oriolo gained complete control of the Felix character and continues to promote the character to this day. In the late 1980s, after his"	"an iconic episode. His rape of Minnie contributed to the character's high topicality and long run of unfortunate romances. Paul Ellis (Fergus Kearney), particularly enjoyed working with Brown and found the characters storyline interesting and unique. Former producer Simon Bennett listed the rivalry between Oscar and Mackenzie as one of his favorite story lines throughout his run on the soap. Oscar Henry Oscar Henry is a fictional character on the New Zealand soap opera ""Shortland Street"" who was portrayed by Christopher Brown from 1998 to 1999. Oscar debuted in mid-1998 as a love interest for Minnie Crozier (Katrina Devine). He"	"writer, while the sloppy Dog was photographer. In 1982, ABC aired a new version of the series, entitled ""The New Odd Couple"". Produced by Garry Marshall, the premise of the new version has two black actors, Ron Glass as Felix and Demond Wilson as Oscar. ""The New York Times"" reviewer noted: ""What may be surprising is how little the ""spine"" of the show has changed. The dialogue has been updated a little, but the plots are essentially the same. ""The New Odd Couple"" bounces along nicely. It adds nothing new to the craft of situation comedy, but it does provide"	"Thomas Lennon Thomas Patrick Lennon (born August 9, 1970) is an American actor, comedian, screenwriter, producer and director. As an actor he is best known for his work as a cast member on MTV's ""The State"", for his role as Lieutenant Jim Dangle on the Comedy Central series ""Reno 911!"" and as Felix Unger on the CBS series ""The Odd Couple."" Lennon is also an accomplished screenwriter of several major studio comedies with writing partner Robert Ben Garant. Their films include comedies such as the ""Night at the Museum"" films, ""The Pacifier"", ""Balls of Fury"", and ""Baywatch"". Lennon was born"	"employment and a good showcase for talented black actors, who generally don't have an easy time of it on television these days"". This new version was not successful and was canceled after just 13 episodes. Another adaptation, again called ""The Odd Couple"", was a multi-camera comedy that ran for three seasons on CBS from 2015 to 2017. The series starred Matthew Perry as Oscar and Thomas Lennon as Felix; it was a pet project for Perry, who also served as the show's co-developer, co-executive producer and co-writer. The show also featured Wendell Pierce as Teddy, Oscar's agent, Yvette Nicole Brown"	"of the second, Dr. Nancy Cunningham (played by Joan Hotchkis), an attractive doctor, whose colleague, Dr. Melnitz (played by Bill Quinn in several episodes), is a sarcastic physician who treats both Felix and Oscar. Felix gained a girlfriend in the third season, Miriam Welby (played by Elinor Donahue), and they lasted into the fifth season, presumably breaking up before Felix remarried Gloria in the series finale. Christopher Shea appeared in three episodes of the first season as Philip, Felix and Oscar's 11-year-old neighbor. Oscar's occasional good-time girlfriend, ""Crazy Rhoda Zimmerman"", is often referred to but never appears onscreen. The TV"	"Rooney and Martin Balsam were also considered for the part of Oscar and Dean Martin and Art Carney for Felix (Carney had originated the role on Broadway). Eventually Tony Randall (as Felix) and Jack Klugman (as Oscar) were hired. Both had starred in different productions of the play. Randall, who was hired first, had still wanted Mickey Rooney to play Oscar. The show's co-executive producer, Garry Marshall, had to lobby hard to get Klugman successfully hired. Once the casting was in place, the show's writers (Marshall, Jerry Belson, Jerry Paris, Bob Brunner, Mark Rothman and Lowell Ganz, among others) came"	"Another ""Sunday Mail"" reporter branded Oscar and Maddy's relationship a ""neverending will-they-or-won't-they saga"". After Oscar and Maddy broke up, Sarah Ellis of ""Inside Soap"" felt sorry for the character, saying ""Aw, poor Oscar! Although I'd have trouble choosing between him and Matt too..."" Oscar MacGuire Oscar MacGuire is a fictional character from the Australian soap opera ""Home and Away"", played by Jake Speer. The actor was cast in the role after a successful audition and a callback, in which he acted alongside various actresses to find the right one to play Oscar's sister. He began filming his first scenes in"	"is a guy who can not stand it when they do not follow his orders. He does not like it when Oscar comes up with another idea. Palmer also has manyf secret agendas. Oscar Charlie Oscar Charlie was a 13-episode CBBC children's television series that aired for the first time on 26 September 2001. The series is about a boy, Charlie Spinner (Eddie Cooper), who discovers that his grandfather, Oscar Spinner (David Swift), is actually a secret agent. He acts as if he is senile but it is just a cover so that nobody would notice. After Charlie confronts Oscar"	"Otto Messmer Otto James Messmer (August 16, 1892 – October 28, 1983) was an American animator, best known for his work on the ""Felix the Cat"" cartoons and comic strip produced by the Pat Sullivan studio. The extent of Messmer's role in the creation and popularity of Felix is a matter of ongoing dispute, particularly as he only laid his claim to the character after the death of Sullivan, who until that time had received the credit. However, most prominent comics and animation historians support Messmer's claim, as do the veterans of the Sullivan studio. Messmer was born August 16,"	"doctor and Oscar a musician. Another American remake, also called ""The Odd Couple"", aired on CBS for three seasons from 2015 to 2017. This version, a multi-camera sitcom, was co-created and co-produced by Matthew Perry, who played Oscar, while Thomas Lennon played Felix. The Complete First Season of ""The Odd Couple"" was released on DVD in Region 1 on August 18, 2006 by Time Life Video under license from Paramount Home Entertainment (Paramount Television was the program's original distributor). Some episodes, mainly from the first season, were available on a VHS videotape set during the 1990s, and distributed by Columbia"	"""Felix Remarries"", Felix finally wins Gloria back and they remarry as Oscar regains the freedom of living alone again. The final scene unfolds in this way, as the two say their goodbyes: The 114 episodes went on to syndication and home video. There were some minor changes made in the development of the series. In both TV series and play, Felix's last name was spelled Unger but in the film it is spelled Ungar. In the stage play, Felix is a news writer for CBS (in the film he writes the news for ""television""), while in the TV series he"	"the real-time strategy games """" and """". Larry Gelman Larry Gelman (born November 3, 1930) is an American film and television character actor. He is best known for playing Dr. Bernie Tupperman on the US TV series ""The Bob Newhart Show"" and Vinnie, the poker playing friend of Oscar and Felix, in the original TV series version of ""The Odd Couple"". He also made numerous appearances as Dr. Hubie Binder in the US TV series ""Maude"" and as officer Bernstein on ""Eight Is Enough"". He played Max as a regular member of the cast of the sitcom ""Needles and Pins"","	"show also featured their ex-wives. Janis Hansen played Felix's ex, Gloria (named Frances in the play and film) and Jack Klugman's real life wife Brett Somers as Blanche, Oscar's ex. (The couple separated in real life during the run of the show.) There were many episodes in which Felix felt he had made a mistake by not fighting harder for Gloria, and took comically drastic measures to try to win her back. In contrast, Oscar was happy to be divorced from Blanche and she from him as the two constantly traded sarcastic barbs. The only major drawback from Oscar's point"	"gross. It holds a total of 22% on Rotten Tomatoes. Stephen Holden of ""The New York Times"" called it ""a dispiriting, flavorless travesty, the equivalent of moldy tofu mystery meat"". The Odd Couple II The Odd Couple II is the 1998 sequel to 1968's ""The Odd Couple"". Written by Neil Simon (who also produced), the film reunites Jack Lemmon as Felix Ungar and Walter Matthau as Oscar Madison. The film was the actors' last together, and Simon's final screenplay. It is also significant among sequels for having one of the longest gaps between the release of the original and a"	"them together as roommates: while Felix is extremely neurotic and fussy in contrast to the slovenly and easy-going Oscar, they both become friends quickly. They eventually marry two women very different from themselves (Felix gets hitched to the calm but feisty Ashley, and Oscar settles down with the insecure Gaby). Years later, Felix, now a neat-freak news writer and photographer, is kicked out by Ashley after twenty years of marriage (having spent eight of them in marriage counseling, with Felix going alone for the last two years) and moves in with Oscar, now a sports talk show host, whose ex-wife"	"Pigeon sisters. Oscar and Felix apologize to each other, and realize that a bit of each has rubbed off on the other, with each being a better person for it. Felix agrees that next Friday night, he will be at Oscar's apartment for their poker game. The once slobbish Oscar tells his friends to clean up their mess after the poker game is over, ending the film. ""The Odd Couple"" was originally produced for Broadway and the original cast starred Art Carney as Felix and Walter Matthau as Oscar. For the film version, Matthau reprised his role as Oscar, and"
Who along with Philips developed the CD in the late 70s?	"were released: """", """" and ""Zelda's Adventure"". Nintendo and Philips had established an agreement to co-develop a CD-ROM enhancement for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System due to licensing disagreements with Nintendo's previous partner Sony (an agreement that produced a prototype console called the SNES-CD). While Philips and Nintendo never released such a CD-ROM add-on, Philips was still contractually allowed to continue using Nintendo characters. Applications were developed using authoring software produced by OptImage. This included OptImage's Balboa Runtime Libraries and MediaMogul. The second company that produced authoring software was Script Systems; they produced ABCD-I. Philips also released several versions of"	"Compact disc Compact disc (CD) is a digital optical disc data storage format that was co-developed by Philips and Sony and released in 1982. The format was originally developed to store and play only sound recordings (CD-DA) but was later adapted for storage of data (CD-ROM). Several other formats were further derived from these, including write-once audio and data storage (CD-R), rewritable media (CD-RW), Video Compact Disc (VCD), Super Video Compact Disc (SVCD), Photo CD, PictureCD, CD-i, and Enhanced Music CD. The first commercially available audio CD player, the Sony CDP-101, was released October 1982 in Japan. Standard CDs have"	"Compact Disc (CD) which was used in audio systems. Sony and Philips developed the first generation of the CDs in the mid-1980s with the complete specifications for these devices. With the help of this kind of technology the possibility of representing the analog signal into digital signal was exploited to a great level. For this purpose, the 16-bit samples of the analog signal were taken at the rate of 44,100 samples per second. This sample rate was based on the Nyquist rate of 40,000 samples per second required to capture the audible frequency range to 20 kHz without aliasing, with"	"a result, in 1979, Sony and Philips set up a joint task force of engineers to design a new digital audio disc. Led by engineers Kees Schouhamer Immink and Toshitada Doi, the research pushed forward laser and optical disc technology. After a year of experimentation and discussion, the task force produced the ""Red Book"" CD-DA standard. First published in 1980, the standard was formally adopted by the IEC as an international standard in 1987, with various amendments becoming part of the standard in 1996. Philips coined the term ""compact disc"" in line with another audio product, the Compact Cassette, and"	"surpassed those of vinyl LPs, and by 1992 CD sales surpassed those of prerecorded music cassette tapes. The success of the compact disc has been credited to the cooperation between Philips and Sony, which together agreed upon and developed compatible hardware. The unified design of the compact disc allowed consumers to purchase any disc or player from any company, and allowed the CD to dominate the at-home music market unchallenged. In 1974, Lou Ottens, director of the audio division of Philips, started a small group with the aim to develop an analog optical audio disc with a diameter of and"	"originally dismissed by Philips Research management as a trivial pursuit, the CD became the primary focus for Philips as the LaserDisc format struggled. In 1979, Sony and Philips set up a joint task force of engineers to design a new digital audio disc. After a year of experimentation and discussion, the ""Red Book"" CD-DA standard was published in 1980. After their commercial release in 1982, compact discs and their players were extremely popular. Despite costing up to $1,000, over 400,000 CD players were sold in the United States between 1983 and 1984. By 1988, CD sales in the United States"	"read, 12 inch disc that would contain recorded video material. In the early 1980s, Philips worked with Sony to create a standard for optical audio discs (CDs), using the technology developed for the LaserDisc. Teamed with Sony, Philips used the Magnavox brand name to introduce the CD-DA standard and equipment for consumer audio with the Magnavox player sold in department stores while the Sony CDP-101 went to high-end audio stores. During the late 1970s the company released the Odyssey², also known as the Philips Videopac. In the early 1980s, Philips merged Sylvania, Philco and Magnavox into one division headquartered in"	"and MCA did not last long, and discontinued after a few years. The Compact Disc (CD), which is based on MCA/Philips Laserdisc technology, was developed by a taskforce of Sony and Philips in 1979-1980. Toshi Doi and Kees Schouhamer Immink created the digital technologies that turned the analog Laserdisc into a high-density low-cost digital audio disc. The CD, available on the market since October 1982, remains the standard physical medium for sale of commercial audio recordings Standard CDs have a diameter of 120 mm and can hold up to 80 minutes of audio (700 MB of data). The Mini CD"	"Philips CD-i The Philips CD-i (an abbreviation of Compact Disc Interactive) is an interactive multimedia CD player developed and marketed by Dutch company Philips, who supported it from December 1991 to late 1998. It was created to provide more functionality than an audio CD player or game console, but at a lower price than a personal computer with a CD-ROM drive. The cost savings were due to the lack of a floppy drive, keyboard, mouse, and monitor (a standard television is used), and less operating system software. ""CD-i"" also refers to the multimedia Compact Disc standard used by the CD-i"	"system by introducing, together with Philips, the most advanced consumer audio format to date — the digital compact disc (CD). The Compact disc rapidly replaced both the 12"" album and the 7"" single as the new standard consumer format, and ushered in a new era of high-fidelity consumer audio — CDs were small, portable and durable, and they could reproduce the entire audible sound spectrum, with unrestricted dynamic range, perfect clarity and no distortion. Because CDs were encoded and read optically, using a laser beam, there was no physical contact between the disc and the playback mechanism, so a well-cared-for"	"on optical videodisc technology. In the interview by Tekla Perry for the IEEE Spectrum, May 2017, Immink explains that he got involved in the CD project at the end of 1979 when Sony and Philips had decided to jointly settle one design. Both Philips and Sony had shown prototype CD players to the press in 1978. The team at Philips, he says, ""needed someone to do measurements of the two competing systems, the quality, how they coped with scratches, how they coped with imperfections of the disc. My job with the LaserDisc was finished, so I said, 'Sure, I could"	"free, software, or even by simply turning off automatic AutoPlay to prevent the running of the DRM executable program. Compact disc Compact disc (CD) is a digital optical disc data storage format that was co-developed by Philips and Sony and released in 1982. The format was originally developed to store and play only sound recordings (CD-DA) but was later adapted for storage of data (CD-ROM). Several other formats were further derived from these, including write-once audio and data storage (CD-R), rewritable media (CD-RW), Video Compact Disc (VCD), Super Video Compact Disc (SVCD), Photo CD, PictureCD, CD-i, and Enhanced Music CD."	"Warner Communications did not sign, and was sued by ORC. In 1992, the large CD manufacturer, now called Time Warner, was ordered to pay ORC US$30 million in patent violations. In the 1970 patent, the spot diameter was around 10 micrometres. Thus, the areal information density was around a factor hundred less than that of the CD as later developed. Russell continued to refine the concept throughout the 1970s. Philips and Sony, however, were able to put far greater resources into the parallel development of the concept, arriving at a smaller and more sophisticated product in just a few years."	"introduction, Immink and Braat presented the first experiments with erasable compact discs during the 73rd AES Convention. In June 1985, the computer-readable CD-ROM (read-only memory) and, in 1990, CD-Recordable were introduced, also developed by both Sony and Philips. Recordable CDs were a new alternative to tape for recording music and copying music albums without defects introduced in compression used in other digital recording methods. Other newer video formats such as DVD and Blu-ray use the same physical geometry as CD, and most DVD and Blu-ray players are backward compatible with audio CD. By the early 2000s, the CD player had"	"1983 Philips, at the US and European launch of the CD format, showcased the first top loading CD tray designs with their CD100 CD player. (Philips audio products were sold as Magnavox in the US at the time.) The design had a clamp on the lid which meant the user had to close this over the CD when it was placed inside the machine. Later, Meridian introduced their MCD ""high end"" CD player, with Meridian electronics in the Philips CD100 chassis. Top-loading was adopted on various equipment designs such as mini systems and portable CD players, but among stereo component"	"label founder Brunner-Schwer's living room), the attractive design of the sleeves, and the detail of information about artists, instruments and performances. Some of these recordings have been re-released on CD. The label was distributed by BASF from 1971, then by Metronome Music GmbH Hamburg from 1974. In 1983 Brunner-Schwer sold the rights to Philips, which then transferred it to Polydor. In 1993, Polydor subsidiary Motor Music began to release individual recordings on CD. In 1999, Universal Music Group began re-releases. Since 2000, Speakers Corner Records have released vinyl reissues of individual MPS albums with their original artwork. Universal spun the"	"a sound quality superior to that of the vinyl record. However, due to the unsatisfactory performance of the analog format, two Philips research engineers recommended a digital format in March 1974. In 1977, Philips then established a laboratory with the mission of creating a digital audio disc. The diameter of Philips's prototype compact disc was set at 11.5 cm, the diagonal of an audio cassette. Heitaro Nakajima, who developed an early digital audio recorder within Japan's national public broadcasting organization NHK in 1970, became general manager of Sony's audio department in 1971. His team developed a digital PCM adaptor audio"	"player. In 1974, L. Ottens, director of the audio division of Philips, started a small group with the aim to develop an analog optical audio disc with a diameter of 20 cm and a sound quality superior to that of the vinyl record. However, due to the unsatisfactory performance of the analog format, two Philips research engineers recommended a digital format in March 1974. In 1977, Philips then established a laboratory with the mission of creating a digital audio disc. The diameter of Philips's prototype compact disc was set at 11.5 cm, the diagonal of an audio cassette. Heitaro Nakajima,"	"when their major competitors returned after the war. This led Philips to purchase HDD in 1942. In the mid 20th century, the majority of large recording companies manufactured both gramophones and records; Philips CEO Anton Philips noted the risk in creating gramophones without an interest in music recording and record manufacture, and that Radio Corporation of America (RCA) had merged with the Victor Talking Machine Company in 1929 for this reason. Philips' labs were developing magnetic tape and LPs, and they could support eventual new formats, although other record companies were notably unenthusiastic about experimenting with new formats. After the"	"market, in Atlanta, on December 15, 1978, two years after the VHS VCR and four years before the CD, which is based on Laserdisc technology. Philips produced the players and MCA the discs. The Philips/MCA cooperation was not successful, and discontinued after a few years. Several of the scientists responsible for the early research (John Winslow, Richard Wilkinson and Ray Dakin) founded Optical Disc Corporation (now ODC Nimbus). While working at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, James Russell invented an optical storage system for digital audio and video, patenting the concept in 1970. The earliest patents by Russell, US 3,501,586, and"	"is that the compact disc was deliberately designed to have a 74-minute playing time so that it could accommodate Beethoven's Ninth Symphony. Kees Immink, Philips' chief engineer, who developed the CD, recalls that a commercial tug-of-war between the development partners, Sony and Philips, led to a settlement in a neutral 12-cm diameter format. The 1951 performance of the Ninth Symphony conducted by Furtwängler was brought forward as the perfect excuse for the change, and was put forth in a Philips news release celebrating the 25th anniversary of the Compact Disc as the reason for the 74-minute length. In the film"	"disc (CD) format was developed by Sony and Philips in 1979, and commercially released in 1982. The CD-ROM format was developed by Japanese company Denon in 1982. It was an extension of Compact Disc Digital Audio, and adapted the format to hold any form of digital data, with a storage capacity of 553 MiB. CD-ROM was then introduced by Denon and Sony at a Japanese computer show in 1984. In 1984, Sony introduced a LaserDisc format that could store any form of digital data, as a data storage device similar to CD-ROM, with a larger capacity of 3.28 GiB. The"	"Compact Disc"" in Eindhoven, Netherlands. Sony executive Norio Ohga, later CEO and chairman of Sony, and Heitaro Nakajima were convinced of the format's commercial potential and pushed further development despite widespread skepticism. As a result, in 1979, Sony and Philips set up a joint task force of engineers to design a new digital audio disc. Led by engineers Kees Schouhamer Immink and Toshitada Doi, the research pushed forward laser and optical disc technology. After a year of experimentation and discussion, the task force produced the ""Red Book"" CD-DA standard. First published in 1980, the standard was formally adopted by the"	"its classical artists, although classical recordings have also been issued on the regular Philips label. In the US, Philips eventually handled distribution and sales for Philips, Mercury, British Decca (sold under the London label in the US) and Deutsche Grammophon. In 1983, Philips became the first record label to issue compact discs, using digital recordings that had been recorded since 1978. Philips and its subsidiaries eventually re-issued many of its pre-digital stereo and mono recordings on compact disc. Philips and DuPont partnered in four CD manufacturing plants in Hanover, Germany; Blackburn in the UK (formerly the Philips Laservision Disc factory);"	"partnered in 1992 with Amsterdam-based CDMATICS to develop TeleCD-i (also TeleCD). In this concept, the CD-i player is connected to a network such as PSTN or Internet, enabling data-communication and rich media presentation. Dutch grocery chain Albert Heijn and mail-order company were early adopters and introduced award-winning TeleCD-i applications for their home-shopping and home-delivery services. CDMATICS also developed the special Philips TeleCD-i Assistant and a set of software tools to help the worldwide multimedia industry to develop and implement TeleCD-i. TeleCD-i is the world's first networked multimedia application at the time of its introduction. In 1996, Philips acquired source code"	"then Philips' head of Consumer Electronics, gave him four months to make or break the Compact Disc Interactive (CD-I) project, a joint effort between Sony and Philips to enhance the CD standard with multi-media technology. This so-called ""Green Book"" standard had been in development since 1985 but was still in the concept phase when Bastiaens took charge. He started out by changing the project to ""full motion video"", which would enable a CD-I disc to hold a full-length feature movie but was rather ambitious at the time, as the compression and decoding hard- and software had yet to be developed."	"plant in Hannover, Germany, which could produce huge numbers of CDs having a diameter of 115 mm. Sony did not yet have such a facility. If Sony had agreed on the 115-mm disc, Philips would have had a significant competitive edge in the market. The long playing time of Beethoven's Ninth Symphony imposed by Ohga was used to push Philips to accept 120 mm, so that Philips' PolyGram lost its edge on disc fabrication. The 74-minute playing time of a CD, which is longer than the 22 minutes per side typical of long-playing (LP) vinyl albums, was often used to"	"before converting it into PCM audio was made by D. J. Goodman in 1969. DSD technology was later developed and commercialized by Sony and Philips, the designers of the audio CD. However, in 2005, Philips later sold its DSD tool division to Sonic Studio. DVD-Audio was endorsed by the Warner Music Group, while the SACD format was endorsed by Sony and Universal Music Group, with an especially high-profile by UMG imprint Virgin Records. Despite this, in 2011, ""The Warner Premium Sound series"" of albums was released by Warner Music Group, marking the first time the label released titles in a"	"is provided by a cross interleaver. Current compact disc digital audio system was developed by N. V. Philips of The Netherlands and Sony Corporation of Japan (agreement signed in 1979). A compact disc comprises a 120 mm aluminized disc coated with a clear plastic coating, with spiral track, approximately 5 km in length, which is optically scanned by a laser of wavelength ~0.8 μm, at a constant speed of ~1.25 m/s. For achieving this constant speed, rotation of the disc is varied from ~8 rev/s while scanning at the inner portion of the track to ~3.5 rev/s at the outer"	"experimentally manufactured in 1925. In 1927, Philips began producing radios. Only five years later, Philips had sold one million of them. One other major product release came in 1963, when the Compact Cassette was introduced. After Philips Consumer Electronics acquired companies as Magnavox and Sylvania in the late 1970s, Philips managed to sell their 100-millionth TV-set in 1984. Philips still is the European television market leader, as well as the third in the world. Because of the enormous growth, Philips decided to split up their company divisions during the 1990s. While Philips CE contains most of the Consumer Electronics, other"	"Gaston Bastiaens Gaston Bastiaens (born 16 December 1946 in Westerlo, Belgium) is a Belgian engineer and businessman. As a vice president of Philips Electronics, he was responsible for the Compact Disc as well as for CD-i, CD-ROM, Philips' contributions to the MPEG standard and the foundations for the DVD. After graduating with distinction from the KU Leuven (Belgium) in Electrical and Nuclear Engineering, Bastiaens served in the military from 1971 to 1972. In 1972 he joined the Hi-Fi division of Philips Electronics in Leuven, where he served in various management capacities until 1982. During his earlier years there he created"	"commercial release in 1982, compact discs and their players were extremely popular. Despite costing up to $1,000, over 400,000 CD players were sold in the United States between 1983 and 1984. The success of the compact disc has been credited to the cooperation between Philips and Sony, who came together to agree upon and develop compatible hardware. The unified design of the compact disc allowed consumers to purchase any disc or player from any company, and allowed the CD to dominate the at-home music market unchallenged. The Sony CDP-101, released in 1982, was the world's first commercially released compact disc"	"recording of Wilhelm Furtwängler conducting Ludwig van Beethoven's Ninth Symphony at the 1951 Bayreuth Festival. The additional 14-minute playing time subsequently required changing to a 120 mm disc. Kees Schouhamer Immink, Philips' chief engineer, however, denies this, claiming that the increase was motivated by technical considerations, and that even after the increase in size, the Furtwängler recording would not have fit on one of the earliest CDs. According to a ""Sunday Tribune"" interview, the story is slightly more involved. In 1979, Philips owned PolyGram, one of the world's largest distributors of music. PolyGram had set up a large experimental CD"
Where is the multinational Nestle based?	"Her name is pronounced like the English verb ""nestle"", not like the name of the Swiss food conglomerate, to whom she is unrelated. In 2011, ""Forbes"" magazine listed Nestle as number 2 of ""The world's 7 most powerful foodies."" Marion Nestle Marion Nestle (born 1936) is an American academic. She is the Paulette Goddard Professor of Nutrition, Food Studies, and Public Health at New York University. She is also a professor of Sociology at NYU and a visiting professor of Nutritional Sciences at Cornell University. Nestle received her BA from UC Berkeley, Phi Beta Kappa, after attending school there from"	"Nestlé Nestlé S.A. (, ; ) is a Swiss transnational food and drink company headquartered in Vevey, Vaud, Switzerland. It is the largest food company in the world, measured by revenues and other metrics, since 2014. It ranked No. 64 on the Fortune Global 500 in 2017 and No. 33 on the 2016 edition of the Forbes Global 2000 list of largest public companies. Nestlé's products include baby food, medical food, bottled water, breakfast cereals, coffee and tea, confectionery, dairy products, ice cream, frozen food, pet foods, and snacks. Twenty-nine of Nestlé's brands have annual sales of over CHF1 billion"	"He was buried at Territet Cemetery in Montreux. Henri Nestlé Henri Nestlé (born Heinrich Nestle; August 10, 1814 – July 7, 1890) was a German-born Swiss confectioner and the founder of Nestlé, the world's largest food and beverage company, as well as one of the main creators of condensed milk. Heinrich Nestle was born on 10 August 1814, in Frankfurt am Main, Germany. He was the eleventh of fourteen children of Johann Ulrich Matthias Nestle and Anna-Maria Catharina Ehemant. Nestle's father, by tradition, inherited the business of his father, Johann Ulrich Nestle, and became a glazier in Töngesgasse. The later"	"Henri Nestlé Henri Nestlé (born Heinrich Nestle; August 10, 1814 – July 7, 1890) was a German-born Swiss confectioner and the founder of Nestlé, the world's largest food and beverage company, as well as one of the main creators of condensed milk. Heinrich Nestle was born on 10 August 1814, in Frankfurt am Main, Germany. He was the eleventh of fourteen children of Johann Ulrich Matthias Nestle and Anna-Maria Catharina Ehemant. Nestle's father, by tradition, inherited the business of his father, Johann Ulrich Nestle, and became a glazier in Töngesgasse. The later Lord Mayor of Frankfurt am Main, Gustav Edmund"	"(about ), including Nespresso, Nescafé, Kit Kat, Smarties, Nesquik, Stouffer's, Vittel, and Maggi. Nestlé has 447 factories, operates in 189 countries, and employs around 339,000 people. It is one of the main shareholders of L'Oreal, the world's largest cosmetics company. Nestlé was formed in 1905 by the merger of the Anglo-Swiss Milk Company, established in 1866 by brothers George and Charles Page, and Farine Lactée Henri Nestlé, founded in 1866 by Henri Nestlé. The company grew significantly during the First World War and again following the Second World War, expanding its offerings beyond its early condensed milk and infant formula"	"giant Nestlé. Some of the foods it produced or distributed were: ice cream, yogurt, cheese, butter and imported cheeses. Its head office (now Nestle Australia's) was in Wellington Road, Mulgrave, Victoria, Australia, which was itself known as Petersville. Petersville had Dairy production plants at Warragul, Trafalgar and Yarragon in Victoria and at Orange, Taree and Grafton in New South Wales. Petersville Petersville Australia Limited was an Australian public company which specialized in dairy food product manufacture, distribution and marketing until its takeover by Adelaide Steamship Company in the 1980s. Petersville was noted for establishing Peters Ice Cream in the 1930s"	"Netherlands. After obtaining a degree in Industrial Engineering from the Netherlands, he graduated with an MBA from Schulich School of Business in Toronto, Canada. He started with P&G in 1996. He worked in several brand management and commercial roles in Canada, Belgium and Ireland. He joined Nestlé in 2002 as head of its Global Chilled Dairy Division (Switzerland). He moved to France in 2004, where he set up the joint venture between Nestle Chilled Dairy Europe and Lactalis Produit Frais. In 2010, he became CEO for Nestle in Austria and Slovenia. He became CEO of Müller UK in 2012, later"	"in the United Kingdom. In April 2003, Nestlé bought the international rights for Mövenpick ice cream from the hotel group, and an independent business unit called ""Swiss Premium Ice Cream"" was created. The buy-out contract did not include the New Zealand manufacturing facilities. As of 2014, the business was operated by a subsidiary called ""Nestlé Super Premium"", headquartered in Vevey (Switzerland). The main production site is in Switzerland. Halal production for Middle East takes place in Nestlé factory in Egypt. The company has partnered licensing agreements in Germany, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Egypt and Saudi Arabia. In February 2006, Nestlé Schöller"	"Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Kosovo, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Malta, Moldova, Monaco, Montenegro, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, San Marino, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom and Vatican City. Elsewhere in the world, Nestlé directly oversees the Nestea business. BPW works in collaboration with Coca-Cola bottling partners, who produce, package, distribute and merchandise NESTEA across its markets. Its major bottling partners are Coca-Cola European Partners (CCEP), Coca-Cola Hellenic Bottling Company (CCHBC), Coca-Cola Refreshments Canada (CCRC), Coca-Cola Amatil (Aust) Pty Ltd, Swire Coca-Cola Taiwan and"	"Nespresso Nestlé Nespresso S.A., trading as Nespresso, is an operating unit of the Nestlé Group, based in Lausanne, Switzerland. Nespresso machines brew espresso and coffee from coffee capsules, or ""pods"" in machines for home or professional use, a type of pre-apportioned single-use container of ground coffee beans, sometimes with added flavorings. Once inserted into a machine, the capsules are pierced and processed, water is then forced against a heating element at high pressure meaning that only the quantity for a single cup is warmed. Nespresso is a premium price coffee, and by 2011 had annual sales in excess of 3"	"Nestlé Waters Nestlé Waters is the bottled water division of the Nestlé Group. Sales: 7625 million CHF Nestlé Waters has roughly 31,740 employees and includes 51 distinct brands such as Nestlé Pure Life, Arrowhead, Poland Spring, Deer Park, Ozarka, Zephyrhills, Acqua Panna, San Pellegrino, Perrier, Vittel, Al Manhal and Buxton. In 2008, Nestlé Waters became the largest bottled water brand in the world. 1843: Henri Nestlé establishes his first lemonade and water bottling factory. 1866 Foundation of the Nestlé Group 1969: Acquisition of a 30% stake in the Société Générale des Eaux Minérales de Vittel in France 1974: Acquisition of"	"Vevey Vevey () is a town in Switzerland in the canton of Vaud, on the north shore of Lake Geneva, near Lausanne. It was the seat of the district of the same name until 2006, and is now part of the Riviera-Pays-d'Enhaut District. It is part of the French-speaking area of Switzerland. Vevey is home to the world headquarters of the international food and beverage company Nestlé, founded here in 1867. Milk chocolate was invented in Vevey by Daniel Peter in 1875, with the aid of Henri Nestlé. The residence of British American actor and comedian Charlie Chaplin was in"	"Intel and Bank of America. Nestlé announced in January 2017 that it was relocating its U.S. headquarters from Glendale, California, to Rosslyn, Virginia outside of Washington, DC. In March 2017, Nestlé announced that they will lower the sugar content in Kit Kat, Yorkie and Aero chocolate bars by 10% by 2018. In July followed a similar announcement concerning the reduction of sugar content in its breakfast cereals in the UK. The company announced a $20.8 billion share buyback in June 2017, following the publication of a letter written by Third Point Management founder Daniel S. Loeb, Nestlé's fourth-largest stakeholder with"	"Gaspésien. Natrel Natrel is a Canadian dairy co-operative based in Montreal, Quebec. Natrel was formed in 1990 as the dairy subsidiary of the Agropur agricultural cooperative, headquartered in Longueuil, Quebec. Natrel has 1,540 employees and 8 manufacturing plants in Canada; fellow Agropur subsidiary Island Farms has an additional two. New cafes have opened up in Toronto and Montreal, called "" Natrel Milk Bar "" Natrel brand names include, Fine-filtered, Ultra’Milk, Lactose Free, Calcium, Ultra'milk Calcium, Omega-3, Nutrition 24, Ultra’Cream, and Moostache; its milk is also used in products sold by Sealtest (acquired from Ault Foods), Québon, Hershey (license), and Le"	"production was moved to York. In September 2006, it was announced that the manufacture of Smarties was to be relocated to Hamburg, resulting in 645 job losses at the York factory. Production of Dairy Box was relocated to Spain, and Black Magic to the Czech Republic. In May 2009, Nestlé launched a new jelly sweet, Rowntree's Randoms, and in April 2012, another new jelly sweet, Fruit Bottles, both under the Rowntree's brand. Nestlé has invested more than £200 million in the Rowntree business since 1988, making the York site one of the world's largest confectionery factories. Nestlé's global research centre"	"Nestlé would then acquire a 16.5 percent stake from the Hsu family, which would leave them with 40 percent. On 6 December 2011, the government of the People's Republic of China, and the government of The Cayman Islands (where the company was incorporated) accepted Nestlé's bid, and allowed Nestlé to proceed in its acquisition. Currently, Nestlé owns 60% of the company, and the Hsu family currently owns 40%. Hsu Fu Chi Hsu Fu Chi (徐福记) is a Chinese company, based in Dongguan, China, that manufactures various confectionaries, biscuits, chocolates, jellies, sachima, and snacks. The company is majority owned by Nestlé,"	"food subsidiary, Davigel. In December 2014, Nestlé announced that it was opening 10 skin care research centres worldwide, deepening its investment in a faster-growing market for healthcare products. That year, Nestlé spent about $350 million on dermatology research and development. The first of the research hubs, Nestlé Skin Health Investigation, Education and Longevity Development (SHIELD) centres, will open mid 2015 in New York, followed by Hong Kong and São Paulo, and later others in North America, Asia, and Europe. The initiative is being launched in partnership with the Global Coalition on Aging (GCOA), a consortium that includes companies such as"	"different countries. The headquarters for Lactalis American Group, Inc. are located in Buffalo, NY. The group operates in eight divisions: Lactalis owns 198 industrial sites in 55 countries. 18 of these countries are USA, Romania, Poland, Italy, Russia, Ukraine, Spain, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Ireland, Portugal, Switzerland, Croatia, Czech Republic, United Kingdom, Australia and as of 2011 Canada and South Africa. Lactalis mostly produces yoghurt, butter and cheese and powder milk, baby formula and milk drinks. Lactalis Lactalis is a multinational dairy products corporation, owned by the Besnier family and based in Laval, Mayenne, France. The company's former name was Besnier"	"Eugster/Frismag Eugster/Frismag AG, headquartered in Amriswil, Switzerland, is an OEM producer of home appliances, especially coffee machines which are sold under many well-known international brand names. Eugster/Frismag manufactures around 20% of all Nestle machines as well as other machines for brands such as Jura, Koenig, Melitta, Moulinex, or Turmix. The annual production totals 5 million coffee machines. Alongside Saeco, Eugster/Frismag is one of the world's largest producers of coffee machines. Besides its three development and production locations in Switzerland (around 1,600 jobs) the company has a production facility in Portugal with 500 jobs. An additional part is produced in China"	"based in Welwyn Garden City. Cereal Partners Worldwide Cereal Partners Worldwide S.A. is a joint venture between General Mills and Nestlé, established in 1991 to produce breakfast cereals. The company is headquartered in Lausanne, Switzerland, and markets cereals in more than 130 countries (except for the U.S. and Canada, where General Mills markets the cereals directly). The company's cereals are sold under the Nestlé brand, although many originated from General Mills and some, such as Shredded Wheat and Shreddies, were once made by Nabisco. In Australia and New Zealand, some of CPW's products are sold under the Uncle Tobys brand."	"Nestle, was his brother. The Nestle family has its roots in western Swabia, predominantly in boroughs of the Black Forest such as Dornstetten, Freudenstadt, Mindersbach, Nagold, and Sulz am Neckar. In the Swabian dialect, ""Nestle"" is a small bird's nest. The name Nestle also has different variations, including Nästlin, Nästlen, Nestlin, Nestlen, and Niestle. The Nestle family tree began with three brothers (thus the three young birds in the nest being fed by their mother on the family coat of arms) from Mindersbach, called Hans, Heinrich, and Samuel Nestlin. The father of these three sons was born circa 1495. Hans,"	"limit the guarantee on its single-serving coffee machines by imposing the condition that customers only use its own Nespresso pods, and to remove warnings against the use of third-party pods. Nespresso Nestlé Nespresso S.A., trading as Nespresso, is an operating unit of the Nestlé Group, based in Lausanne, Switzerland. Nespresso machines brew espresso and coffee from coffee capsules, or ""pods"" in machines for home or professional use, a type of pre-apportioned single-use container of ground coffee beans, sometimes with added flavorings. Once inserted into a machine, the capsules are pierced and processed, water is then forced against a heating element"	"Natrel Natrel is a Canadian dairy co-operative based in Montreal, Quebec. Natrel was formed in 1990 as the dairy subsidiary of the Agropur agricultural cooperative, headquartered in Longueuil, Quebec. Natrel has 1,540 employees and 8 manufacturing plants in Canada; fellow Agropur subsidiary Island Farms has an additional two. New cafes have opened up in Toronto and Montreal, called "" Natrel Milk Bar "" Natrel brand names include, Fine-filtered, Ultra’Milk, Lactose Free, Calcium, Ultra'milk Calcium, Omega-3, Nutrition 24, Ultra’Cream, and Moostache; its milk is also used in products sold by Sealtest (acquired from Ault Foods), Québon, Hershey (license), and Le Petit"	"focused on protecting workers across its supply chain. The company has promised to impose new requirements on all potential suppliers, train boat owners and captains about human rights, and hire auditors to check for compliance with new rules. In September 2017, an investigation conducted by NGO Mighty Earth found that a large amount of the cocoa used in chocolate produced by Nestlé and other major chocolate companies was grown illegally in national parks and other protected areas in Ivory Coast and Ghana. The countries are the world's two largest cocoa producers. The report documents how in several national parks and"	"Swire Beverages Limited (Hong Kong). Beverage Partners Worldwide Beverage Partners Worldwide (BPW) is a joint venture between The Coca-Cola Company and Nestlé with headquarters in Zurich, Switzerland. BPW is in the ready-to-drink tea category in the beverage industry. The company manages the NESTEA business in 52 countries, collaborating with Coca-Cola bottling partners, who are responsible for production and distribution across its markets. BPW began in 1991 as Coca-Cola Nestlé Refreshments Company S.A., created to develop the business of ready-to-drink coffee, chocolate and tea around the world. The Coca-Cola Company and Nestlé S.A. are equal partners in the joint venture. In"	"years later began manufacturing Maggi and Milo products. In 1982, Cerelac was produced in Nigeria from Agbara. Between 1984 and 1986, the company introduced baby weaning products with higher local content, this include Cerelac Maize and Nutrend, with a mixture of soy and maize. It later introduced Chocomilo, a confectionery item. In 2011, the firm expanded production of its marquee with the opening of a Maggi factory in Flowergate, Ogun State. Nestle Nigeria has sponsored the Maggi national cooking competition and previously sponsored a Maggi cooking show. It also sponsored sports competition through it Milo brand. The firm has two"	"spring water, and spring water tankered in from Cedar Valley Spring in Erin, Ontario. In addition, spring water is bottled on-site in Hope, British Columbia. In the United States, Nestlé Pure Life is a purified (filtered) water. Nestlé Waters is currently Canada's largest water bottling company, with two bottling facilities. The larger of the facilities is located in Aberfoyle, Ontario with the second facility located in Hope, British Columbia and warehouses located in Chilliwack, British Columbia and Laval, Quebec. Nestlé Waters sells three European Brands: Perrier, San Pellegrino and Acqua Panna. Aquapod, manufactured by Nestlé Waters North America through the"	"Cereal Partners Worldwide Cereal Partners Worldwide S.A. is a joint venture between General Mills and Nestlé, established in 1991 to produce breakfast cereals. The company is headquartered in Lausanne, Switzerland, and markets cereals in more than 130 countries (except for the U.S. and Canada, where General Mills markets the cereals directly). The company's cereals are sold under the Nestlé brand, although many originated from General Mills and some, such as Shredded Wheat and Shreddies, were once made by Nabisco. In Australia and New Zealand, some of CPW's products are sold under the Uncle Tobys brand. The company's UK division is"	"graduate in the frozen food section. She became the first female chief executive of Nestlé UK in October 2012, being announced on 11 August 2012. Nestlé UK has its headquarters at City Place Gatwick, off the A23 to the southeast of Gatwick Airport. She is a UK Commissioner for Employment and Skills. In July 2017, Kendrick stood down as CEO (but continued as chairman), and was succeeded by Stefano Agostini, who had been CEO of Nestle Waters Italy. In January 2015 she was awarded a damehood in the 2015 New Year Honours. She lives in Tadworth in east Surrey. She"	"days. The employees toured many places in the greater LA area. The Mullers left on August 16 for the Grand Canyon. In Colorado Springs, where they stayed at The Broadmoor resort, Edouard met with local officials to discuss the possibility of building Nestle US headquarters in their city. He and Dan Norton had visited several building sites and locations suitable for such a headquarters. Edouard felt unrest remained in both the Pacific and the Atlantic so he was seeking a place remote from the coasts as long-term planning for Nestle. The family returned by train through Denver to Chicago to"	"accusing Nestle of not being as fast, aggressive, or strategic as it needs to be. Activist investors called for Nestle to divide into three units with distinct CEOs, regional structures, and marketing heads - beverage, nutrition, and grocery; spin off more businesses that do not fit its model such as ice cream, frozen foods, and confectionery; and add an outsider with expertise in the food and beverage industry to the board. In September 2018, Nestlé announced to sell Gerber Life Insurance for $1.55 billion. Nestlé is the biggest food company in the world, with a market capitalisation of roughly 231"	"Glendale. Neopets, Inc., a company that created the popular virtual pet website, Neopets, is located in the city (it was sold in 2005 to Viacom). In August 2013, Avery Dennison Corp., a label maker for major brands, announced plans to move its headquarters from Pasadena to Glendale. Avery employs about 26,000 people. The U.S. headquarters of the Swiss foods multinational Nestlé plans to move out by 2018. Glendale, along with Burbank, has served as a major production center for the U.S. entertainment industry and the U.S. animation industry in particular for several decades, because the Walt Disney Company outgrew its"	"It spread its activities to other countries, establishing itself in Denmark in 1976, and in Norway and Finland in 1993. Today, the parent company, Hjem-IS Europa A/S, is headquartered in Kolding, Denmark. The group has been a subsidiary of Nestlé since 2002. On 31 December 2012, Nestlé sold the Danish, Norwegian and Swedish divisions to three different companies. The Finnish division has been closed Hjem-IS Hjem-IS (Denmark, Norway), Hemglass (Sweden) or Kotijäätelö (Finland), all meaning ""Home Ice Cream"", is a Northern European brand of ice cream. It is known for its distribution system, being delivered to people's homes by its"
Do You Know Where You're Going To? was the theme from which film?	"Theme from Mahogany (Do You Know Where You're Going To) ""Theme from ""Mahogany"" (Do You Know Where You're Going To)"" is a song written by Michael Masser and Gerry Goffin, and initially recorded by American singer Thelma Houston in 1973, and then most notably by Diana Ross as the theme to the 1975 Motown/Paramount film ""Mahogany"". Produced by Masser, the song is a ballad that portrays its protagonist (Ross) as a black woman who becomes a successful Rome fashion designer. Recorded with a full orchestral accompaniment, ""Theme from ""Mahogany"""" became one of the most recognizable elements of the film, receiving"	"to her employees, and unwilling to express her appreciation to her new benefactor by becoming his mistress. She finds her career is not all she dreamed it would be without the love and support of Brian. Tracy realizes she must decide whether to continue with her material lifestyle and loveless relationship in Rome or return to the man she loves in Chicago. The film and its soundtrack include a Ross-sung theme song, ""Theme from ""Mahogany"" (Do You Know Where You're Going To)"", which became a #1 hit on the ""Billboard"" Hot 100 in 1976. It held the number-one spot for"	"Mahogany (soundtrack) Mahogany was the second original motion picture soundtrack by Diana Ross, following her 1972 release ""Lady Sings the Blues"". The soundtrack from the film ""Mahogany"" (her second film, following ""Lady Sings the Blues"") included the chart-topping single ""Theme from ""Mahogany"" (Do You Know Where You're Going To)"", which peaked at number-one on the ""Billboard"" Hot 100 chart in January 1976. The single's B-side, ""No One's Gonna Be a Fool Forever"", was not released as an album track. The soundtrack reached #19 in the USA and sold over 275,000 copies. All tracks composed by Michael Masser; except where indicated"	"Mahogany (soundtrack) Mahogany was the second original motion picture soundtrack by Diana Ross, following her 1972 release ""Lady Sings the Blues"". The soundtrack from the film ""Mahogany"" (her second film, following ""Lady Sings the Blues"") included the chart-topping single ""Theme from ""Mahogany"" (Do You Know Where You're Going To)"", which peaked at number-one on the ""Billboard"" Hot 100 chart in January 1976. The single's B-side, ""No One's Gonna Be a Fool Forever"", was not released as an album track. The soundtrack reached #19 in the USA and sold over 275,000 copies. All tracks composed by Michael Masser; except where indicated"	"Cummings was on leave from the Army Air Corps as a civilian flight instructor to make the film. Director John Farrow, who was sent home wounded in 1941 with the rank of commander in the Royal Canadian Navy, was recalled to service after the completion of this film."" Edith Head designed Lizabeth Scott's wardrobe. Head would continue as Scott's principal dress designer to the end of Scott's film career in the late 1950s. The theme song of ""You Came Along"", ""Out of Nowhere"" (1931), was composed by Johnny Green, with lyrics by Edward Heyman. The song previously appeared in Paramount's"	"Where You Lead ""Where You Lead"" is a song written in 1970 by Carole King with lyricist Toni Stern, introduced on King's iconic 1971 album ""Tapestry"". A Top 40 hit for Barbra Streisand in both a studio and a live version — the latter in a medley entitled ""Sweet Inspiration/ Where You Lead'"" — the song has also served as theme song for the television series ""Gilmore Girls"" (2000–07) in a lyrically revised version recorded by Carole King and Louise Goffin. ""Where You Lead"" is one of two Carole King/ Toni Stern collaborations featured on ""Tapestry"", the other being the"	"from the 1993 film ""Philadelphia""). The ""Working Girl"" soundtrack album was released in August 1989, and featured more music from Simon. That same year, Simon released her first children's book, ""Amy the Dancing Bear"". As a tribute to Christa McAuliffe, who was slated to be the first teacher in space and who died in the 1986 Space Shuttle Challenger disaster, Simon wrote and recorded a song entitled ""You're Where I Go"". McAuliffe was a Simon fan and had taken a cassette of her music on board the shuttle. In 1987, Simon also sang the theme for the 1988 Democratic National"	"the screenplay with Richard Maibaum. It was the third James Bond film to be directed by John Glen, and the last to feature Lois Maxwell as Miss Moneypenny. Despite receiving mostly negative reviews from critics, who frequently took umbrage with the effects of Moore's advanced age on his performance, it was a commercial success, with the Duran Duran theme song ""A View to a Kill"" performing well in the charts, becoming the only theme song to reach #1 on the ""Billboard"" Hot 100 and earning a Golden Globe nomination for Best Song. MI6 agent James Bond is sent to Siberia"	"on the ""Billboard"" album chart and would remain on the chart for over a year. The film soundtrack LP, without Warwick vocals, failed to impress the public, while ""Dionne Warwick in Valley of the Dolls"" earned an RIAA Gold certification. The single ""Do You Know the Way to San Jose?"", an international million seller and a Top 10 hit in several countries, including the UK, Canada, Australia, South Africa, Japan and Mexico, was also a double-sided hit with the ""B"" side ""Let Me Be Lonely"" charting at #79. More hits followed into 1971, including ""Who Is Gonna Love Me"" (#32,"	"which Bob Scott dies early in the film, is an art house located on Santa Monica Boulevard in West Los Angeles. The houseboat, ""Galatea"", was located at 15 Yellow Ferry Harbor in Sausalito. The film's theme song, ""Ready to Take a Chance Again"", was composed by Charles Fox, with lyrics by Fox's writing partner, Norman Gimbel and performed by Barry Manilow, who conceived and supervised the song's recording in partnership with Ron Dante. The soundtrack also includes ""Copacabana"" written by Manilow, Jack Feldman and Bruce Sussman, and performed by Manilow; ""I Feel the Earth Move"" by Carole King, and ""Stayin'"	"on October 18, 1960, in a New York City recording session with Stan Applebaum arranging and conducting. Although it only peaked at # 4 in the US, the theme song of ""Where the Boys are"" became Connie Francis's signature tune, followed by several cover versions. Besides the theme song, Francis sang another Sedaka-Greenfield composition: ""Turn on the Sunshine"", in the film. The film's soundtrack also features ""Have You Met Miss Fandango"". The song was sung by co-star Barbara Nichols and featured music by Victor Young and lyrics by Stella Unger. MGM did not release a soundtrack album for ""Where the"	"her ""it's an honor just to be nominated"", which she interpreted as her mother's way of saying ""you're going to lose."" Journey to the Past"" was also nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song that same year. ""Journey to the Past"" is considered to be one of the most famous and iconic songs from the film, becoming particularly popular among young, female fans. The song ultimately became the film's signature song, an accomplishment the songwriters had never intended to achieve despite feeling a certain ""energy that hinted at the number's potential"" while initially writing it, and believe"	"the scene shifts back to the concert hall, where the performance has reached the ""Ode to Joy"". The sequence contrasts Charlotte's estrangement in Berlin with the expatriate Hanna's need to belong (and to be reunited with her child). In the scene where they discover they love each other, Hanna tells Garvenberg that the ""Adagio"" movement saved her life. Other passages of classical music serve as leitmotifs in the film. A passage from Tchaikovsky's ""Nutcracker Suite"" is introduced in the opening credits and recurs ""repeatedly . . . each time announcing an emotional crisis or insight."" A theme from ""Dance of"	"Destination Anywhere (film) Destination Anywhere is an American film inspired by and featuring music and concepts from Jon Bon Jovi's second solo record ""Destination Anywhere"". The film and album was released in June, 1997. The film stars Jon Bon Jovi and Demi Moore as a young couple struggling with alcoholism and the death of their young child. Directed by Mark Pellington, the film debuted on both MTV and VH1 in 1997 and also stars Kevin Bacon, Whoopi Goldberg and Annabella Sciorra. The film was released on DVD on April 11, 2005 and includes five promotional music videos and the track"	"Sings Tapestry and the Songs of Carole King""/ 2010). Where You Lead ""Where You Lead"" is a song written in 1970 by Carole King with lyricist Toni Stern, introduced on King's iconic 1971 album ""Tapestry"". A Top 40 hit for Barbra Streisand in both a studio and a live version — the latter in a medley entitled ""Sweet Inspiration/ Where You Lead'"" — the song has also served as theme song for the television series ""Gilmore Girls"" (2000–07) in a lyrically revised version recorded by Carole King and Louise Goffin. ""Where You Lead"" is one of two Carole King/ Toni"	"July 22 at the Sandia Casino in Albuquerque, New Mexico, on August 5 at the USANA Amphitheatre in Salt Lake City, Utah and on September 3 at the Ford Idaho Center in Nampa, Idaho as a lead and backup vocalist. In 2014 Siobhan recorded the song ""Wisdom"" as the theme song for the movie . ""Wisdom"" was included on her 2015 EP release Holiday Inspiration; which also included recordings of ""What Child is This"", ""O Holy Night"", ""Old Cape Cod"", and ""Did You Ever Wonder Why ?"" The EP was made available only through her website as a CD. ""Wisdom"""	"Songs chart in January 2004. Jones typically plays the song alone on stage when performing live. CD1 CD2 Tracks 1 & 2 are taken from the album ""You Gotta Go There to Come Back"". DVD Maybe Tomorrow (Stereophonics song) ""Maybe Tomorrow"" is a single from the Stereophonics' fourth studio album ""You Gotta Go There to Come Back"" (2003). Written and produced by frontman Kelly Jones, it was used as the opening theme of the movie ""Wicker Park"" (2004) and was played during the credits at the end of the Academy Award-winning movie ""Crash"" (2004). It has more of a jazz"	"physical release in the US and as a result the song never charted on the Hot 100 singles chart, though it did reach number one on the US dance singles chart. Meanwhile, the song became an international hit reaching number fifteen on the UK singles charts; Blige's first top twenty UK hit since 1995's ""Mary Jane (All Night Long)."" A remix of the song features a separate rap cameo by Foxy Brown and a vocal interpolation of Diana Ross' ""Do You Know Where You're Going To (Theme from Mahogany)"". The music video was shot in New York City from February"	"and the title song, ""Who Knows Where the Time Goes?"", composed by Sandy Denny. Two versions of the song ""Who Knows Where the Time Goes?"" were released. Version 1 with only vocal, two guitars, and bass appeared on the B side of ""Both Sides Now"", on the soundtrack to the 1968 film ""The Subject Was Roses,"" and on the compilation album ""Colors of the Day"". Version 2 is a composite. The first verse is the same take as version 1, but with everything remixed to the left channel, and it then crossfades to a different recording with a larger arrangement"	"Geek deemed it ""one of Disney's great anthems/motivational mantras for all aspiring athletes and deities."" MoviePilot suggests that the shooting star during ""Go the Distance"" is actually Aladdin and Jasmine's magic carpet ride. The Globe and Mail likened it to Duddy's Leaving St. Urbain Street, while BoingBoing compared it to ""Pocahontas""'s ""Just Around the Riverbend"". Vulture deemed it ""inspiring"". The song was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song and the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song. Both awards, however, went to ""My Heart Will Go On"", a song from ""Titanic"", a film directed by James Cameron."	"sees Spain as a fresh start. After a series of mistakes in the past, she abruptly uprooted herself from her life in the Philippines to move forward and start anew. But the question is how? Together, they will go on a journey to find the answers to their lifelong questions, such as proving their worth, confronting the past, finding their way, and self-forgiveness. The theme song of the film, ""I'll Never Love This Way Again"", was originally sung by Dionne Warwick. There are two versions of the song: one was covered by Gary Valenciano and also by Jona. The film"	"3 – and commercial brands: Mercedes Benz, Campari and Hitachi. Rosner lives and works in Los Angeles, California. Lior Rosner Lior Rosner is a film, TV and classical music composer, conductor, and theme branding expert who created the theme for The Ellen DeGeneres Show and whose accolades include the International Film Music Critics Association nominee for “They’ll Remember You” an orchestral accompanied choral showpiece for the end titles from the movie Valkyrie. A composition and theory graduate from the Jerusalem Academy of Music And Dance, Rosner moved from Israel to Los Angeles and studied graduate music at UCLA, and conducting"	"You're Going Down ""You're Going Down"" is the lead single from Sick Puppies' third album ""Tri-Polar"". ""You're Going Down"" was used by WWE to represent their ""Extreme Rules"" pay-per-view event as its official theme song. The wrestling promotion also used the song by making it part of the soundtrack to their video game ""SmackDown vs. Raw 2010"". It was also used in a pre-game video package for the Montreal Alouettes at the 96th Grey Cup and the opening theme for the 2010 live-action film adaptation of ""Tekken"". The official release date was 2 June 2009 but the band had already"	"Tokyo, Japan and the theme song of the film is ""(Where Do I Begin?) Love Story"", which was sung by Gary Valenciano. The film placed at the 15th spot in a Top 20 list of movies worldwide with the highest gross on the week of May 11, 2011 to May 18, 2011. It grossed $1,917,443 (approximately P84 million) in the box office, as reported by the Associated Press on May 19. The film had international premieres in two cities in the United States, both in the state of California. One on May 28, 2011, in Los Angeles and on May"	"James Bond Theme The ""James Bond Theme"" is the main signature theme of the James Bond films and has featured in every Eon Productions Bond film since ""Dr. No"", released in 1962. The piece has been used as an accompanying fanfare to the gun barrel sequence in almost every James Bond film. The ""James Bond Theme"" has accompanied the opening titles twice, as part of the medley that opens ""Dr. No"" and then again in the opening credits of ""From Russia with Love"" (1963). It has been used as music over the end credits for ""Dr. No"", ""Thunderball"" (1965), ""On"	"""Third of June"" and ""Someone"") all reached the Canadian Top 40. ""Corey Hart"" also earned Hart more award nominations, including Juno nods for Best Male Vocalist of the Year and Best Producer for """"Black Cloud Rain"" and ""Simplicity,"" a non-single album track, and Best Anglophone Quebec Artist at the ADISQ Awards. In 1997, fellow Canadian Celine Dion released her ""Let's Talk About Love"" album, which featured the theme from the film ""Titanic"", ""My Heart Will Go On."" Also on the album were two songs written and co-produced by Hart: the Canadian Top 40 hit ""Miles to Go (Before I Sleep)"""	"Which Way to Go"" as well. It was mastered by Ted Jensen. Other songs featured in the film (but not on the soundtrack album) are Jimi Hendrix's ""All Along the Watchtower"" (composed by Bob Dylan), Lynyrd Skynyrd's ""Free Bird"", Freddy Fender's ""Before the Next Teardrop Falls"", Robin Trower's ""Bridge of Sighs"", The Ohio Players' ""Love Rollercoaster"", and Johnny Winter's ""Rock and Roll Hoochie Koo"" (composed by Rick Derringer). The film was met with generally positive reviews, with a 71% fresh rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 28 reviews with an average score of 6.2 out of 10. The film is"	"the Ladakh region of Northern India. Buffett wrote the soundtrack for, and co-produced and played a role in, the 2006 film ""Hoot,"" directed by Wil Shriner and based on the book by Carl Hiaasen, which focused on issues important to Buffett, such as conservation. The film was not a critical or commercial success. Among his other film music credits are the theme song to the short-lived 1993 CBS television series ""Johnny Bago""; ""Turning Around"" for the 1985 film ""Summer Rental"" starring John Candy; ""I Don't Know (Spicoli's Theme)"" for the film ""Fast Times at Ridgemont High""; ""Hello, Texas"" for the"	"of the Eagles, Don Henley and Don Felder. The soundtrack also included ""I Don't Know (Spicoli's Theme)"" by Jimmy Buffett and ""Goodbye Goodbye"" by Oingo Boingo (led by Danny Elfman). Five tracks in the film, but not included on the soundtrack, are: ""Moving in Stereo"" by the Cars, ""American Girl"" by Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers, ""We Got the Beat"" by the Go Go's, which is the movie's opening theme; Led Zeppelin's ""Kashmir"", and ""Jingle Bell Rock"" by Bobby Helms. In addition, the live band at the prom dance during the end of the film played two songs also not"	"album was released, ""Do Me Wrong, but Do Me"" had already been recorded by Mel Carter and Jack Jones. ""The Hungry Years"" was the title track from Neil Sedaka's 1975 album. And the highest-charting version of ""I Only Have Eyes for You"" was a number two hit for Ben Selvin & His Orchestra with Howard Phillips on vocal in 1934. ""(Do You Know Where You're Going To) Theme from ""Mahogany"""" by Diana Ross enjoyed a week at number one on both the Hot 100 and Easy Listening charts in addition to reaching number 14 R&B and number five on the"	"to woo her aboard his yacht while her husband is deep in conversation with the former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. As the plot unfolds, Theo's beloved son Nico dies in an accident, his wife Simi commits suicide, James becomes President and appoints his brother John Attorney General, and Theo ends his affair with Paola to comfort and eventually marry grieving widow Liz. The film was shot on location in New York City, Athens, Mykonos, Corfu, Washington, D.C., and London. The film's theme song, ""(Life is) Just a Dance with Time,"" was written by John Kongos and recorded by"	"by Savage Garden (2000). You're Going Down ""You're Going Down"" is the lead single from Sick Puppies' third album ""Tri-Polar"". ""You're Going Down"" was used by WWE to represent their ""Extreme Rules"" pay-per-view event as its official theme song. The wrestling promotion also used the song by making it part of the soundtrack to their video game ""SmackDown vs. Raw 2010"". It was also used in a pre-game video package for the Montreal Alouettes at the 96th Grey Cup and the opening theme for the 2010 live-action film adaptation of ""Tekken"". The official release date was 2 June 2009 but"	"efforts to behave like liberal adults are tested by middle-aged angst, hurt feelings, and teenager Kasey Evans, who unexpectedly arrives to confront her parents with their outrageous behavior. The film was shot on location in Glenwood Springs, Colorado and Williamstown, Massachusetts. Hopkins and MacLaine famously did not get along during the filming and Hopkins said “she was the most obnoxious actress I have ever worked with."" The theme song ""Where Do You Catch The Bus For Tomorrow?"" was written by Alan and Marilyn Bergman and Henry Mancini and performed by Kenny Rankin. Originally, Noel Black was hired to direct after"
19969 was the Chinese year of which creature?	"10-year cycle of heavenly stems. Each of the ten heavenly stems is associated with one of the five elements of Chinese astrology, namely: Wood, Fire, Earth, Metal, and Water. The elements are rotated every two years while a yin and yang association alternates every year. The elements are thus distinguished: Yang Wood, Yin Wood, Yang Fire, Yin Fire, etc. These produce a combined cycle that repeats every 60 years. For example, the year of the Yang Fire Rat occurred in 1936 and in 1996, 60 years apart. Many people inaccurately calculate their Chinese birth-year by converting it from their Gregorian"	"Dragon (zodiac) The Dragon () is the fifth of the 12-year cycle of animals which appear in the Chinese zodiac related to the Chinese calendar. It is also the only zodiac sign represented by a mythical creature, rather than a real life animal. The Year of the Dragon is associated with the Earthly Branch symbol 辰, pronounced ""chen"". It has been proposed by one academic researcher that the Earthly Branch character may have been associated with scorpions; it may have symbolized the Star Antares. In the Buddhist calendar used in Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, and Sri Lanka, the Dragon is"	"been born in the ""Year of the Rooster"", while also bearing the following elemental signs: In the sexagenary cycle, 2017 (28 January 2017–15 February 2018, and every 60-year multiple before and after), is the Celestial stem/Earthly Branch year indicated by the characters 丁酉. Rooster (zodiac) The Rooster () is the tenth of the 12-year cycle of animals which appear in the Chinese zodiac related to the Chinese calendar. The Year of the Rooster is represented by the Earthly Branch symbol 酉. The name is also translated into English as Chicken; the characters 雞/鷄/酉/鸡/丁酉/鳥 also refer to the Chicken in general,"	"Rooster (zodiac) The Rooster () is the tenth of the 12-year cycle of animals which appear in the Chinese zodiac related to the Chinese calendar. The Year of the Rooster is represented by the Earthly Branch symbol 酉. The name is also translated into English as Chicken; the characters 雞/鷄/酉/鸡/丁酉/鳥 also refer to the Chicken in general, both the males and the females. In the Tibetan zodiac and the Gurung zodiac, the bird is in place of the Rooster. Sometimes, the fenghuang will take the place of the Rooster. People born within these date ranges can be said to have"	"making the year beginning CE 2015 the ""Chinese year"" 4712, 4713, or 4652. According to tales and legends, the beginning of the Chinese New Year started with a mythical beast called the Nian. Nian would eat villagers, especially children. One year, all the villagers decided to go hide from the beast. An old man appeared before the villagers went into hiding and said that he's going to stay the night, and decided to get revenge on the Nian. All the villagers thought he was insane. The old man put red papers up and set off firecrackers. The day after, the"	"known as Huli jing. There are various types, such as the nine-tailed fox. Various dogs appear in the mythology of China, featuring more prominently in some ethnic cultures more than others. The zodiacal dog is featured in the Chinese zodiac. The Bovidae appearing in the mythologies of China include the Ox (including the common cow, buffalo), and the yak), sheep and goats, and perhaps antelopes (some times ""unicorns"" are thought to be types of antelopes). Oxen may includingrefer to the common cow, the buffalo), and the yak. The zodiacal ox is one of the twelve zodiacal signs in the twelve-year"	"spirits, especially those who torment the dead, tigers are carved on tombs and monuments. The Chinese system of feng shui (geomancy) requires that a burial site be higher on the right side, the stronger side of the body, so that the White Tiger can guard it; the Azure Dragon guards the left side, the body's weaker side. The Tiger is the third animal in the 12-year animal Zodiac. People born in the Year of the Tiger are thought to be brave, strong, stubborn and sympathetic. The tiger represents the greatest earthly power, as well as protection over human life. It"	"Dog (zodiac) The Dog (狗) is eleventh of the 12-year cycle of animals which appear in the Chinese zodiac related to the Chinese calendar. The Year of the Dog is associated with the Earthly Branch symbol 戌. The character 狗, also refers to the actual animal while 戌, also refers to the zodiac animal. People born within these date ranges can be said to have been born in the ""Year of the Dog"", while also bearing the following elemental sign: In the sexagenary cycle, 2018 (16 February 2018–4 February 2019, and every 60-year multiple before and after), is the Celestial"	"stem/Earthly Branch year indicated by the characters 戊戌. It is the current year, until 5 February 2019. Dog (zodiac) The Dog (狗) is eleventh of the 12-year cycle of animals which appear in the Chinese zodiac related to the Chinese calendar. The Year of the Dog is associated with the Earthly Branch symbol 戌. The character 狗, also refers to the actual animal while 戌, also refers to the zodiac animal. People born within these date ranges can be said to have been born in the ""Year of the Dog"", while also bearing the following elemental sign: In the sexagenary"	"2006 is West-Northwest. Pixiu Pixiu (), is a Chinese mythical hybrid creature, commonly, but incorrectly referred to in the West by the Greek word ""chimera"", and considered a powerful protector of practitioners of Feng Shui. It resembles a strong, winged lion. Pixiu is an earth and sea variation, particularly an influential and auspicious creature for wealth. It is said to have a voracious appetite towards only gold, silver and jewels. Therefore, traditionally to the Chinese, Pixiu has always been regarded as an auspicious creature that possessed mystical powers capable of drawing ""Cai Qi"" (財氣 wealth) from all directions. Because of"	"4609 Huángdì year, assuming a year 0 of 2698 BC. The change was adopted by many overseas Chinese communities, such as San Francisco's Chinatown. During the 17th century, the Jesuits tried to determine the epochal year of the Han calendar. In his ""Sinicae historiae decas prima"" (published in Munich in 1658), Martino Martini (1614–1661) dated the ascension of the Yellow Emperor to 2697 BC and began the Chinese calendar with the reign of Fuxi (which, according to Martini, began in 2952 BC. Philippe Couplet's 1686 ""Chronological table of Chinese monarchs"" (""Tabula chronologica monarchiae sinicae"") gave the same date for the"	"born in the ""Year of the Ox"", while also bearing the following elemental sign: Ox (zodiac) The Ox (牛) is the second of the 12-year cycle of animals which appear in the Chinese zodiac related to the Chinese calendar. The Year of the Ox is denoted by the Earthly Branch symbol 丑. The name is also translated into English as Cow; the characters 牛/丑 also refer to the Cow in general, both the males and the females. In the Vietnamese zodiac, the water buffalo occupies the position of the Ox. In the Gurung zodiac, the Ox is also replaced by"	"birth-year. As the Chinese New Year starts in late January to mid-February, the previous Chinese year dates through 1 January until that day in the new Gregorian year, remaining unchanged from the previous Gregorian year. For example, the 1989 year of the Snake began on 6 February 1989. The year 1989 is generally aligned with the year of the Snake. However, the 1988 year of the Dragon officially ended on 5 February 1989. This means that anyone born from 1 January to 5 February 1989 was actually born in the year of the Dragon rather than the year of the"	"to the Chinese zodiac. Twelve (12) animals represent the 12 years in sequential order with the rat/mouse representing the first year. Buddha is believed to have invited animals from all over the world to visit, to which only 12 visited. In return, he honored them by naming the years in the order that they arrived. Koreans believe that specific zodiac animals bring specific resources and qualities. For example, the year 2014 was the year of the horse, and it was considered a good year in the money and career aspect of life. It is said that a person born in"	"element would still be Yin Earth, not Yang Metal. Similarly, although 1990 was called the year of the Horse, anyone born from January 1 to January 26, 1990, was in fact born in the Year of the Snake (the sign of the previous year), because the 1990 Year of the Horse did not begin until January 27, 1990. For this reason, many online sign calculators (and Chinese restaurant place mats) may give a person the wrong sign if he/she was born in January or early February. The start of a new zodiac is also celebrated on Chinese New Year along"	"in China called ""Nine Dragons"", the most famous being Kowloon (in Cantonese) in Hong Kong. The part of the Mekong in Vietnam is known as ""Cửu Long"", with the same meaning. The Dragon is one of the 12 animals in the Chinese zodiac which is used to designate years in the Chinese calendar. It is thought that each animal is associated with certain personality traits. Dragon years are usually the most popular to have children. There are more people born in Dragon years than in any other animal years of the zodiac. The Azure Dragon (Qing Long, 青龍) is considered"	"poorly described: about 1200 CE the ""lin"" and the giraffe began to trade characteristics in their mythological conceptions (Sheppard 1930, 286 note 36). It is possible that the unicorns resulted from different descriptions of animals which later became extinct, or they no longer ranged in the area of China. Various cats appear in Chinese mythology, many of them large. Examples are Pixiu, resembled a winged lion, and Rui Shi (瑞獅, ""Ruì Shī""), guardian lions. Sometimes they are found pulling the chariot of Xiwangmu. The cat is one of the twelve annual zodiacal animals in Vietnamese and related cultural calendars, having"	"Ox (zodiac) The Ox (牛) is the second of the 12-year cycle of animals which appear in the Chinese zodiac related to the Chinese calendar. The Year of the Ox is denoted by the Earthly Branch symbol 丑. The name is also translated into English as Cow; the characters 牛/丑 also refer to the Cow in general, both the males and the females. In the Vietnamese zodiac, the water buffalo occupies the position of the Ox. In the Gurung zodiac, the Ox is also replaced by the Cow. People born within these date ranges can be said to have been"	"Tiger (zodiac) The Tiger (寅) is the third of the 12-year cycle of animals which appear in the Chinese zodiac related to the Chinese calendar. The Year of the Tiger is associated with the Earthly Branch symbol 寅. People born within these date ranges can be said to have been born in the ""Year of the Tiger"", while also bearing the following elemental sign: Among all the 12 mathematical animal signs, Tigers are also most compatible with the Dog as they are both straightfoward, honest, and free-spirited. Tigers are also most compatible with the energetic and jovial Horse. The Pig,"	"context with the other eleven zodiacal creatures shows how they have been imagined in the calendrical context. Snake (zodiac) The Snake (蛇) is the sixth of the 12-year cycle of animals which appear in the Chinese zodiac and related to the Chinese calendar, as well as in related East asian zodiacal or calendrical systems. The Year of the Snake is associated with the Earthly Branch symbol 巳. According to one legend, there is also a reason for the order of the 12 animals in the 12-year cycle. The story also goes that a race was held to cross a great"	"Nian According to Chinese mythology, a Nian () is a beast that lives under the sea or in the mountains. The character ""Nian"" more usually means ""year"" or ""new year"". The earliest written sources that refer to the ""Nian"" as a creature date to early 20th century. As a result, it is unclear whether the ""Nian"" creature is an authentic part of traditional folk mythology, or a part of a local oral tradition which was recorded in the early 20th century. ""Nian"" is one of the key characters in the Chinese New Year, with scholars citing it as the reason"	"yin, and thus only the negative aspects of the elements can be attached to them, thus only 5 kinds of Pigs are found in the zodiac. They are the following: People born within these date ranges can be said to have been born in the ""Year of the Pig"", while also bearing the following elemental sign: Since the Chinese zodiac follows the Lunar calendar, it also does not coincide with the Gregorian calendar years or months. Thus, a person born on 9 February 1899 still belongs to the preceding zodiac (i.e. the Dog) while those born on 31 January 1900"	"of the Han dynasty, which claimed to rule with the protection of water and the north. Although the Black Warrior (Xuan Wu) is generally depicted as a snake entwining around a turtle, sometimes they are viewed as two separable generals. In Chinese culture mythologized snakes and snakelike beings have various roles, including the calendar system, poetry, and literature. In Chinese culture, years of the Snake are sixth in the cycle, following the Dragon Years, and recur every twelfth year. The Chinese New Year does not fall on a specific date, so it is essential to check the calendar to find"	"Huli jing Huli jing () or jiuweihu (九尾狐; ) are Chinese mythological creatures who can be either good or bad spirits. Nine-tailed foxes appear in Chinese folklore, literature, and mythology, in which, depending on the tale can be a good or a bad omen. During the Han dynasty, the development of ideas about interspecies transformation had taken place in Chinese culture. The idea that non-human creatures with advancing age could assume human form is presented in works such as the ""Lunheng"" by Wang Chong (27–91). As these traditions developed, the fox's capacity for transformation was shaped. The nine-tailed fox occurs"	"national flag from 1889-1912 is also called the ""Yellow Dragon Flag"" (). In East Asian culture, the Yellow Dragon is the fifth symbol completing the Sixiang (Four Symbols). This deity is the centre of the cosmos and it represents the element earth, the Chinese quintessence, as well as the changing of the seasons. The Yellow Dragon does not appear in Japanese mythology: the fifth element in the Japanese elemental system is the void, so there cannot be an animal representing it. However, some consider the ""Ōryū"" as the Japanese counterpart of the Yellow Dragon since they share some similarities. Yellow"	"Snake (zodiac) The Snake (蛇) is the sixth of the 12-year cycle of animals which appear in the Chinese zodiac and related to the Chinese calendar, as well as in related East asian zodiacal or calendrical systems. The Year of the Snake is associated with the Earthly Branch symbol 巳. According to one legend, there is also a reason for the order of the 12 animals in the 12-year cycle. The story also goes that a race was held to cross a great river, and the order of the animals in the cycle was based upon their order in finishing"	"call this holiday as ""Guo Nian"", which means ""pass over ""Nian"""" or ""overcome ""Nian""."" Nian According to Chinese mythology, a Nian () is a beast that lives under the sea or in the mountains. The character ""Nian"" more usually means ""year"" or ""new year"". The earliest written sources that refer to the ""Nian"" as a creature date to early 20th century. As a result, it is unclear whether the ""Nian"" creature is an authentic part of traditional folk mythology, or a part of a local oral tradition which was recorded in the early 20th century. ""Nian"" is one of the"	"their yin and yang forms), which combine with the 12 Earthly Branches (or Chinese signs of the zodiac), to form the 60 year cycle. Yang earth years end in 8 (e.g. 1988), while Yin earth years end in 9 (e.g. 1989). Earth is the central balance of the elements and therefore lends qualities to all 12 animals as well. The element earth is associated with the planet Saturn on account of its yellow color. However, some Western astrologers have suggested that the Western associations of Saturn give it greater affinity with the rigid, controlling Chinese element of Metal; while the"	"member""]."" The ""Bencao gangmu"" subsumes ""mengsong"" under the ""guoran"" ""monkey"" entry (tr. Luo 2003: 4127): ""Mengsong is also called Menggui. It is small Guoran. Purple and black, it is found in Jiaozhi. It is raised in houses. It catches mice even better than a cat or a leopard."" The simians (higher primates) include two families of Old World monkeys (""Cercopithecidae"") and lesser apes or gibbons (""Hylobatidae"", lit. ""wood walkers""), listed with modern Chinese nomenclature: The Monkey is the ninth of the twelve-year animal cycle in the ""Chinese zodiac"". The Year of the Monkey is associated with ninth Earthly Branch symbol"	"yet also to be clinging and of a nature resistant to change. People born within these date ranges can be said to have been born in the ""Year of the Goat"", while also bearing the following elemental sign: Goat (zodiac) The Goat () is the eighth of the 12-year cycle of animals which appear in the Chinese zodiac related to the Chinese calendar. The sign is referred to as the ram and sheep sign, since the Chinese word ""yáng"" is more accurately translated as Caprinae, a taxonomic subfamily that includes both goats and sheep. The Year of the Goat is"	"is also an equid, generally smaller in stature: they are also typically less-esteemed in general Chinese culture. However, certain holy persons (and some eccentrics) were well known for choosing to ride on donkey, for example Immortal Zhang Guolao had a magic donkey (Eberhard: 82, ""sub"" ""Donkey""). The ""Chinese zodiac"" consists of a twelve-year cycle, each year being associated with a certain creature. The seventh in the cycle is the Horse. One account is that the order of the beings-of-the-year is due to their order in completing a contest of racing across a river, in the so-called Great Race: the race"	"the reserved and contemplative Snake. Some Chinese Muslims will say that they were born in the year of the hai 亥 to avoid saying the Pig. Pig (zodiac) The Pig (豬) is the twelfth of the 12-year cycle of animals which appear in the Chinese zodiac related to the Chinese calendar. In the continuous sexagenary cycle, every twelfth year corresponds to ""hai"", and is also commonly called the ""Year of the Pig"" 豬. There are also five types of Pigs, named after the Chinese elements. In order, they are: Metal, Water, Wood, Fire, and Earth. In the Japanese zodiac and"	"Rabbit, Goat, Snake, Rooster, Ox, Dragon, and Rat are likely compatible with the Tiger, and they can build a harmonious relationship. Also, two Tigers can get along well with each other. Tigers are least compatible with the Monkey. Tiger (zodiac) The Tiger (寅) is the third of the 12-year cycle of animals which appear in the Chinese zodiac related to the Chinese calendar. The Year of the Tiger is associated with the Earthly Branch symbol 寅. People born within these date ranges can be said to have been born in the ""Year of the Tiger"", while also bearing the following"
In the 90s how many points have been awarded for finishing second in a Grand Prix?	"Lotus 93T, but switched to the team's spare car, a Cosworth DFV-powered Lotus 92, when the Renault unit failed on the warm-up lap. This was deemed illegal and so he was disqualified. Rosberg was disqualified for a push start in the pits, after his car momentarily caught fire during refueling. It was the second consecutive Brazilian Grand Prix in which Rosberg was disqualified from second place. Curiously, the drivers finishing behind him were not promoted, so the six points for second place were officially not awarded. 1983 Brazilian Grand Prix The 1983 Brazilian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor"	"after that they were awarded for the individual races. The best ten teams were awarded points with the winner receiving 15 points. This was altered to 15 teams scoring points and the winner receiving 20 from 1984. The current system of 20 teams receiving points and the winner getting 25 was adopted in 2002. Until 1976, only a set number of best results were counted towards the overall standings, since 1977 all results count. Grand Prix were always held in two races except in 1992 and 1993 when three races were held in every Grand Prix. In those two years,"	"major change to the scoring system was implemented in the 1991–92 season. The top 30 finishers in each race would now earn points, with 100 for the winner, 80 for second, 60 for third, and then decreasing by smaller increments for each lower place. The point values were adjusted slightly the following season (to reduce the points for places 4th through 20th), and the scoring system has not been changed again since that year. The table below compares the point values under all five scoring systems which have been in use: Since the Top 30 scoring system was implemented in"	"off in a consolation final. This system meant that the point system had to be revised, with 5th place getting 15 points, 6th 14, 8th 10, and after that 8, 8, 7, 7, etc. Places after 8th place were awarded according to the time a rider was knocked out and, secondly, according to position in the last heat he rode in. This system went largely unchanged until 2004 (with the consolation final having been abolished in 2002), although the number of GP events was increased to ten in 2002 and then changed back to 9 in 2003 and 2004. However,"	"greater number of second places, and so on. For example, if drivers A and B were tied at the end of a season, and B had six wins and three second-place finishes, but A had six wins and four second-place finishes (even if he had fewer third places than B, etc.), then A would be champion. On 10 December 2013, it was confirmed that drivers and constructors will score double points in the final Grand Prix from 2014 onwards, but this was abandoned in the weeks following the 2014 season. Many venues make use of electronic displays to indicate flags"	"in which ten points were awarded for a win rather than nine, as part of a revised scoring system introduced for 1991. However, it was also to be the last United States Grand Prix until 2000, due to poor attendances. The race was the first of the 1991 Formula One season. In the two previous years, the championship had been decided when Senna and Prost tangled at Suzuka. In 1989, their collision as team-mates secured Prost's third World Championship; in 1990, with Prost driving for Ferrari and still in title contention, it handed Senna his second crown. Controversy regarding the"	"Kristers Sergis announced his retirement from the competition, finishing his career with a second place in the 2008 edition. Every Grand Prix weekend is split into two races, both held on the same day. This means, the 2008 season with its twelve Grand Prix has 24 races. Each race lasts for 30 minutes plus two rounds. The two races on a weekend actually get combined to determine an overall winner. While this overall winners receives no extra WC points, they usually are awarded a special trophy. The first twenty teams of each race score competition points. The point system for"	"By 1995, the Grand Prix was extended to three laps and the numbered tokens were replaced with generic silver tokens with a blue stripe, and they were all worth 25 points. The winning team received 50 points and there was no driver changeover after the second lap. The original format was revived in late 1995, but kept the third lap (which became a speed lap for 25 points, not 50) and the higher value tokens were collected first. In 1996, tokens were replaced with buttons and the start of the race was similar in style to a regular Grand Prix"	"i.e. via an 8–6–4–3–2 scoring system, with the holder of the fastest race lap also receiving a bonus point. In 1961, the scoring was revised to give the winner nine points instead of eight, and the single point awarded for fastest lap was given for sixth place for the first time the previous year. In 1991, the points system was again revised to give the victor 10 points, with all other scorers recording the same 6–4–3–2–1 result. In 2003, the FIA further revised the scoring system to apportion points to the first eight classified finishers (a classified finisher must complete"	"in the 1991–92 season. For every race points are awarded to the top 30 finishers: 100 points to the winner, 80 for second, 60 for third, winding down to 1 point for 30th place. The racer with the most points at the end of the season in mid-March wins the Cup, with the trophy consisting of a 9 kilogram crystal globe. Sub-prizes are also awarded in each individual race discipline, with a smaller 3.5 kg crystal globe. (See the section on scoring system below for more information.) The World Cup is held annually, and is considered the premier competition for"	"final stage forced the final times of the general classification to be taken on the first crossing of the finish line before the ten laps of the cobbled Champs-Élysées. Riders were required to cross the finish line on the final lap to receive their times. The second classification was the points classification. Riders received points for finishing among the highest placed in a stage finish, or in intermediate sprints during the stage. The points system was also changed. A stage win was worth 50 points instead of 45, second place awarded 30 instead of 35 and third 20 instead of"	"points position, only to be forced to retire with broken suspension. Jim Clark, regarded as one of the greatest race drivers of all time, was killed in a Formula Two race early in 1968, at the Hockenheimring. The ""invasion"" of Formula One drivers in Formula Two ranks (a situation similar to that of buschwhacking in modern-day NASCAR) was permitted because of the unique grading system used. Any driver with an ""A"" grading was not permitted to score championship points. A driver gained an ""A"" rating via various means (that changed somewhat over the years), such as finishing in the points"	"place, ..., 1 point for the 6th place). Starting in the mid 70ths, points were awarded for athletes on the first 8 places (9 points for the 1st place, 7 points for the 2nd place, ..., 1 point for the 8th place). From 2009 on, points were only awarded for athletes on the first 4 places (5 points for the 1st place, 3 points for the 2nd place, 2 points for the 3rd place, and 1 point for the 4th place). The following list was compiled from the CADICA website, and from a variety of articles from the archive of"	"need not finish the race, but at least 90% of the winner's race distance must be completed. Therefore, it is possible for a driver to receive some points even though he retired before the end of the race. In that case the scoring is based on the distance completed in comparison to other drivers. It is also possible for the lower points not to be awarded (as at the 2005 United States Grand Prix) because insufficient drivers completed 90% of the winner's distance. The system was revised in 2003 and later amended for the 2010 season because of 2 new"	"is determined by a qualification session. There are two rounds in each venue. The Grand Race is between 120 km and 130 km or 45 minutes with a standing start and one compulsory pit stops, followed by the Super Sprint, between 80 and 90 km or 30 minutes with a rolling start. Points are awarded to the first ten drivers in each race, 30 points for the winner, followed by: 24, 20, 16, 12, 10, 8, 6, 4, 2. An extra 2 points are awarded to the driver that make the pole position in each race and, only in 2003,"	"races for teams. Points were awarded to the drivers of the top 10 placed cars in the order of 20-15-12-10-8-6-4-3-2-1 and drivers of C2 cars were also awarded 2 bonus points if they finished in any of the top ten outright positions. However points were not awarded if a driver: All drivers were eligible to score points in the overall championship, but drivers of C2 class cars were also awarded points separately for their own title. Only half points were awarded at Round 9 due to the race being stopped with less than 50% distance having been covered. The 1985"	"Prix"" was replaced by ""Top Class"". Until 2004 the three classes existed equally. In the following year there was no ""Class 2-""race taking place for the first time. Since 2010 only the classes ""Top Class"" and ""Class 1"" persisted. In 2017 an additional ""Junior Ranking"" was launched. The awarding of score is inflexible. There are two different types of evaluation of the races in which the winner can either score 90 or up until 150 points. The points of ""Top-Class""-races outside of Europe are multiplied by 1.2, whereas the points of the final race of the season are multiplied by"	"at Grand Prix events was introduced in exchange for fewer miles on stand-alone test days. This was intended to give smaller teams a cheaper alternative to these test days, which were to be banned in 2004. Only one type of wet weather tyre was allowed to be used in wet weather races. The points system for both the Constructors' and Drivers' titles was changed from 10–6–4–3–2–1 for the first six finishers at each round to 10–8–6–5–4–3–2–1 for the first eight finishers in an attempt to make the title contests closer. While Ferrari's Michael Schumacher had won the 2002 championship by"	"to participate. 2 months after the accident he woke up from the coma. 20 years after, he is still hemiplegic. Points system from 1969 to 1987: Points system from 1988 to 1992: Reinhold Roth Reinhold Roth (born March 4, 1953) is a former Grand Prix motorcycle road racer from Germany. His most successful years were in 1987 when he won the French Grand Prix, and finished the season in second place behind Anton Mang, and in 1989 when he won the Dutch and Czechoslovakian Grand Prix and finished second to Sito Pons for the 250 world championship. Roth suffered severe"	"of the race. It was calculated by adding together each rider's times on each stage, then applying bonuses. Bonuses were awarded for coming in the top three on a stage (10 seconds for the winner, 6 seconds for the second placed rider and 4 seconds for the rider in third) or at intermediate sprints (3 seconds, 2 seconds and 1 second for the top three riders). The rider in the lead of the general classification wore a red jersey. The second competition was the points classification, calculated by awarding points for the top 10 riders at the finish of each"	"began with a rolling start. The second race grid order was determined by the results of the first race with the top eight positions reversed. The second race began with a standing start. † — Drivers did not finish the race, but were classified as they completed over 90% of the race distance. Point system: 10–8–6–5–4–3–2–1 for top eight finishers in each race. Drivers with 0 points were not classified in official championship results. <nowiki>*</nowiki> Phillip Geipel, Robert Dahlgren, Colin Turkington and David Louie were not eligible to score championship points. Thus, 9th-place finishers scored points in the Race 2"	"riders advanced to the Grand Prix final. All rides counted towards Grand Prix points totals, including the semi-final and final, which counted as double (6-4-2-0) and therefore the maximum points for a single Grand Prix was 24 (5x heat wins, semi final win and final win). This scoring revision was introduced as a result of comments made during 2006 that the four finalists received too many points compared to the losing semi-finalists who received little benefit compared to the 9th placed non-qualifier. This format also meant that the winner of each Grand Prix may not be the rider who scores"	"10 for fifth place, 8 for sixth place, 6 seventh place, winding down to 1 point for 12th place. Lower placed drivers did not award points. Additional points were awarded to the pole winner (1 point) and to the driver leading the most laps (1 point). C2-class drivers were not able to score points in the main class. Note: Race 8 Nicolas Rondet had 2 points deduction due to taking unjustifiable risk. Points system see above. But additional points only awarded for the fastest qualifier. No additional point awarded to the driver leading the most laps. Note: No more competitors"	"Mans, France. Points were awarded to the top 8 finishers in the order of 10-8-6-5-4-3-2-1. One bonus point was also awarded for winning pole position (denoted by bold). Cars which failed to complete 70% of the winner's distance were not awarded points. Drivers who did not drive for at least 45 minutes did not receive points. Entries which changed an engine prior to the two race minimum were penalized two points, with a four-point penalty for every subsequent engine change. The top two finishers in each teams championship earned automatic entry to the 2010 24 Hours of Le Mans. 2009"	"race. The second classification was the points classification. Riders were awarded points for finishing in the top ten in a stage. Unlike in the points classification in the Tour de France, the winners of all stages were awarded the same number of points. The leader of the points classification was awarded a blue jersey. There was also a combativity classification, where riders received points for finishing in the top five at intermediate sprint points during each stage, on a 10–8–6–4–2 scale. Bonus points were awarded if a breakaway had gained a sufficient advantage over the field, up to a maximum"	"points would be the same as the points awarded to the winner. In a major, for example, all players finishing 30th to 40th would receive 2 points, and all players finishing 50th or higher, 1 point. Beginning in April 1989, the rankings were changed to be based on the average points per event played instead of simply total points earned, subject to a minimum divisor of 60 (20 events per year). This was in order to more accurately reflect the status of some (particularly older) players, who played in far fewer events than their younger contemporaries but demonstrated in major"	"final, the maximum points for a single GP is 21 (5x heat wins, semi final win and final win). This scoring revision was introduced as a result of comments made during 2006 that the 4 finalists received too many points compared to the losing semi-finalists who in turn received little benefit compared to, say, the 9th placed non-qualifier . Also, this format means that the winner of each Grand Prix may not be the rider who scores most GP points from each race. The same 15 riders form the basis of the Grand Prix line up throughout the course of"	"due to driving in C2-class. For every race the points were awarded: 31 points to the winner, 27 for runner-up, 25 for third place, 23 for fourth place, 21 for fifth place, 19 for sixth place, 17 for seventh place, 15 for eighth place, 13 for ninth place, 11 for tenth place, winding down to 1 point for 20th place. Lower placed drivers did not award points. Additional points were awarded to the fastest qualifier on Friday (1 point), the fastest qualifier on Saturday (1 point), any driver leading at least one lap in the race (1 point), the most"	"prix points for first place, 130 for second place, 110 for third place, and then 90 down to 10 points by steps of 10. In case of a tie in points the grand prix points are shared evenly by the tied players. Players only counted their best three tournament results. The player with the most grand prix points is the winner. Players invited bases on qualifying criteria were: The prize money has been increased from €40,000 to €60,000 per single Grand Prix and from €60,000 to €90,000 for the overall Grand Prix finishes. With the objective of determining a clear,"	"or 60 minutes (which ever came first) and all drivers were required to make one pit stop. The first ten finishers scored points, with two being awarded to the competitor who recorded the fastest lap. The starting order for the second race was determined by the finishing positions of the first race but with the first eight drivers in reverse order of where they finished. It was run over a distance of either or 45 minutes (which ever came first) and in contrast to the first race drivers were not allowed to make pit stops. The top eight finishers scored"	"30, 28, 26, 24, 23, 22, etc. basis to the top 30 finishers in each race. No bonus points were awarded for pole positions or fastest laps. All scores counted towards the championship. Points were awarded on a 40, 35, 32, 30, 28, 26, 24, 23, 22, etc. basis to the top 30 finishers in each race, however only the two highest placed cars from each team scored points. No bonus points were awarded for pole positions or fastest laps. All scores counted towards the championship. Points were awarded on a 40, 35, 32, 30, 28, 26, 24, 23, 22,"	"level), 35 (Gold), and 46 points (Platinum), however only the six best Grand Prix results were counted towards seasonal point (the newly introduced ""Grand Prix"" inviation spot in , however, will count every event in the season). Pro Club Levels came with certain benefits such as qualifications to subsequent Pro Tours, byes at Grand Prix, and airfare to Pro Tours. Based on the final standings of Pro Tours, Grand Prix, Worlds, and the World Magic Cup Pro Points were awarded as follows: For competitors finishing outside the final elimination stage of Grand Prix and Pro Tours points are awarded depending"	"first rider, 2 seconds for the second, 1 second for the third). The rider with the lowest cumulative time after taking bonus seconds into account was the leader of the classification and was awarded a blue and yellow jersey. (Blue and yellow are colours traditionally associated with Yorkshire.) The winner of the general classification was considered the winner of the race. The second classification was points classification. On each stage of the race, points were awarded to the top 10 riders. The winner won 15 points, with 12 for the second-placed rider, 9 for the third-placed rider, 7 for the"
Stapleton international airport is in which US state?	"Stapleton International Airport Stapleton International Airport was the primary airport serving Denver, Colorado, United States from 1929 to 1995. At different times it served as a hub for Continental Airlines, the original Frontier Airlines, People Express, Trans World Airlines (TWA), United Airlines and Western Airlines. Other airlines with smaller hub operations at Stapleton included Aspen Airways, the current version of Frontier Airlines and Rocky Mountain Airways, with all three of these air carriers being based in Denver at the time. In 1995, Stapleton was replaced by Denver International Airport. It has since been decommissioned and the property redeveloped as a"	"States – a fact partially attributable to an incentive program. The site of the former Stapleton International Airport in Denver and Aurora, Colorado, closed in 1995, is now being redeveloped by Forest City Enterprises. Stapleton is expected to be home to at least 30,000 residents, six schools and 2 million square feet (180,000 m²) of retail. Construction began in 2001. Northfield Stapleton, one of the development's major retail centers, recently opened. In 1997 San Antonio, Texas, as part of a new master plan, created new regulations called the Unified Development Code (UDC), largely influenced by New Urbanism. One feature of"	"the Stapleton Development Foundation, convened in 1990 and produced a master plan for the site in 1995, emphasizing a pedestrian-oriented design rather than the automobile-oriented designs found in many other planned developments. Nearly a third of the airport site was planned to be redeveloped as public park space. The former airport site 10 minutes from Downtown Denver is now being redeveloped by Forest City Enterprises new urbanist project. Construction began in 2001, and , 3,200 single-family houses, row houses, condominiums and other for-sale housing, as well as 400 apartments, had been built. The new community is zoned for residential and"	"to Concourse E. Continental closed its Stapleton pilot and flight attendant bases in October 1994, reducing operations and making United the airport's largest carrier. Delta Flight 569 from Dallas/Ft.Worth was the last commercial flight to land at Stapleton. On February 27, 1995, air traffic controller George Hosford, cleared the last plane – Continental Flight 34, a McDonnell Douglas DC-10 bound for London′s Gatwick Airport – to depart from Stapleton. The airport was then shut down. A convoy of ground service equipment and other vehicles (rental cars, baggage carts, fuel trucks, etc.) traveled to the new Denver International Airport (DEN), which"	"Denver to El Paso, St. Louis and Tulsa. Frontier operated northbound and southbound from Denver to the other mountain states. Western connected Denver to Minneapolis and Edmonton. The April 1957 OAG shows 38 United, 12 Continental, seven Braniff, seven Frontier, seven Western, five TWA and one Central. The jet age arrived in May 1959 when Continental began operating Boeing 707 jetliners into Stapleton, initially under weight restrictions due to Stapleton's runway capacity. Runway 17/35 and a new terminal building opened in 1964. Although Stapleton officially adopted the ""International"" name in 1964, its first nonstop international service came in 1968, when"	"Stations), located throughout the city in 7 Districts, each under the command of a District Chief. In July 1961, United Airlines Flight 859 crashed during landing at the now defunct Stapleton International Airport. The aircraft, a Douglas DC-8 airliner, slammed into several airport vehicles, including construction equipment, and caught fire, killing 18 (including one on the ground) and injuring 84 from a total of 122 people on board. This incident sparked the need for the DFD to place foam engines at the airport. On November 15, 1987, a Douglas DC-9-14 Continental Airlines Flight 1713 crashed while taking off in a"	"Stapleton Airfield in 1944, in honor of Mayor Stapleton. Stapleton's modern horseshoe-shaped terminal design was first announced in 1946 and promptly shelved by incoming mayor James Newton. The original administration building was extended with new wings in the early 1950s, and replaced entirely in 1954. By the early 1950s, the airport was served by five major airlines. United connected Denver to both coasts, with multi-stop routes extending to Boston, New York and Washington in the east, to major cities on the West Coast, and to Honolulu. Braniff operated routes from Denver to Texas, with connections to South America. Continental connected"	"in and out of the new airport, and to wander around on foot looking at the ground-side facilities—including the baggage system, which was still under testing. FAA controllers also took advantage of the event to test procedures, and to check for holes in radio coverage as planes taxied around and among the buildings. DIA finally replaced Stapleton on February 28, 1995, 16 months behind schedule and at a cost of $4.8 billion, nearly $2 billion over budget. The construction employed 11,000 workers. United Airlines Flight 1062 to Kansas City International Airport was the first to depart and United Flight 1474"	"middle of farmland, but as the decades passed the city began to surround it and Stapleton no longer had any room to expand. The Colorado General Assembly brokered a deal to annex land from Adams County to Denver County for the new airport, increasing Denver's size by in the single largest annexation in the city's history. Despite opening two years late and shuttering a much hyped automated baggage system, Denver International Airport is widely considered a success and has contributed significantly to economy of the region. In 1991, at a time when the city was 12% Black and 20% Latino,"	"officially opened for all operations the following morning. When it closed in 1995, Stapleton had six runways (2 sets of 3 parallel runways) and five terminal concourses. The runways at Stapleton were then marked with large yellow ""X""s, which indicated it was no longer legal or safe for any aircraft to land there. The IATA and ICAO airport codes of DEN and KDEN were then transferred to the new DIA, to coincide with the same changes in airline and ATC computers, to ensure that flights to Denver would land at the new DIA. While Denver International was being constructed, planners"	"site of Stapleton International Airport; runway 17R/35L crossed over the Interstate at the runway's midsection. East of Aurora, I-70 rejoins the alignment of U.S. Highway 40 at Colfax Avenue. The freeway proceeds east across the Great Plains, briefly dipping south to serve the city of Limon, which bills itself as Hub City because of the many rail and road arteries that intersect there. I-70 enters Kansas near Burlington, a small community known for having one of the oldest carousels in the United States. As first proposed in 1944, the western terminus of I-70 was Denver, along the corridor of US"	"following aircraft during its existence: At the time of its acquisition and merger, Aspen was operating BAe 146 jet and Convair 580 turboprop aircraft. Aspen Airways Aspen Airways was an airline carrier and regional affiliate of United Express and based in Hangar 5 in Stapleton International Airport in Denver, Colorado. Aspen ceased operations on April 1, 1990 when separate portions of the airline were acquired by Mesa Airlines and Air Wisconsin Services, Inc. Aspen Airways was named after the aspen tree and not the town of Aspen, Colorado where it was originally based before moving its headquarters to Stapleton International"	"Minneapolis–Saint Paul International Airport Minneapolis–Saint Paul International Airport , also less commonly known as Wold–Chamberlain Field, is a joint civil-military public use international airport. It is located in a portion of Hennepin County, Minnesota, United States, within of both downtown Minneapolis and Saint Paul. MSP is the largest and busiest airport in the six-state Upper Midwest region of Minnesota, Iowa, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Wisconsin. The airport is mostly located in the census-designated place of Fort Snelling in an unincorporated portion of Hennepin County. Small sections of the airport are within the city limits of Minneapolis and Richfield."	"Stanton Airfield Stanton Airfield is a public use airport located one nautical mile (1.85 km) east of the central business district of Stanton, in Goodhue County, Minnesota, United States. The airport is privately owned by Stanton Sport Aviation, Inc. Carleton Airport has been in operation since 1942, when Carleton College bought a farm to use as an airport to train pilots for World War II. In 1944, the college leased the field to Triangle Aviation, operated by Malcolm and Margaret Manuel, which eventually bought the airport in 1955. In 1990, Stanton Sport Aviation was formed to purchase the airport. The"	"Stapleton station Stapleton is an elevated Staten Island Railway station in the neighborhood of Stapleton, Staten Island, New York, located at Bay Street and Prospect Street on the main line. This station opened on July 31, 1884, with the extension of the SIRT from Vanderbilt's Landing to Tompkinsville. Stapleton was rehabilitated in 1936 as part of a grade crossing elimination project. The station has an island platform and two tracks. South of the station, tracks diverge from the line on the Saint George-bound side to the Clifton Yard. This is where the railway cars are moved from the Staten Island"	"at Maxton by Guard-Lee for installation in the National Air and Space Museum on the National Mall in Washington DC. The remainder of the aircraft was scrapped and parted by Charlotte Aircraft at Laurinburg–Maxton Airport. Laurinburg–Maxton Airport Laurinburg–Maxton Airport is a public use airport located three miles (5 km) north of the central business district of Maxton and east of Laurinburg. Maxton is located primarily in Robeson County, North Carolina, USA while Laurinburg is in Scotland County, North Carolina, USA as is the airport proper. This general aviation airport covers and has two runways. It is home of the United"	"Stanford Airport Stanford Airport is a county-owned, public-use airport located one nautical mile (2 km) south of the central business district of Stanford, a city in Judith Basin County, Montana, United States. It is included in the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015, which categorized it as a ""general aviation"" facility. Stanford Airport covers an area of 133 acres (54 ha) at an elevation of 4,327 feet (1,319 m) above mean sea level. It has two runways: 11/29 is 4,200 by 75 feet (1,280 x 23 m) with an asphalt surface and 7/25 is 1,760 by 100 feet"	"Dean Memorial Airport Dean Memorial Airport is a public use airport in Grafton County, New Hampshire, United States. It is owned by the town of Haverhill and is located three nautical miles (5.56 km) northeast of the central business district. It is included in the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2017–2021, in which it is categorized as a basic general aviation facility. Although most U.S. airports use the same three-letter location identifier for the FAA and IATA, this airport is assigned 5B9 by the FAA but has no designation from the IATA. Dean Memorial"	"Stapleton International Airport, and there was also a significant Southwest Airlines operation. At times, Stapleton was a hub for three or four airlines. The main reasons that justified the construction of the new DIA included the fact that gate space was severely limited at Stapleton, and the Stapleton runways were unable to deal efficiently with Denver's weather and wind patterns, causing nationwide travel disruption. From 1980 to 1983, the Denver Regional Council of Governments (DRCOG) investigated six areas for a new metro area airport that were north and east of Denver. In September 1989, under the leadership of Denver Mayor"	"United Airlines Flight 859 United Airlines Flight 859 was a Douglas DC-8 on a scheduled passenger service that crashed on landing at Stapleton International Airport in Denver, Colorado after departing from Omaha, Nebraska's Eppley Airfield on July 11, 1961, killing 18 people and injuring 84. The crash was caused by the failure of two engines on one side to generate reverse thrust, sending the aircraft out of control and rupturing a fuel tank, which then ignited. The airport fire department was found to be deficient in emergency equipment, but the fire-crews themselves were praised for their efforts. The airliner, registration"	"Stapleton, Staten Island Stapleton is a neighborhood in northeastern Staten Island in New York City in the United States. It is located along the waterfront of Upper New York Bay, roughly bounded on the north by Tompkinsville at Grant Street, on the south by Clifton at Vanderbilt Avenue, and on the west by St. Paul's Avenue and Van Duzer Street, which form the border with the community of Grymes Hill. Stapleton is one of the older waterfront neighborhoods of the borough, built in the 1830s on land once owned by the Vanderbilt family. It was a long-time commercial center of"	"Stanton County Municipal Airport Stanton County Municipal Airport is a county-owned, public-use airport in Stanton County, Kansas, United States. It is located two nautical miles (4 km) northeast of the central business district of Johnson, Kansas, which is also known as Johnson City. This airport included in the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015, which categorized it as a ""general aviation"" facility. Although most U.S. airports use the same three-letter location identifier for the FAA and IATA, this airport is assigned JHN by the FAA, but has no designation from the IATA. Stanton County Municipal Airport covers an"	"Camdenton Memorial Airport Camdenton Memorial Airport (, formerly FAA LID: H21) is a city-owned public-use airport located three nautical miles (6 km) southeast of the central business district of Camdenton, a city in Camden County, Missouri, United States. According to the FAA's National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2009–2013, it is categorized as a ""general aviation"" facility. Camdenton Memorial Airport covers an area of at an elevation of 1,062 feet (324 m) above mean sea level. It has one runway designated 15/33 with an asphalt surface measuring 4,000 by 75 feet (1,219 x 23 m). For the 12-month period"	"Steamboat Springs Airport Steamboat Springs Airport (Bob Adams Field) is a city-owned airport three miles northwest of Steamboat Springs, in Routt County, Colorado. The National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015 categorized it as a ""general aviation"" facility. Larger commercial aircraft operated by airlines land at the Yampa Valley Airport (HDN) west of Steamboat Springs near Hayden, Colorado which can handle Boeing 737 and 757 jetliners as well as Airbus A319 and A320 jets, and has mainline jet flights during ski season and year-round United Express regional jet and turboprop service to Denver. Steamboat Springs Airport had scheduled passenger"	"Scappoose Industrial Airpark Scappoose Industrial Airpark is a public use airport located one nautical mile (1.85 km) northeast of the central business district of Scappoose, in Columbia County, Oregon, United States. It is owned and operated by the Port of St. Helens, an Oregon port district and municipal corporation, on behalf of district residents. According to the FAA's National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2009–2013, it is categorized as a ""general aviation"" airport. Although many U.S. airports use the same three-letter location identifier for the FAA and IATA, this airport is assigned SPB by the FAA but has no"	"Sanderson Field Sanderson Field is a public lighted-land airport located in Shelton, a city in Mason County, Washington, United States. It is located just outside the City of Shelton corporate limits, and is owned and operated by the Port of Shelton. It is bordered on the south by the Mason County Fairgrounds, on the north by a business park and Dayton Airport Road, on the west by the Washington State Patrol Training Academy, and on the east by U.S. Highway 101. The airport was named after Major General Lawson H. M. Sanderson of the United States Marine Corps. Sanderson Field"	"Parlin Field Parlin Field is a public use airport in Sullivan County, New Hampshire, United States. It is owned by the Town of Newport and located two nautical miles (3.74 km) north of its central business district. It is included in the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2017–2021, in which it is categorized as a local general aviation facility. Although most U.S. airports use the same three-letter location identifier for the FAA and IATA, this airport is assigned 2B3 by the FAA, but has the designation NWH from the IATA. Parlin Field covers an"	"there were 107 aircraft based at this airport: 93% single-engine, 2% multi-engine, 1% jet, 2% helicopter and 3% ultralight. Sanderson Field Sanderson Field is a public lighted-land airport located in Shelton, a city in Mason County, Washington, United States. It is located just outside the City of Shelton corporate limits, and is owned and operated by the Port of Shelton. It is bordered on the south by the Mason County Fairgrounds, on the north by a business park and Dayton Airport Road, on the west by the Washington State Patrol Training Academy, and on the east by U.S. Highway 101."	"Austin Airport Austin Airport is a public use airport owned by the U.S. Bureau of Land Management and located four nautical miles (7 km) southwest of the central business district of Austin, in Lander County, Nevada, United States. Although many U.S. airports use the same three-letter location identifier for the FAA and IATA, this airport is assigned TMT by the FAA and ASQ by the IATA (which assigned TMT to Porto Trombetas Airport in Pará, Brazil). Austin Airport covers an area of 1,205 acres (488 ha) at an elevation of 5,735 feet (1,748 m) above mean sea level. It has"	"Pangborn Memorial Airport Pangborn Memorial Airport is a public use airport in Douglas County, Washington, United States. It is located four nautical miles (7 km) east of the central business district of Wenatchee, a city in Chelan County. The airport is owned by the Ports of Chelan and Douglas Counties. The airport is mostly used for general aviation, but is currently served by one commercial airline (Horizon Air), offering in-state service. SeaPort Airlines formerly served the airport, ending their scheduled service in the winter of 2012. As of September 28, 2006, Pangborn Memorial began supporting ILS (Instrument Landing System) approaches."	"Stafford Regional Airport Stafford Regional Airport is a public airport located three miles (5 km) southwest of the central business district of Stafford, the county seat of Stafford County, Virginia, United States. The airport is southwest of the intersection of Route 630 and U.S. Route 1 near Interstate 95, approximately south of Washington, D.C. and north of Richmond. It is owned and operated by the Stafford Regional Airport Authority, an independent body of representatives from Stafford and Prince William Counties and the City of Fredericksburg. Although most U.S. airports use the same three-letter location identifier for the FAA and IATA,"	"Stennis International Airport Stennis International Airport is a public use airport in Hancock County, Mississippi, United States. Owned by the Hancock County Port and Harbor Commission, the airport is located eight nautical miles (15 km) northwest of the central business district of Bay St. Louis, Mississippi. It is included in the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015, which categorized it as a ""general aviation"" facility. Although many U.S. airports use the same three-letter location identifier for the FAA and IATA, this airport is assigned HSA by the FAA but has no designation from the IATA. During World War"	"been designated by the FAA an official New York airport. Stewart International Airport (SWF) is located about northwest of the city in Orange County, New York. In 2007, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey took control of operations at Stewart and has committed $500 million to its upgrade and expansion. Trenton–Mercer Airport (TTN) is located in Mercer County, New Jersey, near Trenton. It began to see a return of scheduled passenger service in 2013, which has been inconsistent over the airport's history. Westchester County Airport (HPN) is located in Westchester County, New York, about north of the"
What was Kevin Kline's first movie?	"Ado About Nothing"" (1988), ""Henry V"" (1984), and two productions of ""Hamlet"", in 1986 and 1990 (which he also directed). A videotape of the 1990 production has aired on PBS. He also appeared in a Lincoln Center production that combined the two parts of ""Henry IV"" on Broadway at the Vivian Beaumont Theatre in 2003 as Falstaff. Kline was nominated for the 2004 Tony Award, Actor in a Play. Dubbed ""the American Olivier"" by ""New York Times"" theater critic Frank Rich for his stage acting, Kline finally ventured into film in 1982 in ""Sophie's Choice"". He won the coveted role"	"""Dave"" (1993), ""The Hunchback of Notre Dame"" (1996), ""The Ice Storm"" (1997), ""In & Out"" (1997), ""Wild Wild West"" (1999), ""The Road to El Dorado"" (2000), ""De-Lovely"" (2004), ""The Conspirator"" (2010), ""My Old Lady"" (2014), and ""Beauty and the Beast"" (2017). Since 2011, Kline has had a recurring role on the animated comedy series ""Bob's Burgers"". Kline was born in St. Louis, Missouri, to Margaret Agnes Kirk and Robert Joseph Kline (1909-1996). His father was a classical music lover and an amateur opera singer who owned and operated The Record Bar, a record store in St. Louis that opened in"	"weather commercials and movie extra work, he appeared as Kevin Bacon's brother in the PBS television movie ""Lemon Sky"" (1988), directed by Collinge's husband Jan Egleson, and as a young Robert Kennedy in the ABC miniseries ""The Kennedys of Massachusetts"" (1990). These early acting experiences ""meant nothing more than a day off from school"" to Affleck, and he only began to consider a career as an actor when in high school. When he later moved to Los Angeles to pursue an acting career in earnest, his first movie role was as a sociopathic teenager in Gus Van Sant's 1995 satirical"	"Kevin Kline Kevin Delaney Kline (born October 24, 1947) is an American film and stage actor and singer. He has won an Academy Award and three Tony Awards and is a 2003 American Theatre Hall of Fame inductee. Kline began his career on stage in 1972 with The Acting Company. He has gone on to win three Tony Awards for his work on Broadway, winning Best Featured Actor in a Musical for the 1978 original production of ""On the Twentieth Century"", Best Actor in a Musical for the 1981 revival of ""The Pirates of Penzance"", and Tony Award for Best"	"surfers in the world at that time. His first and probably most remembered film appearance was his film debut in the 1989 science fiction action film ""Cyborg"", as the main villain Fender Tremolo, playing opposite Jean-Claude Van Damme as the hero, Gibson Rickenbacker. According to the audio commentary on the DVD for ""Urban Menace"", director Albert Pyun found Klyn when he saw him surfing one day, and immediately thought he would be an excellent choice to play a villain, as he had an outstanding physique and intense look. He went on to appear in minor roles in other surfer films,"	"(Kevin Kline) who funnels his energies into rebuilding the dilapidated beach shack he inherited from his abusive father and, in the process, building bridges between himself and his disaffected son (Hayden Christensen). After this film received critical praise, Winkler re-teamed with Kline for the follow-up ""De-Lovely"" (2004), casting the actor as the lead in his biographical film about American composer Cole Porter, which centered on his unique relationship with his wife and muse (Ashley Judd). As his directorial career continued, Winkler continued to produce his share of films as well, including ""The Shipping News"" (2001) and ""Enough"" (2002). For his"	"his father had to move to New York after being blacklisted. Kaplan started his career as a child actor in the Broadway production of ""The Dark at the Top of the Stairs"" directed by Elia Kazan. He was in a 1964 off-Broadway production ""Rumplestillskin"" by Elaine May. He earned a BA at the University of Chicago before studying film at New York University, where he was tutored by Martin Scorsese and made an award-winning short film, ""Stanley"" (1965). Kaplan was working at the Fillmore East in New York, doing some editing on the side, when he received an offer from"	"aired as part of PBS's ""Great Performances"" series in January 2009. In January 2008, Kline won a Screen Actors Guild award for his portrayal of Jaques in Kenneth Branagh's film ""As You Like It"", adapted from Shakespeare's play. The film premiered theatrically in 2006 in Europe. It bypassed theatres and was sent straight to HBO in the U.S. Kline's film ""The Conspirator"" premiered during the Toronto International Film Festival in 2010 and was described as an ""old-fashioned historical thriller"". It was well received by most critics. Kline also starred in the 2012 comedy ""Darling Companion"" alongside Diane Keaton. In 2017,"	"University of Kansas at Lawrence. Acting with the university's drama club prompted him to halt his studies to audition in the Hollywood film industry. Under the name Michael Gale"" (a play on his first name), his first screen role was a sailor in ""Coast Guard"" (1939). After his debut in a small role in 1939, he adopted the stage name Craig Stevens. For the next period of his film career, he played mainly secondary parts. He could be glimpsed in ""Mr Smith Goes to Washington"" (1939); ""Alice in Movieland"" (1940), a short at Warner Bros; ""Those Were the Days!"" (1940);"	"nominated """", ""Public Enemies"", ""Disturbia"", ""Déjà Vu"", ""The Life of David Gale"", ""Tin Men"" and ""K2"". Craven's first film ""Meatballs"" opposite Bill Murray was a huge hit and launched Craven's career in film and comedy. Craven's second feature, the live action short ""Bravery in the Field"" was nominated for an Academy Award. The next few years saw Craven starring in several comedy pilots opposite the likes of Alan Arkin, Richard Lewis, Annie Potts and Holland Taylor. His first major dramatic film was the drama/horror/mystery cult favorite ""Jacob's Ladder"" which follows a haunted Vietnam vet as he attempts to discover his"	"December 1988. His game show celebrity appearances included both ""The $25,000 and $100,000 Pyramid"", ""Super Password"", ""All New All-Star Beat the Clock"", and ""Body Language"". Kline also won $10,000 on ""The $10,000 Pyramid"" as a civilian contestant in 1974. Kline told SitcomsOnline.com he would like to compete on ""Jeopardy!"". In February 2010, he was cast as the Wizard in the first national tour of ""Wicked"". Kline was seen next in October 2011 in ""It Shoulda Been You"", directed by David Hyde Pierce and starring Tyne Daly. Kline will appear in a movie directed by and starring Mike Birbiglia called ""Don't"	"Theatre, where he would film battles out on the ocean. Kline left the Navy in 1946, and went to Paris in 1948, after he could not find a job in Hollywood. After graduating from Sorbonne University with a degree in Fine Art and Fine History, he married and returned to Hollywood, and returned to Columbia in 1951, working first as a camera assistant, and then a camera operator. Kline began working as a cinematographer in 1963, and in 1967, he became a member of the American Society of Cinematographers. Kline worked extensively with director Richard Fleischer, and was nominated for"	"Kevin Kline, with whom he would star in ""A Fish Called Wanda"" three years later. In 1986, he starred in ""Clockwise"" as an uptight school headmaster obsessed with punctuality and constantly getting into trouble during a journey to speak at the Headmasters' Conference. Timed with the 1987 UK elections, he appeared in a video promoting proportional representation. In 1988, he wrote and starred in ""A Fish Called Wanda"" as the lead, Archie Leach, along with Jamie Lee Curtis, Kevin Kline, and Michael Palin. ""Wanda"" was a commercial and critical success, and Cleese was nominated for an Academy Award for his"	"coal-mining community in Eastern Pennsylvania. When he was seven years old, Kline's father committed suicide. During his youth he moved to Lehighton, Pennsylvania and graduated from Lehighton High School. His mother later remarried and sent him to Girard College, an academy in Philadelphia for fatherless boys. After graduation from high school, Kline studied art at Boston University from 1931 to 1935, then spent a year in England attending the Heatherley School of Fine Art in London. During this time, he met his future wife, Elizabeth V. Parsons, a British ballet dancer. She returned to the United States with Kline in"	"is actor Kevin Dillon. He is of mostly Irish descent, with some Scottish and German ancestry. Dillon was raised in a close-knit Roman Catholic family. He grew up in Mamaroneck, New York. In 1978, Jane Bernstein and a friend were helping director Jonathan Kaplan cast the violent teen drama ""Over the Edge"" when they found Dillon cutting class at Hommocks Middle School in Larchmont. Dillon auditioned for a role and made his debut in the film. The film received a regional, limited theatrical release in May 1979, and grossed only slightly over $200,000. Dillon's performance was well-received, which led to"	"Macaulay Culkin Macaulay Carson Culkin (born August 26, 1980) is an American actor and musician. He started his acting career as a child actor. He is best known for portraying the role of Kevin McCallister in the Christmas film ""Home Alone"" (1990), for which he was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy. Along with ""Home Alone,"" Culkin also starred in the films ""My Girl"" (1991), """" (1992), ""The Good Son"" (1993), ""The Nutcracker"" (1993), ""The Pagemaster"" (1994) and ""Richie Rich"" (1994). He has been nominated for Kids' Choice Awards, MTV Movie"	"stage from his parents and worked and toured with them on his path to filmmaking. He broke into the movie business as a cameraman, working on many Laurel and Hardy short films, such as ""Night Owls"" (1930). His first feature film was ""The Cohens and Kellys in Trouble"" in 1933. In 1934 he got his first directing job, the slapstick ""Kentucky Kernels"". His big break came when he directed Katharine Hepburn in ""Alice Adams"" in 1935. He went on in the late 1930s to direct several Ginger Rogers and Fred Astaire movies, not only with the two actors together, but"	"Kid"", hosted ""Saturday Night Live"" and starred in Michael Jackson's ""Black or White"" music video. He starred as Thomas J. Sennett in the film ""My Girl"" (1991), for which he was nominated for Best On-Screen Duo and won Best Kiss at the MTV Movie Awards, with Anna Chlumsky. He reprised his role of Kevin McCallister in the sequel """" (1992), for which he was nominated for a Kids' Choice Award. He played the role of Henry in the drama-thriller film ""The Good Son"" (1993), which only did reasonably well (although he was nominated for MTV Movie Award in the category"	"and her mother has Russian-Jewish and Chinese-Filipino ancestry. Kline was introduced to music by her family. She settled on guitar as her primary instrument of choice at seventh grade, after playing the piano and briefly the drums. Home-schooled for most of high school, she spent time by attending underground rock shows in New York and getting involved in the Westchester music scene. Kline attended New York University's Gallatin School of Individualized Study for two years, and studied English and/or poetry. Kline found the school to be unaccommodating of her touring schedule, and dropped out. Kline appeared in the films ""The"	"""The Prisoner of Zenda"" (1979). Depressed over poor health, Quine died of a self-inflicted gunshot wound in June 1989 at the age of 68. Born in Detroit, Quine's father was an actor. Quine's family moved to Los Angeles when he was six years old. As a child, he began working as a radio actor and became a minor radio star. He then appeared in vaudeville before moving on to stage roles. Quine made his film debut in the drama ""Cavalcade"" (1933). He could also be seen in ""The World Changes"" (1933) (alongside a young Mickey Rooney), ""Counsellor-at-Law"" (1933), ""Jane Eyre"""	""""". Reid's first leading role in a feature film was Farley Gordon in """"—which premiered at the 2010 Toronto International Film Festival. Following this, he played several guest roles on television, including in the police drama ""Rookie Blue"" (2012) and the drama series ""Cracked"" (2013). In 2013, he also appeared in the CW web series ""Backpackers"". In 2015, he played the lead role in the ABC comedy series ""Kevin From Work"". The series was canceled by ABC after one season. In 2016, Reid was nominated for a Canadian Screen Award for Best Original Song for his work in the feature"	"from Fountain Valley High School where classmates included actor Omar Metwally and writer, director Craig Brewer. He later attended the summer training congress at ""American Conservatory Theater"" in San Francisco, California. Then he spent two years at Orange Coast College performing and directing in over 20 productions. He then went on to attended the Juilliard School's Drama Division (1993-1997, ""Group 26"") with classmates Sara Ramirez and Alan Tudyk. He graduated with a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree. He made his film debut with Keanu Reeves and Gene Hackman as the deaf tight-end in the Warner Bros. football comedy ""The Replacements""."	"In 1997, the school named its new auditorium as the Kevin Kline Theater in his honor. Kline performed selections from Shakespeare as a benefit at the dedication. He attended Indiana University, Bloomington, where he was a classmate of actor Jonathan Banks. He began studying composing and conducting music, but switched to a theater and speech major for his last two years, graduating in 1970. Kline remembers: ""When I switched to the Theater Department, all I did was theater...I could barely make it to class because this was my passion."" While an undergraduate, he was a co-founder of the Vest Pocket"	"at the Cannes Film Festival for the Nick Cassavetes-directed ""She's So Lovely"" (1997), and two Best Actor Awards at the Venice Film Festival for the indie film ""Hurlyburly"" (1998) and the drama ""21 Grams"" (2003). Penn made his feature film directorial debut with ""The Indian Runner"" (1991), followed by the drama film ""The Crossing Guard"" (1995) and the mystery film ""The Pledge"" (2001). Penn directed one of the 11 segments of ""11'09""01 September 11"" (2002), a compilation film made in response to the September 11 attacks. His fourth feature film, the biographical drama survival movie ""Into the Wild"" (2007), garnered"	"while working on ""ER"". His first major Hollywood role was in the horror comedy-crime thriller ""From Dusk till Dawn"", directed by Robert Rodriguez and co-starring Harvey Keitel. He followed its success with the romantic comedy ""One Fine Day"" with Michelle Pfeiffer, and the action-thriller ""The Peacemaker"" with Nicole Kidman. Clooney was then cast as Batman in Joel Schumacher's ""Batman & Robin"", which was a modest box office performer, but a critical failure (with Clooney himself calling the film ""a waste of money""). In 1998, he co-starred in the crime-comedy ""Out of Sight"" opposite Jennifer Lopez, marking the first of his"	"as a fashion model in 1988. He was cast in the TV sitcom ""New York Story"", which would eventually pave the way for his debut in film. Although his debut film ""Holiday In Seoul"" (1997) and many of his subsequent roles did not establish him as a major star, he attracted attention in 2000 for his performance as an arsonist in the firefighting film ""Libera Me"". The following summer, the runaway success of Kim Sang-jin's comedy ""Kick the Moon"" (over 4.3 million tickets sold) secured his place in the industry as a leading actor with strong star appeal. Since then,"	"which would become a signature of his. The montage of speaker and audience echoes scenes from Eisenstein's ""Strike"" (1925) and """" (1928). ""Day of the Fight"", ""Flying Padre"" and ""The Seafarers"" constitute Kubrick's only surviving documentary works, although some historians believe he made others. After raising $1000 showing his short films to friends and family, Kubrick found the finances to begin making his first feature film, ""Fear and Desire"" (1953), originally running with the title ""The Trap"", written by his friend Howard Sackler. Kubrick's uncle, Martin Perveler, a Los Angeles businessman, invested a further $9000 on condition that he be"	"on a one-night stand; so, you see, I had to be an actor – I couldn't help it.” His first appearance in a movie was in 1910 in ""The Girl From Arizona"". Years later, he remembered the experience: “When my first picture was finished I haunted the picture theaters, trying to see it, and when I finally did see it, oh, what a disappointment! It isn’t always pleasant to see yourself as others see you. But it was a great lesson, that first picture. I did many things in that first one that I did not do in the second."	"The first was ""Dressed To Kill"", starring Mary Astor, where he played the supporting role of Biff Simpson; while the second was in the small role of a window-washer in ""Romance of the Underworld"", again starring Astor. In 1929 he appeared in only one film, in the role of O'Farrell in the Warner Bros. film, ""From Headquarters"", starring Monte Blue. Kelly's first appearance in a sound film, was in 1930's ""The Man Hunter"", with its canine hero Rin Tin Tin. During the 1930s, Kelly would appear in numerous films, mostly in uncredited smaller roles. In 1933 he would have a"	"men, most notably on the 1980s drama series ""Our House,"" also starring Deidre Hall, Chad Allen and Shannen Doherty. However, he made a change from such ""good guy"" roles when he played William Devasher, sinister head of security for the Bendini, Lambert & Locke law firm, in the Tom Cruise film ""The Firm"" (1993) (based on the novel by John Grisham). After portraying the father of Kevin Kline in ""In & Out"" (1997), Brimley retreated from Hollywood in favor of involvement in more independent productions. He made an auspicious mainstream comeback with the TNT film ""Crossfire Trail"" (2001), co-starring with"	"starring David Schwimmer, which sold out its entire run in Los Angeles. Kumble made his feature-film-directorial debut with 1999’s Sony Pictures box-office hit, ""Cruel Intentions"", starring Sarah Michelle Gellar, Ryan Phillippe, Reese Witherspoon and Selma Blair. His screenplay transposed the French novel ""Dangerous Liaisons"" to modern New York. He followed with the Sony Pictures comedy ""The Sweetest Thing"", starring Cameron Diaz, Christina Applegate, Jason Bateman and Thomas Jane, and New Line Cinema’s ""Just Friends"", starring Ryan Reynolds, Anna Faris and Amy Smart. Both ""Sweetest Thing"" and ""Just Friends"" were voted two of the top twenty underrated films of the decade"	"appearing in a number of independent films and low-budget films. His first role in a major motion picture was that of Charlie Tweeder, a reckless Texas football player in ""Varsity Blues"" (1999). In the same year, he played the role of Drew in the film ""Saturn"" (also known as ""Speed of Life""). Caan subsequently appeared in several studio films, including ""Ready to Rumble"" (2000) co-starring David Arquette, ""Boiler Room"" (2000) co-starring Vin Diesel, ""Gone in 60 Seconds"" (2000) as Tumbler and ""American Outlaws"" (2001), co-starring Colin Farrell, in which Caan played 19th-century outlaw Cole Younger. In 2003, Caan made his"	"States' ""Billboard"" Hot 100. The more popular of the two, ""Start Movin' (In My Direction)"", reached #9 on ""Billboard""'s pop chart. It sold over one million copies and was awarded a gold disc. He starred as drummer Gene Krupa in the movie ""The Gene Krupa Story"" (1959), directed by Don Weis with Susan Kohner, James Darren, and Susan Oliver. He appeared as the celebrity guest challenger on the June 30, 1957, episode of What's My Line?. Mineo made an effort to break his typecasting. His acting ability and exotic good looks earned him roles as the Native American boy in"
Which country became the first in the world to issue the dreaded parking ticket?	"which can make a one-hour parking zone as short as thirty minutes, possibly resulting in an unjustified parking ticket. On March 31, 1979 the conference of ministers of transportation in the European Union decided that a European standard should only use designs with a single clock face. The standardized clock disc was introduced as federal law in Germany in November 1981, and similar designs were adopted in other European countries. From 1998 the old parking disc designs began to be abolished. France set the last date to 2007, while in Switzerland (not an EU member) the EU parking disc design"	"are commonly used by parking officers when the person concerned appears to be hostile or aggressive, so minimal contact can take place for safety reasons. Usually, the most common parking fines issued are those for parking over the time limit. Parking fines were introduced in the 1950s in New South Wales, Australia. At that time, council rangers only worked in council car parks and parking fines on the streets, mainly in Sydney were issued by the NSW Parking Police. These were employees of the New South Wales Police Force. Up until about 1995, these fines were issued and processed by"	"possible to claim money from a foreign resident person if they don't pay voluntarily. The European Union is introducing legislation into all member countries to collect fines across borders. In some cities, like London, this has been solved by locking one wheel of a falsely parked vehicle. The driver has to pay to be able to drive. In New Zealand, parking fines are mostly issued by council parking officers, but can also be issued by police officers. Parking tickets are mostly attached to an unattended vehicle, or they can be posted to the address of the registered owner. Posting tickets"	"and the Réunion, among others. Meanwhile, LHT was introduced by the British in parts of Canada (Atlantic Canada and British Columbia), Australia, New Zealand, the East Africa Protectorate (now Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda), British India, Rhodesia and the Cape Colony (now Zambia, Zimbabwe and South Africa), British Malaya (now Malaysia, Brunei and Singapore), British Guiana, and British Hong Kong. LHT was also introduced by the Portuguese Empire in Portuguese Macau, Colonial Brazil, Portuguese Timor, Portuguese Mozambique, and Portuguese Angola. The first keep-right law for driving in the United States was passed in 1792 and applied to the Philadelphia and Lancaster"	"of 100 violations per diplomat: Kuwait, Egypt, Chad, Sudan, Bulgaria and Mozambique. In particular, New York City, the home of the United Nations Headquarters, regularly protests to the United States Department of State about non-payment of parking tickets because of diplomatic status. As of 2001, the city had more than 200,000 outstanding parking tickets from diplomats, totaling more than $21.3 million, of which only $160,682 had been collected. In 1997, then-mayor Rudy Giuliani proposed to the Clinton administration that the U.S. State Department revoke the special DPL plates for diplomats who ignore parking summonses; the State Department denied Giuliani's request."	"was introduced in 2000 and the old designs abolished in 2003. Modern parking signs demanding disc parking include a pictogram of the standardized EU parking disc along with a number showing the maximum parking time in hours. The disc parking scheme was invented in Paris in the 1950s. The number of vehicles in the capital region had increased considerably from 400,000 in 1938 to as much as 920,000 at the end of 1955. On September 19, 1955 the police prefect ordered to tow off cars that were parked illegally. In parallel investigations were started how to get rid of the"	"Government published proposals for a UK wide road pricing scheme. This was designed to be revenue neutral with other motoring taxes to be reduced to compensate. The plans have been extremely controversial with 1.8 million people signing a petition against them. Nottingham became the first city in the UK to introduce a ""workplace parking levy"". The levy means a charge to £350 on each parking space made available to employees at businesses with more than ten such parking spaces. The council propose to use the revenue, which was £10 million in the first year, to develop the city's tram system."	"design that includes the International Symbol of Access wheelchair logo, and a blue clock face in line with the EU blue badge system introduced in 2000. Disc parking was first introduced in Paris in 1957 and adopted in Kassel in 1961—in both cases the new parking system was introduced in an attempt to move away long-term parkers without erecting parking meters, which was considered too expensive. The concept proved to be effective and it spread throughout European countries in the 1960s. The first parking discs showed two clock faces—one with the arrival time and one with the departure time. Over"	"but unfortunately proved to be very corrosive to steel and concrete. This had serious consequences for the undercarriage of the steel vehicles that used the roads in winter as well as the roads themselves along with bridges and parking lots. The popularity of the car in urban areas also lead to the introduction of the parking meter in the centre of most urban areas. Invented in the US in 1935 it progressively found its way onto city streets across Canada in the years that followed. The car began to compete with the streetcar in the thirties and forties and many"	"Germany in 1896. The Netherlands was the first country to introduce a national registration plate, called a ""driving permit"", in 1898. Initially these plates were just sequentially numbered, starting at 1, but this was changed in 1906. In the U.S., where each state issues plates, New York State has required plates since 1903 (black numerals on a white background) after first requiring in 1901 that only the owner's initials be clearly visible on the back of the vehicle. At first, plates were not government issued in most jurisdictions and motorists were obliged to make their own. In 1903, Massachusetts was"	"which allow for a parking disk, for example 1,5 hours being allowed at Gelderplandsplein in Southern Amsterdam. In Wassenaar the limited time is set to 2 hours. Parking discs (bifreiðastæðaklukkur) were introduced to Iceland in the town of Akureyri in August 2005 allowing an indicated parking time between 30minutes and two hours depending on the distance to the city centre. Former parking meters were removed. In the United Kingdom the availability of disc parking varies between local council districts. Where it is offered, parking discs with the branding of the local council are available to the public. In most cases"	"public parking garage in the US (""Electric Vehicle Company Garage"", Chicago) was built in 1898, in the UK (""Christal Palace Garage"", London) in 1900 and in Germany (""Großgarage der Automüller G.m.b.H."", Berlin-Wilmersdorf) in 1901. Possibly the oldest existing garage in the United Kingdom is in Southport Lancashire. It was the first motor house or garage to be depicted in an English motoring journal and was in The Autocar of 7 October 1899. It was owned by Dr W.W. Barratt, a local doctor and motoring pioneer and specially designed for his house at 29 Park Crescent Hesketh Park. A two-storey building"	"Pay and display A pay and display machine is a type of ticket machine used for regulating parking in urban areas or in car parks. It relies on a customer purchasing a ticket from a machine and displaying the ticket on the dashboard, windscreen or passenger window of the vehicle. Details included on a printed ticket are generally the location and operator of the machine, expiry time, fee paid and time entered. The first generation of pay and display machines in the United States was introduced in 1950 by Park-UR-Self, based in San Francisco, California. Park-Ur-Self has grown to become"	"be nicknamed ""Pechtscheibe"" (Pecht Disc). The introduction of the EU parking disc in 1994 came about with a little variation as it required to set the mark to the next quarter of an hour:(§ 4 Abs. 3) Consequently, the parking disc design has four marks per hour instead of two (see appendix 1 in the statutory regulation of 1994). The German / EU parking discs are commonly accepted however when they are set correctly to the next quarter of the hour. Disc parking was introduced to Sweden when the Farsta Centrum in Stockholm required to use parking discs beginning 1"	"abolished previously enacted minimum parking requirements. The earliest known multi-storey car park was opened in May 1901 by City & Suburban Electric Carriage Company at 6 Denman Street, central London. The location had space for 100 vehicles over seven floors, totaling 19,000 square feet. The same company opened a second location in 1902 for 230 vehicles. The company specialized in the sale, storage, valeting and on-demand delivery of electric vehicles that could travel about 40 miles and had a top speed of 20 miles per hour. The earliest known multi-storey car park in the United States was built in 1918"	"Parking meter A parking meter is a device used to collect money in exchange for the right to park a vehicle in a particular place for a limited amount of time. Parking meters can be used by municipalities as a tool for enforcing their integrated on-street parking policy, usually related to their traffic and mobility management policies, but are also used for revenue. An early patent for a parking meter, US patent, was filed by Roger W. Babson, on August 30, 1928. The meter was intended to operate on power from the battery of the parking vehicle and required a"	"Ticket of leave A ticket of leave was a document of parole issued to convicts who had shown they could now be trusted with some freedoms. Originally the ticket was issued in Britain and later adapted by the United States, Canada, and Ireland. The ticket of leave system was first introduced by Governor Philip Gidley King in 1801. Its principal aim was to reduce the burden on the fledgling colonial government of providing food from the government's limited stores to the convicts who were being transported from the United Kingdom to New South Wales. Convicts who seemed able to support"	"driverless parking garage opened in 1951 in Washington, D.C., but was replaced with office space due to increasing land values. APS saw a spurt of interest in the U.S. in the late 1940s and 1950s with the Bowser, Pigeon Hole and Roto Park systems. In 1957, 74 Bowser, Pigeon Hole systems were installed, and some of these systems remain in operation. However, interest in APS in the U.S. waned due to frequent mechanical problems and long waiting times for patrons to retrieve their cars. In the United Kingdom, the Auto Stacker opened in 1961 in Woolwich, south east London, but"	"two, someone transcribing the plate may not know which symbol has which meaning, and the owner of plate EM6F9VO may get in trouble for something the owner of plate EM6F9V0 did. Other letter/number pairs, like I and 1, may be similarly problematic to a lesser degree. If the digit 0 is disallowed, then the combinations for each of these will be: If the letter O is disallowed, then the combinations for each of these will be: France was the first country to introduce the registration plate with the passage of the Paris Police Ordinance on August 14, 1893, followed by"	"as a ""professional courtesy"" to the friends and family of other police officers. This practice is not legal in most jurisdictions, but enforcement is often lax, leading to periodic scandals. There are many competing claims as to the first speeding ticket ever issued depending whether the claim goes by the first traffic violation or the first ""paper ticket"" ever issued. Great Britain may have the earliest claim with the first person to be convicted of speeding, Walter Arnold of East Peckham, Kent, who on 28 January 1896 was fined for speeding at in a zone. He was fined 1 shilling"	"20th century in response to the need for storage space for vehicles. In the 1920s, forerunners of automated parking systems appeared in U.S. cities like Los Angeles, Chicago, New York City and Cincinnati. Some of these multi-storey structures are still standing, and have been adapted for new uses. One of the Kent Automatic Garages in New York (now known as the Sofia Apartments) is an Art Deco landmark that was converted into offices and luxury condominiums in 1983. A system that is now found all over Japan — the “ferris-wheel,” or paternoster system — was created by the Westinghouse Corporation"	"Norway has been the world's pioneer in the widespread implementation of this technology. ETC was first introduced in Bergen, in 1986, operating together with traditional tollbooths. In 1991, Trondheim introduced the world's first use of completely unaided full-speed electronic tolling. Norway now has 25 toll roads operating with electronic fee collection (EFC), as the Norwegian technology is called (see AutoPASS). In 1995, Portugal became the first country to apply a single, universal system to all tolls in the country, the Via Verde, which can also be used in parking lots and gas stations. The United States is another country with"	"After Germany, places like Korea and China also adopted this policy. It soon became a law in some regions of Germany that at least 30% of parking spots must be for women. According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics, a study showed that 7.3% of violent crimes occurred in parking garages. In order to make women feel more safe, companies provided more lighting to their parking garages, added surveillance systems, and incorporated parking spots closer to the exits and deemed them female-only parking or ""she-spots"". Over time, these parking spots began to be painted bright pink in order to depict"	"from other jurisdictions for marked disabled parking spaces, all of which are in off-street lots. Disabled drivers from outside New York City who possess state-issued disability parking permits have claimed illegal discrimination and civil rights violations on the part of New York City. In 1991 a disabled elderly man from New Jersey was issued a ticket while parking in Brooklyn while displaying his New Jersey-issued disability parking placard. In 1997 a woman with multiple sclerosis using a wheelchair was similarly issued a ticket while parking in New York City for displaying a non-NYC issued disability parking placard. Both drivers maintain"	"the last of them being Belgium where, until 1977, it was possible to purchase and hold a license without having to undergo a driving test. As automobile-related fatalities soared in North America, public outcry provoked legislators to begin studying the French and German statutes as models. On August 1, 1910, North America's first licensing law for motor vehicles went into effect in the US state of New York, though it initially applied only to professional chauffeurs. In July 1913, the state of New Jersey became the first to require ""all"" drivers to pass a mandatory examination before receiving a license."	"who were not even parked in their lots. Diamond Parking Diamond Parking is a company based in Seattle, Washington that owns and operates parking lots in the US states of Alaska, California, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Utah, Florida and Washington and the Canadian provinces of Alberta and British Columbia. It was founded in 1922 by Josef Diamond. Seattle newspapers report that in 2002 Diamond Parking settled a $2.2 million class action lawsuit regarding the imposition of questionable ""collection fees"" after customers failed to pay for using Diamond Parking lots in Washington state. In October 2013, people in British Columbia complained"	"United States v. Vehicular Parking Ltd. United States v. Vehicular Parking Ltd. is a patent–antitrust case in which the United States Government eroded the doctrine of ""United States v. General Electric Co."" permitting patentees to fix licensee prices, but failed to persuade the court to decree royalty-free licensing as a remedy. Defendants Parkrite Corp. and Dual Parking Meter Co. owned patents on parking meters and they manufactured and sold them. In 1936 defendant Joynt wrote to defendants Taylor and Symington proposing the formation of a patent pool: The parking meter business is new and seems to offer ample opportunity for"	"its issuance and again in 1961, when Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy invoked it in his successful battle to end Jim Crow travel during the Freedom Riders' campaign. The ""Keys"" case originated in an incident that occurred at a bus station in the North Carolina town of Roanoke Rapids shortly after midnight on August 1, 1952, when African American WAC private Sarah Keys was forced by a local bus driver to yield her seat in the front of the vehicle to a white Marine as she traveled homeward on furlough. At the time of the incident, Jim Crow laws entirely"	"Fixed penalty notice Fixed penalty notices (FPNs) were introduced in Britain in the 1950s to deal with minor parking offences. Originally used by police and traffic wardens, their use has extended to other public officials and authorities, as has the range of offences for which they can be used. In recent years, this has taken the form of using them to give police and public authorities in England, Scotland and Wales a realistic weapon against anti-social behaviour. They are designed to reduce paperwork on police and council officers by allowing low-level anti-social behaviour to be dealt with on the spot."	"and delays imposed by traffic congestion upon other drivers when additional users enter a congested road. The first implementation of such a scheme was Singapore Area Licensing Scheme in 1975, together with a comprehensive package of road pricing measures, stringent car ownership rules and improvements in mass transit. Thanks to technological advances in electronic toll collection, electronic detection, and video surveillance technology, collecting congestion fees has become easier. Singapore upgraded its system in 1998, and similar pricing schemes were implemented in Rome in 2001, London in 2003 with extensions in 2007; Stockholm in 2006, as a seven-month trial, and then"	"community tradition supports their use. As the ""parking chair"" is part of the culture of the city, local police generally turn a blind eye to these impromptu markers, which under legal jurisdiction, technically qualify as ""abandoned furniture."" The origin of this practice may be outside the US, as it is common also in southern Italy. The practice has been outlawed in some places, including the city of Washington, D.C., where enforcement is strict and violators are ticketed. Some places specifically prohibit the practice, with levels of enforcement that vary. Sanctions against violators may include fines and confiscation of the markers."	"HS3KRK beginning 2013, as part of the change of law. The cost of parking in many upgraded car parks can be deducted from the CashCard inserted in the IU of the vehicle, thus eliminating the need for the car park to have an attendant. Although the cost of parking (which is published) is variable, parking costs tend to be much less expensive compared to London and New York. For example, the Centrepoint shopping centre charges a mere S$1 (approximately US$0.70) for the first hour, whereas garages in New York on Fifth Avenue and 57th Street charge between US$12 and US$26"	"connection from the vehicle to the meter. Holger George Thuesen and Gerald A. Hale designed the first working parking meter, the Black Maria, in 1935. The History Channel's... ""History's Lost and Found"" documents their success in developing the first working parking meter. Thuesen and Hale were engineering professors at Oklahoma State University and began working on the parking meter in 1933 at the request of Oklahoma City, Oklahoma lawyer and newspaper publisher Carl C. Magee. The world's first installed parking meter was in Oklahoma City on July 16, 1935. Magee received a patent for the apparatus on 24 May 1938."
What day of the week was the Wall Street Crash?	"Wall Street Crash of 1929 The Wall Street Crash of 1929, also known as the Stock Market Crash of 1929 or the Great Crash, is the stock market crash that occurred in late October, 1929. It started on October 24 (""Black Thursday"") and continued until October 29, 1929 (""Black Tuesday""), when share prices on the New York Stock Exchange collapsed. It was the most devastating stock market crash in the history of the United States, when taking into consideration the full extent and duration of its after effects. The crash, which followed the London Stock Exchange's crash of September, signalled"	"Friday the 13th mini-crash The Friday the 13th mini-crash was a stock market crash that occurred on Friday, October 13, 1989. The crash - referred to by some as ""Black Friday"" - was apparently caused by a reaction to a news story of the breakdown of a $6.75 billion leveraged buyout deal for UAL Corporation, the parent company of United Airlines. When the UAL deal fell through, it helped trigger the collapse of the junk bond market. The deal unraveled because the Association of Flight Attendants pulled out of the deal when management, in negotiations over an Employee Stock Ownership"	"2010 Flash Crash The May 6, 2010, Flash Crash, also known as the Crash of 2:45, the 2010 Flash Crash or simply the Flash Crash, was a United States trillion-dollar stock market crash, which started at 2:32 p.m. EDT and lasted for approximately 36 minutes. Stock indexes, such as the S&P 500, Dow Jones Industrial Average and Nasdaq Composite, collapsed and rebounded very rapidly. The Dow Jones Industrial Average had its second biggest intraday point drop (from the opening) up to that point, plunging 998.5 points (about 9%), most within minutes, only to recover a large part of the loss."	"collapse shakes the confidence of American investors in the security of overseas investments. October 24th: Wall Street Crash of 1929 begins. Stocks lose over 11% of their value upon the opening bell. October 25th - 27th: Brief recovery on the market. October 29th: 'Black Tuesday'. U.S. Stock market collapse, the DOW Jones closing down over 12%. October 30th: one day recovery November 1st: The Federal Reserve begins lowering the discount rate from its 6% level. November 13th: stock market bottoms out at 198.60, followed by a bear market that would last until April 1930. Commodity prices, however, continue to decline"	"Black Monday (1987) In finance, Black Monday refers to Monday, October 19, 1987, when stock markets around the world crashed. The crash began in Hong Kong and spread west to Europe, hitting the United States after other markets had already sustained significant declines. The Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) fell exactly 508 points to 1,738.74 (22.61%). In Australia and New Zealand, the 1987 crash is also referred to as ""Black Tuesday"" because of the time zone difference. The terms ""Black Monday"" and ""Black Tuesday"" are also respectively applied to October 28 and October 29, 1929, which occurred after Black Thursday"	"Black Monday (2011) In finance and investing, Black Monday 2011 refers to August 8, 2011, when US and global stock markets crashed following the Friday night credit rating downgrade by Standard and Poor's of the United States sovereign debt from AAA, or ""risk free"", to AA+. It was the first time in history the United States was downgraded. Moody's issued a report during morning trading which said their AAA rating of U.S. credit was in jeopardy, this after issuing a negative outlook in the previous week. By market close, the Dow Jones Industrial Average lost 634.76 points (-5.55%) to close"	"bonds and other elements of the market. There have been a number of famous stock market crashes like the Wall Street Crash of 1929, the stock market crash of 1973–4, the Black Monday of 1987, the Dot-com bubble of 2000, and the Stock Market Crash of 2008. One of the most famous stock market crashes started October 24, 1929, on Black Thursday. The Dow Jones Industrial Average lost 50% during this stock market crash. It was the beginning of the Great Depression. Another famous crash took place on October 19, 1987 – Black Monday. The crash began in Hong Kong"	"Friday 16 October, when the Dow Jones Industrial Average recorded its biggest-ever one-day slide at the time, a fall of 108.36. City traders and investors spent the weekend, 17–18 October, repairing damaged gardens in between trying to guess market reaction and assessing the damage. 19 October, Black Monday, was memorable as being the first business day of the London markets after the Great Storm. Great Storm of 1987 The Great Storm of 1987 was a violent extratropical cyclone that occurred on the night of 15–16 October, with hurricane-force winds causing casualties in England, France and the Channel Islands as a"	"rating, the global stock markets experienced a prolonged period of heightened selling activity ultimately resulting in the crash of Black Monday 2011. Black Monday (2011) In finance and investing, Black Monday 2011 refers to August 8, 2011, when US and global stock markets crashed following the Friday night credit rating downgrade by Standard and Poor's of the United States sovereign debt from AAA, or ""risk free"", to AA+. It was the first time in history the United States was downgraded. Moody's issued a report during morning trading which said their AAA rating of U.S. credit was in jeopardy, this after"	"for the 19 largest markets in the world averaged 296 percent during this period. The average number of shares traded on the NYSE(New York Stock Exchange) had risen from 65 million shares to 181 million shares. The crash on October 19, 1987, a date that is also known as Black Monday, was the climactic culmination of a market decline that had begun five days before on October 14. The DJIA fell 3.81 percent on October 14, followed by another 4.60 percent drop on Friday, October 16. On Black Monday, the Dow Jones Industrials Average plummeted 508 points, losing 22.6% of"	"October 27, 1997, mini-crash The October 27, 1997, mini-crash is a global stock market crash that was caused by an economic crisis in Asia or ""Tom Yum Goong crisis"" (Thai: วิกฤตต้มยำกุ้ง). The point loss that the Dow Jones Industrial Average suffered on this day currently ranks as the 20th biggest point loss and 15th biggest percentage loss since the Dow's creation in 1896. This crash is considered a ""mini-crash"" because the percentage loss was relatively small compared to some other notable crashes. After the crash, the markets still remained positive for 1997, but the ""mini-crash"" may be considered as the"	"Kennedy Slide of 1962 The Kennedy Slide of 1962, also known as the Flash Crash of 1962, is the term given to the stock market decline from December 1961 to June 1962 during the Presidential term of John F. Kennedy. After the market experienced decades of growth since the Wall Street Crash of 1929, the stock market peaked during the end of 1961 and plummeted during the first half of 1962. During this period, the S&P 500 declined 22.5%, and the stock market did not experience a stable recovery until after the end of the Cuban Missile Crisis. The Dow"	"a New York City Bankruptcy court filing. The same day, the sale of Merrill Lynch to Bank of America was announced. The beginning of the week was marked by extreme instability in global stock markets, with dramatic drops in market values on Monday, September 15, and Wednesday, September 17. On September 16, the large insurer American International Group (AIG), a significant participant in the credit default swaps markets, suffered a liquidity crisis following the downgrade of its credit rating. The Federal Reserve, at AIG's request, and after AIG had shown that it could not find lenders willing to save it"	"last year and a half of his life, where he was guarded 24 hours a day. The bombing has inspired several books, notably ""The Day Wall Street Exploded"", by Beverly Gage, ""The Death Instinct"", by Jed Rubenfeld and ""Buda's Wagon: A Brief History of the Car Bomb (2007)"" by Mike Davis. The bombing is the subject of PBS series ""American Experience"" which broadcast an episode, ""The Bombing of Wall Street"", in February 2018. Wall Street bombing The Wall Street bombing occurred at 12:01 pm on September 16, 1920, in the Financial District of Manhattan, New York City. The blast killed"	"the stock market crash can be attributed to exuberance and false expectations. In the years leading up to 1929, the rising stock market prices had created vast sums of wealth for those invested, in turn encouraging borrowing to further buy more stock. However, on October 24 (Black Thursday), share prices began to fall and panic selling caused prices to fall sharply. On October 29 (Black Tuesday), share prices fell by $14 billion in a single day, more than $30 billion in the week. The value that evaporated that week was 10x more than the entire federal budget and more than"	"series of ""one-off"" or ""case-by-case"" decisions to intervene or not, such as the $85 billion liquidity facility for American International Group on September 16, the federal takeover of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, and the bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers. On Monday, October 6, the Dow Jones Industrial Average dropped more than 700 points and fell below 10,000 for the first time in four years. The same day, CNN reported these worldwide stock market events: U.S. Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson proposed a plan under which the U.S. Treasury would acquire up to $700 billion worth of mortgage-backed securities. The plan was"	"to all prominent market products. They also developed new rules, known as ""trading curbs"" or colloquially as circuit breakers, allowing exchanges to temporarily halt trading in instances of exceptionally large price declines in some indexes; for instance, the DJIA. Black Monday (1987) In finance, Black Monday refers to Monday, October 19, 1987, when stock markets around the world crashed. The crash began in Hong Kong and spread west to Europe, hitting the United States after other markets had already sustained significant declines. The Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) fell exactly 508 points to 1,738.74 (22.61%). In Australia and New Zealand,"	"(684 points), after a week, it dropped by 14% (1370 points). An estimated of $1.4 trillion was lost within five days of trading. The NYSE was only 5 blocks from Ground Zero. On May 6, 2010, the Dow Jones Industrial Average posted its largest intraday percentage drop since the October 19, 1987, crash, with a 998-point loss later being called the 2010 Flash Crash (as the drop occurred in minutes before rebounding). The SEC and CFTC published a report on the event, although it did not come to a conclusion as to the cause. The regulators found no evidence that"	"10, stock markets crashed across Europe and Asia. London, Paris and Frankfurt dropped 10% within an hour of trading and again when Wall Street opened for trading. Global markets have experienced their worst weeks since 1987 and some indices, S&P 500, since the Wall Street Crash of 1929. On October 10, within the first five minutes of the trading session on Wall Street, the Dow Jones Industrial Average plunged 697 points, falling below 7900 to its lowest level since March 17, 2003. Later in the afternoon, the Dow made violent swings back and forth across the breakeven line, toppling as"	"Black Monday in 1987. The fall that week of 21% compared to a 28.3% fall 21 years earlier, but some traders were saying it was worse. ""At least then it was a short, sharp, shock on one day. This has been relentless all week."" Business Week also referred to the crisis as a ""stock market crash"" or the ""Panic of 2008"". From October 6–10 the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) closed lower in all five sessions. Volume levels were record-breaking. The DJIA fell over 1,874 points, or 18%, in its worst weekly decline ever on both a points and percentage"	"of 1962 mirrored those of the Wall Street Crash of 1929, such as the detrimental mix of an extremely volatile stock market, fearful investors, and weak leadership. Kennedy Slide of 1962 The Kennedy Slide of 1962, also known as the Flash Crash of 1962, is the term given to the stock market decline from December 1961 to June 1962 during the Presidential term of John F. Kennedy. After the market experienced decades of growth since the Wall Street Crash of 1929, the stock market peaked during the end of 1961 and plummeted during the first half of 1962. During this"	"Black Monday of October 1987, as a result of a stock collapse of unprecedented size which caused the Dow Jones Industrial Average to fall by 22.6%. This collapse, larger than the stock market crash of 1929, was handled effectively by the global economy and the stock market began to quickly recover. But in North America, the lumbering savings and loans industry was facing decline, which eventually led to a savings and loan crisis which compromised the well-being of millions of US people. The following recession thus impacted the many countries closely linked to the USs, including Australia. Paul Keating, who"	"by a translation error. 3:00 (approx.): Pasquale Buzzelli, who lost consciousness in a North Tower stairway during the collapse, awakens to find himself lying atop the debris with only a fractured foot. 4:00: National news outlets report that high officials in the federal intelligence community are stating that Osama bin Laden is suspect number one. 4:25: The New York Stock Exchange, NASDAQ, and the American Stock Exchange report that they will remain closed Wednesday, September 12. 4:36: President Bush departs Offutt Air Force Base on Air Force One. 5:20:27: The east penthouse on top of 7 World Trade Center crumbles"	"took the place of buying."" In 1932, the Pecora Commission was established by the U.S. Senate to study the causes of the crash. The following year, the U.S. Congress passed the Glass–Steagall Act mandating a separation between commercial banks, which take deposits and extend loans, and investment banks, which underwrite, issue, and distribute stocks, bonds, and other securities. After the experience of the 1929 crash, stock markets around the world instituted measures to suspend trading in the event of rapid declines, claiming that the measures would prevent such panic sales. However, the one-day crash of Black Monday, October 19, 1987,"	"crash of Thursday, October 24, 1929. Sectors of the US economy had been showing some signs of distress for months before October 1929. Business inventories of all types were three times as large as they had been a year before (an indication that the public was not buying products as rapidly as in the past), and other signposts of economic health—-freight carloads, industrial production, and wholesale prices—-were slipping downward. The events in the United States triggered a worldwide depression, which led to deflation and a great increase in unemployment. In the United States between 1929 and 1933, unemployment soared from"	"we may not have an economy on Monday."" The Emergency Economic Stabilization Act, also called the Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP), was signed into law on October 3, 2008. In a nine-day period from Oct. 1–9, the S&P 500 fell a staggering 251 points, losing 21.6% of its value. The week of Oct. 6–10 saw the largest percentage drop in the history of the Dow Jones Industrial Average – even worse than any single week in the Great Depression. The response of the US Federal Reserve, the European Central Bank, and other central banks was dramatic. During the last quarter"	"a pathological condition where the bid price for a stock exceeded the ask price. These ""locked"" conditions severely curtailed trading. On October 19, trading in Microsoft shares on the NASDAQ lasted a total of 54 minutes. The Crash was the greatest single-day loss that Wall Street had ever suffered in continuous trading up to that point. Between the start of trading on October 14 to the close on October 19, the DJIA lost 760 points, a decline of over 31 percent. The 1987 Crash was a worldwide phenomenon. The FTSE 100 Index lost 10.8% on that Monday and a further"	"Industrial Average (DJIA) dropped 508 points, a 22.6% loss in a single day, the second-biggest one-day drop the exchange had experienced. Black Monday was followed by Terrible Tuesday, a day in which the Exchange's systems did not perform well and some people had difficulty completing their trades. Subsequently, there was another major drop for the Dow on October 13, 1989—the Mini-Crash of 1989. The crash was apparently caused by a reaction to a news story of a $6.75 billion leveraged buyout deal for UAL Corporation, the parent company of United Airlines, which broke down. When the UAL deal fell through,"	"officers managing risk and compliance functions earned as much as $324,000 annually in New York City in 2013. On October 29, 2012,—ironically, the 83rd anniversary of ""Black Tuesday,"" the culmination of the disastrous Wall Street Crash of 1929—Wall Street was disrupted when New York and New Jersey, an area not normally known as a hotbed of hurricane activity the way that areas much further south are, were blasted by Hurricane Sandy. Its 14-foot-high storm surge, a local record, caused massive street flooding in many parts of Lower Manhattan. Power to the area was knocked out by a transformer explosion at"	"Wall Street Lays An Egg Wall Street Lays An Egg describes a headline printed in ""Variety"", a newspaper covering Hollywood and the entertainment industry, on October 30, 1929, over an article describing Black Tuesday, the height of the panic known as the Wall Street Crash of 1929 (the actual headline text was WALL ST. LAYS AN EGG). It is one of the most famous headlines ever to appear in an American publication and continues to be noted in history books into the 21st century. ""Laying an egg"" is an American idiom, current particularly in 20th century show business, meaning ""failing"	"it was clear that the economy was contracting, and the stock market went through a series of unsettling price declines. These declines fed investor anxiety, and events came to a head on October 24, 28, and 29 (known respectively as Black Thursday, Black Monday, and Black Tuesday). On Black Monday, the Dow Jones Industrial Average fell 38.33 points to 260, a drop of 12.8%. The deluge of selling overwhelmed the ticker tape system that normally gave investors the current prices of their shares. Telephone lines and telegraphs were clogged and were unable to cope. This information vacuum only led to"	"more fear and panic. The technology of the New Era, previously much celebrated by investors, now served to deepen their suffering. The following day, Black Tuesday, was a day of chaos. Forced to liquidate their stocks because of margin calls, overextended investors flooded the exchange with sell orders. The Dow fell 30.57 points to close at 230.07 on that day. The glamour stocks of the age saw their values plummet. Across the two days, the Dow Jones Industrial Average fell 23%. By the end of the weekend of November 11, the index stood at 228, a cumulative drop of 40%"	"buy and sell orders every millisecond (""quote stuffing"") — which he witnessed when placing trades at the Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME). Sarao claimed that he made his choices to buy and sell based on opportunity and intuition and did not consider himself to be one of the HFTs. The 2010 Flash Crash was a United States trillion-dollar stock market crash, in which the ""S&P 500, the Nasdaq 100, and the Russell 2000 collapsed and rebounded with extraordinary velocity."" Dow Jones Industrial Average ""experienced the biggest intraday point decline in its entire history,"" plunging 998.5 points (about 9%), most within minutes,"
Man In The Mirror first featured on which Michel Jackson album?	"was also the top single in iTunes downloads in the US and the UK. It has sold 567,280 copies in the UK as of January 2016. Man in the Mirror ""Man in the Mirror"" is a song recorded by Michael Jackson, written by Glen Ballard and Siedah Garrett and produced by Jackson and Quincy Jones. It peaked at number 1 in the United States when released in January 1988 as the fourth single from his seventh solo album, ""Bad"" (1987). It was nominated for Record of the Year at the Grammy Awards. The song topped the ""Billboard"" Hot 100 for"	"Man in the Mirror: The Michael Jackson Story Man in the Mirror: The Michael Jackson Story is a 2004 Canadian-American biographical telefilm produced for VH1. The biopic stars Flex Alexander as Michael Jackson, and follows his rise to fame and subsequent events. The film takes its title from one of Jackson's songs, ""Man in the Mirror"". The film was primarily shot in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. The film originally aired on August 6, 2004, receiving a TV rating of TV-PG for language. It is available on DVD, where it is distributed by Paramount Home Entertainment and is rated PG-13 for some"	"the United Kingdom in 1988. However, following Jackson's death on June 25, 2009, ""Man in the Mirror"" re-entered the UK Singles Chart at number 11, and the following week the song peaked at number 2, held off by Cascada's ""Evacuate the Dancefloor"". The chart had also contained over 12 Michael Jackson songs in the Top 40. This song had been at top 100 for 15 consecutive weeks in this chart. In Australia the song originally charted at number 39. After the singer's death, the song re-entered the chart and peaked at number 8, much higher than its original release. It"	"in the Mirror"" would come close to topping the chart when it reached #2 in 1988). In the United Kingdom, the song reached #1 on the UK Singles Chart for the week of August 11, 1987 and ranked #30 on the year-end UK tally. In his autobiography, ""Moonwalk"", Jackson stated the song was not written with someone in mind, but that he had been thinking of someone when singing the song live. Jackson performed the song on his Bad World Tour with background singer Sheryl Crow and on his Dangerous World Tour with Siedah Garrett. He also performed the song"	"those was ""Man in the Mirror"" which reached number two, it was beaten to number one by Cascada with ""Evacuate the Dancefloor"", which knocked the previous week's number one ""Bulletproof"" by La Roux down to number three. In the Album Chart, a total of eleven Michael Jackson albums reached the Top 100, with ""The Essential Michael Jackson"" making it to the top spot. ""Number One's"" and ""King Of Pop"" were also both in the top five and ""Thriller"" and ""Off The Wall"" made the top ten, the highest new entry was La Roux's self titled debut album which reached number"	"peaked at number 2, having re-entered the chart at 11 the previous week as his top song on the singles chart. It also became the number 1 single in iTunes downloads in the US and the UK, having sold over 3 million digital copies in the former alone. The song was remixed for the soundtrack of Jackson's tribute tour ""Immortal"". ""Man in the Mirror"" was composed by Glen Ballard and Siedah Garrett. Jackson added background vocals from Garrett, The Winans and the Andraé Crouch Choir, which gave the song its distinctive sound. The song is said to have been one"	"Mendes, appearing on three of his albums. In 1987 Garrett was involved in Michael Jackson's ""Bad"" album, singing a duet with Jackson on ""I Just Can't Stop Loving You"" in several different languages (among which were French and Spanish). She co-wrote the #1 single ""Man in the Mirror"". In a 2013 interview with Luka Neskovic, Garrett said: ""All I wanted to do was give Michael something he would want to say to the world, and I knew it couldn't be another 'Oh baby, I love you' song. It had to be a little bit more than that. It needed to"	"chart, with ""Off the Wall"" at the top. ""Number Ones"" reached the top of the UK Album Chart, and his studio albums occupied number two to number eight on the ""iTunes"" Music Store top albums. Six of his songs charted in the top 40: ""Man in the Mirror"" (11), ""Thriller"" (23), ""Billie Jean"" (25), ""Smooth Criminal"" (28)"", ""Beat It"" (30), and ""Earth Song"" (38). The following Sunday, 13 of Jackson's songs charted in the top 40, including ""Man in the Mirror"", which reached number two. He broke Ruby Murray's 1955 record of five songs in the top 30. ""The Essential"	"his failed marriages with both Lisa Marie Presley (daughter of music icon Elvis) and Debbie Rowe, whom he later had two children with, a strained relationship with his father Joe, child molestation allegations, to the , dealing with 9/11, and a criminal trial for child molestation allegations of which he was found Not Guilty, the telefilm has Jackson struggling to regain his image as a music icon and a world-renowned entertainer. Man in the Mirror: The Michael Jackson Story Man in the Mirror: The Michael Jackson Story is a 2004 Canadian-American biographical telefilm produced for VH1. The biopic stars Flex"	"poor in Africa and the US. The single became one of the best-selling singles of all time, with nearly 20 million copies sold and millions of dollars donated to famine relief. It was also the first time Jackson was seen as a humanitarian. All of the profits from his single ""Man in the Mirror"" went to charity. Jackson founded the ""Heal the World Foundation"" in 1992, inspired by his charity single of the same name. Following the illness and death of Ryan White, Jackson helped draw public attention to HIV/AIDS, something that was still controversial at the time. He publicly"	"background that looked like a ""graveyard"" (which was a brief setting in the music video) with 3-D effects. Jackson would emerge from a giant black widow spider. According to a setlist that was released in March 2009, ""Thriller"" was to close out the 16-song show, although the film ""Michael Jackson's This Is It"", which documents the concert series, lists 18 songs and ""Man in the Mirror"" as the closing song for the planned shows. Live versions of the song are available on the DVDs ""Live at Wembley July 16, 1988"" and """". ""Michael Jackson's Thriller"" music video, particularly the songs"	"Michael at the Rock in Rio Music Festival, which is a recurring music festival in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. He toured with Janet Jackson on her janet. World Tour (24.11.1993 – 22.4.1995). The tour took place throughout North America, Europe, Asia, and Australia. Moffett did the first leg of the tour with Jackson. Moffett continued to perform with Michael Jackson throughout the duration of his solo career on various shows and tours such as his performance on the ""30th Annual Grammy Awards"" in 1988 with the songs ""The Way You Make Me Feel"" and ""Man in the Mirror"" and joined"	"of Jackson's favorite songs. Arranged with a gospel choir, Jackson would use a gospel choir again several years later on his hit ""Will You Be There"". Siedah Garrett also sang Jackson's duet ""I Just Can't Stop Loving You"" in mid-1987. The song is played in the keys of G major and A major at a tempo of 100bpm. The vocal range is Ab3-C6. The single sleeve for ""Man in the Mirror"" contained a dedication to Yoshiaki Ogiwara, a five-year-old boy from Takasaki, Gunma, Japan who was kidnapped for ransom and subsequently murdered in September 1987. The killing was highly traumatic"	"brief language and thematic elements by the MPAA. The film is a sort of spiritual sequel to """", which discussed the Jackson family as children. The telefilm went on to receive generally negative reviews from both fans and critics alike as the film presented Jackson in a very unflattering manner and did not represent most of the true story. Unlike the former, none of Jackson's songs are heard, only mentioned in the telefilm. ""Man in the Mirror"" begins with a flashback, albeit with a voice-over narration by Michael Jackson (Flex Alexander), who reminisces on his younger self (played by Brennan"	"of the Year for ""Man in the Mirror"", and in 1990 won for Best Music Video – Short Form (for ""Leave Me Alone""). According to Jayson Rodriguez of MTV, ""following the twin cannons that were ""Off the Wall"" and ""Thriller"" wouldn't be an easy task for most, but Jackson's follow-up, 1987's ""Bad"", was formidable by all accounts."" He felt that ""Bad"" was ""wrongfully dismissed by critics because it wasn't the sales blockbuster that ""Thriller"" was"" and that during the ""Bad"" era, Jackson's vocal hiccups and stammered ""shamone"" would become staples in his music that were ""heightening and highlighting the emotion"	"""authority and boasting helped to humanize"" Jackson and ""changed his image"", remarking that it was ""fun hearing him talking trash and being his own bigger booster"". Jennifer Clay of Yahoo Music noted that while Jackson's new edgier image was a ""little hard to swallow"", the image worked musically on the album's songs ""Bad"", ""Man in the Mirror"", and ""Dirty Diana"". ""Bad"" charted within the top ten, at number eight, on the ""Billboard"" Hot 100 on October 10, 1987 and peaked at number one on October 24, 1987. ""Bad"" stayed at the top position for two consecutive weeks. ""Bad"" was Jackson's"	"Its lyrics describe the downfalls of life, as well as Wayne's upbringing, state of mind, past choices and personal life. One of the rapper's verses draws inspiration from Michael Jackson's ""Man in the Mirror"" (1987). ""Mirror"" found some commercial success. It debuted at number 16 on the ""Billboard"" Hot 100 and peaked at number 22 on the ""Billboard"" Rhythmic chart. The single peaked at number 46 in Canada and number 17 in the United Kingdom—Wayne's highest charting single as a lead artist in the UK to date. It also peaked in the top 15 of Denmark, the Dutch Top 40,"	"released as the album's second single on November 23, 2009. The song reached number 53 on the ""Billboard"" Hot 100. ""Graffiti"" was then released on December 8, 2009. The album debuted at number seven on the US ""Billboard"" 200 chart, selling 102,000 copies in its first week, but received generally negative reviews from critics. As of March 23, 2011, it has sold 341,000 copies in the United States. While performing a Michael Jackson Tribute at the 2010 BET Awards, Brown started to cry and fell to his knees while singing Jackson's ""Man in the Mirror"". The performance and his emotional"	"to the Japanese public and to Jackson himself, who was touring Japan at the time and subsequently dedicated concerts in Osaka and Yokohama to the boy's memory. When Ed Hogan reviewed the song, he called it ""gentle."" Jon Pareles of The New York Times noted that this song has ""gospelly lift."" Rolling Stone's Davitt Sigerson thought that ""Man in the Mirror"" stands among the half dozen best things Jackson has done, and he continued: ""On ""Man in the Mirror,"" a song he did not write, Jackson goes a step further and offers a straightforward homily of personal commitment: ""I'm starting"	"Bieber's worldly travels, specifically to Africa. While Bieber was being interviewed by Ryan Seacrest on his radio show, Bieber talked about the song's initial writing stating that it was influenced by Michael Jackson, and he thought of Jackson's ""Man in the Mirror"" when writing the song. Vocally, Bieber's vocals are sung in a lower key compared to previous singles. Bieber plays guitar on the album, along with his guitarist and musical director Dan Kanter. The new versions of the other songs on the album were produced by Kanter, Bieber's vocal producer Kuk Harrell, and also producer Rob Wells. To promote"	"Michael Jackson's videos not to feature Jackson himself, the others being ""Cry"", ""HIStory"" and ""Man in the Mirror"". (The clips for ""HIStory"" and ""Man in the Mirror"" only feature Michael Jackson in archival footage). The version of the video included on """" and ""Michael Jackson's Vision"" contains an introductory video that features a speech from Jackson taken from the special ""spoken word"" version of the track. This version was not included on ""Video Greatest Hits – HIStory"" featuring the music video. Jackson performed the song in the Super Bowl XXVII halftime show with a 35,000 person flash card performance. Heal"	"a portion of ""Man in the Mirror"" in his Michael Jackson voice as he walked down the road, but it was changed to him singing the beginning of ""Happy Birthday Lisa"". ""Stark Raving Dad"" was the final episode in the season two production run, but aired as the premiere of season three, over a year after it was completed. Michael Jackson was credited with pseudonym John Jay Smith in the closing credits. At the time, the producers of the show were legally prevented from confirming that Jackson guest starred, although many media sources assumed it was really him. Similarly, in"	"from contemporary music critics. AllMusic reviewer Stephen Thomas Erlewine listed ""The Way You May Me Feel"" as well as the album's title track, ""I Just Can't Stop Loving You"" and ""Man In The Mirror"" as being a 'track picks' from ""Bad"". Erlewine commented that out of all of ""Bad""'s songs, ""only three can stand alongside album tracks from its predecessor"" which were ""Bad"", ""The Way You Make Me Feel,"" and ""I Just Can't Stop Loving You"". Jon Pareles, a writer for ""The New York Times"", commented that Jackson's songs, ""The Way You Make Me Feel"" and ""I Just Can't Stop"	"Jackson wore his signature outfit and his signature black fedora, while doing a dance routine with four other dancers, and performed the song along with another one of his songs, ""Man in the Mirror"". This performance was staged and choreographed by Vincent Paterson. Tatiana Thumbtzen, who appeared in the short film for The Way You Make Me Feel, joined Jackson in some concerts of his Bad World Tour, and performed the song with him, strutting across the stage whilst he pursued her. However, she was fired from the tour by Jackson's manager after an incident during one of the performances"	"of Jackson's ""Man in the Mirror"" (1988), while ""Hartford Courant"" rock music critic Roger Catlin believed that the single is a redux to Jackson's ""Heal the World"" (1991). ""Newsday"" staff writer Glenn Gamboa said that the song was ""equally average"" to other tracks on ""Invincible"". James Hunter of ""Rolling Stone"" magazine wrote that R. Kelly ""more or less succeeds with the kind of life affirming number"" on the single. Jim Farber of New York's ""Daily News"" wrote that in ""Cry"", Jackson ""goes into his healing-the-world shtick, though rarely has he been this condescending about his role as universal savior."" ""Chicago"	"Jacket. The Man in Me ""The Man in Me"" is a song from Bob Dylan's 1970 album ""New Morning"". The song is featured in the soundtrack to the 1998 Coen Brothers film ""The Big Lebowski"". It plays during the stylized opening title sequence and during the hallucination sequence after the Dude is punched and his rug stolen. More recently it has been performed live by the film's star, Jeff Bridges, at Lebowski Fest, an audience-participation oriented event commemorating the film. The song was featured in ""The Simpsons"" episode ""The Town"". In 1971, the song was covered by Lonnie Mack on"	"singles included ""Cheap Shot"" and ""Gotta Lambada"" and ""This Moment In Time"" both (from the movie soundtrack of ""Lambada"".) She has been the lead female vocalist of Shalamar since 2001. She appeared on ITV’s ""Hit Me, Baby, One More Time"" in 2005, and has been touring the world with the Howard Hewett and Jeffrey Daniel. She also sings with the Andraé Crouch and his Gospel Choir, who are known for their work on Michael Jackson's ""Man in the Mirror"". Griffey currently resides between Tennessee, Las Vegas and Los Angeles. 2018 will see the resurrection of the Solar Records label with"	"Viola in Twelfth Night and prior to that, appeared in ""Who’s Boss?"" by Ansell Broderick. Abomeli also played opposite Susannah York in one of her last theatre appearances, playing in Sara Mason’s ""The Kindness Of Strangers"" at The Croydon Warehouse. Abomeli’s screen roles have also included appearances in ""The Bill"", ""Wire In The Blood"" and ""ShakespeaRe-Told: Macbeth"", with film roles in ""Anxiety"" and the award-winning short film ""Hypnotized"" by Marcia Green. In 2017, he played Joe Jackson in ""Man in the Mirror"", a docudrama about Michael Jackson. Charles Abomeli Charles Abomeli (born in London, England) is an English actor, known"	"Man in the Mirror (The Avengers) Man in the Mirror is the twenty-second episode of the second series of the 1960s cult British spy-fi television series ""The Avengers"", starring Patrick Macnee and Julie Stevens. It originally aired on ABC on 24 February 1963. The episode was directed by Kim Mills and written by Geoffrey Orme and Anthony Terpiloff. A cipher expert commits suicide at an amusement park, however Venus Smith discovers that she has taken a photograph of the man several days later, apparently very much alive. Steed investigates the mystery. Julie Stevens sings ""There's Nothin' Like Love"" from the"	"with the man in the mirror/I'm asking him to change his ways/And no message could have been any clearer/If you wanna make the world a better place/Take a look at yourself and then make a change."""" In 2017, ShortList's Dave Fawbert listed the song as containing ""one of the greatest key changes in music history"". One of the videos is a notable departure from Jackson's other videos mainly because Jackson himself does not appear in the video (aside from a brief clip toward the end of the video in which he can be seen donning a red jacket and standing"	"In the Mirror In the Mirror is a compilation album by Keyboardist Yanni, released on the Private Music label in 1997. The album peaked at #1 on Billboard's ""Top New Age Albums"" chart and at #17 on the """"Billboard"" 200"" chart in the same year. This is often billed as a ""Compilation of Yanni favorites"", including ""In the Mirror"" which is a solo piano piece and faster pace tracks such as ""Forbidden Dreams"" and ""Chasing Shadows"". ""Aria"" is specially presented in this album as performed in concert on the album ""Live at the Acropolis"". In a review by Jonathan Widran"	"in the Mirror"", and ""Dirty Diana"", becoming the first album to have five number-one singles in the nation. He continued to innovate with videos such as ""Black or White"" and ""Scream"" throughout the 1990s, and forged a reputation as a touring artist. Through stage and video performances, Jackson popularized a number of complicated dance techniques, such as the robot and the moonwalk, to which he gave the name. His distinctive sound and style has influenced numerous artists of various genres. Jackson is the third best-selling music artist of all time, only behind The Beatles and Elvis Presley, with estimated sales"	"a single. Later reissues of the LP also include this song. Jackson was credited for writing nine out of eleven of the songs on the album. Other writing credits included Terry Britten and Graham Lyle for ""Just Good Friends"" and Siedah Garrett and Glen Ballard for ""Man in the Mirror"". The album's song lyrics relate to romance and paranoia, the latter being a recurring theme in Jackson's albums. Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic noted that ""Bad"" moved Jackson ""deeper into hard rock, deeper into schmaltzy adult contemporary, deeper into hard dance – essentially taking each portion of ""Thriller"" to an"
Where was the first battle with US involvement in the Korean War?	"Battle of Suwon Airfield The Battle of Suwon Airfield was the first aerial battle of the Korean War occurring on June 27, 1950 over Kimpo Airfield and Suwon Airfield. The battle, between aircraft of the United States and North Korea, ended in a victory for the US Air Force after nine of its aircraft successfully shot down seven North Korean People's Air Force aircraft. It was the first direct engagement of the Air Battle of South Korea. With the outbreak of the war two days earlier, the US forces were attempting to evacuate US civilians and diplomats from the city"	"Battle of Osan The Battle of Osan () was the first engagement between United States and North Korean forces during the Korean War, on July 5, 1950. Task Force Smith, a U.S. task force of 400 infantry supported by an artillery battery, was moved to Osan, south of the South Korean capital Seoul, and ordered to fight as a rearguard to delay advancing North Korean forces while additional U.S. troops arrived in the country to form a stronger defensive line to the south. The task force lacked both anti-tank guns and effective infantry anti-tank weapons, having been equipped with obsolescent"	"USAF units and aircraft of the Korean War The Korean War (June 25, 1950 – July 27, 1953) was significant in the fact that it was the first war in which the newly independent United States Air Force was involved. It was the first time U.S. jet aircraft entered into battle. Air Force F-86 Sabre jets took control of the skies, as American fighter pilots bested Soviet-built MiG-15 fighters in combat against aircraft, Soviet tactics, and, on some occasions, Soviet pilots of the Soviet 64th Fighter Aviation Corps. World War II-era prop-driven P-51D Mustangs were pressed into the ground-air support"	"entered NATO in 1952, and the foundation was laid for bilateral diplomatic and trade relations with South Korea. <br> Korean War The Korean War (in South Korean , ""Korean War""; in North Korean , ""Fatherland: Liberation War""; 25 June 1950 – 27 July 1953) was a war between North Korea (with the support of China and the Soviet Union) and South Korea (with the principal support of the United States). The war began on 25 June 1950 when North Korea invaded South Korea following a series of clashes along the border. As a product of the Cold War between the"	"The Korean War began in 1950 when North Korea invaded South Korea. The United States was granted permission from the United Nations to intervene on behalf of South Korea, sending troops to the region under the control of the U.N. 1,777 Ohioans were killed in the conflict, and 4,837 wounded. The Vietnam War was an American operation beginning in the 1950s to curtail the spread of communism in Vietnam. Following the Gulf of Tonkin incident, the United States escalated the operation into a war. Hundreds of thousands of Ohioans would serve in the conflict, resulting in 2,997 deaths and over"	"Battle of Unsan The Battle of Unsan (), also known as the Battle of Yunshan (), was a series of engagements of the Korean War that took place from 25 October to 4 November 1950 near Unsan, North Pyongan province in present-day North Korea. As part of the Chinese First Phase Campaign, the People's Republic of China's People's Volunteer Army made repeated attacks against the Republic of Korea 1st Infantry Division near Unsan beginning on 25 October, in an attempt to take advancing United Nations forces by surprise. In an accidental first encounter with the United States military during the"	"United States expedition to Korea The United States expedition to Korea, known by the Koreans as the Shinmiyangyo (신미양요: 辛未洋擾, lit. ""Western Disturbance in the Shinmi (1871) Year"") or simply the Korean Expedition, in 1871, was the first American military action in Korea. It took place predominantly on and around Ganghwa Island. The reason for the presence of the American land and naval force in Korea was to support an American diplomatic delegation sent to establish trade and political relations with the peninsular nation, to ascertain the fate of the merchant ship ""General Sherman"", and to establish a treaty assuring"	"Army leaders, in conjunction with government officials of Osan, held another ceremony, speaking of Task Force Smith and describing the engagement as ""the opening shots of a war of ideas that exists even today."" On the 61st anniversary, another ceremony was held by both the U.S. military and Osan politicians to remember the task force. Battle of Osan The Battle of Osan () was the first engagement between United States and North Korean forces during the Korean War, on July 5, 1950. Task Force Smith, a U.S. task force of 400 infantry supported by an artillery battery, was moved to"	"Battle of Onjong The Battle of Onjong (), also known as the Battle of Wenjing (), was one of the first engagements between Chinese and United Nations forces during the Korean War. It took place around Onjong in present-day North Korea from October 25 to October 29, 1950. As the main focus of the Chinese First Phase Campaign, the Chinese 40th Corps conducted a series of ambushes against the Republic of Korea II Corps, effectively destroying the right flank of the United States Eighth Army while stopping the UN advances north toward the Yalu River. The Korean War began in"	"conflict on behalf of South Korea. The United States—a member of the UN—subsequently committed ground forces to the Korean peninsula with the goal of fighting back the North Korean invasion and to prevent South Korea from collapsing. However, U.S. forces in the Far East had been steadily decreasing since the end of World War II five years earlier, and at the time the closest forces were the 24th Infantry Division, headquartered in Japan. Advance elements of the 24th were badly defeated in the Battle of Osan on 5 July, the first encounter between American and North Korean forces. For the"	"city changed hands four times. Very shortly after the outbreak of war, the 49th Fighter Wing of the United States Air Force was dispatched to Korea from Japan. Its first task was to evacuate civilians from Suwon and Gimpo, but Suwon soon fell to the advancing North Koreans. Shortly before the Battle of Osan, the first conflict between United States and North Korean forces, on July 4, 1950, defenses were erected on the road between Suwon and nearby Osan (then still under Southern command). The next day, Northern troops advanced south. In the 3½-hour battle which followed, 150 American and"	"UN Offensive, 1950 The first United Nations (UN) offensive during the Korean War began on September 15, 1950, with the U.S. X Corps, under Army Maj. Gen. Edward M. Almond, making an amphibious assault at Inchon, 150 miles north from the frontlines. In the south, the Eighth U.S. Army, made up of U.S., ROK, and British forces, counterattacked the next day. The 1st Marine Air Wing provided air support for the landing at Inchon while the Fifth Air Force likewise supported the Eighth Army. On September 16, as part of a strategic bombing campaign, the FEAF bombed Pyongyang, the capital"	"Battle of Korea Strait The Battle of Korea Strait was a single ship action fought on the first day of the Korean War, 25–26 June 1950, between the navies of South Korea and North Korea. A North Korean troop transport carrying hundreds of soldiers attempted to land its cargo near Busan but was encountered by a South Korean patrol ship and sunk. It was one of the first surface actions of the war and resulted in an important South Korean victory. The Korean War began with a massive North Korean invasion of South Korea which nearly overran the country. During"	"First Battle of Seoul The First Battle of Seoul was the North Korean invasion of South Korea during the start of the Korean War. It resulted in the capture of the capital by North Korean forces. On June 25, 1950; North Korean forces crossed the 38th parallel. The North Koreans utilized a blitzkrieg style invasion using T-34 tanks supported by artillery. The South Koreans had no methods in stopping the onslaught of tanks as they lacked anti tank weapons and had no tanks at all. In addition, the South Korean forces had blown up the bridge across the Han River"	"would have been one step closer to completely overrunning the country. Battle of Korea Strait The Battle of Korea Strait was a single ship action fought on the first day of the Korean War, 25–26 June 1950, between the navies of South Korea and North Korea. A North Korean troop transport carrying hundreds of soldiers attempted to land its cargo near Busan but was encountered by a South Korean patrol ship and sunk. It was one of the first surface actions of the war and resulted in an important South Korean victory. The Korean War began with a massive North"	"Battle of the Notch The Battle of the Notch was an engagement between United States and North Korean forces early in the Korean War on August 2, 1950 in southern South Korea. The fight ended in a victory for the United States after North Korean forces attempting to assault the US position were blocked and repelled repeatedly, suffering heavy casualties. Reeling from the Hadong Ambush and being driven from the city of Chinju, the US Army's 19th Infantry Regiment, 24th Infantry Division scrambled to protect the pass into Masan, the final South Korean city before the Naktong River, where the"	"today. The Korean War (1950–1953) saw the hastily formed Provisional Marine Brigade holding the defensive line at the Pusan Perimeter. To execute a flanking maneuver, General Douglas MacArthur called on United Nations forces, including U.S. Marines, to make an amphibious landing at Inchon. The successful landing resulted in the collapse of North Korean lines and the pursuit of North Korean forces north near the Yalu River until the entrance of the People's Republic of China into the war. Chinese troops surrounded, surprised and overwhelmed the overextended and outnumbered American forces. The U.S. Army's X Corps, which included the 1st Marine"	"Operation Thunderbolt (1951) Operation Thunderbolt, also known in China as the Defensive Battle of the Han River Southern Bank (), was a US offensive during the Korean War. It represented the first offensive under the new commanding officer of the 8th US Army, General Matthew Ridgway. It started less than three weeks after the Chinese Third Phase Campaign had forced UN forces south of Seoul. ""Thunderbolt"" was preceded by ""Operation Wolfhound"", a reconnaissance in force by the 27th Infantry Regiment "" 'Wolfhounds' "" that began on 15 January 1951. At this time the Chinese forces in the central sector were"	"First Battle of Naktong Bulge The First Battle of Naktong Bulge was an engagement between United States and North Korean forces early in the Korean War from August 5–19, 1950 in the vicinity of Yongsan (Yeongsan, Changnyeong county) and the Naktong River in South Korea. It was a part of the Battle of Pusan Perimeter, and was one of several large engagements fought simultaneously. The battle ended in a victory for the United States after large numbers of US reinforcements destroyed an attacking North Korean division. On August 5, 4th Infantry Division, North Korean People's Army (NKPA), crossed the Naktong"	"Battle of Battle Mountain The Battle of Battle Mountain was an engagement between United Nations (UN) and North Korean (NK) forces early in the Korean War from August 15 to September 19, 1950, on and around the Sobuk-san mountain area in South Korea. It was one of several large engagements fought simultaneously during the Battle of Pusan Perimeter. The battle ended in a victory for the UN after large numbers of United States (US) and Republic of Korea (ROK) troops were able to prevent a North Korean division from capturing the mountain area. Operating in defense of Masan, the US"	"entry into the Korean War in November. Truman administration announced on January 5, 1950, that the United States would not become involved in any dispute about Taiwan Strait, and that he would not intervene in the event of an attack by the PRC, but these plans were quickly undone when the Korean War began on 25 June with the invasion of the US-backed Republic of Korea by the communist Democratic People's Republic of Korea. A US-led international coalition of troops drove the North Korean forces from the South. In response to the Soviet-backed North Korean invasion of South Korea, the"	"Korean War The Korean War (in South Korean , ""Korean War""; in North Korean , ""Fatherland: Liberation War""; 25 June 1950 – 27 July 1953) was a war between North Korea (with the support of China and the Soviet Union) and South Korea (with the principal support of the United States). The war began on 25 June 1950 when North Korea invaded South Korea following a series of clashes along the border. As a product of the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States, Korea had been split into two sovereign states. Both governments claimed to be"	"the second UN counter-offensive, ""Operation Killer"". Operation Thunderbolt (1951) Operation Thunderbolt, also known in China as the Defensive Battle of the Han River Southern Bank (), was a US offensive during the Korean War. It represented the first offensive under the new commanding officer of the 8th US Army, General Matthew Ridgway. It started less than three weeks after the Chinese Third Phase Campaign had forced UN forces south of Seoul. ""Thunderbolt"" was preceded by ""Operation Wolfhound"", a reconnaissance in force by the 27th Infantry Regiment "" 'Wolfhounds' "" that began on 15 January 1951. At this time the Chinese"	"reorganized troops of the US Army repulsed them and inflicted heavy casualties on them less than a week later during the Battle of the Notch. Hadong Ambush The Hadong Ambush was an engagement between United States and North Korean forces, occurring on July 27, 1950, in the village of Hadong in southern South Korea, early in the Korean War. The fight ended in a North Korean victory following a successful ambush of US forces which resulted in heavy American casualties. The US Army's 3rd Battalion, 29th Infantry Regiment, a newly formed unit consisting mostly of inexperienced new arrivals, was ordered"	"currently the War to Resist America and Aid Korea Memorial Day in China. Battle of Onjong The Battle of Onjong (), also known as the Battle of Wenjing (), was one of the first engagements between Chinese and United Nations forces during the Korean War. It took place around Onjong in present-day North Korea from October 25 to October 29, 1950. As the main focus of the Chinese First Phase Campaign, the Chinese 40th Corps conducted a series of ambushes against the Republic of Korea II Corps, effectively destroying the right flank of the United States Eighth Army while stopping"	"Korean defeat and retreat around the Masan region allowed both sides several critical days of reprieve from battle. This would end when the North Korean force began its final offensive on the UN forces in its coordinated assault on the Pusan Perimeter. Battle of the Notch The Battle of the Notch was an engagement between United States and North Korean forces early in the Korean War on August 2, 1950 in southern South Korea. The fight ended in a victory for the United States after North Korean forces attempting to assault the US position were blocked and repelled repeatedly, suffering"	"be overrun and forced to retreat again. However, the delaying actions of the division would give the U.S. forces in Pusan time to set up the Pusan Perimeter, where the North Korean and UN forces would fight for several months in the Battle of Pusan Perimeter, eventually defeating the North Korean Army. Battle of Chochiwon The Battle of Chochiwon was an early engagement between United States and North Korean forces during the Korean War, taking place in the villages of Chonui and Chochiwon in western South Korea on July 10–12, 1950. After three days of intense fighting, the battle ended"	"First Battle of Maryang-san The First Battle of Maryang San (3–8 October 1951), also known as the Defensive Battle of Maliangshan (), was fought during the Korean War between United Nations (UN) forces—primarily Australian and British—and the Chinese communist People's Volunteer Army. The fighting occurred during a limited UN offensive by US I Corps, codenamed Operation Commando. This offensive ultimately pushed the Chinese back from the Imjin River to the Jamestown Line and destroyed elements of four Chinese armies following heavy fighting. The much smaller battle at Maryang San took place over a five-day period, and saw the 3rd Battalion,"	"former Korean colony into two zones at the end of World War II led to years of border skirmishing between U.S.-allied South Korea and Soviet-allied North Korea. On June 25, 1950, the North Korean Army invaded the south to try to reunify the peninsula, beginning the Korean War. The invasion caught South Korea and its American ally by surprise, and sent the defending South Korean forces into retreat. The U.S. moved troops from Japan to fight alongside the South Koreans. The first troops landed on July 1, and by July 22, three U.S. Army divisions were in Korea, including the"	"Hadong Ambush The Hadong Ambush was an engagement between United States and North Korean forces, occurring on July 27, 1950, in the village of Hadong in southern South Korea, early in the Korean War. The fight ended in a North Korean victory following a successful ambush of US forces which resulted in heavy American casualties. The US Army's 3rd Battalion, 29th Infantry Regiment, a newly formed unit consisting mostly of inexperienced new arrivals, was ordered to move to the South Korean village of Hadong to hold the pass there from advancing forces of the North Korean People's Army. Unprepared for"	"advanced to the high ground overlooking Chongju, killing and capturing a number of North Koreans in skirmishes. That afternoon the town itself was cleared by the remaining elements of the 27th British Commonwealth Brigade without opposition. North Korean casualties during the fighting were heavy, while Australian losses included their commanding officer, Lieutenant Colonel Charles Green, who was wounded in the stomach by artillery fire after the battle and died two days later. The Korean War began early in the morning of 25 June 1950, following the surprise invasion of the Republic of Korea (ROK) by its northern neighbour, the communist"	"1950. The Korean War broke out when North Korea invaded South Korea. In response, 16 member countries of the United Nations, including the United States, came to the defense of South Korea. It was the first significant armed conflict of the Cold War with extensive deployment of American and other troops. Following the end of World War II, the United States established a bilateral alliance with South Korea instead of establishing a multilateral alliance with South Korea and other East Asian countries. Moreover, the ""U.S. alliance with South Korea would consequently have three functions. First, it would serve as part"	"25 June 1950 in the whole of Korea. The Korean War happened because the North Korean forces surprised the South Korean army and the small U.S. force stationed in the country, and quickly headed toward the capital of South Korea. The trigger for the war was when, in 1950, Syngman Rhee, who was the South Korean president those days, boasted that he was going to attack North Korea. It was a good enough excuse, so the North Koreans invaded South Korea. This started the actual fighting. On 26 June 1950, U.S. President Harry S. Truman directs General Douglas MacArthur to"
In which decade was Arnold Schwarzenegger born?	"1977, he made guest appearances in single episodes of the ABC sitcom ""The San Pedro Beach Bums"" and the ABC police procedural ""The Streets of San Francisco"". Schwarzenegger auditioned for the title role of ""The Incredible Hulk"", but did not win the role because of his height. Later, Lou Ferrigno got the part of Dr. David Banner's alter ego. Schwarzenegger appeared with Kirk Douglas and Ann-Margret in the 1979 comedy ""The Villain"". In 1980, he starred in a biographical film of the 1950s actress Jayne Mansfield as Mansfield's husband, Mickey Hargitay. Schwarzenegger's breakthrough film was the sword-and-sorcery epic ""Conan the"	"Arnold Schwarzenegger Arnold Alois Schwarzenegger (; ; born July 30, 1947) is an Austrian-American actor, filmmaker, businessman, investor, author, philanthropist, activist, politician, and former professional bodybuilder and powerlifter. He served two terms as the 38th Governor of California from 2003 to 2011. Schwarzenegger began lifting weights at the age of 15. He won the Mr. Universe title at age 20 and went on to win the Mr. Olympia contest seven times, remaining a prominent presence in bodybuilding and writing many books and articles on the sport. The Arnold Sports Festival, considered one of the best professional bodybuilding competitions in recent"	"in his bodybuilding days, ""Arnie"" during his acting career, and ""The Governator"" (a portmanteau of ""Governor"" and ""Terminator"") during his political career. Schwarzenegger married Maria Shriver, a niece of the 35th U.S. President John F. Kennedy and daughter of the 1972 Democratic vice presidential candidate and former Ambassador to France Sargent Shriver, in 1986. They separated in 2011 after he admitted to having fathered a child with another woman in 1997. Arnold Alois Schwarzenegger was born on July 30, 1947, in Thal, Styria, to Aurelia (""née"" Jadrny) and Gustav Schwarzenegger. His father was the local chief of police and had"	"serious challenges we face"". Schwarzenegger serves as chairman of the Institute. At a 2015 security conference, Arnold Schwarzenegger called climate change the issue of our time. For the 2016 Republican Party presidential primaries, Schwarzenegger endorsed fellow Republican John Kasich. However, he announced in October that he would not vote for the Republican presidential candidate Donald Trump in that year's United States presidential election, with this being the first time he did not vote for the Republican candidate since becoming a citizen in 1983. Arnold Schwarzenegger Arnold Alois Schwarzenegger (; ; born July 30, 1947) is an Austrian-American actor, filmmaker, businessman,"	"Gustav Schwarzenegger Gustav Schwarzenegger (17 August 1907 – 13 December 1972) was an Austrian police chief (""Gendarmeriekommandant""), postal inspector and a military police officer. He was the father of Hollywood star and former Governor of California, Arnold Schwarzenegger. Gustav Schwarzenegger was born in Austria-Hungary, the son of Cecelia (née Hinterleitner, 1878-1968) and Karl Schwarzenegger. He was a sportsman and loved music. According to documents obtained in 2003 from the Austrian State Archives by the ""Los Angeles Times"", which was after the expiration of a 30-year seal of his records under Austrian privacy law, Gustav Schwarzenegger voluntarily applied to join the"	"Patrick Schwarzenegger Patrick Arnold Shriver Schwarzenegger (born September 18, 1993) is an American actor and model. He is the son of Arnold Schwarzenegger and Maria Shriver. Through his mother, Schwarzenegger is related to the Kennedy family, and is a grand-nephew of John F. Kennedy, the 35th President of the United States, as well as the senators Robert F. Kennedy and Ted Kennedy. Schwarzenegger was born and raised in Los Angeles, California. He is the elder son of Maria Shriver, a journalist and author who is a member of the Kennedy family, and Arnold Schwarzenegger, an Austrian-born bodybuilder, actor, and former"	"total grossed around $4.5 billion worldwide. Denotes lead role Denotes lead role Denotes lead role General Specific Arnold Schwarzenegger filmography Austrian–American actor, film producer, politician and former professional bodybuilder Arnold Schwarzenegger has appeared in over 35 films, and has also ventured into directing and producing. He began his acting career primarily with small roles in film and television starting in 1969. For his first film role, he was credited as ""Arnold Strong"", but was credited with his birth name thereafter. He has appeared mainly in action and comedy films. In addition to films and television, he has appeared in music"	"election. Gustav Schwarzenegger Gustav Schwarzenegger (17 August 1907 – 13 December 1972) was an Austrian police chief (""Gendarmeriekommandant""), postal inspector and a military police officer. He was the father of Hollywood star and former Governor of California, Arnold Schwarzenegger. Gustav Schwarzenegger was born in Austria-Hungary, the son of Cecelia (née Hinterleitner, 1878-1968) and Karl Schwarzenegger. He was a sportsman and loved music. According to documents obtained in 2003 from the Austrian State Archives by the ""Los Angeles Times"", which was after the expiration of a 30-year seal of his records under Austrian privacy law, Gustav Schwarzenegger voluntarily applied to join"	"Arnold Schwarzenegger filmography Austrian–American actor, film producer, politician and former professional bodybuilder Arnold Schwarzenegger has appeared in over 35 films, and has also ventured into directing and producing. He began his acting career primarily with small roles in film and television starting in 1969. For his first film role, he was credited as ""Arnold Strong"", but was credited with his birth name thereafter. He has appeared mainly in action and comedy films. In addition to films and television, he has appeared in music videos for AC/DC, Bon Jovi, and Guns N' Roses. In the 1980s, Schwarzenegger became his primary character"	"Arnold Schoenberg Arnold Schoenberg or Schönberg (, ; ; 13 September 187413 July 1951) was an Austrian-American composer, music theorist, teacher, writer, and painter. He was associated with the expressionist movement in German poetry and art, and leader of the Second Viennese School. With the rise of the Nazi Party, Schoenberg's works were labeled degenerate music, because they were modernist, atonal and what even Paul Hindemith called ""sonic orgies"" and ""decadent intellectual efforts"" . He immigrated to the United States in 1934. Schoenberg's approach, both in terms of harmony and development, has been one of the most influential of 20th-century"	"Katherine Schwarzenegger Katherine Eunice Schwarzenegger (born December 13, 1989) is an American author and the elder daughter of actor and politician Arnold Schwarzenegger and broadcast journalist Maria Shriver. A relative of the Kennedy family, Schwarzenegger is a grandniece of John F. Kennedy, the 35th President of the United States. Katherine was born and raised in Los Angeles, California. She is the eldest child of actor and politician Arnold Schwarzenegger (Austrian-born), and journalist and author Maria Shriver (of Irish and German descent), whose mother Eunice is a younger sister of former President John F. Kennedy, and father Sargent Shriver was a"	"fail"" (when a foster home turns into a ""furever"" home), the book touts the benefits of pet adoption and rescue. As of July 2018, she is in a relationship with actor Chris Pratt. Schwarzenegger is an ASPCA Ambassador and supports the Best Friends Animal Society. Katherine Schwarzenegger Katherine Eunice Schwarzenegger (born December 13, 1989) is an American author and the elder daughter of actor and politician Arnold Schwarzenegger and broadcast journalist Maria Shriver. A relative of the Kennedy family, Schwarzenegger is a grandniece of John F. Kennedy, the 35th President of the United States. Katherine was born and raised in"	"won was the Junior Mr. Europe contest in 1965. He won Mr. Europe the following year, at age 19. He would go on to compete in, and win, many bodybuilding contests. His bodybuilding victories included five Mr. Universe (4 – NABBA [England], 1 – IFBB [USA]) wins, and seven Mr. Olympia wins, a record which would stand until Lee Haney won his eighth consecutive Mr. Olympia title in 1991. Schwarzenegger continues to work out. When asked about his personal training during the 2011 Arnold Classic he said that he was still working out a half an hour with weights every"	"Calum Von Moger Calum Von Moger (born 9 June 1990) is an Australian bodybuilder, YouTuber, and actor. In 2017, Von Moger was cast as Arnold Schwarzenegger in George Gallo's ""Bigger"", the story behind Joe and Ben Weider. Calum Jose Von Moger was born in Victoria on 9 June 1990. He has Austrian and Dutch ancestry. He grew up with his parents and five siblings on a farm in Victoria. In 1998, he moved to Geelong, where he started bodybuilding at the age of 14. In October 2014, he moved to Los Angeles. Calum von Moger has incurred a string of"	"Austrian bodybuilder and actor Arnold Schwarzenegger at a charity tennis tournament being held at her mother's home. She married Schwarzenegger on April 26, 1986, in Hyannis, Massachusetts, at St. Frances Xavier Roman Catholic Church. They have four children: Katherine Eunice (born 1989), Christina Maria Aurelia (born 1991), Patrick Arnold (born 1993), and Christopher Sargent Shriver (born 1997). On May 9, 2011, Schwarzenegger and Shriver announced their separation after 25 years of marriage, with Shriver moving out of the couple's Brentwood mansion. In a message for her Twitter followers posted on May 13, 2011, Shriver said: ""Thank you all for the"	"he hopes to raise awareness of his clothing company by taking on high-profile modeling jobs. Schwarzenegger had supporting roles in 2012's ""Stuck in Love"", 2013's ""Grown Ups 2"" and 2015's ""Scouts Guide to the Zombie Apocalypse"". His first leading role was opposite Bella Thorne in 2018's ""Midnight Sun"", a romantic drama about a teenage girl with a rare medical condition. Patrick Schwarzenegger Patrick Arnold Shriver Schwarzenegger (born September 18, 1993) is an American actor and model. He is the son of Arnold Schwarzenegger and Maria Shriver. Through his mother, Schwarzenegger is related to the Kennedy family, and is a grand-nephew"	"son Meinhard died on 20 May 1971 in a car accident due to drunk driving. Schwarzenegger died of a stroke in Weiz, Steiermark, Austria on 13 December 1972 at the age of 65, where he had been transferred as a policeman. He is buried in Weiz Cemetery, Weiz, Steiermark, Austria. Aurelia Jadrny Schwarzenegger died of a heart attack at the age of 76 while visiting Weiz Cemetery in August 1998 and is buried next to her husband. His son, Arnold Schwarzenegger, stated in the film ""Pumping Iron"" that he did not attend his father's funeral, but later retracted this, explaining"	"Political career of Arnold Schwarzenegger Arnold Schwarzenegger is an actor and former bodybuilder who served as Governor of California from November 2003 to January 2011. He was first elected in the 2003 recall election and won re-election in 2006. He previously held non-elected appointments by President George H.W. Bush to the President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports, in which he served from 1990 to 1993 and was Chairman of California Governor's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports under Governor Pete Wilson. Schwarzenegger is a registered Republican. He describes himself as fiscally conservative and socially moderate (e.g., he is pro-choice,"	"Tom Arnold (actor) Thomas Duane Arnold (born March 6, 1959) is an American actor and comedian. He is best known for starring alongside Arnold Schwarzenegger in ""True Lies"" (1994), earning a nomination for the MTV Movie Award for Best Comedic Performance. Arnold has appeared in many more indie and Hollywood films, ""Nine Months"" (1995), ""The Stupids"" (1996), ""McHale's Navy"" (1997), ""Animal Factory"" (2000), ""Cradle 2 the Grave"" (2003), ""Mr. 3000"" (2004), ""Happy Endings"" (2005), ""The Great Buck Howard"" (2008), and ""Madea's Witness Protection"" (2011). He was also the host of ""The Best Damn Sports Show Period"" for four years. Born"	"between the two houses. Political career of Arnold Schwarzenegger Arnold Schwarzenegger is an actor and former bodybuilder who served as Governor of California from November 2003 to January 2011. He was first elected in the 2003 recall election and won re-election in 2006. He previously held non-elected appointments by President George H.W. Bush to the President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports, in which he served from 1990 to 1993 and was Chairman of California Governor's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports under Governor Pete Wilson. Schwarzenegger is a registered Republican. He describes himself as fiscally conservative and socially moderate"	"by lapping the entire field. He later became the President of the Super Midget Racing Club, and won the series' title in 1973. He died in 1978. Schaefer was elected to the National Midget Auto Racing Hall of Fame in 1999. Dutch Schaefer ""Alan ""Dutch"" Schaefer was also the name of Arnold Schwarzenegger's character in the original Predator movie"" Ed ""Dutch"" Schaefer (June 23, 1915 – March 12, 1978) was an American racecar driver. Schaefer was 1940 champion at the track at Cedarhurst, New York. He won the 1946 and 1948 track championships at Philadelphia’s Yellow Jacket Speedway. He was"	"in a number of other successful films, such as ""Commando"" (1985), ""The Running Man"" (1987), ""Predator"" (1987), ""Twins"" (1988), ""Total Recall"" (1990), ""Kindergarten Cop"" (1990), and ""True Lies"" (1994). As a Republican, Schwarzenegger was first elected on October 7, 2003, in a special recall election to replace then-Governor Gray Davis. He was sworn in on November 17, to serve the remainder of Davis' term. He was then re-elected in the 2006 California gubernatorial election, to serve a full term as governor. In 2011, he completed his second term as governor and returned to acting. Schwarzenegger was nicknamed ""the Austrian Oak"""	"Dutch Schaefer ""Alan ""Dutch"" Schaefer was also the name of Arnold Schwarzenegger's character in the original Predator movie"" Ed ""Dutch"" Schaefer (June 23, 1915 – March 12, 1978) was an American racecar driver. Schaefer was 1940 champion at the track at Cedarhurst, New York. He won the 1946 and 1948 track championships at Philadelphia’s Yellow Jacket Speedway. He was a four-time American Racing Drivers Club (ARDC) midget car champion (1956, 1957, 1960, and 1965). He served as President of the East Coast regional racing organization from 1952 to 1968. Schaefer once won a USAC national midget event at Hershey, Pennsylvania"	"Patrick M. Knapp Schwarzenegger Patrick M. Knapp Schwarzenegger (born February 2, 1968) also known under his mother’s maiden name as Patrick Knapp, is an Austrian-American attorney based in Los Angeles, California. He is the son of Meinhard Schwarzenegger and Erika Knapp, and nephew of bodybuilder, actor and former Governor of California, Arnold Schwarzenegger. Patrick Knapp Schwarzenegger was born in Munich, Germany. He is the only child of Erika Knapp (died in 1999) and Meinhard Schwarzenegger, elder brother and only sibling of former California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger. On May 20, 1971, Patrick’s father Meinhard Schwarzenegger, died in a tragic car accident"	"years in business: ""I couldn't have learned about business without a parade of teachers guiding me... from Milton Friedman to Donald Trump... and now, Les Wexner and Warren Buffett. I even learned a thing or two from Planet Hollywood, such as when to get out! And I did!"" He has significant ownership in Dimensional Fund Advisors, an investment firm. Schwarzenegger is also the owner of Arnold's Sports Festival, which he started in 1989 and is held annually in Columbus, Ohio. It is a festival that hosts thousands of international health and fitness professionals which has also expanded into a three-day"	"in Kitzbuehel, Austria, when Patrick was three years old. Patrick was raised by his mother and grandparents in Austria and Germany. In 1981 at age 13 he moved to Lisbon, Portugal, where he attended the German School of Lisbon. In 1987 Patrick graduated with the German Abitur High School Diploma and that same summer he emigrated to the United States to attend college with the help of his uncle Arnold Schwarzenegger. In 1991 Knapp Schwarzenegger graduated from the University of California, Los Angeles with degrees in Economics and Political Science and briefly worked for Congressman Lee H. Hamilton (D-Indiana), Chairman"	"the State of California from 2003 to 2011, Arnold Schwarzenegger was responsible for signing into law groundbreaking legislation that translated the Kyoto Protocol into Californian law. This and other initiatives is what led President Obama to ask Governor Schwarzenegger to obtain similar commitments from thirty other US States. A. Schwarzenegger’s success in implementing action at the sub-national level, and his ability to demonstrate the potential to scale this impact by replication at the sub-national level is ultimately what gave birth to the R20 Regions of Climate Action. In December 2009, after evaluating the failure of the COP15 to agree on"	"In 1772 the statue of the church patron was ceremoniously transferred to the present parish church and the old church demolished. In the subsequent period only the round tower was occupied until 1979. In 1996 parts of the castle were restored and made habitable again. Thal, Styria Thal () is a small village in the Austrian state of Styria, about west from the edge of Graz, Austria's second largest city. Its population in the 2014 census was 2,240. Thal is the birthplace of bodybuilder, actor, and politician Arnold Schwarzenegger, who lived there until the age of 19. In July 2011,"	"Torreón, Coahuila, Mexico on April 22, 1970. After his younger brother Jesús was born in 1975 the family moved to Mexico City, Mexico, settling in the Tláhuac ""delegacion"". Edgar Pozos was a quiet kid, focusing on school until he as a teenager saw a picture of Arnold Schwarzenegger in a gym in Mexico City, which inspired him begin bodybuilding. He was also a big fan of wrestling, with their father being a wrestling trainer the Pozos boys often attended wrestling matches as the ""Toreo de Cuatro Caminos"", one of the most popular wrestling venues in the early 1980s. Pozos combined"	"The 6th Day The 6th Day is a 2000 American science fiction action film directed by Roger Spottiswoode and starring Arnold Schwarzenegger, Tony Goldwyn, Michael Rapaport and Robert Duvall. In the film, a family man of the future is illegally cloned by accident as part of a vast conspiracy involving a shady billionaire businessman, and is thrust into a struggle to clear his name and protect his family from the conspirators who seek to keep the cloning a secret. The title refers to the Judeo-Christian Genesis creation narrative, where God created mankind on the sixth day. The film was Terry"	"invited to open the 2009 SAE World Congress in Detroit, on April 20, 2009. In 2011, Schwarzenegger founded the R20 Regions of Climate Action to develop a sustainable, low carbon economy. The Equal Opportunity to Govern Amendment in 2003 was widely accredited as the ""Amend for Arnold"" bill, which would have added an amendment to the U.S. Constitution allowing his run, as he was not a natural born citizen. In 2004, the ""Amend for Arnold"" campaign was launched, featuring a website and TV advertising promotion. In June 2007, Schwarzenegger was featured on the cover of ""TIME"" magazine with Michael Bloomberg,"	"March 23, 2013 at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, California at the age of 93. On Labor Day 2006, California governor and seven times Mr. Olympia winner Arnold Schwarzenegger, a Weider protégé, presented him with the Venice Muscle Beach Hall of Fame's Lifetime Achievement award. Schwarzenegger credited Weider with inspiring him to enter bodybuilding and to come to the United States. That same year Joe and Ben received the lifetime achievement award by the Young Men's Hebrew Association. A movie called ""Bigger"" is going to release in October 2018 on the life of Joe Weider and his brother Ben"	"health registry document describes him as a ""calm and reliable person, not particularly outstanding"" and assesses his intellect as ""average."" Ursula Schwarz, a historian at Vienna's Documentation Centre of Austrian Resistance, has said that Schwarzenegger's career was fairly typical for his generation, and no evidence has emerged that has directly linked him with participation in war crimes or abuses against civilians. He resumed his police career in 1947. Schwarzenegger married war widow Aurelia ""Reli"" Jadrny (29 July 1922 – 2 August 1998) on 5 October 1945, in Mürzsteg, Steiermark, Austria. They later had two sons, Meinhard and Arnold. His first"
Which musical featured the song Thank Heaven for Little Girls?	"French accent, Peter Sellers. In the ""Happy Days"" Season 5 episode ""Be My Valentine"" (February 14, 1978), a then-18-year-old Scott Baio sang it as part of a series of musical numbers commemorating Valentine's Day. In the 1997 film ""Wag the Dog"", the song performed by Chevalier is used as backdrop for an election campaign ad. Thank Heaven for Little Girls ""Thank Heaven for Little Girls"" is a 1957 song written by Alan Jay Lerner and Frederick Loewe and associated with its original performer, Maurice Chevalier. It opened and closed the 1958 film ""Gigi"". Alfred Drake performed the song in the"	"Thank Heaven for Little Girls (album) Thank Heaven for Little Girls is an album by Dwarves released via Sub Pop in 1991. Lyricism of ""Thank Heaven for Little Girls"" ranges from the macabre deaths of young ladies of the night in ""Blag the Ripper"" (inspired by the historical Jack the Ripper), to befriending Satan in ""Satan,"" and to general selfishness in ""Anybody But Me."" The song title of ""Dairy Queen"" is inspired by being stranded at a local Dairy Queen restaurant in Missouri. David Sprague of ""Trouser Press"" described the album as a ""water-treading"" release, and noted the band's shift"	"Thank God for Girls (song) ""Thank God for Girls"" is a song by American rock band Weezer. The song was released on October 26, 2015. The release of the song was accompanied by a lyric video which prominently features the cannoli mentioned in the song's first verse. After two days of radio airplay, ""Thank God for Girls"" was ranked as the most-added song of the week on alternative radio stations in the United States. It impacted more than twice as many stations as the next most-added song, The 1975's ""Love Me."" The official music video was released on November 16,"	"The Little Girls The Little Girls was a novelty band by the sisters Caron Maso (guitar, vocals) and Michele Maso (vocals) from San Fernando Valley in the early 1980s. They had two hits, ""The Earthquake Song"" and ""How to Pick Up Girls"". Both of these songs were hits on KROQ, a new wave radio station based in Los Angeles. They opened for many well-known acts such as The Call, The Plimsouls, The Boomtown Rats, Billy Idol, Janis Ian, and The Pretenders. Their LP ""Thank Heaven"" was released in 1983. The music video for ""How to Pick Up Girls"" was one"	"Buckingham Palace. O'Brien performed in ""Thank-You for the Music"", a 90-minute ABBA documentary for ITV, directed by Martin Koch, who previously directed the musical ""Mamma Mia!"" The documentary included a remake of the mini musical '""The Girl with the Golden Hair"" which ABBA performed during their 1977 world tour and featured on """" (also 1977). The musical was performed at the Prince of Wales Theatre and featured Richard O'Brien, Liz McClarnon and the Dynamos. He also hosted the 1993 Brit Awards. A patron of the Five Stars Scanner Appeal, which benefits the Royal Manchester Children's Hospital. From 2001-06 he hosted"	"Thank God for Girls (album) Thank God for Girls is the 1978 debut studio album from American singer Benny Mardones. In 1977, Mardones met Richie Havens at Woodstock, who was impressed with the singer and offered him the slot of opening act on his upcoming tour. During the tour, Mardones caught the attention of producer Andrew Loog Oldham and the President of Private Stock Records, Larry Utall. A record contract was offered and Mardones ended up signing with Private Stock Records. Produced by Oldham, Mardones recorded his debut ""Thank God for Girls"" for the label. It was released in 1978,"	"Thank God for Kids ""Thank God for Kids"" is a song written by Eddy Raven. He recorded it in 1972 for his Dot Records album of the same name, and included it as the b-side to his 1976 single ""The Curse of a Woman"". It was later recorded by American country music band The Oak Ridge Boys, whose version was the only single from their 1982 ""Christmas"" album. The song spent sixteen weeks on the Hot Country Songs charts and peaked at number three. In 2004, Kenny Chesney covered the song for his Christmas album ""All I Want for Christmas"	"Maurice Chevalier Maurice Auguste Chevalier (September 12, 1888 – January 1, 1972) was a French actor, cabaret singer and entertainer. He is perhaps best known for his signature songs, including his first American hit ""Livin' In The Sunlight"", ""Valentine"", ""Louise"", ""Mimi"", and ""Thank Heaven for Little Girls"" and for his films, including ""The Love Parade"", ""The Big Pond"" and ""Love Me Tonight"". His trademark attire was a boater hat, which he always wore on stage with a tuxedo. Chevalier was born in Paris. He made his name as a star of musical comedy, appearing in public as a singer and"	"2015. Prior to this, a lyric video for the song was posted to Weezer's VEVO channel on October 25, 2015, a day prior to the song's official release. It was directed by Scantron Films, a production company whose credits also include the music video for Fall Out Boy's ""Uma Thurman."" Thank God for Girls (song) ""Thank God for Girls"" is a song by American rock band Weezer. The song was released on October 26, 2015. The release of the song was accompanied by a lyric video which prominently features the cannoli mentioned in the song's first verse. After two days"	"Mean Girls (musical) Mean Girls is a musical with music by Jeff Richmond, lyrics by Nell Benjamin, and a book by Tina Fey. It is based on the 2004 film of the same name written by Fey, which, in turn, was inspired by the book ""Queen Bees and Wannabes"" by Rosalind Wiseman. The musical premiered at the National Theatre, Washington, D.C., in October 2017 and opened on Broadway in April 2018 at the August Wilson Theatre. A musical adaptation of the 2004 film ""Mean Girls"" was in the works by 2013. News emerged on October 3, 2016—the day of the"	"(1995) and (2011), ""Cinderella"" (1996), ""Bye Bye Birdie"" (1997), ""Oliver!"" (1998) and (2009), ""Guys and Dolls"" (1999), ""The Music Man"" (2000), ""Mame"" (2001), ""Grease"" (2003), ""Hello, Dolly!"" (2005), ""Damn Yankees"" (2006), ""West Side Story"" (2007), ""City of Angels"" (2008), ""Crazy for You"" (2012), ""Seussical"" (2013), ""Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory"" (2015), ""Mary Poppins (musical) "" (2016) "" Shrek the Musical "" (2017), and "" The Little Mermaid (musical) "" (2018) East Rockaway High School East Rockaway Junior-Senior High School (often abbreviated ERHS) is a co-educational six-year secondary school in East Rockaway, New York, and the sole high school in"	"at Glen Studio after a complete alternate version (known as ""Thank You for the Music"" (Doris Day version)) was recorded on 2 June 1977 at Marcus Music Studio. The Doris Day version was first released on a box set of the same name on October 31, 1994. Agnetha Fältskog performed the lead vocals, with Anni-Frid Lyngstad joining in on the chorus. ""Thank You for the Music"" was intended to form part of a ""mini-musical"" called ""The Girl with the Golden Hair"" (a phrase which is featured in the song) that songwriters Björn Ulvaeus and Benny Andersson included in ABBA's 1977"	"Gigi (André Previn album) Gigi is a 1958 jazz album by André Previn, Shelly Manne and Red Mitchell. The full album name is Modern Jazz Performances of Songs from Gigi. The album was recorded in April 1958. The three musicians were pianist André Previn, bassist Red Mitchell, and drummer Shelly Manne. The material consists of eight songs from the musical ""Gigi"". ""The Penguin Guide to Jazz"" described the album in 1992 as having a ""dated charm"". The AllMusic reviewer wrote: ""Best known among the songs are 'I Remember It Well' and 'Thank Heaven for Little Girls', but the trio also"	"working in Paris. When Chevalier, who already had agreed to appear in the film, first heard ""Thank Heaven for Little Girls"", he was delighted. When he discussed his waning interest in wine and women in favor of performing for an audience in cabarets, Chevalier inadvertently inspired the creation of another tune for his character, ""I'm Glad I'm Not Young Anymore"". The lyrics for another of his songs, the duet ""I Remember It Well"", performed with Hermione Gingold as his former love Madame Alvarez, were adapted from words Lerner had written for ""Love Life"", a 1948 collaboration with Kurt Weill. ""Say"	"The Girls of Gottenberg The Girls of Gottenberg is a musical play in two acts by George Grossmith, Jr. and L. E. Berman, with lyrics by Adrian Ross and Basil Hood, and music by Ivan Caryll and Lionel Monckton. P. G. Wodehouse's personal papers indicate that he wrote the lyrics for one song, ""Our Little Way"", but this was not included in the libretto of show, and he was not credited as a lyricist. The musical opened at the Gaiety Theatre in London, managed by George Edwardes, on 15 May 1907, and ran for 303 performances. It starred George Grossmith,"	"Thank You for Being a Friend ""Thank You for Being a Friend"" is a song written by Andrew Gold, who recorded it for his third album, ""All This and Heaven Too"". The song reached number 25 on the ""Billboard"" Hot 100 chart in 1978. On the ""Cash Box"" chart, ""Thank You for Being a Friend"" spent two weeks at #11. The song was later re-recorded by Cynthia Fee (also known for her work with Kenny Rogers) to serve as the theme song for the NBC sitcom ""The Golden Girls"", and recorded again for the series' CBS spin-off ""The Golden Palace""."	"Children's Letters to God Children's Letters to God was a Drama Desk Award nominated Off-Broadway musical that was based on the best selling book by Stoo Hample, music by David Evans, and lyrics by Douglas J. Cohen. The musical is about five young children who are friends that discuss their beliefs, ambitions, uncertainties, and questions common but paralyzing coming from children. Issues brought up in the musical are holidays, loss of a pet, divorces, sibling rivalry, the struggle of being unathletic, and first love. As in concurrence with the book, the show does not directly address religion, but just asks"	"Your Sunday Clothes"", and ""It Only Takes a Moment"" from ""Hello, Dolly!""; ""It's Today!"", ""Open a New Window"", ""We Need a Little Christmas,"" and ""Bosom Buddies"" from ""Mame""; and ""Tap Your Troubles Away"", ""I Won't Send Roses"" and ""Time Heals Everything"" from ""Mack & Mabel"". Herman was the first (of only two) composers/lyricists to have three musicals run more than 1500 consecutive performances on Broadway (the other being Stephen Schwartz): ""Hello, Dolly!"" (2,844), ""Mame"" (1,508), and ""La Cage aux Folles"" (1,761). He is honored by a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, at the 7000 block of Hollywood Boulevard."	"been lost and was recomposed by Nathan Hurwitz. This production was produced by David Mayhew and Victoria Sanders, starring Alison Bevan in a 99-seat black box theatre beneath CIrcle-in-the-Square downtown on West 4th Street. It ran for only a few weeks. §Additional lyrics by Fred Jackson.<br> †Additional lyrics by Schuyler Greene.<br> ††Additional lyrics by Irving Caesar. Two Little Girls in Blue Two Little Girls in Blue is a musical theatre work composed by Paul Lannin and Vincent Youmans, with lyrics by Ira Gershwin (under the pseudonym ""Arthur Francis"") and a libretto by Fred Jackson. The musical premiered at the George"	"Too Many Girls (musical) Too Many Girls is a Broadway musical comedy which was adapted for a 1940 film version starring Lucille Ball. The original Broadway production is noteworthy advancing the career of musician Desi Arnaz. The music was composed by Richard Rodgers, the lyrics by Lorenz Hart, and the book was by George Marion, Jr. ""Too Many Girls"" opened on Broadway on October 18, 1939, at the Imperial Theatre, running to April 21, 1940, and transferred to the Broadway Theatre on April 22, 1940, closing on May 18, 1940. The cast featured Desi Arnaz, Diosa Costello, Marcy Westcott, Eddie"	"Is a Real Good Tan"". His version spent one week at number 60 on the country singles charts in January 2004. In 2011, John Rich covered the song for his extended play, ""For the Kids"". Thank God for Kids ""Thank God for Kids"" is a song written by Eddy Raven. He recorded it in 1972 for his Dot Records album of the same name, and included it as the b-side to his 1976 single ""The Curse of a Woman"". It was later recorded by American country music band The Oak Ridge Boys, whose version was the only single from their"	"Hallelujah, Baby! Hallelujah, Baby! is a musical with music by Jule Styne, lyrics by Adolph Green and Betty Comden, and a book by Arthur Laurents. The show is ""a chronicle of the African American struggle for equality during the [first half of the] 20th century."" The musical premiered on Broadway in 1967 and made a young Leslie Uggams a star. It won the Tony Award for Best Musical. Georgina is a talented, beautiful and ambitious African American woman, determined to have a career. Overcoming many obstacles, she rises to stardom. She makes her way through the Great Depression, World War"	"Little Women (musical) Little Women is a musical with a book by Allan Knee, lyrics by Mindi Dickstein, and music by Jason Howland. Based on Louisa May Alcott's classic 1869 semi-autobiographical novel, it focuses on the four March sisters— traditional Meg, wild, aspiring writer Jo, timid Beth and romantic Amy,— and their beloved Marmee, at home in Concord, Massachusetts while their father is away serving as a Union Army chaplain during the Civil War. Intercut with the vignettes in which their lives unfold are several recreations of the melodramatic short stories Jo writes in her attic studio. A workshop production"	"the role created by Jack Gilford, also co-produced. ""Pretty Little Picture"" and ""That'll Show Him"" were dropped from the show, and were replaced with ""Echo Song"" (sung by Hero and Philia), and ""Farewell"" (added for Nancy Walker as Domina, as she and Senex depart for the country). ""Echo Song"" and ""Farewell"" had been added to a production staged in Los Angeles the previous year and were composed by Sondheim. They had to close soon after Phil Silvers suffered a stroke. The show won two Tony Awards, Best Leading Actor in a Musical for Silvers, and Best Featured Actor in a"	"The Schuyler Sisters ""The Schuyler Sisters"" is the fifth song from Act 1 of the musical ""Hamilton"", based on the life of Alexander Hamilton, which premiered on Broadway in 2015. Lin-Manuel Miranda wrote both the music and lyrics to the song. Musical director Alex Lacamoire explained that the song originally had a throwback Daft Punk/Pharrell feel, but after viewing a series of Vines with the three actresses improv-ing on Destiny's Child songs, he reworked the song to give it a Destiny's Child vibe, then let the sisters add their own harmonies to the tune; he ""realized there's nothing in the"	"on December 23, 1958, at the John Golden Theatre, where it closed on May 23, 1959 after 82 performances. It won the Obie Award for Best Musical An original cast recording was released by Capitol Records (LP# SWAO-1197). After four previews, a revival opened on Broadway on February 10, 1977, at the Morosco Theatre, where it remained for six weeks before transferring to the Little Theatre to complete its 92-performance run on April 30, 1977. This production included material written since the original 1958 show, including ""Do Re Mi"" and ""Subways Are For Sleeping"". The duo then took the show"	"Thank You for the Music ""Thank You for the Music"" is a song by the Swedish pop group ABBA. It was originally featured on the group's fifth studio album """" (1977), and was released as a single on 6 November 1983, to promote the Epic Records compilation album of the same name (similar compilations were released in other countries). The song ""Our Last Summer"", which was originally featured on the group's seventh studio album ""Super Trouper"" (1980), was the B-side. The song was simultaneously released in Ireland (as Epic were the licensees for both UK and Ireland), and later released"	"Two Little Girls in Blue Two Little Girls in Blue is a musical theatre work composed by Paul Lannin and Vincent Youmans, with lyrics by Ira Gershwin (under the pseudonym ""Arthur Francis"") and a libretto by Fred Jackson. The musical premiered at the George M. Cohan's Theatre on Broadway on May 3, 1921. The first ""conference"" for the show was held at the Garden City Hotel, where Lannin worked as a chef. According to Gershwin, ""His father wanted him to learn every phase of the hotel business, which didn't include composing."" A.L. Erlanger was brought in as producer, though Youmans"	"Dreamgirls Dreamgirls is a Broadway musical, with music by Henry Krieger and lyrics and book by Tom Eyen. Based on the show business aspirations and successes of R&B acts such as The Supremes, The Shirelles, James Brown, Jackie Wilson, and others, the musical follows the story of a young female singing trio from Chicago, Illinois called ""The Dreams"", who become music superstars. Staged with a mostly African-American cast and originally starring Jennifer Holliday, Sheryl Lee Ralph, Loretta Devine, Ben Harney, Cleavant Derricks, Vondie Curtis-Hall, and Obba Babatundé, the musical opened on December 20, 1981, at the Imperial Theatre on Broadway."	"lead vocals in both songs were sung by Sara Ramirez. This gave her six songs in Act One, but no further appearances until scene five in Act Two, for ""The Diva's Lament"". The musical previewed on Broadway, at New York's Shubert Theatre, beginning 14 February 2005, ahead of an official opening on 17 March. Mike Nichols directed, and Casey Nicholaw choreographed. The production won the Tony Award for Best Musical and was nominated for 14 Tony Awards. The show played its final performance on 11 January 2009 after 35 previews and 1,575 performances; it was seen by more than two"	"It is not as light-hearted or uncomplicated as most other musicals that might share a setting in high school. The musical opened in the West End at the Shaftesbury Theatre on August 20, 2001, but closed on October 31, 2001. The mostly positive reviews praised Henshall's performance. Its early closing has been attributed to the reduced numbers of people visiting London after the events of 9/11; during that time, many theatrical shows in West End also performed poorly. Miss Grano, Danny, Arthur, Mr. Kalodney, Walter, Joe, Linda, Maddy, Carol, School Nurse, and Jack. Gerard Bentall, Verity Bentham, Dawn Buckland, Chris"	"Thnks fr th Mmrs ""Thnks fr th Mmrs"" (a disemvoweling of ""thanks for the memories"") is a song by American rock band Fall Out Boy. The song debuted on radio on March 20, 2007, and was released on March 27 as the third single from their third studio album, ""Infinity on High"". With music composed by Patrick Stump and the lyrics penned by bassist Pete Wentz, the song was one of the two tracks produced by Babyface for the album. ""Thnks fr th Mmrs"" was a commercial success, reaching No. 11 on the ""Billboard"" Hot 100 in the United States,"	"Omaha and Company ""The Gospel of Gabriel Finn""\| Gabriel Finn ACT TWO ""Terre Haute High"" \|April ""Life Wins"" \| Omaha ""The Worm Germ"" \| Provo ""Isaacs' Equation"" \| Dr. Isaacs ""Dance the Dark Away!"" \| Storyteller and Company ""Four Hundred Girls Ago"" \| Gabriel Finn ""All My Good Mornings"" \| Omaha ""Isaacs' Equation (Reprise)"" \| Dr. Isaacs ""Children of the Sun (Reprise)"" \| Omaha and Gabriel Finn ""New Jerusalem"" \| Company Via Galactica Via Galactica is a rock musical with a book by Christopher Gore and Judith Ross, lyrics by Gore, and music by Galt MacDermot. It marked the Broadway"
The Queen Elizabeth liner was destroyed by fire in the 70s in which harbour?	"was sold to the city of Long Beach, California. ""Queen Elizabeth"" was sold to a succession of buyers, most of whom had unsuccessful plans for her. Finally ""Queen Elizabeth"" was sold to Hong Kong businessman Tung Chao Yung, who intended to convert her into a floating university cruise ship called Seawise University. In 1972, while undergoing refurbishment in Hong Kong harbour, fire broke out aboard under unexplained circumstances and the ship was capsized by the water used to fight the fire. In 1973, the wreck was deemed an obstruction to shipping in the area, and so was partially scrapped where"	"on Queen's Island was heavily bombed by the Luftwaffe in April and May 1941 causing considerable damage to the shipbuilding facilities and destroying the aircraft factory. With the rise of the jet-powered airliner in the late 1950s, the demand for ocean liners declined. This, coupled with competition from Japan, led to difficulties for the British shipbuilding industry. The last liner that the company launched was MV ""Arlanza"" for Royal Mail Line in 1960, whilst the last liner completed was SS ""Canberra"" for P&O in 1961. In the 1960s, notable achievements for the yard included the tanker ""Myrina"", which was the"	"of London. Bought in September 1897 by the Adelaide Steamship Company and was rebuilt in 1904. She was gutted by fire on 6 March 1920. The ship was carrying a cargo including 'benzine' and was near Dunk Island when, at 5 am, there was a violent explosion in the after hold, followed almost immediately by an explosion in the forward hold. Flames higher than the mast emerged from the after hold and set fire to the ship's boats and superstructure. The first mate was sitting on a hatch at the time of the first explosion and disappeared; some human bones"	"was held in the vessel's home port of Liverpool on the 30th anniversary of ""Derbyshire""'s loss. A permanent memorial was dedicated on 15th September 2018 in the garden of the Church of Our Lady and Saint Nicholas, Liverpool. MV Derbyshire MV ""Derbyshire"" was an ore-bulk-oil combination carrier built in 1976 by Swan Hunter, as the last in the series of the ""Bridge""-class sextet. She was registered at Liverpool and owned by Bibby Line. She was lost on 9 September 1980 during Typhoon Orchid, south of Japan. All 42 crew members and two of their wives were killed in the sinking."	"Harbour is also home to the wreck of the SS Linkmoor, of London, Captain Ridley. Liverpool to Blyth. Lost 10 Nov 1930, 2.55am GMT during a Westerly gale force 8-9 in heavy sea & squalls. Cause, engine trouble and state of weather, with 32 on board of whom all were saved. The SS Linkmoor is a favourite ""shore"" dive site for local divers and is often used as a training dive. Best dived in winter due to the shallow nature of the wreckage being obscured by kelp. The boilers actually stood proud of the water until they final succumbed to"	"Humber, the docks in Hull were bombed; all docks were damaged, and the wooden Riverside Quay at Albert Dock was totally destroyed in 1941. Major fires destroyed the fish market at St Andrews Dock in 1929, and a general cargo shed at Humber Dock in 1951. In 1970, a vehicle carrying liquefied gas struck the top of a road subway leading to the William Wright and St Andrew's docks, resulting in a gas explosion and fire. The incident caused two deaths and 17 serious injuries. On 18 September 2017, emergency crews attended a large-scale acid leak which had caused a"	"elderly ship had her main engine removed (it is now on display at the Science Museum in London) and she was scuttled about 200 yards from the Shagstone on 27 April 1970. Intended to be used as a diver training site, she was sunk in shallow water, but soon found to be obstructing the entrance to the port and was dispersed using explosives. The remains currently sit in of water south of the Plymouth breakwater at . The wreck is considerably broken up, but the boilers remain and are currently home to a number of conger eels. Glen Strathallan Glen"	"HMS Breda (1679) HMS ""Breda"" was a 70-gun third rate ship of the line of the English Royal Navy, launched at Harwich in 1679. ""Breda"" was destroyed by an accidental fire in 1690. She was anchored at Spike Island, Cork with a full complement of 400 aboard, including troops and 160 Jacobite prisoners, when a gunpowder explosion occurred. She took fire and blew up. Col. John Barrett, who escaped, was considered to have caused the explosion maliciously. There were 9 other survivors. Following the Siege of Cork Barrett was taken prisoner by Marlborough and placed upon the Breda where he"	"Atlantic convoy escorts and minesweepers were based in the dock. In 1942 the National Fire Service opened a fire station on Fort Road and had a berth for some of its fireboats adjoining the NW Wall of the Dock, this remained open until 1946. On 25 January 1953, the liner RMS ""Empress of Canada"" caught fire and capsized in Gladstone Number One Branch Dock. She was refloated the following year and towed to Gladstone Graving Dock to be made watertight, in preparation for being scrapped in Italy. Transatlantic passenger services continued to use the dock until all such services from"	"and London"". The library building was demolished in the 1980s and the site is now part of the open space called Potter's Fields. The most famous wharf of the south side of the Pool of London was Hay's Wharf, first mentioned in 1651 to the east of St Olave's church. For 300 years it grew, until Tooley Street and the surrounding industrial development was nicknamed ""London's Larder"". The warehouses burned down in the 1861 fire (see above). Hay's Wharf was where Ernest Shackleton's ship ""The Quest"" lay in 1921. This dock was filled in during extensive rebuilding in the 1980s"	"prior to retirement, the Cunard liner Queen Elizabeth 2 ran aground on the Bramble Bank at approximately 0530 hrs. She required four tugs to pull her clear on the rising tide and arrived in Southampton approximately 90 minutes late. On 3 January 2015 the car transporter was beached on the bank after developing a list. A 200-metre maritime exclusion zone was put into in place around the ship until the salvage operation took place, and airspace below 2,000 ft was also closed to aircraft within . She was refloated on the rising tide on the 7th of January 2015, and"	"1985 and lies in of water. The wreck is protected under the Irish National Monument Act, and a licence from the National Monuments Service is required to dive it. HMS Vanguard (1870) The eighth HMS ""Vanguard"" of the British Royal Navy was an ""Audacious""-class central battery ironclad battleship, launched in 1870. ""Vanguard"" — under the command of Captain Richard Dawkins, sailed out of Kingstown (now Dún Laoghaire) harbour on 27 August 1875 in company with three other ironclads, , and . The ships were part of the First Reserve Squadron and were on a summer cruise around the Irish coast."	"in moorings at Binfield Marina on the River Medina near Newport. In 1977 she caught fire with damage estimated at £100,000 but she was repaired. However, by the late 1980s her popularity had waned and the nightclub was closed. She remained derelict and abandoned on her mooring, gradually deteriorating. In August 2006 her funnel collapsed and she is now possibly beyond repair. In September 2009 it was announced that enthusiasts were attempting to raise funds to buy the steamer, held by receivers after her former owner, Island Harbour Holdings LTD, went into administration. A non-profit company, PS Ryde Trust, wished"	"the Nazi U-boats off the coast of Cape Breton and Newfoundland during the Battle of the Atlantic, when 20 of the 35 merchant cargo vessels were sunk on their journey to England. Sydney Harbour was one of the hotspots of the Battle of the St. Lawrence. Two notable shipping attacks occurred during this battle: the sinking of the train ferry in October 1942 on its way from North Sydney to Port aux Basques, Newfoundland; and the sinking of the Sydney-based HMCS ""Shawinigan"" on 24 November 1944 in the Cabot Strait, near Cape North, on Cape Breton Island. Sydney's coal shipping"	"Memorial to the Engine Room Heroes of the Titanic The Memorial to the Engine Room Heroes of the ""Titanic"" is a granite monument located on St. Nicholas Place, at the Pier Head, in Liverpool, England. The city of Liverpool is strongly associated with the ill-fated liner that sank on 15 April 1912, after striking an iceberg in the North Atlantic with the loss of some 1,517 lives. The RMS ""Titanic"" was owned by White Star Line which was founded in Liverpool in 1840. Liverpool was also the port of registry of the liner with the words 'Titanic, Liverpool' visible on"	"construction of a locally opposed housing development in the 1970s) is visible only as grass-covered mounds and remains mainly unexcavated. The wreck that can be seen off the harbour is the 1021grt coaster ""SS Vina"" which was used for target practice by the RAF before accidentally sinking in 1944. The ""Vina"" was built at Leith by Ramage & Ferguson in 1894 and was registered at Grangemouth. She was a coast-hugging general cargo ship which would have worked the crossings between the east coast of England and through to the Baltic states. As she neared the end of her useful seagoing"	"a riverfront nightclub. In the lates 1990s, the Warship Preservation Trust acquired LCT 7074 and undertook minor restoration work but when the trust went into liquidation in January 2006, all restoration stopped. Much of LCT 7074's superstructure is original to her 1944 build, however, her engines had been removed and will need to be replaced. LCT 7074 was partly submerged at its mooring at East Float in Birkenhead, but following a £916,000 grant from the National Memorial Heritage Fund (NHMF), the craft was salvaged during a two-day operation on 15 and 16 October 2014. The operation started on 22 August"	"""Agip Abruzzo"", sparking an extensive fire that ravaged the ship. The only survivor of the crew and passengers of the ferry was a young ship's boy, Alessio Bertrand from Naples. The other 140 on board were killed by the fire or toxic fumes. On 28 May 1998 the ship's hull sunk while impounded in a dock in Livorno harbor; it was later refloated and sent to be scrapped in Turkey. MV"" Moby Prince"" was an Italian ferry owned by Navarma Lines (today Moby Lines). She was built in 1967 by the English shipyard Cammell Laird of Birkenhead as ""Koningin Juliana"""	"to be in use into the 20th century, by the fur and tanning trades. Being upstream of London Bridge, however, meant that large sea-going sailing ships could no longer safely reach the dock from the sea. King Charles II landed at Queenhithe during the Great Fire of London in September 1666 to view the extent of the destruction and assist in the firefighting. The dock, including the wharf walls and adjacent street, was designated a Scheduled Ancient Monument in 1973; it is the only surviving inlet on the modern City's waterfront. Its walls have been re-strengthened, as part of London's"	"accounts report 78 survivors.) Notes Citations References Hibernia (1828 ship) Hibernia was a passenger ship built at Prince Edward's Island in 1828. She was transporting passengers from Liverpool to Australia when a fire in the South Atlantic (4°40′S 20°30′W) on 5 February 1833 destroyed her. ""Hibernia"" had two decks, with poop and forecastle decks. She had three masts, a square stern, quarter quarter galleries, and a scroll head. She was registered at Bristol on 6 April 1829, with owner John Cambridge. Cambridge mortgaged her, but died. The mortgage holders died also, and the executors of his will and that of"	"be buried where ""Lady Elizabeth"" was used as a coal hulk. Plans were made by the Crown Receiver of Wrecks to salvage ""Lady Elizabeth"" and convert her into a floating museum. Due to lack of funding, however, the project was never completed. In the winter of 2008, the ship’s bowsprit broke during a storm. The Falkland Islands Museum & National Trust has discussed removing the bowsprit. Lady Elizabeth (1879) Lady Elizabeth was an iron barque of 1,155 tons built by Robert Thompson Jr. of Southwick, Sunderland and launched on 4 June 1879. Robert Thompson Jr. was one of the sons"	"to North Reef near Heron Island, Queensland, 7 July 1926 and sent out an S.O.S call. The ""S.S.Burwah"" responded to her call and rescued her crew of 84 and 200 passengers. After several unsuccessful salvage attempts she was abandoned to the underwriters it was latter gutted by fire on 26 January 1927. She now lies broken up and scattered over the reef and a few beams and machinery parts in the coral in 4 metres of water her boiler remains visible on the beach near the North reef lighthouse. . Joyce a 42-foot wooden motor vessel struck the southeast corner"	"their lives, and two from the ""Queen Charlotte"", anchored nearby. The anchor cables were destroyed by the fire, so the ship drifted and eventually ran aground. It eventually had to be blown up, and the Boyne Buoy, still marks the position of the wreck near Southsea Castle at the entrance to Portsmouth Harbour. The accident happened before John Jervis had been able to remove all his papers and belongings, so everything he had on board was lost. George Grey, as captain, was court-martialed but acquitted, as he had not been on board at the time. In August 1797, Captain Grey"	"and moved to a dock at Birkenhead for repairs. During the Liverpool Blitz there was concern that there might be considerable loss of life if the ship were hit and she moved to Glyn Garth Mooring on the Menai Straits, Anglesey, in May 1941. In 1953, it was decided to return the ""Conway"" to Birkenhead for a refit. On 14 April, the ship left her moorings in the Menai Straight under tow, but was driven ashore shortly afterwards by unexpectedly strong tides and wrecked, watched by a large crowd on the Menai Suspension Bridge. A fire in 1956 then destroyed"	"was scuttled and burned. In the 1970s remains of the ship were discovered and is now Long Island's only underwater park. Remains of the ship can be seen at the East Hampton Marine Museum in Amagansett. After the war, Gardiners Island which had been considered an independent colony was officially added to New York and East Hampton. George Washington was to authorize construction of the Montauk Point Lighthouse. During the War of 1812 British frigates once again controlled the northern bays of East Hampton with frigates headquartered in Gardiners Bay particularly harassing ships going into Sag Harbor. Sag Harbor had"	"by P&O in 1971 and the ferries subsequently took on the P&O Ferries colours, with pale blue funnels. The service closed in 1981 and both ships were laid up in Ostend. ""Ulster Queen"" saw further service as ""Med Sea"", ""Al Kahera"" and ""Ala-Eddin"". In 1988, she was bought by Hellenic Mediterranean Lines, and renamed ""Poseidonia"". On 2 November 2005, she caught fire during a voyage from Suez to Jeddah. One crew member was lost. The following day, she sank on Hyndman Reef, Safaga and lies as a wreck. MV Ulster Queen (1967) MV ""Ulster Queen"" was a passenger ferry operated"	"Passengers using the Perth Amboy Ferry were forced to use the nearby Atlantic station instead. On June 25, 1946, a fire wrecked the terminal at Saint George, killing three people and causing damage worth $22,000,000. The fire destroyed the ferry terminal and the four slips used for Manhattan service, the terminal for Staten Island Rapid Transit trains, and a small building and slip owned by the city and used by the Army and Navy to transport personnel from Staten Island to the United States Naval Depot at Bayonne, New Jersey. Twenty rail cars were also destroyed in the fire. Since"	"to escape. Five years later, a fire consumed the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad's Hoboken ferry piers. The piers immediately south of the NDL piers, owned before World War I by Hamburg America Line, were later also destroyed by fire. In 1921, two of the three piers (Hoboken Pier Nos. 5 and 6) were consumed in a fire that also singed the . Then, in August 1944, Pier No. 4 burned, killing three and briefly setting afire the SS ""Nathaniel Alexander"", a Liberty ship. 1900 Hoboken Docks fire The 1900 Hoboken Docks fire occurred on June 30, 1900, and killed"	"her sister ships which had been sunk during the Second World War. Originally coal fired by hand, she was converted while in Malta to burn heavy fuel oil, with oil burners being fitted in each of the three furnaces in the Scotch boiler. Completing around 15 years service in Malta she was repatriated to the UK, working around River Clyde and the west coast of Scotland for the Port Auxiliary Service. In 1969 she was surveyed and refitted at Ardrossan, then towed to Gareloch where she remained possibly laid-up out of service. In 1977 she was put up for sale"	"docks area once again made the ""Manxman"" homeless, and she was towed to Liverpool in 1991 where once again she was to be used as a floating nightclub in the Trafalgar Docks area. In 1993 she was again moved, this time to Hull, being moored in the disused Ruscador Dry Dock. Here, a fire which broke out in August 1997 seriously damaged many of the vintage wood panels of the ship's interior and she was moved to the yard of Pallion Engineering Company Ltd on the River Wear, in the shadow of the Queen Alexandra Bridge in Sunderland, inside Pallion"	"2007 the ship was severely damaged in a fire that occurred during restoration. A number of well-known tourist attractions are in the surrounding area, including the National Maritime Museum, Royal Observatory, Greenwich Hospital, Greenwich foot tunnel, Trinity College of Music, and the Old Royal Naval College. It is the first station south of the River Thames and, as the DLR passes underneath the river in a tunnel, is below ground. Along with all other stations on the Lewisham extension, it is in Travelcard Zones 2 and 3, passengers are only charged the lower of two possible fares as a result."	"an ammunition explosion shortly after the war. Although the remaining pier is in a state of disrepair and fenced off to the public many anglers use it as it offers access to seafish such as mackerel, cod, dogfish, mullet and plaice. In the 1970s the ferry service between Stranraer and Larne in Northern Ireland was operated by British Railways. As private motoring and road transport became dominant at the expense of classic rail-ferry-rail transits, the significance of Stranraer as the ferry terminal, adjacent to the railway station, declined, and a private sector operator, P&O Ferries started operating roll-on roll-off ferries"	"Royal Dockyards in view of the damage he had caused. A crowd of 20,000 gathered to witness the hanging. The death penalty for murder was abolished in 1969, leaving the provisions of the Dockyards etc. Protection Act 1772 as one of the few crimes that retained the death penalty. In 1970, the Law Commission proposed that the crime of arson in royal dockyards be abolished in its draft Criminal Damage Bill as part of an update of the law on criminal damage. The reasoning was that the law was no longer required for its original purposes, as warships were no"
What breed of dog did Columbo own?	"he is visiting them. ""Étude in Black"" (1972) marked the first appearance of the lieutenant's basset hound, named ""Dog"". ""Dog"" came to be an occasional regular character in the films. Columbo considered names like ""Fido"", ""Munch"" and ""Beethoven"" but ultimately settled on ""Dog"". In ""Sex and the Married Detective"", Columbo is put on the spot when he is asked to play the tuba. Reluctantly he agrees, only to demonstrate great proficiency. He subsequently claimed that at school, the tuba was the only instrument left. In several episodes, Columbo is seen eating a breakfast of a boiled egg, usually while investigating"	"""Epic Rap Battles of History"" during the battle between Picasso and Bob Ross. Lump (dog) Lump (1956 – 29 March 1973), was a Dachshund owned by David Douglas Duncan who lived with artist Pablo Picasso for six years, and featured in several of his works. Born in Stuttgart, Germany, and named after the German word for ""rascal"", the dog was acquired by David Douglas Duncan, an American photographer. Lump was purchased at the age of three months from a German family in order to act as a companion for Duncan's Afghan Hound, Kubla. The two dogs did not get along"	"Dogo Cubano The Dogo Cubano, also known as the Cuban Dogge, Cuban Bloodhound and Cuban Mastiff is an extinct dog breed from Cuba. It was of the Bullmastiff type and was used for bull and dog fighting. The breed was introduced in Cuba to capture runaway slaves (""cimarrones""). After the abolition of slavery, they ceased to exist in time. They were between a Bulldog and a Mastiff in size. The muzzle was short, broad, and abruptly truncated. The head was broad and flat, and the lips, deeply pendulous. The medium-sized ears, were also partly pendulous, the tail rather short, cylindrical,"	"adventures of Lupo for children. She was inspired following walks in Kensington Palace gardens with her own Cocker Spaniel, and the death of her fiancé. The first book is called ""The Adventures of Lupo the Royal Dog: The Secret of Windsor Castle"" and was released in September 2014. Lupo (dog) Lupo is an English Cocker Spaniel owned by Prince William, Duke of Cambridge and Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge. He has been credited with raising the profile of the breed in the UK by The Kennel Club, and has appeared in photographs alongside his owners' son, Prince George of Cambridge. Lupo"	"directed toward Grace Coolidge – was achieved by feeding it candy from Coolidge's hand throughout the portrait sittings. The life-size painting is featured in the White House China Room. Rob Roy (dog) Rob Roy (1922–1928) was a white male collie owned by Calvin Coolidge. Coolidge's favorite pet, he was acquired by Grace Coolidge in 1922 after she became enamored with collies, having seen one of the breed perform in a circus. He later lived with the family in the White House. Rob Roy was immortalized in a Howard Chandler Christy portrait of Grace Coolidge. He died in 1928 after a"	"Rob Roy (dog) Rob Roy (1922–1928) was a white male collie owned by Calvin Coolidge. Coolidge's favorite pet, he was acquired by Grace Coolidge in 1922 after she became enamored with collies, having seen one of the breed perform in a circus. He later lived with the family in the White House. Rob Roy was immortalized in a Howard Chandler Christy portrait of Grace Coolidge. He died in 1928 after a short illness. Rob Roy was acquired by Calvin Coolidge's wife, Grace Coolidge, in 1922 from Island White Kennels in Oshkosh, Wisconsin. Grace Coolidge had reportedly become enthralled by collies"	"Clumber Spaniel The Clumber Spaniel is a breed of dog of the spaniel type, developed in the United Kingdom. It is the largest of the spaniels, and comes in predominantly white with either lemon or orange markings. The name of the breed is taken from Clumber Park in Nottinghamshire where the breed was first developed. It is a gundog that specialises in hunting in heavy cover. They are gentle and loyal, and can act aloof with strangers. They have several habits which could be considered disadvantages, including a constant shedding of its coat and snoring. The history of the breed"	"Lupo (dog) Lupo is an English Cocker Spaniel owned by Prince William, Duke of Cambridge and Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge. He has been credited with raising the profile of the breed in the UK by The Kennel Club, and has appeared in photographs alongside his owners' son, Prince George of Cambridge. Lupo was bred from Ella, a dog owned by Michael and Carole Middleton, the parents of Kate Middleton, the Duchess of Cambridge. He is a working-type English Cocker Spaniel. Lupo was born in a litter just prior to Christmas 2011, and was given to Prince William, Duke of Cambridge"	"Colombian fino hound The Colombian fino hound (Sabueso fino Colombiano) is a typical dog breed from Colombia, the hunting dog of Colombian peasants, distributed throughout the country with a traceable history for over 200 years, was selected by functionality and adaptability to the Colombian landscape. The fino hound is a beautiful scenthound, with magnificent sense of smell, body with rectangular proportion of medium size, with a height at withers that varies between 45 and 55 cm, almond eyes, long ears and scissor bite . Their skin is usually loose and regularly has jowls, the tail is long saber that thins"	"Lump (dog) Lump (1956 – 29 March 1973), was a Dachshund owned by David Douglas Duncan who lived with artist Pablo Picasso for six years, and featured in several of his works. Born in Stuttgart, Germany, and named after the German word for ""rascal"", the dog was acquired by David Douglas Duncan, an American photographer. Lump was purchased at the age of three months from a German family in order to act as a companion for Duncan's Afghan Hound, Kubla. The two dogs did not get along well, with the larger Afghan treating Lump much like a toy, rolling him"	"of indigenous Americans from Asia, with one or more southern European herding dog breeds during the Columbian Exchange. Archaeological evidence has been found in the tombs of the Colima, Mayan, Toltec, Zapotec, and Aztec Native Americans dating the breed to over 3500 years ago. Long regarded as guardians and protectors, the indigenous peoples believed that the Xolo would safeguard the home from evil spirits as well as intruders. In ancient times the Xolos were often sacrificed and then buried with their owners to act as guide to the soul on its journey to the underworld. These dogs were considered a"	"it was a specific mild-mannered type of the Šarplaninac known as Zlatan that served as the great conqueror's pet, seeing how all but one variety of the breed have traditionally been very dominant and ferocious workers. Prior to the Turkish conquest of the area, all of the shepherd dogs of the Balkans were known under the name of ""Illyrian Mountain Dog"", distinguishable as regional Molosser types, rather than actual breeds. However, these great dogs existed in the Balkans long before the Illyrian connection, so even that name is technically incorrect and would be more accurate if applied strictly to the"	"became one of the first ten breeds recognised by the American Kennel Club in 1884. The first Clumber Spaniel was entered in the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show in 1878. Champion Clussexx Country Sunrise (""Brady""), bred by Doug Johnson and owned by Richard and Judith Zaleski of Florida, became the only Clumber to win Best in Show there in 1996. Clumber Spaniel The Clumber Spaniel is a breed of dog of the spaniel type, developed in the United Kingdom. It is the largest of the spaniels, and comes in predominantly white with either lemon or orange markings. The name of"	"was from the tip of his nose to the tip of his tail. Zorba (dog) Aicama Zorba of La-Susa or Zorba (26 September 1981 – ?) was a male Old English Mastiff who was recognized by Guinness World Records as the heaviest and longest dog in the world. Zorba was bred by Mrs I. Prosser on 26 September 1981. His sire and dam were Stablemate's Bruno of Kisumu (American import) and Gildasan Valentine Daisy of Aicama. He was owned by Chris Eraclides of London, England. Zorba initially set the record of heaviest dog in September 1987 at . In November"	"Billy (pygmy hippo) Billy, or William Johnson Hippopotamus, (1920s – October 11, 1955) was a pygmy hippopotamus given to U.S. President Calvin Coolidge. Captured in Liberia, he was given to Coolidge by Harvey Samuel Firestone in 1927. Billy spent most of his life in the National Zoo in Washington D.C.. In addition to his fame as an exotic presidential pet—which afforded him a trip to the 1939 New York World's Fair—Billy is also notable as the common ancestor to most pygmy hippos in American zoos. By the time of his death in 1955, Billy had sired 23 calves, 13 of"	"of Cambridge and Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge own an English Cocker Spaniel called Lupo, and Lupo was bred from Ella, a dog owned by her parents Michael and Carole Middleton. He is a working-type English Cocker Spaniel. Lupo was born in a litter just prior to Christmas 2011, and was given to Prince William, Duke of Cambridge and Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge, who at first denied owning the dog to the media. Following the birth of Prince George of Cambridge, Lupo was featured in one of the first official photographs. He was subsequently featured in a family portrait with the"	"Nevado Nevado (1813? – 1821) was a Mucuchies dog that was given to Simón Bolívar by the local people of Mucuchíes, Mérida, in the Venezuelan Andes. It was given as a kind of present shortly after the Battle of Niquitao during his triumphal Admirable Campaign from New Granada (today Colombia) to Caracas in 1813. Bolivar's army was approaching a farm when the independence fighters were stopped in their tracks by a giant, barking guard dog. Weapons drawn, the rebels were about to kill the dog when Bolivar, marveling at its beauty and bravery, ordered them to back down. Nevado always"	"as the Dogo Canario (Perro de Presa Canario) as well as the Mastín Español (Spanish Mastiff). Among some of the South American breeds, descended from these dogs after brought by the Spanish explorers and conquistadores are Cimarron Uruguayo, Dogo Argentino, the extinct Perro de Pelea Cordobes and possibly, the Fila Brasileiro. The breed is also sometimes called the Spanish Bulldog in English. English dog dealer Bill George imported a dog he called ""Big Headed Billy"" in 1840. He was used to increase size in English Bulldogs. No record or history of health issues in the breed. Since the breed was"	"nine litter mates was Senator Ted Kennedy's dog named ""Cappy"" (Amigo's Captain Courageous); the litter was named ""Hope and Change"", in honor of Obama's victory. Bo's original buyer is unknown, but eventually they returned him to the Stern family; purchasing Bo required signing a contract to return him to his breeder if things did not work out. Bo enrolled with Kennedy's obedience trainer Dawn Sylvia-Stasiewicz, in Hume, Virginia on January 5, 2009. Bo's brother, Rico, is owned by a couple in Houston, Texas. At his first press conference as President-elect, Obama was questioned by reporters as to which breed the"	"to their breed's aggressiveness with their peers. Well-known Argentine Polar Dogs include Poncho and Simba. Poncho was a sled dog who was well known for his ability to warn men of hidden cracks in the ice in front of them. On one occasion, Poncho guided a rescue team to the survivors of an aircraft accident, who were all recovered safely. Simba was the sled and guide dog of General Hernán Pujato and General Víctor Hugo Figueroa also had an Argentine Polar Dog named Hipo. In 1965, Colonel Jorge Edgar Leal selected Argentine Polar Dogs for his expedition to the South"	"ran beside Bolívar’s horse, no matter if he traveled through cities or battlefields. Nevado died in the Battle of Carabobo on June 24, 1821. When Bolívar received news that Nevado was badly injured, he rushed to the dog, but he came too late. Several monuments to Nevado stand at the entrance of Mucuchíes town. Nevado Nevado (1813? – 1821) was a Mucuchies dog that was given to Simón Bolívar by the local people of Mucuchíes, Mérida, in the Venezuelan Andes. It was given as a kind of present shortly after the Battle of Niquitao during his triumphal Admirable Campaign from"	"bench-press one hundred and twenty kilos. He also had a pet Staffordshire bull terrier whom he named Castro after the Cuban Marxist–Leninist leader Fidel Castro. On the other hand, those who got to know Crow saw much more subtle aspects to his character: ""The Guardian"" described Crow as having ""a very keen brain and strong emotional intelligence"", while ""The New York Times"" deemed him to be both ""confrontational and charismatic"" and ""sharp and shrewd"". Crow took a keen interest in the weather and owned a barometer, informing press that if he had not become a trade unionist then he would"	"Jennings Dog The Jennings Dog (also known as The Duncombe Dog or The Dog of Alcibiades) is a Roman sculpture of a dog with a docked tail. Named for its first modern owner, Henry Constantine Jennings, it is a 2nd-century AD Roman copy of a Hellenistic bronze original. The original was probably of the 2nd century BC. It is high; its leonine muzzle and one leg have been repaired since its rediscovery. Though it is one of only a few animal sculptures surviving from antiquity, a pair of similar marble mastiffs of the same model can be seen in the"	"on his own dinner plate. With the work dated and inscribed to Lump, he handed the plate to Duncan as a gift. The dog felt immediately at home and stayed with Picasso for the next six years at La Californie, living with Picasso's Boxer Yan and a goat named Esmeralda. Duncan spoke of Lump and Picasso, ""This was a love affair. Picasso would take Lump in his arms. He would feed him from his hand. Hell, that little dog just took over. He ran the damn house."" Duncan would return to visit Picasso during this time, and photographed the artist"	"and also exported the dogs overseas. Many people began breeding them indiscriminately, which resulted in their modern appearance. By 1868, the breed was commonly being referred to as the ""Saint Bernard Dog"" first and the Alpine Spaniel second. It is thought that the Clumber Spaniel originated in 18th century France from the Basset Hound and the Alpine Spaniel. The name ""Clumber"" itself comes from Clumber Park, Nottinghamshire. Alpine Spaniel The Alpine Spaniel is an extinct breed of dog which was used in mountain rescues by the Augustinian Canons, who run hospices in the region around the Great St. Bernard Pass."	"Guatemalan Dogo Guatemalan Dogo (""Dogo Guatemalteco""), formerly known as the Guatemalan Bull Terrier (""Bullterrier Guatemalteco""), and Guatemalan Mastiff, is a Molosser-type dog breed originating in Guatemala. It is neither recognized by the Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI) nor the American Kennel Club (AKC). However, it has the official national recognition of the Asociación Canofila Guatemalteca (ACANGUA) where it belongs to the Group 2.2.1 - Mastiffs. As the unique breed originating in Guatemala, it is also the national dog of the country. Nowadays it has spread to various other countries, such as the USA. The breed was created from crosses between the"	"Becerrillo Becerrillo or Bezerrillo (meaning ""Little Bull Calf"") was the name of a Castilian attack dog during the time of the Spanish conquistadors. Becirrillo's date and place of birth are unknown although historians speculate he may have been whelped in either the kennels of Diego Columbus or those of Juan Ponce de León. A black eyed, medium sized dog with a red coloured coat, it is recorded that he was in Puerto Rico in 1511 already sporting battle scars. Historical records indicate he may have been an Alano Español. The dog was owned by Ponce de León but when he"	"Cane Corso The Cane Corso (pronounced kah-neh kor-so ) from Italian ""cane"" (dog) and ""corso"" from the Latin ""Cohors"" meaning ""protector"", also known as the Italian Mastiff, is a large Italian breed of dog, for years valued highly in Italy as a companion and guard dog. The Cane Corso is a large Italian Molosser, which is closely related to the Neapolitan Mastiff. In name and form the Cane Corso predates its cousin the Neapolitan Mastiff. It is well muscled and less bulky than most other Mastiff breeds. The breed is known as a true and quite possibly the last of"	"Belvedere Court of the Vatican Museums. It is identified at the British Museum as a Molossian guard dog. The Molossian breed was native to Epirus in northwestern Greece, which was sacked by Rome in 168 BC, so it is assumed to have been associated with some civic monument in Epirus, and to have been brought to Rome. Pliny mentions a highly valued bronze dog surviving in Rome into his lifetime, before being lost in 69 AD: The stone sculpture was discovered at Monte Cagnuolo, near the ancient Lanuvium, the site of an imperial villa of Antoninus Pius, 32 km southeast"	"on other continents. This suggests that the modern dogs of the area are not closely related to the ancient Chiribaya dogs. Chiribaya Dog The Chiribaya Dog () or Peruvian shepherd dog (') was a pre-Columbian breed of dog from the southwest of Peru, identified by the 42 mummies discovered by anthropologist Sonia Guillén Oneglio in the Ilo District, Moquegua Region, on the south coast of Peru. It has been established that it was a llama herding dog. The dogs were not only an important part of the social structure of the ancient Peruvians, but they received special treatment after death"	"with domesticated cattle. Thomas Hall addressed the problem by importing several of the dogs used by drovers in Northumberland, his parents’ home county. At this time dogs were generally described by their job, regardless of whether they constituted a ‘breed’ as it is currently understood, and in the manner of the time these blue mottled dogs were known as the ""Northumberland Blue Merle Drovers Dog"". Thomas Hall crossed his Drovers Dogs with dingoes he had tamed and then continued to selectively cross breed until 1840, when he was satisfied with his resultant breed. This working cattle dog was so suited"	"Pluto (Disney) Pluto, also called Pluto the Pup, is a cartoon dog created in 1930 at Walt Disney Productions. He is a yellow-orange color, medium-sized, short-haired dog with black ears. Unlike most Disney characters, Pluto is not anthropomorphic beyond some characteristics such as facial expression. He is Mickey Mouse's pet. Officially a mixed-breed dog, he made his debut as a bloodhound in the Mickey Mouse cartoon ""The Chain Gang"". Together with Mickey Mouse, Minnie Mouse, Donald Duck, Daisy Duck, and Goofy, Pluto is one of the ""Sensational Six""—the biggest stars in the Disney universe. Though all six are non-human animals,"	"that he indulges in during his spare time. He seems to know several languages and is found reading books in different languages, including German. Many breeds of dogs can be found in his enormous doghouse. He seems to possess some famous species of dogs, such as the African Yellow Dingo, German Shepherd, Greyhound, Bloodhound, etc. He takes the same approach with pet snakes. Black mamba and Indian cobra are some of the more dangerous kinds that he can handle with ease due to his training with the reptiles. One of the most distinguished arts that he has mastered is to"
Which Oscar-winning actress was born on exactly the same day as actress Lindsay Wagner?	"made numerous TV appearances on programs including Charlie Rose, The Today Show, CBS Sunday Morning, Live with Regis and Kelly, and ""Sesame Street"" as Mr. Noodle's Other Sister, Ms. Noodle on Elmo's World. Sarah Jones (stage actress) Sarah Jones (born November 29, 1973) is an American playwright, actress, and poet. Called ""a master of the genre"" by ""The New York Times"", Jones has written and performed four multi-character solo shows, including ""Bridge & Tunnel,"" which was produced Off-Broadway in 2004 by Oscar-winner Meryl Streep, and then on to Broadway in 2006 where it received a Special Tony Award. Jones was"	"Lindsay Wagner Lindsay Jean Wagner (born June 22, 1949) is an American film and television actress, model, author, singer, acting coach, and adjunct professor. Wagner is best known for her leading role in the American science-fiction television series ""The Bionic Woman"" (1976–1978), in which she portrayed action character Jaime Sommers. She first played this role on the hit series ""The Six Million Dollar Man"". The character became a popular-culture icon of the 1970s. For this role, Wagner won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Dramatic Role in 1977. Wagner began acting professionally in 1971, and has maintained"	"stuntman Henry Kingi, whom she met on the set of ""The Bionic Woman."" Wagner had two sons with Kingi, Dorian (b. 1982) and Alex (b. 1986), but the couple divorced in 1984. Wagner then married TV producer Lawrence Mortorff in 1990, but they, too, divorced a few years later. Lindsay Wagner Lindsay Jean Wagner (born June 22, 1949) is an American film and television actress, model, author, singer, acting coach, and adjunct professor. Wagner is best known for her leading role in the American science-fiction television series ""The Bionic Woman"" (1976–1978), in which she portrayed action character Jaime Sommers. She"	"Society. Wagner died of cancer on February 26, 1997, at the age of 55. Wende Wagner Wende Wagner, also known as Wendy Wagner (December 6, 1941February 26, 1997) was an actress best known for her roles in ""The Green Hornet"" and ""Rio Conchos"". Born to a U.S. Navy commander and swimming and diving coach father (John H. Wagner) and a mother (Rudy Arnold Wagner) who was a champion skier, Wagner grew up on Coronado Island in California and lived in nearly all the Continental United States with her family's various naval postings. While living in Coronado, California, with her family,"	"Wende Wagner Wende Wagner, also known as Wendy Wagner (December 6, 1941February 26, 1997) was an actress best known for her roles in ""The Green Hornet"" and ""Rio Conchos"". Born to a U.S. Navy commander and swimming and diving coach father (John H. Wagner) and a mother (Rudy Arnold Wagner) who was a champion skier, Wagner grew up on Coronado Island in California and lived in nearly all the Continental United States with her family's various naval postings. While living in Coronado, California, with her family, Billy Wilder, then filming ""Some Like It Hot"" (1959), saw Wagner swimming and offered"	"to Wagner. She had one daughter with Gregson, actress Natasha Gregson Wagner. Wood gave birth to Courtney Wagner during her second marriage to Wagner. Wood starred in several television productions, including a remake of the film ""From Here to Eternity"" (1979), which earned her a Golden Globe Award. During her career, her films represented a ""coming of age"" for both her and Hollywood films in general. Wood drowned on November 29, 1981, at the age of 43; the events surrounding her death have been controversial due to conflicting witness statements, prompting the LASD to declare the cause of her death"	"Helen Wagner Helen Wagner (September 3, 1918 – May 1, 2010) was an American actress. Born in Lubbock, Texas, she is best known for her long-running role as Nancy Hughes McClosky on the soap opera ""As the World Turns"". After appearing in the soap opera for some 50 years, at the time of her death she was the longest serving actor on an American soap opera. She played the role of Trudy Bauer during the initial TV years of ""Guiding Light"" in the early 1950s. She appeared on the early soap ""Valiant Lady"", as well as on 1952 primetime programs"	"Natasha Gregson Wagner Natasha Gregson Wagner (born September 29, 1970 in Los Angeles, California) is an American actress, the daughter of film producer Richard Gregson and actress Natalie Wood. Gregson Wagner is the daughter of American actress Natalie Wood (1938–1981) and British producer Richard Gregson (born 1930). Her godmother was actress Ruth Gordon. Her parents separated when she was ten months old, and later divorced. Her mother remarried actor Robert Wagner in 1972, and together they had a daughter, Courtney Wagner (born 1974). Her aunt is Lana Wood. On November 29, 1981, Natalie Wood drowned near Santa Catalina Island. After"	"for Best Supporting Actress), and Daniel Day-Lewis (all three for Best Actor). Katharine Hepburn still holds the record, with four (all for Best Actress). Ingrid Bergman Ingrid Bergman (29 August 1915 – 29 August 1982) was a Swedish actress who starred in a variety of European and American films. She won three Academy Awards, two Primetime Emmy Awards, four Golden Globe Awards, a BAFTA Award, and a Tony Award. She is best remembered for her roles as Ilsa Lund in ""Casablanca"" (1942) and Alicia Huberman in ""Notorious"" (1946). Bergman was born in Stockholm to a Swedish father and a German"	"Wagner played the role of Eleanor in ""The Lion in Winter"". Helen Wagner Helen Wagner (September 3, 1918 – May 1, 2010) was an American actress. Born in Lubbock, Texas, she is best known for her long-running role as Nancy Hughes McClosky on the soap opera ""As the World Turns"". After appearing in the soap opera for some 50 years, at the time of her death she was the longest serving actor on an American soap opera. She played the role of Trudy Bauer during the initial TV years of ""Guiding Light"" in the early 1950s. She appeared on the"	"Lindsay Pearce Lindsay Heather Pearce (born April 30, 1991) is an American actress and singer. Pearce is best known for being one of the runners-up on ""The Glee Project"", which gave her a guest starring role on the TV show ""Glee"". Pearce was born in Modesto, California and is an adopted child. She has starred in amateur shows since the age of thirteen. For the first six months of her life she was deaf, and appreciates her ear for music because of this. Lindsay has also been in theatre since the age of 6. She is the daughter of Carol"	"the smash musical, including interviews with current cast members, glimpses of costumes, sets, props, and how Mendez herself was transformed into the musical's protagonist, Elphaba, the green-skinned girl who becomes the Wicked Witch of the West. Mendez played Carrie in the 2018 Broadway revival of ""Carousel"", for which she won a Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Musical. The production also starred Jessie Mueller and Joshua Henry. Lindsay Mendez Lindsay Michelle Mendez (born March 1, 1983) is an American actress and singer, best known for her work in American musical theatre. Mendez won the 2018 Tony Award for"	"Jill Wagner Jill Suzanne Wagner (born January 13, 1979) is an American film and television actress, model, and game show personality. She was a co-host for the ABC comic competition show ""Wipeout"" from 2008 to 2014. Wagner was born in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. She was raised primarily by her father, David Wagner, a U.S. Marine, and her grandmother. She attended Ledford Senior High School in Wallburg, North Carolina and North Carolina State University. She graduated in 2001 with a bachelor's degree in business management. She currently lives in Los Angeles, California. As a teenager, Jill also graduated from the Barbizon"	"Lindsay Lohan Lindsay Dee Lohan (; born July 2, 1986) is an American actress, businesswoman, fashion designer, and singer. Born and raised in New York, Lohan was signed to Ford Models as a child. Having appeared as a regular on the television soap opera ""Another World"" at age 10, her breakthrough came in the Walt Disney Pictures film ""The Parent Trap"" (1998). The film's success led to appearances in a string of televised films for Disney Channel and the theatrical ""Freaky Friday"" (2003). Lohan's work won her childhood stardom, and the sleeper hit ""Mean Girls"" (2004) affirmed her status as"	"Since 2015, she has been seen in various Hallmark Channel original television films. In April 2017 Wagner married former pro hockey player David Lemanowicz, after they had announced their engagement earlier in 2016. The couple resides in Los Angeles. Jill Wagner Jill Suzanne Wagner (born January 13, 1979) is an American film and television actress, model, and game show personality. She was a co-host for the ABC comic competition show ""Wipeout"" from 2008 to 2014. Wagner was born in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. She was raised primarily by her father, David Wagner, a U.S. Marine, and her grandmother. She attended Ledford"	"Sarah Jessica Parker Sarah Jessica Parker (born March 25, 1965) is an American actress, producer, and designer. She is known for her role as Carrie Bradshaw on the HBO television series ""Sex and the City"" (1998–2004), for which she won two Emmy Awards, four Golden Globe Awards for Best Actress in a Comedy Series and three Screen Actors Guild Awards. The character was widely popular during the airing of the series and was later recognized as one of the greatest female characters in American television. She later reprised the role in films ""Sex and the City"" (2008) and ""Sex and"	"Posten jointly issued two commemorative stamps bearing her image. On 6 April 2011, Sveriges Riksbank announced that Garbo's portrait was to be featured on the 100-krona banknote, beginning in 2014–2015. Author Ernest Hemingway provided an imaginary portrayal of Garbo in his 1940 novel For Whom the Bell Tolls: Informational notes Citations Greta Garbo Greta Garbo (born Greta Lovisa Gustafsson; 18 September 1905 – 15 April 1990) was a Swedish-American film actress during the 1920s and 1930s. Garbo was nominated three times for the Academy Award for Best Actress and received an Academy Honorary Award in 1954 for her ""luminous and"	"of his biographers have proposed that Wagner himself believed that Geyer was Jewish. A belief also exists that his fatal heart attack followed an argument with his wife Cosima over the singer Carrie Pringle, with whom some claim he had an amorous relationship. Richard Wagner was born on May 22, 1813, the ninth child of Carl Friedrich Wagner, a clerk in the Leipzig police service, and Johanna Rosine Wagner. Wagner's father died of typhus six months after Richard's birth, by which time Wagner's mother was living with the actor and playwright Ludwig Geyer in the Brühl, at that time the"	"on Broadway. In 1954 she married Robert Willey, an actor and theater producer. He died in 2009. Wagner died of cancer on May 1, 2010, at the age of 91. Wagner played the soap opera's matriarch, Nancy Hughes, from its debut on April 2, 1956, until her death. She was acknowledged by the Guinness Book of Records for having the longest run in a single role on television, a position she held until 2010. In fact, Wagner spoke the show's very first line, ""good morning, dear"", and would go on to witness its many broadcast transformations. ""As The World Turns"""	"Elsa Wagner Elsa Wagner (1881–1975) was a German actress who appeared in numerous theatrical productions and feature films during the 20th century, including 1920's ""The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari"". Born as Elisabeth Karoline Auguste Wagner on January 24, 1881 in Reval in what is now Tallinn, Estonia, Elsa Wagner pursued training with Maria Spettini in Saint Petersburg, Russia prior to making her acting debut in Berlin, Germany in 1901. In addition to her performances on tour with multiple theater productions, including ""Faust"" and ""Peer Gynt"", she went on to secure roles in more than 140 feature films, including Robert Wiene's"	"Johanna Jachmann-Wagner Johanna Jachmann-Wagner or Johanna Wagner (13 October 1828 – 16 October 1894) was a mezzo-soprano singer, tragédienne in theatrical drama, and teacher of singing and theatrical performance who won great distinction in Europe during the third quarter of the 19th century. She was a niece of the composer Richard Wagner and was the original performer, and in some respects the inspiration, of the character of Elisabeth in ""Tannhäuser"". She was also the original intended performer of Brünnhilde in ""Der Ring des Nibelungen"", but in the event assumed other roles. Johanna Wagner was born in Seelze, Hanover. She was"	"Daisy D'ora Daisy D'ora (26 February 1913 – 12 June 2010) was a German beauty queen, socialite and actress. Born Daisy Freiin von Freyberg zu Eisenberg in Potsdam, Germany to an already impoverished aristocratic family, she began her career in silent films, performing in the 1929 film ""Pandora's Box"", starring Louise Brooks, which became a worldwide success. She earned acclaim for her star turn in ""The Missing Testament"" (1929), and appeared in a number of German features before leaving the screen around 1930. Her stage name was coined as a result of the taboo among German aristocratic families against using"	"Katie Wagner Katharine Wagner (born May 11, 1964) is an American television personality and Hollywood reporter. Wagner was born in Los Angeles, California. Her parents are actress Marion Marshall and actor Robert Wagner. They divorced in 1971 when she was seven years old. On her mother's side she has two older half-brothers, Joshua and Peter Donen. On her father's side, she has a younger half-sister, Courtney Wagner. She has a former stepsister, Natasha Gregson Wagner, from her father's marriage to Natalie Wood. Her stepmother is Jill St. John. Natalie Wood was her stepmother from her second marriage to Wagner in"	"Jane Wagner Jane Wagner (born February 26, 1935) is an American writer, director and producer. Wagner is best known as Lily Tomlin's comedy writer, collaborator and wife. She is the author of ""The Search for Signs of Intelligent Life in the Universe"", ""The Incredible Shrinking Woman"" and other Tomlin vehicles. Wagner was born and raised in Morristown, Tennessee, where she quickly developed a penchant for writing. She attended Morristown High School, where she wrote for the school newspaper. At 17, she left the hills of East Tennessee to pursue an acting career in New York City, where she also studied"	"Ingrid Bergman Ingrid Bergman (29 August 1915 – 29 August 1982) was a Swedish actress who starred in a variety of European and American films. She won three Academy Awards, two Primetime Emmy Awards, four Golden Globe Awards, a BAFTA Award, and a Tony Award. She is best remembered for her roles as Ilsa Lund in ""Casablanca"" (1942) and Alicia Huberman in ""Notorious"" (1946). Bergman was born in Stockholm to a Swedish father and a German mother and started her career as an actress in Swedish and German films in the 1930s. Her introduction to American audiences came with her"	"including ""The World of Mr. Sweeney"", ""Mister Peepers"", ""Inner Sanctum"", and the ""Philco-Goodyear Playhouse"". Helen Losee Wagner was born on September 3, 1918, in Lubbock, Texas, one of two daughters of Charles and Janette (née Tinker) Wagner. She studied music and drama at Monmouth College in Illinois where she graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1938. Before signing a 13-week contract for ""As the World Turns"" in 1956, Ms. Wagner had been a singer and stage actress, sometimes working as a church soloist to pay the rent. She had roles in ""Sunny River"", ""Oklahoma!"" and ""The Bad Seed"""	"of a clarion."" Johanna Jachmann-Wagner Johanna Jachmann-Wagner or Johanna Wagner (13 October 1828 – 16 October 1894) was a mezzo-soprano singer, tragédienne in theatrical drama, and teacher of singing and theatrical performance who won great distinction in Europe during the third quarter of the 19th century. She was a niece of the composer Richard Wagner and was the original performer, and in some respects the inspiration, of the character of Elisabeth in ""Tannhäuser"". She was also the original intended performer of Brünnhilde in ""Der Ring des Nibelungen"", but in the event assumed other roles. Johanna Wagner was born in Seelze,"	"Marcia Henderson Marcia Anne Prestlien (née Henderson; July 22, 1929 – November 23, 1987) was an American actress. She made her Broadway debut as Wendy in the musical ""Peter Pan"" (1950), for which she won a Theatre World Award. Henderson also appeared in films such as ""All I Desire"" (1953), ""The Glass Web"" (1953), ""Canyon River"" (1956), and ""The Wayward Girl"" (1957). Born in Andover, Massachusetts, and raised in Williamstown, Massachusetts, Henderson was the daughter of Mr. and Mrs. John D. Henderson. She graduated from Williamstown High School in 1947 and from the American Academy of Dramatic Arts in 1949."	"Winifred Wagner Winifred Marjorie Wagner (née Williams; 23 June 1897 – 5 March 1980) was the English-born wife of Siegfried Wagner, the son of Richard Wagner, and ran the Bayreuth Festival after her husband's death in 1930 until the end of World War II in 1945. She was a friend and supporter of Adolf Hitler (himself a Wagner enthusiast), and she and Hitler maintained a regular correspondence. Winifred Marjorie Williams was born in Hastings, England, to John Williams, a journalist and critic, and his wife, Emily Florence Karop. Winifred lost both her parents before the age of two and was"	"Barbara Berjer Barbara Berjer (June 12, 1920 – October 20, 2002) was a well-known American television actress born in Seattle, Washington. Among her many soap opera credits were her long-term roles as alcoholic actress Lynn Franklin on ""From These Roots"" (1958–1961); the fourth Claire English Lowell Cassen Shea (Ellen Stewart's mother) on ""As the World Turns"" (1965–1971); Barbara Norris Thorpe (replacing Augusta Dabney) on ""Guiding Light"" (1971–1981; she reprised the role for a few episodes in 1989, and on a recurring basis from 1995 to 1996); and Scottish nanny Bridget Connell on ""Another World"" (1985–1996) who raised both Victoria Love"	"Lead Actress in a Comedy Series in 2004. She also received nine Golden Globe nominations, with four wins (all for ""Sex and the City"") in 2000, 2001, 2002 & 2004. While Carrie Bradshaw remains Parker's most famous role, some of her critically acclaimed and commercially successful films are: Sarah Jessica Parker Sarah Jessica Parker (born March 25, 1965) is an American actress, producer, and designer. She is known for her role as Carrie Bradshaw on the HBO television series ""Sex and the City"" (1998–2004), for which she won two Emmy Awards, four Golden Globe Awards for Best Actress in a"	"in 2006–07. Wagner is a painter and founding member of the International Olympic organization called Art of the Olympians. <br> <br> Allison Wagner Allison Marie Wagner (born July 21, 1977) is an American former competition swimmer, Olympic medalist, and former world record-holder. Wagner was born in Gainesville, Florida. Her parents required her and her two brothers to participate in sports. Her brothers picked American football and soccer; she attempted ballet, softball and soccer before discovering that she was good at swimming. At the age of 7, she began her competition swimming career in Berlin, Germany, where her father was stationed"	"Olivia Olson Olivia Rose Olson (born May 21, 1992) is an American actress and singer-songwriter, mostly known for her voice roles as Vanessa Doofenshmirtz in ""Phineas and Ferb"" and Marceline the Vampire Queen in ""Adventure Time"". She also played the character of Joanna in the 2003 film ""Love Actually"" and its 2017 short sequel ""Red Nose Day Actually"". Olson is also a writer, contributing a section to the best-seller ""Adventure Time Encyclopedia"" and an upcoming book for Cartoon Network. Olson has appeared as a singer and actress on television shows and in live theatre, including Comedy Central Stage, the HBO"
Which Amendment to the Constitution brought in prohibition in 1920?	"December 18, 1918. Upon being approved by a 36th state on January 16, 1919, the amendment was ratified as a part of the Constitution. By the terms of the amendment, the country went dry one year later, on January 17, 1920. On October 28, 1919, Congress passed the Volstead Act, the popular name for the National Prohibition Act, over President Woodrow Wilson's veto. The act established the legal definition of intoxicating liquors as well as penalties for producing them. Although the Volstead Act prohibited the sale of alcohol, the federal government lacked resources to enforce it. Prohibition was successful in"	"Amendment. Upon ratification by three-fourths of the state legislatures by January 16, 1919, established National Prohibition. (the Amendment came into effect on January 16, 1920) Prohibition banned ""the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages in the United States and its possessions."" However, Prohibition did not outlaw the private possession or consumption of alcohol products. Harvard Medical School professors Jack Harold Mendelson and Nancy K Mello, write with regard to temperance sentiment in contemporary America that ""rallying cries once structured in terms of social order, home and basic decency are now framed in terms of health promotion and disease prevention."""	"the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1920. Enabling legislation, known as the Volstead Act, set down the rules for enforcing the federal ban and defined the types of alcoholic beverages that were prohibited. For example, religious use of wine was allowed. Private ownership and consumption of alcohol were not made illegal under federal law, but local laws were stricter in many areas, with some states banning possession outright. Criminal gangs were able to gain control of the beer and liquor supply for many cities. By the late-1920s a new opposition mobilized nationwide. Wets attacked prohibition as causing"	"was consummated, held that the National Prohibition Act, known informally as the Volstead Act, entered into force on January 16, 1920. Dillon had been arrested pursuant to the National Prohibition Act, title 2, § 3, and was in custody under § 26. He was denied his petition for a writ of ""habeas corpus"", and appealed the denial. Dillon claimed that the Eighteenth Amendment, which Title 2 of the act was adopted to enforce, was invalid, because the Congress, in declaring that it should be inoperative unless ratified within seven years, had acted outside its constitutional authority; and, secondly, that, in"	"Proper Clause of the United States Constitution, which was cited in upholding the Prohibition Act's limitations as a necessary and proper implementation of the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The Eighteenth Amendment, which made illegal in the United States the production, transport and sale of alcohol, went into effect on January 17, 1920. Accompanying legislation under the National Prohibition Act stated that physicians with appropriate permits could prescribe alcoholic medicines, but not more than once every 10 days to the same patient. In November 1922, Lambert brought suit in federal court to prevent Yellowley and other officials from"	"amendment and on January 16, 1919, Nebraska became the 36th state to do so, securing its passage with the required three-fourths of the states. By the end of February 1919, only three states remained as hold-outs to ratification: New Jersey, Connecticut, and Rhode Island. The National Prohibition Act, also known as the Volstead Act, was enacted on October 18, 1919. Prohibition in the United States went into effect on January 17, 1920. Nationwide prohibition was repealed in 1933 with the passage of the Twenty-first Amendment on February 20 and its ratification on December 5. This table lists the effective dates"	"Volstead Act, to enforce the Eighteenth Amendment when it went into effect in 1920. Prohibition began on January 16, 1920, when the Eighteenth Amendment went into effect. A total of 1,520 Federal Prohibition agents (police) were tasked with enforcement. Supporters of the Amendment soon became confident that it would not be repealed. One of its creators, Senator Morris Sheppard, joked that ""there is as much chance of repealing the Eighteenth Amendment as there is for a humming-bird to fly to the planet Mars with the Washington Monument tied to its tail."" At the same time, songs emerged decrying the act."	"Twenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitution The Twenty-first Amendment (Amendment XXI) to the United States Constitution repealed the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which had mandated nationwide Prohibition on alcohol. The Twenty-first Amendment was proposed by Congress on February 20, 1933, and was ratified by the requisite number of states on December 5, 1933. It is unique among the 27 amendments of the U.S. Constitution for being the only one to repeal a prior amendment, as well as being the only amendment to have been ratified by state ratifying conventions. The Eighteenth Amendment was ratified on January"	"Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation."" By July 1920, thirty-five states had ratified the proposal, with only one additional state needed for the Amendment to be adopted. On July 7, 1920, Charles S. Fairchild challenged the validity of the ratification process for that Amendment in the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia. The challenge sought to prevent Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes from officially declaring the Amendment valid. The district court dismissed the case on July 20, and Fairchild appealed to the Court of Appeals of the District of Columbia. On August 26,"	"the stock market. Women were entering the workforce in record numbers. In the United States, there was the enactment of the 18Amendment, or as many know it Prohibition in 1920. Prohibition stated that it would be illegal to sell and consume alcohol. This amendment lasted until 1933, so it was a constant for the whole 1920s era. They instilled this “noble experiment” to reduce crime and corruption, solve social problems, reduce the tax burden created by prisons and poorhouses, and improve health and hygiene.The nationwide prohibition on alcohol was ignored by many resulting in speakeasies. Another important amendment in the"	"mandated nationwide prohibition. Three days later Nebraska became the thirty-sixth state to ratify the amendment, providing the two-thirds majority of states required to amend the U.S. Constitution. With the beginning of nationwide Prohibition on January 17, 1920, after formal ratification of the Eighteenth Amendment the previous day, efforts turned to enforcement of the new law. Protestant support for Prohibition remained intense in Indiana in the 1920s. Shumaker and the IASL lead a statewide grassroots campaign that successfully passed a new prohibition law for the state. Sponsored by Indiana representative Frank Wright and known as the Wright bone-dry law, it was"	"first state to ratify the amendment; the thirty-sixth state to do so, Nebraska, ratified it on January 16, 1919, assuring its passage into law. On October 28, 1919, Congress passed the National Prohibition Act, also known as the Volstead Act, which provided enabling legislation to implement the Eighteenth Amendment. When the National Prohibition Act was passed on October 28, 1919, thirty-three of the forty-eight states were already dry. Congress ratified the Eighteenth Amendment on January 16, 1920; nationwide prohibition began the next day. During the first years of Prohibition, the new law was enforced in regions such as the rural"	"Congress. Prohibition began on January 16, 1920 (one year after ratification of the amendment); the manufacture, importation, sale, and transport of alcohol were prohibited, except for limited cases such as religious purposes (as with sacramental wine). But, the consumption of alcohol was never prohibited, and individuals could maintain a private stock that existed before Prohibition went into effect. Wilson moved his private supply of alcoholic beverages to the wine cellar of his Washington residence after his term of office ended. Wilson's position that nationwide Prohibition was unenforceable came to pass as a black market quickly developed to evade restrictions, and"	"Amendment went into effect in January 1920, many of the upper classes stockpiled alcohol for legal home consumption after Prohibition began. They bought the inventories of liquor retailers and wholesalers, emptying out their warehouses, saloons, and club storerooms. President Woodrow Wilson moved his own supply of alcoholic beverages to his Washington residence after his term of office ended. His successor, Warren G. Harding, relocated his own large supply into the White House after inauguration. After the Eighteenth Amendment became law the United States embraced bootlegging. In just the first six months of 1920 alone, the federal government opened 7,291 cases"	"19th Ward was an Italian neighborhood that became known as the ""Bloody Nineteenth"" due to the frequent violence in the ward, mostly as a result of Mafia activity, feuds, and vendettas. On January 17, 1920, Prohibition began in the United States with the 18th Amendment to the United States Constitution making it illegal to manufacture, transport, or sell alcohol. Despite these bans, there was still a very high demand for it from the public. This created an atmosphere that tolerated crime as a means to provide liquor to the public, even among the police and city politicians. Not explicitly related"	"into a law. The ratification of the Amendment was completed on January 16, 1919, when Nebraska became the 36th of the 48 states then in the Union to ratify it. On January 29, acting Secretary of State Frank L. Polk certified the ratification. The following states ratified the amendment: The following states rejected the amendment: To define the language used in the Amendment, Congress enacted enabling legislation called the National Prohibition Act, better known as the Volstead Act, on October 28, 1919. President Woodrow Wilson vetoed that bill, but the House of Representatives immediately voted to override the veto and"	"National American Woman Suffrage Association holds its convention in St. Louis, where Carrie Chapman Catt rallies to transform the association into the League of Women Voters. 1919: In January, the National Women's Party lights and guards a ""Watchfire for Freedom."" It is maintained until the Nineteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution passes the U.S. Senate on June 4. 1920: The Nineteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution is ratified, stating, ""The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex. 1920: In the"	"limit set for its ratification, is still pending before the states. However, the Supreme Court overturned ""Hammer v. Dagenhart"" in the 1941 case of ""United States v. Darby Lumber Co."", making the Child Labor Amendment a moot issue. The Eighteenth Amendment, ratified in 1920, had effectively established the prohibition of alcoholic beverages in the United States, and the Volstead Act had established penalties for violating the amendment. Coolidge personally opposed Prohibition, but sought to enforce federal law and refrained from serving liquor in the White House. Though Congress had established the Bureau of Prohibition to enforce the Volstead Act, federal"	"of the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1920, which forbade the manufacturing, sale and transport of alcohol. Exceptions were made for sacramental wine used for religious purposes, and some wineries were able to maintain minimal production under those auspices, but most vineyards ceased operations. Others resorted to bootlegging. Home wine-making also became common, allowed through exemptions for sacramental wines and production for home use. Following the repeal of Prohibition in 1933, operators tried to revive the American wine-making industry, which was nearly ended. Many talented wine-makers had died, vineyards had been neglected or replanted with table grapes,"	"1920s, as well as a throat slashing. This was because Luciano refused to work for another mob boss. From 1916 to 1936, Luciano was arrested 25 times on charges including assault, illegal gambling, blackmail and robbery, but spent no time in prison. The name ""Lucky"" may have also been a mispronunciation of Luciano's surname ""Lucania"". On January 17, 1920, the Eighteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution took effect and Prohibition lasted until the amendment was repealed in 1933. The amendment prohibited the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages. As there was still a substantial demand for alcohol, this provided"	"House passed a constitutional amendment, but it stalled in the Senate. Wilson continued to speak in its defense, consulting with members of Congress through personal and written appeals, often on his own initiative. Then on June 4, 1919, the proposed amendment prohibiting the states and the federal government from denying the right to vote to citizens of the United States on the basis of sex, was approved, and submitted it to the state legislatures for ratification. It was ratified by the requisite 36 states thanks to Tennessee, and on August 18, 1920, the measure became the Nineteenth Amendment to the"	"ratification. In late 1917, Congress passed the Eighteenth Amendment; it was ratified in 1919 and took effect in January 1920. It prohibited the manufacturing, sale or transport of intoxicating beverages within the United States, as well as import and export. The Volstead Act, 1919, defined intoxicating as having alcohol content greater than 0.5% and established the procedures for federal enforcement of the Act. The states were at liberty to enforce prohibition or not, and most did not try. Consumer demand, however, led to a variety of illegal sources for alcohol, especially illegal distilleries and smuggling from Canada and other countries."	"Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution The Twenty-fourth Amendment (Amendment XXIV) of the United States Constitution prohibits both Congress and the states from conditioning the right to vote in federal elections on payment of a poll tax or other types of tax. The amendment was proposed by Congress to the states on August 27, 1962, and was ratified by the states on January 23, 1964. Southern states of the former Confederate States of America adopted poll taxes in laws of the late 19th century and new constitutions from 1890 to 1908, after the Democratic Party had generally regained control"	"transport, and sale of intoxicating liquors illegal, though it did not outlaw the actual consumption of alcohol. Shortly after the amendment was ratified, Congress passed the Volstead Act to provide for the federal enforcement of Prohibition. The Volstead Act declared that liquor, wine, and beer all qualified as intoxicating liquors and were therefore prohibited. Under the terms of the Eighteenth Amendment, Prohibition began on January 17, 1920, one year after the amendment was ratified. Although the Eighteenth Amendment led to a decline in alcohol consumption in the United States, nationwide enforcement of Prohibition proved difficult, particularly in cities. Organized crime"	"none of the original Thirteen Colonies gave all citizens the right to vote, all attaching restrictions based on factors such as sex, race, age, and ownership of land. The opinion continues that ""it cannot for a moment be doubted that if it had been intended to make all citizens of the United States voters, the framers of the Constitution would not have left it to implication. So important a change in the condition of citizenship as it actually existed, if intended, would have been expressly declared."" The Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution, ratified in 1920, prohibited sex-based denial or abridgment"	"16, 1919, the result of years of advocacy by the temperance movement. The subsequent passage of the Volstead Act established federal enforcement of the nationwide prohibition on alcohol. As many Americans continued to drink despite the amendment, Prohibition gave rise to a profitable black market for alcohol, fueling the rise of organized crime. Throughout the 1920's, Americans increasingly came to see Prohibition as unenforceable, and a movement to repeal the Eighteenth Amendment grew until the Twenty-first Amendment was ratified in 1933. Section 1 of the Twenty-first Amendment expressly repeals the Eighteenth Amendment. Section 2 bans the importation of alcohol into"	"barred the federal courts from issuing injunctions against nonviolent labor disputes. Though Hoover had originally tried to stop the bill, he chose to sign it into law as he feared that Congress would simply override a veto. The United States banned the production, importation, transportation, and sale of alcoholic beverages nationwide in 1920 following the ratification of the Eighteenth Amendment. In his 1929 inaugural address, Hoover, in addressing enforcement of prohibition laws said, ""If citizens do not like a law, their duty as honest men and women is to discourage its violation; their right is openly to work for its"	"Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution The Fifteenth Amendment (Amendment XV) to the United States Constitution prohibits the federal government and each state from denying a citizen the right to vote based on that citizen's ""race, color, or previous condition of servitude"". It was ratified on February 3, 1870, as the third and last of the Reconstruction Amendments. In the final years of the American Civil War and the Reconstruction Era that followed, Congress repeatedly debated the rights of the millions of former black slaves. By 1869, amendments had been passed to abolish slavery and provide citizenship and equal"	"was president of the Lone Star Brewing Company. In 1920 the 18th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution and the resulting Volstead Act prohibited alcoholic beverages in the country. During this period, the brewery housed the Lone Star Cotton Mills. Prohibition ended in the United States in 1933 when the 21st Amendment to the U.S. Constitution repealed the 18th Amendment. However, by that time the building had been temporarily abandoned, and the original brewery owners never occupied it again. The Lone Star name was taken over by a new company that opened a plant at 400 Lone Star Boulevard in San"	"the 1920s of legislative bodies. Rather than ask directly for a vote, which Wheeler viewed as weak, Wheeler would cover the desks of legislators in telegrams. He was also accomplished in rallying supporters; the Cincinnati ""Enquirer"" called Wheeler ""the strongest political force of his day"". His efforts specifically influenced the passing of the eighteenth-amendment. And in 1920, the Eighteenth Amendment was successfully passed in the United States, introducing prohibition of the manufacture, sale and distribution of alcoholic beverages. The amendment, also called ""the noble experiment"", was preceded by the National Prohibition Act, which stipulated how the federal government should enforce"	"was overridden by Congress. Prohibition began on January 16, 1920; the manufacture, importation, sale, and transport of alcohol were prohibited, except for limited cases such as religious purposes (as with sacramental wine). Wilson personally favored women's suffrage, but said it was a state matter. Opposition was too strong in the South. A win for suffrage in New York state, combined with the increasingly prominent role women took in the war effort in factories and at home, convinced Wilson and many others to fully support women's suffrage. In a January 1918 speech before the Congress, Wilson for the first time endorsed"	"the Nineteenth Amendment in August, 1920. In the summer of 1917, members of the National Woman's Party began to stage protests at the White House in Washington, D.C., demanding the vote for women. Over the course of the summer and fall, many of the women were arrested, often on charges of obstructing traffic, and fined. When they refused to pay those fines, they were jailed. At first, penalties were relatively light, but as the Silent Sentinels persisted in their vigil, sentences became more harsh. In July and August of that year, women were sentenced to unusually harsh sentences of sixty"	"was abandoned after World War I, Fort Knox became the home of the US Bullion Depository. After the United States entered World War I, Beckham continued to back Wilson and later supported the League of Nations. True to his prohibitionist stance, Beckham supported passage of the Eighteenth Amendment, which enacted Prohibition in the United States. The amendment was ratified and became effective in January 1920. Believing that women should be protected from involvement in politics, Beckham opposed the Nineteenth Amendment, which granted women's suffrage. The amendment failed on February 10, 1919 but passed on June 4, 1919. Beckham voted against"
Which oil scandal hit the US in 1924?	"Teapot Dome scandal The Teapot Dome scandal was a bribery scandal involving the administration of United States President Warren G. Harding from 19211923. Secretary of the Interior Albert Bacon Fall had leased Navy petroleum reserves at Teapot Dome in Wyoming, and two locations in California, to private oil companies at low rates without competitive bidding. The leases were the subject of a sensational investigation by Senator Thomas J. Walsh. Convicted of accepting bribes from the oil companies, Fall became the first presidential cabinet member to go to prison; no one was convicted of paying the bribes. Before the Watergate scandal,"	"of the scandal to erupt in April 1922 when the ""Wall Street Journal"" reported that Secretary Fall had decided that two of his friends, oilmen Harry F. Sinclair (Mammoth Oil Corporation) and Edward L. Doheny (Pan-American Petroleum and Transport Company), should be given leases to drill in parts of these Naval Reserves without open bidding. His acceptance of bribes for the leases resulted in the Teapot Dome scandal. During congressional hearings concerning the scandal in 1924 he explained the concept of oil field drainage with a remark that was later adapted as a line of dialogue in the 2007 film"	"Petroleum & Transport Company. Around the same time, the Teapot Dome Field in Wyoming was leased to Sinclair Consolidated Oil Corporation. Both oilfields were part of the US Navy's petroleum reserves. Neither lease was subject to competitive bidding. In 1924 rumors about corruption in the deals escalated into the Teapot Dome scandal. On 24 January 1924 Doheny testified before the U.S. Senate Committee on Public Lands and Surveys, and admitted that he had loaned Fall $100,000 in cash with no security some months before the oilfield leasing arrangement was made. Doheny said the loan was a personal one. Pan American"	"April 1922 when the Wall Street Journal reported that United States Secretary of the Interior Albert B. Fall had granted an oil lease to Sinclair Oil without competitive bidding. The oil field lease was for government land in Wyoming that had been created as an emergency reserve for the United States Navy. What became known as the Teapot Dome scandal, ultimately led to a United States Senate establishing a Committee on Public Lands and Surveys to conduct hearings into the circumstances surrounding the government oil lease. The result was a finding of fraud and corruption which led to a number"	"Pan American Petroleum and Transport Company The Pan American Petroleum and Transport Company (PAT) was an oil company founded in 1916 by the American oil tycoon Edward L. Doheny after he had made a huge oil strike in Mexico. Pan American profited from fuel demand during World War I, and from the subsequent growth in use of automobiles. For several years Pan American was the largest American oil company, with holdings in the United States, Mexico, Colombia and Venezuela. In 1924 Pan American was involved in the Teapot Dome scandal over irregularities in the award of a U.S. government oil"	"American Petroleum & Transport Company, one of the largest oil companies in the world in the 1920s. In the 1920s, Doheny was implicated in the Teapot Dome Scandal and accused of offering a $100,000 bribe to United States Secretary of the Interior Albert Fall. Doheny was twice acquitted of offering the bribe, but Fall was convicted of accepting it. Doheny and his second wife and widow, Carrie Estelle, were noted philanthropists in Los Angeles, especially regarding Catholic schools, churches and charities. The character J. Arnold Ross in Upton Sinclair's 1927 novel ""Oil!"" (the inspiration for the 2007 film ""There Will"	"Salad Oil scandal The Salad Oil scandal, also referred to as the ""Soybean Scandal"", was a major corporate scandal in 1963 that ultimately caused over $150 million – approximately $1.45 billion in 2017 dollars – in losses to corporations including American Express, Bank of America and Bank Leumi, as well as many international trading companies. The scandal's ability to push otherwise cautious and conservative lenders into increasingly risky practices has prompted some comparisons to recent financial crises including the 2007–2008 subprime mortgage financial crisis. The scandal involved the company Allied Crude Vegetable Oil in New Jersey, led by Anthony ""Tino"""	"Torrey Canyon lifeboat. In the meantime, the Oil Pollution Act of 1924 had passed, but this statue only limited liability for ""deliberate"" discharge of oil into marine waters. Two years following the Torrey Canyon spill, an oil platform eruption in the Santa Barbara Channel made national headlines and thrust oil pollution into the public spot light. As a result, in 1970, Congress placed oil pollution under the authority of the Federal Water Pollution Act (FWPA) of 1965, which later became the Clean Water Act of 1972 and had previously only covered sewage and Industrial discharge. The FWPA set specific liability"	"in the American economy and political arena. In 1924, President Calvin Coolidge created the Federal Oil Conservation Board in an effort to control oil production and stabilize the oil market. However, The American Petroleum Institute (API), representing over 500 oil companies, opposed the program because it feared many of its affiliated oil corporations would go out of business. Ultimately, through API’s resistance, Coolidge’s program never gained sufficient power. In 1929, however, the sense of crisis in the oil market grew as vast amounts of oil supplies were going unused in Southern California and throughout the US. The API reversed its"	"based on Miller's coverage of the story in the ""Wall Street Journal"", which won a Pulitzer Prize in 1964. Tino De Angelis Anthony ""Tino"" De Angelis (November 3, 1915 – September 26, 2009) was a Bayonne, New Jersey, commodities trader who bought and sold vegetable oil futures around the world. In 1962 he started to corner the market for soybean oil, used in salad dressing. In the aftermath, investors (51 banks) learned that he had bilked them out of about $175 million in total ($1.2 billion in year 2000 dollars). The scandal is named after De Angelis's company, ""Allied Crude"	"oil fields to friends who were heads of oil companies in exchange for over $400,000 in personal loans. Despite attempts to keep the deal secret, the ""Wall Street Journal"" leaked news of the leasing, and the Senate decided to launch an inquiry into the matter. The investigation began in October 1923 after Harding's death, and the Senate Committee on Lands and Public Surveys, which carried out the inquiry, concluded in 1924 that the Teapot Dome and Elk Hills leases to the oil companies had been fraudulent and corrupt. Both Denby and Fall were forced to resign from office as a"	"of civil lawsuits and criminal charges against Harry Sinclair and others. In 1927 the United States Supreme Court declared the Sinclair oil lease had been corruptly obtained and ordered it canceled. Two weeks after Harry Sinclair's trial began in October 1927, it abruptly ended when the judge declared a mistrial following evidence presented by the government prosecutors showing that Sinclair had hired a detective agency to shadow each member of the jury. Sinclair was charged with contempt of court, the case eventually winding up before the United States Supreme Court who, on June 3, 1929 upheld Sinclair's conviction. He was"	"Murphy Oil USA refinery spill The Murphy Oil USA refinery spill was an oil spill that resulted from the failure of a storage tank at the Murphy Oil USA petroleum refinery in the residential areas of Chalmette and Meraux, Louisiana, United States, on August 30, 2005, in the wake of the levee breaks and catastrophic flooding caused by Hurricane Katrina. On August 30, the storm surge from the hurricane caused massive failure in the levees along the Mississippi River-Gulf Outlet Canal, inundating St. Bernard Parish with of water. The Murphy Oil refinery was flooded with of water, and a above-ground"	"playing poker for money if they liked it, but it irked me to see it in the White House. Several of Harding's Ohio Gang associates lost no time enriching themselves at the public expense. Soon rumblings began to be heard over possible malfeasance in various government departments, including Daugherty's Department of Justice. Then on April 14, 1922, the ""Wall Street Journal"" broke a sensational story about a secret bribery scheme involving oil company kickbacks to government officials in exchange for the granting of extraordinarily favorable oil extraction leases via single-bid contracts. The next day Wyoming Democratic Senator John B. Kendrick"	"the hotbed for oil production in the United States. A 1926 Times magazine article stated that the Standard Oil Company of California (now Chevron) was then the largest individual producer of crude oil in the U.S. and dominated the marketing of petroleum products along the west coast of both Americas."" In 1929, however, the sense of crisis in the oil market grew as vast amounts of oil supplies were going unused in Southern California and throughout the US. The situation got worse during the Great Depression, with oil selling for 25 cents a barrel. The solution came in the mid-1930s"	"and a total absence of competent supervision in the determination of oil property values. In 1925, after making public charges that millions of tax dollars were being lost through the favorable treatment of large corporations by the Bureau, Senator Couzens was notified by the Bureau that he owed more than $10 million in back taxes. Then Treasury Secretary Andrew Mellon was believed to be personally responsible for the retaliation against Senator Couzens. At the time, Secretary Mellon was the principal owner of Gulf Oil, which had benefited from rulings specifically criticized by Senator Couzens. The investigations by the Senate Select"	"which devastated coastal areas in both England and France, and the burning of the Cuyahoga River in downtown Cleveland, Ohio. At the time, the Santa Barbara spill was the largest oil spill ever in U.S. waters, and its occurrence during a fierce battle between local residents and the very oil company responsible for the spill only made the controversy more intense, the battle more public, and the anti-oil cause seem more valid to a wider segment of the populace. In the several years after the spill, more environmental legislation was passed than in any other similar period in U.S. history."	"the largest criminal resolution in US history. On 2 July 2015, BP and five states announced an $18.5 billion settlement to be used for Clean Water Act penalties and various claims. In May 1908 a group of British geologists discovered a large amount of oil at Masjid-i-Suleiman in Mohammerah, today the Iranian province of Khuzestan. It was the first commercially significant find of oil in the Middle East. William Knox D'Arcy, by contract with the Emir of Mohammerah, Sheikh Khaz'al Khan al-Kaabi, obtained permission to explore for oil for the first time in the Middle East, an event which changed"	"J. Edgar Hoover took over the position on a provisional basis. Burns also became indirectly involved in the Teapot Dome Scandal, involving the secret leasing of naval oil reserve lands to private companies. In November 1927, Harry F. Sinclair went on trial in federal court for conspiracy to defraud the U. S. in the leasing of the Teapot Dome naval oil reserve. At the request of Sinclair oil executive Henry Mason Day, Burns secretly hired a squad of 14 men from the William J. Burns Detective Agency to ""investigate"" his jurors. Day arranged for their compensation and received their daily"	"Director Smith also served as Chairman of a three-man commission appointed by President Calvin Coolidge in March 1924, after the Teapot Dome scandal, to study the efficient management of the naval petroleum reserves, and as Chairman of the Advisory Committee to the Cabinet-level Federal Oil Conservation Board established in December 1924 to reappraise Federal oil policies. In the fall of 1929, the first Hoover budget called for increased funds for scientific agencies, including $100,000 for fundamental research in geologic sciences, the first substantial increase in Federal funds for geologic investigations since 1915. In the spring of 1930, Congress appropriated $2.87"	"on a single day, August 1, 1923. Soon the Powell field was pumping more oil than the combined oil production of the day in the states of Colorado, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, and West Virginia. The Powell oil field produced wealth and tragedy in great proportions. On May 10, 1923, a spark ignited the derrick floor. The fire caused 13 men to die from horrible burns. At peak production the Powell field boasted more than 500 pumping wells and produced some of oil per day. By the late 1920s the Powell field had been pumped"	"Exxon Valdez Oriental Nicety, formerly Exxon Valdez, Exxon Mediterranean, SeaRiver Mediterranean, S/R Mediterranean, Mediterranean, and Dong Fang Ocean, was an oil tanker that gained notoriety after running aground in Prince William Sound spilling hundreds of thousands of barrels of crude oil in Alaska. On March 24, 1989, while owned by the former Exxon Shipping Company, and captained by Joseph Hazelwood and First Mate James Kunkel bound for Long Beach, California, the vessel ran aground on the Bligh Reef resulting in the second largest oil spill in United States history. The size of the spill is estimated to have been ,"	"limited safeguards against the hazards of oils spills. In 1976, a bill to create a cohesive safe measure for oil pollution was introduced to Congress. Neither the House of Representatives nor the Senate could agree on a single statue and the bill fell out of consideration numerous times. On March 24, 1989, the Exxon Valdez hit aground in the Prince Williams Sound and spilled nearly 11 million gallons of crude oil—the largest marine oil spill in recorded history up to that point. Soon afterward, in June 1989, three smaller spills occurred within coastal waters of the United States. This was"	"was badly hurt by the revelation that he had previously accepted a $25,000 contribution from Edward L. Doheny, an oil tycoon implicated in 1922 in the Teapot Dome scandal. McAdoo had returned the normal-course contribution once he learned of Doheny's possible bribes to Secretary of the Interior Albert Bacon Fall to get oil leases. At the 1924 Democratic National Convention, McAdoo notably did not reject the endorsement of the Ku Klux Klan (KKK). Despite these Doheny and KKK issues, McAdoo led after the first ballot of the convention, and on dozens of ballots thereafter, before John W. Davis won the"	"1969 Santa Barbara oil spill The Santa Barbara oil spill occurred in January and February 1969 in the Santa Barbara Channel, near the city of Santa Barbara in Southern California. It was the largest oil spill in United States waters by that time, and now ranks third after the 2010 Deepwater Horizon and 1989 Exxon Valdez spills. It remains the largest oil spill to have occurred in the waters off California. The source of the spill was a blow-out on January 28, 1969, from the coast on Union Oil's Platform A in the Dos Cuadras Offshore Oil Field. Within a"	"Exxon Valdez oil spill The ""Exxon Valdez"" oil spill occurred in Prince William Sound, Alaska, March 24, 1989, when ""Exxon Valdez"", an oil tanker owned by Exxon Shipping Company, bound for Long Beach, California, struck Prince William Sound's Bligh Reef, 1.5 miles west of Tatitlek, Alaska at 12:04 am local time and spilled (or a mass of 35,000 metric tonnes) of crude oil over the next few days. It is considered to be one of the most devastating human-caused environmental disasters. The ""Valdez"" spill is the second largest in US waters, after the 2010 ""Deepwater Horizon"" oil spill, in terms"	"Timeline of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill The following is a timeline of the ""Deepwater Horizon"" oil spill (also referred to as the BP oil spill, the Gulf of Mexico oil spill or the Macondo blowout). It was a massive oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico, the largest offshore spill in U.S. history. It was a result of the well blowout that began with the ""Deepwater Horizon"" drilling rig explosion on April 20, 2010. BP reports a leak a day. DeepWaterHorizonResponse.com domain registered for one year by PIER Systems in Bellingham, Washington to be used by the United States"	"Taylor oil spill The 2004 Taylor oil spill is an ongoing spill located in the Gulf of Mexico, around off the coast of the U.S. state of Louisiana, which resulted from the destruction of a Taylor Energy oil platform during Hurricane Ivan. It was first brought to public attention when the contamination at the site was noticed in 2010 by those monitoring the nearby Deepwater Horizon oil spill. A later report by the Associated Press in 2015 challenged the estimates of the extent of the leak given by the company and the U.S. Coast Guard, which were then revised to"	"largest ever inland oil spill in the United States. In 1991, 1.7 million gallons of oil ruptured from the pipeline in Grand Rapids, MN. Using data from Enbridge's own reports, the Polaris Institute calculated that 804 spills occurred on Enbridge pipelines between 1999 and 2010. These spills released approximately of crude oil into the environment. On July 4, 2002, an Enbridge pipeline ruptured in a marsh near the town of Cohasset, Minnesota, in Itasca County, spilling of crude oil. In an attempt to keep the oil from contaminating the Mississippi River, the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources set a controlled"	"accidentally crashes it. Exxon Valdez oil spill The ""Exxon Valdez"" oil spill occurred in Prince William Sound, Alaska, March 24, 1989, when ""Exxon Valdez"", an oil tanker owned by Exxon Shipping Company, bound for Long Beach, California, struck Prince William Sound's Bligh Reef, 1.5 miles west of Tatitlek, Alaska at 12:04 am local time and spilled (or a mass of 35,000 metric tonnes) of crude oil over the next few days. It is considered to be one of the most devastating human-caused environmental disasters. The ""Valdez"" spill is the second largest in US waters, after the 2010 ""Deepwater Horizon"" oil"	"that brought on the Teapot Dome scandal which ruined the reputation of the administration of Warren G. Harding, now commonly considered to be one of the most corrupt in U.S. history. In 1927 the U.S. Supreme Court invalidated the lease, and returned the Elk Hills to the U.S. government. The oil field went largely untapped, held as a reserve, until the mid-1970s, when Congress passed the Naval Petroleum Reserves Production Act in response to the 1973-1974 Arab Oil Embargo. In 1976 the Ford Administration opened the lands for drilling and production again. NPR-1, operated by Williams Brothers Engineering Company, reached"	"Odyssey (tanker) Odyssey, which previously went by the name ""Oriental Phoenix"", was an oil tanker in operation from 1971 to November 10, 1988, when an explosion caused it to sink in the North Atlantic off the coast of Canada. The resulting spill remains one of the largest oil spills in world history. The tanker was off the coast of the Canadian province of Nova Scotia when it sank and released 132,157 tons (43 million gallons) of oil into the ocean. By way of comparison, 4.3 times as much oil was spilled by the ""Odyssey"" as from the much more famous"	"had been the lowest bidder for a contract to build and fill crude oil storage facilities at Pearl Harbor, and had offered to undertake this contract in exchange for the oilfield lease, being paid in oil and then paying royalties to the government for oil extracted in excess of costs. Eventually the Supreme Court nullified both leases. It was not until 1930 that Doheny was cleared of all charges. In 1923 Louis Blaustein and his son Jacob Blaustein sold a half interest in their American Oil Company to Pan American in exchange for a guaranteed supply of oil. Before this"
Phil Collins appeared in which Spielberg film with Robin Williams?	"for the romantic comedy-drama ""Always"", about a daredevil pilot who extinguishes forest fires. Spielberg's first romantic film, ""Always"" was only a moderate success and had mixed reviews. In 1991, Spielberg directed ""Hook"", about a middle-aged Peter Pan, played by Robin Williams, who returns to Neverland. Despite innumerable rewrites and creative changes coupled with mixed reviews, the film proved popular with audiences, making over $300 million worldwide (from a $70 million budget). In 1993, Spielberg returned to the adventure genre with the film version of Michael Crichton's novel ""Jurassic Park"", about a theme park with genetically engineered dinosaurs. With revolutionary special"	"Steven Spielberg's Academy Award-winning film, ""Schindler's List"" (1993). He has since starred in other successful films, including the title role in the historical biopic ""Michael Collins"" (1996), the 1998 film adaptation of Victor Hugo's ""Les Misérables"", the epic space opera """" (1999), the biographical drama ""Kinsey"" (2004), the superhero film ""Batman Begins"" (2005), the action thriller series ""Taken"" (2008–2014), the thriller-survival film ""The Grey"" (2011), and the historical drama ""Silence"" (2016). He also provided the voices of Aslan in ""The Chronicles of Narnia"" trilogy (2005–2010) and the titular monster in ""A Monster Calls"" (2016). He has been nominated for a"	"by Chris Columbus, drawing on legends of gremlins going back to World War II. The film stars Zach Galligan and Phoebe Cates, with Howie Mandel providing the voice of Gizmo, the main mogwai character. ""Gremlins"" was a commercial success and received positive reviews from critics. However, the film was also heavily criticized for some of its more violent sequences. In response to this and to similar complaints about ""Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom"", Spielberg suggested that the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) alter its rating system, which it did within two months of the film's release. Randall"	"Steven Spielberg Steven Allan Spielberg (; born December 18, 1946) is an American filmmaker. He is considered one of the founding pioneers of the New Hollywood era and one of the most popular directors and producers in film history. After gaining traction in Hollywood with directing television and several minor theatrical releases, Spielberg became a household name as the director of ""Jaws"" (1975), which was critically and commercially successful, and is considered the first summer blockbuster. His subsequent releases focused typically on science fiction and adventure films, with ""Close Encounters of the Third Kind"" (1977), the ""Indiana Jones"" series, ""E.T."	"""Hellraiser"" (1987). A year later she worked with Robert Zemeckis on the highly successful ""Who Framed Roger Rabbit"". The working relationship with Zemeckis continued through ""Back to the Future Part II"" (1989), ""Back to the Future Part III"" (1990), ""Death Becomes Her"" (1992), ""Contact"" (1997), ""Cast Away"" (2000), ""The Polar Express"" (2004), and ""Allied"" (2016) for which she received her second nomination for an Academy Award for Best Costume Design. In 1989, Spielberg hired her as designer on ""Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade"" and they worked together again on ""Saving Private Ryan"" (1998), ""War of the Worlds"" (2005), ""Munich"""	"(1989), and ""Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull"" (2008). Williams composed an emotional and sensitive score to Spielberg's 1982 fantasy film ""E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial"". Williams was awarded a fourth Academy Award for this score. The Spielberg-Williams collaboration resumed with the director's 1987 film ""Empire of the Sun"", and has continued to the present, spanning genres from science fiction thrillers (1993's ""Jurassic Park)"", to somber tragedies (1993's ""Schindler's List"", 2005's ""Munich)"", to Eastern-tinged melodramas (2005's ""Memoirs of a Geisha"", directed by Rob Marshall), to dramatic war films (1998's ""Saving Private Ryan)"". Spielberg has said, ""I call it an"	"the Extra-Terrestrial"" (1982), and the ""Jurassic Park"" series seen as archetypes of modern Hollywood escapist filmmaking. Spielberg transitioned into addressing humanistic issues in his later work via the films ""The Color Purple"" (1985), ""Empire of the Sun"" (1987), ""Schindler's List"" (1993), ""Amistad"" (1997) and ""Saving Private Ryan"" (1998). He has largely adhered to this practice during the 21st century, with ""Munich"" (2005), ""Lincoln"" (2012), ""Bridge of Spies"" (2015), and ""The Post"" (2017). Spielberg co-founded Amblin Entertainment and DreamWorks Studios, where he has also served as a producer for several successful films, including the ""Back to the Future"", ""Men in Black"","	"3"", ""Miss Undercover 2"", ""V-for Vendetta"", ""Aviator"", ""Alexander"", ""Ocean's Twelve"", ""Collateral"", ""Finding Nemo"", ""Lord of the Rings – Return of the King"", ""Troy"", ""Kill Bill 2"", ... etc. Brad Pitt, Tom Cruise, Robbie Williams, Kylie Minogue, Matt Damon, Christian Bale, Michael Caine, Sandra Bullock, Cameron Diaz, Toni Collette, Steven Spielberg, Michael Mann, Natalie Portman, Leonardo DiCaprio, Denzel Washington, Angelina Jolie, Oliver Stone, Marylin Manson, Will Smith, George Clooney, Ralph Fiennes, Peter Jackson, Liv Tyler, Tom Hanks, ... etc. ""CeBIT"", ""AIDA"", ""GC – Games Convention"", ""Stanford Eagle"", ""Leaders Club Germany Award"", ""Minnie Driver CD Presentation"", ""Priscilla Presley CD Presentation"", ""The Sound"	"could (or would) have 'veto-ed' him [Spielberg] needs their Quick-Quotes Quill serviced."" After Spielberg left, conversations began with other directors, including Chris Columbus, Jonathan Demme, Terry Gilliam, Mike Newell, Alan Parker, Wolfgang Petersen, Rob Reiner, Tim Robbins, Brad Silberling, and Peter Weir. Petersen and Reiner both pulled out of the running in March 2000. It was then narrowed down to Columbus, Gilliam, Parker, and Silberling. Rowling's first choice was Terry Gilliam. However, on 28 March 2000 Columbus was appointed as director of the film, with Warner Bros. citing his work on other family films such as ""Home Alone"" and ""Mrs."	"Lincoln (film) Lincoln is a 2012 American historical drama film directed and produced by Steven Spielberg, starring Daniel Day-Lewis as U.S. President Abraham Lincoln. The film also features Sally Field, David Strathairn, Joseph Gordon-Levitt, James Spader, Hal Holbrook, and Tommy Lee Jones in supporting performances. The screenplay by Tony Kushner was loosely based on Doris Kearns Goodwin's biography ""Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln"", and covers the final four months of Lincoln's life, focusing on his efforts in January 1865 to have the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution passed by the United States House of"	"new film adaptation of ""Blackhawk"" for Warner Bros., with the screenplay being written by David Koepp. Spielberg will co-produce the film with Kristie Macosko Krieger and Sue Kroll. Around 1980, during the filming of ""Raiders of the Lost Ark"", Spielberg contacted Gary David Goldberg to make a semiautobiographical musical film entitled ""Reel to Reel"". The film's plot would have been surrounding a filmmaker named Stuart Moss, and his direction of a musical remake of ""Invaders From Mars"". The film was officially announced in production in 1983, but Spielberg finally abandoned the project and chose to direct ""Indiana Jones and the"	"even for Robin. It didn't quite deliver."" By 2001, the script had been rewritten by Gwyn Lurie, and was greeted with positive feedback from the Dahl estate. Terry Jones and Ed Solomon also attempted screenplay drafts. While the screenplay lingered in development hell, Paramount subsequently lost the film rights and they reverted to the Dahl estate. In September 2011, DreamWorks acquired the film rights to the book; Kennedy and Marshall were announced to produce, with screenwriter Melissa Mathison adapting the story. Initially, John Madden was hired to direct, however, in April 2014, Steven Spielberg was announced as the director, with"	"collaboration between Spielberg and composer John Williams. Williams has scored all but four of Spielberg-directed films since ("""", ""The Color Purple"", ""Bridge of Spies"", and ""Ready Player One"" being the only exceptions); this is the only score he has composed for Spielberg that has never been released as an album, although Williams re-recorded the main theme with Toots Thielemans and the Boston Pops Orchestra for 1991's ""The Spielberg/Williams Collaboration"". In May 1969, Lou Jean Poplin (Goldie Hawn) visits her husband Clovis Michael Poplin (William Atherton) to tell him that their son will soon be placed in the care of foster"	"It was written with Robin Williams in mind but Williams turned it down. Nilsson and Southern then learned that comedian Whoopi Goldberg was keen to take the part and she asked Nilsson and Southern to rewrite it for her. New World Films agreed to produce it and Rip Torn signed on as director. Production began in January 1987, but New World allowed Goldberg to improvise freely on the screenplay. She also replaced Torn's chosen DOP John Alonzo with then-husband Conrad Hall. Torn battled with Goldberg and reportedly had to beg her to perform takes that stuck to the script. A"	"its $23 million budget, and also winning an Academy Award for special effects. One of his better-known roles was in the 1982 science fiction film ""Tron"", in which he played Kevin Flynn, a video game programmer (a role he reprised in late 2010 with the sequel """"). The same year (1982), he also starred in ""Kiss Me Goodbye"", an American romantic comedy film directed by Robert Mulligan that also starred Sally Field. He was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor in 1984, for playing the alien in ""Starman"". He was also acclaimed for his roles in the thriller"	"Utah for six summers, where he developed his play ""Penguin Blues"",[1] which is published by Samuel French Inc. and is included in ""The Best Short Plays of 1989"" (Applause, ed. Ramon Delgado). Based on his experiences at Sundance, Phillips helped found First Stage, a playwright development lab in Los Angeles now in its Thirty-Fifth year. Phillips has appeared in over thirty films, beginning with ""Ragtime"" (directed by Miloš Forman). Other features include ""For Richer or Poorer"", ""Jeffrey"", ""The Shadow"", ""Wagons East!"", ""The Man Without a Face"", ""Green Card"", ""Lean On Me"", ""Critters"", ""Bloodhounds of Broadway"", ""The Island"", ""Bad Santa"", and"	"He also appeared in ""Newman's Law"" (1974), ""Law and Disorder"" (1974), ""Hustle"" (1975), ""American Raspberry"" (1977), ""The Choirboys"" (1977), ""Real Life"" (1979), ""Winter Kills"" (1979), ""Christine"" (1983), ""The Stranger"" (1987), ""Alice"" (1990), and ""Red Ribbon Blues"" (1996). Spielberg's roles in television programs included those shown in the table below. Source: ""Encyclopedia of American Radio, 1920-1960, 2nd Edition"" He also appeared in ""Law & Order"", ""Highway to Heaven"", ""Family Ties"", ""Wheels"", ""L.A. Law"", ""ER"", ""A Place for Annie"", and """" among other television series. Spielberg died of cancer in Los Angeles, California, on June 1, 2016. He was 77. David Spielberg"	"is adapting the classic show's book for Spielberg, though the musical score will remain unchanged, as will the late-1950s setting. In January 2018, he began an open casting search for the four lead roles, three of the roles being specifically for Latino actors. On October 2, 2018, it was announced that Ansel Elgort will play the lead role of Tony in the film. Spielberg also plans to film a fifth installment in the ""Indiana Jones"" series. The untitled film is set to star Harrison Ford and will be produced by Kathleen Kennedy and Frank Marshall. It is being written by"	"to produce the film. Tom Hanks, who previously worked with Spielberg on ""Saving Private Ryan"", ""Catch Me If You Can"" and ""The Terminal"", was considered for the lead role. Spielberg had also approached Robert Downey, Jr., but in December 2009 Spielberg opted out after a dispute over his vision for the project. The Jimmy Stewart Museum, based in Stewart's hometown of Indiana, Pennsylvania, presents the Harvey Award to a distinguished celebrity tied to Jimmy Stewart's spirit of humanitarianism. Past recipients include Robert Wagner, Shirley Jones, Janet Leigh, and Rich Little. A 1971 children's film, ""Mr. Horatio Knibbles"", also starred a"	"Secret Thing."" During pre-production for ""Once Around"", Scotch Marmo came to the attention of acclaimed film director Steven Spielberg, who hired her to write ""Hook"", also released in 1991. ""Hook"" starred Robin Williams as an adult Peter Pan, Dustin Hoffman as Captain Hook, and Julia Roberts as Tinkerbell. Scotch Marmo shared writing credit with James V. Hart and also served as associate producer on the film. While ""Hook"" was being shot, Scotch Marmo began working on her next Spielberg project, ""Jurassic Park"", released in 1993. ""Jurassic Park"", which has had four sequels to date, starred Sam Neill, Laura Dern, Jeff"	"at the New York Film Festival on October 8, 2012. The film was also screened at the 2012 AFI Film Festival on November 8, 2012. Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures distributed the film in North America through the Touchstone Pictures banner, while 20th Century Fox distributed the film in the remaining international territories. Disney Publishing Worldwide released several companion books and ancillary literature in anticipation of the film, including ""Lincoln: A Cinematic and Historical Companion"" and ""Lincoln: A Spielberg Film – Discover the Story"". DreamWorks and Google Play released the film's trailer during a Google+ hangout with Spielberg and Joseph"	"direct the miniseries for HBO, from a script by David Lenland based on extensive research materials accumulated by Kubrick over many years. Spielberg had planned to shoot a $200 million adaptation of Daniel H. Wilson's novel ""Robopocalypse"", adapted for the screen by Drew Goddard. The novel follows a global human war against a robot uprising about 15–20 years in the future. Like ""Lincoln"", it was to be released by Disney in the United States and Fox overseas. It was set for release on April 25, 2014, with Anne Hathaway and Chris Hemsworth set to star, but Spielberg postponed production indefinitely"	"Kubrick's ""A Clockwork Orange"" (1971) and ""Barry Lyndon"" (1975). He produced or associate produced six films with director Frank Oz, beginning with ""Dirty Rotten Scoundrels"" (1988). His other collaborations with Oz were ""What About Bob?"" (1991), ""Housesitter"" (1992), ""The Indian in the Cupboard"" (1995), ""Bowfinger"" (1999), and ""The Score"" (2001). Williams also produced ""The Big Sleep"" (1978), a remake of the 1946 film; ""Flash Gordon"" (1980); ""Ragtime"" (1981); ""The Bounty"" (1984), starring Mel Gibson and Anthony Hopkins; ""Manhunter"", (1986) which was directed by Michael Mann; and ""Daredevil"" (2003), a superhero film starring Ben Affleck. With Rosilyn Heller, Williams co-produced ""Who's"	"drama ""Lincoln"", directed by Steven Spielberg and starring Daniel Day-Lewis as President Abraham Lincoln. In the film, he portrayed Democratic Congressman George Yeaman, representative of Kentucky. The Alfred Hitchcock biopic ""Hitchcock"" was his final release of the year, with Stuhlbarg portraying talent agent and studio executive Lew Wasserman. In Woody Allen's comedy-drama ""Blue Jasmine"" (2013), starring Cate Blanchett, Stuhlbarg appeared as dentist who makes unwanted sexual advances to Blanchett's character. Stuhlbarg played chess grandmaster Bobby Fischer's manager, Paul Marshall, in the 2014 film ""Pawn Sacrifice"", starring Tobey Maguire as Fischer. In Danny Boyle's 2015 ""Steve Jobs"" biopic, Stuhlbarg portrayed computer"	"Spielberg, John Williams, Lionel’s nephew, composer Randy Newman, and his grandson, Joey Newman. The dedication was attended by several hundred people, including his family beyond Randy and Joey. He received eleven Academy Award nominations, and won an Oscar for ""Hello Dolly!"" with Lennie Hayton in 1969. He conducted the scores for ""Cleopatra"", ""The Sand Pebbles"", ""The Agony and the Ecstasy"", ""The Long Hot Summer"", ""The Young Lions"", ""Alien"", and ""The Omen"". He was the musical supervisor for ""Star Wars"", ""The Empire Strikes Back"", ""Return of the Jedi"", ""Monsignor"", and ""The Fury"". Although he did not consider himself a songwriter, he"	"His directorial debut, ""Sex, Lies, and Videotape"" (1989), was influenced by Mike Nichols' 1971 American comedy-drama ""Carnal Knowledge."" Soderbergh has worked with a variety of actors, composers, screenwriters throughout his career as a filmmaker. His most prolific collaborators are considered to be George Clooney, Matt Damon, Brad Pitt, Julia Roberts, Don Cheadle, and Channing Tatum. Clooney started Section Eight Productions with Soderbergh and as of 2018 remains his most frequent collaborator, followed by Damon. Among those who have won awards for their work with Soderbergh, Roberts won an Academy Award for Best Actress for her lead in ""Erin Brockovich""; Benicio"	"with Robin Williams in mind for the main character, and attempted to get the comedian a copy of the script, but Williams' manager did not want him to make the film. After viewing Whoopi Goldberg's standup performances, Nilsson and Southern thought that she would be right for the part. After seeing Rip Torn's direction of stage plays, the writers felt that Torn would be ideal to direct the film. The film's producers persuaded Goldberg to ignore the film's script and improvise, leading to arguments with Torn, who preferred to direct the film as scripted. Whoopi Goldberg states that she was"	"film premiered at the Sundance Film Festival, where early reviews praised Jones's performance as ""pitch-perfect."" Jones had a role in the Marvel Studios film, """". He also directed, produced and co-starred with Samuel L. Jackson in an adaptation of ""The Sunset Limited"". In 2012, there was another turning point in Jones's career, starting with a reprisal of his role as Agent K in ""Men in Black 3"", the romantic dramedy ""Hope Springs"", and co-starring as Thaddeus Stevens in Steven Spielberg's ""Lincoln"". Jones's performance in ""Lincoln"" received wide critical acclaim. For this performance, Jones received his fourth Oscar nomination, for Best"	"though he was often unable to prevail."" In his 1997 biography of Stevens, though, he took a position similar to McKitrick's: that Stevens was a relatively marginal figure, with his influence often limited by his extremism. Trefousse believed that Brodie went too far both in deeming Stevens's clubfoot responsible for so much about him, and in giving full credence to the Stevens-Smith relationship: both those things cannot now be determined with certainty. Steven Spielberg's 2012 film ""Lincoln"", in which Stevens was portrayed by Tommy Lee Jones, brought new public interest in Stevens. Jones's character is portrayed as the central figure"	"""muddled and brown"". Notable among his later films is ""Rollerball"" (1975). In the 1980s, he worked with Steven Spielberg on the first three ""Indiana Jones"" films, after Spielberg enjoyed working with him as an auxiliary cinematographer on ""Close Encounters of the Third Kind"" (1977). These were among his last major projects, as he was 76 at the time of filming the last, ""Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade"", and also began to suffer from eyesight problems in the 1980s. He was quoted in 1989 as saying of it ""there's an excitement in doing action films. I probably enjoy them on"	"original film in the trilogy, directed by Tobe Hooper and co-written by Steven Spielberg and released on June 4, 1982. The story focuses on the Freeling family, which consists of Steven (Craig T. Nelson); Diane (JoBeth Williams); Dana (Dominique Dunne); Robbie (Oliver Robins); and Carol Anne (Heather O'Rourke), who live in a California housing development called Cuesta Verde, which comes to be haunted by ghosts. The ghosts communicate only with Carol Anne through the family's television set, and are under the control of a demon known as the ""Beast."" The ghosts, attracted to Carol Anne's life force and believing she"	"I had confidence in the first act and I had confidence in the epilogue. I didn't have confidence in the body of it."" He added, ""I didn't quite know what I was doing and I tried to paint over my insecurity with production value,"" admitting ""the more insecure I felt about it, the bigger and more colorful the sets became."" Hook (film) Hook is a 1991 American fantasy adventure film directed by Steven Spielberg and written by James V. Hart and Malia Scotch Marmo. It stars Robin Williams as Peter Banning / Peter Pan, Dustin Hoffman as Captain Hook, Julia"	"Dreamworks animated feature """" with Bill Murray and Seth Rogen; ""Anesthesia""; and ""The Cobbler"", opposite Adam Sandler, Dustin Hoffman and Steve Buscemi. He can also been seen on the small screen on Lifetime's new series ""The Lottery"" as Pres. Thomas Westwood. With over 40 film credits, highlights include roles in six time Oscar nominee ""Captain Phillips"" (2013), ""The A-Team"" (2010) with Liam Neeson, John Sayles's ""Amigo"", Steven Soderbergh’s two-part epic ""Che"" (2008), ""The Take"" (2008), ""American Gangster"", ""Music Within"" (2007), ""War of the Worlds"" (2005), ""Bad Boys II"" (2003), ""Traffic"" and ""Runaway Bride"" (1999). He was a regular for both"
Theodore Francis international airport is in which US state?	"T. F. Green Airport T. F. Green International Airport (officially Theodore Francis Green Memorial State Airport) is a public international airport in Warwick, Rhode Island, six miles (10 km) south of the state's capital and largest city of Providence. Opened in 1931, the airport was named for former Rhode Island governor and longtime senator Theodore Francis Green. Rebuilt in 1996, the renovated main terminal was named for former Rhode Island governor Bruce Sundlun. It was the first state-owned airport in the United States. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2017–2021 categorized it as a"	"Cheyenne County Municipal Airport Cheyenne County Municipal Airport is a public airport located one mile (2 km) south of the central business district of St. Francis, a city in Cheyenne County, Kansas, United States. This airport is publicly owned by City of St. Francis. Although most U.S. airports use the same three-letter location identifier for the FAA and IATA, Cheyenne County Municipal Airport is assigned SYF by the FAA but has no designation from the IATA (which assigned SYF to Silva Bay on Gabriola Island in British Columbia, Canada). The airport's ICAO identifier is KSYF. Cheyenne County Municipal Airport covers"	"SW Fairlawn Rd. Topeka Regional Airport (FOE) formerly known as Forbes Field is in south Topeka in Pauline, Kansas. Forbes Field also serves as an Air National Guard base, home of the highly decorated 190th Air Refueling Wing. Manhattan Regional Airport (MHK) in Manhattan, Kansas is the next closest commercial airport; Kansas City International Airport (MCI) in Kansas City is the closest major airport. Philip Billard Municipal Airport (TOP) is Topeka's Oakland area. Passenger rail service provided by Amtrak stops at the Topeka Station. Service is via the Chicago-to-Los Angeles Southwest Chief during the early morning hours and makes intermediate"	"Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport is the primary international airport serving the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex area in the U.S. state of Texas. It is the largest hub for American Airlines, which is headquartered near the airport. 2017 was a record year for DFW, as the airport served 67,092,194 passengers. It is the fourth busiest airport in the world by aircraft movements and the twelfth busiest airport in the world by passenger traffic in 2017. It is the busiest airport in the state of Texas by both passenger enplanements and by aircraft movements (takeoffs and landings). It is"	"an area of which contains four runways: For 12-month period ending June 7, 2006, the airport had 3,950 aircraft operations, an average of 10 per day: 96% general aviation and air taxi. There are 12 aircraft based at this airport, all single engine. Cheyenne County Municipal Airport Cheyenne County Municipal Airport is a public airport located one mile (2 km) south of the central business district of St. Francis, a city in Cheyenne County, Kansas, United States. This airport is publicly owned by City of St. Francis. Although most U.S. airports use the same three-letter location identifier for the FAA"	"Topeka Regional Airport Topeka Regional Airport , formerly known as Forbes Field, is a public airport owned by the Metropolitan Topeka Airport Authority in Shawnee County, Kansas, seven miles south of downtown Topeka, the capital city of Kansas. The National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015 called it a ""general aviation"" airport. United Express had scheduled airline flights on January 7, 2014, with two daily regional jet departures to Chicago's O'Hare International Airport, but ceased on September 2, 2014. Allegiant Air offered scheduled jet service nonstop to Las Vegas, but discontinued service on July 30, 2007. The airport was"	"the Fall. In 2016 and 2017, the airshow was headlined by the United States Air Force Thunderbirds demonstration team. The 2018 airshow, scheduled for October 13-14, 2018, will feature the United States Navy Blue Angels. Minden–Tahoe Airport Minden–Tahoe Airport is a general aviation airport serving the Carson Valley in Douglas County, including the towns of Minden, Gardnerville and Genoa, Nevada. The airport is five miles north of Minden. It is home to the Sierra Front Interagency Dispatch Center and regional firefighting air tanker base. The airport is a mecca for soaring, and many North American and world records have been"	"100% of which were general aviation. Franklin County Airport (Tennessee) Franklin County Airport is a public airport located one mile (2 km) east of the central business district of Sewanee, a census-designated place in Franklin County, Tennessee, United States. It is owned by Franklin County. It is a general aviation airport located atop the Cumberland Plateau. The location is commonly referred to as Monteagle Mountain since it is near one of the most notoriously hazardous stretches of Interstate highway in the United States where Interstate 24 crosses the plateau. The ICAO designation ""KUOS"" resulted from its proximity to the University"	"Truckee Tahoe Airport Truckee Tahoe Airport is a public airport two miles east of Truckee, California, United States. The airport is in both Nevada County and Placer County. It is owned by Truckee Tahoe Airport District, a bi-county special district. According to the FAA's National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2009–2013 it is a general aviation airport. Many U.S. airports use the same three-letter location identifier for the FAA and IATA, but Truckee Tahoe Airport is assigned TRK by FAA and TKF by IATA. IATA lists TRK as Juwata Airport in Tarakan, North Kalimantan, Indonesia. Truckee-Tahoe Airport covers at"	"Falls International Airport Falls International Airport is a city-owned public-use airport located in International Falls, a city in Koochiching County, Minnesota, United States. It is mostly used for general aviation but is also served by one commercial airline with scheduled passenger service subsidized by the Essential Air Service program. As per Federal Aviation Administration records, the airport had 16,590 passenger boardings (enplanements) in calendar year 2008, 15,861 enplanements in 2009, and 14,051 in 2010. It is included in the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2017–2021, which categorized it as a ""primary commercial service"" airport (more than 10,000 enplanements"	"Turners Falls Airport Turners Falls Airport is a town owned, public use airport located three nautical miles (6 km) north of the central business district of Montague, a town in Franklin County, Massachusetts, United States. It is owned by the Town of Montague. It is included in the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015, which categorized it as a ""general aviation"" facility. Although started by a private group, the airport was the site of a large New Deal work relief camp during the Great Depression. Civilian Conservation Corps workers lived in tents on the grounds and labored by"	"Franklin County Airport (Tennessee) Franklin County Airport is a public airport located one mile (2 km) east of the central business district of Sewanee, a census-designated place in Franklin County, Tennessee, United States. It is owned by Franklin County. It is a general aviation airport located atop the Cumberland Plateau. The location is commonly referred to as Monteagle Mountain since it is near one of the most notoriously hazardous stretches of Interstate highway in the United States where Interstate 24 crosses the plateau. The ICAO designation ""KUOS"" resulted from its proximity to the University of the South. Although the airport"	"Joseph State Airport Joseph State Airport is a public use airport located one nautical mile (1.85 km) west of the central business district of Joseph, a city in Wallowa County, Oregon, United States. It is owned by the Oregon Department of Aviation. Commercial flights are not currently available to Joseph. The nearest commercial flights are at the Eastern Oregon Regional Airport in Pendleton. Although many U.S. airports use the same three-letter location identifier for the FAA and IATA, this airport is assigned JSY by the FAA but has no designation from the IATA (which assigned JSY to Syros Island National"	"Washington Dulles International Airport Washington Dulles International Airport ( ) is an international airport in the eastern United States, located in Loudoun and Fairfax counties in Virginia, west of downtown Opened in 1962, it is named after John Foster Dulles the 52nd Secretary of State who served under President Dwight D. Eisenhower. The Dulles main terminal is a well-known landmark designed by Eero Saarinen. Operated by the Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority, Dulles Airport occupies straddling the Loudoun-Fairfax Most of the airport is in the unincorporated community of Dulles in Loudoun County, with a small portion in the unincorporated community of"	"airport in the state, served by eight airlines to 23 destinations. Flint Bishop International Airport is the third largest airport in the state, served by four airlines to several primary hubs. Smaller regional and local airports are located throughout the state including on several islands. Cherry Capital Airport is in Traverse City. Other economically significant cities include: Half of the wealthiest communities in the state are in Oakland County, just north of Detroit. Another wealthy community is just east of the city, in Grosse Pointe. Only three of these cities are outside of Metro Detroit. The city of Detroit, with"	"Potomac Airfield Potomac Airfield , also known as Potomac Airport (), is a privately owned, public-use airport located in the Friendly census-designated place in unincorporated Prince George's County, Maryland, United States (just outside Washington, D.C.); it has a Fort Washington postal address. It is a general aviation airport, and there is no scheduled airline service available. Potomac Airfield is one of the ""Maryland 3"" airports located within the Washington, D.C. Flight Restricted Zone (FRZ), so it is subject to the Special Flight Rules Area restrictions imposed by the FAA after the September 11 attacks. It is located just west of"	"Airport. Wano Township, Cheyenne County, Kansas Wano Township is a township in Cheyenne County, Kansas, USA. As of the 2000 census, its population was 2,104. Wano Township covers an area of and contains one incorporated settlement, St. Francis (the county seat). According to the USGS, it contains eight cemeteries: Emanuel, Gar, Hope Valley, Lawn Ridge, Saint Francis, Saint Pauls, Salem and Salem Evangelical. The streams of Cherry Creek, Drury Creek, Fish Creek, Sand Creek, Spring Creek and West Fork Sand Creek run through this township. Wano Township contains two airports or landing strips: Cheyenne County Municipal Airport and Saint Francis"	"flight service between Theodore Roosevelt Regional Airport (DIK) and Hector International Airport (FAR) in Fargo, ND. The flights operate Monday through Saturday using Cessna 208B Caravans with Cargomaster cargo pods. Jefferson Lines offers regional bus service throughout the Midwest and stops at the Paragon Lanes Bowling Alley in Dickinson almost daily throughout the week. The former Northern Pacific Railway line now owned by Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railway provides only freight service to Dickinson. Interstate 94 has interchanges in Dickinson at Exits 59, 61, and 64. It also has a I-94 Business Loop between exits 59 and 64. The state"	"Dallas. In terms of size, DFW is the largest airport in the state, the 2nd largest in the United States, and 9th largest in the world; DFW International Airport is larger than the island of Manhattan. In terms of traffic, DFW is the busiest airport in the state, 4th busiest in the United States, and 11th busiest in the world. The headquarters of American Airlines, the largest air carrier in the world ahead of United Airlines and Delta Air Lines, is less than a mile from DFW within Fort Worth's city limits. Similarly, Love Field is within Dallas' city limits,"	"Boise Airport Boise Airport (Boise Air Terminal or Gowen Field) is a joint civil-military airport three miles south of Boise in Ada County, Idaho, United States. The airport is operated by the city of Boise Department of Aviation and is overseen by an Airport Commission. It is by far the busiest airport in the state of Idaho, serving more passengers than all other Idaho airports combined and roughly ten times as many passengers as Idaho's second busiest airport, Idaho Falls Regional Airport. Boise is a landing rights airfield requiring international general aviation flights to receive permission from a Customs and"	"Frankfort Dow Memorial Field Frankfort Dow Memorial Field is a public use airport located two nautical miles (3.7 km) southeast of the central business district of Frankfort, a city in Benzie County, Michigan, United States. It is owned by the Frankfort City-County Airport Authority. It is included in the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2017–2021, in which it is categorized as a general aviation facility. Although many U.S. airports use the same three-letter location identifier for the FAA and IATA, this airport is assigned FKS by the FAA and no designation from the IATA"	"delay public buses. Though located south of downtown in unincorporated San Mateo County, San Francisco International Airport (SFO) is under the jurisdiction of the City and County of San Francisco. SFO is a hub for United Airlines and Virgin America. SFO is a major international gateway to Asia and Europe, with the largest international terminal in North America. In 2011, SFO was the eighth-busiest airport in the U.S. and the 22nd-busiest in the world, handling over 40.9 million passengers. Located across the bay, Oakland International Airport is a popular, low-cost alternative to SFO. Geographically, Oakland Airport is approximately the same"	"Fergus Falls Municipal Airport Fergus Falls Municipal Airport , also known as Einar Mickelson Field, is a public airport located three miles (5 km) west of the central business district (CBD) of Fergus Falls, a city in Otter Tail County, Minnesota, USA. The airport covers and has two runways. It is primarily used for general aviation. The airport was formerly served by Northwest Airlink and United Express. As of July 31, 2011 there were 47 aircraft based at the airport with an average 23 aircraft operations per day. 85% were general aviation, 13% were air taxi and 1% was military."	"Tri-State Airport Tri-State Airport , also known as Milton J. Ferguson Field, is a public airport in Wayne County, West Virginia, three miles south of Huntington, West Virginia, near Ceredo and Kenova. Owned by the Tri-State Airport Authority, it serves Huntington; Ashland, Kentucky; and Ironton, Ohio. It has heavy use for general aviation, and after the withdrawal of Delta Air Lines in June 2012, is down to two airlines, one of which provides nationwide connecting service. Federal Aviation Administration records say the airport had 115,263 passenger boardings (enplanements) in calendar year 2010, 10.9% more than 2009. It is included in"	"Boeing Field Boeing Field, officially King County International Airport , is a public airport owned and operated by King County, five miles south of downtown Seattle, Washington. The airport is sometimes referred to as KCIA, but this is not the airport identifier. The airport has some passenger service, but is mostly used by general aviation and cargo. It is named for the founder of Boeing, William E. Boeing. The airport's property is mostly in Seattle just south of Georgetown, with its southern tip extending into Tukwila. It covers and has more than 375,000 operations yearly. It is in the National"	"Tooele Valley Airport Tooele Valley Airport , also known as Bolinder Field, is a public use airport in Tooele County, Utah, United States. It is owned by the Salt Lake City Department of Airports and is located five nautical miles (9.26 km) northwest of the central business district of the City of Tooele. According to the FAA's National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2009–2013, it is categorized as a ""general aviation"" airport. Although most U.S. airports use the same three-letter location identifier for the FAA and IATA, this airport is assigned TVY by the FAA but has no designation"	"Washington Executive Airport Washington Executive Airport , also known as Washington Executive Airpark or Hyde Field, is a public use general aviation airport located southwest of the central business district (CBD) of Clinton, in Prince George's County, Maryland, USA. Hyde Field is one of the ""Maryland 3"" airports located within the Washington, D.C. Flight Restricted Zone (FRZ), so it is subject to the Special Flight Rules Area (SFRA) restrictions imposed by the FAA after the September 11 attacks. It is located just east of a slightly smaller airport called Potomac Airfield. Hyde opened in 1934 as a training field for"	"First Flight Airport First Flight Airport is a public use airport located one nautical mile (2 km) west of the central business district of Kill Devil Hills, a town in Dare County, North Carolina, United States. The airport is owned by the U.S. National Park Service. It is included in the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015, which categorized it as a ""general aviation"" facility. The airport itself is famous for being the site of hundreds of pre-flight gliding experiments carried out by the Wright brothers. The Wright Brothers National Memorial, located atop nearby Kill Devil Hill, is"	"operations, an average of 48 per day: 99.4% general aviation and 0.6% air taxi. At that time there were 29 aircraft based at this airport, all 100% single-engine. Turners Falls Airport Turners Falls Airport is a town owned, public use airport located three nautical miles (6 km) north of the central business district of Montague, a town in Franklin County, Massachusetts, United States. It is owned by the Town of Montague. It is included in the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015, which categorized it as a ""general aviation"" facility. Although started by a private group, the airport"	"Louisville International Airport Louisville International Airport is a public and military use public airport centrally located in the city of Louisville in Jefferson County, Kentucky, United States. The airport is situated on approximately and has three runways. Its IATA airport code, SDF, is based on the airport's former name, Standiford Field. Although it currently does not have regularly-scheduled international passenger flights, it is a port of entry, as it handles numerous international cargo flights. Over 3.2 million passengers and over 4.7 billion pounds (2,350,000 t) of cargo passed through the airport as of 2014. It is also the third-busiest in"	"and eventually catch the spy which stole Ruff's prized collar. Potomac Airfield Potomac Airfield , also known as Potomac Airport (), is a privately owned, public-use airport located in the Friendly census-designated place in unincorporated Prince George's County, Maryland, United States (just outside Washington, D.C.); it has a Fort Washington postal address. It is a general aviation airport, and there is no scheduled airline service available. Potomac Airfield is one of the ""Maryland 3"" airports located within the Washington, D.C. Flight Restricted Zone (FRZ), so it is subject to the Special Flight Rules Area restrictions imposed by the FAA after"	"real estate businessman from Wynne in Cross County. The state representative from Monroe County is a Democrat, Marshall Wright, a lawyer from Forrest City in St. Francis County. Monroe County is home to three public own/public use general aviation (GA) airports. Each airport is used largely for agricultural spraying operations. The Clarendon Municipal Airport located southwest of Clarendon and northwest of Roe along Highway 33. For the twelve-month period ending August 31, 2015, the facility saw 26,000 general aviation operations. Frank Federer Memorial Airport in southeast Brinkley had 22,000 GA operations in the twelve-month period ending August 31, 2015. Holly"	"zip code, 37389. Arnold Air Force Base Arnold Air Force Base (Arnold AFB) is a United States Air Force base located in Coffee and Franklin counties, Tennessee, adjacent to the city of Tullahoma. It is named for General Henry ""Hap"" Arnold, the father of the U.S. Air Force. There is no longer an active airfield on the base, as the airfield was decommissioned in 2009. Army aviation assets (helicopters) continue to utilize Arnold as part of missions supporting Fort Campbell, Kentucky or the Tennessee Army National Guard. The base is home to the Arnold Engineering Development Complex (AEDC), the most"
In which soap did Demi Moore find fame?	"Demi Moore Demi Gene Guynes (born November 11, 1962), professionally known as Demi Moore ( ), is an American actress, former songwriter, and model. Moore dropped out of high school at age 16 to pursue an acting career and appeared in the men's pornographic magazine ""Oui"" in 1981. After making her film debut later that year, she appeared on the soap opera ""General Hospital"" and subsequently gained recognition as a member of the Brat Pack with roles in ""Blame It on Rio"" (1984), ""St. Elmo's Fire"" (1985), and ""About Last Night..."" (1986). Following a few roles, she subsequently came over"	"Demi Moore and Tony Curtis. After directing shows such as ""The First Hundred Years"", ""The Secret Storm"" (for many years), and ""Bright Promise"", she is best known for taking over the ailing ABC Daytime serial ""General Hospital"" in 1978 as Executive Producer. Fred Silverman, the head of ABC, gave Monty thirteen weeks to turn the show around, with cancellation threatened if she did not succeed. It subsequently became the top-rated American daytime drama and won several Daytime Emmy Awards. To accomplish this turnaround, she increased the show's pace, and focused main storylines on younger characters to reach out to younger"	"famously shaved her head won her a second Razzie Award for Worst Actress and was followed by a lengthy break and downturn in Moore's career. Her later film roles include """" (2003), ""Bobby"" (2006), ""Mr. Brooks"" (2007), and ""Margin Call"" (2011). Besides acting, her personal life has been the subject of significant media coverage, particularly her marriages to actors Bruce Willis and Ashton Kutcher. Was born Demi Gene Harmon on November 11, 1962, in Roswell, New Mexico. Her biological father, Air Force airman Charles Harmon, Sr., left her mother, Virginia (née King), after a two-month marriage before Moore was born."	"Men Don't Buy Girls."" In November 2012, the foundation said it was announcing ""a new name and refined mission"" as Thorn: Digital Defenders of Children, which aimed ""to disrupt and deflate the predatory behavior of those who abuse and traffic children, solicit sex with children or create and share child pornography"". The following is a list of accolades Moore has received throughout her career: Demi Moore Demi Gene Guynes (born November 11, 1962), professionally known as Demi Moore ( ), is an American actress, former songwriter, and model. Moore dropped out of high school at age 16 to pursue an"	"to achieving pop culture prominence and respect in the fashion and art worlds starting with her body painting of Demi Moore, she is an award-winning make-up artist in the rock and roll world who has helped several of her music clients win fashion and style awards. She is also considered a fashion and art trendsetter, and for a long time she was associated with Madonna. In 2001, she had her first retrospective and in 2005, she published her first book on body painting. At the peak of her pop culture fame after the ""Vanity Fair"" cover, she was seriously considered"	"sanitize it, and I didn’t, and I got my ass kicked for it."" Moore played the main female character, Erin Grant. For the film, she was paid $12.5 million, which was at the time a record for an actress. Bergman later said, ""Is Demi the funniest person in the world? No. Would the movie have been made without her? Probably not. No other major star was willing to take her clothes off, and I was not going to do a TNT version of ""Striptease"" with people running around in swimsuits."" To prepare for her role, Moore visited strip clubs in"	"and her performance in the latter as a linguistics professor with early-onset Alzheimer's disease earned her the Best Actress Oscar. Moore also appeared in """" which earned over $755 million to emerge as her highest-grossing release. In 2017 Moore played a villainous entrepreneur in the highly successful spy film """". Julianne Moore filmography Julianne Moore is an American actress who made her acting debut on television in 1984 in the mystery series ""The Edge of Night"". The following year she made her first appearance in the soap opera ""As the World Turns"", which earned her a Daytime Emmy Award for"	"Julianne Moore Julianne Moore (born Julie Anne Smith; December 3, 1960) is an American actress, prolific in films since the early 1990s. She is particularly known for her portrayals of emotionally troubled women in both independent and Hollywood films, and has received many accolades, including the Academy Award for Best Actress. After studying theatre at Boston University, Moore began her career with a series of television roles. From 1985 to 1988, she was a regular in the soap opera ""As the World Turns"", earning a Daytime Emmy for her performance. Her film debut was in """" (1990), and she continued"	"were involved in a fatal car accident. Her mother and sister died immediately, while her father died a year after of the injuries he sustained in the accident. Moore was then adopted by a wealthy local family and changed her name from Dorothy to Joanna. As a teen, she married and quickly divorced Willis Moore in 1951. After the divorce, she attended Agnes Scott College in Decatur, Georgia. While attending college, she entered and won a beauty contest and was brought to Hollywood. Moore's acting career began when a producer for Universal Studios spotted her at a cocktail party. Moore"	"Passion of Mind Passion of Mind is a 2000 American psychological romantic drama film starring Demi Moore. It was the first English-language film from Belgian director Alain Berliner, best known for the arthouse success ""Ma Vie en Rose"". Marty (Moore) is a high-powered single literary agent in Manhattan. Marie (also Moore) is a widow in Provence with two daughters and a peaceful life. Marty has been seeing a therapist (Peter Riegert) to deal with her vivid dreams of Marie's life; when Marie falls asleep she dreams Marty's life, but is much less disturbed by it. Each woman is convinced that"	"Debbie Moore Debbie Moore OBE (born ""Dorothy Moore"", 31 May 1946), is an English model and business woman founded the Pineapple Dance Studios and its associated clothing brand. She was the first woman to float a company on the London Stock Exchange and in 1984 was an early winner of the prestigious Veuve Clicquot Business Woman of The Year Award. Debbie Moore was born and raised in Urmston, near Manchester, the daughter of Hazel, a clerk, and Ron Moore, a plumber. She has one brother. Aged 14 she suffered from whooping cough, which kept her out of school for several"	"Network for two summers and found an opportunity to work as an intern for USA Network's comedy TV series ""Up All Night"". When Moore graduated from Harvard, he moved to Los Angeles with friends and began working in the mailroom at an agency. He eventually got promoted to literary agent and sold several scripts; some became films: ""The Stoned Age"", ""PCU"", ""Airheads"", ""Last Action Hero"", and ""My Girl"". When Moore's agency was acquired by ICM, he left and strove to become a film producer. With friends, he raised money to produce the film ""Glory Daze"". He knew Matt Damon from"	"she was eight years old, Moore's family moved to Los Angeles at the recommendation of Moore's uncle, an MCA employee. She was raised Catholic, and attended St. Rose of Lima Parochial School in Brooklyn until the third grade. She then attended Saint Ambrose School in Los Angeles, followed by Immaculate Heart High School in Los Feliz, California. Moore's sister, Elizabeth, died at age 21 ""from a combination of...painkillers and alcohol"" while her brother died at age 47 from kidney cancer. Moore decided at age 17 that she wanted to be a dancer. Her television career began with Moore's first job"	"Dominique Moore Dominique Moore (born 12 January 1986) is an English actress who was best known for playing Chanel O'Grady in the ITV2 television drama """". Moore is a former pupil of Sylvia Young Theatre School. The BBC fly-on-the-wall documentary series ""Paddington Green"" followed her as she tried to win a scholarship and attended auditions. Moore was also a professional ice-skater, and a model in Paris. When Moore was 18, she joined The Prince's Trust. Moore was diagnosed with cancer, specifically Hodgkin's Lymphoma after discovering a lump on the back of her neck whilst on set of filming ""Hotel Trubble""."	"became the second African American woman to win Miss USA. She then represented the United States in the Miss Universe 1993 pageant and placed fifth. Moore had small, background parts in television programs including: ""The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air"", ""Meet The Browns"", ""Homeboys in Outer Space"", ""Sparks"", ""Smart Guy"", ""Video Soul"" ""Living Single"", ""Damon"", ""In the House"", ""The Jamie Foxx Show"", ""The Parent 'Hood"", ""The Steve Harvey Show"", ""Martin"", ""Nubian Goddess"", ""Men, Women & Dogs"", ""The Parkers"", ""Under One Roof"", and ""Girlfriends"". She has also appeared on the covers of ""Glamour"", ""Seventeen"", ""Ebony"", and ""Essence"" magazines and can be seen"	"and in some cases their own product lines, when the show aired and in subsequent years. Tiffany Pollard, originally a contestant on ""Flavor of Love"", was eventually given four additional reality series of her own on VH1. In Britain, Jade Goody became famous after appearing on ""Big Brother 3"" in 2002; she later appeared on other reality programs, wrote a bestselling autobiography and launched a top-selling perfume line. She later received extensive media coverage during her battle with cervical cancer, from which she died in 2009. Bethenny Frankel, who gained fame after appearing on several reality television shows, launched the"	"Dennie Moore Dennie Moore (born Florence Moore, December 30, 1902 – February 22, 1978) was an American film and stage actress. Moore was born in New York City on December 30, 1902 to Scottish-Irish immigrant parents and raised in Hell's Kitchen in Manhattan. Her brother, Joe Moore, was an Olympic champion speed skater, and she had two step-sisters and one step-brother. She received six years of schooling. In the late 1920s, she decided to pursue an acting career, using the name Dennie Moore to avoid confusion with the actress Florence Moore. Starting in 1927 she appeared on Broadway in such"	"Deborah Moore Deborah Maria Luisa Moore is an English actress and the daughter of actor Roger Moore and Italian actress Luisa Mattioli. She made her debut on TV as a child in ""The Persuaders!"" episode ""The Long Goodbye"" in which her father co-starred alongside Tony Curtis, and early on in her career, she was often billed as ""Deborah Barrymore"". She appeared in such films as ""Lionheart"" (1987), ""Alien Terminator"" (1988), the 1990 comedy, ""Bullseye!"" (opposite her father), ""Chaplin"" (1992), ""Into the Sun"" (1992), and ""South Kensington"" (2001). She is probably best known in the UK as the face of the"	"sisters and one brother). Her family moved in the Great Migration to Los Angeles, where she was raised. Moore first performed as a dancer, part of a chorus girl at the Cotton Club before becoming a film extra while working in theater. After making her film debut in ""Pinky"" (1949), Moore had a number of bit parts and supporting roles in motion pictures through the 1950s and 1960s. Her role in the remake of ""Imitation of Life"" (1959) as African-American housekeeper Annie Johnson, whose daughter Sarah Jane (Susan Kohner) passes for white, won her a nomination for an Academy Award"	"were deodorant creams, soaps, sunscreen, shampoos, and foot bars. Upon receiving exceptionally positive customer feedback for her deodorant formula and noting an opportunity to disrupt the deodorant industry, Jaime ceased selling the other products entirely and focused entirely on deodorant. Thanks in part to accolades from the press, celebrities, and bloggers endorsing the product, and early features by Fox News and NBC's Today Show , demand grew through word of mouth among customers and retailers and the product was soon available for sale internationally and in retailers like Whole Foods. In 2015, entrepreneur Michael Cammarata became interested in the company's"	"months before her 17th birthday, Moore met musician Freddy Moore who was married and at the time leader of the band Boy, at the Los Angeles nightclub The Troubadour. They lived in an apartment in West Hollywood. Dan Guynes committed suicide in October 1980 at age 37, two years after he separated from Moore's mother. Demi's mother (Virginia Guynes, née King) had a long record of arrests for crimes, including drunk driving and arson. Moore broke off contact with her in 1990, when Guynes walked away from a rehab stay Moore had paid for at the Hazelden Foundation in Minnesota."	"""I had a project about a year and a half ago, and we made an inquiry about her—a real good commercial picture. She wasn't interested."" Another three years passed before Moore acted again. She returned to the screen, playing a villain in the 2003 film """", opposite Cameron Diaz, Drew Barrymore and Lucy Liu. A commercial success, the film made US$259.1 million worldwide, and ""Rolling Stone"", on Moore's role, remarked: ""It's a relief when Demi Moore shows up as fallen angel [...] Moore, 40, looks great in a bikini and doesn’t even try to act. Her unsmiling sexiness cuts through"	"we climbed, ran, jumped off things ... it was just non-stop."" ""The Lost World"" (1997) finished as one of the ten highest-grossing films in history to that point, and was pivotal in making Moore a sought-after actress: ""Suddenly I had a commercial film career"", she said. ""The Myth of Fingerprints"" was her second film released in 1997. During its production she met her future husband in director Bart Freundlich. Later that year, Moore made a cameo appearance in the dark comedy ""Chicago Cab"". The late 1990s and early 2000s saw Moore achieve significant industry recognition. Her first Academy Award nomination"	"working as a model at the age of 15, but eventually earned her General Equivalency Diploma (GED). Moore became a model at the age of 15. She began working shoots for Dior and Gucci, despite the fashion industry's initial treatment of her as a risky choice. Although Moore was booking modeling gigs, she became increasingly disenchanted with the fashion industry and its emphasis on body image. Moore met legendary dancer and ballroom veteran Jose Gutierez Xtravaganza while doing background for the television series ""The Get Down."" He encouraged her to pursue acting and sent Moore to an audition for the"	"which propelled Joanne Gair to prominence as a trompe-l'œil body painter. In 1991, Demi Moore was a budding A-list film star who had been married to Bruce Willis since 1987. The couple had had their first child Rumer Willis in 1988, and they had hired three photographers for an audience of six friends for the delivery. In 1990, she had starred in that year's highest-grossing film, ""Ghost"", for which she was paid $750,000, and she had earned $2.5 million for 1991 roles in ""The Butcher's Wife"" and ""Mortal Thoughts"". Following the photo, she would earn $3 million for her 1992"	"Jamie Chung Jamie Jilynn Chung (born April 10, 1983) is an American actress, blogger, and former reality television personality. She first gained fame in 2004 as a cast member on the MTV reality series """" and subsequently through her appearances on its spin-off show, """". She is regarded by many as the ""Real World"" alumna with the most successful media career. She later transitioned into acting and has since become known for films, such as ""Dragonball Evolution"", ""Grown Ups"", ""Premium Rush"", ""Sorority Row"", ""The Hangover Part II"", ""Sucker Punch"", and ""Big Hero 6"" and having been the series lead of"	"Moriarty. Deborah Moore Deborah Maria Luisa Moore is an English actress and the daughter of actor Roger Moore and Italian actress Luisa Mattioli. She made her debut on TV as a child in ""The Persuaders!"" episode ""The Long Goodbye"" in which her father co-starred alongside Tony Curtis, and early on in her career, she was often billed as ""Deborah Barrymore"". She appeared in such films as ""Lionheart"" (1987), ""Alien Terminator"" (1988), the 1990 comedy, ""Bullseye!"" (opposite her father), ""Chaplin"" (1992), ""Into the Sun"" (1992), and ""South Kensington"" (2001). She is probably best known in the UK as the face of"	"site in the US in terms of unique visitors. Ashton Kutcher received widespread criticism for his appearance in a Popchips ad campaign in May 2012. The campaign featured Kutcher as an Indian man ""looking for love"" in a dating ad-style spoof. Kutcher's use of brown face paint and a stereotypical Indian accent received backlash from online viewers and members of the Indian-American community. Kutcher and actress Demi Moore married on September 24, 2005. Six years later, on November 17, 2011, Moore announced her intention to end the marriage. After more than a year of separation, Kutcher filed for divorce from"	"Demi Lovato Demetria Devonne Lovato ( ; born August 20, 1992) is an American singer, songwriter and actress. After appearing on the children's television series ""Barney & Friends"" as a child, she received her breakthrough role as Mitchie Torres in the Disney Channel television film ""Camp Rock"" (2008) and its sequel """" (2010). Since signing with Hollywood Records, Lovato has released six studio albums, including ""Don't Forget"" (2008), ""Here We Go Again"" (2009), ""Unbroken"" (2011), ""Demi"" (2013), ""Confident"" (2015), and ""Tell Me You Love Me"" (2017). Lovato earned seven top 20 entries on the US ""Billboard"" Hot 100 chart: ""This"	"to play small roles for the next four years – including in the thriller ""The Hand That Rocks the Cradle"" (1992). Moore first received critical attention with Robert Altman's ""Short Cuts"" (1993), and successive performances in ""Vanya on 42nd Street"" (1994) and ""Safe"" (1995) continued this acclaim. Starring roles in the blockbusters ""Nine Months"" (1995) and """" (1997) established her as a leading actress in Hollywood. Moore received considerable recognition in the late 1990s and early 2000s, earning Oscar nominations for ""Boogie Nights"" (1997), ""The End of the Affair"" (1999), ""Far from Heaven"" (2002) and ""The Hours"" (2002). In the"	"a take-charge nurse with a mysterious past. The comedy ""Rough Night"" (2017), in which she acted alongside Scarlett Johansson, Kate McKinnon, Jillian Bell, Zoë Kravitz and Ty Burrell, featured Moore as one half of a nymphomaniac couple seducing a member of a bachelorette party gone wrong. Her first widely released film since ""Mr. Brooks"" (2007), ""Rough Night"" was a moderate commercial success. In August 1991, Moore appeared nude on the cover of ""Vanity Fair"" under the title ""More Demi Moore."" Annie Leibovitz shot the picture while Moore was seven months pregnant with the second of her three daughters, Scout LaRue"	"John Sahag Sahag Jamgotchian (January 2, 1952 – June 15, 2005), better known as John Sahag, was a Manhattan celebrity hairstylist, best known for the haircut he gave Demi Moore for the 1990 movie Ghost. Sahag was born in Beirut, Lebanon, to Armenian parents. Sahag’s father, Atum, was a couturier. Sahag began working in a salon when he was 7 years old. When he was 9 years old, his family (including his three brothers and sister) moved to Australia, where Sahag grew up. When he was 18 Sahag moved to Paris, where he met Bernard Mériatt, a renowned French salon"	"up in a Christian home, but she says that her family was not very strict. Carmen Hart Carmen Hart (born March 12, 1984) is the stage name of a Native American former pornographic actress and exotic dancer from North Carolina. Hart attributes the 1996 Demi Moore movie ""Striptease"" as her inspiration to begin exotic dancing. Hart drove to Fayetteville one night and stopped at the first strip club she saw. In October 2005, Hart signed on as a contract girl with Wicked Pictures for two years. Over the course of her career Hart predominantly worked for the production company Wicked"
To the nearest million, what is the population of London, England?	"about one million people. The Maya population is today estimated at six million, which is about the same as at the end of the 15th century, according to some estimates. In what is now Brazil, the indigenous population declined from a pre-Columbian high of an estimated four million to some 300,000. While it is difficult to determine exactly how many Natives lived in North America before Columbus, estimates range from a low of 2.1 million to 7 million people to a high of 18 million. The aboriginal population of Canada during the late 15th century is estimated to have been"	"for some time in the late 19th and early 20th centuries the most populous city in the world. Its population peaked at 8,615,245 in 1939 immediately before the outbreak of the Second World War, but had declined to 7,192,091 at the 2001 Census. However, the population then grew by just over a million between the 2001 and 2011 Censuses, to reach 8,173,941 in the latter enumeration. However, London's continuous urban area extends beyond the borders of Greater London and was home to 9,787,426 people in 2011, while its wider metropolitan area has a population of between 12 and 14 million"	"as the London Metropolitan Region or the London Metropolitan Agglomeration, comprises a total area of has a population of 13,709,000 and a population density of . Modern London stands on the Thames, its primary geographical feature, a navigable river which crosses the city from the south-west to the east. The Thames Valley is a floodplain surrounded by gently rolling hills including Parliament Hill, Addington Hills, and Primrose Hill. Historically London grew up at the lowest bridging point on the Thames. The Thames was once a much broader, shallower river with extensive marshlands; at high tide, its shores reached five times"	"Geography of London London is the largest urban area and capital city of the United Kingdom. It is located in the southeast of Great Britain. The London region covers an area of , and had a population of 7,172,036 in 2001 and a population density of 4,542 people per square kilometre. A larger area, referred to as the London Metropolitan Region or the London Metropolitan Agglomeration covers an area of , and had a population of 12,653,500 and a population density of 1,510 people per square kilometre. London is a port on the Thames (see main article ""Port of London""),"	"Ethnic groups in London London is one of the most ethnically diverse cities in the world. A 2000 survey of school children reported there were over 300 languages spoken at home. At the 2011 census, London had a population of 8,173,941. Of this number, 44.9% were White British. 37% of the population were born outside the UK, including 24.5% born outside of Europe. At the 2011 census, the total Black population of London stood at 1,101,688. This is a rise of 39% from the 2001 census, when the population stood at 781,751. Inner London and Outer London have a near-equal"	"and accounting for 13.4% of the UK population. London's urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The population within the London commuter belt is the most populous in the EU with 14,040,163 inhabitants in 2016. London was the world's most populous city from 1831 to 1925. London contains four World Heritage Sites: the Tower of London; Kew Gardens; the site comprising the Palace of Westminster, Westminster Abbey, and St Margaret's Church; and the historic settlement in Greenwich where the Royal Observatory, Greenwich defines the Prime Meridian, 0° longitude,"	"London, California London is a census designated place (CDP) in Tulare County, California, United States. The population was 1,869 at the 2010 census, up from 1,848 at the 2000 census (which was up from 1,638 in 1990). London is located at (36.475995, -119.442332). According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of , all of it land. The 2010 United States Census reported that London had a population of 1,869. The population density was 2,970.0 people per square mile (1,146.7/km²). The racial makeup of London was 761 (40.7%) White, 6 (0.3%) African American, 46 (2.5%)"	"cent of London's population are of Black and mixed-Black descent. 13.3 per cent are of full Black descent, with those of mixed-Black heritage comprising 2.3 per cent. Black Africans account for 7.0 per cent of London's population, with 4.2 per cent as Black Caribbean and 2.1 per cent as ""Other Black"". 5.0 per cent are of mixed race. Across London, Black and Asian children outnumber White British children by about six to four in state schools. Altogether at the 2011 census, of London's 1,624,768 population aged 0 to 15, 46.4 per cent were White, 19.8 per cent were Asian, 19"	"depending on the definition used. According to Eurostat, London is the most populous city and metropolitan area of the European Union and the second most populous in Europe. During the period 1991–2001 a net 726,000 immigrants arrived in London. The region covers an area of . The population density is , more than ten times that of any other . In terms of population, London is the 19th largest city and the 18th largest metropolitan region. According to the Office for National Statistics, based on the 2011 Census estimates, 59.8 per cent of the 8,173,941 inhabitants of London were White,"	"residents in mid-2009. London's continuous urban area extends beyond the borders of Greater London and was home to an estimated 9,332,000 people in 2005, while its wider metropolitan area has a population of between 12 and 14 million depending on the definition of that area. According to Eurostat, London has been the most populous city and metropolitan area of the European Union. The region covers an area of 1,579 square kilometres. The population density is 4,761 people per square kilometre, more than ten times that of any other British region. In terms of population, London is the 25th largest city"	"the city of London had a population of 366,151 people, a 3.9% increase from the 2006 population. Children under five accounted for approximately 5.2 percent of the resident population of London. The percentage of the resident population in London of retirement age (65 and over) is 13.7, also the percentage for Canada as a whole. The average age is 38.2 years of age, compared to 39.9 years of age for all of Canada. Between 2006 and 2011, the population of metropolitan London grew by 3.7 percent, compared with an increase of 5.7 percent for Ontario as a whole. According to"	"population of 18 million. Eurostat has developed a harmonising standard for comparing metropolitan areas in the European Union and the population of the London Larger Urban Zone is 11,917,000; it occupies an area of . Another definition gives the population of the metropolitan area as 13,709,000. Demography of London The demography of London is analysed by the Office for National Statistics and data is produced for each of the Greater London wards, the City of London and the 32 London boroughs, the Inner London and Outer London statistical sub-regions, each of the Parliamentary constituencies in London, and for all of"	"is roughly the same size as that of Sweden. With an estimated 8,615,246 residents in 2015, London is the most populous region, urban zone and metropolitan area in the United Kingdom. London generates approximately 22 per cent of the UK's GDP. 841,000 private sector businesses were based in London at the start of 2013, more than in any other region or country in the UK. 18 per cent are in the professional, scientific and technical activities sector while 15 per cent are in the construction sector. Many of these are small and medium-sized enterprises. London produced in 2016 about £408"	"in the urban area, while 250,000 were living in villages and towns not yet part of London) to an estimated 8.6 million in 1939, but declined to 6.7 million in 1988, before starting to rebound in the 1990s. By 2006, the population had recovered to the level of 1970 (and the level of population in the 1920s). It is now approaching the 1939 peak. Figures here are for Greater London in its 2001 boundaries. Figures before 1971 have been reconstructed by the Office for National Statistics based on past censuses to fit the 2001 boundaries. Figures from 1981 onward are"	"10.6% of the population of London. 4.3% of Londoners are Caribbean, 5.5% of Londoners are African and a further 0.8% are from other black backgrounds including American and Latin American. There are also 117,400 people who are mixed black and white. At the 2011 UK Census, the total Black population of London stood at 1,088,640 or 13.3% of the population. History of African immigrants in London This article charts the history of African immigration in London, England, from Roman times to the present day. Archeologists have found a spoon and a lamp with representations of Sub-Saharan African people dating from"	"is 1,254 km (484 sq. miles). Figures before 1971 have been reconstructed by the Office for National Statistics based on past censuses in order to fit the 2001 limits. Figures from 1981 onward are midyear estimates, with those for 2002 to 2009 having been revised during 2010. These mid-year estimates are more accurate than the censuses themselves, which are known to underestimate the population of London. Outer London continued to grow as population moved from Inner London, reaching a peak in 1951 at 4,517,588. The population of Greater London as a whole then started to decline, and the Outer London"	"Demography of the United Kingdom According to the 2011 census, the total population of the United Kingdom was around 63,182,000. It is the 21st-most populated country in the world. Its overall population density is 259 people per square kilometre (671 people per sq mi), with England having a significantly higher population density than Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. Almost one-third of the population lives in England's southeast, which is predominantly urban and suburban, with about 9 million in the capital city of London, the population density of which is just over 5,200 per square kilometre (13,468 per sq mi). The"	"States House of Representatives, London is in London, California London is a census designated place (CDP) in Tulare County, California, United States. The population was 1,869 at the 2010 census, up from 1,848 at the 2000 census (which was up from 1,638 in 1990). London is located at (36.475995, -119.442332). According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of , all of it land. The 2010 United States Census reported that London had a population of 1,869. The population density was 2,970.0 people per square mile (1,146.7/km²). The racial makeup of London was 761 (40.7%)"	"population fell to 4,230,000 in 1991, before starting to increase again, passing the 1951 peak with a population of 4,942,040 in 2011. For the purposes of the London Plan planning document produced by the Mayor of London, Outer London consists of the statutory Outer London boroughs, with the exception of Newham. From 1990 to 2000 London used two telephone area codes with separate codes for 'Inner London' and 'Outer London' (originally 071 and 081 respectively, becoming 0171 and 0181 in 1995). The area covered by the 'Outer London' code was widely different from all of the above definitions. In 2000,"	"country. The 2011 census found that 1.85 million of a total Black population of 1.9 million lived in England, with 1.09 million of those in London, where they made up 13.3 per cent of the population, compared to 3.5 per cent of England's population and 3 per cent of the UK's population. The ten local authorities with the highest proportion of their populations describing themselves as Black in the census were all in London: Lewisham (27.2 per cent), Southwark (26.9 per cent), Lambeth (25.9 per cent), Hackney (23.1 per cent), Croydon (20.2 per cent), Barking and Dagenham (20.0 per cent),"	"to rural residents in the mountains. London is located at (37.127504, -84.084181) and at an elevation of 1,240 feet (378 m). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which is land and is water. Between the 2000 and 2010 censuses, the city annexed a significant portion of land. As of the census of 2000, there were 5,692 people, 2,400 households, and 1,461 families residing in the city. The population density was 738.1 people per square mile (285.0/km²). There were 2,676 housing units at an average density of 347.0/sq mi (134.0/km²). The"	"London, which has 4,900 people per square kilometre. The city used to be even more densely populated, with the 1951 census showing a population of 233,545. In a reversal of that decrease, the population of the city has been gradually increasing since the 1990s. With about 860,000 residents, the South Hampshire built-up area is the fifth-largest urban area in England and the largest in South East England, forming the centre of one of the United Kingdom's most populous metropolitan areas. The city is predominantly white in terms of ethnicity, with 91.8% of the population belonging to this ethnic group. Portsmouth's"	"2011, the population grew over 8 million people for the first time in decades. White British formed less than half of the population for the first time. In the public there was ambivalence leading-up to the Olympics, though public sentiment changed strongly in their favour following a successful opening ceremony and when the anticipated organisational and transport problems never occurred. History of London The history of London, the capital city of England and the United Kingdom, extends over 2000 years. In that time, it has become one of the world's most significant financial and cultural capital cities. It has withstood"	"one newspaper office. Over the next several decades, London’s population grew dramatically. This growth was partly due to the completion of two railroads that passed through the town. By the late 1850s, London became a center of livestock auctions, attracting people from across the United States. In 1880, 3,067 people resided in London, with approximately one-third of these people being school-aged children. The number of town residents increased to 3,292 people by 1890. In 1886, London contained four newspaper offices, seven churches, and two banks. During the twentieth century, London continued to grow. With a population of 8,771 people, London"	"Indian community of London British Indians form the largest ethno-national group in London with a population of around 542,857 or 6.6% of the population. The majority are concentrated in West London, home to London's Hindu community, though populations can be found throughout London. As at 2011, the Indian population of Greater London was 542,857 or 6.6% of the population, (including those of British Indian ethnic origin. Hinduism: Some of the largest Hindu temples in Europe, the Shree Swaminarayan Mandir, is located in North West London, London. The number of Hindus in London is around 350,000, of which most are of"	"also Historical population of London"" The historical population for the current area of Greater London, divided into the statistical areas of Inner and Outer London is as follows: This table shows the proportion of races by London borough, as found in the 2011 census. The following table shows the ethnic group of respondents in the 2011 census in Greater London. In January 2005, a survey of London's ethnic and religious diversity claimed that there were more than 300 languages spoken and 50 non-indigenous communities with a population of more than 10,000 in London. The 2011 census recorded that 2,998,264 people"	"million, and by 1901 30.5 million. Due in particular to the economic prosperity of South East England, it has received many economic migrants from the other parts of the United Kingdom. There has been significant Irish migration. The proportion of ethnically European residents totals at 87.50%, including Germans and Poles. Other people from much further afield in the former British colonies have arrived since the 1950s: in particular, 6% of people living in England have family origins in the Indian subcontinent, mostly India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. 2.90% of the population are black, from Africa and the Caribbean, especially former British"	"but the Corporation of London is usually classed as an inner London local authority. The Office for National Statistics and Eurostat define Inner London differently, explicitly including the City of London, adding Haringey and Newham, but excluding Greenwich. The land area is 319 km (123 sq. miles) and the population in 2011 was 3,231,901. Figures before 1971 have been reconstructed by the Office for National Statistics based on past censuses in order to fit the 2001 limits. Figures from 1981 onward are ONS midyear estimates (revised as of 2010). After centuries of increase, the population of Inner London reached its"	"is 11.9 million (2004), ranking it as the largest metropolitan area in the European Union. The districts that are considered parts of this Larger Urban Zone are listed here: no district in Bedfordshire, Hampshire, or Sussex is included. Several large conurbations fall just outside the zone: Reading, Luton, High Wycombe and significant parts of the Aldershot and Crawley Urban Areas. The following table lists urban areas (also known as built-up areas) considered part of the London Commuter Belt with populations over 20,000. The commuter belt contains all urban areas within an approximate 40 mile (64 km) radius of Charing Cross."	"Greater London Built-up Area The Greater London Built-up Area, or Greater London Urban Area, is a conurbation in south-east England that constitutes the continuous urban area of London and includes surrounding adjacent urban towns as defined by the Office for National Statistics. It is the largest urban area in the United Kingdom with a population of 9,787,426 in 2011. The Greater London Built-up or Urban Area had a population of 9,787,426 and occupied an area of at the time of the 2011 census. It includes most of the London region – omitting most of its woodland, small, buffered districts, the"	"government dating back to the 12th century and is separate from the county of Greater London. All London Borough councils belong to the London Councils association. Three London Boroughs carry the honorific title of ""Royal Borough"": Kensington and Chelsea, Kingston, and Greenwich. Within the City of London are the liberties of Middle Temple and Inner Temple. With increasing industrialisation, London's population grew rapidly throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries, and it was the most populated city in the world until overtaken by New York in 1925. Its population peaked at 8,615,245 in 1939. There were an estimated 7,753,600 official"	"London had 9,904 residents, comprising 3,991 households and 2,511 families. The population density was . There were 4,410 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 89.2% White, 6.0% African American, 0.3% Native American, 1.0% Asian, 0.6% from other races, and 2.9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino residents of any race were 1.7% of the population. There were 3,991 households, 32.8% of which had children under the age of 18. 41.2% of households were married couples living together; 16.2% had a female householder with no husband present; 5.4% had a"	"London, Ontario London is a city in Southwestern Ontario, Canada along the Quebec City–Windsor Corridor. The city has a population of 383,822 according to the 2016 Canadian census. London is at the confluence of the Thames River, approximately from both Toronto, Ontario and Detroit, Michigan; and about from Buffalo, New York. The city of London is a separated municipality, politically separate from Middlesex County, though it remains the county seat. London and the Thames were named in 1793 by John Graves Simcoe, who proposed the site for the capital of Upper Canada. The first European settlement was between 1801 and"
What did Clarice Cliff create?	"Antiques Roadshow programme in December 2009. In September 2009 the Victoria and Albert Museum in London opened its 'New Ceramics Galleries' and Cliff's work was chosen to be included; 'There will be two rooms displaying 20th-century collections. One will show ceramics made in a factory context and will include objects by designers such as Susie Cooper and Clarice Cliff' . Clarice Cliff Clarice Cliff (20 January 1899 – 23 October 1972) was an English ceramic artist active from 1922 to 1963. She began as an apprentice potter. By reason of her talent and ability, she became a ceramic artist, becoming"	"Shorter, and this gradually developed into an affair, conducted in secrecy. The couple worked closely together on creating awareness of 'Bizarre ware' to catch the attention of buyers in the middle of a major financial depression, and with a skilful eye and great foresight, Colley Shorter registered Clarice's name and even some of her shapes. It was her ability to design both patterns and also the shapes they were to go on that distinguished Cliff above any other designers in the Staffordshire Potteries at this time. Her first modelling in the mid 20s was of stylised figures, people, ducks, the"	". The work of the CCCC culminated with the centenary exhibition"" 'Clarice Cliff, the Art of Bizarre' ""at the Wedgwood Museum, Barlaston, Stoke-on-Trent. Nowadays, with 26 years of experience the club is based online (see below). It should not be confused with an organisation who used the same name from 2001 after registering it in 1997. The CCCC was then the consultant for the BBC Radio 4 drama 'The Bizarre Girl', written by Lizzie Slater which was described as "" 'an uplifting drama exploring the dramatic rise of Clarice Cliff from the shop floor to Company Art Director ~ illustrating"	"Clarice Cliff Clarice Cliff (20 January 1899 – 23 October 1972) was an English ceramic artist active from 1922 to 1963. She began as an apprentice potter. By reason of her talent and ability, she became a ceramic artist, becoming the head of the factory artistic department. The Cliff family moved to Tunstall, Stoke-on-Trent, from the Eccleshall area in about 1725. Cliff was born in Tunstall, Stoke-on-Trent, England. When Clarice was born their home was on Meir Street on a terrace of modest houses. Cliff's father Harry Thomas Cliff worked at the local iron foundry in Tunstall, her mother Ann"	"also four boys – who hand painted the ware under her direction. Many of these workers were traced in the 1980s and 1990s and they totalled over 100. Their names and work for Clarice Cliff were recorded in the centenary book. The factory produced a series of small colour printed leaflets (quite unusual for this time) which could be obtained by post, or picked up from stockists. This promotional device was clearly successful, as one young girl was employed whose only job was to put the leaflets in stamped addressed envelopes sent into the factory. At this time, many women"	"1930s. ""Crocus"" was unusual in that it was produced on both tableware, tea and coffeeware, and 'fancies', novelty items made primarily as gift ware. The pattern had many colour variations, including ""Purple Crocus"" (1932) ""Blue Crocus"" (1935), ""Sungleam Crocus"" (1935) ""Spring Crocus"". It was even produced after the war, the final pieces with ""Clarice Cliff"" marks being made in 1963, though Midwinter (who bought the factory) continued to paint it to order until as late as 1968. By 1929, Cliff's team of decorators had grown to a team of around 70 young painters, mainly women (called her 'Bizarre girls') but"	"sifters, again hand painted, with the exception of the aforementioned Crocus which was lithographed. Whilst the purists still scoff at these pieces some 30 years later they are actually a very accurate representation of the originals they were copied from and in themselves are now becoming sought after not least because they allow collectors to acquire excellent pieces and a more affordable price. A chain of mergers finally led to Wedgwood owning the Clarice Cliff name, and from 1992 to 2002 they too produced a range of reproductions of the highly sought 1930s pieces. These were made to a high"	"patterns were made in larger quantities by Wedgwood during and after this time. These reproductions should not be confused with forgeries (of which a number are found), the Wedgwood ones are clearly marked as 'Wedgwood Clarice Cliff'. An original Cliff painter Alice Andrews, then in her 80s, was employed to appear at launches of the ware in stores throughout Britain. In the mid 90s Cliff's position as a major artist of her era was confirmed when she was included in major international reference works; the massive ""Dictionary of Art"" by Macmillan Publishers, and ""Allgemeines Künstlerlexikon"" by K. G. Saur Verlag"	"colourway variation on this by simply changing the trees to shades of blue and pink, and this was then called ""Rudyard"" after a local Staffordshire beauty spot. Clarice Cliff's fame and success in the 1930s are hard to fully appreciate now, but at that time there was no such thing as 'career women'. The publicity she received in the national press was unprecedented. Research by a PhD student into the contemporary press between 1928 and 1936 found "" '360 articles about Cliff and her work were published in the trade press, women's magazines, national and local newspapers'."" This was put"	"Clarice Bean series The Clarice Bean series is a series of children's books written and illustrated by the English author Lauren Child from 1999. The main character and narrator is Clarice Bean and the stories feature her challenges navigating the complex ethical and social questions children deal with at school and at home. A spin-off series called Ruby Redfort, which the US publisher called a ""six-book middlegrade fiction series"" in advance, was inaugurated in 2011. Both ""That's Me"" and ""What Planet?"" were bronze runners-up for the Smarties Prize in ages category 6–8 years and the latter won the Kids Club"	"her shared passion with Shorter. After the war, although Cliff was occasionally nostalgic for the 'Bizarre' years, as witnessed in personal letters to friends, she seemed to be realistic and accepted the commercial taste was for conservative ware. Clarice seemed to enjoy playing a lesser role at the factory, knowing that she could not recapture those crazy days of the thirties. Much of the post-war production went to Australia, New Zealand or North America, where the taste was for formal ware in traditional English designs such as ""Tonquin"" rather than the striking patterns and shapes that had established Cliff's reputation;"	"examples were produced under her direction, and the artists included such notable names as Duncan Grant, Paul Nash, Barbara Hepworth, Vanessa Bell, and Dame Laura Knight. The project 'Modern Art for the Table' was launched at Harrods London in October 1934 but received a mixed response from both the public and the press, though at the same time Cliff's own patterns and shapes were selling in large quantities around the world. Cliff's patterns are highly stylised and interpreted in strong colours, such as the 1933 ""Honolulu"" pattern. The trees are enamelled in red (coral) orange and yellow. Cliff produced a"	"were added by holding the piece upside down and painting thin lines amongst the flowers. Being made from the individual brushstrokes, the ""Crocus"" pattern was clearly completely hand-painted, and the vibrant colours instantly attracted large sales. Initially, Clarice had just one young decorator produce ""Crocus"", Ethel Barrow. But as orders flooded in by 1930 a separate decorating 'shop' was established underneath the top floor of the building which housed the 'Bizarre' shop, and Ethel became responsible for training young painters how to do the pattern. Twenty young women painted nothing but ""Crocus"" 5½ days a week, for much of the"	"how a working-class Staffordshire girl brought modern art to the people'."" The drama was broadcast in December 2000. In 2002 Peter Wentworth- and Kay Johnson, the authors of the original 'Clarice Cliff' book from 1976 returned to Britain to lecture at a CCCC event at Christie's, South Kensington. They spoke about the early days of collecting when their first purchase had been,"" 'a Summerhouse Athens jug for 7 shillings and 6 pence, 35 pence'. "" Peter had actually spoken to Cliff on the phone, but she had declined to be interviewed. They revealed that they had both been working for"	"Strawberry Cliff Strawberry Cliff is a 2011 Hong Kong thriller film written and directed by Chris Chow, who has participated in writing scripts for films such as ""Fearless"" and """". It stars Eason Chan and Leslie-Anne Huff and was filmed in both Hong Kong and Los Angeles. The film also features Eason Chan in his first English language role and Chris Chow in his directorial debut. Kate has a supernatural power, that with one look, she can tell a person's time of death without any mistake. One day in a restaurant in Seattle, she meets Jason who is going to"	"Michelle Cliff Michelle Carla Cliff (2 November 1946 – 12 June 2016) was a Jamaican-American author whose notable works included ""Abeng"" (1985), ""No Telephone to Heaven"" (1987), and ""Free Enterprise"" (2004). Cliff also wrote short stories, prose poems and works of literary criticism. Her works explore the various, complex identity problems that stem from post-colonialism, as well as the difficulty of establishing an authentic, individual identity despite race and gender constructs. A historical revisionist, many of Cliff's works sought to advance an alternative view of history against the established mainstream narrative. Cliff was a lesbian who was born in British"	"relief to Maling's patterns, giving a tactile effect to floral depictions. Maling's art deco lustre ware is prized for its iridescent sheen. Norman Carling Norman Carling (1902–1971) was an English designer/modeller in ceramics, who created a large number of Art Deco models and joined Maling pottery in 1935 from the firm of A.J. Wilkinson, a company which also employed Clarice Cliff. Mostly these were one of a kind or in very small runs, but which never saw full production. He was responsible for Maling's classic 1930s art deco design called """"Blossom Time"""". Carling was one of a talented design team"	"Jim Cliffe Jim Cliffe is an award-winning writer, director and artist, with a professional background in illustration and animation. His first feature, ""Donovan's Echo"", was released in 2012. Cliffe was born in British Columbia, Canada. He showed strong artistic skills at an early age, and developed his first newspaper published comic strip with his brother Jason at the age of 11. As a kid, Jim's love of movies were often a creative driving force with his art. He also experimented with animation, and made video shorts with his friends, mimicking stunts and sequences from some of his favorite movies. Professionally,"	"modelling figurines and vases, gilding, keeping pattern books and hand painting ware: outlining, enamelling (filling in colours within the outline) and banding (the radial bands on plates or vessels). In the early 1920s the decorating manager Jack Walker brought Cliff to the attention of one of the two factory owners, Arthur Colley Austin Shorter, who managed it with his brother Guy. Colley Shorter was 17 years older than Cliff, and as well as playing a major role in nurturing her skills and ideas, he was married but was later to be her husband. Cliff was given special attention by her"	"were issued to enlarge the range. ""Bon Jour"" had 20 shapes created during 1933, with about 10 more being added in 1934. There were also many other innovatively shaped vases, bowls and 'fancies', such as the ""Liner vase"", ""Flower tube vase"" and the (now rare) ""Lido Lady"" ashtray and ""Age of Jazz"" musicians and dancers. Through the depths of the Depression Cliff's wares continued to sell in volume at what were high prices for the time. Her ""Bizarre"" and ""Fantasque"" ware was sold throughout North America, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, but not in mainland Europe. In Britain many top"	"in Santa Cruz, California, with her partner, poet Adrienne Rich. The two were partners from 1976; Rich died in 2012. Cliff died of liver failure on 12 June 2016. in 1981, Cliff became an associate of the Women's Institute for Freedom of the Press. Michelle Cliff Michelle Carla Cliff (2 November 1946 – 12 June 2016) was a Jamaican-American author whose notable works included ""Abeng"" (1985), ""No Telephone to Heaven"" (1987), and ""Free Enterprise"" (2004). Cliff also wrote short stories, prose poems and works of literary criticism. Her works explore the various, complex identity problems that stem from post-colonialism, as"	"and Guilds of London Art School. She started her own company, Chandeliers for the People, making lampshades. Between 1998 and 2003 she worked for the design agency Big Fish and includes its founder Perry Haydn Taylor in the dedications of her books. Two picture books both written and illustrated by Child were published in 1999, and also issued in the U.S. within the year: ""I Want a Pet!"" and ""Clarice Bean, That's Me"". The latter, published by Orchard Books, inaugurated the Clarice Bean series, was a highly commended runner-up for the Greenaway Medal, and made the Nestlé Smarties Book Prize"	"humor pieces, collegiate financial aid, and Christianity. She has written advice columns for ""Elle"" and Catapult's magazine, and in January 2018, became an advice columnist, with Carvell Wallace, at Slate. Their column, offering parenting advice, is called ""Care and Feeding"". In December 2017, Cliffe joined the board of directors of Electric Literature. Cliffe lives in Utah with her husband and three children. An atheist since college, she converted to Christianity in 2015. She identifies as bisexual. Nicole Cliffe Nicole Cliffe (born September 2, 1982) is a Canadian writer and journalist living in Utah. Cliffe co-founded and co-edited the website The"	"most famously she and Shorter had the idea to actually pay major 1930s celebrities to endorse the ware. This was done both in magazine articles and by appearances at large stores. The celebrities included 'actresses ""Adrienne Allen"", ""Marion Lorne"", ""Marie Tempest"", the BBC presenter ""Christopher Stone"", musical comedy star ""Bobby Howes"" '. Even Sir Malcolm Campbell who had just broken the world land speed record appeared at a promotion at the First Avenue Hotel, London in 1930. Cliff's worldwide impact was made clear by a story in the 'Pasadena Evening Post' in California. It pictured her with a five-foot-high 'horse'"	"and when he married his star designer Clarice Cliff in 1940, she moved into the house and lived there until 1972. It is her association that has made the house particularly famous since. In 1902 Parker and Unwin were asked to design a model village at New Earswick near York for Joseph and Benjamin Seebohm Rowntree, and the following year they were given the opportunity to take part in the creation of Letchworth (loosely based on the Utopian plan of Ebenezer Howard), when the First Garden City Company asked them to submit a plan. In 1903 they were involved with"	"new projects, including one with an extraterrestrial theme, inspired by the events of Roswell and Project Blue Book. Jim Cliffe Jim Cliffe is an award-winning writer, director and artist, with a professional background in illustration and animation. His first feature, ""Donovan's Echo"", was released in 2012. Cliffe was born in British Columbia, Canada. He showed strong artistic skills at an early age, and developed his first newspaper published comic strip with his brother Jason at the age of 11. As a kid, Jim's love of movies were often a creative driving force with his art. He also experimented with animation,"	"Jess Cliffe Jess A. Cliffe is a video game designer who is best known as the co-creator of the ""Counter-Strike"" series, along with Minh Le. He is also the ""voice of ""Counter-Strike"""" via the radio commands and sound effects and has also worked on maps for """". He attended Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University from 1999 to 2003. After graduating Cliffe took a job with Valve Corporation, where he is still currently employed as a game designer. However, he was suspended from Valve in early 2018 due to criminal charges. On February 2, 2018 at 1:17 a.m. PST, Cliffe"	"one of the most influential artists ever to come out of Jamaica”. In 2011, Cliff worked with producer Tim Armstrong, lead singer of American punk band Rancid, on the EP ""The Sacred Fire"" and the full-length album ""Rebirth"". ""Rebirth"" was nominated for a Grammy Award for 'Best Reggae Album'. The album was listed at #12 on ""Rolling Stone""'s list of the top 50 albums of 2012, saying ""There's ska, rock steady, roots reggae, a revelatory cover of The Clash's ""Guns of Brixton"" delivered in Cliff's trademark soulful tenor, grittier but still lovely more than 40 years after his debut."" In"	"at the University of Southampton. In October 2005 Cliff was appointed Director of a UK national research consortium, addressing issues in the science and engineering of Large-Scale Complex IT Systems (LSCITS): this £14m ($28m) research project involved approximately 250 person-years of effort over the years 2007-2014. In July 2007, Cliff moved to become Professor of Computer Science at the University of Bristol. The LSCITS Initiative shared much with the research effort in the USA directed at Ultra-Large-Scale Systems (ULSS). In 2011, Cliff and Linda Northrop (Director of the USA's Software Engineering Institute's ULSS Project) jointly authored a paper on the"	"Cliff (album) Cliff is the debut album by British singer Cliff Richard and his band the Drifters (later known as the Shadows). The album is a live-in-the-studio recording of their early rock and roll in front of an invited audience of several hundred fans. It was recorded over two nights during February 1959 in Studio 2 at EMI Recording Studios (later known as Abbey Road Studios) with Norrie Paramor as producer. The album contains renderings of Richard's hit single ""Move It"", both tracks of the yet to be released Drifters' instrumental single ""Jet Black"" and ""Driftin'"" and covers of rock"	"winning the Tattoo Artist of the Year award from the First Annual International Tattoo Convention in February 1976, Cliff and his partner Buddy Mac McFall, and partner Dale Grande bought out Lyle Tuttle’s Sunset Strip Tattoo Shop in California as Cliff was looking to expand his work in the area of full body Japanese aesthetic Tattooing. Cliff subsequently swapped his interest in the Chicago operations for a full ownership of the West coast operations. He and a partner quickly established Tattoo Works—two sister studios, with one in Los Angeles (Cliff Raven Studios, now known as Sunset Strip Tattoo) which was,"	"tells her the tale of the strawberry cliff, emphasizing on how sweet death is. Strawberry Cliff Strawberry Cliff is a 2011 Hong Kong thriller film written and directed by Chris Chow, who has participated in writing scripts for films such as ""Fearless"" and """". It stars Eason Chan and Leslie-Anne Huff and was filmed in both Hong Kong and Los Angeles. The film also features Eason Chan in his first English language role and Chris Chow in his directorial debut. Kate has a supernatural power, that with one look, she can tell a person's time of death without any mistake."	"Clarissa Explains It All Clarissa Explains It All is an American teen sitcom created by Mitchell Kriegman for Nickelodeon. In the series, Clarissa Darling, played by Melissa Joan Hart, is a teenager who addresses the audience directly to describe the things that are happening in her life, dealing with typical adolescent concerns such as school, boys, pimples, wearing her first training bra, and an annoying younger brother. A total of 65 episodes were produced and aired from March 23, 1991 to October 1, 1994. From August 1992 onwards, the series headlined the popular SNICK (Saturday night Nickelodeon) lineup. Reruns of"
Which James Bond film features a song by Louis Armstrong?	"title sequence for ""Spectre"". A contemporary artist usually sings during the title sequence and an instrumental version of the main track may also be featured as a leitmotif during the film, which repeats in various moods. Writing for ""Rolling Stone"", Andy Greene says that ""James Bond title songs, as a rule, have the name of the movie in the chorus,"" though he notes that this is not always the case. ""On Her Majesty's Secret Service"" has an entirely instrumental credit sequence, though the film features an alternate theme, ""We Have All the Time in the World"", sung by Louis Armstrong."	"was originally proposed as the opening credits music, only to be replaced by the eponymous title track as sung by Tom Jones. ""On Her Majesty's Secret Service"" featured an instrumental theme tune, something which remains unique amongst the post-""From Russia with Love"" films, and included a vocal theme in the form of Louis Armstrong's performance of ""We Have All the Time in the World"", written by John Barry and Hal David. A number of Bond films include one (or more) additional songs in the soundtrack. Some of these pieces of music, such as ""We Have All the Time in the"	"Since then, the Bond theme has been rearranged in many ways after ""On Her Majesty's Secret Service"". Barry also composed the love song ""We Have All the Time in the World"" sung by Louis Armstrong. With lyrics by Burt Bacharach's regular lyricist Hal David, it is heard during the Bond–Tracy courtship montage, bridging Draco's birthday party in Portugal and Bond's burglary of the Gebrüder Gumbold law office in Bern, Switzerland. ""We Have All the Time in the World"" is often mistakenly referred to as the opening credits theme. It was Armstrong's last recorded song (he died of a heart attack"	"""Billboard"" Hot 100. Alpert would later contribute a trumpet solo to the title song of the ""unofficial"" 1983 James Bond film ""Never Say Never Again"" (which was sung by Alpert's wife, Lani Hall). The film features the song ""The Look of Love"" performed by Dusty Springfield. It is played in the scene of Vesper Lynd recruiting Evelyn Tremble, seen through a man-size aquarium in a seductive walk. ""The Look of Love"" was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Song. The song was a Top 10 radio hit at the KGB and KHJ radio stations. It was heard again in"	"World"" by Louis Armstrong, have gone on to become as well known as the main themes, while other songs remain exclusively linked to the film in which they appear. Some songs have been dubbed for the foreign versions of the films. A number of songs were written as potential Bond themes but went unused. These include: Bond music has inspired a number of cover albums in a variety of genres, including the 2007 album ""Mister Bond – A Jazzy Cocktail of Ice Cold Themes"" (lounge), """" featuring David Arnold collaborating with several contemporary artists. The City of Prague Philharmonic Orchestra"	"the title ""On Her Majesty's Secret Service"" unless it were written operatically, in the style of Gilbert and Sullivan. Leslie Bricusse had considered lyrics for the title song but director Peter R. Hunt allowed an instrumental title theme in the tradition of the first two Bond films. The theme was described as ""one of the best title cuts, a wordless Moog-driven monster, suitable for skiing at breakneck speed or dancing with equal abandon."" Barry also composed the love song ""We Have All the Time in the World"", with lyrics by Burt Bacharach's regular lyricist Hal David, sung by Louis Armstrong."	"James Bond film, and was originally titled ""Run James Run"". Wilson wrote and recorded an unrelated song with this same title for his 2015 album ""No Pier Pressure"", but was not released until 2017 for the compilation """". According to AFM sheets and Brad Elliot: Pet Sounds (instrumental) ""Pet Sounds"" is an instrumental composed and produced by Brian Wilson and is the 12th track on the 1966 album ""Pet Sounds"" by American rock band the Beach Boys. Originally called ""Run James Run"", Wilson intended it to be used as the theme of a James Bond film. It was then titled"	"Live and Let Die (song) ""Live and Let Die"" is the main theme song of the 1973 James Bond film ""Live and Let Die"", written by Paul and Linda McCartney and performed by Wings. It was the most successful Bond theme to that point, charting at No. 2 on the US ""Billboard"" Hot 100 and No. 9 on the UK Singles Chart. Commissioned specifically for the movie, it reunited the former Beatle with the band's producer, George Martin, who produced the song and arranged the orchestra. It has been covered by several bands, with the Guns N' Roses version being"	"drops. Credits for ""Die Another Day"" are adapted from ""American Life"" and the single liner notes. !scope=""col"" colspan=""3""\| Digital Die Another Day (song) ""Die Another Day"" is the theme song from the James Bond film of the same name by American singer and songwriter Madonna. The song initially leaked onto the internet in early October 2002 prior to the official release, prompting radio to play the track. It was released commercially as a single on October 22 by Maverick Records and was later included on the singer's ninth studio album, ""American Life"" (2003), and her greatest hits compilation, ""Celebration"" (2009)."	"Millennium (song) ""Millennium"" is a song by English singer Robbie Williams from his 1998 album ""I've Been Expecting You"". In September 1998, it was released as the album's first track which became Williams' first single to top the UK Singles Chart. The song also received extensive airplay in the United States and Canada, where it was the lead single from Williams' 1999 compilation album, ""The Ego Has Landed"". The song borrows heavily from the musical arrangement of John Barry's ""You Only Live Twice"", the title track of the 1967 James Bond film of the same name, said to be one"	"It is heard during the Bond–Tracy courtship montage, bridging Draco's birthday party in Portugal and Bond's burglary of the Gebrüder Gumbold law office in Bern, Switzerland. Barry recalled Armstrong was very ill, but recorded the song in one take. The song was re-released in 1994, achieving the number three position during a 13-week spell in the UK charts. A Hal David song entitled ""Do You Know How Christmas Trees Are Grown?"" performed by Danish singer Nina also featured in the film in several scenes. The theme, ""On Her Majesty's Secret Service"", is used in the film as an action theme"	"Hearted Melody"", with Sherman Edwards; the 1962 Joanie Sommers hit ""Johnny Get Angry"" also with Edwards; and ""99 Miles From L.A."" with Albert Hammond, recorded by Hammond and later Art Garfunkel. With Paul Hampton, David co-wrote the country standard ""Sea of Heartbreak"", a hit for Don Gibson and others. David contributed lyrics to three James Bond film themes: in addition to ""The Look of Love"" from ""Casino Royale"" with Bacharach, he wrote ""We Have All the Time in the World"", with John Barry and sung by Louis Armstrong for the 1969 film ""On Her Majesty's Secret Service"", and in 1979,"	"for and won the Academy Award for Best Original Song. It was the first time a Bond song had won, and the fourth time one had been nominated. ""Skyfall"" also won the Brit Award for Best British Single at the 2013 BRIT Awards. The film also features Charles Trenet's 1938 song ""Boum !"" during scenes in which Silva shows Bond around his abandoned island, and The Animals' 1964 cover of John Lee Hooker's song, ""Boom Boom"" when Silva assaults Skyfall in the film's finale. The premiere of ""Skyfall"" was on 23 October 2012 at the Royal Albert Hall in London."	"given to Bond by Q, it was also a Geiger counter in the plot. ""Thunderball"" was the third James Bond score composed by John Barry, after ""From Russia with Love"" and ""Goldfinger"". The original title song was entitled ""Mr. Kiss Kiss, Bang Bang"", taken from an Italian journalist who in 1962 dubbed agent 007 as Mr. Kiss Kiss, Bang Bang. The title theme was written by Barry and Leslie Bricusse; the song was originally recorded by Shirley Bassey, and later rerecorded by Dionne Warwick, whose version was not released until the 1990s. The song was removed from the title credits"	"first James Bond theme song to be nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Song (garnering McCartney his second Academy Award nomination and Linda her first). In the Academy Award performance of the song, entertainer Connie Stevens dressed in a ""silver-lamé outfit"" with a Native American-looking headdress ""descended from the ceiling"" and then was ""variously lifted and tossed about"" by dancers dressed in various colours until she left the scene. The song lost to the eponymous theme song from the musical film ""The Way We Were"". In Wings' live performances of the song, the instrumental break featured flashpots and"	"You Only Live Twice (song) ""You Only Live Twice"", performed by Nancy Sinatra, is the theme song to the 1967 James Bond film of the same name. The music was by veteran Bond film composer John Barry, with lyrics by Leslie Bricusse. The song is widely recognized for its striking opening bars, featuring a simple 2-bar theme in the high octaves of the violins and lush harmonies from French horns. It is considered by some to be among the best James Bond theme songs, and has become one of Nancy Sinatra's best known hits. Shortly after Barry's production, Sinatra's producer"	"UK (where it reached number nine in the charts) and the US (where it reached number 2, for three weeks). It was nominated for an Academy Award but lost to ""The Way We Were"". Producers hired B. J. Arnau to record and perform the title song, not realising McCartney intended to perform it himself. Arnau's version was featured in the film itself, when the singer performed it in a night club which Bond attends. The Olympia Brass Band has a notable part in ""Live and Let Die"", where they lead a funeral march for a (soon to be) assassination victim."	"Die Another Day (song) ""Die Another Day"" is the theme song from the James Bond film of the same name by American singer and songwriter Madonna. The song initially leaked onto the internet in early October 2002 prior to the official release, prompting radio to play the track. It was released commercially as a single on October 22 by Maverick Records and was later included on the singer's ninth studio album, ""American Life"" (2003), and her greatest hits compilation, ""Celebration"" (2009). Following the release of the previous Bond single, ""The World Is Not Enough"", MGM wanted a high-profile artist for"	"released. The single became the first Bond movie theme to reach number one in the UK Singles Chart. It also reached the top 10 in a few other European countries, but unlike other James Bond themes, it was not as successful outside Europe, only peaking at number 43 in Canada and Australia and number 71 on the ""Billboard"" Hot 100. Only the instrumental version of the song appeared on the film's official soundtrack album. The song won the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song at the 73rd Golden Globe Awards and the Academy Award for Best Original Song at"	"Build a Mountain"", ""Once in a Lifetime"", ""On a Wonderful Day Like Today"", ""The Joker"" and comic novelty songs such as ""That Noise"" and ""The Oompa-Loompa Song"", and his versions of ""Strawberry Fair"" and ""Pop Goes the Weasel"". He wrote songs that others made hits including ""Goldfinger"" (the title song of the James Bond film, ""Goldfinger"", music by John Barry), and ""Feeling Good"", which became a hit for Nina Simone and the rock band Muse, as well as a signature song for singer Michael Bublé. It was featured in a jam recorded live at the Fillmore West for Traffic's 1969"	"end credits is David Arnold's ""Casino Royale"" track ""The Name's Bond…James Bond"". Despite this, the film's score was composed by Thomas Newman, who also incorporated the ""James Bond Theme"" throughout the entire film. In ""Spectre"", the theme appears at the beginning of the film as part of the opening gunbarrel sequence, indicating a return to the franchise's classic roots of 1962–2002. Over 70 cover versions of the ""James Bond Theme"" have been recorded by artists such as: American electronica musician Moby produced a remixed version of the theme entitled ""James Bond Theme (Moby's Re-Version)"" for the Bond film ""Tomorrow Never"	"stage and showing old pictures. The video also was made shortly before Izzy Stradlin's departure, and it is the last video where he appears. It charted at No. 20 on the Mainstream Rock chart. The song was nominated for ""Best Hard Rock Performance"" during the 1993 Grammy Awards. Guns N' Roses Additional musicians General Live and Let Die (song) ""Live and Let Die"" is the main theme song of the 1973 James Bond film ""Live and Let Die"", written by Paul and Linda McCartney and performed by Wings. It was the most successful Bond theme to that point, charting at"	"1967 Burt Bacharach album ""Reach Out"", which was also featured on the soundtrack for the film ""The Boys in the Band"". The Look of Love (1967 song) ""The Look of Love"" is a popular song composed by Burt Bacharach and Hal David and sung by English pop singer Dusty Springfield, which appeared in the 1967 spoof James Bond film ""Casino Royale"". In 2008, the song was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame. It also received a Best Song nomination in the 1968 Academy Awards. The music was written by Burt Bacharach, and was originally intended to be an instrumental."	"It was also the first James Bond film featuring an African American Bond girl romantically involved with 007, Rosie Carver, who was played by Gloria Hendry. The film was a box office success and received generally positive reviews from critics. It was also nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song for ""Live and Let Die"", written by Paul and Linda McCartney and performed by their band Wings. Three MI6 agents are killed under mysterious circumstances within 24 hours in the United Nations headquarters in New York City, New Orleans and the Caribbean nation of San Monique, while monitoring"	"well as adding eight additional tracks also extended several of the original ones, such as ""Bond Meets Solitaire"". Except as noted, all tracks composed by George Martin. Live and Let Die (soundtrack) Live and Let Die is the soundtrack to the eighth James Bond film of the same name. It was scored by George Martin. The title song was written by Paul and Linda McCartney and performed by Paul McCartney and Wings. It was the first Bond film score not to involve John Barry. The music for most of the Bond films through ""Diamonds Are Forever"" had been scored by"	"""Dr. No"" with his arrangement of the Bond Theme. A Bond film staple are the theme songs heard during their title sequences sung by well-known popular singers. Several of the songs produced for the films have been nominated for Academy Awards for Original Song, including Paul McCartney's ""Live and Let Die"", Carly Simon's ""Nobody Does It Better"", Sheena Easton's ""For Your Eyes Only"", Adele's ""Skyfall"", and Sam Smith's ""Writing's on the Wall"". Adele won the award at the 85th Academy Awards, and Smith won at the 88th Academy Awards. For the non-Eon produced ""Casino Royale"", Burt Bacharach's score included ""The"	"Nobody Does It Better ""Nobody Does It Better"" is a song composed by Marvin Hamlisch with lyrics by Carole Bayer Sager. It was recorded by Carly Simon as the theme song for the 1977 James Bond film ""The Spy Who Loved Me"". It was the first Bond theme song to be titled differently from the name of the film since ""Dr. No"", although the phrase ""the spy who loved me"" is included in the lyrics. The song was released as a single from the film's soundtrack album. ""Nobody Does It Better"" became a major worldwide hit, spending three weeks at"	"the 20th track on the CD after a long pause following the 19th. Rock guitarist/singer Aimee Mann recorded a version of the song for the 1997 James Bond tribute album """". Adam Sandler covered this song before receiving the MTV Generation award on the 2008 MTV Movie Awards. (Note: The words were modified to reflect Adam Sandler.) A version of the track was performed by the Ian Rich Orchestra with vocals by singer, model and TV presenter Marina Berry. This version appears on the compilation albums ""Totally James Bond"" (a collection of Bond theme covers) and ""Simply Woman"". Singer Sophie"	"one of the most covered Bond themes. The song was used in the closing montage of ""Mad Men""'s season five finale, ""The Phantom"". A parody of the song was created for ""The Simpsons"" episode ""YOLO"". You Only Live Twice (song) ""You Only Live Twice"", performed by Nancy Sinatra, is the theme song to the 1967 James Bond film of the same name. The music was by veteran Bond film composer John Barry, with lyrics by Leslie Bricusse. The song is widely recognized for its striking opening bars, featuring a simple 2-bar theme in the high octaves of the violins and"	"James Bond Theme The ""James Bond Theme"" is the main signature theme of the James Bond films and has featured in every Eon Productions Bond film since ""Dr. No"", released in 1962. The piece has been used as an accompanying fanfare to the gun barrel sequence in almost every James Bond film. The ""James Bond Theme"" has accompanied the opening titles twice, as part of the medley that opens ""Dr. No"" and then again in the opening credits of ""From Russia with Love"" (1963). It has been used as music over the end credits for ""Dr. No"", ""Thunderball"" (1965), ""On"	"the only film to have more than one opening theme. The ""James Bond Theme"" reached 13 in the UK Singles Chart, and remained in the charts for 13 weeks. The opening credits of ""From Russia with Love"" were accompanied by an instrumental version of the main theme, arranged by John Barry and written by Lionel Bart. A single by The John Barry Orchestra reached 39 in the U.K. At the film's end, a vocal version by English singer Matt Monro is heard. This song spent 13 weeks in the U.K. charts, peaking at 20. ""Goldfinger"" was the third soundtrack composed"	"Would Only Smile"", and ""I Lie Around"", on which Laine also sung the lead vocal. McCullough was similarly disappointed that several of McCartney's rock-oriented tracks were omitted from the album, upon which more lightweight material was released. ""Live and Let Die"", the title song to the James Bond film of the same name, was recorded during the sessions for ""Red Rose Speedway"", but would instead be released on the ""Live and Let Die"" soundtrack album. Laine included ""I Would Only Smile"" on his 1980 solo album ""Japanese Tears"". ""Mama's Little Girl"" was recorded during the sessions and would later turn"	"in UK. Both versions of the title song are available on CD. In 1992, Acen sampled the title song ""You Only Live Twice"" for his song ""Trip II the Moon Part 2"". In 1997, Icelandic singer Björk recorded a cover version. In 1998, Robbie Williams used the distinctive string figure for his song ""Millennium"", (although it was re-recorded, rather than sampled from the movie for cost reasons). Coldplay covered it when they toured in 2001, and it was covered by Natacha Atlas for her 2005 compilation album ""The Best of Natacha Atlas"". Shirley Bassey, who has three original Bond themes"
In what year were US ground troops first dispatched to Vietnam?	"planning an immediate takeover, but are concentrating on psychological operations to increase unrest in the south and among American forces. Special National Intelligence Estimate 10-9-65, was done to assess the reactions, in various parts of the world, to an escalation of US attacks on North Vietnam. This estimate is especially significant in the conflict between the White House and the military & intelligence community. By summer of 1965 there were more than 125000 US ground troops in Vietnam and there did not seem to be an end in sight for their continuous arrival. In August 1965, after Prime Minister Quat"	"1964, the deteriorating political situation of the southern government after the assassination of President Ngô Đình Diệm, and an increase in Viet Cong large unit actions, the U.S. government decided to introduce American ground combat troops into Vietnam. On 8 March 1965, 3,500 U.S. Marines of the 3rd Marine Division landed over the beach at Da Nang to protect the airfield at Da Nang, now operated by the U.S. Air Force (, pp. 99–102) and (, p. 19). In the first five months of 1965, U.S. troop levels increase to 55,000. By the end of 1965, 200,000 troops had been"	"Vietnam as the first major U.S. Army ground combat unit to be deployed, joined later by 4-503rd Inf and 3-503rd Inf (bearing the lineages of the former Company D and Company C, 503rd PIR, respectively). During its six years in Vietnam, the four battalions of the 503rd participated in fourteen campaigns, earning two more Presidential Unit Citations and a Meritorious Unit Commendation. The 2nd Bn (Abn), 503rd Inf participated in the only combat jump of the war during ""Operation Junction City"" in 1967. It redeployed to the U.S. in July 1971, having the distinction of being one of the last"	"officers and 500 members of the armed forces. An estimated 600 rebels were killed. Civilians accounted for the remainder. The Vietnam War was a war fought between 1955 and 1975 on the ground in South Vietnam and bordering areas of Cambodia and Laos (""see"" Secret War) and in the strategic bombing (""see"" Operation Rolling Thunder) of North Vietnam. American advisors came in the late 1950s to help the RVN (Republic of Vietnam) combat Communist insurgents known as ""Viet Cong."" Major American military involvement began in 1964, after Congress provided President Lyndon B. Johnson with blanket approval for presidential use of"	"Operation Chopper (Vietnam) Operation Chopper occurred on January 12, 1962 and was the first time U.S. forces participated in major combat in the Vietnam War. In December 1961, the USS Core (T-AKV-41) docked in Saigon with 82 U.S. Army Piasecki H-21 helicopters. A little more than 12 days later, Operation Chopper commenced. The helicopters transported over 1,000 Army of the Republic of Vietnam paratroopers for an assault on a suspected Viet Cong (VC) stronghold 10 miles west of Saigon. The VC were surprised and soundly defeated, but they gained valuable combat experience they later used with great effect against American"	"their utility. Although the initial American commitment to the war in Vietnam had been limited to advice and materiel support, by 1964 there were 21,000 US advisors in South Vietnam. However, with the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) weakened by successive defeats at the hands of the communists, the South Vietnamese government faltering, and Saigon threatened with a major offensive, the worsening situation led to a significant escalation of the war in 1965, with a large-scale commitment of US ground troops under the command of General William Westmoreland. At first the Americans had adopted a cautious strategy, applied"	"Dirty thirty (Vietnam) The first U.S. soldiers to take an official role in the Vietnam War were a group of pilots called the Dirty Thirty. They were U.S. Air Force pilots sent to Vietnam in 1962 and 1963, to assist the South Vietnamese air force (VNAF) in military airlift and transport missions. They primarily flew as co-pilots alongside VNAF pilots on these missions. Other G.I.s had survived in Vietnam and had participated in combat operations. Officially, however the Dirty Thirty (an unofficial adopted nickname) pilots were classed as ""advisors"", not combatants. The original group of pilots deployed in 1962 rotated"	"1964, followed by the first American combat troops landing in Vietnam in May 1965, escalated the war. In mid-1966, the new CIA Chief of Station Ted Shackley promulgated increased operations against the Ho Chi Minh Trail and commitment of more troops to the fight for northern Laos. U.S. air power began to be used in Laos. The Royal Lao Air Force began its struggle to become an effective close air support force. A new covert unit, the Raven Forward Air Controllers, was formed to guide the air strikes. The use of airpower as mobile artillery to clear the path for"	"committing large units to battle. The United States entered the war to prevent a communist takeover of South Vietnam as part of their wider strategy of containment. The U.S. was involved in Vietnam as early as 1950, when military advisors were sent to assist the French in the First Indochina War. The U.S. continued its advisory assistance to South Vietnam during the 1950s, with U.S. troop levels tripling in 1961 and tripling again a year later. U.S. combat units were deployed to Vietnam beginning in 1965 after the Tonkin Gulf Resolution, which authorized the President to deploy U.S. conventional forces"	"Vietnam War The Vietnam War (), also known as the Second Indochina War, and in Vietnam as the Resistance War Against America () or simply the American War, was a conflict that occurred in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. It was the second of the Indochina Wars and was officially fought between North Vietnam and the government of South Vietnam. The North Vietnamese army was supported by the Soviet Union, China, and other communist allies; the South Vietnamese army was supported by the United States, South Korea, the"	"in the first years from a force which had initially been used like its WWII predecessors as an internal strike force into a training force which helped develop unconventional warfare and counterinsurgency tactics. The period between 1961–1965 were especially formative. The first U.S. Special Forces operations in Vietnam were in 1957, when soldiers from the 1st Special Forces Group trained fifty eight Vietnamese Army soldiers at the Commando Training Center in Nha Trang. Special Forces units deployed to Laos as ""Mobile Training Teams"" (MTTs) in 1961, Project White Star (later named Project 404), and they were among the first U.S."	"Obama issued a proclamation of the . On November 10, 2017, President Donald Trump issued an additional . General: Vietnam War The Vietnam War (), also known as the Second Indochina War, and in Vietnam as the Resistance War Against America () or simply the American War, was a conflict that occurred in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. It was the second of the Indochina Wars and was officially fought between North Vietnam and the government of South Vietnam. The North Vietnamese army was supported by the Soviet"	"U.S.-Vietnam diplomatic relations took place in 1995, followed by booming trade volumes between the two countries in the subsequent years. In 1997, President Clinton appointed former-POW and U.S. Congressman Douglas ""Pete"" Peterson as the first U.S. Ambassador to Vietnam. Agent Orange is the combination of the code names for Herbicide Orange (HO) and Agent LNX, one of the herbicides and defoliants used by the British military during the Malayan Emergency and the U.S. military as part of its herbicidal warfare program, Operation Ranch Hand, during the Vietnam War from 1961 to 1971. Vietnam estimates 400,000 people were killed or maimed,"	"Republic of Vietnam, from February 28, 1961 to May 7, 1975, as being eligible for such programs as the department's Readjustment Counseling Services program, also known as the Vet Centers. The Vietnam War was the last American war with conscription. Nationals of other nations fought in the American-led anti-communist coalition, usually as armed forces of allied nations, such as Australia, New Zealand, Thailand, and South Korea, but sometimes as members of the US armed forces. Republic Of China (Taiwan), Spain and Philippines contributed assistance in non-combat roles. Australia deployed approximately three battalions of infantry, one regiment of Centurion tanks, three"	"on March 8, 1965, the United States Marines became the first US combat troops to land in South Vietnam, with a force of 3,500. The 3d Marine Division began operating in Vietnam when on March 6, 1965, they opened a Marine Compound at the Da Nang Air Base. On July 4, 1965, 2nd Battalion, 9th Marines were ordered to Vietnam from Okinawa. 2nd Battalion, 9th Marines fought battles in or around Danang, Hue, Phu Bai, Đông Hà, Camp Carroll, Cam Lộ, Con Thien, Than Cam Son, Quảng Trị, Cửa Việt, Vandegrift Combat Base and what is considered by many as"	"1971 in the Vietnam War U.S. military personnel in South Vietnam totaled 334,600 on 31 December 1970. The United States Congress adopted the revised Cooper-Church Amendment which prohibited the introduction of U.S. ground troops or advisers into Cambodia and declared that U.S. aid to Cambodia should not be considered a commitment to the defense of Cambodia. United States Secretary of Defense Melvin Laird said that the ""Vietnamization"" of the war was running ahead of schedule and that the combat mission of the U.S. troops would end in summer 1971. The last herbicide spraying by the United States to defoliate forests"	"troops. The paratroopers also captured an underground radio transmitter. This operation heralded a new era of air mobility for the U.S. Army, which had been slowly growing as a concept since the Army formed twelve helicopter battalions in 1952 as a result of the Korean War. These new battalions eventually formed a sort of modern-day cavalry for the Army. Operation Chopper (Vietnam) Operation Chopper occurred on January 12, 1962 and was the first time U.S. forces participated in major combat in the Vietnam War. In December 1961, the USS Core (T-AKV-41) docked in Saigon with 82 U.S. Army Piasecki H-21"	"of Phuoc Vinh. Kennedy increased the number of military advisors and special forces in the area, from 11,000 in 1962 to 16,000 by late 1963, but he was reluctant to order a full-scale deployment of troops. A year and three months later on March 8, 1965, his successor, President Lyndon Johnson, committed the first combat troops to Vietnam and greatly escalated U.S. involvement, with forces reaching 184,000 that year and 536,000 in 1968. In late 1961, President Kennedy sent Roger Hilsman, then director of the State Department's Bureau of Intelligence and Research, to assess the situation in Vietnam. There, Hilsman"	"United States Army Vietnam United States Army Republic of Vietnam (USARV) was an corps-level support command of the United States Army in the Vietnam War. USARV was created on 20 July 1965 out of the U.S. Army Support Command, Vietnam. By mid-1967, United States Army, Vietnam (USARV), 1st Logistical Command, and many other Army units dispersed in Saigon were moved to Long Binh Post to resolve centralization, security, and troop billeting issues. Long Binh Post was a sprawling logistics facility and the largest U.S. Army base in Vietnam with over 50,000 women and men. USARV controlled the activities of all"	"to Thailand in 1955. Due to its proximity to Thailand, Vietnam's conflicts were closely monitored by Bangkok. Thai involvement did not become official until the total involvement of the United States in support of South Vietnam in 1963. The Thai government then allowed the United States Air Force in Thailand to use its air and naval bases. At the height of the war, almost 50,000 American military personnel were stationed in Thailand, mainly airmen. In October 1967 a regiment-size Thai unit, the Queen's Cobras, were sent to Camp Bearcat at Bien Hoa, to fight alongside the Americans, Australians, New Zealanders"	"the Vietnam War drew down and the U.S. Vietnam Ranger units were deactivated. However, in 1974 their colors and lineage were passed to newly formed Ranger Battalions based in the United States. The first period above began in Vietnam in November 1966 with the creation of a provisional LRRP Detachment by the 1st Cavalry Division (Airmobile); followed by the 1st Brigade, 101st Airborne Division; the 1st Infantry Division; and the 25th Infantry Division in June 1966. General William C. Westmoreland, commander of Military Assistance Command, Vietnam (MACV), ordered the creation of provisional LRRPs in all Infantry brigades and divisions on"	"presence, initially seizing the provincial capital of Phuoc Vinh. By the end of 1961 the American advisers in Vietnam numbered 3,205 and that number increased from 11,000 in 1962 to 16,000 by late 1963, but Kennedy was reluctant to order a full-scale deployment of troops. Before his assassination, Kennedy used military advisors and special forces in Vietnam almost exclusively. A year and three months later on March 8, 1965, his successor, President Lyndon Johnson, committed the first combat troops to Vietnam and greatly escalated U.S. involvement, with forces reaching 184,000 that year and 536,000 in 1968. In late 1961, President"	"Vietnam in 1969. As part of the transition to the U.S. Army Regimental System in 1986, the 3-320th was activated in the 101st Airborne Division at Fort Campbell, Kentucky, by reflagging the 3-319th. 3-320 FAR next saw action in the Middle East from 1990 until 1991. As a part of the 101st Airborne Division (Air Assault), the battalion was part of the massive US force that drove the Iraqi Army from Kuwait. The 3-320 FAR was commanded during Operation Desert Shield and Operation Desert Storm by LTC Thomas J. Costello. Note: The published Army lineage, dated 18 September 1996, shows"	"of US forces in Thailand in response to the worsening situation of the Royal Lao Government in the Laotian Civil War. The Marines were then moved north to the town of Nong Khai where they conducted field training exercises with the Royal Thai Army and civic action with Thai civilians. On 1 July with the situation in Laos stabilizing the Marines were flown from Udorn to the Philippines and then on to Okinawa. 3/9 became the first battalion-sized ground combat unit to be deployed to Vietnam when they landed on 8 March 1965 in Da Nang, Republic of Vietnam. Over"	"1969, sapping the strength of the domestic anti-war movement. Despite the failure of Operation Lam Son 719, which was designed to be the first major test of the South Vietnamese Army since the implementation of Vietnamization, the drawdown of American soldiers in Vietnam continued throughout Nixon's tenure. In early 1970, Nixon sent U.S. and South Vietnamese soldiers into Cambodia to attack North Vietnamese bases, expanding the ground war out of Vietnam for the first time. He had previously approved a secret B-52 carpet bombing campaign of North Vietnamese positions in Cambodia in March 1969 (code-named ""Operation Menu""), without the consent"	"and retreats by both sides and the Chinese People's Volunteer Army's entry into the war, the returned the peninsula to the status quo in 1953. The Vietnam War is often regarded as a low point for the U.S. Army due to the use of drafted personnel, the unpopularity of the war with the U.S. public and frustrating restrictions placed on the military by U.S. political leaders. While U.S. forces had been stationed in South Vietnam since 1959, in intelligence and advising/training roles, they were not deployed in large numbers until 1965, after the Gulf of Tonkin Incident. U.S. forces effectively"	"supplies to Israel during the Yom Kippur War. 1974: Evacuation from Cyprus: United States naval forces evacuated U.S. civilians during the Turkish invasion of Cyprus. 1975: Evacuation from Vietnam: Operation Frequent Wind, On April 3, 1975, President Ford reported U.S. naval vessels, helicopters, and Marines had been sent to assist in evacuation of refugees and US nationals from Vietnam. 1975: Evacuation from Cambodia: Operation Eagle Pull, On April 12, 1975, President Ford reported that he had ordered U.S. military forces to proceed with the planned evacuation of U.S. citizens from Cambodia. 1975: South Vietnam: On April 30, 1975, President Ford"	"forums."" From 1965 to 1973, US troops fought at the request of the governments of South Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia during the Vietnam War against the military of North Vietnam and against Viet Cong, Pathet Lao, and Khmer Rouge insurgents. President Lyndon Johnson escalated US involvement following the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution. North Vietnam invaded Laos in 1959, and used 30,000 men to build invasion routes through Laos and Cambodia. North Vietnam sent 10,000 troops to attack the south in 1964, and this figure increased to 100,000 in 1965. By early 1965, 7,559 South Vietnamese hamlets had been destroyed by"	"Thirty pilots eventually rotated home during early 1963 and were replaced by a second contingent of American pilots. This detachment remained with the VNAF until December 1963 when they were withdrawn from Vietnam. Dirty thirty (Vietnam) The first U.S. soldiers to take an official role in the Vietnam War were a group of pilots called the Dirty Thirty. They were U.S. Air Force pilots sent to Vietnam in 1962 and 1963, to assist the South Vietnamese air force (VNAF) in military airlift and transport missions. They primarily flew as co-pilots alongside VNAF pilots on these missions. Other G.I.s had survived"	"of Defense & Joint Staff, FOIA Requester Service Center ""Under Eisenhower"" ""Under Kennedy"" ""Under Johnson"" ""Under Nixon"" ""Under Ford"" Role of the United States in the Vietnam War The role of the United States in the Vietnam War began after World War II and escalated into full commitment during the Vietnam War from 1955 to 1975. The U.S. involvement in South Vietnam stemmed from 20 long years of political and economic action. These had the common incentive of ending the growing communist domination in Vietnam. At the time, French forces, allies of the U.S., were backed by America — President"	"send an aircraft carrier to Da Nang in March 2018, which if approved will be the largest American military presence in Vietnam since 1975. For the first time since the Vietnam War, a US Navy aircraft carrier (USS Carl Vinson) visited Vietnam in March 2018. According to the Vietnam Foreign Ministry, the visit will ""contribute to maintaining peace, stability, security, cooperation and development in the region"". The U.S. Embassy in Vietnam is located in Hanoi. The U.S. Consulate General is located in Ho Chi Minh City. The Vietnamese Consulate General to the United States is located in San Francisco, California."	"Operation Cedar Falls Operation Cedar Falls was a military operation of the Vietnam War conducted primarily by US forces that took place from 8 to 26 January 1967. The aim of the massive search and destroy operation was to eradicate the so-called ""Iron Triangle"", an area northwest Saigon that had become a major stronghold of the Viet Cong (VC). It was the largest American ground operation of the Vietnam war: Two Army divisions, one infantry and one paratrooper brigade, and one armored cavalry regiment participated in the operation. Altogether, it involved 30,000 US and South Vietnamese troops. The VC, however,"	"military campaign. In February 1955, Eisenhower dispatched the first American soldiers to Vietnam as military advisors to Diem's army. After Diem announced the formation of the Republic of Vietnam (RVN, commonly known as South Vietnam) in October, Eisenhower immediately recognized the new state and offered military, economic, and technical assistance. In the years that followed, Eisenhower increased the number of U.S. military advisors in South Vietnam to 900 men. This was due to North Vietnam's support of ""uprisings"" in the south and concern the nation would fall. In May 1957 Diem, then President of South Vietnam, made a state visit"
In 1999 Anna Kournikova signed a lucrative contract to model what?	"subsequently separated. The couple have invested in a $20 million home to be built on a private island in Miami. They had twins, Nicholas and Lucy, on Saturday, 16 December 2017, at South Miami Hospital. Most of Kournikova's fame has come from the publicity surrounding her looks and her personal life. During her debut at the 1996 US Open at the age of 15, the western world noticed her beauty, and soon pictures of her appeared in numerous magazines worldwide. In 2000, Kournikova became the new face for Berlei's shock absorber sports bras, and appeared in the ""only the ball"	"and print advertising campaign won praise from critics. The Estée Lauder makeover transformed Porizkova's public image from a swimsuit model to that of European sophisticate and she remained the company's face until 1995. She soon landed another multimillion-dollar contract, with Escada. She was presented on the November 1999 Millennium cover of American ""Vogue"" as one of the ""Modern Muses"". Porizkova was part of the panel of judges on ""America's Next Top Model"" (""ANTM""), starting on Cycle 10 replacing the fashion icon, Twiggy. Porizkova continued to conduct regular weekly evaluations of ""ANTM"" participants on the show until she announced during a"	"wealth for the industry. In 1991, Turlington signed a contract with Maybelline that paid her $800,000 for twelve days' work each year. By the mid‑1990s, the new ""heroin chic"" movement became popular amongst New York and London editorial clients. Kate Moss became its poster child through her ads for Calvin Klein. In spite of the heroin chic movement, model Claudia Schiffer earned $12 million. With the popularity of lingerie retailer Victoria's Secret, and the ""Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue"", there was a need for healthier-looking supermodels such as Tyra Banks and Heidi Klum to meet commercial modelling demand. The mid‑1990s also"	"Karolína Kurková Karolína Kurková (; born 28 February 1984) is a Czech model and actress, best known as a former Victoria's Secret Angel and Vogue cover star. Mario Testino praised the ""proportions of her body and her face, as well as her energy level"", which he said ""ma[de] her a model who could fit almost into any moment"". ""Vogue"" editor Anna Wintour called her the ""next supermodel"". Kurková is among the world's top-earning models, having earned an estimated $5 million in the year 2007. She placed 6th in the ""Forbes"" annual list of the highest-earning models. Karolína Kurková was born"	"Bure derived no immigration benefit from the marriage, which was dissolved the following year. Bohn became a costume designer in the film and television industry. After being linked to girlfriend Dahn Bryan, a model and actress, early in his NHL career, Bure shared a relationship with tennis star and fellow Russian Anna Kournikova. The two met in 1999 when she was still linked to Bure's former Russian teammate Sergei Fedorov. Bure and Kournikova were reported to have been engaged in 2000 after reporter Andrew Greven took a photo of them together in a Florida restaurant where Bure supposedly asked Kournikova"	"Anna Kournikova Anna Sergeyevna Kournikova (; born 7 June 1981) is a Russian former professional tennis player. Her appearance and celebrity status made her one of the best known tennis stars worldwide. At the peak of her fame, fans looking for images of Kournikova made her name one of the most common search strings on Google Search. Despite never winning a singles title, she reached No. 8 in the world in 2000. She achieved greater success playing doubles, where she was at times the world No. 1 player. With Martina Hingis as her partner, she won Grand Slam titles in"	"Adriana Lima Adriana Lima (; born June 12, 1981) is a Brazilian model and actress, best known as a Victoria's Secret Angel from 1999 to 2018, (being their longest-running model and named ""the most valuable Victoria's Secret Angel"" in 2017), as a spokesmodel for Maybelline cosmetics since 2003 and for her Super Bowl and Kia Motors commercials. At the age of 15, Lima won Ford's ""Supermodel of Brazil"" competition, and took second place the following year in the Ford ""Supermodel of the World"" competition before signing with Elite Model Management in New York City. Lima is currently ranked by Models.com"	"should bounce"" billboard campaign. Following that, she was cast by the Farrelly brothers for a minor role in the 2000 film ""Me, Myself & Irene"" starring Jim Carrey and Renée Zellweger. Photographs of her have appeared on covers of various publications, including men's magazines, such as one in the much-publicized 2004 ""Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue"", where she posed in bikinis and swimsuits, as well as in ""FHM"" and ""Maxim"". Kournikova was named one of ""People's"" 50 Most Beautiful People in 1998 and was voted ""hottest female athlete"" on ESPN.com. In 2002 she also placed first in ""FHM's 100 Sexiest Women"	"Natalia Vodianova Natalia Mikhailovna Vodianova (; ; born 28 February 1982), nicknamed Supernova, is a Russian supermodel, philanthropist, entrepreneur and public speaker. She is well known for her rags to riches life story and for her eight-season, seven-figure contract with Calvin Klein. In 2012, she came in third on the ""Forbes"" top-earning models list, estimated to have earned $8.6 million in one year. Vodianova is currently ranked by models.com as one of the New Supers in the fashion industry. Vodianova is founder of the Naked Heart Foundation, a philanthropic organisation committed to helping children with special needs and their families."	"on the cover of ""Cosmopolitan"". She is best known for her work as a model for Guess, Intimissimi and Victoria's Secret. She has appeared in music videos for Enrique Iglesias and Justin Timberlake. She began her modeling career in 2002 when she was discovered by Kenya Knight at Nous Model Management in Los Angeles. In her first week, Kirchner booked Guess? and worked with Bruce Weber for Abercrombie and Fitch. From there she went to Milan, Italy where she booked campaigns and appeared on Fashion TV’s ""Model Flat"". While in Milan, Kirchner was scouted by Kwok Chan and signed with"	"brand Berluti. The couple has two sons: Maxim (born 2 May 2014) and Roman (born 4 June 2016). Natalia Vodianova Natalia Mikhailovna Vodianova (; ; born 28 February 1982), nicknamed Supernova, is a Russian supermodel, philanthropist, entrepreneur and public speaker. She is well known for her rags to riches life story and for her eight-season, seven-figure contract with Calvin Klein. In 2012, she came in third on the ""Forbes"" top-earning models list, estimated to have earned $8.6 million in one year. Vodianova is currently ranked by models.com as one of the New Supers in the fashion industry. Vodianova is founder"	"popular that it eventually became one of the top five most searched diets on the web in 2012 according to Google. Adriana Lima Adriana Lima (; born June 12, 1981) is a Brazilian model and actress, best known as a Victoria's Secret Angel from 1999 to 2018, (being their longest-running model and named ""the most valuable Victoria's Secret Angel"" in 2017), as a spokesmodel for Maybelline cosmetics since 2003 and for her Super Bowl and Kia Motors commercials. At the age of 15, Lima won Ford's ""Supermodel of Brazil"" competition, and took second place the following year in the Ford"	"Saint Laurent, Gucci, Hermés, Prada, Missoni, Versace, Celine, Louis Vuitton, Roberto Cavalli, Valentino, Dior, Lancome, Zara, Balmain, Jean Paul Gaultier, David Yurman, Salvatore Ferragamo, Hugo Boss, Isabel Marant, DSquared2, Loewe, Diane Von Furstenberg, Mango, Balenciaga, Tiffany & Co., H&M, and Bloomingdale's. Photographed by Steven Meisel, she was presented on the September 2004 cover of American ""Vogue"" as one of the ""Models of the Moment"". In July 2007, ""Forbes"" listed Werbowy as the ninth highest-earning model in the world after Karolina Kurkova, Natalia Vodianova, Carolyn Murphy, Alessandra Ambrosio, Adriana Lima, Heidi Klum, Kate Moss and Gisele Bündchen. Her earnings between June"	"to become a fashion model. She travelled with her parents to Milan, Paris and London where she modelled for a number of fashion houses. Aged 17 she was a founding member of Models, a Serbian 1990s pop group. Over the following five years, Models released several albums. In 1998, Aleksandra returned to modeling work and by 1999 was signed by model agencies that included Riccardo Gay and Traffic. She spent the next four years working out of Milan and Barcelona on a number of advertising campaigns in the print media and on television. Aleksandra met Andrey Melnichenko in the South"	"Melnik's most notable campaign work includes two seasons as the face of Givenchy cosmetics, a Vera Wang fragrance contract, a Boucheron fragrance contract, and ads for D&G, Lacoste, Sportmax, Joseph, and Barbara Bui. She is represented by Trump Model Management in New York and by Silent models in Paris. Elena Melnik Elena Melnik (Russian: Елена Мельник; born September 8, 1986 in Sverdlovsk, Soviet Union) is a Russian fashion model. She began her career in 2005, when she debuted on the runway as an exclusive for Calvin Klein. She has also appeared on the runway for brands including Louis Vuitton, Balmain,"	"Among the schools she attended was one in Częstochowa, Poland. Her family still lives in Poland where Anja also owns a home. Rubik was interested in modeling from a young age after watching George Michael's music video for ""Too Funky"" featuring famous 90s supermodels. She participated in a local modeling contest, where she was scouted by a Parisian agency. In 1999, she moved to Paris to begin her modeling career. While she finished her education, she modeled during school vacations only. Rubik made her runway debut during the Paris Fashion Week Fall/Winter 1999 ready-to-wear collections. In 2000, Rubik signed with"	"issue declared her to be the model of the 1980s. Porizkova appeared on the covers of numerous magazines around the world during the 1980s and 1990s, including ""Vogue"", ""Elle"", ""Harper's Bazaar"", ""Self"", ""Cosmopolitan"" and ""Glamour"". She has been featured in advertising campaigns for Chanel, Versace, Hermes, Christian Dior, Oscar De La Renta, Mikimoto, Perry Ellis, Laura Biagiotti, Anne Klein, Ellen Tracy, Barneys New York, Ann Taylor, Guerlain and Revlon and appeared on the runway for Calvin Klein. In 1988, Porizkova won what was then the highest-paying modeling contract: a $6,000,000 contract with Estée Lauder, replacing Willow Bay. The black-and-white television"	"when she signed with NEXT Model Management in 1999. She was then ushered to Paris and Milan to make her first fashion show appearance in the Spring Fendi and Balenciaga shows. Her first campaign was for Chanel Accessories, shot by Karl Lagerfeld. Her career continued to build momentum, booking editorials for Vogue Italia, i-D (her first magazine cover), and was twice on the cover of British Vogue. In 2000, Nataša signed a contract with Calvin Klein, after she dyed her original blonde hair for red locks. She continued her career, booking campaigns for Aquascutum, Blumarine, Chanel, Gucci, Stella McCartney, Sonia"	"Modelinia videos attracted the producers of CNN and Khozissova appeared in a segment about walking in heels with Alina Cho for American Morning on CNN. She is currently represented by Trump Model Management. Anastassia Khozissova Anastassia Khozissova (; born 15 April 1979) is a Russian model. Khozissova started her fashion career in Milan, Italy. She entered the modeling world at the young age of 18 after finishing high school. Her debut happened at the Giorgio Armani runway show in Milan, Italy at the Fall 1999 Collection and was quickly followed by the cover of September Italian Vogue shot by Steven"	"even more. In the 2002 Victoria's Secret Fashion Show, she wore the ""Star of Victoria"" Fantasy Bra, worth almost $10 million. Other runway credits of hers include Alberta Ferretti, Alexander McQueen, Balenciaga, Calvin Klein, Carolina Herrera, Chanel, Christian Dior, Dolce & Gabbana, Givenchy, Gucci, Karl Lagerfeld, Louis Vuitton, Marc Jacobs, Prada, Ralph Lauren, Stella McCartney, Versace, and Vera Wang. Kurková was named ""Model of the Year"" at the 2002 VH1/""Vogue"" Fashion Awards, in part for her work ethic, having worked 23 weeks straight. Photographed by Steven Meisel, she was presented on the September 2004 cover of American ""Vogue"" as one"	"Giorgio Armani, Givenchy, Loris Azzaro, and Valentino, appearing in advertisements and fashion shows. Silvstedt was soon noticed by Hugh Hefner, who invited her to do a photo shoot for ""Playboy"" magazine in Los Angeles. She became the December 1996 Playmate of the Month, and was then chosen as the 1997 Playmate of the Year. Silvstedt has since appeared in various ""Playboy"" magazines, including ""Playboy Special Editions"", as well as ""Playboy Videos"". In the late 1990s, Silvstedt landed one of the most sought-after modeling contracts in the world, becoming the Guess? spokesmodel, succeeding among others Claudia Schiffer and Anna Nicole Smith."	"a navel due to surgery she had as an infant, and photographs are often altered by the addition of an image of a belly button to hide this. In November 2008, E! Entertainment Television voted her the world's sexiest woman, beating Angelina Jolie, Scarlett Johansson, and fellow Angels Gisele Bündchen, Heidi Klum and Adriana Lima. Kurková modeled for Bottega Veneta spring 2011 campaign in a classic Hitchcock style. In September 2018, Karolina became the first cover model of Vogue Czechoslovaki. The first released cover featured her from behind with a back tattoo that has a strong symbolic meaning to the"	"Elena Melnik Elena Melnik (Russian: Елена Мельник; born September 8, 1986 in Sverdlovsk, Soviet Union) is a Russian fashion model. She began her career in 2005, when she debuted on the runway as an exclusive for Calvin Klein. She has also appeared on the runway for brands including Louis Vuitton, Balmain, Diane von Furstenberg, Marchesa, MaxMara, Rodarte, Trovata, among many others. Melnik has been featured on the cover of ""Vogue Spain"", ""Vogue Portugal"", ""Harper's Bazaar UK"", ""ZOO Magazine"", ""L'Officiel Italia"", ""Marie Claire Italia"", ""Elle Brasil"", ""Flair Magazine"" and has appeared in editorials in British, German, French, Spanish, and Italian ""Vogue""."	"offers of cooperation from model agencies in Kyiv, Milan, London and Shanghai. While studying at the University, Anna signs a contract with such model agencies as L Models (Kyiv) and Bookings (London), and periodically works as a model. In April 2014 Andres appears on the cover of L’officiel Ukraine. On June 6, 2014, Anna became a winner of the leading beauty contest in Ukraine “Miss Ukraine Universe”. Then she began to participate in Ukrainian charitable projects, collaborate with the charitable funds that provide assistance to the elderly and children-settlers from the ATO zone in the Donbas. In September 2014 Andres"	"on 9 July 2011. Her prizes included 100,000 € in money and a 300,000 € contract with the Agency ""One Eins"", under the management of host Heidi Klum's father. However, soon after she switched to another agency. She has since signed with new agencies and was on the cover of ""Cosmopolitan"". Furthermore, she works for ""Misslyn"" and "" Rockberries"". Since August 2012 Jana Beller works for Hugo Boss and Esprit. Jana Beller Jana Vladimirovna Beller (Russian: Яна Владимировна Беллер) (born 27 October 1990 in Omsk) is a Soviet-born German model, best known for winning the sixth cycle of ""Germany's Next"	"housewife. She was training to be a professional ice skater, when at the age of 14 was discovered by the Russian designer Slava Zaitsev. She starred in national commercials for RC Cola, M&Ms, October chocolate and Russian TV shows like ""Pole Chudes"" and ""Yeralash"" before being approached by a talent scout from Paris. Kuzmina's modeling career took off when she started working with Nathalie Models, Ford Models Europe and then with IMG. She was the cover girl for the August 2004 edition of ""Glamour"" and has been featured in advertisements for Armani Jeans, Dior sunglasses, GAP, Arden B, Express, Kenzi,"	"same time she began to diversify her collections by creating bags and shoes for both men and women. In December 1998, she started the management of the model agency ""FACE MODELS"" in Lisbon. In the year 2000 she caused a media sensation by appearing on a catwalk herself in Paris wearing the world's most expensive bikini, made out of gold and diamonds, with an estimated value of one million dollars. In 2003 she opened her first brand store in the United States, located in Melrose Avenue in the city of Los Angeles. She worked on the design of the official"	"appeared on the cover of the February 2001 edition. Following her ""Vogue"" cover, Kurková became recognized at haute couture fashion shows. Additionally, the lingerie brand Victoria's Secret chose her to be a part of 2000's fashion show webcast, though she was only 16 at the time. Prominent fashion houses such as Yves Saint Laurent signed Kurková to contracts, while print campaigns for Chanel, Tommy Hilfiger, Max Mara, Bottega Veneta, Donna Karan, Celine, Fendi, Elie Saab, rag & bone, Jean Paul Gaultier, Roberto Cavalli, Valentino, Louis Vuitton, John Galliano, Mango, Christian Dior, Hugo Boss, Versace, H&M, and others helped expose her"	"with fellow top model Natalia Vodianova. In November 2008, she signed a contract for the new Moschino's fragrance ""Glamour"", photographed by Patrick Demarchelier and she becomes the new face of the Dolce & Gabbana Spring/Summer 2009 advertising campaign with Brazilian model Caroline Trentini and American model Karlie Kloss. In 2009, she became the face of Dolce & Gabbana and Givenchy Spring/Summer 2009 ad campaigns. In March she appeared on the cover of ""W Korea"". She was the face of the Fall/Winter 2009 Salvatore Ferragamo and Dolce & Gabbana ad campaigns. ""Vogue Paris"" declared her one of the top 30 models"	"photoshoots for magazines GQ Russia and GQ Mexico, in October – for the legendary American brand of evening dresses Sherri Hill in Texas. At the end of 2014 Anna publicly refuses to represent Ukraine on the contest “Miss Universe” in the USA, referring to her personal circumstances (as an assumption, her romance and studying in Cambridge (the UK), where Anna has gone in the period of the contest “Miss Universe”). She has begun to work as a TV presenter on the fashion channel HD Fashion, report from fashion weeks in Milan and Paris, Cannes Film Festival since 2016. In 2017"	"2009, 2010, 2011 and 2013 Victoria's Secret Fashion Shows, as well as for designers Givenchy, Gucci, Michael Kors, Prada, Christian Lacroix, Dior, Versace, Balmain, Louis Vuitton, Valentino and many other. Maryna Linchuk has also been featured on the covers of other international Vogue such as Italian, Russian, German, Japanese, Spanish, starred in Vogue US, ""Vogue Paris"" declared her one of the top 30 models of the 2000s. Maryna Linchuk Maryna Linchuk (; born 4 September 1987) is a Belarusian model. As a high school student, Linchuk was scouted at age of 16. In 2006 Linchuk signed with an agency in"	"in 2012 and Thomas Wylde in 2013. She has been the advertising campaign for Armani. Subbotina has appeared in magazines including ""Vogue Italia"", ""Vogue"" Germany, ""Interview"", ""iD Magazine"", ""METAL"", ""V"", ""Marie Claire"" (France, UK) and ""Dazed"". She has graced the covers of ""Marie Claire"" (Malaysia, Ukraine), ""Harper’s Bazaar"" Kazakhstan, ""Elle"" Mexico and ""Numéro Thailand"". Alyona Subbotina Alyona Subbotina (born 13 February 1990) is a Kazakhstani fashion model and entrepreneur. She gained international recognition after exclusively opening the Givenchy fashion show in Paris in 2011. She has worked with designers such as Giorgio Armani, Givenchy and Helmut Lang. Subbotina was born"	"she announced that she is pregnant with her second child. Among the best friends of Natasha are top model Eugenia Volodina and popular Russian musician DJ Smash. Natasha Poly Natalia Sergeevna Polevshchikova (; born July 12, 1985), generally shortened to Natasha Poly, is a Russian supermodel. Since 2004, Poly has appeared in prominent high-fashion advertisement campaigns, magazine covers and on runways. Poly established herself as one of the most ""in-demand models"" of the mid and late 2000's, with ""Vogue Paris"" declaring her as one of the top 30 models of the 2000s. Poly was born on July 12, 1985 in"
Which member of the Monkees came from Washington DC?	"the time of the Monkees visit and as such, the party inspired the line in the Monkees' tune ""Randy Scouse Git"", written by Dolenz, which read, ""the four kings of EMI are sitting stately on the floor."" George Harrison praised their self-produced musical attempts, saying, ""It's obvious what's happening, there's talent there. They're doing a TV show, it's a difficult chore and I wouldn't be in their shoes for the world. When they get it all sorted out, they might turn out to be the best."" (Monkees member Peter Tork was later one of the musicians on Harrison's album ""Wonderwall"	"Peter Tork Peter Halsten Thorkelson (born February 13, 1942), better known as Peter Tork, is an American musician and actor, best known as the keyboardist and bass guitarist of the Monkees. Tork was born at the former Doctors Hospital, in Washington, D.C. Although he was born in the District of Columbia in 1942, many news articles incorrectly report him as born in 1944 in New York City, which was the date and place given on early Monkees press releases. He is the son of Virginia Hope (née Straus) and Halsten John Thorkelson, an economics professor at the University of Connecticut."	"Massive Monkees Massive Monkees is a 28 member b-boy crew from Seattle, Washington that won the 2004 World B-Boy Championships in London and appeared on season four of MTV's ""America's Best Dance Crew"". In 2012 they won the international b-boy competition R-16 Korea and thus became the first American crew to win in the history of the competition. Founded in the mid-'90s, the Massive Monkees have 25 active members including former Binary Star rapper One Be Lo, who performs as the MC at their shows. The crew was created through the merger of the Massive Crew and the Universal Style"	"songs written by Peter Tork or co-written by Tork as indicated. Solo: with James Lee Stanley: with Shoe Suede Blues: Peter Tork Peter Halsten Thorkelson (born February 13, 1942), better known as Peter Tork, is an American musician and actor, best known as the keyboardist and bass guitarist of the Monkees. Tork was born at the former Doctors Hospital, in Washington, D.C. Although he was born in the District of Columbia in 1942, many news articles incorrectly report him as born in 1944 in New York City, which was the date and place given on early Monkees press releases. He"	"John London John Carl Kuehne (February 6, 1942 – February 12, 2000), better known as John London, was an American musician and songwriter, and was involved in several Hollywood television and movie productions. He was most notably associated with both the band The Monkees and their television series. Kuehne was born in Brazos County, Texas. He became a friend of Michael Nesmith, who had played with him (mostly bass guitar) in several working bands. He accompanied Nesmith and then-wife Phyllis Barbour to California to try their luck in the Los Angeles-area music scene. When Nesmith was cast in ""The Monkees"","	"month. Michael Nesmith Robert Michael Nesmith (born December 30, 1942) is an American musician, songwriter, actor, producer, novelist, businessman, and philanthropist, best known as a member of the pop rock band the Monkees and co-star of the TV series ""The Monkees"" (1966–1968). Nesmith's songwriting credits include ""Different Drum"" (sung by Linda Ronstadt with the Stone Poneys). After the break-up of the Monkees, Nesmith continued his successful songwriting and performing career, first with the seminal country rock group the First National Band, with whom he had a top-40 hit ""Joanne"", and then as a solo artist. He is a noted player"	"her married name. Dolenz married his third wife, Donna Quinter, in 2002. In 2001, Dolenz bought a house in Bell Canyon, California. He is an atheist and when asked about a belief in God, he said, ""God is a verb, not a noun."" Micky Dolenz George Michael Dolenz Jr. (born March 8, 1945) is an American actor, musician, television director, radio personality and theater director, best known as a vocalist and drummer of the 1960s pop/rock band the Monkees. Dolenz was born at the Cedars of Lebanon Hospital (now Cedars-Sinai Medical Center), in Los Angeles, California, the son of actors"	"Michael Nesmith Robert Michael Nesmith (born December 30, 1942) is an American musician, songwriter, actor, producer, novelist, businessman, and philanthropist, best known as a member of the pop rock band the Monkees and co-star of the TV series ""The Monkees"" (1966–1968). Nesmith's songwriting credits include ""Different Drum"" (sung by Linda Ronstadt with the Stone Poneys). After the break-up of the Monkees, Nesmith continued his successful songwriting and performing career, first with the seminal country rock group the First National Band, with whom he had a top-40 hit ""Joanne"", and then as a solo artist. He is a noted player of"	"Micky Dolenz George Michael Dolenz Jr. (born March 8, 1945) is an American actor, musician, television director, radio personality and theater director, best known as a vocalist and drummer of the 1960s pop/rock band the Monkees. Dolenz was born at the Cedars of Lebanon Hospital (now Cedars-Sinai Medical Center), in Los Angeles, California, the son of actors George Dolenz and Janelle Johnson. Dolenz began his show-business career in 1956 when he starred in a children's TV show called ""Circus Boy"" under the name Mickey Braddock. He played Corky, an orphaned water boy for the elephants in a one-ring circus at"	"300 songs, and sold more than 42 million records as a partnership. Albums: Album Notes Singles notes: Boyce and Hart Sidney Thomas ""Tommy"" Boyce (September 29, 1939 – November 23, 1994) and Bobby Hart (born Robert Luke Harshman; February 18, 1939) were a prolific songwriting duo, best known for the songs they wrote for The Monkees. Hart's father was a church minister and he himself served in the Army after leaving high school. Upon discharge, he travelled to Los Angeles seeking a career as a singer. Boyce was separately pursuing a career as a singer. After being rejected numerous times,"	"Monkees hit in a row, done his way, would solidify his position as their musical supervisor. He also pressed a number of promo copies, bearing the label ""My Favorite Monkee – Davy Jones Sings"". The personnel on the original Monkees recording included Al Gorgoni, Hugh McCracken and Don Thomas on guitar, Stan Free on piano, Artie Butler on organ, Louie Mauro and James Tyrell on bass, Thomas Cerone on tambourine, and Herbie Lovelle on drums. The Monkees themselves were irritated enough that an entire album, ""More of the Monkees"", had been issued, with no input from them save their vocals,"	"to the award-winning documentary """". Notes Bibliography The Monks The Monks, referred to by the name monks on record sleeves, were an American garage rock band formed in Gelnhausen, West Germany in 1964. Assembled by five American GIs stationed in the country, the group grew tired of the traditional format of rock, which motivated them to forge a highly experimental style characterized by an emphasis on hypnotic rhythms that minimized the role of melody, augmented by the use of sound manipulation techniques. The band's unconventional blend of shrill vocals, feedback, and guitarist David Day's six-string banjo baffled audiences, but music"	"The Monks The Monks, referred to by the name monks on record sleeves, were an American garage rock band formed in Gelnhausen, West Germany in 1964. Assembled by five American GIs stationed in the country, the group grew tired of the traditional format of rock, which motivated them to forge a highly experimental style characterized by an emphasis on hypnotic rhythms that minimized the role of melody, augmented by the use of sound manipulation techniques. The band's unconventional blend of shrill vocals, feedback, and guitarist David Day's six-string banjo baffled audiences, but music historians have since identified the Monks as"	"Monkees"". To support the reunion, Nesmith, Jones, Dolenz, and Tork briefly toured the UK in 1997. The UK tour was the last appearance of all four Monkees performing together. In 2012, 2013, and 2014, after Jones's death, Nesmith reunited with Dolenz and Tork to perform concerts throughout the United States. Backed with a 7-piece band that included Nesmith's son, Christian, the trio performed 27 songs from The Monkees discography. (""Daydream Believer"" was sung by the audience and played by the band.) When asked why he had decided to return to the Monkees, Nesmith stated, ""I never really left. It is"	"businessman to go on a world tour pretending to be the real band. The show includes 18 Monkees songs plus numbers by other 60s artists. It ran in Manchester as part of the ""Manchester Gets it First"" program until April 14, 2012 before a UK tour. Following its Manchester run, the show appeared in the Glasgow King's Theatre and the Sunderland Empire Theatre. The Monkees The Monkees are an American rock and pop band originally active between 1966 and 1971, with reunion albums and tours in the decades that followed. They were formed in Los Angeles in 1965 by Bob"	"An Evening with The Monkees: The 45th Anniversary Tour An Evening with The Monkees: The 45th Anniversary Tour (also called Here They Come!: 45th Anniversary Tour) was the fourth and final reunion tour by American pop rock group The Monkees to feature Davy Jones, Micky Dolenz and Peter Tork together (Jones died of a heart attack on February 29, 2012). It was the group's first tour in a decade following Monkeemania, which ran from 2001 to 2002. The tour visited the United Kingdom, the United States and Canada. Due to the success of the first North American leg, a second"	"Monkees B-side to chart). Musicians featured on the Monkees recording are: Micky Dolenz (lead vocal); Tommy Boyce (backing vocal); Wayne Erwin, Gerry McGee, and Louie Shelton (guitar); Bobby Hart (organ); Larry Taylor (bass); Billy Lewis (drums); and Henry Levy (percussion). The various Monkees' versions differ across the single, stereo album, and mono album versions. In the stereo version, the track's title is sung just before the second verse, whereas on the single and mono album versions, this segment is left instrumental. Additionally, the stereo version has an edit in the fade out. The mono album version does not have this"	"Valley Sunday"", ""Sometime in the Morning"", and ""The Porpoise Song (Theme From Head)"" have emerged as signature songs from The Monkees. As of February 2010, he was appearing on stage in London in ""Hairspray with Michael Ball"". The show also went on tour and had a successful run in Dublin, Ireland, during November 2010. In 2011, he rejoined Tork and Jones for . Jones' sudden death in February 2012 led to Dolenz and Tork reuniting with Michael Nesmith for a 12-concert tour of the United States in November and December, 2012. The trio toured again in both 2013 and 2014."	"the Monkees would be releasing a new album, titled ""Good Times!"", as a celebration of their 50th anniversary. ""Good Times!"", produced by Adam Schlesinger of Fountains of Wayne, features contributions by all three surviving members, as well as a posthumous contribution from Jones. The album was released in May 2016 to considerable success, reaching No. 14 on the Billboard 200 and generally favorable reviews. With the release of the album, the band, featuring Dolenz and Tork, commenced their 50th Anniversary Tour. Nesmith did not participate in most of the tour, again citing other commitments. He did, however, make a few"	"Louis Shelton William Louis Shelton (born April 6, 1941) is an American guitarist and music producer. During the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s Shelton was a session musician working in recording studios around Hollywood. Among his more notable session work was for the Monkees, including their first self-titled album, and both recordings of the Boyce and Hart songs, ""Last Train to Clarksville"", ""Valleri"", and ""(Theme From) The Monkees"". Shelton played the flamenco-style guitar solo on ""Valleri"", which Michael Nesmith had to mimic for the cameras on their TV series.. Even after the Monkees began playing on their own records, Shelton remained"	"Singapore, (though they couldn't use the Monkees name for legal reasons). They also released an album of new material appropriately as Dolenz, Jones, Boyce & Hart, additionally a live album ""Concert in Japan"" was released by Capitol in 1976). Mike Nesmith had not been interested in a reunion (due largely to his dislike of touring). Peter Tork claimed later that he had not been asked, which agreed with what one of the CD booklets stated that they simply didn't know where he was at that time. Although a Christmas single (credited to Micky Dolenz, Davy Jones and Peter Tork) was"	"Chip Douglas Douglas Farthing Hatlelid (born August 27, 1942), better known as Chip Douglas, is a songwriter, musician (bass, guitar and keyboards), and record producer, whose most famous work was during the 1960s. He was the producer of some of the Monkees biggest hits, including ""Daydream Believer"" and ""Pleasant Valley Sunday"". Douglas was raised in Hawaii and began his musical career with a folk group he formed in high school, ""The Wilcox Three"", modeled after The Kingston Trio. During a trip to California, they were discovered by a well-known booking agency and signed by RCA/Camden to record an album at"	"Chandler (guitar and vocals), Dino Kovas (drums and vocals), Marty Ross (bass and vocals), and Larry Saltis (lead guitar and vocals). As it had been with the original Monkees, each had to pass a grueling set of auditions. Unlike the previous series, however, musical ability was a key factor in the selection process. Ross, a multi-instrumentalist, had earlier been signed to CBS Records, with his former band The Wigs. The band released one self-titled album, distributed by Warner Bros. Records. The synthpop sound of the New Monkees was largely the work of producers Carol Carmichael Parks and Dean Parks, and"	"(Theme From) The Monkees ""(Theme from) ""The Monkees"""" is a 1966 popular song, written by Tommy Boyce and Bobby Hart as the theme song for the TV series ""The Monkees"". Two versions were recorded - one for their first album ""The Monkees"" and a second shorter version designed to open the television show. Both versions feature vocals by Micky Dolenz. The full length version was released as a single in several countries including Australia, where it became a hit, reaching #8. It also made ""Billboard Magazine""<nowiki>'</nowiki>s ""Hits of the World"" chart in both Mexico and Japan, reaching the Top 20"	"Monkees"" called ""Mijacogeo"" (a.k.a. ""The Frodis Caper""). After Frodus broke up in 1999, it took two years to find a label to release their final album. The first label, MIA Records, shut down due to the owner (also a Texas oil-tycoon) having to settle a long-standing lawsuit. Afterwards, long-time Frodus friend Tony Weinbender (then of Fueled by Ramen Records) offered to release Frodus' final album. Shelby Cinca briefly joined the band Bluebird as a second guitarist following the breakup of Frodus, but left before recording any material with them. In 2000, Nathan went on to form The Out Circuit and"	"an American group called the Monkees, formed for an eponymous television series, reached the top of the British charts with ""I'm a Believer"", by Neil Diamond. The drummer Micky Dolenz (b. 1945) recalled (in the third person) that he spotted Juste as he passed a studio cafeteria:She is tall, blond[e], beautiful, and wearing an emerald green outfit that ends up in a short skirt (very short) which tops off her unbelievably gorgeous legs ... She holds his glance briefly then looks quickly away with that haughty sophistication that only the British can do so well. Juste and Dolenz began a"	"everyone's happy. And yes, they do walk the walk. As, in many senses, they always did"". An Evening with The Monkees: The 45th Anniversary Tour An Evening with The Monkees: The 45th Anniversary Tour (also called Here They Come!: 45th Anniversary Tour) was the fourth and final reunion tour by American pop rock group The Monkees to feature Davy Jones, Micky Dolenz and Peter Tork together (Jones died of a heart attack on February 29, 2012). It was the group's first tour in a decade following Monkeemania, which ran from 2001 to 2002. The tour visited the United Kingdom, the"	"of a 1972 compilation LP called ""Refocus"" that had been issued by Arista's previous label imprint, Bell Records, also owned by Columbia Pictures. Dolenz and Jones took advantage of this, joining ex-Monkees songwriters Tommy Boyce and Bobby Hart to tour the United States. They could not use the Monkees name for legal reasons, but from 1975 to 1977, as the ""Golden Hits of The Monkees"" show (""The Guys who Wrote 'Em and the Guys who Sang 'Em!""), they successfully performed in smaller venues such as state fairs and amusement parks, as well as making stops in Japan, Thailand, and Singapore."	"his hometown in Texas. Johnston, who had read about Buddhist monks that immolated themselves by fire, irrationally believed the Monks would meet a similar fate at the hands of the Viet Cong. Without a suitable replacement drummer, the group disbanded in September 1967. In November 1999, to coincide with the release of ""Five Upstart Americans"", the Monks, along with vocalist Mike Fornatale, reformed to headline ""Cavestomp"" in New York City, an annual event that resurrects garage bands of the 1960s. The three-day function also featured the Chocolate Watchband and the Standells, and marked the Monks' first performance in the United"	"Davy Jones (musician) David Thomas Jones (30 December 1945 – 29 February 2012) was an English singer-songwriter, musician, actor and businessman, best known as a member of the band the Monkees, and for starring in the TV series of the same name. His acting credits include a Tony-nominated role as the Artful Dodger in the original London and Broadway productions of ""Oliver!"" as well as a starring cameo role in a hallmark episode of ""The Brady Bunch"" television show and later reprised parody film; ""Love, American Style""; and ""My Two Dads"". Jones is considered one of the great teen idols."	"Ricky Bobby"" on a trampoline. Week 6: VMA Challenge: In this episode of America's Best Dance Crew, the final 4 crews danced to an iconic VMA performance. Massive Monkees were in the bottom 2.Their assigned VMA performance was ""Tearin' Up My Heart"" by *NSYNC, which impressed former N Sync member and judge, JC Chasez. Week 7: Decades Of Dance and Last Chance Challenge: Massive Monkees were eliminated by We Are Heroes. Massive Monkees Massive Monkees is a 28 member b-boy crew from Seattle, Washington that won the 2004 World B-Boy Championships in London and appeared on season four of MTV's"	"Trio member, Dave Guard, to back him in his solo act. In the eighties, MFQ recorded several albums for a Japanese record company. They've also toured Japan, where they remain popular (1988, 1990, 2003, 2005, 2011 and 2016). Douglas continues to write and produce records in a variety of genres, and divides his time between California and Hawaii. Chip Douglas Douglas Farthing Hatlelid (born August 27, 1942), better known as Chip Douglas, is a songwriter, musician (bass, guitar and keyboards), and record producer, whose most famous work was during the 1960s. He was the producer of some of the Monkees"	"Live 1967 (The Monkees album) Live 1967 is a live album by The Monkees, compiled from show dates in Seattle, Portland and Spokane on their 1967 United States tour. The songs mostly feature the Monkees themselves singing and playing, although the ""solo spots"" for each member feature music by opening act The Sundowners. In 2001, Rhino Handmade Records released all recordings from the Mobile, Spokane, Portland and Seattle shows on a limited edition Monkees CD release, ""."" During these dates, Davy Jones and Kim Capli of the Sundowners went by themselves to a local recording studio, making ""Hard to Believe"","
In what decade were video recorders first developed?	"have been instances when this technology was used during political campaigns. The proof-of-principle software ""Face2Face"" was developed at Stanford University. Such advanced video manipulation must be ranked alongside and beyond previous examples of deep fakes. The concept of manipulating video can be traced back as far as the 1950s, when the 2 inch Quadruplex tape used in videotape recorders would be manually cut and spliced. After being coated with ferrofluid, the two ends of tape that were to be joined were painted with a mixture of iron filings and carbon tetrachloride, a toxic and carcinogenic compound to make the tracks"	"replaced by cathode ray tube (CRT) television systems, but several new technologies for video display devices have since been invented. Video was originally exclusively a live technology. Charles Ginsburg led an Ampex research team developing one of the first practical video tape recorder (VTR). In 1951 the first video tape recorder captured live images from television cameras by converting the camera's electrical impulses and saving the information onto magnetic video tape. Video recorders were sold for US $50,000 in 1956, and videotapes cost US $300 per one-hour reel. However, prices gradually dropped over the years; in 1971, Sony began selling"	"Video Cassette Recording Video Cassette Recording (VCR) is an early domestic analog recording format designed by Philips. It was the first successful consumer-level home videocassette recorder (VCR) system. Later variants included the VCR-LP and Super Video (SVR) formats. The VCR format was introduced in 1972, just after the Sony U-matic format in 1971. Although at first glance the two might appear to have been competing formats, they were aimed at very different markets. After failing as a consumer format, U-matic was marketed as a professional television production format, whilst VCR was targeted particularly at educational but also domestic users. Unlike"	"was mainly achieved through the emerging transistor technology and, only a little later, through integrated circuits with rapidly growing complexity. When one sees the current video recording devices, one cannot even imagine anymore how much signal processing is necessary for video recording and play-back. The first video recorders were housed in several cabinets full of electronics. Television video recording was practically a fall-out of the military application. From the end of the 1960s on into the 1980s, Ampex video tape recorders were utilized in television studios all over the world. During his tenure at Ampex Corporation, Dr. Erhard Kietz developed"	"as had appeared on the N1500 and N1700 machines), adding further to this confusion. Video Cassette Recording Video Cassette Recording (VCR) is an early domestic analog recording format designed by Philips. It was the first successful consumer-level home videocassette recorder (VCR) system. Later variants included the VCR-LP and Super Video (SVR) formats. The VCR format was introduced in 1972, just after the Sony U-matic format in 1971. Although at first glance the two might appear to have been competing formats, they were aimed at very different markets. After failing as a consumer format, U-matic was marketed as a professional television"	"Video tape recorder A video tape recorder (VTR) is a tape recorder designed to record and playback video and audio material on magnetic tape. The early VTRs are open-reel devices which record on individual reels of 2-inch-wide (5.08 cm) tape. They were used in television studios, serving as a replacement for motion picture film stock and making recording for television applications cheaper and quicker. Beginning in 1963, videotape machines made instant replay during televised sporting events possible. Improved formats, in which the tape was contained inside a videocassette, were introduced around 1969; the machines which play them are called videocassette"	"the history of videotape recording in general. In 1953, Dr. Norikazu Sawazaki developed a prototype helical scan video tape recorder. Ampex introduced the Quadruplex videotape professional broadcast standard format with its Ampex VRX-1000 in 1956. It became the world's first commercially successful videotape recorder using two-inch (5.1 cm) wide tape. Due to its high price of , the Ampex VRX-1000 could be afforded only by the television networks and the largest individual stations. In 1959, Toshiba introduced a ""new"" method of recording known as helical scan, releasing the first commercial helical scan video tape recorder that year. It was first"	"and the Super 8 home motion picture film cartridge in 1966. Before the invention of the video tape recorder, live video was recorded onto motion picture film stock in a process known as telerecording or kinescoping. Although the first quadruplex VTRs record with good quality, the recordings cannot be slowed or freeze-framed, so kinescoping processes continued to be used for about a decade after the development of the first VTRs. In the technique used in all transverse-scan video tape recorders, the recording heads are mounted in a rapidly spinning drum which is pressed against the moving tape, so the heads"	"of tape, allowing a lower tape speed of 15 inches per second to be used. The Ampex VRX-1000 became the world's first commercially successful videotape recorder in 1956. It uses the 2"" quadruplex format, using two-inch (5.1 cm) tape. Because of its price, the Ampex VRX-1000 could be afforded only by the television networks and the largest individual stations. Ampex's quadruplex magnetic tape video recording system has certain limitations, such as the lack of clean pause, or still-frame, capability, because when tape motion is stopped, only a single segment of the picture recording is present at the playback heads (only"	"recorders. Agreement by Japanese manufacturers on a common standard recording format, so cassettes recorded on one manufacturer's machine would play on another's, made a consumer market possible, and the first consumer videocassette recorder was introduced by Sony in 1971. In early 1951 Bing Crosby asked his Chief Engineer John T. (Jack) Mullin if television could be recorded on tape as was the case for audio. Mullin said that he thought that it could be done. Bing asked Ampex to build one and also set up a laboratory for Mullin in Bing Crosby Enterprises (BCE) to build one. In 1951 it"	"in the tape visible when viewed through a microscope so that they could be aligned in a splicer designed for this task As the video cassette recorder developed in the 1960s, 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s, the ability to record over an existing magnetic tape became possible. This led to the concept of overlaying specific parts of film to give the illusion of one consistently recorded video, which is the first identifiable instance of video manipulation. In 1985, Quantel released The Harry, the first all-digital video editing and effects compositing system. It recorded and applied effects to a maximum of 80"	"to point delivery, one and two screen television technologies and gaming for television delivery. For the first time, the Academy bestowed a Lifetime Achievement Award in the area of Technology and Engineering. Mark Cuban, owner of the Dallas Mavericks and founder of HDnet, presented the award to the original inventors of the videotape recorder: Charlie Ginsburg, Ray Dolby, Alex Maxey, Charlie Anderson, Fred Pfost and Shelby Henderson. The six men, all then working for Ampex, introduced the VR-1000, (later named the ""Ampex Mark IV"") the first practical videotape recorder, to the world on 14 March 1956 at the National Association"	"Agfa were other producers of film recorders. Before video tape recorders or VTRs were invented, TV shows were either broadcast live or recorded to film for later showing, using the Kinescope process. In 1967 CBS Laboratories introduced the Electronic Video Recording format, which used video and telecined-to-video film sources, which were then recorded with an electron-beam recorder at CBS' EVR mastering plant at the time to 35mm film stock in a rank of 4 strips on the film, which was then slit down to 4 film copies, for playback in an EVR player. All types of CRT recorders were (and"	"Camcorder A camcorder is an electronic device originally combining a video camera and a videocassette recorder. The earliest camcorders were tape-based, recording analog signals onto videotape cassettes. In 2006, digital recording became the norm, with tape replaced by storage media such as mini-HD, microDVD, internal flash memory and SD cards. More recent devices capable of recording video are camera phones and digital cameras primarily intended for still pictures; the term ""camcorder"" may be used to describe a portable, self-contained device, with video capture and recording its primary function, often having advanced functions over more common cameras. Video cameras originally designed"	"Video camera A video camera is a camera used for electronic motion picture acquisition (as opposed to a movie camera, which records images on film), initially developed for the television industry but now common in other applications as well. The earliest video cameras were those of John Logie Baird, based on the mechanical Nipkow disk and used in experimental broadcasts through the 1918s–1930s. All-electronic designs based on the video camera tube, such as Vladimir Zworykin's Iconoscope and Philo Farnsworth's image dissector, supplanted the Baird system by the 1930s. These remained in wide use until the 1980s, when cameras based on"	"Electronic Video Recording Electronic Video Recording, or EVR, was a film-based video recording format developed by Hungarian-born engineer Peter Carl Goldmark at CBS Laboratories in the 1960s. CBS announced the development of EVR on August 27, 1967. The 750-foot film was stored on a spool in a plastic cartridge. It used a twin-track 8.75 mm film onto which video signals were transferred by electron beam recording, two monochrome tracks in the same direction of travel. Some EVR films had a separate chroma track in place of the second program monochrome track for color EVR films. The images stored on an"	"Videocassette recorder A videocassette recorder, VCR, or video recorder is an electromechanical device that records analog audio and analog video from broadcast television or other source on a removable, magnetic tape videocassette, and can play back the recording. Use of a VCR to record a television program to play back at a more convenient time is commonly referred to as ""timeshifting"". VCRs can also play back prerecorded tapes. In the 1980s and 1990s, prerecorded videotapes were widely available for purchase and rental, and blank tapes were sold to make recordings. Most domestic VCRs are equipped with a television broadcast receiver"	"schools and businesses. But the high cost - in 1971 for a combination TV/VCR, equivalent to over $8000 in 2014 dollars – kept it out of most homes. In 1970, Philips developed a home video cassette format specially made for a TV station in 1970 and available on the consumer market in 1972. Philips named this format ""Video Cassette Recording"" (although it is also referred to as ""N1500"", after the first recorder's model number). The format was also supported by Grundig and Loewe. It used square cassettes and half-inch (1.3 cm) tape, mounted on coaxial reels, giving a recording time"	"years ago, even digitized within the last decade. Quadruplex videotape 2-inch quadruplex video tape (also called 2″ quad, or just quad, for short) was the first practical and commercially successful analog recording video tape format. It was developed and released for the broadcast television industry in 1956 by Ampex, an American company based in Redwood City, California. The first videotape recorder using this format was built and created in the same year. This format revolutionized broadcast television operations and television production, since the only recording medium available to the TV industry before then was film used for kinescopes, which was"	"the introduction of VHS and Betamax formats, in the mid 1970s, videocassette recorders (VCR) started gaining mass market traction. Thus, in 1982, 10% of UK households owned a VCR. The first two-piece camera/VCR systems emerged around 1980. These units included a portable VCR, which the user would carry by a shoulder strap, and a separate camera, which was connected to the VCR by a special cable. These systems were cumbersome and heavy by today's standards. For example, the portable VCR, Sony SL-3000, from 1980 weighed around 9 kg. without the battery. The accompanying camera (e.g. HVC-2000P) would weigh around 3"	"that used a spinning head and relatively slow-moving tape. In early 1956, a team led by Charles Ginsburg produced the first videotape recorder. A young, 19-year-old engineer Ray Dolby was also part of the team. Ampex demonstrated the VR-1000, which was the first of Ampex's line of 2 inch Quadruplex videotape recorders on April 14, 1956, at the National Association of Radio and Television Broadcasters in Chicago. The first magnetically recorded time-delayed television network program using the new Ampex Quadruplex recording system was CBS's ""Douglas Edwards and the News"" on November 30, 1956. The ""Quad"" head assembly rotates at 14,400"	"in 2014. The first VCR system (strictly, ""video tape recorder"" as there was no cassette) sold directly to home users was 1963's Telcan from the UK, but this was not a commercial success. Sony's CV-2000 was a complete system based on commercial -inch tape on open reels, requiring the user to thread the tape around the helical scan heads. In order to conserve tape, the system recorded every other frame of the television signal, producing 200-line output. Similar models from Ampex and RCA followed that year. The number of video tape recorders continued to increase during the late 1960s, leading"	"kg. Thus, the complete setup could easily weigh in excess of 13 kg. In order to be more appealing to the typical consumer wanting a practical device for recording home movies, a more compact and preferably one-piece device was needed. The world's first such device, the Betamovie BMC-100/110 was released in 1983 by Sony. Although the term was not in common use at that time, such a device would later become known as a camcorder, a single unit comprising a video camera and a video recorder. BMC-100/110 weighed just 2,5 kg. and was a much less cumbersome solution than its"	"implemented in reel-to-reel videotape recorders (VTRs), and later used with cassette tapes. In 1963 Philips introduced their EL3400 1-inch helical scan recorder, aimed at the business and domestic user, and Sony marketed the 2"" PV-100, their first reel-to-reel VTR, intended for business, medical, airline, and educational use. The Telcan, produced by the UK Nottingham Electronic Valve Company in 1963, was the first home video recorder. It could be bought as a unit or in kit form for £60, equivalent to approximately £1,100 (over US$1,600) in 2014 currency. However, there were several drawbacks: it was expensive, was not easy to assemble,"	"Videotape format war The videotape format war was a period of intense competition or ""format war"" of incompatible models of consumer-level analog video videocassette and video cassette recorders (VCR) in the late 1970s and the 1980s, mainly involving the Betamax and Video Home System (VHS) formats. VHS ultimately emerged as the preeminent format. The first video cassette recorder (VCR) to become available was the U-matic system, released in September 1971. U-matic was designed for commercial or professional television production use, and was not affordable or user-friendly for home videos or home movies. The first consumer-grade VCR to be released was"	"1950s until 2-inch helical IVC videotape format was introduced twenty years later, in that its tracks ran nearly perpendicular to tape travel. A portable four-head video recorder, the Sanyo VTC-7100, used a similar format of cassette, but produced incompatible recordings. Toshiba KV-4000, KV-4100, and KV-4200; and Sanyo VTC-7300, VTC-8000, and VTC-8200 V-Cord I/II VCR (1976) V-Cord V-Cord is an analog recording videocassette format developed and released by Sanyo. V-Cord (later referred to as V-Cord I) was released in 1974, and could record 60 minutes on a cassette. V-Cord II, released in 1976, could record 120 minutes on a V-Cord II"	"digital image processing. Film recorders were among the earliest computer graphics output devices; for example, the IBM 740 CRT Recorder was announced in 1954. Film recorders were also commonly used to produce slides for slide projectors; but this need is now largely met by video projectors that project images directly from a computer to a screen. The terms ""slide"" and ""slide deck"" are still commonly used in presentation programs. Currently, film recorders are primarily used in the motion picture film-out process for the ever increasing amount of digital intermediate work being done. Although significant advances in large venue video projection"	"recorded video clip. The V1 digital video recorder/player (DVR) was introduced to the public in 1996, and became an instant success. Doremi soon introduced models of the recorder that supports MPEG-2, Uncompressed, High Definition and JPEG2000. The success of the V1 led to Doremi’s worldwide expansion, opening facilities in France and Japan. During that same time period, to support its own internal need for a large number of high quality, high resolution displays, Doremi built the first HDSDI to DVI converter, which allow users to have a low cost high definition monitoring system using computer displays. This innovative product was"	"Quadruplex videotape 2-inch quadruplex video tape (also called 2″ quad, or just quad, for short) was the first practical and commercially successful analog recording video tape format. It was developed and released for the broadcast television industry in 1956 by Ampex, an American company based in Redwood City, California. The first videotape recorder using this format was built and created in the same year. This format revolutionized broadcast television operations and television production, since the only recording medium available to the TV industry before then was film used for kinescopes, which was much more costly to utilize and took time"	"JVC released the first VHS-C camcorder. Kodak announced a new camcorder format in 1984, the 8 mm video format. Sony introduced its compact 8 mm Video8 format in 1985. That year, Panasonic, RCA and Hitachi began producing camcorders using a full-size VHS cassette with a three-hour capacity. These shoulder-mount camcorders were used by videophiles, industrial videographers and college TV studios. Full-size Super-VHS (S-VHS) camcorders were released in 1987, providing an inexpensive way to collect news segments or other videographies. Sony upgraded Video8, releasing the Hi8 in competition with S-VHS. Digital technology emerged with the Sony D1, a device which recorded"	"VHS The Video Home System (VHS) is a standard for consumer-level analog video recording on tape cassettes. Developed by Victor Company of Japan (JVC) in the early 1970s, it was released in Japan in late 1976 and in the United States in early 1977. From the 1950s, magnetic tape video recording became a major contributor to the television industry, via the first commercialized video tape recorders (VTRs). At that time, the devices were used only in expensive professional environments such as television studios and medical imaging (fluoroscopy). In the 1970s, videotape entered home use, creating the home video industry and"	"clear that practical video recording technology depended on finding some way of recording the wide-bandwidth video signal without the high tape speed required by linear-scan machines. In 1953 Dr. Norikazu Sawazaki developed a prototype helical scan video tape recorder. Another solution was transverse-scan technology, developed by Ampex around 1954, in which the recording heads are mounted on a spinning drum and record tracks in the transverse direction, across the tape. By recording on the full width of the tape rather than just a narrow track down the center, this technique achieved a much higher density of data per linear centimeter"	"Video 2000 recorders, focusing instead on VHS exclusively. Their first home-grown VHS recorder - VR6560 - was virtually a clone of the VR2324, using the VHS format tapes and the usual VHS M-wrap. Curiously, when Philips launched its second-generation home-grown VHS recorders (VR6467, VR6760, etc.) they pioneered the VHS 'U-wrap' (known colloquially as the ""Charly"" deck) and this was used in many Philips-built machines well into the first half of the 1990s. Grundig also used U-wrap in its own VHS decks for a short while before using Panasonic-manufactured decks. Recorders in the format were manufactured by Philips and Grundig and"
Who had the noels Spy Hook and Spy Line published in the 80s?	"Spy Hook Spy Hook is a 1988 spy novel by Len Deighton. It is the first novel in the second of three trilogies about Bernard Samson, a middle-aged and somewhat jaded intelligence officer working for the British Secret Intelligence Service (MI6). ""Spy Hook"" is part of the ""Hook, Line and Sinker"" trilogy, being succeeded by ""Spy Line"" and ""Spy Sinker"". This trilogy is preceded by the ""Game, Set and Match"" trilogy and followed by the final ""Faith, Hope and Charity"" trilogy. Deighton's novel ""Winter"" (1987) is a prequel to the nine novels, covering the years 1900-1945 and providing the backstory"	"Spyman Spyman is a fictional character, a short-lived comic book superhero published by Harvey Comics' Harvey Thriller imprint in the mid-1960s. He starred in three issues of his own comic, cover-dated September 1966 to February 1967. ""Spyman"" #1 contained the first professional comic book works by Jim Steranko. Steranko created the concept and plotted the first story. However, he did not supply any artwork, except the first page splash which includes a diagram of his robot hand. This was one of three concepts Steranko created for Harvey that saw print. Spyman was secret agent Johnny Chance, who lost his left"	"Shadowline (Epic Comics) The Shadowline Saga is a comic book imprint from Marvel Comics that was published in its original incarnation from 1988 to 1990. It was created and edited by Archie Goodwin. The Shadowline Saga was Marvel's first attempt at creating a mature-themed line of superhero comics. Further, it was the first line produced by Epic Comics utilizing a pre-conceived shared universe concept. The central concept tied all of the titles together, allowing them to serve as one unified crossover. The line could either be read as individual title(s) or the entire line of titles could tell a much"	"The Spike (novel) The Spike is a 1980 spy thriller novel by Arnaud de Borchgrave and Robert Moss (New York: Crown Publishers, 1980). Drawing on de Borchgrave's experience as a jet-setting ""Newsweek"" journalist and conservative Washington insider, it tells the story of a radical '60s journalist, Bob Hockney, who stumbles upon a Soviet plot for global supremacy by 1985. When he tries to expose the web of blackmail, sex and espionage, he's hamstrung by his editors' liberal media bias. In the news world, to ""spike"" a story means to cancel its publication. De Borchgrave and Moss envision a scenario in"	"Spy Castle Spy Castle is the twelfth novel in the long-running Nick Carter-Killmaster series of spy novels. Carter is a US secret agent, code-named N-3, with the rank of Killmaster. He works for AXE – a secret arm of the US intelligence services. The book was first published in January 1966 (Number A166F) by Award Books part of the Beacon-Signal division of Universal Publishing and Distributing Corporation (New York, USA), part of the Conde Nast Publications Inc. The novel was written by Manning Lee Stokes. The story is set in November 1965. A 50 megaton nuclear missile is launched from"	"The Night Letter The Night Letter is a 1978 book by Paul Spike, with a double-layered structure: an anti-Nazi spy thriller on the background of the early part of the Second World War, and an exposure of cynical and machiavellian maneuverings in the American corridors of power. The book belongs to the subgenre of secret history – i.e. with a plot in which real historical figures play a substantial part, doing things which are the author's invention but which supposedly (for reasons given in the plot) remained secret and did not come to the knowledge of the public. In the"	"the third. It is unknown who wrote the stories; it may have been editor Joe Simon. Pencil art was by George Tuska with inking by Dick Ayers, with some inks by Reed Crandall, in the first issue. Ayers inked the second issue, then Bill Draut the third. Spyman Spyman is a fictional character, a short-lived comic book superhero published by Harvey Comics' Harvey Thriller imprint in the mid-1960s. He starred in three issues of his own comic, cover-dated September 1966 to February 1967. ""Spyman"" #1 contained the first professional comic book works by Jim Steranko. Steranko created the concept and"	"genre of the time, they are outfitted with many spy gadgets. All six novels were published in France by Hachette between 1969 and 1973 under the title ""Chris Cool"". They were also translated into Swedish, where Christopher was renamed ""Ronnie Clark"". Christopher Cool Christopher Cool: TEEN Agent was a series of children's novels produced between 1967 and 1969 by the Stratemeyer Syndicate and published by Grosset & Dunlap. While the author is given as Jack Lancer, this is actually a pseudonym for a ghostwriter working for the Syndicate. In a 1989 interview published in ""Comics Interview"" #69, Jim Lawrence disclosed"	"Christopher Cool Christopher Cool: TEEN Agent was a series of children's novels produced between 1967 and 1969 by the Stratemeyer Syndicate and published by Grosset & Dunlap. While the author is given as Jack Lancer, this is actually a pseudonym for a ghostwriter working for the Syndicate. In a 1989 interview published in ""Comics Interview"" #69, Jim Lawrence disclosed that he was the author of the series. Lawrence went on to write the long running newspaper strip adventures of James Bond. The series was created to capitalize on the marketing potential of the spy genre of the era. Six novels"	"one-shots and a crossover 3-issue miniseries with DC Comics, called ""SpyBoy/Young Justice"" (David is also creator of this DC team) published in 2002 and later compiled in one volume. This is the story of Alex Fleming, a young boy who was bullied in his school and had a normal life. But he doesn't know that he's a sleeper agent, codenamed as ""SpyBoy"", who works for secret organization S.H.I.R.T.S. (acronym for ""Secret Headquarters International Reconnaissance, Tactics, and Spies""), in order to stop criminal organization S.K.I.N.S. (acronym for ""Supreme Killing Institute""). SpyBoy SpyBoy is a comic book series created in 1999 by"	"T. H. E. Hill Thomas Heinrich Edward Hill, or T. H. E. Hill (born 1948), is a pseudonymous American novelist who writes mostly in the genre of spy fiction. His first novel was published when he was 60 years old, after a career that was spent in military intelligence. Hill has three degrees from the West Coast branch of the Defense Language Institute. He is also an alumnus of The U.S. Army Russian Institute. He served at United States Army Security Agency Field Station Berlin in the mid-1970s. His pen name is a reference to the Field Station Berlin operations"	"Spies and Lies Spies and Lies is a 1992 Nancy Drew and the Hardy Boys Supermystery crossover novel. It was written by Tracey West under the usual pseudonym Carolyn Keene. Nancy Drew goes undercover as a rookie in the infamous Quantico, Virginia FBI Academy, serving Judy Noll, the daughter of a powerful political figure. Judy is immediately in danger when her roommate turns up dead, and also when she is revealed to be the target of a madman. Nancy lays herself a trap, with herself as the bait. The Hardys are also posing as trainees at the bureau, but undercover,"	"the head of the security service at the Jockey Club, to look into certain syndicates and how they got through the Jockey Club's checking process. Whip Hand Whip Hand is a crime novel by Dick Francis, the second novel in the Sid Halley series. The novel received the Gold Dagger Award for Best Novel of 1979, as well as the Edgar Award for Best Novel of 1980. ""Whip Hand"" is one of only two novels to have received both awards (the other being John le Carré's ""The Spy Who Came in from the Cold""). The cover of the first edition"	"2012 on the 150th anniversary of the novel's release. An ebook version is also available. The Notting Hill Mystery The Notting Hill Mystery (1862–63) is an English-language detective novel written under the pseudonym ""Charles Felix"", with illustrations by George du Maurier. The author's identity was never formally revealed in his lifetime, but several critics have since suggested Charles Warren Adams (1833–1903), a lawyer known to have written other novels under pseudonyms. It is arguably regarded as the very first detective novel in the English language. ""The Notting Hill Mystery"" was first published as an eight-part serial in ""Once A Week"""	"SpyBoy SpyBoy is a comic book series created in 1999 by writer Peter David and artists Pop Mhan and Norman Lee, and published by Dark Horse Comics. The basic idea for ""SpyBoy"" came from Dark Horse Comics, who hired Peter David to develop the concept, including the cast, their backstories, and the series bible. However, David has lamented that the ideas he had for the series' run were not completed, as Dark Horse did not continue with it. Between 1999 and 2004, SpyBoy ran for 17 issues, 2 miniseries (""The M.A.N.G.A. Affair"" in 2003 and ""Final Exam"" in 2004), various"	"Scorpion (novel) Scorpion is a spy thriller novel by Andrew Kaplan, published by Macmillan in hardcover in 1985 and as a Warner Books paperback in 1986. It hit best-seller lists in Canada, Great Britain, Australia, Germany and Greece. As the President of Russia dies, his deputy, Fyedorenko makes a mysterious phone call. A beautiful young American woman, Kelly Ormont, is brutally abducted from the streets of Paris into white slavery. In a safe house in Pakistan, a senior CIA director, Bob Harris, recruits a free-lance ex-CIA agent, codenamed “Scorpion” to rescue Kelly, a Congressman’s daughter, last seen on a flight"	"A. J. Butcher Andrew James Butcher, better known as A.J. Butcher, is an English writer best known for the futuristic teen spy series, Spy High. Butcher taught English at both Poole Grammar School and Parkstone Grammar School, in Poole, Dorset, and currently teaches at Talbot Heath School in Bournemouth, Dorset. He took a sabbatical from his teaching career to write Spy High Series Two. He says he has been influenced by Charles Dickens and George Orwell, but that Stan Lee, creator of many of Marvel Comics' super-heroes, is his biggest inspirational figure. The series is published by Atom Books in"	"initially begun by the James Bond stories, Haggard was considered by most critics to be at the very top of the field. William Haggard William Haggard (11 August 1907 – 27 October 1993) was the pseudonym of Richard Henry Michael Clayton, an English civil servant and writer of fictional spy thrillers. He was born in Croydon. His books were set in the 1960s through the 1980s. Like C. P. Snow, he was a quintessentially British establishment figure who had been a civil servant in India, and his books vigorously put forth his perhaps idiosyncratic points of view. The principal character"	"Jim Steranko James F. Steranko (; born November 5, 1938) is an American graphic artist, comic book writer/artist, comics historian, magician, publisher and film production illustrator. His most famous comic book work was with the 1960s superspy feature ""Nick Fury, Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D."" in Marvel Comics' ""Strange Tales"" and in the subsequent eponymous series. Steranko earned lasting acclaim for his innovations in sequential art during the Silver Age of Comic Books, particularly his infusion of surrealism, pop art, and graphic design into the medium. His work has been published in many countries and his influence on the field has remained"	"""St. George"" #9 - 13 were supposed to be part of The Shadowline Saga ""Critical Mass"" Crossover. Due to poor sales, Epic cancelled the three Shadowline series and published the story in an anthology format as the ""Critical Mass"" limited series. Alternate reality versions of Doctor Zero and St. George appear in the first issue of Squadron Sinister as a part of the Marvel Secret Wars event. Shadowline (Epic Comics) The Shadowline Saga is a comic book imprint from Marvel Comics that was published in its original incarnation from 1988 to 1990. It was created and edited by Archie Goodwin."	"trying to foil a scheme involving a corporate rivalry, a twisted plot, a FBI double agent, a stained integrity, and a murderer bent on destruction. Spies and Lies Spies and Lies is a 1992 Nancy Drew and the Hardy Boys Supermystery crossover novel. It was written by Tracey West under the usual pseudonym Carolyn Keene. Nancy Drew goes undercover as a rookie in the infamous Quantico, Virginia FBI Academy, serving Judy Noll, the daughter of a powerful political figure. Judy is immediately in danger when her roommate turns up dead, and also when she is revealed to be the target"	"titles from the 1980s onward would all be in new formats (i.e. glossy paper, not code-approved) or sporadically produced by small independent companies. Beginning in the late 1980s and early 1990s, independent publishers produced a number of successful horror comics franchises. FantaCo Enterprises and Millennium Publications boasted lineups almost exclusively devoted to horror, vampire, and zombie comics. For instance, 1985 saw the revival of Kitchen Sink's ""Death Rattle"", followed a year later by the debut of FantaCo's horror anthology ""Gore Shriek"", edited by Stephen R. Bissette, who also contributed stories to each issue. Bissette also edited the acclaimed anthology ""Taboo"","	"Steve Skeates Steve Skeates (; born 1943) is an American comic book creator known for his work on such titles as ""Aquaman"", ""Hawk and Dove"", ""T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents"", and ""Plop!"" He has also written under the pseudonyms Chester P. Hazel and Warren Savin. Stephen Skeates was born in Rochester, New York, on January 29, 1943. He and his parents lived in the attic of his maternal grandmother's Fairport home until he was four and a half, at which time they and his baby brother moved into a two-story home that his father and uncle had built. His parents tended to describe"	"Secret Wars Marvel Super Heroes Secret Wars, commonly known as Secret Wars, is a twelve-issue American comic book crossover limited series published from May 1984 to April 1985 by Marvel Comics. The series was written by Jim Shooter with art by Mike Zeck and Bob Layton. It was tied to the same-named toyline from Mattel. The series was conceived by Marvel Comics' Editor-in-chief Jim Shooter: In the eleventh issue of the ""Marvel Age"" news magazine, published February 1984, a news column announced the series as ""Cosmic Champions"". One month later, the twelfth issue of ""Marvel Age"" featured a cover story"	"Psi-Force Psi-Force was a comic book series created by Archie Goodwin and published by Marvel Comics under their New Universe imprint from 1986 to 1989. It ran for 32 issues and an annual. It concerned a group of adolescents who had developed psionic powers following the ""White Event"" which had created most of the paranormals in the New Universe. These teens, along with federal agent Emmett Proudhawk, could pool their powers into a psychic construct called the ""Psi-Hawk"". The title includes some of the first comics work of writer Fabian Nicieza (#9, 13, 16-32) and artist Ron Lim (#16-22). Almost"	"tie-ins, not by Wager, were also published. Gold Key Comics also published six issues of an ""I Spy"" comic book between 1966 and 1968. Unlike many television series of the time, every episode of ""I Spy"" received an original score – as was the case with the other shows from Sheldon Leonard, like ""The Andy Griffith Show"" and ""The Dick Van Dyke Show"". Earle Hagen, Leonard's regular composer, wrote the main theme and scored most of the episodes (collaborating on three with Carl Brandt; Hugo Friedhofer, Nathan Van Cleave, Robert Drasnin and Shorty Rogers also wrote music for the series)."	"Peter Heck Peter Jewell Heck (born September 4, 1941, in Chestertown, Maryland) is an American science fiction and mystery author. His books include the ""Mark Twain Mysteries""—historical whodunits featuring the famous author as a detective—and four books in the ""Phule's Company"" series, in collaboration with Robert Asprin, best described as ""F-Troop in space"". He also wrote the 36th chapter of Atlanta Nights, a book meant to ruin PublishAmerica's reputation. Heck has also been an editor at Ace Books (where he edited Lynn S. Hightower and Robert J. Sawyer, among others), and created the SF newsletter ""Xignals"" and its mystery equivalent"	"Mr. Hero the Newmatic Man Mr. Hero the Newmatic Man is a comic book published by Tekno Comix from March 1995 to June 1996. The original character concept was created by Neil Gaiman, but the books were written by James Vance and penciled mostly by Ted Slampyak. Mr. Hero is a steam-powered automaton created by the villainous Henry Phage. Intended to be a force of evil, he proves noble instead. Henry Phage created Mr. Hero as a sleeper agent to send to Earth until such a time as he wished to conquer Earth. He was discovered in the 1800s by"	"S.H.I.E.L.D. S.H.I.E.L.D. is a fictional espionage, special law enforcement, and counter-terrorism agency appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby in ""Strange Tales"" #135 (Aug. 1965), it often deals with paranormal and superhuman threats. The acronym originally stood for Supreme Headquarters, International Espionage and Law-Enforcement Division. It was changed in 1991 to Strategic Hazard Intervention Espionage Logistics Directorate. Within the various films set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, as well as multiple animated and live-action television series, the backronym stands for Strategic Homeland Intervention, Enforcement and Logistics Division. S.H.I.E.L.D.'s introduction in the"	"designed four sheets of commemorative Cinderella stamps: Hill's stamps are a part of the collections of The Allied Museum in Berlin, The Wende Museum in California, and the Artistamp Museum in Florida. Hill is also the creator of ""The Great Army SIGINT Seal"". T. H. E. Hill Thomas Heinrich Edward Hill, or T. H. E. Hill (born 1948), is a pseudonymous American novelist who writes mostly in the genre of spy fiction. His first novel was published when he was 60 years old, after a career that was spent in military intelligence. Hill has three degrees from the West Coast"	"Chuck Dixon Charles Dixon (born April 14, 1954) is an American comic book writer, best known for his work on the Marvel Comics character the Punisher and on the DC Comics characters Batman, Nightwing, and Robin in the 1990s and early 2000s. Chuck Dixon's earliest comics work was writing ""Evangeline"" for in 1984 and then for First Comics. Editor Larry Hama hired him to write back-up stories for Marvel Comics' ""Savage Sword of Conan"". Writing under the name ""Charles Dixon"", he would eventually take over the lead feature of Conan on a semi-regular basis. He contributed stories to the Larry"	"The Snowman (Nesbø novel) The Snowman (, 2007) is a novel by Norwegian crime-writer Jo Nesbø. It is the seventh entry in his Harry Hole series. In 1980, a married woman has illicit sex with a lover while her adolescent son waits in a car outside; their lovemaking is disturbed when they think somebody is looking at them from outside the window, which turns out to have been only a tall snowman. Twenty-four years later, Norwegian detective Harry Hole investigates a string of murders of women around Oslo. His FBI training leads him to search for links between the cases,"	"Christopher Nicole Christopher Robin Nicole (born ) is a prolific British writer of over 200 novels and non-fiction books since 1957. He has written as Christopher Nicole and also under several pseudonyms including Peter Grange, Andrew York, Robin Cade, Mark Logan, Christina Nicholson, Alison York, Leslie Arlen, Robin Nicholson, C.R. Nicholson, Daniel Adams, Simon McKay, Caroline Gray and Alan Savage. He also wrote under the pen name Max Marlow when co-authoring with his wife, fellow author Diana Bachmann. Christopher Robin Nicole was born on 7 December 1930 in Georgetown, in British Guiana (now Guyana), where he was raised. He is"
the first credit cards were for use in what type of establishments?	"cards. Merchants often advertise which cards they accept by displaying acceptance marks – generally derived from logos – or this may be communicated in signage in the establishment or in company material (e.g., a restaurant's menu may indicate which credit cards are accepted). Merchants may also communicate this orally, as in ""We take (brands X, Y, and Z)"" or ""We don't take credit cards"". The credit card issuer issues a credit card to a customer at the time or after an account has been approved by the credit provider, which need not be the same entity as the card issuer."	"and credit cards. In 1908, Monseigneur Pierre Hevey, pastor of Sainte-Marie's parish in Manchester, organized what was soon to be known as the first credit union. The goal was to help the primarily Franco-American mill workers save and borrow money. On November 24, 1908, the business officially opened its doors in Manchester as ""La Caisse Populaire, Ste-Marie"" (The People’s Bank) and became the first credit union in the nation. In April 1909, the New Hampshire Senate and House of Representatives approved a charter to incorporate under the name of St. Mary's Cooperative Credit Association. Transactions were conducted at the home"	"do so were introduced in Congress and some state legislatures. Some succeeded in the former goal, but those that sought to eliminate interest rate caps entirely failed. The term ""credit card"" had been used and proposed by utopian author Edward Bellamy in his 1887 book ""Looking Backward"". The first realizations of this model came during the Depression with Chargaplate, meant to encourage customers to spend money by introducing an alternative to cash and checks. Diners Club evolved in the early 50s as the first credit card company. In 1958, Bank of America had introduced BankAmeriCard (today's Visa), the first credit"	"card for purchases was described in 1887 by Edward Bellamy in his utopian novel ""Looking Backward"". Bellamy used the term ""credit card"" eleven times in this novel, although this referred to a card for spending a citizen's dividend from the government, rather than borrowing, making it more similar to a Debit card. Charge coins and other similar items were used from the late 19th century to the 1930s. They came in various shapes and sizes; with materials made out of celluloid (an early type of plastic), copper, aluminum, steel, and other types of whitish metals. Each charge coin usually had"	"with an ATM card. ATM cards can also be used on improvised ATMs such as ""mini ATMs"", merchants' card terminals that deliver ATM features without any cash drawer. These terminals can also be used as cashless scrip ATMs by cashing the receipts they issue at the merchant's point of sale. Historically, bank cards have also served the purpose of a cheque guarantee card, a now almost defunct system to guarantee cheques at point of sale. The first bank cards were ATM cards issued by Barclays in London in 1967 and by Chemical Bank in Long Island, New York, in 1969."	"banking system under the Glass–Steagall Act meant that credit cards became an effective way for those who were traveling around the country to move their credit to places where they could not directly use their banking facilities. There are now countless variations on the basic concept of revolving credit for individuals (as issued by banks and honored by a network of financial institutions), including organization-branded credit cards, corporate-user credit cards, store cards and so on. In 1966, Barclaycard in the United Kingdom launched the first credit card outside the United States. Although credit cards reached very high adoption levels in"	"have an embossed bank card number complying with the ISO/IEC 7812 numbering standard. In 1914, Western Union opened the first charge account for its customers and provided them with a paper identification. There were many larger department stores which opened store charge accounts for their customers with paper identification, enabling the customer to make purchases on credit provided by the store. However, these accounts could be used only within the store which issued them. In 1950, Diners Club began opening charge accounts with paper identification cards, directed at the travel and entertainment markets. The novel feature of these cards was"	"widely used by retailers and tradesmen from around the late 17th-century in Paris, Lyon and London. In the period before mass media, they functioned as advertising and also as maps, directing the public to the merchants' stores (no formal street address numbering system existed at the time). The trade card is an early example of the modern business card. The use of trade cards in America became widespread from the mid-19th-century in the period following the Civil war. The earliest trade cards were not cards at all, instead they were printed on paper and did not include illustrations. Later they"	"credit were traditionally governed by internationally recognized rules and procedures rather than by national law. The International Chamber of Commerce oversaw the preparation of the first Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits (UCP) in 1933, creating a voluntary framework for commercial banks to apply to transactions worldwide. In the late 19th century and early 20th century, travelers commonly carried a ""circular"" letter of credit issued by a relationship bank, which allowed the beneficiary to withdraw cash from other banks along their journey. This type of letter of credit was eventually replaced by traveler's checks, credit cards and automated teller"	"preferences of the client, this may allow the card to be used as an ATM card, enabling transactions at automatic teller machines; or as debit card, linked to the client's bank account and able to be used for making purchases at the point of sale; or as a credit card attached to a revolving credit line supplied by the bank. The first bank cards were ATM cards issued by Barclays in London, in 1967, and by Chemical Bank in Long Island, New York, in 1969. In 1972, Lloyds Bank issued the first bank card to feature an information-encoding magnetic strip,"	"Barclaycard Barclaycard (; stylized as barclaycard) is a multinational credit card and payment services provider, and a division of Barclays plc. Barclaycard has over ten million customers in the United Kingdom. Barclaycard was launched on 29 June 1966, initially as a charge card, but following Bank of England agreement to the offering of revolving credit it became the first credit card in the United Kingdom on 8 November 1967. It enjoyed a monopoly of the credit card market in the United Kingdom, until the introduction of the Access card in 1972. Barclaycard was not the first payment card to be"	"numbers on the sales slip, instead of various kind of handwriting style. Because the customer's name was not on the charge coin, almost anyone could use it. This sometimes led to a case of mistaken identity, either accidentally or intentionally, by acting on behalf of the charge account owner or out of malice to defraud both the charge account owner and the merchant. Beginning in the 1930s, merchants started to move from charge coins to the newer Charga-Plate. The Charga-Plate, developed in 1928, was an early predecessor of the credit card and was used in the U.S. from the 1930s"	"is that of Edward Bellamy, the science fiction writer who in his novel ""Looking Backward"" in 1888 first proposed the idea of payment cards. Monument to credit card The world's first and only monument to a credit card was opened on August 5, 2011 in Yekaterinburg, Russia. The monument was erected on the corner of Bankovski alley and Malyshev street and is a bas-relief of a hand that holds a credit card. The size of the monument is about two metres high and one metre wide. The creation of the monument was made under the initiative of the Vuz-Bank, which"	"Card money Card money is a type of fiat money printed on plain cardboard or playing cards, which was used at times as currency in several colonies and countries (including Dutch Guiana, New France, and France) from the 17th century to the early 19th century. Where introduced, it was often followed by high rates of inflation. In order to prepare playing cards or plain cardboard for use as currency, the medium had to be given a denomination, a seal, a serial number, and appropriate signatures. In New France, this meant an embossed fleur-de-lis and the signatures of the intendant, governor,"	"first magnetic striped plastic credit and ID cards used by banks, insurance companies, hospitals and many others. Another result of this project was that IBM IRD and IBM Data Processing Division announced on February 24, 1971 the first Magnetic Credit Card Service Center and the IBM 2730-1 Transaction Validation Terminal. Arthur E. Hahn Jr. was hired by IBM IRD in Dayton, N.J. on Aug 12, 1969 to head up this engineering effort. Other members of the group were David Morgan (Manager), Billy House (Software Developer), William Creeden (Programmer), and E. J. Gillen (Mechanical Engineering/Machining). They were given a recently announced"	"trying to book hotel rooms. Diners Club International Diners Club International (DCI), founded as Diners Club, is a charge card company owned by Discover Financial Services. Formed in 1950 by Frank X. McNamara, Ralph Schneider, Matty Simmons, and Alfred Bloomingdale, it was the first independent credit card company in the world, and it established the concept of a self-sufficient company producing credit cards for travel and entertainment. Diners Club International and its franchises service individuals from around the globe with operations in 59 countries. The idea for Diners Club was conceived at the Majors Cabin Grill restaurant in New York"	"in 1987. The Everything Card The First National City Charge Service, marketed as The Everything Card, was an early credit card introduced by First National City Bank (now Citibank) in the eastern United States in 1967. It was intended as a response to the BankAmericard (today's Visa card), issued by BankAmerica. Issued under the initiative of National City Bank President Walter B. Wriston, the card followed the bank's purchase of an interest in the Carte Blanche charge card. However, the card proved to be limited by its regional scope, as it was tied to the area surrounding the bank's New"	"as Verified by Visa and MasterCard Secure Code), nor for most contactless transactions. In the United Kingdom, banks started to issue debit cards in the mid-1980s in a bid to reduce the number of cheques being used at the point of sale, which are costly for the banks to process; the first bank to do so was Barclays with the ""Barclays Connect"" card. As in most countries, fees paid by merchants in the United Kingdom to accept credit cards are a percentage of the transaction amount, which funds card holders' interest-free credit periods as well as incentive schemes such as"	"History of credit unions Credit unions are not-for-profit financial cooperatives. In the early stages of development of a nation's financial system, unserved and underserved populations must rely on risky and expensive informal financial services from sources like money lenders, ROSCAs and saving at home. Credit unions proved they could meet demand for financial services that banks could not: from professional, middle class and poorer people. Those that served poorer urban and rural communities became an important source of microfinance. The first working credit union models sprang up in Germany in the 1850s and 1860s, and by the end of the"	"Monument to credit card The world's first and only monument to a credit card was opened on August 5, 2011 in Yekaterinburg, Russia. The monument was erected on the corner of Bankovski alley and Malyshev street and is a bas-relief of a hand that holds a credit card. The size of the monument is about two metres high and one metre wide. The creation of the monument was made under the initiative of the Vuz-Bank, which in 2011 celebrated the 20th anniversary of its founding. The idea was embodied by Yekaterinburg's sculptor Sergei Belyaev. The name engraved on the monument"	"The Everything Card The First National City Charge Service, marketed as The Everything Card, was an early credit card introduced by First National City Bank (now Citibank) in the eastern United States in 1967. It was intended as a response to the BankAmericard (today's Visa card), issued by BankAmerica. Issued under the initiative of National City Bank President Walter B. Wriston, the card followed the bank's purchase of an interest in the Carte Blanche charge card. However, the card proved to be limited by its regional scope, as it was tied to the area surrounding the bank's New York City"	"entertainment charge card, had been introduced in 1950, and American Express and Carte Blanche followed in 1958, but all of these offerings had to have bills repaid in 30 days and were accepted by a limited number of vendors. By the mid-1950s, Williams was the senior vice president in charge of a group that had the unofficial task of creating the nation's first all-purpose credit card. Studying previous failures and analyzing the successes by Sears, Roebuck and Company and Mobil in offering credit to their customers, the team led by Williams conceived of a set of features — an 18%"	"1958 by American Express which created a worldwide credit card network (although these were initially charge cards that later acquired credit card features). Until 1958, no one had been able to successfully establish a ""revolving credit"" financial system in which a card issued by a third-party bank was being generally accepted by a large number of merchants, as opposed to merchant-issued revolving cards accepted by only a few merchants. There had been a dozen attempts by small American banks, but none of them were able to last very long. In September 1958, Bank of America launched the ""BankAmericard"" in Fresno,"	"issued in the United Kingdom though; Diners Club and American Express launched their charge cards in 1962 and 1963 respectively. Barclaycard was originally a BankAmericard licensee, and became part of the Visa network on its formation in 1975. In July 2003, Barclaycard took over the United Kingdom wing of the American Company Providian National Bank, known as Monument, when it was sold off due to financial irregularities of its American parent company. Barclaycard sold the Monument business and premises to Compucredit in April 2007. In March 2011, Barclays announced that it would be buying the British credit card business arm"	"America's Credit Union Museum America's Credit Union Museum is located in Manchester, New Hampshire, on the site of the first credit union founded in the United States. The museum, at 418-420 Notre Dame Avenue, is housed at the original location for St. Mary's Cooperative Credit Association, renamed in 1925 to La Caisse Populaire Ste.-Marie, or ""Bank of the People"", St. Mary's. In 1996, the building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the ""Building at 418-420 Notre Dame Ave."" What is now the museum was formerly a three-story, three-family dwelling belonging to Joseph Boivin, the manager of"	"and treasurer. In Dutch Guiana, meanwhile, the form these validations took varied between issue. Card money was generally issued, at least initially, in emergency situations. It could be backed by other currencies, such as Bills of Exchange, or be without guarantee. During the expansion of the French colony in New France (in what is now Canada) in the 17th century, currency used had to be imported from France. When the colony faced insolvency owing to great expenses fighting the Iroquois and a diminishing beaver trade, intendant Jacques de Meulles introduced card money to pay soldiers; this soon spread into general"	"Accolades Card The Merrill Accolades American Express Card, previously known as the Bank of America Accolades Card, was the first premium credit card offered by Bank of America. It is targeted exclusively at the bank's ""affluent, wealthy and ultra- wealthy clients served through Premier Banking & Investments, The Private Bank of Bank of America and its extension, Family Wealth Advisors."" The card is notable as it is the bank's foray into a new market segment as well as a product offered as a result of the bank's acquisition of another bank, U.S. Trust, particularly since the larger Bank of America"	"and the first venture in England, in Blackpool). Goldberg's also owned the Schuh, and Ted Baker chains. Goldbergs had its own in-house credit arrangements for its customers, based on three months' credit, plus a 5 per cent discount if the bill was settled at the end of three months. This offering was transformed into the Style credit card which benefited from the large customer base and the new EPoS system. Style was launched at the beginning of 1982 and followed the lines of other credit cards with no interest incurred for prompt monthly payment. Otherwise, minimum monthly payments could be"	"1763. However, owing to continued French cultural and social influence, circulation and issuance of these notes continued into the mid-1760s. Card money was first used in Dutch Guiana, now Suriname, in 1761. Issues could be on plain cards or playing cards, and were at first cut into circles approximately in diameter, resembling coins. Later card money was rectangular, in order to save on labor, although some issues continued to be round or even hexagonal. Initial issues were in the value of 1, 2.5, and 10 guilders, later followed by issues of 0.5, 5, and 100 guilders. The cards, which had"	"Trade card A trade card is a square card that is small, but bigger than the modern visiting card, and is exchanged in social circles, that a business distributes to clients and potential customers. Trade cards first became popular at the end of the 17th century in Paris, Lyon and London. They functioned as advertising and also as maps, directing the public to the merchants' stores (no formal street address numbering system existed at the time). The term, trade card, refers to a varied group of items made of paper or of card of varying sizes and shapes. Trade cards"	"base of operations. In 1969, the card was absorbed into Master Charge (now known as MasterCard), another card that had been developed by a membership association of four banks, the Interbank Card Association, which National City Bank joined. Citibank, as First National City Bank came to be known in 1976, made a further attempt in 1977 to create a proprietary credit card that was not tied to either Master Charge or Visa. The Choice card was, like the Everything Card, a regional credit card issued only by Citibank. It also proved unsuccessful, and its cards were reissued as Visa cards"	"from one another as a precaution against theft. Banks typically charged around 1% of the value of the letter for its issuance. Circular letters of credit were in many ways similar to circular notes which were in turn a precursor to later traveler's cheques. Because of the expense involved, most financial institutions had minimum values for which they would issue such letters. In the 19th century in the United States this was typically $500. Early examples of the use of personal letters of credit can be found as far back as the Renaissance and they became more standardized by the"	"their requests were met, the banks proved their solvency; if not, the banks faced almost certain collapse. During this period First National Bank extended their hours, honored every withdrawal and proved their financial strength once and for all. In 1953, under the leadership of John Lauritzen, First National Bank became the first bank in the region and the fifth in the nation to issue its own credit card. Also in 1953, First National Merchant Solutions began processing for 125 merchants. In 1971, employees started moving into the 22-story First National Center. Attached to a 420-room hotel and a 550-stall parking"
In which country was Ursula Andrews born?	"Bagdasarjanz violin, Gallo) Schoeck: Violin Concerto in B-flat Major, Op. 21 (album: Ursula Bagdasarjanz violin, Gallo) Ursula Bagdasarjanz on ""MusicWeb International, September 2013 Ursula Bagdasarjanz CD (Vol. 4) has been reviewed on MusicWeb International Ursula Bagdasarjanz featured in the ""Herrliberg calendar"" The Language of Passion. Ursula Bagdasarjanz and the Violin. Ursula Bagdasarjanz Ursula Bagdasarjanz (born 30 June 1934 in Winterthur) is a Swiss violinist. Ursula Bagdasarjanz was born in Winterthur, Switzerland, to a mother who was herself a violinist. The seeds of Ursula's musical talent were sown in the cradle, or, as she herself believes, were bestowed as a gift"	"botanical interests, she took charge of the Duncan family’s Scottish estate. She was born on 17 September 1910 in Kensington to Dorothy Duncan née Weston and Commander John Alexander Duncan CB RN. The family, including her younger sister Frances, lived in London when the girls were little but moved to their estate at Parkhill near Arbroath when Ursula was nine. Soon after that she started to take an interest in plants, accompanying her father on expeditions to study flowers, and joining the Wild Flower Society. She had a governess for a time, but studied independently too, getting a distinction in"	"Theresa Andrews Theresa Andrews (born August 25, 1962) is an American former competitive swimmer and Olympic champion. Raised in Maryland, Andrews gained prominence as a national collegiate champion when competing for the University of Florida. In international competition, she was a backstroke specialist who won two gold medals at the 1984 Summer Olympics. Andrews was born in New London, Connecticut in 1962. She grew up in Annapolis, Maryland, where she initially attended St. Mary's High School. She was one of twelve children of Frank and Maxine Andrews; her father was a graduate of the U.S. Naval Academy and a former"	"been Assistant Minister for Science. Born in Brisbane and raised in Townsville, Queensland, Andrews graduated from the Queensland University of Technology in 1983 with a Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering before going on to work at various power stations in Queensland, and later chemical and petrochemical sites interstate, where she specialised in design and plant maintenance. After working as an engineer for a number of years, Andrews completed a Graduate Diploma in Industrial Relations from Victoria University and began a new career as an industrial relations advocate working in the engineering and construction industries. Her expertise in industrial relations resulted in"	"provided backing vocals for Hannah Mancini who represented Slovenia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2013 with the song, ""Straight Into Love"". In 2017, she will be one of the backing vocalists for Anja Nissen who will represent Denmark in the Eurovision Song Contest 2017 with the song, ""Where I Am"". Linda Andrews (singer) Linda Andrews (born 19 October 1973) is a Faroese singer who won the second season of the Danish version of ""The X Factor"", and became the first Faroese winner of it. She was born and raised in Tórshavn. She lived for many years with her father (a"	"how she must now cope with fitting into her aunt's wealthy and sometimes cruel Mexican-American family. This is a spin-off e-book series of the book ""Bittersweet Dreams."" V. C. Andrews Cleo Virginia Andrews (June 6, 1923 – December 19, 1986), better known as V. C. Andrews or Virginia C. Andrews, was an American novelist. She was born in Portsmouth, Virginia. Andrews died of breast cancer at the age of 63. Andrews' novels combine Gothic horror and family saga, revolving around family secrets and forbidden love (frequently involving themes of consensual incest, most often between siblings), and they often include a"	"Lucilla Andrews Lucilla Matthew Andrews Crichton (born 20 November 1919 in Suez, Egypt – d. 3 October 2006 in Edinburgh, Scotland) was a British writer of 33 romance novels from 1954 to 1996, she signed as Lucilla Andrews specialised in hospital romances, and under the pen names Diana Gordon and Joanna Marcus published her first mystery romances. She was a founding member of the Romantic Novelists' Association, which honoured her shortly before her death with a lifetime achievement award. Born Lucilla Matthew Andrews on 20 November 1919 in Suez, Egypt, the third of four children of William Henry Andrews and"	"Elsie Andrews Elsie Euphemia Andrews (23 December 1888 – 26 August 1948) was a New Zealand teacher and community leader. She was born in Huirangi, Taranaki, New Zealand on 23 December 1888. Her parents were John Andrews and his wife, Emily Young, who both came from Taranaki pioneering families. Elsie Andrews was the only one of twelve siblings who attended secondary school; she received her education at Huirangi School and with the help of a scholarship, she went on to New Plymouth High School. When she failed entrance examinations to both university and teachers' college, she became a pupil-teacher at"	"was born in Fryeburg, Maine, April 26, 1826. She was educated in Fryeburgh Academy with the intention, so common with New England girls, of becoming a teacher. Her brother. Dr. Clement A. Walker, one of the first of the new school of physicians for the insane, having been appointed to the charge of the newly established hospital of the city of Boston, his sister joined him there. Although never officially connected with the institution, which had already gained a reputation as a pioneer in improved administration of the work for the insane, Andrews interested herself in the details of that"	"years and is now resident on the Isle of Man, but spends as much time as possible back on Merseyside, seeing her children and grandchildren. Lyn Andrews Lyn Andrews (born 1944) is the nom de plume used by British novelist Lynda M. Andrews. Her stories centre mainly around Liverpool and Ireland. Andrews was born and raised in the Liverpool suburb of Fazakerley, She is the daughter of a hairdresser and a police officer. She was educated at the Convent of Notre-Dame at Everton Valley where she did not excel at English but had a passion for history and literature, eventually"	"Shirley Andrews Shirley Aldythea Marshall Seymour Andrews was recognised throughout her life (1915–2001) for her work as a biochemist, dancer, researcher and aboriginal rights activist. Andrews was born on November 5, 1915, to Doris Andrews and Arthur Andrews. Andrews grew up in Sandringham, Victoria, living with her mother, grandmother and uncle. She attended school at Miss Montford's school, in Sandringham, until the age of eleven. Later, she boarded at St Michael's grammar in St Kilda, Victoria. After graduating from St Michael's, Andrews enrolled in a science course at the University of Melbourne, from 1934 to 1937. In her first years"	"Ursula Holden Ursula Holden (born 8 August 1921) is an English novelist, author of thirteen novels often inspired by her time spent in Ireland. Her first novel, ""Endless Race"", was published when she was 54. Ursula Holden was born 8 August 1921, in Bridport, Dorset, fourth daughter of five children of Una and Andrew Holden. Her father worked abroad, mostly in Egypt and Holden was educated at home by a governess before going to high school, aged 11, and then to board at St Michael's School, Bognor Regis, at the age of 15. After World War II, Holden went to"	"born in Portsmouth, Virginia, the youngest child and only daughter of William and Lillian Andrews. She had two older brothers, William Jr. and Eugene. Andrews grew up attending Southern Baptist and Methodist churches. As a teenager, Andrews suffered a fall from a school stairwell, resulting in severe back injuries. The subsequent surgery to correct these injuries resulted in Andrews’s suffering from crippling arthritis that required her to use crutches and a wheelchair for much of her life. However, Andrews, who had always shown promise as an artist, was able to complete a four-year correspondence course from her home and soon"	"Linda Andrews (singer) Linda Andrews (born 19 October 1973) is a Faroese singer who won the second season of the Danish version of ""The X Factor"", and became the first Faroese winner of it. She was born and raised in Tórshavn. She lived for many years with her father (a taxi driver) and mother in the western part of Torshavn called Vesturbýurin. She attended a Pentecostal church called Filadelfia until early adulthood. She was very active in youth work and in the choirs. During the early 1990s she became a known singer because of her appearance as one of the"	"former England AFB), in Louisiana, General Andrews Airport (demolished) in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, Andrews Engineering Building Eglin Air Force Base, Andrews Avenue in Pasay, Philippines and Andrews Theater at Keflavík Naval Base, Iceland. Born in Nashville, Tennessee, Andrews was the grandson of a cavalry soldier who fought alongside Nathan Bedford Forrest and the great-great-nephew of two Tennessee governors, John C. Brown and Neill S. Brown. He graduated from the city's Montgomery Bell Academy in 1901 and graduated from the United States Military Academy at West Point in 1906. Andrews graduated 42nd in his class and was commissioned a second"	"law and director of international studies at Valparaiso Law School in Indiana, USA. Andrews earned her BA in 1980 (majoring in economic history, comparative African government and administration) and her LLB in 1982 from the then University of Natal in Durban. In 1984 she received an LLM from Columbia University School of Law in New York. She began her teaching career at La Trobe University in Melbourne, Australia and since then has been tenured at 4 law schools in Australia and the USA. She has served on significant law school committees and the boards of public interest legal organisations as"	"Coffees Association (EAFCA), a member of Uganda’s Presidential Investor Roundtable (PIRT) and sits on the board of Maisha Film Lab. Andrew lives in Kampala. He married Jacqueline Rwivanga in 1998. They divorced in 2015. Rugasira grew up in Kampala, Uganda. He graduated from the University of London with a degree in Law and Economics, in 1992. He has written numerous papers and articles for newspapers like the Guardian (UK), Financial Times (UK), and Telegraph (UK) and also the New Vision (Uganda). Rugasira is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts, London and has spoken there on the theme “Trade"	"Jessica Andrews Jessica Danielle Andrews (born December 29, 1983) is an American country music singer. At age 15 in mid-1999, she made her debut on the ""Billboard"" Hot Country Singles & Tracks (now Hot Country Songs) charts with the single ""I Will Be There for You"", from her debut album ""Heart Shaped World"", released in 1999 on DreamWorks Records Nashville. Andrews had her biggest chart success in 2001 with the song ""Who I Am"", a No. 1 country hit and the title track of her second studio album, which was certified gold in the United States. A third album, ""Now"""	"London, Durban, Johannesburg, Lesotho, Swaziland, Botswana, Namibia, Mozambique, Ghana, Tanzania, Malaysia, Finland, Estonia, Germany and China and has worked with many international stars including Peter Sarstaedt, Ben E. King, Australian multi-instrumentalist James Morrison, trumpeter John Thomas and Greg Philliganes and is currently active as a guitarist, electric bassist, composer arranger and conductor. Andrews has three daughters, Nabeelah Jacobs, Sue-Ellen Petersen and Jamie-Lee November. Andrews is the brother of Alicia Andrews, Alvin Andrews (former senior producer, Associated Press Television News in Johannesburg and Head of the Mandela Unit, [Thomson Reuters] Television News, Johannesburg), Jemayne Andrews and Linford Andrews (former South African"	"Andress, the third of six children, was born in Ostermundigen, Canton of Bern, Switzerland to a German couple, Anna, a landscape gardener, and Rolf Andress, a German diplomat who was expelled from Switzerland for political reasons. He disappeared during World War II. She has a brother and four sisters. She went to school in Berne until she was 16 and became fluent in French, German and Italian. She studied art in Paris for a year, then went to Rome, where she did jobs such as nannying children. Andress was at a party when she met a producer who offered her"	"V. C. Andrews Cleo Virginia Andrews (June 6, 1923 – December 19, 1986), better known as V. C. Andrews or Virginia C. Andrews, was an American novelist. She was born in Portsmouth, Virginia. Andrews died of breast cancer at the age of 63. Andrews' novels combine Gothic horror and family saga, revolving around family secrets and forbidden love (frequently involving themes of consensual incest, most often between siblings), and they often include a rags-to-riches story. Her best-known novel is the bestseller ""Flowers in the Attic"" (1979), a tale of four children locked in the attic of a wealthy Virginia family"	"Sarah Shepherd Andrews Sarah Shepherd Andrews (November 26, 1893 – September 16, 1961) was an American missionary, who served in Japan from 1916 until her death in 1961. She was a key figure in bringing Christianity into the country. Andrews was born in Dickson, Tennessee. The work of J.M. McCaleb influenced her to work in Japan where she later created around eight Japanese congregations. Sometime after she was baptized at age 14, she wrote to McCaleb about coming to Japan and he gave her advice what schooling and training she would need to be successful. Andrews graduated from Dickson College,"	"pedestrian series of five-minute children's programmes the BBC had acquired from France into what became a cult classic, ""The Magic Roundabout"". Ursula Eason was born on 19 August 1910 in Streatham, London, the fifth of six children born to auctioneer and surveyor Edward Eason and his wife Aisling, also known as Nancy, née Bruton. She attended the Mount Nod School in Streatham, followed by University College London, from where she graduated with a degree in English. After completing a secretarial course she spent nine months working as a secretary to the assistant manager of The Times Book Club. Her long-standing"	"Ursula Owen Ursula Margaret Owen (born 21 January 1937) is an English publisher, editor and campaigner for free expression. She was born Ursula Margaret Sachs in Oxford, England, to Emma Boehm and Werner Sachs, a chemical engineer who became managing director of a multinational company dealing with non-ferrous metals. Her parents were German Jews, and Owen spent the first 18 months of her life in Berlin, after which the family was forced to leave Nazi Germany and came to London. Owen was educated at Putney High School and from there went to St Hugh's College, where she studied medicine and"	"Lyn Andrews Lyn Andrews (born 1944) is the nom de plume used by British novelist Lynda M. Andrews. Her stories centre mainly around Liverpool and Ireland. Andrews was born and raised in the Liverpool suburb of Fazakerley, She is the daughter of a hairdresser and a police officer. She was educated at the Convent of Notre-Dame at Everton Valley where she did not excel at English but had a passion for history and literature, eventually earning 5 O-levels. <br> She then trained as short-hand typist at a well-rated commercial college in Colquitt Street. After graduating she became a secretary at"	"Daisy Andrews Munmarria Daisy Andrews, known professionally as Daisy Andrews, (c. 1934 or 1935 – January 2015) was an Australian artist originally from the Walmajarri desert tribe. After taking up artwork later in life – initially illustrating the personal stories of fellow community members – Andrews began exhibiting her paintings in group and solo showings across Australia. She was known for her vividly red landscapes showcasing the mountain ranges of the Great Sandy Desert. In 1994, she received the main Telstra award from the National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Art Awards (NATSIAA) for her painting ""Lumpa Lumpa (wet time)"	"Charles Frederick Andrews at Thames on 16 October 1875. She retired to Grey Lynn, where she lived in Sussex Street not too far away from her brother James. The youngest sister who made the journey from England to New Zealand was Jessie Eleanor Purnell (1855 – 23 May 1928). She married James Graham on 16 April 1887 at her brother James' house in Wanganui, in which town the couple lived until their deaths. She was prominent in the Methodist Church. One more sister, Mary Caroline ""Lucy"" Purnell (13 January 1858 – 23 October 1945), was born after the family had"	"Ursula was born. The following year, the family emigrated to the United States. There, she was trained in Early Childhood Progressive Education at the Bank Street School (now Bank Street College of Education) in New York City. From 1941 to 1944, she was trained as a psychotherapist at the William Alanson White Institute of Psychiatry, Psychoanalysis & Psychology in New York. At Columbia University, she earned her Master's degree (M.A.) in psychology, and she became certified as a psychologist. Her son Peter Ronald was born in 1944. Her grandson Eric Bert Weiner was born in 1971. Her granddaughter Elizabeth Emily"	"in the photoblog zeitgeist."" Blake Andrews Blake Andrews (29 December 1968) is an American street photographer and blogger based in Eugene, Oregon. Andrews is a member of the In-Public street photography collective. Andrews was born in Berkeley and grew up in Briceland, California. He began photography in 1993, a year after moving to Portland. In 2004, he joined the Portland Grid Project, in which a number of photographers have continued to photograph Portland, square mile by square mile. After moving from Portland to Eugene in 2006, he worked in the similar Eugene Grid Project. Andrews became a member of the"	"both Malayali Nasrani immigrants from Kerala, India. He was brought up in Wandsworth in the Methodist denomination of Christianity. Andrews described his upbringing as ""very repressive"". At the age of 16, while at Emanuel School, he fell in love with his then-30-year-old mathematics teacher, Geraldine Feakins, whom he moved in with to escape his abusive home; their son, Jaisal, was born seven years later, in 1992. Andrews was shunned by his parents after this and they died before a reconciliation. He has stated that he forgives them now. Andrews auditioned for drama school and was accepted at London's Guildhall School"	"paperback best-seller list. In 1993 she was shortlisted for the Romantic Novel of the year Award. To date she has written 31 original novels and is a popular novelist in the North of England. Lyn Andrews was born in Liverpool in September 1943. Her father was killed on D-Day when Lyn was 9 months old. When Lyn was 3 her mother Monica married Frank Moore, who became 'dad' to Lyn. She was a secretary before she married husband, Bob Andrews, a policeman. In 1970 she gave birth to triplets, 2 sons and a daughter. She lived in Ireland for 11"	"and was made president of the American Association of State Colleges and Universities in 1904. Andrews died at his home in Interlachen, Florida in 1917. Andrews published many college textbooks on history and economics, including: Elisha Andrews Elisha Benjamin Andrews (January 10, 1844 – October 30, 1917) was an American economist, soldier, and educator. Andrews was born in Hinsdale, New Hampshire. He served in Connecticut regiments during the Civil War as a private and later promoted through ranks to 2nd lieutenant. He was wounded on August 24, 1865 at Petersburg. Graduating from Brown University in 1870 and from the Newton"	"Andra Simons Andra Simons is a Bermudian writer, director and actor now residing in London. Born in Bermuda, Simons graduated from George Brown Theatre School in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. He was well known in the spoken-word movement in Toronto, notably for his collaboration with Sandra Alland in the performance poetry-music band Stumblin' Tongues. In 1997 Simons returned to Bermuda, where in 1999 he co-founded Waterspout Theatre company. He settled in the UK in 2004, and now focuses on poetry and performance. His first volume, ""The Joshua Tales"", was published by Treehouse Press in 2009, and features collagraphs by Kendra Ezekiel."
What was CBS TV news broadcaster Walter Cronkite's stock closing phrase?	"13 moon missions, Cronkite received the best ratings and made CBS the most-watched television network for the missions. In 1970, when Huntley retired, the ""CBS Evening News"" finally dominated the American TV news viewing audience. Although NBC finally settled on the skilled and well-respected broadcast journalist John Chancellor, Cronkite proved to be more popular and continued to be top-rated until his retirement in 1981. One of Cronkite's trademarks was ending the ""CBS Evening News"" with the phrase ""...And that's the way it is,"" followed by the date. Keeping to standards of objective journalism, he omitted this phrase on nights when"	"that time. On February 14, 1980, Cronkite announced that he intended to retire from the ""CBS Evening News""; at the time, CBS had a policy of mandatory retirement by age 65. Although sometimes compared to a father figure or an uncle figure, in an interview about his retirement he described himself as being more like a ""comfortable old shoe"" to his audience. His last day in the anchor chair at the ""CBS Evening News"" was on March 6, 1981; he was succeeded the following Monday by Dan Rather. Cronkite's farewell statement: On the eve of Cronkite's retirement, he appeared on"	"he ended the newscast with opinion or commentary. Beginning with January 16, 1980, Day 50 of the Iran hostage crisis, Cronkite added the length of the hostages' captivity to the show's closing in order to remind the audience of the unresolved situation, ending only on Day 444, January 20, 1981. Cronkite is vividly remembered for breaking the news of the Assassination of John F. Kennedy on Friday, November 22, 1963. Cronkite had been standing at the United Press International wire machine in the CBS newsroom as the bulletin of the President's shooting broke and he clamored to get on the"	"other news presenters bore the title before him. Cronkite anchored the network's coverage of the 1952 presidential election as well as later conventions. In 1964 he was temporarily replaced by the team of Robert Trout and Roger Mudd; this proved to be a mistake, and Cronkite returned to the anchor chair for future political conventions. From 1953 to 1957, Cronkite hosted the CBS program ""You Are There"", which reenacted historical events, using the format of a news report. His famous last line for these programs was: ""What sort of day was it? A day like all days, filled with those"	"hands together on camera with a smile and uttering, ""Whew...boy"" on July 20, 1969, when the Apollo 11 lunar landing mission put the first men on the moon. According to the 2006 PBS documentary on Cronkite, there was ""nothing new"" in his reports on the Watergate affair; however, Cronkite brought together a wide range of reporting, and his credibility and status is credited by many with pushing the Watergate story to the forefront with the American public, ultimately resulting in the resignation of President Richard M. Nixon on August 9, 1974. Cronkite had anchored the CBS coverage of Nixon's address,"	"as the United Press main reporter in Moscow from 1946 to 1948. In 1950, Cronkite joined CBS News in its young and growing television division, again recruited by Murrow. Cronkite began working at WTOP-TV (now WUSA), the CBS affiliate in Washington, D.C.. He originally served as anchor of the network's 15-minute late-Sunday-evening newscast ""Up To the Minute"", which followed ""What's My Line?"" at 11:00 pm ET from 1951 through 1962. Although it was widely reported that the term ""anchor"" was coined to describe Cronkite's role at both the Democratic and Republican National Conventions, marking the first nationally televised convention coverage,"	"source to the AP. UP reporters were called ""Unipressers"" and were noted for their fiercely aggressive and competitive streak. UP (and later UPI) became a common training ground for generations of journalists. Walter Cronkite, who started with United Press in Kansas City, gained fame for his coverage of World War II in Europe and turned down Edward R. Murrow's first offer of a CBS job to stay with UP, but who later went on to anchor the ""CBS Evening News"", once said, ""I felt every Unipresser got up in the morning saying, 'This is the day I'm going to beat"	"Artists left the network without an immediate substitute. For 13 days, Zenker delivered the ""CBS Evening News"", telling viewers that he was ""sitting in for Walter Cronkite"". After the strike ended, Cronkite returned on April 11, 1967, and opened with the words, ""Good evening. This is Walter Cronkite, sitting in for Arnold Zenker. It's good to be back."" Once the strike ended Zenker returned to his former post. After that he went on to host a variety of television and radio shows in Boston and Baltimore and worked at one time in labor relations at ABC. Zenker founded the company"	"arrest. He was 62 years old. He is interred at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in the Hollywood Hills of Los Angeles. Bill Stout William Job ""Bill"" Stout (September 4, 1927 in Illinois – December 1, 1989 in Los Angeles, California) was an American broadcast journalist. A veteran for over thirty years, Stout's career began after World War II at the ""Los Angeles Times"", from which he moved to CBS News. Stout moderated Richard Nixon's press conference following his defeat in the California governor's race in 1962. Stout became a frequent stand-in for famed CBS Evening News anchor Walter Cronkite. In"	"a game show based on news events. During the presidential elections of 1952 and 1956 Cronkite hosted the CBS news-discussion series ""Pick the Winner"". Another of his network assignments was ""The Morning Show"", CBS' short-lived challenge to NBC's ""Today"" in 1954. His on-air duties included interviewing guests and chatting with a lion puppet named Charlemane about the news. He considered this discourse with a puppet as ""one of the highlights"" of the show. He added, ""A puppet can render opinions on people and things that a human commentator would not feel free to utter. I was and I am proud"	"Cronkite was often cited as the ""most trusted man in America."" After Cronkite's retirement in 1981, Dan Rather became the anchor of ""CBS Evening News"". He was joined by co-anchor Connie Chung from 1993 to 1995. ""ABC Evening News"" began airing in 1953, hosted by John Charles Daly. Daly had been a well-known CBS radio correspondent, though today he is best remembered as the emcee of CBS's long-running game show, ""What's My Line?"", which he hosted while serving as ABC's anchorman. Daly left ABC in 1960 and was succeeded by a frequently expanding list of successors that included John Cameron"	"Walter Cronkite on CBS television with a commentary about the assassination of John F. Kennedy and the road ahead for the new president, Lyndon Johnson. From 1964 to his 1977 retirement from the network, Sevareid's two-minute segments on the ""CBS Evening News"" inspired those who admired him to dub him ""The Grey Eminence."" During his long run as a commentator, his segments earned both Emmy and Peabody Awards. In 1987, he was honored as an inductee to the Academy's Fourth Hall of Fame. Those who disagreed with his views nicknamed him ""Eric Severalsides."" Sevareid recognized his own biases, which caused"	"evening news casts as well. In the early and mid-1950s, Hite was narrator of several short films for RKO Pictures, including one of Stanley Kubrick's early works, ""Flying Padre"". Bob Hite announced the opening bumper for CBS's color programs starting in 1966, replacing fellow staff announcer Hal Simms who had voiced the same bumper the year before. But his most famous television credit was as announcer for the ""CBS Evening News with Walter Cronkite"" beginning in 1971, and continuing until his retirement from the network in 1979. Hite died at a Hospice in West Palm Beach, Florida at age 86."	"and Managing Editor of ""The"" ""CBS Evening News"". Rather assumed the position upon Cronkite's retirement, making his first broadcast on March 9, 1981. From the beginning of his tenure, it was clear that Rather had a significantly different style of reporting the news. In contrast to the avuncular Cronkite, who ended his newscast with ""That's the way it is"", Rather searched to find a broadcast ending more suitable to his tastes. For one week in September 1986, with CBS the target of potentially hostile new ownership, Rather tried ending his broadcasts with the word ""courage"" and was roundly ridiculed for"	"Bill Stout William Job ""Bill"" Stout (September 4, 1927 in Illinois – December 1, 1989 in Los Angeles, California) was an American broadcast journalist. A veteran for over thirty years, Stout's career began after World War II at the ""Los Angeles Times"", from which he moved to CBS News. Stout moderated Richard Nixon's press conference following his defeat in the California governor's race in 1962. Stout became a frequent stand-in for famed CBS Evening News anchor Walter Cronkite. In the early 1960s, Stout hosted a half-hour TV series, ""Line of Sight"", in which he aired his commentaries on current news"	"bulletins as they were handed to him, and recapping the events as they were known. He also related a report given to reporters by Texas Congressman Albert Thomas that the President and Governor were still alive, the first indication of their condition. At 2:00 EST, with the top of the hour station break looming, Cronkite told the audience that there would be a brief pause so that all of CBS' affiliates, including those in the Mountain and Pacific time zones which were not on the same schedule, could join the network. He then left the radio booth and went to"	"the craps table betting against the line,"" he said on ""Larry King Live"". ""If government suddenly became inspiring... we would be the happiest people in the world to turn our attention to idiots like, you know, media people, no offense."" In July 2009, ""Time"" magazine held an online poll entitled ""Now that Walter Cronkite has passed on, who is America's most trusted newscaster?"" Jon Stewart won with 44% of the vote, 15 points ahead of Brian Williams in second place with 29%. Stewart downplayed the results on the show stating ""It was an Internet poll and I was the 'None"	"At its peak RLTV was available in 29 million homes in the US. John Palmer was a host until he died in 2013. Florence Henderson was also a host until she died in 2016. RLTV documented the last on-air footage of Walter Cronkite in the form of a series of editorials known as the ""Cronkite Chronicles"". Retirement Living TV, LLC announced the network would wind down operations as a traditional network, a process that ended around December 31, 2017. However, RLTV has stated that it will continue to produce content, and will launch a streaming channel for Apple TV, Roku"	"although they are on the same network. On December 8, 2009, CBS canceled the series after almost 54 years, with the series finale airing on September 17, 2010, making it the last Procter & Gamble soap opera to end. On November 22, 1963, the live CBS broadcast of ""As The World Turns"" began as always at 1:30 EST. In this episode, the Hughes family was discussing plans for Thanksgiving. Ten minutes later, a ""CBS News Bulletin"" slide suddenly came up on the screen and Walter Cronkite gave the first report of the assassination. At the end of this bulletin, CBS"	"unsure about how much of an impact his editorial report had on Johnson's decision to drop his bid for re-election, and what eventually convinced him that the President had made the statement was Bill Moyers, fellow journalist and former aide to Johnson, telling him ""The president flipped off the set and said 'If I've lost Cronkite, I've lost Middle America.'"" Several weeks later, Johnson, who sought to preserve his legacy and was now convinced his declining health could not withstand growing public criticism, announced he would not seek reelection. During the 1968 Democratic National Convention in Chicago, Cronkite was anchoring"	"presidential candidate Richard Nixon gave a press conference, with Murrow and Cronkite in the anchor booth for CBS. Producer Don Hewitt told him to remove his headset and place it on Nixon so that Murrow and Cronkite could speak to him directly. He did so, handed Nixon his microphone, and told him ""Walter Cronkite and Ed Murrow want to talk to you."" Nixon went on the answer their questions, audible only to him. This practice of placing headsets on personalities to talk to Cronkite became a CBS trademark and joke. The last election he covered for CBS was in 1960,"	"were saying in private that ""widespread and deep changes in attitudes, a sense that a watershed has been reached."" A great deal has been said by historians concerning how the news media made Tet the ""turning point"" in the public's perception of the war. Popular CBS anchor Walter Cronkite stated during a news broadcast on February 27, ""We have been too often disappointed by the optimism of the American leaders, both in Vietnam and Washington, to have faith any longer in the silver linings they find in the darkest clouds"" and added that, ""we are mired in a stalemate that"	"the anchor desk in the newsroom. Within twenty seconds of the announcement, every CBS affiliate except Dallas' KRLD (which was providing local coverage) was airing the network's feed. The camera was finally operational by this time and enabled the audience to see Cronkite, who was clad in shirt and tie but without his suit coat, given the urgent nature of the story. Cronkite reminded the audience, again, of the attempt made on the life of the President and tossed to KRLD news director Eddie Barker at the Dallas Trade Mart, where Kennedy was supposed to be making a speech before"	"News"" on September 2, 1963, when the show was expanded from 15 to 30 minutes, making Cronkite the anchor of American network television's first nightly half-hour news program. Cronkite's tenure as anchor of the ""CBS Evening News"" made him an icon in television news. During the early part of his tenure anchoring the ""CBS Evening News"", Cronkite competed against NBC's anchor team of Chet Huntley and David Brinkley, who anchored the ""Huntley-Brinkley Report"". For much of the 1960s, the ""Huntley-Brinkley Report"" had more viewers than Cronkite's broadcast. A key moment for Cronkite came during his coverage of John F. Kennedy's"	"contradicted by press reports as journalists made their way into the city and reported on the extent of PAVN/VC control and the bitter house-to-house fighting that was underway. On 10 February 1968, CBS News anchorman Walter Cronkite visited southern Huế to film footage for a special report on the Vietnam War. The ""Report from Vietnam: Who, What, When, Where, Why?"" screened on 27 February 1968, Cronkite closed the report with the editorial comments: After watching Cronkite's editorial report, President Lyndon Johnson is purported to have said, ""If I've lost Cronkite, I've lost Middle America."" This account has been questioned in"	"the ""predominant news voice in America."" Affectionately known as ""Uncle Walter,"" he covered many of the important news events of the era so effectively that his image and voice are closely associated with the Cuban Missile Crisis, the assassination of President John F. Kennedy, the Vietnam War, the Apollo 11 Moon landing, and the Watergate scandal. ""USA Today"" wrote that ""few TV figures have ever had as much power as Cronkite did at his height."" Enjoying the cult of personality surrounding Cronkite in those years, CBS allowed some good-natured fun-poking at its star anchorman in some episodes of the network's"	"a psychological victory, definitively turning American public opinion against the war effort. Iconically, Walter Cronkite of CBS news, voted the nation's ""most trusted person"" in February expressed on the air that the conflict was deadlocked and that additional fighting would change nothing. Johnson reacted, saying ""If I've lost Cronkite, I've lost middle America"". Indeed, demoralization about the war was everywhere; 26% then approved of Johnson's handling of Vietnam; 63% disapproved. Clark Clifford, the new Defense Secretary, described the war as ""a loser"" and proposed to ""cut losses and get out"". He was supported by most of the ""Wise Men,"" who"	"his anchor desk in New York City, would give a few words on what was about to happen. An announcer would then give the date and the event, followed by a loud and boldly spoken ""You are there!"" At the end of the program, after Cronkite summarizes what happened in the preceding event, he reminded viewers, ""What sort of day was it? A day like all days, filled with those events that alter and illuminate our times... all things are as they were then, and you were there."" The program was seen again on Saturday morning as a videotaped color"	"then switched to Pete Clapper on Capitol Hill for an interview with the Senate's press liaison. Moments later, the interview was interrupted by Gardiner's report of the President's death: ABC Radio then returned to orchestral music. At 2:00 p.m. EST, Walter Cronkite moved from the CBS Radio flash booth, to his desk. The static CBS news bulletin bumper which had been on the screen for the last several minutes as Cronkite filed audio reports was now replaced by a live image of him, since a camera was now warmed up and ready to broadcast. Any CBS affiliates that had not"	"are largely lost. Moving images of Walter Cronkite reading the news in his studio every night for six years (1962-August 2, 1968) are mostly gone. Exceptions are his coverage of the Cuban Missile Crisis in October 1962 and the November 1963 tragedies in Dallas, Texas: the JFK assassination, the shootings of police officer J. D. Tippit and Lee Oswald and all three funerals, as well as his introduction of the Beatles and his criticism of the Vietnam War. Douglas Edwards anchored the live five-minute segment ""The CBS Afternoon News"" five afternoons a week between 1962 and 1966. He started the"	"it. He eventually found a wrap-up phrase more modest than Cronkite's and more relaxed than his own previous attempt; for nearly two decades, Rather ended the show with ""That's part of our world tonight."" Rather also held other positions during his time as anchor. In January 1988, he became host of the newly created ""48 Hours"" and in January 1999, Rather joined the new ""60 Minutes II"" as a correspondent. While Rather had inherited Cronkite's ratings lead, the success of the ""Evening News"" with Rather at the helm fluctuated wildly. After a dip to second place, Rather regained the top"	"be tolerated."" These issues preceded the departures of Murrow, Smith, and ultimately Downs himself. He later wrote in a letter to Eric Sevareid: ""At least I can shout to the world this—I'm my own midget. The mistakes will be my mistakes—the failures will have my fiat—the successes, if any or none, will not be subject to people who worry about thick lenses, long noses, or advertising agency or affiliate bias."" He ultimately resigned as State Department correspondent for CBS in March 1962 during a shakeup that also saw the replacement of Douglas Edwards with Walter Cronkite as the anchor of"	"was known for hiring Walter Cronkite when he was a graduate student to work for him. Kennedy ran the station on a shoestring budget. He believed in giving anyone who wanted to learn the principles of good television journalism the chance to train on the job. As a result, over the years the station served as a training ground for recent college graduates. Due in part to the extremely high turnover—even considering the size of the market—the station's newscasts were constantly at the bottom of the ratings. The notable exception was the noon news, which was anchored by Walter Furley"
Who had a 70s No 1 hit with Let Your Love Flow?	"Let Your Love Flow ""Let Your Love Flow"" is a pop song written by Larry E. Williams which was recorded in the autumn of 1975 by country music duo the Bellamy Brothers for whom it afforded an international hit in 1976. The song's composer Larry E. Williams had been a roadie for Neil Diamond's live shows and ""Let Your Love Flow"" had been published by Bicycle Music who owned Diamond's own catalog having been founded by the singer - on Diamond's apparent disinterest in recording the song himself Howard Bellamy of the Bellamy Brothers has commented ""it really wasn't in"	"career."" ""Let Your Love Flow"" reached #1 on the ""Billboard"" Hot 100 dated 1 May 1976, also crossing-over to the ""Billboard"" chart rankings for Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks with a peak of #2, and also for Hot Country Singles with a peak of #21. According to David Bellamy (quote): ""There were a couple of guys from Holland [ie. the Netherlands] who were in town when the single was released, and our record company gave it to them to take home and they also sent it to Germany"", and ""Let Your Love Flow"" would in fact debut at #22 on the"	"Your Love Flow"", written by Diamond's roadie Larry Williams. Released in 1976, ""Let Your Love Flow"" was a No. 1 single on the United States pop charts, as well as more than a dozen countries worldwide. Although ""Let Your Love Flow"" was also a hit on the Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart, the Bellamys' country music success was limited until 1979, when ""If I Said You Had a Beautiful Body Would You Hold It Against Me"" was released. The song, whose ""double entendre"" title was derived from a Groucho Marx quote, landed the Bellamys their first country music No."	"The Bellamy Brothers The Bellamy Brothers are an American pop and country music duo consisting of brothers David Milton Bellamy (born September 16, 1950) and Homer Howard Bellamy (born February 2, 1946), from Darby, Florida, United States. The duo had considerable musical success in the 1970s and 1980s, starting with the release of their crossover hit ""Let Your Love Flow"" in 1976, a Number One single on the ""Billboard"" Hot 100. Starting in the late 1970s, the Bellamy Brothers found success in country music as well, charting twenty Number One singles and more than fifty hits overall on the country"	"2006 from complications of a stroke and diabetes. He is survived by his wife, children, and grandchildren. King Floyd King Floyd (February 13, 1945 – March 6, 2006) was a New Orleans soul singer and songwriter, best known for his Top 10 hit from 1970, ""Groove Me"". King Floyd III was born in New Orleans in 1945. His musical career started as a singer at the Sho-Bar on Bourbon Street. Following a stint in the army, Floyd went to California, where he joined up with record producer Harold Battiste. His debut album, ""A Man In Love,"" featuring songs co-written with"	"on a few tracks on Neil Diamond's 1971 album ""Stones""; ""Moods"" was his first full album with him, and he played on every Diamond album until 1987 and toured with him for 17 years. He also co-wrote with Diamond, including the up-tempo ""Forever in Blue Jeans"" from the 1978 album ""You Don't Bring Me Flowers"", which reached the Top 20. On 1975's ""Let Your Love Flow"" by The Bellamy Brothers, Bennett plays lead guitars. It also features in a UK Barclay's Bank commercial. The song was written by Larry Williams, a member of Neil Diamond's road crew. Formed in the"	"the band's one major hit, ""Float On"", with Arnold Ingram and Marvin Willis. The lyrics spotlight each member of the band, who introduced themselves with their name, astrological sign, and ideal type of romantic partner. The song was produced by Woody Wilson. It became a worldwide hit in 1977 on ABC Records, reaching No. 1 on the US R&B chart, No. 2 on the US ""Billboard"" Hot 100 chart, and No. 1 in the UK Singles Chart (for a single week in August that year). Follow-ups such as ""You Don't Have to Say You Love Me"" (No. 28 ""Billboard"" R&B"	"You and Me"", reached no. 78 on the R&B chart, and she also released an album, ""Love Trip"". In 1976, the single ""Let It Flow"" (no. 76 R&B) was released on the Contempo label, owned by John Abbey, the founder and editor of ""Blues & Soul"" magazine. She and Abbey married in Atlanta, Georgia in 1977. In 1977, ""Cloudy"", on the Atlantis label, made no. 92 on the R&B chart, and in 1979 her version of ""Can't Live Without Your Love"", written and arranged by Randy Muller of Brass Construction and issued on the Polydor label, reached no. 70 on"	"Nicolette Larson Nicolette Larson (July 17, 1952 – December 16, 1997) was an American pop singer. She is perhaps best known for her work in the late 1970s with Neil Young and her 1978 hit single of Neil Young's ""Lotta Love,"" which hit No. 1 on the Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks chart and No. 8 on the Pop Singles chart. It was followed by four more adult contemporary hits, two of which were also minor pop hits. By 1985, she shifted her focus to country music, charting six times on the US Country Singles chart. Her only top-40 country hit"	"chart. Nicolette Larson Nicolette Larson (July 17, 1952 – December 16, 1997) was an American pop singer. She is perhaps best known for her work in the late 1970s with Neil Young and her 1978 hit single of Neil Young's ""Lotta Love,"" which hit No. 1 on the Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks chart and No. 8 on the Pop Singles chart. It was followed by four more adult contemporary hits, two of which were also minor pop hits. By 1985, she shifted her focus to country music, charting six times on the US Country Singles chart. Her only top-40 country"	"Don't Pull Your Love ""Don't Pull Your Love"" is a classic song written by Brian Potter and Dennis Lambert. The song was originally released in 1971 by Hamilton, Joe Frank & Reynolds. The song was an international hit, hitting number one on the U.S. ""Cash Box"" Top 100 and reaching number four on the ""Billboard"" Hot 100, as well as ""Billboard""s Easy Listening chart. In Canada, the song spent one week at number one. ""Don't Pull Your Love"" became a gold record. The song utilized session musicians later referred to as the Wrecking Crew. The song was sung by Rob"	"CD1 CD2 Don't Pull Your Love ""Don't Pull Your Love"" is a classic song written by Brian Potter and Dennis Lambert. The song was originally released in 1971 by Hamilton, Joe Frank & Reynolds. The song was an international hit, hitting number one on the U.S. ""Cash Box"" Top 100 and reaching number four on the ""Billboard"" Hot 100, as well as ""Billboard""s Easy Listening chart. In Canada, the song spent one week at number one. ""Don't Pull Your Love"" became a gold record. The song utilized session musicians later referred to as the Wrecking Crew. The song was sung"	"""Billboard"" Hot 100 chart with their cross-over hit ""Let Your Love Flow"" in 1976, also hail from Darby. Close friend Bobby Braddock, a member of the Country Music Hall of Fame with multiple number ones to his credit, was born in Lakeland, in Polk County, and grew up in nearby Auburndale. Kent Lavoie, better known by his stage name, Lobo, hit Number Five on the ""Billboard"" Pop chart in 1971 with the soft rock song ""Me and You and a Dog Named Boo"". He was born in Tallahassee and grew up in Winter Haven. While attending the University of South"	"Freeway of Love ""Freeway of Love"" is a song by American singer Aretha Franklin. It was written by Jeffrey Cohen and Narada Michael Walden and produced by the latter for her thirtieth studio album ""Who's Zoomin' Who?"" (1985). The song features a notable contribution from Clarence Clemons, the saxophonist from Bruce Springsteen’'s E Street Band. Sylvester and Jeanie Tracy provided backup vocals on ""Freeway of Love"". Released as the album's leading single, it became Franklin's highest-charting single in twelve years, reaching number three on the ""Billboard"" Hot 100 chart, while topping the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart for five weeks from"	"King Floyd King Floyd (February 13, 1945 – March 6, 2006) was a New Orleans soul singer and songwriter, best known for his Top 10 hit from 1970, ""Groove Me"". King Floyd III was born in New Orleans in 1945. His musical career started as a singer at the Sho-Bar on Bourbon Street. Following a stint in the army, Floyd went to California, where he joined up with record producer Harold Battiste. His debut album, ""A Man In Love,"" featuring songs co-written with Dr. John, failed to make an impact on the charts. Floyd returned to New Orleans in 1969"	"Float On (The Floaters song) ""Float On"" is a 1977 hit song by the R&B/soul group The Floaters. The spoken verses combine two popular trends from the time, star signs and video and phone dating, in lines such as ""Aquarius and my name is Ralph / Now I like a woman who loves her freedom"". The song was co-written by James Mitchell of The Detroit Emeralds group. Released from their self-titled debut album, it became one of the biggest singles of the year, spending six weeks at number one on the U.S. Hot Soul Singles chart. ""Float On"" was also"	"Rollin' with the Flow ""Rollin' with the Flow"" is a song released by American country music artists T.G. Sheppard, in 1974 on the B-side of a single and in 1975 on his debut album ""T.G. Sheppard"", and Charlie Rich, in 1977. The Rich single was his eighth Number One on the U.S. ""Billboard"" Hot Country Singles charts. ""Rollin' with the Flow"" also crossed over into the top-40 of the adult contemporary music charts and narrowly missed the ""Billboard"" Hot 100, peaking at number 101 on the Bubbling Under the Hot 100 chart. It has been covered by country singer Mark"	"Let It Flow (song) ""Let It Flow"" is a song by American R&B singer Toni Braxton. Written and produced by Babyface, the song was originally recorded for, and included on, the to the 1995 motion picture ""Waiting to Exhale"". ""Let It Flow"" was released as a double A-side with ""You're Makin' Me High"", the lead single from Braxton's second studio album, ""Secrets"" (1996). At the time the single was issued, ""Let It Flow"" was already receiving strong radio airplay in the United States, and the two tracks eventually topped the ""Billboard"" Hot 100 and Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs charts. The music"	"Let It Flow (Dave Mason album) Let It Flow is a solo album by Dave Mason, released in 1977. ""Let It Flow"" was Mason’s biggest selling album while on Columbia Records. Mason was joined on the album by a variety of guest musicians. The album reached #37 on the ""Billboard 200"", lasting 49 weeks on the chart. The song ""We Just Disagree"" reached number #12 on the ""Billboard"" charts in the US and was the record's major commercial success. Other charting singles from this album are ""So High (Rock Me Baby and Roll Me Away)"" and ""Let It Go, Let"	"Darlene Love Darlene Wright (born July 26, 1941), known by her stage name, Darlene Love, is an American popular music singer and actress. She gained prominence in the 1960s for the song ""He's a Rebel,"" a No. 1 American single in 1962, and was one of the artists who performed on the celebrated Christmas album ""A Christmas Gift for You from Phil Spector,"" produced by Phil Spector in 1963. She is ranked number 84 among Rolling Stone's 100 Greatest Singers. As a minister's daughter, she grew up listening to gospel music and was a dedicated member of her church. She"	"like ""Say My Name"" in 2000), Kelly Rowland (4 #1 hits like Dilemma in 2002), Kelly Clarkson (3 #1 hits like ""A Moment Like This"" in 2002), rock and roll pioneer Roy Orbison (d.1988) (2 #1 hits like ""Oh, Pretty Woman"" in 1964), country singer Kenny Rogers (2 #1s like ""Islands in the Stream"" in 1983), Christopher Cross (2 #1s like ""Sailing"" in 1980), The Crickets (w/Buddy Holly (d.1959), ""That'll Be the Day"" in 1957), B.J. Thomas (""Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head"" in 1970), Janis Joplin (d.1970) (""Me and Bobby McGee"" in 1971, she attended the University of Texas),"	"The Love You Save ""The Love You Save"" is a 1970 number-one hit single recorded by The Jackson 5 for Motown Records. It held the number-one spot on the soul singles chart for six weeks and the number-one position on the ""Billboard"" Hot 100 singles chart for two weeks, from June 27 to July 4, 1970 (in the UK Top 40 chart, it peaked at number 7 in August 1970). The song is the third of the four-in-a-row Jackson 5 number-ones released (the others were ""I Want You Back"", ""ABC"", and ""I'll Be There""). ""Billboard"" ranked the record as the"	"It Flow"", which reached #89 and #45 in the US respectively. Let It Flow (Dave Mason album) Let It Flow is a solo album by Dave Mason, released in 1977. ""Let It Flow"" was Mason’s biggest selling album while on Columbia Records. Mason was joined on the album by a variety of guest musicians. The album reached #37 on the ""Billboard 200"", lasting 49 weeks on the chart. The song ""We Just Disagree"" reached number #12 on the ""Billboard"" charts in the US and was the record's major commercial success. Other charting singles from this album are ""So High (Rock"	"Bleeding Love ""Bleeding Love"" is a song performed by British singer Leona Lewis, who released it from her 2007 debut studio album, ""Spirit."" Jointly composed by American singers and songwriters Jesse McCartney and Ryan Tedder, and produced by Tedder, the song is the album's lead single; officially, it was Lewis's official second single, and followed ""A Moment Like This"". It was released in the United Kingdom and Ireland in October 2007. Debuting at number one on the UK Singles Chart and the Irish Singles Chart, ""Bleeding Love"" became the best-selling single of 2007 in both countries. After the single's release,"	"Shake Your Love ""Shake Your Love"" (Atlantic 89187, Atlantic UK A9187) is the second single by American singer-songwriter-actress Debbie Gibson, and the lead off single for her album ""Out of the Blue"" (LP 81780). Originally recorded in the spring of 1987, the song is written by Gibson and produced by Fred Zarr and engineered by Don Feinberg for BiZarr Music, Inc., with Douglas Breitbart as executive producer. It was released in September 1987 and reached No. 4 on the U.S. ""Billboard"" Hot 100 singles chart in December that year. It was her breakthrough single in the UK, reaching No. 7"	"albums, in concerts and television appearances. In 1975, Beland left the band, citing Kristofferson's drinking issues as the main reason. Not long afterward, Beland was hired by emerging singer-songwriter, Kim Carnes. He played on her albums, ""St. Vincent's Court"" and ""Sailing"", as well as backing her on tour as an opening act for the pop star Neil Sedaka, who was enjoying a comeback at the time. Fortuitously, two brothers from Florida, Howard and David Bellamy, arrived in Los Angeles in 1976. They had just scored a massive hit with ""Let Your Love Flow"". New to the local scene, they hired"	"'Another Night' and 'Runaway.' Polishing it up '90s- style gives the group a clear shot at plenty of radio and club play for the summer ahead."" Come and Get Your Love ""Come and Get Your Love"" is a 1974 hit single by the Native American rock band Redbone. The song was written and produced by band members Pat and Lolly Vegas. One of their most successful singles, the song was originally featured on Redbone's 1973 album, ""Wovoka""; later the song appeared on many ""greatest hits"" albums released by the band, as well as on numerous compilation albums of the 1970s."	"Dutch Top 30 chart dated 6 March 1976, the same date as the track's ""Billboard"" Top 40 debut at #38: the track would eventually peak at #6 on both the Dutch chart and Belgium's Flemish chart. In June and July 1976 ""Let Your Love Flow"" spent five weeks at #1 in Germany and also in Switzerland, while the track would be ranked at #1 on the monthly Austrian hit parades dated the 15th of August, September and October. ""Let Your Love Flow"" was afforded further European success with a seven-week tenure at #2 in both Norway and Sweden, while in"	"""I Just Want to Be Your Everything"" and ""Shadow Dancing"". The most successful Australian female artist of the decade, Olivia Newton-John, became a leading singer in the 1970s in both the popular and country genres and realized several number one hits, including the songs, ""Let Me Be There"" and ""I Honestly Love You"" for which she received three Grammys. Additional top music acts in Australia and New Zealand included: Little River Band, Sherbet, Skyhooks, John Paul Young, Marcia Hines, Jon English, Richard Clapton, Dragon, Hush and the Ted Mulry Gang. The Wailers, a band started by Bob Marley, Peter Tosh"	"1967 hit ""Cold"") failed even to ""Bubble Under."" In 1967, only one single reached #1 on both charts ""Somethin' Stupid"" by Frank Sinatra and Nancy Sinatra. This trend began to reverse by the end of the decade. Notable artists with multiple #1 songs on this chart during the 1960s include Elvis Presley, Roy Orbison, Connie Francis, Dean Martin, Andy Williams, The 5th Dimension, and Glen Campbell. ""Love Is Blue"" by Paul Mauriat held the top of the Easy Listening chart for 11 weeks in 1968, which remained the longest stay at #1 until 1993. The Hot 100 and Easy Listening"	"with ""You Send Me"" in 1957), and Phil Everly of the Everly Brothers, Minnie Riperton (who had a #1 Hot 100 hit with ""Lovin' You"" in 1975), and singer-musician Curtis Mayfield were born there. Earth, Wind & Fire had a #1 Billboard Hot 100 hit with the funk and disco song ""Shining Star"" in 1975. The Staple Singers had a #1 Hot 100 hit with ""I'll Take You There"" in 1972. The girl group The Emotions had a #1 Hot 100 hit in 1977 with ""Best of My Love"". Chaka Khan (""The Queen of Funk"") of Rufus had the 1984"	"The Love Exchange The Love Exchange was an American psychedelic rock band best known for their single ""Swallow the Sun"" released in 1967. Sixteen-year-old Bonnie Blunt was lead singer. They were signed by Uptown Records, a subsidiary of MCA Records. By late November 1967 The Love Exchange released a single ""Swallow the Sun"" (written by John Merrill) (backed by ""Meadow Memory"") (Uptown Records 755), which is described as the band's ""chief claim to fame"", and ""a nice folk-rock-psychedelic tune that's emblematic of the time with its trippily optimistic lyrics, garage-like Mamas & the Papas female-male harmonies, and swirling organ"". ""Swallow"	"in 1972), ""Got the All Overs For You (All Over Me)"" (No. 1 in 1972), ""If You Can't Feel It (It Ain't There)"" (1973), ""Super Kind of Woman"" (No. 1 in 1973), ""Trip to Heaven"" (No. 1 in 1973), ""Hang In There Girl"" (1974), ""The Want-To's"" (1974), ""My Woman's Man"" (1975), ""The First Time"" (1975), ""I'd Like To Sleep Till I Get Over You"" (1975) and ""The Warm Side of You"" (1975). He has been called by many fans as ""The Heart and Soul of Country Music"". With the success of ""Easy Loving"" and other songs he wrote, plus a"
Which state renewed Mike Tyson's boxing license in 1998?	"Mike Tyson vs. Francois Botha Mike Tyson and Francois Botha competed in a professional boxing match on January 16, 1999. Tyson won the match by knocking out Botha in the fifth round. After Tyson's controversial fight with Evander Holyfield on June 28, 1997 which saw Tyson get disqualified in the third round after twice biting Holyfield's ears, the Nevada Athletic Commission fined Tyson $3 million and revoked his boxing license. Tyson's ban would ultimately last a total of 15 months and 10 days with it finally ending after a five-man committee voted in favor of reinstating Tyson by a vote"	"not permanent, as the commission voted 4–1 to restore Tyson's boxing license on October 18, 1998. During his time away from boxing in 1998, Tyson made a guest appearance at WrestleMania XIV as an enforcer for the main event match between Shawn Michaels and Steve Austin. During this time, Tyson was also an unofficial member of Michaels' stable, D-Generation X. Tyson was paid $3 million for being guest enforcer of the match at WrestleMania XIV. In January 1999, Tyson returned to the ring for a match against the South African Francois Botha. This match also ended in controversy. While Botha"	"film ""Nine Legends"" where he discussed his time involved in WWE. Select pay-per-view boxing buy rates at American closed-circuit theatre television venues: The Central State University in Wilberforce, Ohio, in 1989 awarded Tyson an honorary doctorate in humane letters: ""Mike demonstrates that hard work, determination and perseverance can enable one to overcome any obstacles."" Mike Tyson Michael Gerard Tyson (born June 30, 1966) is an American former professional boxer who competed from 1985 to 2005. He reigned as the undisputed world heavyweight champion and holds the record as the youngest boxer to win a heavyweight title at 20 years, four"	"The result was later changed to no contest after Tyson refused to take a pre-fight drug test and then tested positive for marijuana in a post-fight urine test. Tyson fought only once in 2001, beating Brian Nielsen in Copenhagen by TKO in the seventh round. Tyson once again had the opportunity to fight for a heavyweight championship in 2002. Lennox Lewis held the WBC, IBF, IBO and Lineal titles at the time. As promising fighters, Tyson and Lewis had sparred at a training camp in a meeting arranged by Cus D'Amato in 1984. Tyson sought to fight Lewis in Nevada"	"Tyrone Brunson (boxer) Tyrone Brunson (born January 5, 1985) is an American professional boxer, notable for holding the record of the most consecutive first-round knockouts for over 6 years (8 March 2008 – 6 July 2014). Brunson hails from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and comes from a long line of middleweight boxers from the city. His amateur career extended over 90 fights, finishing with a record of 82-12 with 79 knockout wins. Brunson turned professional in 2005 with a KO victory over Kevin Carey in a fight which lasted just 25 seconds. He had 7 more fights that year, all of which"	"Askew were part of that season's squad. Mike Tyson received his early training in the Capital District and his first professional fight was in Albany in 1985 and Tyson's first televised fight was in Troy in 1986. He fought professionally four times in Albany and twice each in Troy and Glens Falls between 1985 and 1986. Since 1988, the Siena College men's basketball team (the Siena Saints) have appeared in six NCAA Tournaments (1989, 1999, 2002, 2008, 2009, and 2010). Albany County was originally settled primarily by Protestants from northern Europe: the Netherlands, British Isles, and Germany. In the 19th"	"Nevada State Athletic Commission (NSAC), he served as the Chairman of the Medical Advisory Board that made hepatitis testing mandatory in all athletes. He was part of the board that denied Mike Tyson his license for boxing in 2002. Before leaving the NSAC, Alamo sanctioned one of the largest bouts in boxing history, Oscar De La Hoya vs. Floyd Mayweather. Alamo is the first person in Nevada history to have served on both the Gaming and Athletic Commission. In July 2014, Alamo was appointed by Governor Brian Sandoval to be chairman to the Nevada Gaming Commission. Tony Alamo, M.D. serves"	"$2,400, but a crowd of 15,327 turned up to see boxing's then biggest event at the Pyramid Arena in Memphis, Tennessee. Tyson also had to pay Lewis $335,000 out of his purse for biting him at the news conference announcing the fight, which was originally scheduled for 6 April 2002 in Las Vegas. Las Vegas, however, rejected the fight because of Tyson's licensing problems and several other states refused Tyson a licence before Memphis finally bid US $12 million to land it. By the end of the seventh round Tyson was tired and sluggish, his face swollen and his eyes"	"Australia three months later. The California Athletic Commission suspended Henderson's state boxing license after it learned of the matches in Australasia. In 1968, police from Fort Worth found marijuana in Henderson's possession, and he briefly returned to prison. In 1972 Nevada suspended Henderson's boxing license because, unless the boxer gets an exception, the state did not allow people of 36 years of age or older to be boxers. Despite the suspensions in California and Nevada, Henderson continued boxing in other states. Five states, including Texas, granted Henderson boxing licenses after California suspended its license of Henderson. Elmo Henderson used to"	"Botha, Tyson was convicted of assaulting two motorists in Indiana the year before and sentenced to one year in prison. Tyson would serve four months in prison before being paroled for good behavior on May 21 and then being officially released on June 4. After his release, Tyson began training in Arizona for the second fight in his comeback, which was scheduled to happen in the fall of 1999. Though several heavyweight contenders, including Michael Moorer, Shannon Briggs and Axel Schulz were brought up as possible opponents prior to Tyson's arrest, it was announced that former WBA Cruiserweight champion Orlin"	"to grant Tyson a license for the fight, and the promoters had to make alternative arrangements. After multiple states balked at granting Tyson a license, the fight eventually occurred on June 8 at the Pyramid Arena in Memphis, Tennessee. Lewis dominated the fight and knocked out Tyson with a right hand in the eighth round. Tyson was respectful after the fight and praised Lewis on his victory. This fight was the highest-grossing event in pay-per-view history at that time, generating $106.9 million from 1.95 million buys in the USA. In another Memphis fight on February 22, 2003, Tyson beat fringe"	"beginning in January 2015. Tyson practiced law in Fayetteville from 1993 until 1996 and from 1996 until his election to the Court, with a brief tenure as the Senior Vice President of Development for Blockbuster Entertainment Group in Ft. Lauderdale, Florida, in 1996. He worked as a Real Estate Director and Counsel for Revco Drug Stores, Inc., from 1982 to 1993 and in similar capacities for Family Dollar Stores, Inc., from 1980 to 1982. He served as a North Carolina Probation/Parole Officer for the North Carolina Department of Correction, from 1975 to 1976. He has also been a public school"	"of Fame Mike Tyson received his early training in the Capital District and his first professional fight was in Albany in 1985 and Tyson's first televised fight was in Troy in 1986. He fought professionally four times in Albany and twice each in Troy and Glens Falls between 1985 and 1986. Since 1988, the Siena College men's basketball team (the Siena Saints) have appeared in six NCAA Tournaments (1989, 1999, 2002, 2008, 2009, and 2010), while their crosstown rivals, the Great Danes of the University at Albany (SUNY) have appeared five times 2006, 2007, 2013, 2014 and 2015. The University"	"knockout. A Tyson-Holyfield fight for Holyfield's title was scheduled in 1991, but Tyson pulled out of the fight due to a thumb injury. In February 1992, before the fight could take place, Tyson was convicted of one count of rape and two counts of criminal deviate conduct against an 18-year-old woman in Indiana, and he was sentenced to 10 years in prison on each charge. The judge suspended the last four years of each sentence and ordered the sentences to run concurrently; Tyson ultimately served three years and six weeks in prison. Following his release from prison, Tyson's fights were"	"Bernardsville, New Jersey. His second marriage was to Monica Turner from April 19, 1997 to January 14, 2003. At the time of the divorce filing, Turner worked as a pediatric resident at Georgetown University Medical Center in Washington, D.C. She is the sister of Michael Steele, the former Lieutenant Governor of Maryland and former Republican National Committee Chairman. Turner filed for divorce from Tyson in January 2002, claiming that he committed adultery during their five-year marriage, an act that ""has neither been forgiven nor condoned."" The couple had two children; son Amir, and daughter Rayna. On May 25, 2009, Tyson's"	"single fight in their careers. After suffering from a string consecutive losses (2014-2015), Brunson scored two consecutive upset wins in 2017 against Brandon Quarles & former IBF Welterweight World Champion Kermit Cintron. Tyrone Brunson (boxer) Tyrone Brunson (born January 5, 1985) is an American professional boxer, notable for holding the record of the most consecutive first-round knockouts for over 6 years (8 March 2008 – 6 July 2014). Brunson hails from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and comes from a long line of middleweight boxers from the city. His amateur career extended over 90 fights, finishing with a record of 82-12 with 79"	"hopes of making a fight happen between the two, but Tyson's felony history made it impossible for him to obtain a visa to enter Japan, where the fight would have been most profitable. Alternative locations were discussed, but the fight ultimately failed to happen. On July 30, 2004, Tyson had a match against British boxer Danny Williams in another comeback fight, and this time, staged in Louisville, Kentucky. Tyson dominated the opening two rounds. The third round was even, with Williams getting in some clean blows and also a few illegal ones, for which he was penalized. In the fourth"	"Mike Tyson Michael Gerard Tyson (born June 30, 1966) is an American former professional boxer who competed from 1985 to 2005. He reigned as the undisputed world heavyweight champion and holds the record as the youngest boxer to win a heavyweight title at 20 years, four months and 22 days old. Tyson won his first 19 professional fights by knockout or stoppage, 12 of them in the first round. He won the WBC title in 1986 after stopping Trevor Berbick in the second round, and added the WBA and IBF titles after defeating James Smith and Tony Tucker in 1987."	"meet future WBC heavyweight champion Oleg Maskaev, but Tyson pulled out of the bout after former promoter Don King allegedly used threats to prevent Tyson from signing the contract. Tyson ultimately could not fight for the remainder of 2003 after running into several legal problems, including being arrested after fighting two Pennsylvania men in the lobby of a New York Marriott Hotel in June, facing a lawsuit from King bodyguard Isadore Bolton stemming from a scuffle in Florida in which Tyson allegedly broke a bone in Bolton's face. He also filed for bankruptcy in August. In June 2004, Tyson announced"	"cost of supervised probation. Brown considered running for mayor of the District of Columbia in 1998, but he ultimately decided against it, saying his mother was adamantly against it. At the time, he was a lobbyist for Patton Boggs and president and chief executive of the Ronald H. Brown Foundation. From 1996 to 2005, Brown was vice chairman of the District of Columbia Boxing and Wrestling Commission. His efforts to bring a Mike Tyson-Lenox Lewis boxing match to the District were ultimately unsuccessful. In 2005, Brown's wages were garnished by a court for defaulting on payments on a lease of"	"School of Law, in Charlottesville, Virginia, and earned a Master of Laws in Judicial Process, (LL.M.) degree. In 2000, Tyson was elected to the North Carolina Court of Appeals. His term began in January 2001. He was defeated for re-election to a second term in 2008. He continued to serve as a recall judge on the Court of Appeals, and as an emergency North Carolina Superior Court judge, and was an Adjunct Professor of Law at the Norman Adrian Wiggins School of Law (Campbell University). Tyson was elected to the Court of Appeals again in November 2014 for a term"	"protested by the National Organization for Women. Tyson, in the meantime, had been somewhat active since his release from prison. After defeating journeyman Peter McNeeley in his first fight and fringe contender Buster Mathis, Jr. in his follow-up, Tyson regained the World Boxing Council heavyweight championship in Las Vegas on March 16, 1996 by knocking out champion Frank Bruno. Tyson, however, was stripped of the WBC title after winning Bruce Seldon's WBA title for electing to fight Holyfield instead of WBC number one contender Lennox Lewis. Showtime promoted the event as a heavyweight title tripleheader, as two other champions were"	"his time tending to his 350 pigeons in Paradise Valley, an upscale enclave near Phoenix, Arizona. Tyson has stayed in the limelight by promoting various websites and companies. In the past Tyson had shunned endorsements, accusing other athletes of putting on a false front to obtain them. Tyson has held entertainment boxing shows at a casino in Las Vegas and started a tour of exhibition bouts to pay off his numerous debts. On December 29, 2006, Tyson was arrested in Scottsdale, Arizona, on suspicion of DUI and felony drug possession; he nearly crashed into a police SUV shortly after leaving"	"was originally scheduled for April 6, 2002 in Las Vegas. However, Nevada refused to grant Tyson a license after a press conference brawl between Lewis and Tyson (see below). Several other states refused Tyson a license before Memphis finally bid US$12 million in order to host the fight. The referee for the fight was Eddie Cotton, officiating his 20th world title bout. Alfred Buqwana of South Africa, Anek Hongtongkam of Thailand and Bob Logist of Belgium were appointed as judges, although both the WBC and the Tennessee Athletic Commission wanted judges from different continents. Lewis weighed in at 249.25 lb"	"the litigation by getting part of the case venue moved from Florida to his home state of Michigan. The following year, Florida enacted the Stacy Young Act into law, requiring such competitions be sanctioned by the Florida State Boxing Commission. A 2007 review of boxing deaths documented six fatalities in ""Original Toughman"" competitions since 1979, and another ten in ""Toughman-style"" bouts. Toughman Contest The Toughman Contest, founded in 1979 in Bay City, Michigan by boxing promoter Art Dore, is a chance for the novice amateur boxers (those with no more than five sanctioned wins in the past five years) to"	"it was discovered that Golota had suffered a concussion, a fractured left cheekbone and a herniated disc during the fight. Golota left boxing for almost three years before returning on August 14, 2003. Early in 2001, the Michigan Athletic Board of Control issued a three-month suspension to Tyson based on his refusal to submit to a pre-fight urine test, opting instead to take one after the fight. Days after his suspension was announced, it was discovered that Tyson had tested positive for marijuana after the fight. Because of this, his victory over Golota was overturned and changed to a no-contest."	"year, with Tyson knocking down Ruddock twice and winning a twelve round unanimous decision, with scores of 113–109, 114–108, and 114–108. A fight between Tyson and Holyfield for the undisputed championship was scheduled for November 8, 1991 at Caesars Palace in Las Vegas, but Tyson pulled out after sustaining a rib cartilage injury during training. Tyson was arrested in July 1991 for the rape of 18-year-old Desiree Washington, Miss Black Rhode Island, in an Indianapolis hotel room. Tyson's rape trial took place in the Marion County superior court from January 26 to February 10, 1992. Partial corroboration of Washington's story"	"2001, Tillman was sentenced to six years in prison for a 1996, attempted murder and voluntary manslaughter charge, and released from custody in 2002. In July 2004, Tillman was sentenced to 37 months in prison after pleading guilty to federal identity theft charges. Henry Tillman Henry Durand Tillman (born August 1, 1960) is an American former boxer. He was born in Los Angeles, California. Tillman twice defeated Mike Tyson as an amateur, winning both bouts via close decisions. Tillman went on to win heavyweight gold at the Los Angeles Olympics against highly touted Canadian boxer Willie de Wit. Tillman turned"	"deviant conduct, and sentenced to six years in the Indiana Youth Center. Rooney files a suit against Tyson for civil damages. Upon release in 1995, Tyson announces he will attempt a comeback. King remains his promoter, but is scheduled to strand trial for insurance fraud. ""Tyson"" was nominated for the 1996 NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Television Movie, Mini-Series or Dramatic Special. The award went to another HBO film, ""The Tuskegee Airmen. ""Tyson"" was released on VHS on January 13, 1998. A DVD release followed years later, on June 16, 2008. Tyson (1995 film) Tyson is a 1995 American television"	"Mike Tyson vs. Buster Mathis Jr. Mike Tyson vs. Buster Mathis Jr., billed as ""Presumption of Innocence"", was a professional boxing match contested on December 16, 1995. Mike Tyson had returned to boxing after a three-year prison stint with an 89-second victory over Peter McNeeley. After his victory, Tyson's rank as the number one ranked heavyweight was restored by the three major boxing organizations (the WBA, WBC and International Boxing Federation). Before he would fight for one of the three World Heavyweight titles, he would first partake in second comeback fight. Only days after his victory over McNeeley, it was"	"Mike Tyson vs. Buster Mathis Jr. Mike Tyson vs. Buster Mathis Jr., billed as ""Presumption of Innocence"", was a professional boxing match contested on December 16, 1995. Mike Tyson had returned to boxing after a three-year prison stint with an 89-second victory over Peter McNeeley. After his victory, Tyson's rank as the number one ranked heavyweight was restored by the three major boxing organizations (the WBA, WBC and International Boxing Federation). Before he would fight for one of the three World Heavyweight titles, he would first partake in second comeback fight. Only days after his victory over McNeeley, it was"	"performed elsewhere. In addition, same-sex couples in New York had the option to travel to states where same-sex marriage was possible to get married and have their marriages fully recognized by New York State agencies. Governor Paterson's directive was challenged as both premature and unconstitutional in an Article 78 proceeding filed on June 3, 2008, against Governor Paterson by the Alliance Defense Fund on behalf of several state legislators and conservative leaders; this lawsuit failed at all levels. On September 2, 2008, Justice Lucy A. Billings, of the State Supreme Court in Bronx, New York, issued a decision that Governor"	"rejected his civil appeal as well. Due to the size of the fines against him, Bilzerian first filed for bankruptcy in 1991. Bilzerian emerged from that bankruptcy having paid roughly $400,000 in settlement of debts exceeding $300 million. In 1999 he tried to put his house up for sale in the prestigious Avila neighborhood of Tampa, Florida, and at one point even Mike Tyson was reportedly interested in buying. He filed for bankruptcy again in January 2001, declaring his assets of $15,805 against $140 million in debts. Under Florida Bankruptcy Law, the value of his primary residence was protected from"
Neil Armstrong was a pilot in which war?	"Neil Armstrong Neil Alden Armstrong (August 5, 1930 – August 25, 2012) was an American astronaut and aeronautical engineer who was the first person to walk on the Moon. He was also a naval aviator, test pilot, and university professor. A graduate of Purdue University, Armstrong studied aeronautical engineering with his college tuition paid for by the U.S. Navy under the Holloway Plan. He became a midshipman in 1949, and a naval aviator the following year. He saw action in the Korean War, flying the Grumman F9F Panther from the aircraft carrier . In September 1951, he was hit by"	"in 1962. Armstrong commanded two B-17 Flying Fortress groups and a wing each of B-17 and B-29 Superfortresses in combat operations against both Germany and Japan. He personally led the first USAAF strategic bombing attack from England in August 1942, and the last strategic raid on Japan three years later. He also led the first attack by the USAAF against a target in Germany. Armstrong was born in Hamilton, North Carolina. He played minor league professional baseball from 1925 to 1928, after he graduated from Wake Forest College with a law degree in 1923 and a bachelor of science degree"	"Tibbets instead. On November 18, 1944, Armstrong was given command of the 315th Bomb Wing at Peterson Field, Colorado, a B-29 Superfortress wing then in training. Between March 7, 1945, and April 5, 1945, the wing deployed to Northwest Field, Guam on to fly missions against the Home Islands of Japan. On August 15, 1945, Armstrong led the longest and final heavy bombing raid in the war, with the distinction of having led both the first and last USAAF strategic bombing missions of World War II, as well as the first USAAF mission to attack Germany. In November 1945, he"	"anti-aircraft fire while making a low bombing run, and was forced to bail out. After the war, he completed his bachelor's degree at Purdue and became a test pilot at the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) High-Speed Flight Station at Edwards Air Force Base in California. He was the project pilot on Century Series fighters and flew the North American X-15 seven times. He was also a participant in the U.S. Air Force's Man in Space Soonest and X-20 Dyna-Soar human spaceflight programs. Armstrong joined the NASA Astronaut Corps in the second group, which was selected in 1962. He"	"Buzz Aldrin Buzz Aldrin (; born Edwin Eugene Aldrin Jr.; January 20, 1930) is an American engineer, former astronaut, and fighter pilot. As lunar module pilot on the Apollo 11 mission, he and mission commander Neil Armstrong were the first two humans to land on the Moon. Born in Glen Ridge, New Jersey, Aldrin graduated from the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York, in 1951, with a degree in mechanical engineering. He was commissioned in the United States Air Force, and served as a jet fighter pilot during the Korean War. He flew 66 combat missions and"	"Holloway Plan. On April 8, 1950, Ensign Thomas Lee Burgess of Patrol Squadron 26 (VP-26, the ""Tridents""), became the first aviation midshipman to die while on active service. Burgess' PB4Y-2 Privateer, based at NAS Port Lyautey, Morocco, was shot down over the western Baltic Sea in international waters by the Soviet Air Force. The Soviets claimed they thought it was a B-29 bomber, that it had violated Latvian airspace, and that it had fired on planes sent to intercept it. No crewmen were recovered. On August 16, 1950 Aviation Midshipman Neil Armstrong was qualified as a Naval Aviator; he was"	"First Flights with Neil Armstrong First Flights was a half-hour televised aviation history documentary series. The series premiered on September 25, 1991, on A&E Networks and ran for three seasons. It was hosted by former test pilot and astronaut Neil Armstrong, the first person to walk on the moon. The series initially aired Wednesdays at 9 p.m. on A&E in the U.S. The series focused on the technological history of aviation, from early balloons and gliders through war-time and mass commercial aviation, to experimental hypersonic flight at the edge of space. In the series, Neil Armstrong interviewed pilots and aerospace"	"gliders and holding national soaring competitions. Today the airfield is part of the Hobbs Industrial Airpark, a non-flying light business facility. Most of the World War II Airfield is intact, with many support buildings standing on the former station area. Hobbs Army Airfield Hobbs Army Airfield was an airfield used during World War II by the United States Army Air Forces Air Training Command as part of the Western Flight Training Center. It is located in the vicinity of Hobbs, New Mexico. On 18 December 1941 eleven days after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Maj. John Armstrong, commander of"	"the Royal Naval Air Station, Chingford, on 3 April 1916. In June 1916 his probationary period came to an end. Armstrong was first posted to No. 3 Wing RNAS, part of a joint Franco–British force formed to fly bombing raids on German industry. The British contingent was based at Luxeuil-les-Bains and flew a variety of aircraft, but principally the Sopwith 1½ Strutter, and flew its first mission on 30 July 1916. In January 1917 nine pilots from No. 3 Wing, of whom Armstrong was one, were selected to become the nucleus of the newly formed No. 3 (Naval) Squadron. Armstrong"	"Harry George Armstrong Harry George Armstrong (February 17, 1899 – February 5, 1983) was a Major General in the United States Air Force, a physician, and an airman. He is widely recognized as a pioneer in the field of aviation medicine. The ""Armstrong Limit"", the altitude above which water boils at the temperature of the human body, is named after him. Armstrong served in the Marines during World War I and the Army and Air Force from 1930 to 1957. As Director of the United States Aeromedical Research Laboratory, he applied his medical and aviation knowledge to the improvement of"	"the first Navy squadron to enter the jet age with delivery of the North American FJ-1 Fury; the squadron used this fighter to conduct the USN's first operational all-jet aircraft carrier landing at sea on 10 March 1948 aboard . After transitioning to the Grumman F9F-2 Panther, VF-51 became the first squadron to take jets into combat and score the first air-to-air kills in the Korean War. Future astronaut and first man to walk on the Moon, Neil Armstrong, was also a Naval Aviator in VF-51 during this period. During the Vietnam War, VF-51 was the first squadron to evaluate"	"Sir Keith Park, who commanded No. 11 Group RAF in the Battle of Britain and went on to the air defence of Malta and, in the closing stages of the war, Commonwealth air units under South East Asia Command, and Air Marshal Sir Arthur Coningham Air Tactical Commander of D-Day. Three RNZAF pilots were awarded the Victoria Cross while serving with the RAF. James Allen Ward, a Sergeant Pilot with 75 Squadron, was first, when he climbed out onto the wing of his Vickers Wellington bomber to smother an engine fire in flight on 7 July 1941. In 1943 then"	"also home to two full-size aircraft, including the airplane in which Neil Armstrong learned to fly. The museum is designed for the experiential learner. There are seven interactive exhibits, ten audio/visual elements, and three simulators. Visitors can practice landing the Lunar Module and Space Shuttle or docking the Gemini spacecraft, just as Neil Armstrong did in 1966. Armstrong Air and Space Museum The Armstrong Air and Space Museum is a museum in Wapakoneta, Ohio, United States, the hometown of Neil Armstrong, first man to set foot on the Moon. The museum chronicles Ohio's contributions to the history of space flight."	"Jet Attack Jet Attack (also known as Jet Alert and released in the UK as Through Hell to Glory) is a 1958 American aviation war film set in the Korean War, featuring United States Air Force (USAF) aircraft. During the Korean War, scientist Dean Olmstead (Joseph Hamilton) designs a long-range radio transmitting and tracking device for the United States Air Force. During testing of the device, Capt. Tom Arnett (John Agar), leading an escort of North American F-86 Sabre jet fighters, is unable to prevent Olmstead's North American B-25 Mitchell bomber being shot down in North Korea. His commanding officer,"	"D'Urban Armstrong Captain D'Urban Victor Armstrong DFC was a World War I flying ace credited with five aerial victories. Armstrong was born in Natal, South Africa on 26 July 1897. He was educated at Hilton College Armstrong joined the Royal Flying Corps in 1915. He was assigned to No. 60 Squadron the following year; while with them, he scored a kill on 9 November 1916. His next posting was to No. 44 Squadron on home defense duties. In 1917, he was transferred to No. 78 Squadron to lead a flight. His final assignment was with No. 151 Squadron. He was"	"for the French Army on the Soissons and Reims fronts. When the United States joined the war he resigned from the AFS and enlisted as a Private, First Class in the United States Army Signal Corps, American Expeditionary Forces (AEF). The Army selected him for flight training, and upon completion of that training, commissioned him as a 1st Lieutenant. He went on to serve as a combat pilot, flying the Breguet 14 B.2 bomber with the 96th Aero Squadron in France. Early in 1918 he was injured in a crash, but quickly recovered and flew extensively until the end of"	"group (Lovell and Conrad) had been candidates for the original 7, but were not selected then for medical reasons. In addition, Group 2 became the first group with civilian test pilots in the group; See flew for General Electric, while Armstrong flew the X-15 research plane for NASA. Seven of the nine would receive the Congressional Space Medal of Honor for their service, valor, and sacrifice. Neil Armstrong, for being the first man on the moon (Apollo 11). Frank Borman, for commanding the first manned mission to the moon (Apollo 8). Pete Conrad, for commanding Skylab 2 and saving the"	"Frederick C. Armstrong Flight Commander Frederick Carr Armstrong (13 June 1895 – 25 March 1918) was a Canadian First World War flying ace, officially credited with 13 aerial victories. Armstrong was born in Toronto, Ontario, the youngest son of Fred and Emily (née Owen) Armstrong, and was educated at Upper Canada College between 1909 and 1912. He joined the Royal Naval Air Service, being commissioned as a probationary flight sub-lieutenant, for temporary service, on 1 December 1915. After completing his basic flight training, he was granted the Royal Aero Club Aviator's Certificate No. 2675 on a Maurice Farman biplane at"	"Force Base. After two years in flight test, Armstrong prepared for a combat tour in Southeast Asia by completing F-105 combat crew training at McConnell Air Force Base, Kansas. He was assigned to the 34th Fighter Squadron based at Korat Royal Thai Air Force Base, Thailand where he flew 100 combat missions in the F-105. In July 1968, Armstrong returned to flight test as an instructor and later as the deputy commandant at the Aerospace Research Pilot School. In August 1971, Armstrong attended the Air War College at Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama and graduated in May 1972. After a"	"Armstrong Air and Space Museum The Armstrong Air and Space Museum is a museum in Wapakoneta, Ohio, United States, the hometown of Neil Armstrong, first man to set foot on the Moon. The museum chronicles Ohio's contributions to the history of space flight. Among the items on display are an F5D Skylancer, the Gemini 8 spacecraft in which Armstrong flew (and in which he made the first space docking), Apollo 11 artifacts and a moon rock. In the museum's Astro-theater, multimedia presentations of the sights and sounds of space unfold against a starry background. The Armstrong Museum is located just"	"Services Memorial, and there is also a memorial plaque to him in the Church of the Redeemer, Toronto. He also appears (albeit misspelled as F G Armstrong) on the Hawksdown Aerodrome Memorial in Walmer, Kent. Frederick C. Armstrong Flight Commander Frederick Carr Armstrong (13 June 1895 – 25 March 1918) was a Canadian First World War flying ace, officially credited with 13 aerial victories. Armstrong was born in Toronto, Ontario, the youngest son of Fred and Emily (née Owen) Armstrong, and was educated at Upper Canada College between 1909 and 1912. He joined the Royal Naval Air Service, being commissioned"	"with a bachelor's degree in education. Armstrong's first teaching position came at Southwest Baptist College in Bolivar, Missouri, where he taught English and served as basketball coach. Southwest Baptist was a natural fit for Armstrong for it was his maternal grandfather, Reverend Daniel Preston, who was one of the college founders. With America's entry into World War I in April 1917 Armstrong took a leave of absence to serve in the U.S. Army. Assigned to the Army Signal Corps, he received pilot training and would serve as an instructor pilot for the duration of the war. While serving as an"	"his son's baby shoes on all flights, for good luck in combat. On February 8, 1943, Armstrong was promoted to brigadier general, and then assigned command of the newly formed 101st Provisional Combat Wing on February 17, continuing to fly combat missions over Germany. On June 16, 1943, Armstrong was advanced to command of the 1st Bombardment Wing, replacing daylight precision bombardment theorist Haywood S. Hansell, and was himself replaced at the end of July 1943 after being injured in a fire in his quarters. During his final combat mission in the European Theater of Operations on April 5, 1943,"	"made his first spaceflight as commander of Gemini 8 in March 1966, becoming NASA's first civilian astronaut to fly in space. During this mission with pilot David Scott, he performed the first docking of two spacecraft; the mission was aborted after Armstrong used some of his reentry control fuel to remove a dangerous spin caused by a stuck thruster. During training for Armstrong's second and last spaceflight as commander of Apollo 11, he had to eject from the Lunar Landing Research Vehicle moments before a fiery crash. In July 1969, Armstrong and Apollo 11 Lunar Module pilot Buzz Aldrin performed"	"was future astronaut Buzz Aldrin. The two remained longlife friends. He is a combat veteran of both the Korean and Vietnam Wars as a fighter pilot. During the Korean War, he flew 62 combat missions in the F-86 Sabre and shot down one Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15. During the Vietnam War, Johnson flew the F-4 Phantom II. On April 16, 1966, while flying his 25th combat mission in Vietnam, he was shot down over North Vietnam and suffered a broken arm and back. He was a prisoner of war for nearly seven years, including 42 months in solitary confinement. During this period,"	"future, destines our nation to become one of second or even third rate stature"". Armstrong also publicly recalled his initial concerns about the Apollo 11 mission, when he had believed there was only a 50% chance of landing on the Moon. ""I was elated, ecstatic and extremely surprised that we were successful"", he later said. On November 18, 2010, aged 80, Armstrong said in a speech during the ""Science & Technology Summit"" in The Hague, Netherlands, that he would offer his services as commander on a mission to Mars if he were asked. Neil Armstrong Neil Alden Armstrong (August 5,"	"west of I-75 at exit 111 (Bellefontaine Street) in Wapakoneta. The museum is operated by the Ohio Historical Society and has no formal relationship with Armstrong. The museum is a component of the National Aviation Heritage Area. Neil Armstrong was born on August 5, 1930 on his grandparents' farm, in Auglaize County, near Wapakoneta. He had a sister, June, and a brother, Dean. His parents were Stephen and Viola Armstrong. They raised their family in the small town of Wapakoneta. At the time of Neil Armstrong's first step onto the Moon, then Ohio Governor James Rhodes proposed to build a"	"emergency landing sites for the X-15 because it was underneath the Delamar Dry Lake Drop Zone where the X-15s were drop-launched from the B-52 for high altitude and space flights. On May 21, 1962, X-15 pilot Neil Armstrong, who later became a Gemini and Apollo astronaut, flew a Lockheed F-104 Starfighter to Delamar Dry Lake in case it would be needed for an upcoming X-15 flight. The F-104 was damaged in the landing attempt at Delamar when the landing gear began to retract. Armstrong got the plane back in the air and diverted to Nellis Air Force Base near Las"	"Bibliography Jet Attack Jet Attack (also known as Jet Alert and released in the UK as Through Hell to Glory) is a 1958 American aviation war film set in the Korean War, featuring United States Air Force (USAF) aircraft. During the Korean War, scientist Dean Olmstead (Joseph Hamilton) designs a long-range radio transmitting and tracking device for the United States Air Force. During testing of the device, Capt. Tom Arnett (John Agar), leading an escort of North American F-86 Sabre jet fighters, is unable to prevent Olmstead's North American B-25 Mitchell bomber being shot down in North Korea. His commanding"	"the Royal Air Force for service. They posted him to pilot's duty with No. 74 Squadron RAF to fly a Royal Aircraft Factory SE.5a. He destroyed three German Fokker D.VII fighters and two observation balloons between 19 August and 15 September 1918, earning a Distinguished Flying Cross for his deeds. On 19 September, he rejoined the USAAS and was assigned to the 25th Aero Squadron. He and the 25th moved into combat on 9 November 1918, but the war ended two days later. The present-day U.S. Air Force unit, the 25th Space Range Squadron, traces it's linage back to the"	"engineers. Archival footage and vintage aircraft were used to recreate historic takeoffs. Episodes of ""First Flights with Neil Armstrong"" are listed below in the original A&E Networks broadcast order. Season 1 traces the development of aviation technology from balloons to early post-WWII jet aircraft. Season 2 continues the story of atmospheric flight to the edge of space in the 1990s. Neil Armstrong had previously flown several aircraft featured in Season 2 during his long career as a NASA experimental test pilot in Edwards, CA. Season 3 focuses on the development of particular technologies within the broader field of aviation. The"	"Second Air Force of the Strategic Air Command at Barksdale Air Force Base, Louisiana, a post he held for four years. His final posting was in July 1956, again as head of the Alaskan Air Command, and upon his promotion to lieutenant general, as commander of the joint Alaskan Command. He retired July 31, 1962. Armstrong's son, Major Frank A. Armstrong III, USAF, followed him into the Air Force as a pilot and was killed in action in Laos on October 6, 1967. At the time, he was flying a combat mission in an A-1E Skyraider as a member of"	"as a squadron leader, both in the air and on the ground. He was also an influential tactician and test pilot. His service spanned almost the entirety of World War I fighter aviation. Born on a remote property in rural Queensland, Dallas showed an early interest in aviation. He travelled to England at his own expense following the outbreak of World War I and became a pilot in the Royal Naval Air Service (RNAS) in August 1915. Initially seeing action with No. 1 Naval Wing on the Western Front in Caudrons and Nieuport 11s, he was chosen to test one"
Which element along with polonium did the Curies discover?	"the Curies while they were investigating the cause of pitchblende radioactivity. Pitchblende, after removal of the radioactive elements uranium and thorium, was more radioactive than the uranium and thorium combined. This spurred the Curies to search for additional radioactive elements. They first separated out polonium from pitchblende in July 1898, and five months later, also isolated radium. German scientist Willy Marckwald successfully isolated 3 milligrams of polonium in 1902, though at the time he believed it was a new element, which he dubbed ""radio-tellurium"", and it was not until 1905 that it was demonstrated to be the same as polonium."	"Curium Curium is a transuranic radioactive chemical element with symbol Cm and atomic number 96. This element of the actinide series was named after Marie and Pierre Curie – both were known for their research on radioactivity. Curium was first intentionally produced and identified in July 1944 by the group of Glenn T. Seaborg at the University of California, Berkeley. The discovery was kept secret and only released to the public in November 1947. Most curium is produced by bombarding uranium or plutonium with neutrons in nuclear reactors – one tonne of spent nuclear fuel contains about 20 grams of"	"and Pierre Curie discovered that a sample of pitchblende was emitting four times as much radioactivity as could be explained by the presence of uranium alone. The Curies gathered several tons of pitchblende and refined it for several months until they had a pure sample of polonium. The discovery officially took place in 1898. Prior to the invention of particle accelerators, the only way to create polonium was to extract it over several months from uranium ore. The first attempt at creating livermorium was from 1976 to 1977 at the LBNL, who bombarded curium-248 with calcium-48, but were not successful."	"element with the symbol Po and atomic number 84, discovered in 1898 by Marie Skłodowska-Curie and Pierre Curie. A rare and highly radioactive element, polonium is chemically similar to bismuth and tellurium, and it occurs in uraniumores. Polonium has been studied for possible use in heating spacecraft. As it is unstable, all isotopes of polonium are radioactive. There is disagreement as to whether polonium is a post-transition metal or metalloid. Astatine is a radioactive chemical element with the symbol At and atomic number 85. It occurs on the Earth only as the result of decay of heavier elements, and decays"	"space probes, including the Sojourner, Spirit, Opportunity and Curiosity Mars rovers and the Philae lander on comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko, to analyze the composition and structure of the surface. Although curium had likely been produced in previous nuclear experiments, it was first intentionally synthesized, isolated and identified in 1944, at the University of California, Berkeley, by Glenn T. Seaborg, Ralph A. James, and Albert Ghiorso. In their experiments, they used a cyclotron. Curium was chemically identified at the Metallurgical Laboratory (now Argonne National Laboratory) at the University of Chicago. It was the third transuranium element to be discovered even though it is"	"them to discover two new elements, although the difficulties for study and isolation were great. In 1944, Seaborg decided to extend the search to heavier elements, and notified chemists Ralph A. James and Leon O. Morgan that irradiasen plutonium and they sent the samples to Chicago for Albert Ghiorso to analyze. By identifying characteristics of emitted alpha particles they found the new elements. Curium (atomic number 96) was discovered in 1944 by Glenn T. Seaborg, Ralph A. James and Albert Ghiorso during World War II in the Chicago Metallurgical Laboratory, as part of the Manhattan Project, by bombing plutonium with"	"production and compounds were later patented listing only Seaborg as the inventor. The new element was named after Marie Skłodowska-Curie and her husband Pierre Curie who are noted for discovering radium and for their work in radioactivity. It followed the example of gadolinium, a lanthanide element above curium in the periodic table, which was named after the explorer of the rare earth elements Johan Gadolin: The first curium samples were barely visible, and were identified by their radioactivity. Louis Werner and Isadore Perlman created the first substantial sample of 30 µg curium-242 hydroxide at the University of California in 1947"	"Today, polonium is usually produced in milligram quantities by the neutron irradiation of bismuth. Due to its intense radioactivity, which results in the radiolysis of chemical bonds and radioactive self-heating, its chemistry has mostly been investigated on the trace scale only. Polonium was discovered in 1898 by Marie and Pierre Curie, when it was extracted from uranium ore and identified solely by its strong radioactivity: it was the first element to be so discovered. Polonium was named after Marie Curie's homeland of Poland. Polonium has few applications, and those are related to its radioactivity: heaters in space probes, antistatic devices,"	"the School rapidly became a meeting spot for the best scientists. From 1880 on, Pierre and Jacques Curie started a serie of research on crystal electrical properties that led to the piezoelectricity discovery. In 1897, Marie Curie started her work on uranic rays discovered by Becquerel one year earlier. After numerous experiments in the ESPCI laboratories, she discovered that pitchblende was 4 times more radioactive than uranium or thorium. In July 1898, the Curies announced the discovery of polonium and in December of the same year that of radium. Pierre and Marie Curie received the Physics Nobel Prize in 1903."	"Curie carry on and worked with her in teaching and research. In 1910, he and Marie Curie prepared radium in metallic form in visible amounts. They did not keep it metallic, however. Having demonstrated the metal's existence as a matter of scientific curiosity, they reconverted it into compounds with which they might continue their researches. André-Louis Debierne André-Louis Debierne (; 14 July 1874 – 31 August 1949) was a French chemist and is considered the discoverer of the element actinium. Debierne studied at the elite École supérieure de physique et de chimie industrielles de la ville de Paris (ESPCI ParisTech)."	"what Curie recorded in a sentence of her paper, describing how much greater were the activities of pitchblende and chalcolite than uranium itself: ""The fact is very remarkable, and leads to the belief that these minerals may contain an element which is much more active than uranium."" She later would recall how she felt ""a passionate desire to verify this hypothesis as rapidly as possible."" On 14 April 1898, the Curies optimistically weighed out a 100-gram sample of pitchblende and ground it with a pestle and mortar. They did not realize at the time that what they were searching for"	"to investigate. Marie Curie began her investigations by testing a uranium ore called pitchblende with an electrometer. She discovered it was four times more radioactive than pure uranium, and wondered if this was due to the presence of an even more radioactive element in the pitchblende. Curie began stockpiling tonnes of pitchblende, then in the most basic of workshops with primitive equipment she undertook a multitude of complex and dangerous procedures in an attempt to isolate this new element. In the event, Curie discovered two new elements, polonium named after her native Poland and radium. Whilst these were naturally occurring"	"André-Louis Debierne André-Louis Debierne (; 14 July 1874 – 31 August 1949) was a French chemist and is considered the discoverer of the element actinium. Debierne studied at the elite École supérieure de physique et de chimie industrielles de la ville de Paris (ESPCI ParisTech). He was a student of Charles Friedel, was a close friend of Pierre and Marie Curie and was associated with their work. In 1899, he discovered the radioactive element actinium, as a result of continuing the work with pitchblende that the Curies had initiated. After the death of Pierre Curie in 1906, Debierne helped Marie"	"Curie campus. Remains of private houses dating from the reign of Augustus (27 BC-14 AD) and containing heated floors were found. Everyday items like flowerpots, bronze chains, ceramics, and drawer handles were found. The owners were wealthy enough to own baths found in one of the homes, a status symbol among Roman citizens. Several scientific discoveries have been named after Lutetia. The element lutetium was named in honor of its discovery in a Paris laboratory, and the characteristic building material of the city of Paris — Lutetian Limestone — derives from the ancient name. The ""Lutetian"" is, in the geologic"	"isotopes. A systematic search for the total radioactivity in uranium ores also guided Pierre and Marie Curie to isolate two new elements: polonium and radium. Except for the radioactivity of radium, the chemical similarity of radium to barium made these two elements difficult to distinguish. Marie and Pierre Curie’s study of radioactivity is an important factor in science and medicine. After their research on Becquerel's rays led them to the discovery of both radium and polonium, they coined the term ""radioactivity"". Their research on the penetrating rays in uranium and the discovery of radium launched an era of using radium"	"of a mixture of barium chloride and ammonium chloride. While studying uraninite, on 21 December 1898, Marie and Pierre Curie discovered that, even after uranium had decayed, the material created was still radioactive. The material behaved somewhat similarly to barium compounds, although some properties, such as the color of the flame test and spectral lines, were much different. They announced the discovery of a new element on 26 December 1898 to the French Academy of Sciences. Radium was named in 1899 from the word ""radius"", meaning ""ray"", as radium emitted power in the form of rays. Beryllium occurs in the"	"by bombarding americium-241 with neutrons. Macroscopic amounts of curium(III) fluoride were obtained in 1950 by W. W. T. Crane, J. C. Wallmann and B. B. Cunningham. Its magnetic susceptibility was very close to that of GdF providing the first experimental evidence for the +3 valence of curium in its compounds. Curium metal was produced only in 1951 by reduction of CmF with barium. A synthetic, radioactive element, curium is a hard, dense metal with a silvery-white appearance and physical and chemical properties resembling those of gadolinium. Its melting point of 1340 °C is significantly higher than that of the previous"	"its study. Their work, including Marie Curie's celebrated doctoral work, made use of a sensitive piezoelectric electrometer constructed by Pierre and his brother Jacques Curie. Pierre Curie's 1898 publication with his wife Mme. Curie and also with M. G. Bémont for their discovery of radium and polonium was honored by a Citation for Chemical Breakthrough Award from the Division of History of Chemistry of the American Chemical Society presented to the ESPCI ParisTech (officially the École supérieure de physique et de chimie industrielles de la Ville de Paris) in 2015. Curie and one of his students, Albert Laborde, made the"	"difficulties. She interviewed for a job with Marie Curie at the age of 19, and was hired. Perey spent a decade sifting out actinium from all the other components of uranium ore, which Curie then used in her study of the decay of the element. Although Curie died in 1934, the lab continued its study of actinium. A few years later Perey first noticed that the actinium she purified was emitting unexpected radiation. After further study she was able to isolate this new element which she named ""francium"" for France. Following the discovery, she received a grant to finally pursue"	"Cm α-decay was correctly determined as 26.7 days. The discovery of curium, as well as americium, in 1944 was closely related to the Manhattan Project, so the results were confidential and declassified only in 1945. Seaborg leaked the synthesis of the elements 95 and 96 on the U.S. radio show for children, the Quiz Kids, five days before the official presentation at an American Chemical Society meeting on November 11, 1945, when one of the listeners asked whether any new transuranium element beside plutonium and neptunium had been discovered during the war. The discovery of curium (Cm and Cm), their"	"Kenny did manage to draw attention to poliomyelitis as a national problem. In 1942, the ""Elizabeth Kenny Institute"" was founded in Minnesota, U.S.A. Sister Kenny can be regarded as the Florence Nightingale of Orthopedies. CURIE (Yellow) Named after Marie Skłodowska Curie (1867–1934). With the help of her husband, a French chemist, Pierre Curie, the couple discovered the twin of polonium, radium. Marie Curie was the only person to have received two Nobel Prizes once in 1903 and in 1911. Marie Curie founded the Paris Institute of Radium, and was appointed its director by the French government. Madame Curie became a"	"does not match that now known for ""hafnium"". After the war, in 1922, Coster and Hevesy found it by X-ray spectroscopic analysis in Norwegian zircon. Hafnium was thus the last stable element to be discovered. By the end of World War II scientists had synthesized four post-uranium elements, all of which are radioactive (unstable) metals: neptunium (in 1940), plutonium (1940–41), and curium and americium (1944), representing elements 93 to 96. The first two of these were eventually found in nature as well. Curium and americium were by-products of the Manhattan project, which produced the world's first atomic bomb in 1945."	"Curie used pitchblende, processing tons of it herself, as the source material for her isolation of radium in 1898. Uraninite also always contains small amounts of the lead isotopes Pb and Pb, the end products of the decay series of the uranium isotopes U and U respectively. Small amounts of helium are also present in uraninite as a result of alpha decay. Helium was first found on Earth in uraninite after having been discovered spectroscopically in the Sun's atmosphere. The extremely rare elements technetium and promethium can be found in uraninite in very small quantities (about 200 pg/kg and 4"	"respectively. These discoveries would have secured greatness indeed, as together with J. J. Thomson's discovery of the electron in 1897, they finally replaced John Dalton's model of atoms as solid spherical particles. In 1934, the Joliot-Curies finally made the discovery that sealed their place in scientific history. Building on the work of Marie and Pierre Curie, who had isolated naturally occurring radioactive elements, the Joliot-Curies realised the alchemist's dream of turning one element into another: creating radioactive nitrogen from boron, radioactive isotopes of phosphorus from aluminium, and silicon from magnesium. Irradiating the natural stable isotope of aluminium with alpha particles"	"Perey named the new isotope ""actinium-K"" (it is now referred to as francium-223) and in 1946, she proposed the name ""catium"" (Cm) for her newly discovered element, as she believed it to be the most electropositive cation of the elements. Irène Joliot-Curie, one of Perey's supervisors, opposed the name due to its connotation of ""cat"" rather than ""cation""; furthermore, the symbol coincided with that which had since been assigned to curium. Perey then suggested ""francium"", after France. This name was officially adopted by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) in 1949, becoming the second element after gallium"	"of the Earth. Only minute traces of technetium occur naturally in the Earth's crust—as a spontaneous fission product of uranium-238 or by neutron capture in molybdenum ores—but technetium is present naturally in red giant stars. The first discovered purely synthetic element was curium, synthesized in 1944 by Glenn T. Seaborg, Ralph A. James, and Albert Ghiorso by bombarding plutonium with alpha particles. The discoveries of americium, berkelium, and californium followed soon. Einsteinium and fermium were discovered by a team of scientists led by Albert Ghiorso in 1952 while studying the radioactive debris from the detonation of the first hydrogen bomb."	"of radioactivity, is named in honour of her and Pierre Curie (although the commission which agreed on the name never clearly stated whether the standard was named after Pierre, Marie or both of them). The element with atomic number 96 was named curium. Three radioactive minerals are also named after the Curies: curite, sklodowskite, and cuprosklodowskite. She received numerous honorary degrees from universities across the world. The Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions fellowship program of the European Union for young scientists wishing to work in a foreign country is named after her. In Poland, she had received honorary doctorates from the Lwów"	"gods for mankind. Discoverers of some elements named them after their home country or city. Marie Curie named polonium after Poland; ruthenium, gallium, germanium, and lutetium were based on the Latin names for Russia, France, Germany, and Paris. Other elements are named after the place where they were discovered. Four elements, terbium, erbium, ytterbium, and yttrium were named after a Swedish village Ytterby, where ores containing them were extracted. Other elements named after places are magnesium (after Magnesia), strontium, scandium, europium, thulium (after an old Roman name for the far north of Scandinavia), holmium, copper (derived from Cyprus, where it"	"helium ions. It was named in honor of Pierre Curie and Marie Sklodowska Curie. Similarly, americium (atomic number 95) was discovered in 1944–45 by Glenn T. Seaborg, Ralph A. James, Leon O. Morgan and Albert Ghiorso, working in the Manhattan Project. By bombing plutonium neutrons in the 60-inch cyclotron at the University of California, Berkeley. It was named after the continents of America, and because it is a homologous element of europium (atomic number 63), positioned right above it. Ralph A. James Ralph Arthur James (23 September 1920 in Salt Lake City, Utah – 24 February 1973 in Alamo, California)"	"has a half-life of 1601 years and decays into radon gas. Because of such instability, radium is luminescent, glowing a faint blue. Radium, in the form of radium chloride, was discovered by Marie Skłodowska-Curie and Pierre Curie in 1898. They extracted the radium compound from uraninite and published the discovery at the French Academy of Sciences five days later. Radium was isolated in its metallic state by Marie Curie and André-Louis Debierne through the electrolysis of radium chloride in 1910. Since its discovery, it has given names such as radium A and radium C to several isotopes of other elements"	"that the penetrating radiation came from the uranium itself, without any need for excitation by an external energy source. There followed a period of intense research into radioactivity, including the determination that the element thorium is also radioactive and the discovery of additional radioactive elements polonium and radium by Marie Skłodowska-Curie and her husband Pierre Curie. The intensive research of radioactivity led to Henri publishing seven papers on the subject in 1896. Becquerel's other experiments allowed him to research more into radioactivity and figure out different aspects of the magnetic field when radiation is introduced into the magnetic field. ""When"	"radioactivity introduced another factor in the calculation. After Henri Becquerel's initial discovery in 1896, Marie and Pierre Curie discovered the radioactive elements polonium and radium in 1898; and in 1903, Pierre Curie and Albert Laborde announced that radium produces enough heat to melt its own weight in ice in less than an hour. Geologists quickly realized that this upset the assumptions underlying most calculations of the age of Earth. These had assumed that the original heat of the Earth and Sun had dissipated steadily into space, but radioactive decay meant that this heat had been continually replenished. George Darwin and"	"amount of platinum ore samples for his studies from the Ural Mountains and the St Petersburg Mint and started working on chemistry and isolation of noble metals, in particular rhodium, iridium, osmium, and to a lesser extent, palladium and platinum. In 1844, he discovered a new chemical element, which he named ruthenium after Ruthenia, the Latin name of Rus'. Claus managed not only to isolate ruthenium, but also determine its atomic weight and chemical properties. He noted the similarity of the chemical properties of ruthenium, rhodium, palladium and platinum and meticulously documented his results. For this discovery, he was awarded"
In The Banana Splits what sort of animal was Snorky?	"Banana Splits discography The Banana Splits are a fictional musical group of four animal characters; Fleegle, a beagle; Bingo, a gorilla; Drooper, a lion; and Snorky, an elephant; played by actors in costume miming to music created for them, who starred in their own successful television series ""The Banana Splits Adventure Hour"". The Banana Splits' bubblegum pop rock and roll was provided by studio professionals, including Al Kooper (""You're the Lovin' End""), Barry White (""Doin' the Banana Split""), and Gene Pitney (""Two Ton Tessie""). Jimmy Radcliffe provided his songs (""I'm Gonna Find a Cave"", ""Soul"", ""Don't Go Away Go-Go Girl"","	"spacetime anomaly known as a ""slick"", which has the ability to create black holes; slicks were made by a wild creature known as a space kraken. The black hole created from the slick partially destroyed Bana, and swallowed up many subjects. Among the few survivors were a baby monkey named Spark, a warrior fox named Vix, and a pig mechanic named Chunk. In the present, Spark, Vix, Chunk and Spark's forgetful nanny bot, Bananny, secretly live on a shard used as a garbage dump, with Vix and Chunk leading insurgency missions against Zhong, although they constantly forbid Spark from coming"	"The Banana Splits The Banana Splits Adventure Hour was an hour-long, packaged television variety program featuring The Banana Splits, a fictional rock band composed of four funny animal characters. The costumed hosts of the show were Fleegle (guitar, vocals), Bingo (drums, vocals), Drooper (bass, vocals) and Snorky (keyboards, effects). The series was produced by Hanna-Barbera, and ran for 31 episodes on NBC Saturday mornings, from September 7, 1968, to September 5, 1970, and in syndication from 1971 to 1982. The costumes and sets were designed by Sid and Marty Krofft, and the series' sponsor was Kellogg's Cereals. The show featured"	"blue short-sleeved shirt with green shorts and red and white shoes. The second mascot, 'Sparkle', is a rabbit (same as Sparky) but with pink fur with white patches. She has a cheerful personality and is always happy to help. She is seen wearing a tiara, a pink tutu with jeans and pink and white shoes. She is good friends with Sparky and is into fashion and beauty. The last character is 'Naarky'. A blue aardvark with pink eyes and blue fur. He is seen wearing only a cape. He despises Sparky and aims to become the next leader of the"	"Snoopy Snoopy is Charlie Brown's pet beagle in the comic strip ""Peanuts"" by Charles M. Schulz. He can also be found in all of the ""Peanuts"" movies and television specials, like ""The Peanuts Movie"". Since his debut on October 4, 1950, Snoopy has become one of the most recognizable and iconic characters in the comic strip, and is considered more famous than Charlie Brown in other countries. The original drawings of Snoopy were inspired by Spike, one of Schulz's childhood dogs. Snoopy is a loyal, innocent, imaginative and good-natured beagle who is prone to imagining fantasy lives, including being an"	"a look of ""it's too bad to be them"") and coming to the conclusion that Snoopy is ""an overly civilized, underly 'dogified' dog"". Snoopy makes a sumptuous dinner of five pizzas and a milkshake, to which Charlie Brown retorts he hopes Snoopy can digest all that food. Snoopy then falls asleep atop his doghouse, but when he wakes up he finds himself in a polar region, to which he is made a sled dog of the Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race in Alaska, presumably during the Klondike Gold Rush or the 1925 serum run to Nome. Snoopy is cruelly mistreated,"	"to be inducted with a star, after Schulz. Snoopy Snoopy is Charlie Brown's pet beagle in the comic strip ""Peanuts"" by Charles M. Schulz. He can also be found in all of the ""Peanuts"" movies and television specials, like ""The Peanuts Movie"". Since his debut on October 4, 1950, Snoopy has become one of the most recognizable and iconic characters in the comic strip, and is considered more famous than Charlie Brown in other countries. The original drawings of Snoopy were inspired by Spike, one of Schulz's childhood dogs. Snoopy is a loyal, innocent, imaginative and good-natured beagle who is"	"VHS. Warner Archive has yet to release the complete series on DVD. The Banana Splits The Banana Splits Adventure Hour was an hour-long, packaged television variety program featuring The Banana Splits, a fictional rock band composed of four funny animal characters. The costumed hosts of the show were Fleegle (guitar, vocals), Bingo (drums, vocals), Drooper (bass, vocals) and Snorky (keyboards, effects). The series was produced by Hanna-Barbera, and ran for 31 episodes on NBC Saturday mornings, from September 7, 1968, to September 5, 1970, and in syndication from 1971 to 1982. The costumes and sets were designed by Sid and"	"often confused as a squirrel because of his bushy tail. She wears her light blue magical diamond in a dark blue heart bracelet on her left wrist. Her dad works for a shoe company. Natsuki is a rich and feisty girl with long violet hair in pigtails with a yellow-green bows, dark green eyes, she wears a lime green and black blouses with bow, a golden yellow belt with a white butterfly, dark purple shorts, long black socks and a yellow and black boots (in summer she wears a lavender blouses with a white frills with a orange butterfly, lime"	"friend of SpongeBob is Sandy Cheeks, a thrill-seeking and athletic squirrel from Texas, who wears an air-filled diving suit to breathe underwater. She lives in an oak tree entrapped in a clear glass dome locked by an airtight, hand-turned seal and is an expert in karate, as well as a scientist. Located across the street from the Krusty Krab is an unsuccessful rival restaurant called the Chum Bucket. It is run by a small green copepod named Plankton and his talking supercomputer sidekick, Karen. Plankton constantly tries to steal the secret recipe for Mr. Krabs's popular Krabby Patty burgers, hoping"	"strips, Rerun and Snoopy are playing cards with each other, both of them clueless on how to play. Snoopy is usually depicted as having seven siblings, five of whom appear at some point in the strip: Andy, Belle, Marbles, Olaf, and Spike. They were born at the Daisy Hill Puppy Farm. Most often seen is Spike, who lives a hermit-like existence in the desert, near the real-life location of Needles, California. Woodstock is Snoopy's best friend and sidekick. He is a small, yellow bird of indeterminate species. He speaks in a chirping language that only Snoopy and his other bird"	"of Pearlie's hair, but it doesn't go according to plan (he tries to cut off Jasper's hair instead, to give himself a wig). He only appears in two episodes. Norville is a gnome that once filled in for Jasper while he was on a job swap. He appears in the episode ""No Place Like Gnome"". Sugar is a possum who plays the Bongo drums with Jasper and other possums. And she wonders if Jasper is ever wearing sandals or not. She married Brush in ""Possumbillities"". Scrag and Mr. Flea are ""gangsta"" rats who spend their days rooting in park garbage"	"pun on the word ""wildlife"", which is the main theme of the show. The title refers to Darcy's eccentric life dealing with wildlife. Many episodes also had titles based on puns, such as ""Puppy Love"" (with puppies), ""Swine Flew the Coop"" (on swine flu), ""Knockin' on Heaven's Doggie Door"" (song ""Knockin' on Heaven's Door"") or ""The Trouble with Truffles"" (""Star Trek""s ""Tribbles""). Darcy is the main character in the show. She loves fashion and doesn't know too much about nature until she moves to what she calls ""the middle of nowhere"". She was born in a parking lot of her"	"Screwy Squirrel Screwball ""Screwy"" Squirrel is a cartoon character, an anthropomorphic squirrel created by Tex Avery for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. He is generally considered the wackiest and outright most antagonistic of the screwball cartoon characters of the 1940s. Among the most outrageous cartoon characters ever created, Screwy can do almost anything to almost anyone: he pulls objects out of thin air, doubles himself, and constantly breaks the fourth wall, all the while uttering a characteristic cackling laugh. The character was not as successful as Avery's Droopy was at this time, and Screwy was killed off after appearing in only five cartoons: ""Screwball"	"a time almost always appeared on the back of his mother's bike; and Spike, Snoopy's desert-dwelling brother from Needles, California, who was apparently named for Schulz's own childhood dog. Snoopy also had six other siblings, and four of them made appearances in the strip (his brothers Andy, Olaf, and Marbles, and his sister Belle). Other notable characters include Snoopy's friend Woodstock, a bird whose chirping is represented in print as hash marks but is nevertheless clearly understood by Snoopy; three of Woodstock's friends who usually appeared when on a scouting trip with Snoopy as their scout leader; Pig-Pen, the perpetually"	"strip ""Garfield"" are non-speaking pet characters, so are not strictly funny animals by the above definitions; however they are depicted with some funny animal traits, such as bipedalism and understanding of human language. Snoopy in particular writes books, plays baseball as a shortstop, and sometimes wears clothes when he indulges in his various fantasy lives, such as his college student persona known as Joe Cool. Instead of verbalizing as humans would with speech balloon, Snoopy and Garfield instead use thought balloons to convey messages. This tactic allows for the relationship between human and animal to be ambiguous, as it may"	"mostly inanimate saguaro cacti. In 1991's ""Snoopy's Reunion"", Spike's home was a huge hollow saguaro in which he kept books and his fiddle. Spike is named after Charles Schulz's childhood dog. When he was introduced to the strip, it was revealed that Spike's exceptionally low weight was because he had been living with coyotes, and his job was to clean out their den, which apparently causes him to burn off a lot of body fat. Although he got a better-fed appearance after his first visit to the Brown household, he apparently had to go ""back to business"" soon after returning"	"Splodge Splodge was a British comic strip, created by Charles Grigg. It ran between 1969 and 1974 in the British comics magazine ""The Topper"". Splodge is a goblin, the last of his species. He is a mischievous character who would play sneaky, nasty tricks on the animals of the woods, but they usually had the last laugh at the end. No humans could see or hear him, except readers of The Topper. Between 2000 and 2001 the strip had a short run in ""The Beano"", the main differences being that Splodge now lived in Beanotown Woods, and the tagline changed"	"Spunky Spunky is a fictional character in the cartoon series ""Rocko's Modern Life"" and the comic book series of the same name. Spunky (voiced by Carlos Alazraqui) is Rocko's dog. Though not explicitly stated on the show, he is a Miniature Bull Terrier. They did say in the very first episode where Rocko gets a credit card, the guy at the dog bowl store calls him a whippet. Spunky emits foul odors, eats trash, drinks his saliva, and rolls in and eats Ed Bighead's salmon bushes, causing Mr. Bighead to feel annoyed. Nickelodeon Southeast Asia's website described him as ""loving"","	"to people. Scooby is vulnerable and lovable and not brave, and very much like the kids who watch. But like kids, he likes to think that he's brave."" Scooby-Doo (character) Scoobert ""Scooby"" Doo is the eponymous character and protagonist of the animated television franchise of the same name created in 1969 by the American animation company Hanna-Barbera. Scooby-Doo is a male Great Dane and lifelong companion of amateur detective Shaggy Rogers, with whom he shares many personality traits. Named after a nonsense vocal line in Frank Sinatra's hit song ""Strangers in the Night"", he features a mix of both canine"	"Scooby-Doo (character) Scoobert ""Scooby"" Doo is the eponymous character and protagonist of the animated television franchise of the same name created in 1969 by the American animation company Hanna-Barbera. Scooby-Doo is a male Great Dane and lifelong companion of amateur detective Shaggy Rogers, with whom he shares many personality traits. Named after a nonsense vocal line in Frank Sinatra's hit song ""Strangers in the Night"", he features a mix of both canine and human behaviors (reminiscent of other funny animals in the Golden age of American animation), treated by his friends more or less as an equal while speaking in"	"finds it preferable to be with plants than with any other kind of being. She is usually seen talking with Bunnista and Bananabelle. Bananabelle is a liberal who has good heart, but is in denial about the real world events. According to the cartoonist, she represents the mainstream outlook. Bunnista is an anthropomorphic Communist rabbit that escaped from a cosmetics testing lab (where one of his eyes was destroyed). He lives with Kranti and shares most of her views and commits various acts of terrorism (recently firing an RPG at a TV station). In strips that features two characters (mostly"	"other frowning. Although there is only one animal of each type, they are referred to in the plural - Brian the lions and Rose the Elephants. As with the earlier ""Roobarb"", the main narration is provided by British actor Richard Briers. However, co-narrator Peter Hawkins manages to find a different and appropriate voice for each of the many animals. The story follows roughly the same pattern each episode. Captain Nutty Noah consults his map and randomly picks out a place to visit. The SkylArk is then shown travelling to its destination by balloon, on wheels, underwater with snorkelling figureheads or"	"Snark (Lewis Carroll) The snark is a fictional animal species created by Lewis Carroll in his nonsense poem ""The Hunting of the Snark"". His descriptions of the creatures were, in his own words, unimaginable, and he wanted that to remain so. According to Carroll, the initial inspiration to write the poem – which he called an ""agony in eight fits"" – was the final line, ""For the snark was a boojum, you see"". Carroll was asked repeatedly to explain the snark. In all cases, his answer was he did not know and could not explain. Later commentators have offered many"	"Squirrel"" (1944), ""Happy-Go-Nutty"" (1944), ""Big Heel-Watha"" (1944), ""The Screwy Truant"" (1945), and ""Lonesome Lenny"" (1946). The character was notable for being brash and erratic, and is considered by some to be more annoying than funny, with few sympathetic personality characteristics such as Bugs Bunny's nobility or Daffy Duck's pathos. Most of his cartoons revolve around him inflicting various forms of torture on his enemy (usually Meathead Dog, voiced by Dick Nelson) for seven minutes. In ""The Screwy Truant"", Screwy hits a dog across the head with everything he can find in a trunk labeled ""Assorted Swell Stuff to Hit Dog"	"described it as ""a cat with a glandular disorder"", whereas GameSpy has described it as ""downright silly"". Snorlax Snorlax (), known in Japan as , is a Pokémon species in Nintendo and Game Freak's ""Pokémon"" franchise. Created by Ken Sugimori, Snorlax first appeared in the video games ""Pokémon Red"" and ""Blue"" and subsequent sequels, later appearing in various merchandise, spinoff titles, and animated and printed adaptations of the franchise. It is voiced by Katsuyuki Konishi in the Japanese versions of the ""Pokémon"" anime and the ""Super Smash Bros."" series of video games, and by Hitoshi Takagi and Mitsuru Ogata in"	"male name. At one point Snoopy attempts to identify what type of bird Woodstock is with the aid of a field guide, asking Woodstock to attempt to imitate various birds: crow, American bittern, Carolina wren, rufous-sided towhee, yellow-billed cuckoo, Canada goose, warbler and mourning warbler. Snoopy finally gives up trying to figure it out, and says, ""For all I know, you're a duck!"" Woodstock then cries and Snoopy hugs him and apologizes. Schulz was a keen bridge player, and ""Peanuts"" occasionally included bridge references. In 1997, according to Alan Truscott, the American Contract Bridge League (ACBL), awarded both Snoopy and"	"Those Scurvy Rascals Those Scurvy Rascals is a children's animated series following the adventures of three underwear obsessed pirates. First aired by Nickelodeon UK in May 2005, it is now broadcast worldwide. The main characters Sissy Le Poop (called Jolly Roger in some versions), Smelly Pete and Shark Bait (plus Polly the Parrot) all live on the ship called ""The Soiled Pair"" and go on a different random adventure in every episode. The series was developed and produced by Blue-Zoo Productions and is owned by Entara. The opening sequence features their ship and the names of the characters. The theme"	"dog called Derryn. The humans are two university students, and their landlord, who clash with each other and the Ferals. They include the uptight, neurotic landlord Joe who is determined to remove the ferals from his garden; the affable science student Leonard, and medical student Robbie, who attempt to shield the ferals from eviction, but are sometimes exasperated with their antics. There were also the 'Bogans From The Bush' as Modigliana liked to call them, Keith, a koala and Kylie, a kangaroo. These two characters often clashed with the Ferals, thinking they were above them due to their status as"	"She does not know that the rope is actually alive. Spiky regularly catches the rope moving, or helping them and has developed a sort of friendship with it, but Mabelrose refuses to believe him. She always says that it is ""just a rope"". Rope is fairly long, and has two green beads on either end that look like two pairs of eyes. The Rope has been helping Mabelrose and Spiky since Mabelrose first stole it from Shalathrumnostrium's treasure room. Boar is a magical boar that is one of the ""anifolk"", a race of animals that can speak like human beings."	"hat. He drives a pickle-shaped car and is prone to vehicular accidents. Sometimes he gets traffic tickets from Sergeant Murphy. Wolfgang Wolf, Benny Baboon and Harry Hyena: a trio of layabouts who spend their time lazing in the sun or eating or getting into trouble. On one occasion they were deemed suitable enough to fly to the moon (with Lowly as a passenger). Bananas Gorilla: a gorilla who can be a thief whose passion for the fruit that bears his name leads him to steal bunches of them from Grocer Cat, which leads to his pursuit by Sergeant Murphy. Bananas"	"Sherri Stoner Sherri Lynn Stoner (born July 16, 1959) is an American actress, animator, and writer. She has worked extensively in animation. She was a writer and producer for such 1990s animated shows as ""Tiny Toon Adventures"" and ""Animaniacs"". She is probably best known for ""Animaniacs"", for which she created and voiced Slappy Squirrel, a grumpy retired cartoon squirrel. As a producer for ""Tiny Toon Adventures"", she won Emmy Awards for Outstanding Animated Program in 1991 and 1993. She lives and works in Los Angeles. She co-wrote (with Deanna Oliver) Universal's ""Casper"" and was on the writing staff of the"	"rabbit Bun-bun, the hyperactive ferret Kiki, and a shape-shifting alien named Aylee. Sluggy Freelance has featured several yearly recurring themes, although many of them have eventually been broken or discontinued due to developments in the overall plot. In an early 1998 plotline, one of Riff's inventions sent Torg to the ""Dimension of Pain."" Every Halloween afterwards for several years, a different demon was sent to Earth to try to bring him back, failing in amusing and unexpected ways. Bun-bun has tried to kill Santa Claus every Christmas, with continuously escalating violence; the fact that Bun-bun became the Easter Bunny early"
Who had an 80s No 1 hit with Can't Fight This Feeling?	"Can't Fight This Feeling ""Can't Fight This Feeling"" is a power ballad performed by the American rock band REO Speedwagon. The single remained at the top of the Billboard Hot 100 chart for three consecutive weeks from March 9 to March 23, 1985. The song first appeared on REO Speedwagon's 1984 album ""Wheels Are Turnin'"". It was the group's second number-one hit on the U.S. charts (the first being 1981's ""Keep on Loving You"", also written by Kevin Cronin) and reached number sixteen in the UK. ""Can't Fight This Feeling"" has appeared on dozens of 'various artists' compilation albums, as"	"he was interested in singing the song. Frey agreed, and recorded the vocal part in one day. The following day he played the guitar and recorded the background vocals, and was paid $15,000 for the work. The mid-to-up-tempo recording featured a steady drumbeat, synthesizer, and guitar, with a repeated saxophone riff framing the lyrical message. The guitar solo is played by Frey himself. The song became a major hit single, reaching No. 2 on the ""Billboard"" Hot 100 chart in March 1985, behind ""Can't Fight This Feeling"" by REO Speedwagon. It was also popular internationally, reaching No. 2 on the"	"Can't Keep this Feeling In ""Can't Keep this Feeling In"" was the lead single from Cliff Richard's 1998 album ""Real as I Wanna Be"", released a week prior to the album. It peaked on debut at number 10 on the UK Singles Chart. Richard was complaining about his deliberate exclusion from airplay on UK radio stations (not including BBC Radio 2). So a ruse was concocted in an attempt to circumvent prejudice that had increasingly led to Richard's exclusion. Richard picked the song because as he says ""it was a slow, black rhythm and blues style and had a lot"	"Can't Fight This Feeling (Junior Caldera song) ""Can't Fight this Feeling"" is a song written by Junior Caldera, Sophie Ellis-Bextor and Roselyn Della Sabina, and produced by Junior Caldera for his first album, ""Début"", released in 2009. It was released as the album's fourth single in February 2010. It was also the second single from Ellis-Bextor's fourth studio album, ""Make A Scene"". The single was released in France prior to the release of Ellis-Bextor following single, ""Bittersweet"". The video for the song was shot in Paris on 10 March 2010. It was believed that Roselyn Della Sabina stopped writing for"	"proves his point. Now we'll go on playing it regardless."" The ruse was revealed to the UK press in time for the Sunday papers as part of a strategic plan to highlight ageism in the music industry. Can't Keep this Feeling In ""Can't Keep this Feeling In"" was the lead single from Cliff Richard's 1998 album ""Real as I Wanna Be"", released a week prior to the album. It peaked on debut at number 10 on the UK Singles Chart. Richard was complaining about his deliberate exclusion from airplay on UK radio stations (not including BBC Radio 2). So a"	"Can You Feel It (The Jacksons song) ""Can You Feel It"" is a recording by American group the Jacksons, recorded in March 1980 and released as the third single from their album ""Triumph"". Written by brothers Michael and Jackie, the song featured solo leads by Randy and Michael. Released as a single in 1981, the song reached No. 77 on the pop charts and No. 30 on the R&B charts in United States, but reached No. 6 in the UK and No. 2 in the Netherlands in 1981. The accompanying video, entitled ""The Triumph,"" directed by Bruce Gowers and Robert"	"Don't Wanna Lose This Feeling ""Don't Wanna Lose This Feeling"" is a song recorded by Australian singer Dannii Minogue for her 2003 album ""Neon Nights"". It was written by the singer with Bruno Alexandre, Matthieu Joly, Terry Ronald, Madonna, Stephen Bray, James Theochari and Camille Troillard. The song was released as the album's fourth single in June 2003, reaching number five in the United Kingdom and the top 40 in Australia, Walloon Belgium, France, Ireland, and Spain. Its music video, directed by Phil Griffin, features Minogue dancing on a beach with her lover and friends. A mashup between ""Don't Wanna"	"Can't Stop Feeling ""Can't Stop Feeling"" is a song by Scottish indie rock band Franz Ferdinand. It was released as the third single from their third studio album, """" (2009), on 6 July 2009. The song failed to chart in the United Kingdom, this becoming the first Franz Ferdinand single not to chart the UK top 100. In France, however, the song debuted at #79 in the French top 100 Singles Charts. It spent another 1 week on the chart giving the song a total of 2 weeks. ""Can't Stop Feeling"" first surfaced as one of the songs recorded at"	"Kevin Cronin Kevin Patrick Cronin (born October 6, 1951) is the lead vocalist, rhythm guitarist, and occasional pianist for the American rock band, REO Speedwagon. REO Speedwagon had several hits on the ""Billboard"" Hot 100 throughout the 1980s, including two chart-toppers written by Cronin: ""Keep on Loving You"" (1981) and ""Can't Fight This Feeling"" (1985). Cronin is from the suburbs of Chicago, Illinois, area. He was born in north suburban Evanston and grew up (and learned guitar) in southwest suburban Oak Lawn. He graduated from Chicago's Brother Rice High School. His brother is Wisconsin weatherman and politician Sean Cronin. REO"	"U Can't Touch This ""U Can't Touch This"" is a song co-written, produced and performed by MC Hammer from his 1990 album ""Please Hammer, Don't Hurt 'Em"". The track is considered to be Hammer's signature song and is his most successful single. Along with Hammer, Rick James shares songwriting credits with Alonzo Miller because the song samples the prominent opening riff of ""Super Freak"". The song has been used or referenced in multiple television shows, films, commercials and other forms of media. It has also received numerous awards and recognitions. The song is notable as the winner of the Best"	"I Can't Stop This Feeling I've Got ""I Can't Stop This Feeling I've Got"" is a song by the English indie rock band Razorlight, and is the sixth track on their 2006 second album, ""Razorlight"". The song was released 19 March 2007 as the fourth single from that album in the United Kingdom, peaking at #44 in the UK Singles Chart. The song was the first single from the album to fail to enter the top 40 of the UK Singles Chart. Following its #44 debut, it fell to #59 in its second week and dropped out of the top"	"This Feeling (The Chainsmokers song) ""This Feeling"" is a song by American production duo the Chainsmokers, featuring guest vocals from American singer Kelsea Ballerini. Written by Emily Warren, Andrew Taggart and Alex Pall, with production handled by the Chainsmokers and Sly, it was released by Disruptor Records and Columbia Records on September 18, 2018, as the seventh single from the Chainsmokers' upcoming second studio album Sick Boy. It is also featured on the deluxe edition of Ballerini's second studio album, ""Unapologetically"". Kelsea Ballerini and The Chainsmokers debuted the song on The Ellen DeGeneres Show. They also performed the song on"	"75 altogether in its third week. I Can't Stop This Feeling I've Got ""I Can't Stop This Feeling I've Got"" is a song by the English indie rock band Razorlight, and is the sixth track on their 2006 second album, ""Razorlight"". The song was released 19 March 2007 as the fourth single from that album in the United Kingdom, peaking at #44 in the UK Singles Chart. The song was the first single from the album to fail to enter the top 40 of the UK Singles Chart. Following its #44 debut, it fell to #59 in its second week"	"Wanna Lose This Feeling"". UK CD single 12-inch single Australian CD single Official remixes The following people contributed to ""Don't Wanna Lose This Feeling"": Don't Wanna Lose This Feeling ""Don't Wanna Lose This Feeling"" is a song recorded by Australian singer Dannii Minogue for her 2003 album ""Neon Nights"". It was written by the singer with Bruno Alexandre, Matthieu Joly, Terry Ronald, Madonna, Stephen Bray, James Theochari and Camille Troillard. The song was released as the album's fourth single in June 2003, reaching number five in the United Kingdom and the top 40 in Australia, Walloon Belgium, France, Ireland, and"	"Can You Feel the Force? ""Can You Feel the Force?"" is a song by British soul group the Real Thing, released as a single in February 1979. It was written by band members Chris Amoo and his brother Eddie Amoo, and produced by Ken Gold for Tony Hall Productions and mastered at Sterling Sound. The song was the group's biggest disco hit, reaching number five in the UK Singles Chart and spending 11 weeks in the top 75, and also charting in a number of other countries. In March 1979 it was certified silver by the BPI for shipments of"	"English songwriter Terry Shaddick entitled ""Let's Get Physical,"" and played the demo to Davies, imagining the song would be suited to a male singer such as Rod Stewart. Kramer overheard the song from the next room and thought it would be a way to promote another one of his clients, Mr. Universe, by having him appear with Newton-John on her album cover. Retitled ""Physical,"" the song spent ten weeks at number 1 on the American ""Billboard"" Hot 100 chart and was a worldwide hit. ""Fight for This Love"" reached number 1 on the UK Singles Chart, and was the fastest-selling"	"Madonna to complete this song. The single was released in Australia on 26 March 2011. </div> Can't Fight This Feeling (Junior Caldera song) ""Can't Fight this Feeling"" is a song written by Junior Caldera, Sophie Ellis-Bextor and Roselyn Della Sabina, and produced by Junior Caldera for his first album, ""Début"", released in 2009. It was released as the album's fourth single in February 2010. It was also the second single from Ellis-Bextor's fourth studio album, ""Make A Scene"". The single was released in France prior to the release of Ellis-Bextor following single, ""Bittersweet"". The video for the song was shot"	"Let This Feeling ""Let This Feeling"" is a 1993 Eurodance-single by Dutch TV host, singer and MTV VJ Simone Angel. The song is produced by Italian Eurodance act Cappella. It peaked at number 4 in Finland, number 8 in Israel, number 15 in Switzerland and number 17 in Austria. ""Let This Feeling"" also peaked at number 51 on the Eurochart Hot 100. The music video for ""Let This Feeling"" was directed by Scottish director Matthew Glamorre. It features Simone dancing in a silver flashing kaleidoscope thing and flying on a pegasus sculpture. The sculpture was made by English sculptor, performance"	"250,000 copies. In 1986 the song was remixed by Bob Mallett and charted again in the UK and Ireland. Can You Feel the Force? ""Can You Feel the Force?"" is a song by British soul group the Real Thing, released as a single in February 1979. It was written by band members Chris Amoo and his brother Eddie Amoo, and produced by Ken Gold for Tony Hall Productions and mastered at Sterling Sound. The song was the group's biggest disco hit, reaching number five in the UK Singles Chart and spending 11 weeks in the top 75, and also charting"	"Fox Records label. There, Mills found her niche in mainly disco music, recording songs such as ""Put Your Body In It"", ""You Can Get Over"", and ""What Cha' Gonna Do With My Lovin'"". The resulting album, ""What Cha' Gonna Do with My Lovin'"", was Mills's first gold record and the first major hit for the James Mtume-Reggie Lucas production team. She quickly followed the success with 1980's ""Sweet Sensation"", which featured Mills's hit ""Never Knew Love Like This Before"". The single became a #12 R&B and #6 Pop hit in 1980, as well as reaching #4 in the UK Singles"	"That Crazy Feeling That Crazy Feeling is a song written by Ray Doggett and recorded by American country music artist Kenny Rogers (then known as Kenneth Rogers). It was released in 1957 as his debut single as a solo act, first by Kix Records and then picked up in 1958 by Carlton Records. The song was a major seller in Houston, Texas, Rogers home town, where he was established among the general public as a member of the doo-wop outfit The Scholars, who had just broken up after several releases. “That Crazy Feeling” was issued with “We’ll Always Have Each"	"Why Can't This Be Love ""Why Can't This Be Love"" is a song by the American rock band Van Halen for their seventh studio album, ""5150"" (1986). The song was released as the lead single from ""5150"" on February 26, 1986 through Warner Bros. Records. It was the group's first single with lead vocalist Sammy Hagar, who replaced founding member David Lee Roth. It was released on both 7"" and 12"" single formats, the 12"" single featuring an extended version of the song. The song is driven by bouncy lead keyboard work from Eddie Van Halen performed on an Oberheim"	"/ Warner Bros. 1997 -""American Dreams: American Love Songs"" / Starblend 1987 I Can't Hold Back ""I Can't Hold Back"" is a song recorded by the rock band Survivor. It was the first hit single from their 1984 album ""Vital Signs"" (their first album with vocalist Jimi Jamison). The song peaked at #13 in December 1984 on the ""Billboard"" Hot 100 chart and remained #73 on the 1985 Year-End Billboard Hot 100. It also peaked at #1 for three weeks on the ""Billboard"" Top Rock Tracks chart. Like most of Survivor's hits, this song was written by guitarist Frankie Sullivan"	"and final number one on this chart I Can Still Feel You ""I Can Still Feel You"" is a song written by Kim Tribble and Tammy Hyler, and recorded by American country music singer Collin Raye that reached the top of the ""Billboard"" Hot Country Songs chart. It was released in April 1998 as the first single from his album ""The Walls Came Down"". ""I Can Still Feel You"" is in cut time and the key of E major. Raye's vocals range from E4 to B5. Chuck Taylor, of ""Billboard"" magazine reviewed the song favorably saying it boasts a ""strong"	"soul"", that suited Spector. Spector commissioned Barry Mann and Cynthia Weil to write a song for them, which turned out to be ""You've Lost That Lovin' Feelin'"". The song, released in late 1964, became their first major hit single and reached No. 1 in February 1965. Produced by Phil Spector, the record is often cited as one of the finest expressions of Spector's Wall of Sound production techniques. It is one of the most successful pop singles of its time, despite exceeding the then-standard length for radio play. Indeed, according to BMI, ""You've Lost That Lovin' Feelin'"" became the most-played"	"the 1998 Country Music Association awards. This Kiss (Faith Hill song) ""This Kiss"" is a song recorded by American country music singer Faith Hill, and written by Beth Nielsen Chapman, Robin Lerner, and Annie Roboff. It was released in March 1998 as the first single from her album ""Faith"". The song became a crossover single, reaching number one on the American and Canadian country charts and peaking in the top 10 on both the US ""Billboard"" Hot 100 and the ""Billboard"" Adult Contemporary chart. It also reached number four in Australia, number 13 in the United Kingdom, and number 24"	"Award-winning actor to reach number one on the Hot 100, the first being Justin Timberlake, who topped the chart with ""Can't Stop the Feeling!"" in 2016. It topped the Hot 100 for two weeks, and left the top ten after five weeks. Credits are adapted from Tidal. This Is America (song) ""This Is America"" is a song by American rapper Childish Gambino. Written and produced by Gambino and Ludwig Göransson, it was released on May 5, 2018, at the same time that Gambino was hosting that day's episode of ""Saturday Night Live"". The song features background vocals by American rappers"	"(Can You) Feel the Passion ""(Can You) Feel the Passion"" is a 1991 rave-theme House song recorded, written, and produced by the American/British group Blue Pearl. The single is to date the act's second best known song after Naked In The Rain. Can You Feel The Passion had better success in the United States, hitting No. 1 on both Billboard's Hot Dance Club Play chart and the UK Dance Chart in 1992, while reaching No. 14 on the UK Singles Chart. The single is done in a spoken word type manner by lead singer Durga McBroom, while the hook, riffs,"	"artist, jewellery-maker, and portraitist Andrew Logan. Let This Feeling ""Let This Feeling"" is a 1993 Eurodance-single by Dutch TV host, singer and MTV VJ Simone Angel. The song is produced by Italian Eurodance act Cappella. It peaked at number 4 in Finland, number 8 in Israel, number 15 in Switzerland and number 17 in Austria. ""Let This Feeling"" also peaked at number 51 on the Eurochart Hot 100. The music video for ""Let This Feeling"" was directed by Scottish director Matthew Glamorre. It features Simone dancing in a silver flashing kaleidoscope thing and flying on a pegasus sculpture. The sculpture"	"initially distributed by Island Records and then Philips Records. Soul City Records (British label) Soul City was a British soul independent record label run by Dave Godin, David Nathan and Robert Blackmore, from a record shop of the same name in London. It is not to be confused with the US record label of the same name, run by the singer Johnny Rivers. Its first release was Don Gardener & Dee Dee Ford's ""Don't You Worry"" in March 1969. The label released a further 18 singles, the biggest hit being Gene Chandler's ""Nothing Can Stop Me"" which reached Number 41"	"Story"" with several other of Rogers' recordings. That Crazy Feeling That Crazy Feeling is a song written by Ray Doggett and recorded by American country music artist Kenny Rogers (then known as Kenneth Rogers). It was released in 1957 as his debut single as a solo act, first by Kix Records and then picked up in 1958 by Carlton Records. The song was a major seller in Houston, Texas, Rogers home town, where he was established among the general public as a member of the doo-wop outfit The Scholars, who had just broken up after several releases. “That Crazy Feeling”"	"a commercial for the 'Celebrating Originality on the Streets' campaign. Dee Edwards (singer) Doris Jean Harrell (June 19, 1945 – January 25, 2006), who recorded professionally under the name Dee Edwards, was an American singer. Edwards was married to the arranger Floyd Jones, and they collaborated on some songs that Guido Marasco released on his GM and Bumpshop record labels in 1970, releasing ""Say It Again With Feeling"". After one RCA single in 1972, Jones followed up with the song for the De-To label, ""I Can Deal With That"", which was the last of Edwards' Detroit recording sessions. The couple"	"single on the Giant label to remain at the top spot for two consecutive weeks, as it would also remain at Number One the following week of March 25, 1995. This Woman and This Man ""This Woman And This Man"" is a song written by Jeff Pennig and Michael Lunn, and recorded by American country music singer Clay Walker. It was released in December 1994 as the second single from his album ""If I Could Make a Living"". The song reached the top of the ""Billboard"" Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart. Walker told ""The Dallas Morning News"", ""I felt"
Which parallel was the truce line in the Korean War?	"North Korea in the Korean War The Korean War started when North Korea invaded South Korea, and ended on July 27, 1953 with the armistice creating the well-known Korean Demilitarized Zone. In August 1945, two young aides at the State Department divided the Korean peninsula in half along the 38th parallel. The Russians occupied the area north of the line and the United States occupied the area to its south. On June 25, 1950, the Korean War began when some 75,000 soldiers from the North Korean People’s Army poured across the 38th parallel, the boundary between the Soviet-backed Democratic People’s"	"38th Parallel. After a series of offensives and counter-offensives by both sides, followed by a grueling period of largely static trench warfare that lasted from the summer of 1951 to July 1953, the front was stabilized along what eventually became the permanent ""Armistice Line"" of 27 July 1953. Over 2.5 million people died during the Korean war. Chinese and Russian documents from that time reveal that Kim became increasingly desperate to establish a truce, since the likelihood that further fighting would successfully unify Korea under his rule became more remote with the UN and US presence. Kim also resented the"	"KPA, the PVA, and the UNC ceased fire with the battle line approximately at the 38th Parallel. Upon agreeing to the armistice, the belligerents established the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ), which has since been patrolled by KPA, ROKA, United States, and Joint UNC forces. Discussions continued slowly because of difficulties regarding demarcation of the border between North and South Korea. China and North Korea expected the line to remain at the 38th Parallel. Within weeks, however, both nations accepted the Kansas Line, where the two sides had confronted each other at the time. In March 1953 the death of Joseph"	"it would intervene if American troops crossed the parallel. As it occupied the north, the Republic of Korea, in turn, attempted to unify the country under its regime, with the Korean National Police enforcing political indoctrination. As US-led forces pushed into the north, China unleashed a counter-attack which drove them back into the south. In 1951, the front line stabilized near the 38th parallel, and both sides began to consider an armistice. Rhee, however, demanded the war continue until Korea was unified under his leadership. The Communist side supported an armistice line being based on the 38th parallel, but the"	"far past the 38th parallel. Throughout late 1951, Truman sought a cease fire, but disputes over prisoner exchanges led to the collapse of negotiations. Of the 116,000 Chinese and Korean prisoners-of-war held by the United States, only 83,000 were willing to return to their home countries, and Truman was unwilling to forcibly return the prisoners. The Korean War ended with an armistice in 1953 after Truman left office; the armistice divided North and South Korea along a border close to the 38th parallel. Over 30,000 Americans and approximately 3 million Koreans died in the conflict. The United States maintained a"	"38th Parallel, beginning a stalemate that lasted until the armistice in 1953. North Korea invaded South Korea on 25 June 1950. But after having conquered much of southern Korea, the North Koreans suffered a crushing defeat after losing much of their army at the Battle of the Pusan Perimeter. With the UN forces on the offensive after landing at Incheon, they soon crossed the 38th Parallel and invaded North Korea in turn. The Chinese government warned that to safeguard their national sovereignty, they would militarily intervene in Korea if American forces crossed the parallel. However, U.S. president Harry Truman dismissed"	"a four-kilometer-wide buffer zone between the states, known as the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ). This new border, reflecting the territory held by each side at the end of the war, crossed the 38th parallel diagonally. Rhee refused to accept the armistice and continued to urge the reunification of the country by force. Despite attempts by both sides to reunify the country, the war perpetuated the division of Korea and led to a permanent alliance between South Korea and the U.S., and a permanent U.S. garrison in the South. As dictated by the terms of the Korean Armistice, a Geneva Conference"	"Thirty-eighth Parallel, and the two sides agreed to negotiate an armistice. Zhou directed the truce talks, which began on 10 July. Zhou chose Li Kenong and Qiao Guanhua to head the Chinese negotiating team. The negotiations proceeded for two years before reaching a ceasefire agreement in July 1953, formally signed at Panmunjom. The Korean War was Zhou's last military assignment. In 1952, Peng Dehuai succeeded Zhou in managing the Central Military Commission (which Zhou had headed since 1947). In 1956, after the eighth Party Congress, Zhou formally relinquished his post in the Military Commission and focused on his work in"	"the US government decided to propose the 38th parallel as the dividing line between a Soviet occupation zone in the north and a US occupation zone in the south. The parallel was chosen as it would place the capital Seoul under American control. To the surprise of the Americans, the Soviet Union immediately accepted the division. The agreement was incorporated into General Order No. 1 (approved on 17 August 1945) for the surrender of Japan. The division placed sixteen million Koreans in the American zone and nine million in the Soviet zone. Soviet forces began amphibious landings in Korea by"	"to defend the South, and advanced into North Korea. As they neared the border with China, Chinese forces intervened on behalf of North Korea, shifting the balance of the war again. Fighting ended on July 27, 1953, with an armistice that approximately restored the original boundaries between North and South Korea. Syngman Rhee refused to sign the armistice, but reluctantly agreed to abide by it. The armistice inaugurated an official ceasefire but did not lead to a peace treaty. It established the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ), a buffer zone between the two sides, that intersected the 38th parallel but did"	"The UN counterattack in the aftermath of the Chinese Spring Offensive stabilized the front along the 38th parallel. The rest of the war involved little territory change, large-scale bombing of the population in the north, and lengthy peace negotiations, which started in Kaesong on July 10, 1951. Even during the peace negotiations, combat continued. For the South Korean and allied forces, the goal was to recapture all of what had been South Korea before an agreement was reached in order to avoid loss of any territory. The Chinese attempted similar operations at the Battle of the Hook and the Battle"	"1910 and 1945. When Japan surrendered in August 1945, the 38th parallel was established as the boundary between Soviet and American occupation zones. This parallel divided the Korean peninsula roughly in the middle. In 1948, this parallel became the boundary between the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) and the Republic of Korea (South Korea), both of which claim to be the government of the whole of Korea. On 25 June 1950, after a series of cross-border raids and gunfire from both the Northern and the Southern sides, the North Korean Army crossed the parallel and invaded South Korea."	"evacuate American dependents from Korean and to assist the Republic of Korean Army (ROKA). The war lasted for about 3 years. 4. Cessation of Hostilities On 23 June 1951, Jacob Malik, a Soviet delegate to the UN, proposes a cease-fire. Truce talks began at Kaesong and moved to Panmunjom. On 27 November 1951, both sides agreed the existing battle lines would be the final dividing line between North and South Korea. However, truce talks were deadlocked over voluntary repatriation. So, truce talks were adjourned on 8 October 1952. Then, truce talks were resumed, and the Communists agreed to voluntary repatriation"	"Jamestown line was fought over almost continuously until the armistice on 27 July 1953; due to its strategic position it was the scene of much heavy fighting, including the Battle of the Samichon River just hours before the which ended the war. Jamestown Line The Jamestown Line was a series of defensive positions occupied by United Nations forces in the Korean War. Following the end of the 1951 Chinese Spring Offensive and the UN May-June 1951 counteroffensive the war largely became one of attrition and trench warfare, fought along static defensive lines reminiscent of the First World War. As a"	"United Nations supported a line based on the territory held by each side, which was militarily defensible. The UN position, formulated by the Americans, went against the consensus leading up to the negotiations. Initially, the Americans proposed a line that passed through Pyongyang, far to the north of the front line. The Chinese and North Koreans eventually agreed to a border on the military line of contact rather than the 38th parallel, but this disagreement led to a tortuous and drawn-out negotiating process. The Korean Armistice Agreement was signed after three years of war. The two sides agreed to create"	"38th Parallel into North Korea. As UN forces continued to advance toward the Yalu River on the border with Communist China, the Chinese crossed the Yalu River in October and launched a series of surprise attacks that sent the UN forces reeling back across the 38th Parallel. Truman originally wanted a Rollback strategy to unify Korea; after the Chinese successes he settled for a Containment policy to split the country. MacArthur argued for rollback but was fired by President Harry Truman after disputes over the conduct of the war. Peace negotiations dragged on for two years until President Dwight D."	"Sabre had been instrumental in frustrating the MiG-15's bid for air superiority. Without control of the air, the Communist Chinese were unable to establish their series of air bases and they were not able to carry out effective air support of their spring offensive, and the Korean War settled down to a stalemate on the ground. The ground battle line was roughly the 38th Parallel where United Nations forces controlled most South Korean territory, and the Chinese and North Koreans controlled most North Korean territory, with some exceptions. It would remain that way for the rest of the war. Throughout"	"Iron Triangle (Korea) The Iron Triangle was a key communist Chinese and North Korean concentration area and communications junction during the Korean War, located in the central sector between Cheorwon and Gimhwa-eup in the south and Pyonggang in the north. The area was located 20 to 30 miles (30 to 50 kilometres) above the 38th parallel in the diagonal corridor dividing the Taebaek Mountains into northern and southern ranges and contained the major road and rail links between the port of Wonsan in the northeast and Seoul in the southwest. During the war the area was the scene of heavy"	"Syngman Rhee Line The Syngman Rhee Line (Hanja:李承晩線, Hangul: 이승만 라인) refers to a marine boundary line established by South Korean President Syngman Rhee in his ""Peace Line"" (평화선, Hanja:平和線) declaration of January 18, 1952, establishing a wide area of maritime sovereignty, beyond internationally accepted territorial waters, around the entire Korean Peninsula. This included placing the Liancourt Rocks (Dokdo/Takeshima) in Korean territory. After the outbreak of the Korean War, General Douglas MacArthur declared a maritime security area surrounding the Korean peninsula, effectively barring entry of foreign shipping crafts. South Korea had demanded that the MacArthur line should continue to be"	"Military Demarcation Line The Military Demarcation Line (MDL), sometimes referred to as the Armistice Line, is the land border or demarcation line between North Korea and South Korea. On either side of the line is the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ). The MDL and DMZ were established by the Armistice at the end of the Korean War in 1953. In the Yellow Sea, the two Koreas are divided by a ""de facto"" maritime ""military demarcation line"" and maritime boundary called the Northern Limit Line (NLL) drawn by the United Nations Command in 1953. The NLL is not described by the Korean"	"and the DMZ. The DMZ was agreed as a fortified buffer zone between the two Korean nations. The DMZ follows the Kansas Line where the two sides actually confronted each other at the time of the signing of the Armistice. The DMZ is currently the most heavily defended national border in the world . The Armistice also established regulations regarding prisoners of war. The agreement stated that: Ultimately, more than 22,000 KPA or PVA soldiers refused repatriation. On the opposite side, 327 South Korean soldiers, 21 American soldiers and 1 British soldier also refused repatriation, and remained in North Korea"	"a ceasefire between the Kuomintang Army and the Imperial Japanese Army. On April 29, 1932, while attending a celebration for the birthday of Emperor Hirohito in Shanghai, a Korean independence activist, Yoon Bong-Gil threw a bomb at a reviewing stand killing General Yoshinori Shirakawa and wounding several others, including Shigemitsu. Shigemitsu lost his right leg in the attack and walked with an artificial leg and cane for the rest of his life. Shigemitsu later became ambassador to the Soviet Union, and in 1938, he negotiated a settlement of the Russo-Japanese border clash at Changkufeng Hill. He then became Japan's ambassador"	"across the 38th parallel, the fighting stalled and casualties mounted with nothing to show for them. Meanwhile, American officials worked anxiously to fashion some sort of armistice with the North Koreans. The alternative, they feared, would be a wider war with Russia and China–or even, as some warned, World War III. By the end of the decade, two new states had formed on the peninsula. In the south, the anti-communist dictator Syngman Rhee (1875-1965) enjoyed the reluctant support of the American government; in the north, the communist dictator Kim Il Sung (1912-1994) enjoyed the slightly more enthusiastic support of the"	"Line Kansas approximately to north of the 38th Parallel from which they had withdrawn at the start of the Spring Offensive and in some areas advanced to Line Wyoming further north. With the discussions for the start of ceasefire negotiations underway, the UN advance stopped on the Kansas-Wyoming Line which was fortified as the main line of resistance and despite some limited attacks this would essentially remain the frontline throughout the next 2 years of stalemate. On 18 May, in response to Chinese People's Volunteer Army (PVA) and Korean People's Army (KPA) attacks on the east of the front in"	"Operation Dauntless Operation Dauntless was a military operation performed by the United Nations (U.N.) during the Korean War designed to advance the U.N. lines to positions to north of the 38th Parallel designated Line Wyoming which would threaten the Chinese and North Korean logistics hub marked out by the towns of Pyonggang, Ch'orwon and Gimhwa-eup named the Iron Triangle. The operation immediately succeeded Operation Rugged which took the U.N. forces to Line Kansas north of the 38th Parallel. The operation was initially successful, reaching its initial objectives, but was brought to a halt by the Chinese Spring Offensive on 22"	"(DMZ), which has since been patrolled by the KPA and the joint ROKA, US, and UN Command. The Korean Demilitarized Zone runs northeast of the 38th parallel; to the south, it travels west. The old Korean capital city of Kaesong, site of the armistice negotiations, originally lay in the pre-war ROK, but now is in the DPRK. The United Nations Command (supported by the United States), the North Korean Korean People's Army, and the Chinese People's Volunteer Army, signed the Armistice Agreement on July 27, 1953, to end the fighting. The Armistice also called upon the governments of South Korea,"	"2018 as well. Among the provisions of the Korean Armistice Agreement signed July 27, 1953, to bring a cease-fire in the Korean War, was establishment of the Military Armistice Commission (MAC), an agency to supervise implementation of the truce terms. Meetings of MAC representatives from the United Nations Command (UNC) and the Korean People's Army/Chinese People's Volunteers (KPA/CPV) were held at the Joint Security Area, an 800-meter (2600 ft) wide enclave, roughly circular in shape, bisected by the Military Demarcation Line (MDL) separating South and North Korea, and created as a neutral area, where there was free movement of both"	"its remaining length to the east, then rising to an east coast anchor some eight miles (13 km) above the parallel. Ridgway's forces achieved the adjusted line by the end of March, encountering no more than the sporadic delaying action that had characterized the opposition to Operation Ripper from the outset. Thus, since March 7 Eighth Army forces had made impressive territorial gains, recapturing the South Korean capital and moving between twenty-five and thirty miles (40–50 km) north to reach the 38th Parallel. Estimates of Chinese killed and wounded during the month were high, and some 4,800 Chinese and North"	"hours before the destroyer departed the area without either side widening the conflict by initiating hostile fire. Declining a UN armistice, the two sides fought intermittently on both sides of the 38th Parallel until the armistice was signed on July 27, 1953. The Korean War ended any possibility of normalised relations with the United States for years. Meanwhile, Chinese forces invaded and annexed Tibet in October 1950. Tibet had been nominally subject to the Emperors in past centuries, but declared its independence in 1912. Under Mao's direction, China built its first atomic bomb in 1964; it was the fifth country"	"proximity of the 38th parallel. A demilitarized zone (DMZ) was established along the Military Demarcation Line, which is patrolled to this day by North Korean troops on one side and South Korean and American troops on the other. Chinese forces used rapid attacks on the flanks and rear and infiltration behind UN lines to give the appearance of vast hordes. This, of course, was augmented by the Chinese tactic of maximizing their forces for the attack, ensuring a large local numerical superiority over their opponent. The initial Chinese victory along the Yalu River was a great morale booster for the"	"and by South Korean, American and UN troops on the other. The DMZ runs north of the parallel towards the east, and to the south as it travels west. The site of the peace talks, Kaesong, the old capital of Korea, was part of the South before hostilities broke out but is currently a special city of the North. North Korea and the United States signed the , with Syngman Rhee refusing to sign. After the war ended, Australians remained in Korea for four years as military observers. Australia gained political and security benefits, the most important being the signing"	"track is . North Korea: Same gauge but not generally available. Until the division of Korea following the end of the Second World War, the Gyeongui Line and Gyeongwon Line extended into what is now North Korea. The Gyeongui Line connected Seoul to Kaesong, Pyongyang, and Sinuiju on the Chinese border, while the Gyeongwon Line served Wonsan on the east coast. Another line—the Geumgangsan Line—connected the town of Cheorwon, now on the border of North and South Korea, on the Gyeongwon Line, to Mt. Geumgang, now in the North. The Gyeongui Line is one of two lines whose southern and"	"Jamestown Line The Jamestown Line was a series of defensive positions occupied by United Nations forces in the Korean War. Following the end of the 1951 Chinese Spring Offensive and the UN May-June 1951 counteroffensive the war largely became one of attrition and trench warfare, fought along static defensive lines reminiscent of the First World War. As a consequence major UN ground operations from late spring—under the direction of Lieutenant General Matthew Ridgway—were primarily conducted to recapture or establish durable defensive lines, including the Wyoming, Missouri, Kansas and Jamestown Lines. The Jamestown Line stretched from the Imjin River near Munsan-ni"
What was Hitchcock's first sound movie?	"wrote in 1982: ""The Hitchcock touch had four hands, and two were Alma's."" Hitchcock began work on his tenth film, ""Blackmail"" (1929), when its production company, British International Pictures (BIP), converted its Elstree studios to sound. The film was the first British """"; it followed the first American sound feature film, ""The Jazz Singer"" (1927). ""Blackmail"" began the Hitchcock tradition of using famous landmarks as a backdrop for suspense sequences, with the climax taking place on the dome of the British Museum. It also features one of his longest cameo appearances, which shows him being bothered by a small boy"	"latter was Hitchcock's directorial debut. In 1926–7 he made a series of pioneering sound films. Later he collaborated with Alma Reville, Hitchcock's wife, on the script of ""The First Born"" (1928), his feature debut as director, in which he co-starred with Madeleine Carroll. Carroll reappeared in his third film, ""Fascination"" (1931). Mander is better remembered for his character portrayals of oily villains, many of them English gentlemen or upper crust cads – such as Cardinal Richelieu in the musical film ""The Three Musketeers"" (1939), a spoof in which the Ritz Brothers played lackeys who substituted for the real Musketeers. In"	"coined the term ""documentary"" to describe a non-fiction film in 1926. Ranked by many as the best British filmmaker, Hitchcock's first thriller, """" (1926), helped shape the thriller genre in film, while his 1929 film, ""Blackmail"", is often regarded as the first British sound feature film. ""The 39 Steps"" (1935) features a signature Hitchcock cameo, and established the quintessential English 'Hitchcock blonde' Madeleine Carroll as the template for his succession of ice cold and elegant leading ladies. Alexander Korda's ""The Private Life of Henry VIII"" (1933), was the first British production to be nominated for the Academy Award for Best"	"Films insured Wilcox for £100,000. There was some talk he would make a film of the Burke and Wills story. Instead he made what he described as ""a series of unimportant but profitable films"": ""The Bondman"" (1929), ""The Woman in White"" (1929), Generally, Alfred Hitchcock's ""Blackmail"" is regarded as the first film with sound, but Wilcox's ""Black Waters"" was trade-shown several weeks earlier in May, 1929. He produced more than a hundred films, of which he directed about half. ""His film production team were never laid off, even during the worst depressions of the British film industry. They were on"	"as he reads a book on the London Underground. In the PBS series ""The Men Who Made The Movies"", Hitchcock explained how he used early sound recording as a special element of the film, stressing the word ""knife"" in a conversation with the woman suspected of murder. During this period, Hitchcock directed segments for a BIP revue, ""Elstree Calling"" (1930), and directed a short film, ""An Elastic Affair"" (1930), featuring two ""Film Weekly"" scholarship winners. ""An Elastic Affair"" is one of the lost films. In 1933 Hitchcock was once again working for Michael Balcon at Gaumont British. His first film"	"""Modern Times"", a half-decade later. A few innovative commercial directors immediately saw the ways in which sound could be employed as an integral part of cinematic storytelling, beyond the obvious function of recording speech. In ""Blackmail"", Hitchcock manipulated the reproduction of a character's monologue so the word ""knife"" would leap out from a blurry stream of sound, reflecting the subjective impression of the protagonist, who is desperate to conceal her involvement in a fatal stabbing. In his first film, the Paramount ""Applause"" (1929), Rouben Mamoulian created the illusion of acoustic depth by varying the volume of ambient sound in proportion"	"with the score for the film, his contributions were limited to the opening and closing titles and the piano tune (""Lisa"") written by one of the neighbors, a composer (Ross Bagdasarian), during the film. This was Waxman's final score for Hitchcock. The director used primarily ""diegetic"" sounds—sounds arising from the normal life of the characters—throughout the film. A ""benefit world premiere"" for the film, with United Nations officials and ""prominent members of the social and entertainment worlds"" in attendance, was held on August 4, 1954, at the Rivoli Theatre in New York City, with proceeds going to the American–Korean Foundation"	"sound, so Hitchcock had Herbert Marshall's voice recorded on a phonograph record, which was played back during the filming of the scene, while the orchestra played the background music live (supposedly playing on the radio in Sir John's bathroom). Due to overlapping changes in British copyright law, the film has never fallen into the public domain in the UK, and its copyright there is now due to expire at the end of 2052, 70 years after Alma Reville's death. In countries that observe a 50-year copyright term, such as Canada or Australia, it will expire at the end of 2032."	"his role as Gordon Druce in ""Mary"", though the character's name was changed to Gordon Moore. In addition to the original music composed by John Reynders, the film uses the opening of Richard Wagner's ""Tristan und Isolde"" prelude as background (supposedly a radio broadcast that Sir John is listening to) in the shaving scene. For the filming, an orchestra played the music live on the set. Hitchcock described the filming of this scene to François Truffaut in the book-length interview ""Hitchcock/Truffaut"" (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1967). In the early days of sound film, there was no way to post-dub"	"at MGM. Waxman scored a number of pictures during the next few years, but the score for Alfred Hitchcock's ""Rebecca"" (1940) made his name. Waxman was frequently called to work on scores of horror or suspense films, and ""Rebecca"" was the culmination of the genre for Waxman. ""Rebecca"" was Hitchcock's first Hollywood film as part of his contract with David O. Selznick, and thus it was the first time he was allowed a full symphonic score. Selznick financed the film at the same time as he was making ""Gone With the Wind"". Waxman's score for ""Rebecca"" is eerie and ethereal,"	"front of and behind the camera struggled with the stringent limitations of the early sound equipment and their own uncertainty as to how to utilize the new medium. Many stage performers, directors and writers were introduced to cinema as producers sought personnel experienced in dialogue-based storytelling. Many major silent filmmakers and actors were unable to adjust and found their careers severely curtailed or even ended. This awkward period was fairly short-lived. 1929 was a watershed year: William Wellman with ""Chinatown Nights"" and ""The Man I Love"", Rouben Mamoulian with ""Applause"", Alfred Hitchcock with ""Blackmail"" (Britain's first sound feature), were among"	"Herrmann's original score to ""Psycho"" in 1998 for Gus Van Sant's 1998 shot-for-shot remake. The soundtrack album to the film was released by Sony Classical on December 14, 2012. Fox Searchlight Pictures announced on September 20, 2012, via their Twitter page, that ""Hitchcock"" would open in limited release on November 23, 2012, in order for the film to contend during Oscar season. The film had its world premiere as the opening film of AFI Fest 2012 on November 1 with a gala at Grauman's Chinese Theatre in Hollywood. The first trailer for the film was released on October 10, 2012."	"Pritchett, who both offered lengthy reflections on the work. Hitchcock decided to do without any conventional incidental score. Instead, he made use of sound effects and sparse source music in counterpoint to calculated silences. He wanted to use the electroacoustic Mixtur-Trautonium to create the birdcalls and noises. He had first encountered this predecessor to the synthesizer on Berlin radio in the late 1920s. It was invented by Friedrich Trautwein and further developed by Oskar Sala into the Trautonium, which would create some of the bird sounds for this film. The director commissioned Sala and Remi Gassmann to design an electronic"	"repatriated to England for treatment and faces a long and painful physical rehabilitation and the struggle to regain his memory, while at the same time a battle of wills is being waged by his mother and Kitty, both trying to convince him that the other is lying. Eventually Kitty succeeds in rekindling his love for her, and Mrs. St. George is crushed. ""Kitty"", released in May 1929, is sometimes cited as the first British sound film as it was released in cinemas before Alfred Hitchcock's ""Blackmail"", the other candidate for the honour. Opponents of this view however point out that"	"Code which at the time limited such scenes to three seconds. In 1948, Hitchcock directed ""Rope"" which starred James Stewart. The film was his first in Technicolor and is remembered for its use of long takes to make the film appear to be a single continuous shot. Three years later he directed ""Strangers on a Train"" (1951). Hitchcock collaborated with Grace Kelly on three films: ""Dial M for Murder"" (1954), ""Rear Window"" (1954) and ""To Catch a Thief"" (1955). For ""Rear Window"", Hitchcock received a nomination for Best Director at the Academy Awards. 1955 marked his debut on television as"	"film ""M"" (1931), directed by Fritz Lang, starred Peter Lorre (in his first film role) as a criminal deviant who preys on children. Hitchcock continued his suspense-thrillers, directing ""Foreign Correspondent"" (1940), the Oscar-winning ""Rebecca"" (1940), ""Suspicion"" (1941), ""Saboteur"" (1942) and ""Shadow of a Doubt"" (1943), which was Hitchcock's own personal favorite. Notable non-Hitchcock films of the 1940s include ""The Spiral Staircase"" (1946) and ""Sorry, Wrong Number"" (1948). In the late 1940s, Hitchcock added Technicolor to his thrillers, now with exotic locales. Hitchcock's first Technicolor film was ""Rope"" (1948). He reached the zenith of his career with a succession of classic"	"Hollywood sound film to qualify is ""Bringing Up Baby"" (1938), directed by Howard Hawks. The first sound feature film to receive near-universal critical approbation was ""Der Blaue Engel"" (""The Blue Angel""); premiering on April 1, 1930, it was directed by Josef von Sternberg in both German and English versions for Berlin's UFA studio. The first American talkie to be widely honored was ""All Quiet on the Western Front"", directed by Lewis Milestone, which premiered April 21. The other internationally acclaimed sound drama of the year was ""Westfront 1918"", directed by G. W. Pabst for Nero-Film of Berlin. Historian Anton Kaes"	"and then rang a bell. Next, Ellery Paine, head of the university's Department of Electrical Engineering, recited the Gettysburg Address. The demonstration was written up in the ""New York World"" on July 30, 1922. A dispute between Tykociner and university president David Kinley over patent rights to the process thwarted its commercial application. Tykonicer applied for a patent shortly before the public demonstration. The patent was awarded in 1926. Many people consider Theodore Case as the inventor of the sound film even though Tykociński made sound film 3 years before him. TYK In 1919, Lee De Forest filed patents for"	"Lang, whose influence can be seen in the ominous camera angles and claustrophobic lighting. While Hitchcock had made two previous films, in later years the director would refer to ""The Lodger"" as the first true ""Hitchcock film"". Beginning with ""The Lodger"", Hitchcock helped shape the modern-day thriller genre in film. In commemoration of the 100th anniversary of Hitchcock's birth, a new orchestral soundtrack was composed by Ashley Irwin. The composer's recording of the score with the Deutsches Filmorchester Babelsberg was broadcast over the ARTE TV network in Europe on 13 August 1999. Its first live performance was given on 29"	"Raymond Hitchcock (actor) Raymond Hitchcock (October 22, 1865November 24, 1929) was a silent film actor, stage actor, and stage producer, who appeared in, or produced 30 plays on Broadway from 1898 to 1928, and who appeared in the silent films of the 1920s. He appeared first as a star in the character of Abijah Booze in ""The Yankee Consul"", and sang ""It Was Not Like This in the Olden Time"". In his stage career, Hitchcock went back and forth between dramatic roles and ones in comic opera. In 1905 he appeared on Broadway with John Bunny in ""Easy Dawson"" the"	"a young Alfred Hitchcock, titled ""Elstree Calling"", a musical variety review that answered Paul Whiteman's music review feature film of the same year, ""King of Jazz"", with both films featuring early color sequences. Elstree was the movie and radio studio complex where many famous films and radio shows were produced in the early days of British media entertainment. A variety of impressive older musical and comedic vaudeville acts and new talent were featured each of the two films. Brown's appearances in ""Elstree Calling"" won favorable audiences reviews at the time. His third appearance in the film was the most impressive,"	"turned what was originally a silent film into a sound film. Earlier crude sound-on-disc and sound-on-cylinder systems had been invented 1894-1914 by Thomas Edison (Kinetophone, Kinetophonograph), Cameraphone in the US, Gaumont (Chronomegaphone) and Pathé in France, and others, but they were only used for short films. ""Dream Street"" was the first feature-length film in which a frame-synchronous human voice was heard from a sound recording of any kind. Some prints of ""Dream Street"" show Griffith speaking in a brief introduction to the film. However, the sound quality was poor, and ""Dream Street"" was only shown with sound at two theaters"	"first sound film was ""On the Friendly Road"" (1936) with Colin Scrimgeour, and he remade ""Rewi’s Last Stand"" with sound (1939). In 1943 he married the star of the movie, Ramai Te Miha. His films were made on a shoestring budget, and in an interview from 1961 Hayward explains, “We had a sound camera which I built up with the help of friends who had lathes. Other parts I had made by Auckland companies, and I laboriously paid off the cost because no one was earning very much. We had a sound engineer, Jack Baxendale, a brilliant pioneering ham radio"	"The Dickson Experimental Sound Film The Dickson Experimental Sound Film is a film made by William Dickson in late 1894 or early 1895. It is the first known film with live-recorded sound and appears to be the first motion picture made for the Kinetophone, the proto-sound-film system developed by Dickson and Thomas Edison. (The Kinetophone, consisting of a Kinetoscope accompanied by a cylinder-playing phonograph, was not a true sound-film system, for there was no attempt to synchronize picture and sound throughout playback.) The film was produced at the ""Black Maria"", Edison's New Jersey film studio. There is no evidence that"	"features a serial killer who stalks blonde women. Blonde actress Anny Ondra starred in Hitchcock's first sound film ""Blackmail"" (1929). Hitchcock said he used blonde actresses in his films, not because of an attraction to them, but because of a tradition that began with silent star Mary Pickford. The director said that blondes were ""a symbol of the heroine"". He also thought they photographed better in black and white, which was the predominant film for most dramas for many years. In ""Family Plot"", Karen Black plays a kidnapper who wears a blonde wig and sunglasses as a disguise. Other notable"	"and Hollywood firms. Along with the facilities in Elstree, the company also acquired Welwyn Studios in Welwyn Garden City. With BIP (which was renamed Associated British Picture Corporation in 1933) John Maxwell began a major production programme. Maxwell imported top filmmakers from Europe as well as signing up leading British talent such as Alfred Hitchcock. Under Maxwell's leadership BIP produced several masterpieces of late silent cinema. With Hitchcock's ""Blackmail"" (1929) the company successfully made the transition to sound. While it continued to make some more expensive films, it increasingly relied on large numbers of medium or low-budget comedies and musicals"	"a wider angle, an example of the technique Hitchcock described as ""transferring the menace from the screen into the mind of the audience"". To capture the straight-on shot of the shower head, the camera had to be equipped with a long lens. The inner holes on the shower head were blocked and the camera placed a sufficient distance away so that the water, while appearing to be aimed directly at the lens, actually went around and past it. The soundtrack of screeching violins, violas, and cellos was an original all-strings piece by composer Bernard Herrmann titled ""The Murder"". Hitchcock originally"	"""perhaps Herrmann's most spectacular Hitchcock achievement."" Hitchcock was pleased with the tension and drama the score added to the film, later remarking ""33% of the effect of ""Psycho"" was due to the music."" and that “Psycho depended heavily on Herrmann’s music for its tension and sense of pervading doom.” The singular contribution of Herrmann's score may be inferred from the unusual penultimate placement of the composer's name in the film's opening credit sequence, as it is followed only by Hitchcock's directing credit. Herrmann used the lowered music budget to his advantage by writing for a string orchestra rather than a"	"a place on the Masters Course in Composition for Film and Television at the London College of Music, studying with composer Nigel Clarke, and graduating with Distinction. In 1999, Hancock was the winner of the Silent Sounds nationwide competition to be commissioned to re-score music for the 1920s Hollywood silent feature film ""Lucky Star"", directed by Frank Borzage and starring Janet Gaynor and Charles Farrell. The score was premiered live with the film by the Tempus Chamber Orchestra at the Royal Festival Hall on 23 February 2001. Hancock was a full-time in-house composer for London-based music production company Mcasso Music"	"""reflections"" of sidewalks, bridges, glass, and neon make the film a visual prototype of the nineteen-forties ""film noir"". For Alfred Hitchcock he wrote a number of his best psycho-dramas and received his final Academy Award nomination for ""Notorious"". He also worked without credit on Hitchcock's next two films, ""The Paradine Case"" (1947) and ""Rope"" (1948). ""Spellbound"", the first time Hitchcock worked with Hecht, is notable for being one of the first Hollywood movies to deal seriously with the subject of psychoanalysis. In 1947, he teamed up with Charles Lederer, and co-wrote three films: ""Her Husband's Affairs"", ""Kiss of Death"", and"	"soundtrack. They are credited with ""electronic sound production and composition"", and Hitchcock's previous musical collaborator Bernard Herrmann is credited as ""sound consultant"". Source music includes the first of Claude Debussy's ""Deux arabesques"", which Tippi Hedren's character plays on piano, and ""Risseldy Rosseldy"", an Americanized version of the Scottish folk song ""Wee Cooper O'Fife"", which is sung by the schoolchildren. The special effects shots of the attacking birds were done at Walt Disney Studios by animator/technician Ub Iwerks, who used the sodium vapor process (""yellow screen"") which he had helped to develop. The SV process films the subject against a screen"	"on ""The Sorcerer's Apprentice"", an elaborate ""Silly Symphonies"" short designed as a comeback role for Mickey Mouse, who had declined in popularity. As production costs grew higher than what it could earn, Disney decided to include the short in a feature-length film with other segments set to classical pieces. The soundtrack was recorded using multiple audio channels and reproduced with Fantasound, a pioneering sound reproduction system that made ""Fantasia"" the first commercial film shown in stereophonic sound. ""Fantasia"" was first released in theatrical roadshow engagements held in thirteen U.S. cities from November 13, 1940. While acclaimed by critics, it was"	"player Robert Cummings and Priscilla Lane, a freelancer who signed a one-picture deal with Universal, both known for their work in comedies and light dramas. Breaking with Hollywood conventions of the time, Hitchcock did extensive location filming, especially in New York City, and depicted a confrontation between a suspected saboteur (Cummings) and a real saboteur (Norman Lloyd) atop the Statue of Liberty. He also directed ""Have You Heard?"" (1942), a photographic dramatisation for ""Life"" magazine of the dangers of rumours during wartime. In 1943 he wrote a mystery story for ""Look"" magazine, ""The Murder of Monty Woolley"", a sequence of"
What are the international registration letters of a vehicle from Turkey?	"original 67 provinces are newer additions, these province names go chronologically. Vehicle registration plates of Turkey Turkish car number plates are license plates found on Turkish vehicles. The plates use an indirect numbering system associated with the geographical info. In Turkey, license plates are made by authorized private workshops. The license plate is rectangular in shape and made of aluminum. On the left, there is the country code ""TR"" in a 4×10 cm blue stripe like in EU countries (without the 12 golden stars). The text is in black characters on white background, and for official vehicles white on black."	"Cyrillic letters indicating where the vehicle was first registered. 1994 saw the introduction of the current format, which is intended to comply more closely with international norms. Major changes include the switch from Cyrillic letters to Latin, and the presence of the Turkmen flag with the two-letter country code TM on the left of the plate. Unusually, the alphanumerics are rendered in a mix of DIN 1451 and the unnamed font formerly used on French registration plates. The current format is: XX 99 99 XX while the last two letters is based on geographic location. Diplomatic plates are blue with"	"but without the space, and followed by a smaller T (for Taxi.) Military vehicles have four to six yellow digits on black background, and may be used for all kinds of vehicles from ordinary automobiles to tanks. Turkish car number plates use an indirect numbering system associated with the geographical info. In Turkey, registration plates are made by authorized private workshops. The registration plate is rectangular in shape and made of aluminum. On the left, there is the country code ""TR"" in a 4×10 cm blue stripe like in EU countries (without the 12 golden stars). The text is in"	"in front and the other in rear except motorcycles and tractors. The serial letters use the Turkish letters except Ç, Ş, İ, Ö, Ü and Ğ. The blue stripe was introduced after the entry of Turkey to the European Customs Union in 1995, in accordance to compliance to EU laws. Since then, the blue stripe area is often modified by car owners (even by some parliament members like Devlet Bahçeli). The predominant modification of this sorts is to replace the blue color with red crescent and the star of the Turkish flag. This type of modification is in the grey"	"ISO 3166-2:TR ISO 3166-2:TR is the entry for Turkey in ISO 3166-2, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), which defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions (e.g., provinces or states) of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1. Currently for Turkey, ISO 3166-2 codes are defined for 81 provinces. Each code consists of two parts, separated by a hyphen. The first part is , the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code of Turkey. The second part is two digits: The digits are currently used in vehicle registration plates and postal codes. The codes"	"colloquially as ""nofuz"" (). Turkey issued ID cards (Turkish: ""Nüfus Hüviyet Cüzdanı"") with 1927 census in Ottoman Arabic letters. With Turkey's change to Latin script, ID cards are changed to Latin in 1928. Surnames are added after 1934, with the Surname Law. Newer ID cards are issued in 1976, however old cards were still valid until 1991. Turkey issued ID cards (Turkish: ""Nüfus Cüzdanı"") for all citizens beginning from 1976. The cards are 7x9 cm in size and have gender specific color (Orange/red for females, blue for males). Starting from 1999, cards are issued with Turkish Identification Number. Cards have"	"Turkish citizen is assigned a unique personal identification number called Turkish Identification Number ( or abbreviated as ""T.C. Kimlik No.""), an 11-digit number with two trailing check digits. This assignment is organized through the MERNIS (abbreviation for ) project that started on 28 October 2000. The national ID card is compulsory for every citizen and is issued at birth. Parents need to register to the authorities with the child's birth certificate. The identification number is used by public institutions in their certificates and documents like identity card, passport, international family book, driving license, form and manifesto they issue to citizens."	"Vehicle registration plates of Turkmenistan Turkmen registration plates were first issued in 1980, when the country was still a Soviet republic. Although it had become a sovereign state in 1991, Turkmenistan continued to use Soviet plates until the introduction of the current format in 1994 – a phenomenon also observed in Kyrgyzstan. Between 1980 and 1993, Turkmen registration plates were manufactured in accordance with the Soviet GOST 3207-77 standard. The alphanumeric sequence took the form of: x #### XX, where x is a lowercase Cyrillic serial/counter letter; # is any digit in the range 0-9; and XX are two uppercase"	"Turkish Identification Number Turkish Identification Number ( or abbreviated as ""T.C. Kimlik No."") is a unique personal identification number that is assigned to every citizen of Turkey. Foreigners residing in Turkey at least six months for any purpose receive a Foreigner Identification Number, which is different from the Turkish Identification Number. The purpose of identification number's introduction is to resolve the problems that arise by same names of different citizens and to speed up the information transfer between the public institutions. With the identification number, services like taxation, security, voting, education, social security, health care, military recruitment, banking and many"	"Turkish Identification Number Turkish Identification Number ( or abbreviated as ""T.C. Kimlik No."") is a unique personal identification number that is assigned to every citizen of Turkey. Foreigners residing in Turkey at least six months for any purpose receive a Foreigner Identification Number, which is different from the Turkish Identification Number. The purpose of identification number's introduction is to resolve the problems that arise by same names of different citizens and to speed up the information transfer between the public institutions. With the identification number, services like taxation, security, voting, education, social security, health care, military recruitment, banking and many"	"white characters (rendered in DIN 1451) of the form ## CD ### – where # is any digit in the range 0-9. The first two digits indicate the embassy to whom the vehicle belongs, whilst the remaining three are serial numbers. The Turkmen flag appears to the left of the plate, above the letters 'TM'. Plates issued to foreign nationals or companies residing in Turkmenistan resemble closely those found in Azerbaijan. They feature black alphanumerics rendered in DIN 1451 on a yellow background, and take the form of: #H ##### (e.g. 2H 50035). They feature black alphanumerics rendered in DIN"	"at the personalization stage. Some of these smart cards are also made to support the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) standard for Personal Identity Verification, FIPS 201. Turkey implemented the first smart card driver's license system in 1987. Turkey had a high level of road accidents and decided to develop and use digital tachograph devices on heavy vehicles, instead of the existing mechanical ones, to reduce speed violations. Since 1987, the professional driver's licenses in Turkey have been issued as smart cards. A professional driver is required to insert his driver's license into a digital tachograph before starting"	"which Greek border guards cover the letters ""MK"" on Macedonian vehicle plates with a sticker, in Greek and English, reading: “Recognized by Greece as FYROM”. Vehicle registration plates of the Republic of Macedonia Macedonian registration plates of vehicle consist of a two-letter region code, followed by a 4-digit numeric (before 2012 was 3-digits) and a 2-letter alpha code (e.g. SK 2345 MG). There is a blue field on the left side with the international country code for Macedonia - MK. License numeric code contains combination of four digits (0-9), while two letter alpha code is made of combination of letters"	"Turkish identity card The Republic of Turkey Identity Card () is compulsory for all Turkish citizens from birth. The Turkish police are allowed to ask any person to show ID, and refusing to comply may lead to arrest. It can be used as a travel document to enter Northern Cyprus, Georgia (since 2011), Moldova (pending ratification) and Ukraine (since 2017) instead of a passport. Identity cards, theoretically obligatory for all citizens, male and female, existed already in the late Ottoman Empire. They were known in Turkish as ""nüfus tezkeresi"". To the Slavic subjects of the Ottoman state they were known"	"International vehicle registration code The country in which a motor vehicle's vehicle registration plate was issued may be indicated by an international licence plate country code, formerly known as an International Registration Letter or International Circulation Mark. The sign must be displayed on the rear of the vehicle. The sign may either be placed separately from the registration plate, or be incorporated into the vehicle registration plate. The allocation of codes is maintained by the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe as the ""Distinguishing Signs Used on Vehicles in International Traffic"" (sometimes abbreviated to DSIT), authorised by the UN's Geneva"	"Տ standing for transport vehicles. Armenian registration plates with region codes 22 and 90 are used in Artsakh (for example, ""(AM) 90 SO 123""). Vehicle registration plates of Armenia Vehicle registration plates of Armenia have black characters on a rectangular white background. They are composed of two or three numbers, two letters (smaller than the digits) in the middle, and two (or three) other numbers. At the left side is located the international code """" with an oval car plaque and, sometimes, the national flag. Starting from 6 August 2014 a new design of license plates was implemented. The license"	"Vehicle registration plates of Iraq The Iraqi vehicle registration plate is a license plate used for official identification purposes for motor vehicles in Iraq. The license plate is rectangular in shape and made of aluminum. On the left side, the word ""Iraq"" appears in Arabic and under it, the name of the Governorates of Iraq appears. Beside that the number of the car appears. Only numerals are used and they are written in Eastern Arabic numerals. A new system is being provided by the German companies Mühlbauer AG and Utsch AG. The license plate is color-coded according to the type"	"black characters on white background, and for official vehicles white on black. On all vehicles two plates have to be present, being one in front and the other in rear except motorcycles and tractors. The serial letters use the Turkish letters except Ç, Ğ, İ, Ö, Ş and Ü. Ukrainian regular registration plates are issued in European style, using the format AB1234CE (the prefix refers to the region), using Cyrillic letters that resemble Roman letters (A, B, C, E, H, I, K, M, O, P, T, X). There were single-line plates for vehicles and trailers, double-line plates for vehicles with"	"were in previous cards; like marital status, religion, blood type, issuing place, previous surname (for females), hometown (State, District, Village) and register numbers (volume, family and line numbers). Turkish identity card The Republic of Turkey Identity Card () is compulsory for all Turkish citizens from birth. The Turkish police are allowed to ask any person to show ID, and refusing to comply may lead to arrest. It can be used as a travel document to enter Northern Cyprus, Georgia (since 2011), Moldova (pending ratification) and Ukraine (since 2017) instead of a passport. Identity cards, theoretically obligatory for all citizens, male"	"Vehicle registration plates of Tunisia Tunisian vehicle registration plate allows the identification of vehicles registered in Tunisia. It takes the form XXX تونس XXXX where X is a number between 0 and 9, and تونس means ""Tunisia"" in Arabic script. Writing in white on a black background. The first three digits designate the series and the last four digits denote the number of vehicle registration in the series. The serial and registration number are separated by the name of Tunisia in Arabic. The passage of a series to the next is for each record in 9999 vehicles. Rental cars maintain"	"Vehicle registration plates of the Republic of Artsakh Vehicle registration plates of the Republic of Artsakh have black characters on a rectangular white background. Current plates are European standard 520 mm × 110 mm, and are composed of two numbers, two letters in the middle, and two or three other numbers. At the left side is located the international code """" with an oval car plaque and, sometimes, the national flag of Armenia. Starting from 6 August 2014 a new design of license plates was implemented. The license plates have a flag of Armenia on the left side, a security"	"of vehicle being licensed. Vehicle registration plates of Iraq The Iraqi vehicle registration plate is a license plate used for official identification purposes for motor vehicles in Iraq. The license plate is rectangular in shape and made of aluminum. On the left side, the word ""Iraq"" appears in Arabic and under it, the name of the Governorates of Iraq appears. Beside that the number of the car appears. Only numerals are used and they are written in Eastern Arabic numerals. A new system is being provided by the German companies Mühlbauer AG and Utsch AG. The license plate is color-coded"	"Driving licence in Turkey Driving license in Turkey () is a document issued by the relevant government agency, regional or local security force, confirming the rights of the holder to drive motor vehicles. Driving licence exams are regulated by the Ministry of National Education (Turkey) while the licence is issued by the General Directorate of Security. On 1 January 2016 new Turkish laws concerning driving licences were implemented. The changes are intended to bring Turkey more in line with existing EU driving regulations and concern all road users in Turkey. A foreign national can drive in Turkey with an EU"	"other Turkic nations, particularly Azerbaijan (see Azerbaijani name), especially if they are of pure Turkic origin. The ""Law on the Adoption and Implementation of the Turkish Alphabet"" of 1928, in force as decreed by article 174 of the Constitution of Turkey, prescribes that only letters in the Turkish alphabet may be used on birth certificates. As the Turkish alphabet has no Q, W, X, or other symbols, names including those be cannot be officially given unless they are transliterated into Turkish. Ideological concerns of the families can also affect naming behaviour. Some religious families give second names of Arabic origin,"	"car was registered, the second being taken from the series A, B, C, E, I, K, M, H, P, O, T, X: Vehicle registration plates of Belarus Belarusian vehicle registration plates are currently composed of four digits, two letters and another digit (e.g. 1234 AB-5). The first of the letters and the final digit indicate the region of Belarus in which the car was registered. Vehicles owned by foreign companies use black-on-yellow plates, and the numbers and letters appear in a different order (e.g. M 1223). The diplomatic series uses white letters on a red background, also in a different"	"Vehicle registration plates of Egypt Egyptian vehicle registration number plates are license plates used for official identification purposes for motor vehicles in Egypt. The new vehicle registration plates, which have been used since August 2008, are rectangular in shape and made of aluminum. The top part has the word ""Egypt"" in English and Arabic in black font on backgrounds of different colors depending on the type of license the vehicle is given. Motorbikes have similar but much smaller plates with light blue (private motorbikes) and dark blue (police motorbikes) the only colors available. The vehicle registration number consists of two"	"when the company started the importation of passenger cars. Mercedes-Benz Türk currently produces intercity (the Travego, Intouro and Tourismo) and municipality buses (the Conecto) at the Hoşdere, Istanbul plant, and light and heavy duty trucks (Actros, Axor, Atego and the Unimog) at the Aksaray plant. Mercedes-Benz Türk is the first company in the Turkish primary automotive industry to get the ISO 9002 quality certificate, obtained in 1994 for the Aksaray plant, and ISO 9001 quality certificate, obtained in 1995 for the Davutpaşa, Istanbul and Hoşdere, Istanbul production plants. Furthermore, Mercedes-Benz Türk has the certificate ISO 14001 for environment management standards"	"Turkish alphabet The Turkish alphabet () is a Latin-script alphabet used for writing the Turkish language, consisting of 29 letters, seven of which (Ç, Ş, Ğ, I, İ, Ö, Ü) have been modified from their Latin originals for the phonetic requirements of the language. This alphabet represents modern Turkish pronunciation with a high degree of accuracy and specificity. It is the current official alphabet and the latest in a series of distinct alphabets used in different eras. The letters of the Turkish alphabet are: Of these 29 letters, eight are vowels (A, E, I, İ, O, Ö, U, Ü); the"	"years. Vehicle registration plates of Egypt Egyptian vehicle registration number plates are license plates used for official identification purposes for motor vehicles in Egypt. The new vehicle registration plates, which have been used since August 2008, are rectangular in shape and made of aluminum. The top part has the word ""Egypt"" in English and Arabic in black font on backgrounds of different colors depending on the type of license the vehicle is given. Motorbikes have similar but much smaller plates with light blue (private motorbikes) and dark blue (police motorbikes) the only colors available. The vehicle registration number consists of"	"to have their front windows tinted and have to comply with all EU safety regulations. The US vehicles do not have to comply with EU lighting and emission regulations since the US standards are different. At the end of 2008 the US Forces started to introduce a new plate for temporary registration of vehicles (transfer plates). The small-size version with the blue strip ""USA"" and NATO insignia is in use. The red letters are in FE-style and the code follows the format ""T xx yyyyy"". The ""T"" happens to be short for either ""temporary"" or ""transfer"", but was primarily chosen"	"embossed stamp for security. Ministry of Interior of Turkey issued an EU-like identity cards (Turkish: ""Kimlik Kartı"") for all Turkish citizens. New identity cards are biometric as well as passport, and can be used as bank card, bus ticket or at international trips. Starting from 2 January 2017, these new ID cards are issued all around Turkey. During the application for new cards, fingerprints for all fingers and palm vein prints are collected and associated with the person. New cards require biometric photos (for ages 15 and up) and has signatures of individuals. The new cards omit several information that"	"that were introduced in 2005), but the ISO 4217 code of the ""Turkish new lira"" (TRY) remains in use for the current ""Turkish lira"" in the foreign exchange market. Tourism in Turkey has experienced rapid growth in the last twenty years, and constitutes an important part of the economy. The Turkish Ministry of Culture and Tourism currently promotes Turkish tourism under the Turkey Home name. At its height in 2014, Turkey attracted around 42 million foreign tourists, ranking as the 6th most popular tourist destination in the world. This number however declined to around 36 million in 2015, deteriorated to"	"former area codes other than the primary one mentioned. The country calling code of Turkey is 90. trunk / inner - city code number : 0 international code : 00 Ankara DMS-300 Istanbul DMS-300 İzmir DMS-300 Ankara, İstanbul and İzmir DMS-300 International Exchanges Accept: L/D + area code + subscriber number + ST L /D = language digit : 0 (direct dialing) L /D = language digit : 2 (operator assistance) There are two international operator centers in Turkey, Ankara and İstanbul. Each one of these centers provides operator telephone services according ITU/T dialing: L/D + code11 + ST (Random)"
Which American nuclear submarine was the first to sail across the North Pole under the ice cap?	"named for the radio message he sent to the Chief of Naval Operations to announce that ""Nautilus"" had reached the pole. His second book about these missions, ""The Ice Diaries: The Untold Story of the Cold War's Most Daring Mission"" (with Don Keith), was completed shortly before Anderson's death. This second book includes many previously classified details. On March 17, 1959, the nuclear submarine , under the command of Commander (later Vice Admiral) James F. Calvert, became the first submarine to surface at the North Pole. While at the Pole, her crew scattered the ashes of Arctic explorer Sir Hubert"	"USS Nautilus (SSN-571) USS ""Nautilus"" (SSN-571) was the world's first operational nuclear-powered submarine and the first submarine to complete a submerged transit of the North Pole on 3 August 1958. Sharing names with Captain Nemo's fictional submarine in Jules Verne's classic 1870 science fiction novel ""Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea"", and named after another that served with distinction in World War II, the new atomic powered ""Nautilus"" was authorized in 1951, with laying down for construction in 1952 and launched in January 1954, attended by Mamie Eisenhower, First Lady of the United States, wife of 34th President Dwight D."	"Nuclear Landmark. Visitors may tour the forward two compartments, with guidance from an automated system. Despite similar alterations to exhibit the engineering spaces, tours aft of the control room are not permitted due to safety and security concerns. USS Nautilus (SSN-571) USS ""Nautilus"" (SSN-571) was the world's first operational nuclear-powered submarine and the first submarine to complete a submerged transit of the North Pole on 3 August 1958. Sharing names with Captain Nemo's fictional submarine in Jules Verne's classic 1870 science fiction novel ""Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea"", and named after another that served with distinction in World War"	", commissioned in 1954, was the first nuclear-powered ship of any kind. In August 1958, she steamed under the Arctic ice cap to make the first crossing from the Pacific to the Atlantic via the North Pole. On 3 August 1958 she became the first ship to reach the North Pole. On 17 March 1959, the nuclear submarine became the first submarine to surface at the North Pole. While at the Pole, her crew scattered the ashes of Arctic explorer Sir Hubert Wilkins. The film ""Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea"" begins with ""Seaview"" in the Arctic on the"	"the opposite direction. Operation Sunshine (USS Nautilus) Operation Sunshine was a scientific expedition conducted by the U.S. Navy in the summer of 1958. A crew of just over 100 sailors piloted under the North Pole. ""Nautilus"" was chosen for the mission because its nuclear reactor allowed it to remain submerged longer than a conventional submarine. The mission was completed successfully on August 3, 1958 when ""Nautilus"" and her crew crossed under the North Pole. One of the ""fronts"" of the Cold War was a technology race between the governments of the United States and the Soviet Union. There was tension"	"Operation Sunshine (USS Nautilus) Operation Sunshine was a scientific expedition conducted by the U.S. Navy in the summer of 1958. A crew of just over 100 sailors piloted under the North Pole. ""Nautilus"" was chosen for the mission because its nuclear reactor allowed it to remain submerged longer than a conventional submarine. The mission was completed successfully on August 3, 1958 when ""Nautilus"" and her crew crossed under the North Pole. One of the ""fronts"" of the Cold War was a technology race between the governments of the United States and the Soviet Union. There was tension between the two"	"James F. Calvert James Francis Calvert (September 8, 1920 – June 3, 2009) served in the United States Navy, where he commanded , the third nuclear submarine commissioned and the second submarine to reach the North Pole, which became the first to surface at the pole. ""Skate"" surfaced at the North Pole on 17 March 1959 to commit the ashes of the famed explorer Sir Hubert Wilkins to the Arctic waste. He later served as the 46th superintendent of the United States Naval Academy. Calvert was born on September 8, 1920, in Cleveland, and grew up as an only child."	"Skate-class submarine The ""Skate""-class submarines were the United States Navy's first production run of nuclear-powered submarines. They were an evolution of the in everything except their propulsion plants, which were based on the operational prototype . The four ""Skate"" class boats re-introduced stern torpedo tubes. Although among the smallest nuclear-powered attack submarines ever built, the ""Skate"" class served for many years, with the last being decommissioned in 1989. USS ""Skate"" was the first submarine to surface at the North Pole, on 17 March 1959. ""Skate"" and ""Sargo"" were built with the S3W reactor, ""Swordfish"" and ""Seadragon"" also had the S3W"	"of the polar ice pack..."" While the ""Skate"" was unable to surface on its first voyage to the pole, on 17 March 1959, she became the first submarine to surface at the North Pole with Calvert describing the historic moment in his book, saying, ""Slowly we blew the tanks and the Skate moved reluctantly upward. It was apparent we were under heavier ice here than any we had experienced before."" While at the pole, Calvert and the crew planted an American Flag in a cairn they built out of ice blocks and put a waterproof container in the cairn with"	"USS Skate (SSN-578) USS ""Skate"" (SSN-578), the third submarine of the United States Navy named for the skate, a type of ray, was the lead ship of the ""Skate"" class of nuclear submarines. She was the third nuclear submarine commissioned, the first to make a completely submerged trans-Atlantic crossing, and the second submarine to reach the North Pole and the first to surface there. The contract to build her was awarded to the Electric Boat division of General Dynamics on 18 July 1955, and her keel was laid in Groton, Connecticut on 21 July 1955. She was launched on 16"	"NS Savannah NS ""Savannah"" was the first nuclear-powered merchant ship. It was built in the late 1950s at a cost of $46.9 million (including a $28.3 million nuclear reactor and fuel core) and launched on July 21, 1959. It was funded by United States government agencies. ""Savannah"" was a demonstration project for the potential use of nuclear energy. The ship was named after , the first steamship to cross the Atlantic ocean. It was in service between 1962 and 1972 as one of only four nuclear-powered cargo ships ever built. (Soviet ice-breaker ""Lenin"" launched on December 5, 1957, was the"	"carried by the water used for cooling the damaged reactors accelerated the setting of the injected mixture. On June 3, 1958, the USS ""Nautilus"", the world's first nuclear submarine, visited Everett and Seattle. In Seattle, crewmen dressed in civilian clothing were sent in to secretly buy 140 quarts of an automotive product containing sodium silicate (originally identified as Stop Leak) to repair a leaking condenser system. The ""Nautilus"" was en route to the North Pole on a top secret mission to cross the North Pole submerged. A historical use of the adhesive properties of sodium silicates is the production of"	"""Nautilus"" and the Skate (SSN-578) to complete a submerged lap around the Earth. It wasn't until William Anderson (Captain of ""Nautilus"") suggested the submerged trip under the North Pole that it was even considered. ""Nautilus"" departed from Groton on August 19, 1957 for her first attempt at sailing under the Pole but it was unsuccessful because of the ice being too deep. Another attempt was not made until the next summer. On July 23, 1958, ""Nautilus"" left the Pearl Harbor naval base heading north towards the Bering Straight. She and her crew crossed under the pole at 2315 on August"	"itself due to the thickness of the ice. The ability to travel under and break through the ice was a major achievement during the Cold War as it allows the Navy's submarines to avoid detection under the ice while being able to launch their Polaris missiles from points far closer to the Soviet Union. The following year, after traveling to the pole in 12 days, ""Skate"" became the first submarine to surface through the ice when it reached the North Pole on March 17, 1959. There they released the ashes of Australian polar explorer Sir George Hubert Wilkins who died"	"submarine to surface at the North Pole and the second submarine (after USS ""Nautilus"" (SSN-571) in 1958) to reach the North Pole. Her crew conducted a tribute to Sir George Hubert Wilkins and scattered his ashes over the North Pole. USS O-12 (SS-73) USS ""O-12"" (SS-73) was an ""O""-class submarine of the United States Navy. Her keel was laid down on 6 March 1916 by the Lake Torpedo Boat Company in Bridgeport, Connecticut. These later O-boats, ""O-11"" through ""O-16"", were designed by Lake Torpedo Boat to different specifications than the earlier Electric Boat designs. They performed poorly as compared to"	"under the North Pole), , and . MacLean may have been anticipating the excitement of his British readers regarding the upcoming commissioning of the , the Royal Navy's first nuclear submarine. Also, MacLean may have been influenced by press reports about the nuclear-powered submarine USS ""Skate"" visiting Ice Station ""Alpha"", located on Ice Island T-3 in the Arctic, on 14 August 1958, as part of the International Geophysical Year (IGY)"". At the time that the novel was published, under-the-ice operations by US Navy nuclear-powered submarines were prohibited until SUBSAFE measures had been implemented following the loss of the . ""Ice"	"constructed and tested at the Naval Reactor Facility at the National Reactor Testing Station in Idaho (now called the Idaho National Laboratory) in 1953. The first nuclear submarine, , put to sea in 1955 (SS was a traditional designation for US submarines, while SSN denoted the first ""nuclear"" submarine). The Soviet Union also developed nuclear submarines. The first types developed were the Project 627, NATO designated with two water-cooled reactors, the first of which, K-3 ""Leninskiy Komsomol"", was underway under nuclear power on July 4, 1958. Nuclear power revolutionized the submarine, finally making it a true ""underwater"" vessel, rather than"	"N. USS BOARFISH demonstrated that extended under-ice navigation was entirely practical. Afterwards Dr. Lyon concluded, “I believe that the problem of submarine adaptation to polar seas has been formulated and that the submarine shows promise of unusual tactical advantage.” Operation Blue Nose Operation Blue Nose was a 1947 U.S. Naval mission to explore under the Polar ice cap in the Chukchi Sea in the Arctic using submarines. The operation consisted of the submarines USS BOARFISH (SS-327), USS CAIMAN (SS-323), and USS CABEZON (SS-334), and submarine tender USS NEREUS (AS-17) took part in CTG 17.3. Operation Blue Nose operated under-ice in"	"clever devices for under-ice operations. One was a mechanical probe, much like a trolley pole, that would scrape along the bottom of the ice cap to indicate how much clearance the submarine had below the ice. Others included drills supposedly capable of cutting through of ice to reach fresh air. These innovations were tested only cursorily before the boat put to sea. ""Nautilus"" with her crew of 20 men was commanded by Captain Sloan Danenhower, son of John Wilson Danenhower, who served aboard during her Arctic expedition. ""Nautilus"", on 4 June 1931, began the crossing from New York City, United"	"1997 the Committee decided to start planning and raising funds for a addition to the museum building. Fundraising started the next year, and construction project ran from 1998 to early 2000. The new addition was officially opened to the public on April 28, 2000 ""in conjunction with the Centennial Celebration of the United States Submarine Force"", according to the museum. The museum has 33,000 artifacts, including the first nuclear-powered submarine in the world, the . Launched in 1955 and decommissioned in 1980, the submarine had traveled under the polar ice cap and reached the North Pole during the Cold War."	"and, on 18 January 1960, ""Sargo"", under the command of Lieutenant Commander J.H. Nicholson, cleared Pearl Harbor and headed north to make a submerged exploration of the Arctic Ocean. By 25 January, ""Sargo"" had reached the vicinity of St. Matthews Island where she found ice, block and brash and where, after rendezvousing with the United States Navy icebreaker ""USS Staten Island"" (AGB-5) she made her first stationary dive while surrounded by ice. On 29 January, she passed the Diomede Islands and crossed the Arctic Circle; and, on 9 February, she arrived under the North Pole. Making her first pass under"	"there was insufficient room between the ice and the sea bottom. During the second, successful attempt to pass through the Bering passage, the submarine passed through a known channel close to Alaska (this was not the first choice, as the submarine wanted to avoid detection). The trip beneath the ice cap was an important boost to America as the Soviets had recently launched Sputnik, but had no nuclear submarine of their own. During the address announcing the journey, the president mentioned that one day nuclear cargo submarines might use that route for trade. As ""Nautilus"" proceeded south from Greenland, a"	"American submarine NR-1 Deep Submergence Vessel ""NR-1"" was a unique United States Navy (USN) nuclear-powered ocean engineering and research submarine, built by the Electric Boat Division of General Dynamics at Groton, Connecticut. ""NR-1"" was launched on 25 January 1969, completed initial sea trials 19 August 1969, and was home-ported at Naval Submarine Base New London. ""NR-1"" was the smallest nuclear submarine ever put into operation. The vessel was casually known as ""Nerwin"" and was never officially named or commissioned. The U.S. Navy is allocated a specific number of warships by the U.S. Congress. Admiral Hyman Rickover avoided using one of"	"Operation Blue Nose Operation Blue Nose was a 1947 U.S. Naval mission to explore under the Polar ice cap in the Chukchi Sea in the Arctic using submarines. The operation consisted of the submarines USS BOARFISH (SS-327), USS CAIMAN (SS-323), and USS CABEZON (SS-334), and submarine tender USS NEREUS (AS-17) took part in CTG 17.3. Operation Blue Nose operated under-ice in the Chukchi Sea were under the command of RADM Allan R. McCann, Commander, Submarine Force, U.S. Pacific or COMSUBPAC. USS BOARFISH was the flag ship and was specially equipped and trained in the U.S. Navy's effort to explore and"	"Control. In winter 1982, ""Tautog"" joined one of her sister ships, the USS ""Aspro,"" and journeyed to the frozen reaches of the North. She operated beneath the ice pack for two months and conducted a dual surfacing maneuver at the North Pole with USS Aspro. It was said to be the second rendezvous by two U.S. submarines at the pole and the first during winter. During summer 1983, ""Tautog"" once again found herself operating under the Arctic ice pack. To celebrate her arrival at the Pole, the crew had a picnic, a tug-of-war and dog sled races ""around the world""."	"execution was rejected, and MARAD ordered her scrapping to begin on 2 July 2012. USS Glacier (AGB-4) USS ""Glacier"" (AGB-4) (later USCGC ""Glacier"" (WAG/WAGB-4)) was a U.S. Navy, then U.S. Coast Guard icebreaker which served in the first through fifteenth Operation Deep Freeze expeditions. ""Glacier"" was first icebreaker to make her way through the frozen Bellingshausen Sea, and most of the topography in the area is named for her crewmembers. When built, ""Glacier"" had the largest capacity single armature DC motors ever installed on a ship. ""Glacier"" was capable of breaking ice up to thick, and of continuous breaking of"	"USS Triton (SSRN-586) USS ""Triton"" (SSRN/SSN-586), a United States Navy radar picket nuclear submarine. In early 1960 it became the first vessel to execute a submerged circumnavigation of the Earth (Operation Sandblast). ""Triton"" accomplished this objective during her shakedown cruise while under the command of Captain Edward L. ""Ned"" Beach, Jr. The only member of her class, she also had the distinction of being the only Western submarine powered by two nuclear reactors. ""Triton"" was the second submarine and the fifth ship of the United States Navy to be named for the Greek god Triton. At the time of her"	"develop submarine under-ice operational capability in the harsh arctic environment. Special sonar developed by the Arctic Submarine Laboratory was installed on USS BOARFISH. Dr. Waldo K. Lyon, ASL founder was on board to operate the sonar and to conduct other testing for the operation. On August 1, 1947, USS BOARFISH conducted the first under-ice transit of an ice floe in the Chukchi Sea, which was relatively unexplored at the time, while the other ships mapped its perimeter. At 2:39 PM at 72° 05' N 168° 42' W BOARFISH commenced a stationary dive and underwater transit of the ice floe. The"	"the third pair of submarines to surface together at the North Pole. In March 1990, ""Gurnard"" deployed to the Arctic region during exercise Ice Ex '90 and completed only the fourth winter submerged transit of the Bering and Seas. ""Gurnard"" surfaced at the North Pole on April 18, in the company of the USS ""Seahorse"" (SSN-669). On 6 May 1986 USS ""Archerfish"" (SSN 678), USS ""Ray"" (SSN 653) and USS ""Hawkbill"" (SSN-666) surfaced at the North Pole, the first tri-submarine surfacing at the North Pole. On 21 April 1987 Shinji Kazama of Japan became the first person to reach the"	"of his sea plane, during the rescue operations. The first people to have without doubt walked on the North Pole were the Soviet party of 1948 under the command of Alexander Kuznetsov, who landed their aircraft nearby and walked to the pole. On August 3, 1958, the American submarine reached the North Pole without surfacing. It then proceeded to travel under the entire Polar ice cap. On March 17, 1959 the surfaced on the North Pole and dispersed the ashes of explorer Sir Hubert Wilkins. These journeys were part of military explorations stimulated by the Cold War context. On April"	"USS Glacier (AGB-4) USS ""Glacier"" (AGB-4) (later USCGC ""Glacier"" (WAG/WAGB-4)) was a U.S. Navy, then U.S. Coast Guard icebreaker which served in the first through fifteenth Operation Deep Freeze expeditions. ""Glacier"" was first icebreaker to make her way through the frozen Bellingshausen Sea, and most of the topography in the area is named for her crewmembers. When built, ""Glacier"" had the largest capacity single armature DC motors ever installed on a ship. ""Glacier"" was capable of breaking ice up to thick, and of continuous breaking of thick ice at . Named for Glacier Bay, Alaska, the USS ""Glacier"" (AGB-4) was"	"this period: ""K-129"" was lost in 1968 (which the CIA attempted to retrieve from the ocean floor with the Howard Hughes-designed ship named Glomar Explorer), ""K-8"" in 1970, ""K -219"" in 1986 (subject of the film ""Hostile Waters""), and ""Komsomolets"" (the only Mike class submarine) in 1989 (which held a depth record among the military submarines—1000 m, or 1300 m according to the article K-278). Many other Soviet subs, such as ""K-19"" (first Soviet nuclear submarine, and first Soviet sub at North Pole) were badly damaged by fire or radiation leaks. The United States lost two nuclear submarines during this"	"Commander Reuben F. Woodal commanding the Blue Crew and Commander Joseph Williams, Jr. commanding the Gold Crew. The third nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine to join the fleet, and the first nuclear-powered submarine built in the southern United States, ""Robert E. Lee"" operated in and out of Newport News, Virginia, until 2 December 1960, when she got underway for the Narragansett Bay Operating Area for torpedo firing tests. Following the successful firing of five torpedoes on 6 December 1960, ""Robert E. Lee"" departed for Cape Kennedy, Florida, arriving on 12 December 1960. She then loaded Polaris test missiles and on 22"
What was John Glenn/'s first spacecraft called?	"was not popular with the other astronauts. Glenn was the backup pilot for Shepard and Grissom on the first two manned Project Mercury flights, the sub-orbital missions Mercury-Redstone 3 and Mercury-Redstone 4. Glenn was selected for Mercury-Atlas 6, NASA's first manned orbital flight, with Carpenter as his backup. Putting a man in orbit would achieve one of Project Mercury's most important goals. Shepard and Grissom had named their spacecraft ""Freedom 7"" and ""Liberty Bell 7"". The numeral 7 had originally been the production number of Shepard's spacecraft, but had come to represent the Mercury 7. Glenn named his spacecraft, number"	"flight across the United States. His on-board camera took the first continuous, panoramic photograph of the United States. He was one of the Mercury Seven, military test pilots selected in 1959 by NASA as the nation's first astronauts. On February 20, 1962, Glenn flew the ""Friendship 7"" mission, becoming the first American to orbit the Earth, and the fifth person and third American in space. He received the NASA Distinguished Service Medal in 1962 and the Congressional Space Medal of Honor in 1978, was inducted into the U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame in 1990, and was the last surviving member"	"John Glenn Colonel John Herschel Glenn Jr. (July 18, 1921 – December 8, 2016) was a United States Marine Corps aviator, engineer, astronaut, businessman, and politician. He was the first American to orbit the Earth, circling it three times in 1962. Following his retirement from NASA, he served from 1974 to 1999 as a Democratic United States Senator from Ohio. Before joining NASA, Glenn was a distinguished fighter pilot in World War II, China and Korea. He shot down three MiG-15s, and was awarded six Distinguished Flying Crosses and eighteen Air Medals. In 1957, he made the first supersonic transcontinental"	"7 Elementary School, also in Boulder, was named for Carpenter's spacecraft. Scott Carpenter Middle School in Westminster, Colorado, was named in his honor, as was M. Scott Carpenter Elementary School in Old Bridge, New Jersey. The Scott Carpenter Space Analog Station was placed on the ocean floor in 1997 and 1998. It was named in honor of his SEALAB work in the 1960s. Speaking from the blockhouse at the launch of ""Friendship 7"", Carpenter, John Glenn's backup pilot, said ""Godspeed, John Glenn,"" as Glenn's vehicle rose off the launch pad to begin his first U.S. orbital mission on February 20,"	"Mercury-Atlas 6 Mercury-Atlas 6 (MA-6) was the third human spaceflight for the U.S. and part of Project Mercury. Conducted by NASA on February 20, 1962, the mission was piloted by astronaut John Glenn, who performed three orbits of the Earth, making him the first U.S. astronaut to orbit the Earth. The Mercury spacecraft, named Friendship 7, was carried to orbit by an Atlas LV-3B launch vehicle lifting off from Launch Complex 14 at Cape Canaveral, Florida. After four hours and 56 minutes in flight the spacecraft re-entered the Earth's atmosphere, splashed down in the North Atlantic Ocean and was safely"	"Mercury-Atlas 6 Mercury-Atlas 6 (MA-6) was the third human spaceflight for the U.S. and part of Project Mercury. Conducted by NASA on February 20, 1962, the mission was piloted by astronaut John Glenn, who performed three orbits of the Earth, making him the first U.S. astronaut to orbit the Earth. The Mercury spacecraft, named Friendship 7, was carried to orbit by an Atlas LV-3B launch vehicle lifting off from Launch Complex 14 at Cape Canaveral, Florida. After four hours and 56 minutes in flight the spacecraft re-entered the Earth's atmosphere, splashed down in the North Atlantic Ocean and was safely"	"named ""Delta 7""), Carpenter was assigned to replace him. He flew into space on May 24, 1962, atop the Mercury-Atlas 7 rocket for a three-orbit science mission that lasted nearly five hours. His ""Aurora 7"" spacecraft attained a maximum altitude of and an orbital velocity of . Carpenter performed five onboard experiments per the flight plan, and became the first American astronaut to eat solid food in space. He also identified the mysterious ""fireflies"" observed by Glenn during ""Friendship 7"" as particles of frozen liquid loosened from the outside of the spacecraft, which he could produce by rapping on the"	"the Atlas ICBM and Titan II, were re-purposed as human launch vehicles for manned spaceflight, both were used in the civilian Project Mercury and Project Gemini programs respectively, which are regarded as stepping stones in the evolution of US manned spaceflight. The Atlas vehicle sent John Glenn, the first American into orbit. Similarly in the Soviet Union it was the R-7 ICBM/launch vehicle that placed the first artificial satellite in space, Sputnik, on 4 October 1957, and the first human spaceflight in history was accomplished on a derivative of the R-7, the Vostok, on 12 April 1961, by cosmonaut Yuri"	"in the initial 2016 announcement, and the second stage will now be powered by two upper stage versions of the BE-3 tap-off cycle liquid hydrogen/liquid oxygen rocket engine. Blue explained in the 12 September 2016 announcement that the rocket would be named ""New Glenn"" in honor of the first American astronaut to orbit the Earth, John Glenn. Three weeks of wind tunnel testing of a scale model ""New Glenn"" were completed in September 2016 in order to validate the CFD design models of transonic and supersonic flight. In March 2017, Jeff Bezos showed graphics of the New Glenn which had"	"Mercury astronaut John Glenn, who was 77 at the time, flew with ""Discovery"" on STS-95 in 1998, making him the oldest person to go into space. Had plans to launch United States Department of Defense payloads from Vandenberg Air Force Base gone ahead, ""Discovery"" would have become the dedicated US Air Force shuttle. Its first West Coast mission, STS-62-A, was scheduled for 1986, but canceled in the aftermath of ""Challenger"". ""Discovery"" was retired after completing its final mission, STS 133 on March 9, 2011. The spacecraft is now on display in Virginia at the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center, an annex"	"Navy, Air Force and Marine test pilot programs. On May 5, 1961, astronaut Alan Shepard became the first American in space aboard ""Freedom 7"", launched by a Redstone booster on a 15-minute ballistic (suborbital) flight. John Glenn became the first American to be launched into orbit, by an Atlas launch vehicle on February 20, 1962, aboard ""Friendship 7"". Glenn completed three orbits, after which three more orbital flights were made, culminating in L. Gordon Cooper's 22-orbit flight ""Faith 7"", May 15–16, 1963. The Soviet Union (USSR) competed with its own single-pilot spacecraft, Vostok. They sent the first man in space,"	"recovering him safely on April 12, 1961. The US launched its first Mercury astronaut Alan Shepard on a suborbital flight almost a month later, on May 5. The Soviets launched a second Vostok on a one-day flight on August 6, before the US finally orbited the first American, John Glenn, on February 20, 1962. The United States launched a total of two manned suborbital Mercury capsules and four manned orbital capsules, with the longest flight, Mercury-Atlas 9, making 22 orbits and lasting 32 and one-half hours. Since the Soviets had plenty of lift capability from launch vehicles derived from their"	"had been suborbital and had lasted only a few minutes. The Soviet missions had both orbited the Earth, and the second, Vostok 2, had remained in orbit for a full day. Using the new high-powered Atlas booster, the coming orbital Mercury missions were expected to reduce the gap between the two countries. NASA announced the first two orbital missions at the end of November 1961, shortly after the Mercury-Atlas 5 (MA-5) test flight, which had carried a chimpanzee and twice orbited the Earth. MA-6 was planned as the first orbital flight, with John Glenn as the primary crew and Scott"	"New Glenn The New Glenn (named for John Glenn) is a heavy-lift orbital launch vehicle in development by Blue Origin. Design work on the vehicle began in 2012. The vehicle itself, and the high-level specifications, were initially publicly unveiled in September 2016. ""New Glenn"" is described as a , two- or three-stage rocket. Its first stage will be powered by seven BE-4 engines that are also being designed and manufactured by Blue Origin. Like the ""New Shepard"" suborbital launch vehicle that preceded it, the ""New Glenn"" first stage is designed to be reusable. Blue Origin aims to launch New Glenn"	"Lt. Col. John H. Glenn Jr. becoming the first American to orbit the Earth in 1962 (Major Yuri A. Gagarin, a Soviet cosmonaut, was the first human in orbit in 1961.) Atlas was also used throughout the mid-1960s to launch the Agena Target Vehicles used during the Gemini program. Direct Atlas descendants were continued to be used as satellite launch vehicles into the 21st century. An Atlas rocket is shown exploding, in the 1983 art film ""Koyaanisqatsi"", directed by Godfrey Reggio, in the penultimate shot. The vehicle shown in the movie was the first launch attempt of an Atlas-Centaur in"	"on July 21, 1961. Almost a year after the Soviet Union put a human into orbit, astronaut John Glenn became the first American to orbit the Earth, on February 20, 1962. His Mercury-Atlas 6 mission completed three orbits in the ""Friendship 7"" spacecraft, and splashed down safely in the Atlantic Ocean, after a tense reentry, due to what falsely appeared from the telemetry data to be a loose heat-shield. As the first American in orbit, Glenn became a national hero, and received a ticker-tape parade in New York City, reminiscent of that given for Charles Lindbergh. On February 23, 1962,"	"1959, he was assigned to the Fighter Design Branch of the Navy Bureau of Aeronautics in Washington, D.C., and attended the University of Maryland. On July 16, 1957, he made the first supersonic transcontinental flight. At that time, the transcontinental speed record, held by an Air Force Republic F-84 Thunderjet, was 3 hours 45 minutes and Glenn calculated that an F8U Crusader could do it faster. Because its air speed was faster than that of a .45 caliber bullet, Glenn called his project ""Project Bullet"". He flew an F8U Crusader from Los Alamitos, California to Floyd Bennett Field in New"	"in the Caribbean and served as the recovery ship after splashdown for astronaut Virgil Grissom on America's second manned space flight, a suborbital shot. In February 1962, ""Randolph"" was the primary recovery ship for astronaut John Glenn on his flight, the first American orbital voyage in space. After his historic three-orbit flight, he landed safely near the destroyer from which he was transferred, by helicopter, to ""Randolph"". On 1 April 1964, in an unusual accident, the Number Three deck elevator of ""Randolph"" tore loose from the ship during night operations and fell into the Atlantic off Cape Henry, Virginia, taking"	"of the Mercury Seven. Glenn resigned from NASA in January 1964. He planned to run for a U.S. Senate seat from Ohio, but an injury in February 1964 forced his withdrawal. He retired from the Marine Corps the following year. He lost a close primary election in 1970. A member of the Democratic Party, Glenn first won election to the Senate in 1974 and served for 24 years until January 1999. In 1998, while still a sitting Senator, Glenn flew on the ""Discovery"" space shuttle's STS-95 mission, and became the oldest person to fly in space and the only person"	"nutrition."" One of John Glenn's many tasks, as the first American to orbit Earth in 1962, was to experiment with eating in weightless conditions. Some experts had been concerned that weightlessness would impair swallowing. Glenn experienced no difficulties and it was determined that microgravity did not affect the natural swallowing process, which is enabled by the peristalsis of the esophagus. Astronauts in later Mercury missions (1959–1963) disliked the food that was provided. They ate bite-sized cubes, freeze-dried powders, and tubes of semiliquids. The astronauts found it unappetizing, experienced difficulties in rehydrating the freeze-dried foods, and did not like having to"	"to work on American missiles at what became the Army Ballistic Missile Agency. This work on missiles such as Juno I and Atlas enabled launch of the first US satellite Explorer 1 on February 1, 1958, and the first American in orbit, John Glenn in ""Friendship 7"" on February 20, 1962. As director of the Marshall Space Flight Center, Von Braun oversaw development of a larger class of rocket called Saturn, which allowed the US to send the first two humans, Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin, to the Moon and back on Apollo 11 in July 1969. Over the same"	"first person in space on an orbital flight. Alan Shepard became the first American in space on a suborbital flight three weeks later, on May 5, 1961. John Glenn, the third Mercury astronaut to fly, became the first American to reach orbit on February 20, 1962, but only after the Soviets had launched a second cosmonaut, Gherman Titov, into a day-long flight in August 1961. Three more Mercury orbital flights were made, ending on May 16, 1963 with a day-long, 22 orbit flight. However, the Soviet Union ended its Vostok program the next month, with the human spaceflight endurance record"	"in his decision to become an astronaut was the Mercury Atlas 6 flight of John Glenn on February 20, 1962, and the thought of being able to circle the Earth in 90 minutes. He applied for the second group of astronauts that year. To raise the numbers of Air Force pilots selected, the Air Force sent their best applicants to a ""charm school"". Medical and psychiatric examinations at Brooks Air Force Base, Texas, and interviews at the Manned Spacecraft Center in Houston, Texas, followed. In mid-September he found out he had not been accepted. It was a blow even though"	"miles WNW of San Juan. On 20 February, at precisely 14:40, five hours and 53 minutes after launch, ""Friendship 7"" reentered the atmosphere with a loud sonic boom that was clearly audible in ""Noa"". She sighted and recovered Lt. Col. John H. Glenn, Jr., USMC, Project Mercury astronaut, after he had completed three orbits of the Earth and splashed down three miles from the destroyer. Enthusiastic crewmen used white paint to draw circles around Glenn's footsteps when he stepped onto the ship's deck. Col. Glenn remained aboard ""Noa"" for three hours before a helicopter transferred him to the , the"	"President of the Board of Education and James H. Boyd, District Principal laying the cornerstone and Dr. Walter Crewson, Associate Commissioner of Education for the State of New York giving the address: ""Education for Freedom."". The first principal was Dr. Jack Horner. The school is named after NASA astronaut John Glenn, whose historic flight around the earth took place on February 20, 1962 during the construction of the school. The School Board and High School P.T.A. led by Mary Birkel decided on the name. Its first senior class of 72 students graduated in June 1963. The school quickly became known"	"airport was renamed John Glenn Columbus International Airport. Glenn and his family attended the ceremony, during which he spoke about how visiting the airport as a child had kindled his interest in flying. On September 12, 2016, Blue Origin announced the New Glenn, a rocket. Orbital ATK named the Cygnus space capsule used in the NASA CRS OA-7 mission to the international space station ""S.S. ""John Glenn"""" in his honor. The mission successfully lifted off on April 16, 2017. Glenn's public life and legacy began when he received his first ticker tape parade for breaking the transcontinental airspeed record. As"	"signal, signal mirrors, signal whistle, first aid kits, shark chaser, a PK-2 raft, survival rations, matches, and a radio transceiver.<ref name=""/SP-4001""></ref> The launch date was first announced as January 16, 1962, then postponed to January 20 because of problems with the Atlas rocket fuel tanks. The launch then slipped day by day to January 27 due to unfavorable winter weather. On that day, Glenn was on board Mercury 6 and ready to launch, when, at T-29 minutes, the flight director called off the launch because of thick clouds that would have made it impossible to photograph or film the launch"	"USS ""Stormes"" (DD-780) in the late afternoon and Enos was immediately taken below deck by his Air Force handlers. The ""Stormes"" arrived in Bermuda the next day. Enos's flight was a full dress rehearsal for the next Mercury launch on February 20, 1962, which would make John Glenn the first American to orbit Earth, after astronauts Alan Shepard, Jr. and Gus Grissom's successful suborbital space flights. On November 4, 1962, Enos died of shigellosis-related dysentery, which was resistant to then-known antibiotics. He was constantly observed for two months before his death. Pathologists reported no symptoms that could be attributed or"	"USNS John Glenn (T-ESD-2) USNS ""John Glenn"" (T-ESD-2), (""formerly"" MLP-2) is a United States Navy Expeditionary Transfer Dock ship named in honor of John Glenn, a Naval Aviator, retired United States Marine Corps colonel, veteran of World War II and the Korean War, astronaut, and United States senator. The Expeditionary Transfer Dock is a new concept, part of the Maritime Prepositioning Force of the future. To control costs, the ships will not be built to combat vessel standards and are designed primarily to support three military hovercraft (such as the Landing Craft Air Cushion), vehicle staging with a sideport ramp"	"the oldest human to touch the stars."" NASA administrator Charles Bolden said: ""Senator Glenn's legacy is one of risk and accomplishment, of history created and duty to country carried out under great pressure with the whole world watching"". John Glenn Colonel John Herschel Glenn Jr. (July 18, 1921 – December 8, 2016) was a United States Marine Corps aviator, engineer, astronaut, businessman, and politician. He was the first American to orbit the Earth, circling it three times in 1962. Following his retirement from NASA, he served from 1974 to 1999 as a Democratic United States Senator from Ohio. Before joining"	"with water. Grissom escapes, but the spacecraft, overweight with seawater, sinks. Many criticize Grissom for possibly panicking and opening the hatch prematurely. Glenn becomes the first American to orbit the Earth on Mercury-Atlas 6 on February 20, 1962, surviving a possibly loose heat shield, and receives a ticker-tape parade. He, his colleagues, and their families become celebrities, including a gigantic celebration in the Sam Houston Coliseum to announce the opening of the Manned Space Center in Houston, despite Glenn's wife Annie's fear of public speaking due to a stutter. Although test pilots at Edwards mock the Mercury program for sending"	"degree of preparation and safety standards. The launch was postponed until February 1, 1962. When technicians began to fuel the Atlas on January 30, they discovered a fuel leak had soaked an internal insulation blanket between the RP-1 and LOX tanks. This caused a two-week delay while necessary repairs were made. On February 14, the launch was again postponed due to weather. Finally on February 18, the weather started to break. It appeared that February 20, 1962 would be a favorable day to attempt a launch. Glenn boarded the ""Friendship 7"" spacecraft at 11:03 UTC on February 20, 1962 following"	"President Kennedy escorted him in a parade at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, where he awarded Glenn with the NASA service medal. The United States launched three more Mercury flights after Glenn's: ""Aurora 7"" on May 24, 1962, duplicated Glenn's three orbits; ""Sigma 7"" on October 3, 1962, six orbits; and ""Faith 7"" on May 15, 1963, 22 orbits (32.4 hours), the maximum capability of the spacecraft. NASA at first intended to launch one more mission, extending the spacecraft's endurance to three days, but since this would not beat the Soviet record, it was decided instead to concentrate on developing"
Which branch of medicine is concerned with disorders of the blood?	"and treat blood disorders. When applying for this career, most job openings look for first-hand practical experience in a recognized training program that provides practice in the following: Cause of abnormalities in formation of blood and other disorders, diagnosis of numerous blood related conditions or cancers using experimentation, and the proper care and treatment of patients in the best manner. Hematology Hematology, also spelled haematology, is the branch of medicine concerned with the study of the cause, prognosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases related to blood. It involves treating diseases that affect the production of blood and its components, such"	"Transfusion medicine Transfusion medicine (or ""transfusiology"") is the branch of medicine that is concerned with transfusion of blood and blood components. It encompasses issues of blood donation, immunohematology and other laboratory testing, transfusion practices, patient blood management, therapeutic apheresis, stem cell collections, cellular therapy, and coagulation. Laboratory management and understanding of state and federal regulations related to blood products are also a large part of the field. Transfusion Medicine is usually a branch of clinical pathology. The blood donor center is the facility that collects and processes blood products. The blood bank is the section of the clinical laboratory where"	"Board of Vascular Medicine. Angiology Angiology (from Greek , ""angeīon"", ""vessel""; and , ""-logia"") is the medical specialty which studies the diseases of the circulatory system and of the lymphatic system, i.e., arteries, veins and lymphatic vessels, and its diseases. In the UK, this field is more often termed ""angiology"", and in the United States the term vascular medicine is more frequent. The field of vascular medicine (angiology) is the field that deals with preventing, diagnosing and treating vascular and blood vessel related diseases. Arterial diseases include the aorta (aneurysms/dissection) and arteries supplying the legs, hands, kidneys, brain, intestines. It"	"Angiology Angiology (from Greek , ""angeīon"", ""vessel""; and , ""-logia"") is the medical specialty which studies the diseases of the circulatory system and of the lymphatic system, i.e., arteries, veins and lymphatic vessels, and its diseases. In the UK, this field is more often termed ""angiology"", and in the United States the term vascular medicine is more frequent. The field of vascular medicine (angiology) is the field that deals with preventing, diagnosing and treating vascular and blood vessel related diseases. Arterial diseases include the aorta (aneurysms/dissection) and arteries supplying the legs, hands, kidneys, brain, intestines. It also covers arterial thrombosis"	"improve transfusion medicine practise. The programme is reviewed each annually in January. In the UK there is a constant worry that a blood transfusion can lead to the transmission of Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease. Transfusion medicine Transfusion medicine (or ""transfusiology"") is the branch of medicine that is concerned with transfusion of blood and blood components. It encompasses issues of blood donation, immunohematology and other laboratory testing, transfusion practices, patient blood management, therapeutic apheresis, stem cell collections, cellular therapy, and coagulation. Laboratory management and understanding of state and federal regulations related to blood products are also a large part of the field. Transfusion"	"and embolism; vasculitides; and vasospastic disorders. Naturally, it deals with preventing cardiovascular diseases such as heart attack and stroke. Venous diseases include venous thrombosis, chronic venous insufficiency, and varicose veins. Lymphatic diseases include primary and secondary forms of lymphedema. It also involves modification of risk factors for vascular disease like high cholesterol, high blood pressure. Cardiovascular risk factors such high blood pressure, elevated cholesterol and others fall under the specialty of vascular medicine. Hence, a vascular medicine specialist should be able to address most of the major diseases in our age in a comprehensive manner, using a unique perspective. In"	"Hematopathology Hematopathology or hemopathology is the study of diseases and disorders affecting blood cells, their production, and any organs and tissues involved in hematopoiesis, such as bone marrow, the spleen, and the thymus. Diagnoses and treatment of diseases such as leukemia and lymphoma often deal with hematopathology; techniques and technologies include flow cytometry studies and immunohistochemistry. In the United States, hematopathology is a board certified subspecialty by the American Board of Pathology. Board-eligible or board-certified hematopathologists are usually pathology residents (anatomic, clinical, or combined) who have completed a hematopathology fellowship training after their pathology residency. The hematopathology fellowship lasts either"	"also blood transfusion. 2.3- Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology: Teaches the knowledge of pathogenic parasites such as malaria, worms such as Schistosomes and insect vectors of diseases. 2.4- Department of Chemical Pathology: Deals with everything related to body chemistry including but not limited to chemical shifts in the body due to diseases, hormonal balance, enzymes, trace elements and toxicology. 2.5- Department of Histopathology and Cytology: Focuses on identifying the composition of cells and tissues of the body and the change in their composition due to chronic cases. Division of the Department: Cytopathology, Histotechniques, Immunohistochemistry, Cytogenetics, Molecular Pathology, Cellular pathology"	"captured by code from . ICD-10 Chapter III: Diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs, and certain disorders involving the immune mechanism ICD-10 is an international statistical classification used in health care and related industries. Produced by the World Health Organization, it is used in several countries around the world. Some have gone on to develop their own national enhancements, building off the international version of the classification. Chapter III of ICD-10 deals with diseases of the blood, for example anaemia, blood-forming organs, and certain disorders involving the immune mechanism. Of note; blood cancers, such as leukaemia, are covered in"	"ICD-10 Chapter III: Diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs, and certain disorders involving the immune mechanism ICD-10 is an international statistical classification used in health care and related industries. Produced by the World Health Organization, it is used in several countries around the world. Some have gone on to develop their own national enhancements, building off the international version of the classification. Chapter III of ICD-10 deals with diseases of the blood, for example anaemia, blood-forming organs, and certain disorders involving the immune mechanism. Of note; blood cancers, such as leukaemia, are covered in . Also blood infections is"	"hematology that is concerned with the study of blood groups, along with the work of a blood bank to provide a transfusion service for blood and other blood products. Across the world, blood products must be prescribed by a medical doctor (licensed physician or surgeon) in a similar way as medicines. Much of the routine work of a blood bank involves testing blood from both donors and recipients to ensure that every individual recipient is given blood that is compatible and is as safe as possible. If a unit of incompatible blood is transfused between a donor and recipient, a"	"Cardiology Cardiology (from Greek ""kardiā"", ""heart"" and ""-logia"", ""study"") is a branch of medicine dealing with disorders of the heart as well as parts of the circulatory system. The field includes medical diagnosis and treatment of congenital heart defects, coronary artery disease, heart failure, valvular heart disease and electrophysiology. Physicians who specialize in this field of medicine are called cardiologists, a specialty of internal medicine. Pediatric cardiologists are pediatricians who specialize in cardiology. Physicians who specialize in cardiac surgery are called cardiothoracic surgeons or cardiac surgeons, a specialty of general surgery. Although the cardiovascular system is inextricably linked to blood,"	"one or two years. Professional societies of hematopathology include the Society of Hematopathology, the European Association for Haematopathology, and the San Diego Society of Hematopathology. A physician who practices hematopathology is called a hematopathologist. Hematopathology Hematopathology or hemopathology is the study of diseases and disorders affecting blood cells, their production, and any organs and tissues involved in hematopoiesis, such as bone marrow, the spleen, and the thymus. Diagnoses and treatment of diseases such as leukemia and lymphoma often deal with hematopathology; techniques and technologies include flow cytometry studies and immunohistochemistry. In the United States, hematopathology is a board certified subspecialty"	"Rheumatology Rheumatology (Greek ""ῥεῦμα"", ""rheûma"", flowing current) is a branch of medicine devoted to the diagnosis and therapy of rheumatic diseases. Physicians who have undergone formal training in rheumatology are called rheumatologists. Rheumatologists deal mainly with immune-mediated disorders of the musculoskeletal system, soft tissues, autoimmune diseases, vasculitides, and heritable connective tissue disorders. Many of these diseases are now known to be disorders of the immune system. Rheumatology is considered to be the study and practice of medical immunology. Beginning in the 2000s, the incorporation of drugs called the biologics (which include inhibitors of TNF-alpha, certain interleukins, and the JAK-STAT signaling"	"development of hematology as a discipline. For more than five decades, ASH has sponsored its annual meeting. Today, ASH has more than 14,000 members, many of whom have made major advancements in understanding and treating blood diseases. The American Society of Hematology is dedicated to furthering the understanding, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disorders affecting the blood, bone marrow, and the immunologic, hemostatic, and vascular systems, by promoting research, clinical care, education, training, and advocacy in hematology. A hematologist is a physician or researcher who specializes in blood diseases. Hematologists work to understand, diagnose, and treat various blood diseases, including"	"disease remain active fields of biomedical research, with hundreds of scientific studies being published on a weekly basis. Recent areas of research include the link between inflammation and atherosclerosis the potential for novel therapeutic interventions, and the genetics of coronary heart disease. Cardiovascular disease Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a class of diseases that involve the heart or blood vessels. Cardiovascular disease includes coronary artery diseases (CAD) such as angina and myocardial infarction (commonly known as a heart attack). Other CVDs include stroke, heart failure, hypertensive heart disease, rheumatic heart disease, cardiomyopathy, heart arrhythmia, congenital heart disease, valvular heart disease, carditis,"	"Endocrine disease Endocrine diseases are disorders of the endocrine system. The branch of medicine associated with endocrine disorders is known as endocrinology. Broadly speaking, endocrine disorders may be subdivided into three groups: Endocrine disorders are often quite complex, involving a mixed picture of hyposecretion and hypersecretion because of the feedback mechanisms involved in the endocrine system. For example, most forms of hyperthyroidism are associated with an excess of thyroid hormone and a low level of thyroid stimulating hormone. In endocrinology, medical emergencies include diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state, hypoglycemic coma, acute adrenocortical insufficiency, phaeochromocytoma crisis, hypercalcemic crisis, thyroid storm, myxoedema"	"Hemorheology Hemorheology, also spelled haemorheology (from the Greek ""‘αἷμα, haima"" ""blood"" and rheology), or blood rheology, is the study of flow properties of blood and its elements of plasma and cells. Proper tissue perfusion can occur only when blood's rheological properties are within certain levels. Alterations of these properties play significant roles in disease processes. Blood viscosity is determined by plasma viscosity, hematocrit (volume fraction of red blood cell, which constitute 99.9% of the cellular elements) and mechanical properties of red blood cells. Red blood cells have unique mechanical behavior, which can be discussed under the terms erythrocyte deformability and"	"Therapeutic drug monitoring Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is a branch of clinical chemistry and clinical pharmacology that specializes in the measurement of medication concentrations in blood. Its main focus is on drugs with a narrow therapeutic window. TDM aims at improving patient care by adjusting the dose of drugs for which clinical experience or clinical trials have shown it improved outcome in the general or special populations. It can be based on ""a priori"" pharmacogenetic, demographic and clinical information, and/or on the ""a posteriori"" measurement of blood concentrations of drugs (pk/pd monitoring). There are numerous variables that influence the interpretation"	"Medical genetics Medical genetics is the branch of medicine that involves the diagnosis and management of hereditary disorders. Medical genetics differs from human genetics in that human genetics is a field of scientific research that may or may not apply to medicine, while medical genetics refers to the application of genetics to medical care. For example, research on the causes and inheritance of genetic disorders would be considered within both human genetics and medical genetics, while the diagnosis, management, and counselling people with genetic disorders would be considered part of medical genetics. In contrast, the study of typically non-medical phenotypes"	"tests, and evaluation of tissue or cytological specimens. Clinical entities considered specific to the specialty of hematology include disorders of the structure, function, and physiology of red and white blood cells and platelets, disorders of hemostatic system regulation or function, and benign and malignant disorders of the bone marrow and lymphoreticular system. Hematologists also evaluate and manage systemic disorders and other poorly understood diseases that clinically present as abnormalities of the aforementioned organ systems. Therapeutic expertise of a hematologist In addition to therapeutic measures common to all medical specialists, therapies in the following areas are considered specific to the expertise"	"on the subjects listed above. Transfusiology is not a recognized term in the US. In the UK, transfusion medicine is a sub-speciality of hematology. Serious Hazards of Transfusion (SHOT) undertakes research into the effects of transfusion errors and aims to improve patient safety. Its reports have led to wider training for medical staff in the UK and a central reporting scheme to allow errors to be reported. There is the Better Blood Continuing Education Programme, which is organised by the EUB which is part of the SNBTS. The EUB consists of many specialist healthcare professionals. The programme's aim is to"	"20th century, the development of modern transfusion medicine initiated through the work of Landsteiner and co-authors opened the possibility to understanding the general principle of blood group serology. Simultaneously, significant progress was made in the fields of heart and circulation physiology as well as in the understanding of the mechanism of oxygen transport and tissue oxygenation. Restrictions in applied transfusion medicine, especially in disaster situations such as World War Two, laid the grounds for accelerated research in the field of blood substitutes. Early attempts and optimism in developing blood substitutes were very quickly confronted with significant side effects, which could"	"Clinical pathology Clinical pathology (US, UK, Ireland, Commonwealth, Portugal, Brazil, Italy, Japan, Peru), Laboratory Medicine (Germany, Romania, Poland, Eastern Europe), Clinical analysis (Spain) or Clinical/Medical Biology (France, Belgium, Netherlands, Austria, North and West Africa...), is a medical specialty that is concerned with the diagnosis of disease based on the laboratory analysis of bodily fluids, such as blood, urine, and tissue homogenates or extracts using the tools of chemistry, microbiology, hematology and molecular pathology. This specialty requires a medical residency. The American Board of Pathology certifies clinical pathologists, and recognizes the following secondary specialties of clinical pathology: In some countries other"	"Medical toxicology Medical toxicology is a subspecialty of medicine focusing on toxicology and providing the diagnosis, management, and prevention of poisoning and other adverse effects due to medications, occupational and environmental toxicants, and biological agents. Medical toxicologists are involved in the assessment and treatment of a wide variety of problems including acute or chronic poisoning, adverse drug reactions (ADRs), drug overdoses, envenomations, substance abuse, industrial accidents, and other chemical exposures. Medical toxicology is officially recognized as a medical subspecialty by the American Board of Medical Specialties. Its practitioners are physicians, whose primary specialization is generally in emergency medicine, occupational medicine,"	"intravenous drug use. These diseases have also been identified in sports medicine. Since it is difficult to determine what pathogens any given sample of blood contains, and some bloodborne diseases are lethal, standard medical practice regards all blood (and any body fluid) as potentially infectious. ""Blood and Body Fluid precautions"" are a type of infection control practice that seeks to minimize this sort of disease transmission. Blood poses the greatest threat to health in a laboratory or clinical setting due to needlestick injuries (""e.g."", lack of proper needle disposal techniques and/or safety syringes). These risks are greatest among healthcare workers,"	"Cerebrovascular disease Cerebrovascular disease includes a variety of medical conditions that affect the blood vessels of the brain and the cerebral circulation. Arteries supplying oxygen and nutrients to the brain are often damaged or deformed in these disorders. The most common presentation of cerebrovascular disease is an ischemic stroke or mini-stroke and sometimes a hemorrhagic stroke. Hypertension (high blood pressure) is the most important contributing risk factor for stroke and cerebrovascular diseases as it can change the structure of blood vessels and result in atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis narrows blood vessels in the brain, resulting in decreased cerebral perfusion. Other risk factors"	"ways that have a detrimental effect on the health or longevity of the individual. However, if the net effect of protection against malaria outweighs the other detrimental effects, the protective mutation will tend to be retained and propagated from generation to generation. These alterations which protect against malarial infections but impair red blood cells are generally considered blood disorders, since they tend to have overt and detrimental effects. Their protective function has only in recent times, been discovered and acknowledged. Some of these disorders are known by fanciful and cryptic names like sickle-cell anemia, thalassaemia, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, ovalocytosis, elliptocytosis"	"Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychiatry is a branch of medicine that deals with mental disorders attributable to diseases of the nervous system. It preceded the current disciplines of psychiatry and neurology, which had common training, however, psychiatry and neurology have subsequently split apart and are typically practiced separately. Nevertheless, neuropsychiatry has become a growing subspecialty of psychiatry and it is also closely related to the fields of neuropsychology and behavioral neurology. Given the considerable overlap between these subspecialities, there has been a resurgence of interest and debate relating to neuropsychiatry in academia over the last decade. Most of this work argues for a"	"heading):sam 3. National Library of Medicine Catalogue ""Also see Hepato-biliary diseases"" Hepatology Hepatology is the branch of medicine that incorporates the study of liver, gallbladder, biliary tree, and pancreas as well as management of their disorders. Although traditionally considered a sub-specialty of gastroenterology, rapid expansion has led in some countries to doctors specializing solely on this area, who are called hepatologists. Diseases and complications related to viral hepatitis and alcohol are the main reason for seeking specialist advice. More than two billion people have been infected with hepatitis B virus at some point in their life, and approximately 350 million"	"blood clots can form thrombosis, which may obstruct blood vessels and result in such events as a stroke, myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism—or blockage of blood vessels to other parts of the body, such as the extremities of the arms or legs. An abnormality or disease of the platelets is called a thrombocytopathy, which can be either a low number of platelets (thrombocytopenia), a decrease in function of platelets (thrombasthenia), or an increase in the number of platelets (thrombocytosis). There are disorders that reduce the number of platelets, such as heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) or thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP), that typically cause"	"Clinical chemistry Clinical chemistry (also known as chemical pathology, clinical biochemistry or medical biochemistry) is the area of chemistry that is generally concerned with analysis of bodily fluids for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. It is an applied form of biochemistry (not to be confused with medicinal chemistry, which involves basic research for drug development). The discipline originated in the late 19th century with the use of simple chemical reaction tests for various components of blood and urine. In the many decades since, other techniques have been applied as science and technology have advanced, including the use and measurement of enzyme"	"the official journal of the Society of Geriatric Cardiology. Cardiogeriatrics Cardiogeriatrics or geriatric cardiology is the branch of cardiology and geriatric medicine that deals with the cardiovascular disorders in elderly people. Cardiac disorders such as coronary heart disease (including myocardial infarction, heart failure, cardiomyopathy, arrhythmias (as atrial fibrillation) and others are common and are a major cause of mortality in elderly people. Vascular disorders such as atherosclerosis and peripheral arterial disease cause significant morbidity and mortality in aged people. ""Guidelines of the Cardiogeriatrics Department of the Brazilian Cardiology Society"" were published in English. A book about geriatric cardiology was published"
Where was The Iron Triangle?	"Battle of the Iron Triangle The Battle of the Iron Triangle took place from 16 May to 20 November 1974, when the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) 9th Division captured Rach Bap and An Dien The Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) regained the lost towns in a series of costly counterattacks. The Iron Triangle was an important strategic location, bounded on the north by the jungle and overgrown rubber plantations of the Long Nguyen Secret Zone, on the west by the Saigon River and on the east by the smaller but unfordable obstacle of the Thi Thinh River."	"Iron Triangle (Korea) The Iron Triangle was a key communist Chinese and North Korean concentration area and communications junction during the Korean War, located in the central sector between Cheorwon and Gimhwa-eup in the south and Pyonggang in the north. The area was located 20 to 30 miles (30 to 50 kilometres) above the 38th parallel in the diagonal corridor dividing the Taebaek Mountains into northern and southern ranges and contained the major road and rail links between the port of Wonsan in the northeast and Seoul in the southwest. During the war the area was the scene of heavy"	"or Viet Cong (NLF). The Location of the Iron Triangle was between the Saigon River on the west and the Tinh River on the east and bordering Route 13 about 25 miles (40 km) north of Saigon. The southern apex of the ""triangle"" was seven miles (11 km) from Phú Cường, the capital of Bình Dương Province. Its proximity to Saigon was both a reason for American and South Vietnamese efforts to eradicate it, as well as why it remained a crucial area for Communist forces to control. During the French war in Indochina, from 1946 to 1954, the Viet"	"fighting between the Chinese People's Volunteer Army and the US Eighth Army during the Battle of White Horse and the Battle of Triangle Hill in October–November 1952. The Battle of Pork Chop Hill in March–July 1953 took place to the west of the Iron Triangle. This complex was eventually named the ""Iron Triangle"" by newsmen searching for a dramatic term. Today, the region straddles the Demilitarized Zone. Iron Triangle (Korea) The Iron Triangle was a key communist Chinese and North Korean concentration area and communications junction during the Korean War, located in the central sector between Cheorwon and Gimhwa-eup in"	"Pyonggang in the north and Ch'orwon and Gimhwa-eup in the south. This complex, eventually named the Iron Triangle by newsmen searching for a dramatic term, lay twenty to thirty miles (30–50 km) above the 38th Parallel in the diagonal corridor dividing the Taebaek Mountains into northern and southern ranges and containing the major road and rail links between the port of Wonsan in the northeast and Seoul in the southwest. Other routes emanating from the triangle of towns connected with P'yongyang to the northwest and with the western and eastern halves of the present front. A unique center of communications,"	"He planned to point his main attack toward the centrally located road and rail complex marked out by the towns of Pyonggang in the north and Ch'orwon and Gimhwa-eup in the south. This complex, eventually named the Iron Triangle, lay above the 38th Parallel in the diagonal corridor dividing the Taebaek Mountains into northern and southern ranges and containing the major road and rail links between the port of Wonsan in the north-east and Seoul in the south-west. Other routes emanating from the triangle of towns connected with Pyongyang to the northwest and with the western and eastern halves of"	"Iron Triangle, Richmond, California The Iron Triangle, sometimes known as Central Richmond, is a neighborhood in Richmond, California. It is a largely residential area but includes the downtown Richmond business district along Macdonald Avenue. Commercial areas on Cutting Boulevard and near Interstate 580 are also in the neighborhood if the more extensive of two possible definitions of its area is used. The neighborhood gets its name from three major railroad tracks which form a rough triangle and define its boundaries. The northeastern side of the Iron Triangle is the Union Pacific Railroad/BART tracks that run beside Carlson Boulevard, Espee Avenue,"	"of the North Vietnamese, trapping the two combatants in a perpetuating cycle of escalation. A key region wherein this escalation strategy was employed was the Iron Triangle, a 120 square mile area located roughly twenty-five miles north of Saigon, precisely the region that Hollingsworth describes to Tomalin at the outset of the article. Route 13 is a major thoroughfare running from Saigon, through the Iron Triangle, to the Cambodian border. It is a landmark that General Hollingsworth refers to specifically early in Tomalin’s article. The divisional office at Ki-Na (where Tomalin begins the narrative) is situated twenty miles north of"	"which was located on Macdonald Avenue and Gerrard Blvd. A small Mexican community started to form at the bottom of Macdonald Ave that grew during World War II, especially by Mexican-American shipyard workers who came from the South Western United States. There were several Mexican-owned businesses in the Iron Triangle during that war era: La Perla, Richmond's first Mexican grocery store; Gonzales Mexican Restaurant; and The Rio Theater which showed Mexican movies. The Iron Triangle is also known as a high-crime area and has become known as a 'warzone' in neighboring cities. (In fact, its name reflects that of the"	"is set in the neighborhood. The 2018 documentary ""The Iron Triangle"", directed by Prudence Katze and William Lehman, describes the history behind the destruction of the once-thriving neighborhood. Willets Point, Queens Willets Point, also known locally as the Iron Triangle, is an industrial neighborhood within Corona, in the New York City borough of Queens. Located east of Citi Field near the Flushing River, it is known for its automobile shops and junkyards, and had a population of 10 people in 2011. Proposals to redevelop Willets Point started after World War II, but gained full traction in 2007. New York City"	"on every one of the escape routes, and they took casualties both from the ambushing companies and the prepared artillery, the latter including heavy, long-range artillery moved by road into the area. A captured VC battalion commander talked enough about his unit for Kinnard to find the 2nd Regiment headquarters. 2nd Brigade (Colonel Ray Lynch, commanding) committed to this area, and fought a two-week battle, along with Moore's 3rd Brigade. The area known as ""The Iron Triangle"" is west of Saigon in military zone III, and that area was the responsibility of the 25th Infantry Division HQ'd at Cu Chi."	"before this occurred, could not be accurately assessed at that time. Ridgway had revised his concept for advancing above the parallel since meeting with MacArthur on March 24. He planned to point his main attack toward the centrally located road and rail complex marked out by the towns of Pyonggang in the north and Ch'orwon and Gimhwa-eup in the south. This complex, eventually named the Iron Triangle, lay above the 38th Parallel in the diagonal corridor dividing the Taebaek Mountains into northern and southern ranges and containing the major road and rail links between the port of Wonsan in the"	"began planning for an operation code named Operation Junction City aimed at disrupting VC control of War Zone C. When the strength of Gen. Seaman's troops built up, however, he suggested to additionally target another major VC stronghold: the so-called ""Iron Triangle"". This was the nickname for an area of approximately 155 square kilometers located some 20 kilometers north of Saigon which, being bounded by the Saigon River to the southwest, Than Dien Forest to the north, and the Thi Tinh River to the east, had a roughly triangular shape. Virtually since the beginning of the Second Indochinese War, this"	"Battle of Triangle Hill The Battle of Triangle Hill, also known as Operation Showdown or the Shangganling Campaign (), was a protracted military engagement during the Korean War. The main combatants were two United Nations infantry divisions, with additional support from the United States Air Force, against elements of the 15th and 12th Corps of the People's Republic of China. The battle was part of American attempts to gain control of ""The Iron Triangle"", and took place from October 14 – November 25, 1952. The immediate American objective was Triangle Hill (), a forested ridge of high ground north of"	"Burnside Triangle The Burnside Triangle, also known as Pink Triangle or Vaseline Alley, was a triangular district in Portland, Oregon, United States, known for its relatively higher density of LGBT and gay-friendly businesses. The Burnside Triangle was centered on Southwest Stark Street and comprises a triangular set of city blocks that anchors the north end and acts as a welcoming space to the district drawing visitors throughout the region to many different meeting spots, including bars and nightclubs. The gay liberation, lesbian feminism, and the sexual revolution of the 1960s and 1970s helped bring attention to the problems faced by"	"Dauntless, a drive into the Iron Triangle—a key communist concentration area and communications junction in the central sector between Chorwon and Kumwha in the south and Pyonggang in the north. Contingency planning also included precautions against a further Chinese offensive, in which the US Eighth Army would conduct a delaying defence on successive positions. Further indications of an imminent communist offensive—including the visible strengthening of Chinese and North Korean artillery and logistic systems—led Ridgway to order Van Fleet not to exploit any opportunities beyond the Wyoming Line. Confident nonetheless, Ridgway widened the scope of the offensive, designating a secondary objective"	"the Iron Triangle and to block the main roads running southeast out of the triangle toward the Hwacheon Reservoir and Chuncheon. The weight of the western attack was to be in the I Corps zone. Reinforced by the 3rd Division and its attached ROKA 9th Division, to be transferred from X Corps, and backed up by the 187th Airborne Regimental Combat Team, also to be taken from the X Corps and placed in army reserve in Seoul, General Milburn was to seize the Ch'orwon-Kumhwa area. In a narrowed IX Corps zone, General Hoge's forces were to occupy commanding ground beyond"	"in China today. Battle of Triangle Hill The Battle of Triangle Hill, also known as Operation Showdown or the Shangganling Campaign (), was a protracted military engagement during the Korean War. The main combatants were two United Nations infantry divisions, with additional support from the United States Air Force, against elements of the 15th and 12th Corps of the People's Republic of China. The battle was part of American attempts to gain control of ""The Iron Triangle"", and took place from October 14 – November 25, 1952. The immediate American objective was Triangle Hill (), a forested ridge of high"	"Willets Point, Queens Willets Point, also known locally as the Iron Triangle, is an industrial neighborhood within Corona, in the New York City borough of Queens. Located east of Citi Field near the Flushing River, it is known for its automobile shops and junkyards, and had a population of 10 people in 2011. Proposals to redevelop Willets Point started after World War II, but gained full traction in 2007. New York City Council members and the few residents of the area strongly opposed the original plan, leading to several years of lawsuits. In 2011, the city began a $4 billion"	"Golden Triangle (Southeast Asia) The Golden Triangle is the area where the borders of Thailand, Laos, and Myanmar meet at the confluence of the Ruak and Mekong Rivers. The name ""Golden Triangle""—coined by the CIA—is commonly used more broadly to refer to an area of approximately that overlaps the mountains of three adjacent countries. Along with Afghanistan in the Golden Crescent, it has been one of the most extensive opium-producing areas of Asia, and of the world, since the 1950s. Most of the world's heroin came from the Golden Triangle until the early 21st century when Afghanistan became the world's"	"concentration of uranium mines in all of Europe stood nearby in East Germany. They were operated as a military secret and ""in the prevailing spirit of Soviet gigantism"" by SDAG Wismut to feed the Soviet atomic bomb project. The net result of industrial activity in the Triangle were huge quantities of particulate emissions, heavy metals, sulfur dioxides and nitrogen oxides which largely destroyed adjacent forests of the Jizera Mountains with acid rain, and measurable impact on health and life expectancy. After the Revolutions of 1989 in Eastern Europe, in June 1991 the three nations signed a joint declaration of cooperation"	"Travis Triangle Travis Triangle is a narrow green space in the Murray Hill section of the Flushing neighborhood of Queens, New York, formed by the separation of Murray Street and Murray Lane, both of which were named after the Murray family, which owned land on the site of these streets from the late colonial period through the early 19th century. In 1932, New York City's Board of Aldermen passed a resolution to name this site Travis Triangle in honor of local American Civil War veteran Ira Underhill Travis (1839-1921), who fought under the name Ira Wilson, in the 11th New"	"neighborhood."" Burnside Triangle The Burnside Triangle, also known as Pink Triangle or Vaseline Alley, was a triangular district in Portland, Oregon, United States, known for its relatively higher density of LGBT and gay-friendly businesses. The Burnside Triangle was centered on Southwest Stark Street and comprises a triangular set of city blocks that anchors the north end and acts as a welcoming space to the district drawing visitors throughout the region to many different meeting spots, including bars and nightclubs. The gay liberation, lesbian feminism, and the sexual revolution of the 1960s and 1970s helped bring attention to the problems faced"	"a population of 19,807 and is roughly 66% African-American. The Latino community has been growing in the Iron Triangle since the late 1980s, making up about 35 percent of Iron Triangle's population. The first Mexican community in Richmond started in the lower part of the Iron Triangle at the bottom of Macdonald Ave below 5th St and at A St and B St in the 1920s. Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway began bringing Mexican workers to work in the Santa Fe Rail Yard in Richmond. The Railroad also built a Housing Project for Mexican railroad workers called Section housing"	"area had become a major VC staging ground and rear area which, by 1966, South Vietnamese government officials or military forces had not dared to enter in years. Due to the Iron Triangle's location, shape, and the scope of VC activity there, it had been called a ""dagger pointed at the heart of Saigon."" Westmoreland agreed and so it was decided that Operation Junction City was to be preceded by Operation Cedar Falls. Since earlier efforts to clear the VC from the Iron Triangle had failed, Operation Cedar Falls was intended to achieve nothing less than its complete eradication as"	"triangle"", a region encompassed between the major manufacturer centers of Milan and Turin and the seaport of Genoa. The needs of a modernizing economy demanded new transport and energy infrastructures. Thousands of miles of railways and highways were completed in record times to connect the main urban areas, while dams and power plants were built all over Italy, often without regard for geological and environmental conditions. Strong urban growth led to uncontrolled urban sprawl. The natural environment was constantly under threat by wild industrial expansion, leading to ecological disasters like the Vajont Dam inundation and the Seveso chemical accident. The"	"Pink Triangle Park The Pink Triangle Park is a triangular shaped mini-park located in the Castro District of San Francisco, California. The park is less than 4,000 square feet and faces Market Street with 17th Street to its back. The park sits directly above the Castro Street Station of Muni Metro, across from Harvey Milk Plaza. It is the first permanent, free-standing memorial in America dedicated to the thousands of persecuted homosexuals in Nazi Germany during the Holocaust of World War II. Fifteen triangular granite ""pylons"", or columns, are dedicated to the tens of thousands of homosexual men that were"	"Libra Triangle Libra Triangle is a public green space located in the neighborhood of Elmhurst in Queens, New York, at the intersection of Broadway and Justice Avenue. Prior to its consolidation with New York City in 1898, Elmhurst was known as the town of Newtown. Its center of local government was at the site of this traffic triangle. In 1803, Newtown Town Hall was built on this site and expanded with into a courthouse in 1849. After Newtown became a City neighborhood and renamed Elmhurst, the former town seat served as a municipal courthouse and as a police station house"	"known as ""Tehrangeles"" due to Iranian ownership of businesses in the Golden Triangle. After the 1979 Iranian Revolution about 30,000 Iranian Jews settled in Beverly Hills and the surrounding area. The Iranian Jews who lost funds in Iran were able to quickly adapt due to their high level of education, overseas funds, and experience in the business sector. In 1988 1,300 Iranian Jews settled in Los Angeles. In 1990 John L. Mitchell of the ""Los Angeles Times"" wrote that these Iranian Jews ""function as part of a larger Iranian community"" but that they also ""in many respects[...]form a community of"	"Bermuda Triangle The Bermuda Triangle, also known as the Devil's Triangle or Hurricane Alley, is a loosely-defined region in the western part of the North Atlantic Ocean, where a number of aircraft and ships are said to have disappeared under mysterious circumstances. Most reputable sources dismiss the idea that there is any mystery. The vicinity of the Bermuda Triangle is amongst the most heavily traveled shipping lanes in the world, with ships frequently crossing through it for ports in the Americas, Europe and the Caribbean islands. Cruise ships and pleasure craft regularly sail through the region, and commercial and private"	"the 14K Triad. They engaged in the heroin trade. Ma Hseuh-fu, from Yunnan province, was one of the most prominent Jeen Haw heroin drug lords. A Panthay from Burma, Ma Zhengwen, assisted the Han Chinese drug lord Khun Sa in selling his heroin in north Thailand. The Panthay monopolized opium trafficking in Burma. They also created secret drug routes to reach the international market with contacts to smuggle drugs from Burma via south China. Golden Triangle (Southeast Asia) The Golden Triangle is the area where the borders of Thailand, Laos, and Myanmar meet at the confluence of the Ruak and"	"to distance the area from the petrochemical industry, some area interests attempted to rename the Golden Triangle as the ""Triplex."" This name change did not catch on, and local residents still refer to it as the Golden Triangle. Some residents of the Golden Triangle do not consider the Greater Houston area to be part of Southeast Texas and place the western boundary of the region approximately at the Trinity River, which is roughly 30 miles from downtown Houston. This area holds the annual South Texas State Fair in Beaumont. The Big Thicket is an area of dense forest located in"	"as ""the Golden Triangle"" from its shape and strategic location, with the Yellow Sea (Korea Bay and Bohai Sea) in the south, North Korea's North Pyongan and Chagang provinces in the southeast, Jilin to the northeast, Hebei to the southwest, and Inner Mongolia to the northwest. The Yalu River marks its border with North Korea, emptying into the Korea Bay between Dandong in Liaoning and Sinuiju in North Korea. In the past Liaoning formed part of Korean kingdoms as Gojoseon and Goguryeo, as well as Chinese polities such as the Yan State (of the Zhou Dynasty) and the Han Dynasty."
What is the distance between bases on a little league baseball field?	"plate, closer even than in regulation softball and much closer than the baseball distance of 60 feet, 6 inches. Pitchers threw underhand windmill, like in softball, and the distance between bases was 65 feet, five feet longer than in softball but 25 feet shorter than in baseball. Major similarities between the AAGPBL and baseball included nine player teams and the use of a pitcher's mound (softball pitchers throw from flat ground). By 1948 the ball had shrunk to 10 3/8 inches, overhand pitching was allowed, and the mound was moved back to 50 feet. Over the history of the league,"	"regions, divided into Pool A (U.S.) and Pool B (International), and (2) had a host team (South Carolina District 1), which played in the U.S. pool. The Big League had five international regions: The distance between the bases was 90 feet, the same as for regulation Major League Baseball fields. The distance between the pitcher's mound and home plate was 60.6 feet, also identical to that of MLB. The minimum outfield distance in the upper divisions was 300 feet, while the maximum for Big League was 425 feet. A game consisted of seven innings (same as in high-school baseball) and"	"playing areas, the infield is the only rigidly laid-out part of the field. Like its English relative, cricket, there is significant flexibility in the shape and size of the rest of the playing area. To prevent ""cheap"" home runs, baseball leagues may specify a minimum distance from home plate to the outfield fences. Generally, the higher the skill level, the deeper the minimum dimensions must be, to prevent an excess of home runs. In the major leagues, a rule was passed in 1958 that compelled any new fields built after that point to have a minimum distance of from home"	"at 'home plate'. The minimum length of the baselines varies classification of play (see below for official measurements). A fence running between the baselines defines the limits of the field; distance from home plate to the fence varies by field. Behind home plate is a 'backstop'. It must be between 25 and 30 feet (7.62 and 9.14 meters) behind home plate depending on the type of division that is playing. 'Home Plate' is one corner of a diamond with 'bases' at each corner. The bases other than home plate are 15 in (38 cm) square, of canvas or a similar"	"46 feet."" ""The Little League Baseball Division (sometimes known as the Major Division) is for boys and girls ages 9–12. A local league may choose to limit its Major Division to 10-, 11-, and 12-year-olds, or 11–12-year-olds. The diamond used is a 60-foot diamond and the pitching distance is 46 feet. The local league has an option to choose a Tournament Team (or 'All Stars') of 11–12-year-olds from within this division, and the team may enter the International Tournament. The culmination of the International Tournament is the Little League Baseball World Series, featuring teams from around the globe. All expenses"	"said to have avoided ""campaigning for credit"" for rules changes after he left the Knickerbockers; researcher Gary O'Maxfield said of him that he ""didn't like to brag."" Several of the rules approved at the conventions survived to modern baseball, including the 90-foot (27 m) baseline distance. The 45-foot (14 m) distance from home plate to the pitching mound, however, did not last through the 19th century; it was pushed back in 1880. The shortstop position, which for Adams was located between the infielders and outfielders, was later played in the infield, between second and third base. Dickey Pearce was the"	"fields built or remodeled since June 1, 1958, must have a minimum distance of from home plate to the fences in left and right field and to center. Major league teams often skirt even this rule. For example, at Minute Maid Park, which became the home of the Houston Astros in 2000, the Crawford Boxes in left field are only from home plate. There are no rules at all that address the height of fences or other structures at the edge of the outfield. The most famously idiosyncratic outfield boundary is the left-field wall at Boston's Fenway Park, in use"	"and left field (named in relation to the batter's position; thus left field is beyond third base and right field is beyond first base). Outfields vary in size and shape depending on the overall size and shape of the playing field. The outfield stretches from the infield to the outfield wall and it contains the warning track. Outfields especially vary from Little League to Major League fields. Little League outfields vary more in size than Major League outfields. Outfields often differ from infields in the specific type of grass used, but most Major League outfields are grass. The warning track"	"the bases are 90 feet apart, the physical distance between each successive pair of base markers is closer to . The lines from home plate to first and third bases extend to the nearest fence, stand or other obstruction and are called the foul lines. The portion of the playing field between (and including) the foul lines is fair territory; the rest is ""foul territory."" The area within the square formed by the bases is officially called the infield, though colloquially this term also includes fair territory in the vicinity of the square; fair territory outside the infield is known"	"pitch is distance between two return creases, which are 8 feet 8 inches or 2.44 metres apart. The popping creases at each end of the pitch, from which the bowler bowls and the batsman plays, are 4 feet or 1.22 metres in front of the wickets. The bowling, popping and return creases are defined by contrasting lines, generally white in color. In baseball, the pitcher must deliver from a rubber slab (typically referred to as ""the rubber"") that lies atop a raised area of the infield called the ""pitcher's mound"". The front of the rubber is from the rear point"	"solid and dry surfaces such as artificial turf or asphalt. There are four bases on the infield (first base, second base, third base, and home plate); the bases are arranged in a square and are typically apart. Near the center of this square is the pitcher's circle, and within the circle is the ""rubber"", a small flat rectangular piece of rubber about a foot and a half in length. The rubber can be 40 or 43 feet away from home plate, depending on age level and the league one is playing in. The object of the game is to score"	"budgeted to build the ballpark. Bernard Wisehall, a prominent local architect, designed Federal Park (also called Riverbreeze Park) with a capacity of 6,000. The playing field—bounded by East 2nd Street, East 3rd Street, Madison Avenue and Scott Boulevard—was tiny, possibly the smallest ever built for any pro baseball park. Its dimensions were just 194 feet down the right-field line, 267 feet to dead center, and 218 feet down the left-field line. Modern rules dictate no pro ballpark may have a fence closer than 325 feet, even down the foul lines; for comparison, Howard J. Lamade Stadium, the site of Little"	"Intermediate League World Series The Intermediate League World Series is a baseball tournament for children aged 11 to 13 years old that began in 2013. It is patterned after the Little League World Series, which was named for the World Series in Major League Baseball. The tournament is held in Livermore, California. The intermediate division is the second of four Little League divisions by development. The pitching mound is 50 feet from home plate, and the base paths are 70 feet apart. This allows for a transition between the smaller field dimensions of Little League (46/60), and the standard field"	"called the stadium home. The baseball field dimensions had varied slightly over the years. In 1969, the distance from home plate to the left and right field wall was , the distance to the left- and right-center field power alleys was , and the distance from home plate to the center field was . A wall, whose top was the rim of the Plaza level, surrounded the outfield, making home runs difficult to hit. Later, an eight-foot fence was erected, cutting the distances to 327, 368 and , respectively. In 1996 a note of asymmetry was introduced when a high"	"edge of the field of play. The outer edge of the foul lines and foul poles define foul territory. Both the lines and the poles are in fair territory, in contrast to American football and basketball, where the lines marking the playing boundaries are out of bounds. The minimum distance to hit a home run (along either foul line) is set by baseball rules, generally at . Before 1920, the foul lines extended indefinitely; a batter was awarded a home run only if a fly ball out of the field was fair where it landed, or ""when last seen"" by"	"in Major League Baseball are both in Boston's Fenway Park; the shortest fence that is nearly perpendicular to the foul line is the Green Monster. The left foul pole, renamed ""Fisk's Pole"" in honor of Carlton Fisk's famous home run in the 1975 World Series, stands 310 feet away from home plate. The right field foul pole, known as Pesky's Pole, is 302 feet down the right field line, although the wall there is nearly parallel to the foul line as it curves back to the distant right field wall at 380 feet. From 1958 through 1961, the Los Angeles"	"by a yellow metal strip along the corner of the Western Metal Supply Co. building. In roughly the middle of the square, equidistant between first and third base, and a few feet closer to home plate than to second base, is a low artificial hill called the pitcher's mound. This is where the pitcher stands when throwing the pitch. Atop the mound is a white rubber slab, called the pitcher's plate or pitcher's rubber. It measures front-to-back and across, the front of which is exactly from the rear point of home plate. This peculiar distance was set by the rule"	"playing field is divided into three main sections: The pitcher's mound is located in the center of the infield. It is an 18 ft (5.5 m) diameter mound of dirt no higher than 10 in (25.4 cm). Near the center of the mound is the pitching rubber, a rubber slab positioned 60 ft 6 in (18.4 m) from home plate. The pitcher must have one foot on the rubber at the start of every pitch to a batter, but the pitcher may leave the mound area once the ball is released. At the college/professional level, baseball is played in nine"	"left field, which often intercepted fly balls which would otherwise have been catchable and turned them into home runs. Contrasting with the short distances down the lines were the 450 distances in deepest left and right center (the gaps), with the base of the straightaway centerfield clubhouse standing 483 feet distant from home plate, up a 58-foot fairway from the grandstand corners on either side of the clubhouse, which were themselves 425 feet from home plate. The famous photo of The catch made by Willie Mays in the 1954 World Series against Vic Wertz of the Cleveland Indians occurred immediately"	"stoolball, pesäpallo or Finnish baseball, punchball, kickball, and British baseball. Earlier forms include The Massachusetts Game of baseball, which was similar to rounders, and Old Cat. Baseball is played in a quadrant of fair territory between foul lines. The official minimum distance from home plate to the nearest fence, stand or other obstruction is , and the recommended distances are at least along the foul lines and in centre field. This produces a recommended fair territory field area just over . Most Major League Baseball parks have fair territory areas in the range of . In contrast, Test and One"	"material, and not more than 5 in (13 cm) thick. The bases are usually securely fastened to the ground. The bases are numbered counter clockwise as first base, second base, and third base. Often, but not always, outside first base (that is, in foul territory) and adjacent and connected to it, there is a contrast-colored ""double base"" or ""safety base"". It is intended to prevent collisions between the first baseman and the runner. The runner runs for the foul portion of the double base after hitting the ball while the fielding team tries to throw the ball to the regular"	"and the pitchers mound. The space between the bases and home is normally a grass surface, save for the dirt mound in the center. Some ballparks, like Toronto's Rogers Centre, have grass or artificial turf between the bases, and dirt only around the bases and pitcher's mound. Others, such as Koshien Stadium in Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan, have an entirely dirt infield. Two white lines run out from the home plate area, aligned with first and third bases. These are the ""foul lines"" or ""base lines"", usually differentiated by referring to them as the first base line, or the third base"	"balls. In 1925, the minimum distance for a home run was made 250 feet. After that, the rules remained virtually static for decades. In 1961, the 162-game schedule was adopted. In 1969, the pitcher's mound was dropped five inches and the strike zone reduced: from the armpits to the top of the knees. In 1973, the American League adopted the designated hitter rule—rejected to this day by the National League. This was probably the most controversial rule change in baseball's history, and is still subject to lively debate. Also controversial when adopted, although more generally accepted now, was the later"	"and game mechanics as well as the layout of the pitch. Each team is limited to 4 players. The trap is 6 inches by 6 inches, and it has a yellow background with a black ""X"" mark across the front. The posts are 1–2 feet high. There are two additional lines, one of which extends across the field at a right angle 10 yards in front of the trap; this line is the ""foul line"". Balls put into play must not touch the ground prior to hitting this line or the batter is called out. In addition, there is an"	"touching a base, or by throwing the ball to first base before the batter who hit the ball can run from home plate to first base. There are nine defensive positions on a baseball field. The part of the baseball field closest to the batter (shown in the diagram as light brown) is known as the ""infield"" (as opposed to the ""outfield"", the part of the field furthest from the batter, shown in the diagram as green.) The infield is composed of four positions: first base (1B), second base (2B), third base (3B) and shortstop (SS). Generally, the first three"	"Dodgers played home games in Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, a stadium built for track and field; without the ability to move any of the permanent stadium structure, the Dodgers configured the field to result in a 251-foot left field foul line distance. In flight In baseball, the rules state that a batted ball is considered in flight when it has not yet touched any object other than a fielder or his equipment. Once a batted ball touches the ground, a fence or wall, a foul pole, a base, the pitcher's rubber, an umpire, or a baserunner, it is no longer"	"is the strip of dirt at the edges of the baseball field (especially in front of the home run fence and along the left and right sides of a field). Because the warning track's color and feel differ from the grass field, a fielder can remain focused on a fly ball near the fence and measure his proximity to the fence while attempting to catch the ball safely. A warning track's width is not specified in the rules. It is generally designed to give about three steps of warning to the highest-level players using the field. Typical widths run from"	"of play. Little League holds a World Series in this level of play, officially called the Intermediate Little League World Series, in Livermore, California. ""The Junior League Baseball Division is a program for boys and girls ages 13–14, using a conventional diamond with a pitching distance of . (A modified diamond is available during the regular season.) The local league has an option to choose a Tournament Team (or ""All Stars"") of 13-14-year-olds from within this division (and/or from within the Senior League Division), and the team may enter the International Tournament. The culmination of the International Tournament is the"	"Baseball field A baseball field, also called a ball field, sandlot or a baseball diamond, is the field upon which the game of baseball is played. The term can also be used as a metonym for a baseball park. The starting point for much of the action on the field is home plate (officially ""home base""), which is a five-sided slab of whitened rubber, square with two of the corners removed so that one edge is 17 inches long, two adjacent sides are and the remaining two sides are and set at an angle to make a point. The plate"	"hit by Robertson and his Giants' teammate, Benny Kauff. Their hits to right field became so much of an issue that National League officials convened following the 1916 baseball season. Baseball officials decided to amend Rule #1, which read ""the shortest distance from a fence or stand on fair territory to the home base should be 235 feet."" The amendment to the rule changed the shortest distance from a stand or fence to 270 feet. Robertson played for the Giants in the 1917 World Series against the Chicago White Sox, his 11 hits leading the team in the Series in"	"plate to the fences in left and right field, and to center. (Rule 1.04, Note(a)). This rule was passed to avoid situations like the Los Angeles Coliseum, which was . down the left field line. However, with the opening of Baltimore's Camden Yards (1992), the ""minimum distance"" rule began to be ignored. One factor may be that the quaint, ""retro"" look of Camden Yards, with its irregular measurements, proved to be very popular, along with a traditionalist backlash against the symmetrical, multi-purpose, ""cookie-cutter"" stadiums. Since the opening of Camden Yards, many other ""retro"" stadiums have been built, each with asymmetrical"	"batter, or ""on-deck"" batter, warms up while waiting for the current batter to finish his turn. The on-deck circle is either an area composed of bare dirt; a plain circle painted onto artificial turf; or often, especially at the professional level, made from artificial material, with a team or league logo painted onto it. According to Major League Baseball rules, there are two on-deck circles (one near each team's dugout). Each circle is 5 feet in diameter, and the centers of the circles are 74 feet apart. A straight line drawn between the centers of the two on-deck circles should"	"makers in 1893, not due to a clerical or surveying error as popular myth has it, but intentionally (further details under ""History""). In Major League Baseball, a regulation mound is in diameter, with the center from the rear point of home plate, on the line between home plate and second base. The front edge of the ""pitcher's plate"" or ""rubber"" is behind the center of the mound, making the front edge's midpoint 60 feet 6 inches from the rear point of home plate. Six inches (15 cm) in front of the pitcher's rubber the mound begins to slope downward. The"
How many home runs did baseball great Ty Cobb hit in the three world series in which he played?	"1907 World Series The 1907 World Series featured the Chicago Cubs and the Detroit Tigers, with the Cubs winning the Series four games to none (with one tie) for their first championship. The Cubs came back strong from their shocking loss in the 1906 World Series. The Tigers' young star Ty Cobb came into the Series with the first of his many league batting championships. With pitching dominance over the Tigers and Cobb, the Cubs allowed only three runs in the four games they won, while stealing 18 bases off the rattled Tigers. Tigers pitcher ""Wild Bill"" Donovan struck out"	"""Sporting News"" ranked Ty Cobb third on their list of ""Baseball's 100 Greatest Players"". Cobb is widely credited with setting 90 MLB records during his career. His combined total of 4,065 runs scored and runs batted in (after adjusting for home runs) is still the highest ever produced by any major league player. He still holds several records as of the end of the 2018 season, including the highest career batting average (.366 or .367, depending on source) and most career batting titles with 11 (or 12, depending on source). He retained many other records for almost a half century"	"defeat the Tigers again in the 1908 World Series, this time in five games. This would be the Cubs' last World Championship until 2016. In 1909, Detroit posted a 98–54 season, winning the AL pennant by 3.5 games over the Athletics. Ty Cobb won the batting triple crown in 1909, hitting .377 with 9 home runs (all inside-the-park) and 107 RBIs. He also led the league with 76 stolen bases. George Mullin was the pitching hero, going 29–8 with a 2.22 ERA, while fellow pitcher Ed Willett went 21–10. Mullin's 11–0 start in 1909 was a Tiger record for 104"	"in the 1908 World Series, this time in five games. This would be the Cubs' last World Championship until 2016. In 1909, Detroit posted a 98–54 season, winning the AL pennant by 3.5 games over the Athletics. Ty Cobb won the batting triple crown in 1909, hitting .377 with 9 home runs (all inside-the-park) and 107 RBIs. He also led the league with 76 stolen bases. George Mullin was the pitching hero, going 29–8 with a 2.22 ERA, while fellow pitcher Ed Willett went 21–10. Mullin's 11–0 start in 1909 was a Tiger record for 104 years, finally being broken"	"authoring several books. Among his 11 books include his memoirs ""Baseball As I Have Known It;"" ""Connie Mack, Grand Old Man of Baseball;"" ""The Story of the World Series;"" ""'The Baseball Story;"" and team histories of the Detroit Tigers, Boston Red Sox, St. Louis Cardinals, Pittsburgh Pirates, Baltimore Orioles, and Philadelphia Phillies. Lieb initiated a rule change when on February 9, 1920, he suggested that a game-winning home run with men on base be counted as a home run even if its run was not needed to win the game. On May 15, 1922, Ty Cobb beat out a grounder"	"He remained there until his final season in 1937. From 1925 to 1937, Hornsby was intermittently his own manager. After retiring as a player, he managed the Browns in 1952 and the Cincinnati Reds from 1952 to 1953. Hornsby is regarded as one of the best hitters of all time. He had 2,930 hits and 301 home runs in his career; his career batting average of .358 is second only to Ty Cobb, at .367, in MLB history. He also won two Triple Crowns and batted .400 or more three times during his career. He is the only player to"	"Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts"" ""Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts"" ""Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts"" Howie Camnitz Fred Clarke Tommy Leach Dots Miller Honus Wagner Vic Willis In the World Series, Pittsburgh faced the American League champion Detroit Tigers, led by triple crown winner Ty Cobb. The matchup was largely billed as one between the major leagues' two"	"With the addition of Ty Cobb at the end of the 1905 season, the Tigers had two of the best hitters in baseball. Cobb and Crawford led Detroit to three straight American League pennants in 1907, 1908 and 1909, but both of them slumped in their World Series appearances, as the Tigers lost all three. Crawford hit for a .243 average in three World Series, and Cobb hit an uncharacteristic .200 in the 1907 World Series and .231 in the 1909 World Series. Although Crawford never got to play in another World Series, he remained one of the most feared"	"a run. In 1909, Ty Cobb won the Triple Crown with a .377 batting average‚ nine home runs (all inside the park)‚ and 107 RBIs. (He not only led the AL in all three Triple Crown categories; he led all major league players in all three categories.) Cobb also led the major leagues with 216 hits and 76 stolen bases. Adding the stolen base title, Cobb was the only player ever to win a quadruple crown. Right fielder Sam Crawford, known as ""Wahoo Sam"", was one of the greatest sluggers of the dead-ball era and still holds the major league"	"or more, including most career hits until 1985 (4,189 or 4,191, depending on source), most career runs (2,245 or 2,246 depending on source) until 2001, most career games played (3,035) and at bats (11,429 or 11,434 depending on source) until 1974, and the modern record for most career stolen bases (892) until 1977. He still holds the career record for stealing home (54 times) and for stealing second base, third base, and home in succession (5 times), and as the youngest player ever to compile 4,000 hits and score 2,000 runs. Cobb ranks fifth all-time in number of games played"	"in Hornsby Bend Cemetery near Austin, Texas. Baseball experts and sportswriters consider Hornsby to be one of the greatest hitters of all time. His lifetime batting average of .358 is only exceeded by Ty Cobb's career mark of .367. He won seven batting titles in total, a feat tied or exceeded by only five players (Cobb (11 or 12, depending on the source), Tony Gwynn (8), Honus Wagner (8), Rod Carew (7), and Stan Musial (7)). Hornsby led the National League in slugging percentage nine times, a record that still stands. He also hit more home runs, drove in more"	"a single game. Coughlin was also the maestro of the hidden ball trick. Although no known comprehensive list is known to exist of all times when the hidden ball trick has worked, Coughlin reportedly pulled it off seven times (and at three different positions) – more than any other player in MLB history. In Game 2 of the 1907 World Series, Coughlin caught Jimmy Slagle with a hidden ball trick, the only one in World Series history. 1907 was Ty Cobb's first season as an every-day starter. He won his first batting crown with a .350 average and led the"	"September 11, 1985, Rose broke Ty Cobb's all-time hits record with his 4,192nd hit, a single to left-center field off San Diego Padres pitcher Eric Show. According to the MLB.com web site, Major League Baseball continues to recognize Cobb's final hit total as 4,191, though independent research has revealed two of Cobb's hits were counted twice. Because of this, it has been suggested Rose actually broke Cobb's record against the Cubs' Reggie Patterson with a single in the first inning of a Reds' 5–5 called game against Chicago on September 8. Because Rose broke Cobb's record, ABC's Wide World of"	".500, and the experiment was abandoned the following season. The Major League Baseball batting averages championships (often referred to as ""the batting title"") is awarded annually to the player in each league who has the highest batting average. Ty Cobb holds the MLB (and American League) record for most batting titles, officially winning 11 in his pro career. The National League record of 8 batting titles is shared by Honus Wagner and Tony Gwynn. Most of Cobb's career and all of Wagner's career took place in what is known as the Dead-Ball Era, which was characterized by higher batting averages"	"controlled environment, which was eventually responsible for Mathewson's contracting tuberculosis which led to his premature death on the eve of the 1925 World Series. On August 19, 1921, in the second game of a doubleheader against Elmer Myers of the Boston Red Sox, Cobb collected his 3,000th hit. Aged 34 at the time, he is still the youngest ballplayer to reach that milestone, and in the fewest at-bats (8,093). By 1920, Babe Ruth, newly sold to the newly named New York Yankees from the Boston Red Sox, had established himself as a power hitter, something Cobb was not considered to"	"123 RBIs. At 21 years and one month, he was the 3rd youngest AL batting leader ever behind Al Kaline (20) in 1955 and Ty Cobb (20) in 1907, and the 3rd youngest player in history with 35+ homers. He was also the first major league shortstop to win a batting title since 1960, and the first in the AL since 1944. At age 20 years, 11 months, he was the youngest shortstop in All-Star Game history. He also led the AL in runs (141), total bases (379), and doubles (54) and ranked among the league leaders in base hits"	"regularly recorded until 1920. Ty Cobb Tyrus Raymond Cobb (December 18, 1886 – July 17, 1961), nicknamed The Georgia Peach, was an American Major League Baseball (MLB) outfielder. He was born in rural Narrows, Georgia. Cobb spent 22 seasons with the Detroit Tigers, the last six as the team's player-manager, and finished his career with the Philadelphia Athletics. In 1936 Cobb received the most votes of any player on the inaugural Baseball Hall of Fame ballot, receiving 222 out of a possible 226 votes (98.2%); no other player received a higher percentage of votes until Tom Seaver in 1992. In"	".394 and .389, respectively. The downfall of the 1921 Tigers, however, was the absence of good pitching. The team ERA was 4.40. Without pitching to support the offense, the 1921 Tigers finished in sixth place in the American League at 71–82, 27 games behind the New York Yankees. On August 19, 1921, Cobb collected his 3,000th career hit off Elmer Myers of the Boston Red Sox. Aged 34 at the time, he is still the youngest player to reach that milestone, also reaching it in the fewest at-bats (8,093). The Tigers continued to field good teams during Ty Cobb's tenure"	"result of two strokes. Alex Cobb Alexander Miller Cobb (born October 7, 1987) is an American professional baseball pitcher for the Baltimore Orioles of Major League Baseball (MLB). He previously played for the Tampa Bay Rays from 2011 through 2017, missing the 2015 season due to injury. Cobb was born in Boston, Massachusetts to Lindsay Miller-Cobb and Rick Cobb. He lived in North Reading, Massachusetts, for the first two years of his life, when his family relocated to Vero Beach, Florida, due to employment. As a youth, Cobb served as a batboy for the Los Angeles Dodgers at Holman Stadium"	"a 51% to 48% margin. Tony Kubek Anthony Christopher Kubek (born October 12, 1935) is an American former professional baseball player and television broadcaster. During his nine-year playing career with the New York Yankees, Kubek played in six World Series in the late 1950s and early 1960s, starting in 37 World Series games. For NBC television, he later broadcast twelve World Series between 1968 and 1982, and fourteen League Championship Series between 1969 and 1989. Kubek received the Ford C. Frick Award in 2009. A left-handed batter, Kubek signed his first professional contract with the Yankees and rose rapidly through"	"did win pennants, as well. His contributions to the Dodgers' successful 1949, 1953, 1955 and 1959 campaigns are particularly noteworthy. With regard to Hodges' 1952 World Series slump, several Hall of Fame honorees, among them Ty Cobb, Babe Ruth, Stan Musial and Ted Williams, also endured severe batting slumps in World Series play. More to the point, Hodges' failure in the 1952 World Series does not obscure his fine performances for the Dodgers in the other World Series they played during his tenure with the club. Hodges led the Dodger hitters in the 1953 World Series, posting a batting average"	"Fittingly, his final game on October 6, 1985 was against the Expos, pinch hitting for Ronn Reynolds in the bottom of the ninth inning. In his last plate appearance, he grounded out to end the game. Staub's career ended at the age of 41 in 1985. He was only 284 hits shy of the 3000 hit milestone. He was the only major league player to have 500 hits with four different teams. He, Ty Cobb, Alex Rodriguez and Gary Sheffield share the distinction of being the only players to hit home runs before turning 20 years old, and after turning"	"footage and still photographs of Ty Cobb. The museum also houses the Franklin County Sports Hall of Fame. Charter inductees are Cobb, 1943 American League (A.L.) MVP Spud Chandler, National Football League Pro Bowl lineman Tony Jones and College Football All-American quarterback Dee Dowis. Ty Cobb Museum The Ty Cobb Museum is a museum located in Royston, Georgia, that honors Baseball Hall of Fame player Tyrus Raymond Cobb. The museum contains art and memorabilia, film, video, books and historical archives of Cobb as well as several other notable people from Franklin County, Georgia. Items on display include Cobb's 1907 American"	"Ty Cobb Tyrus Raymond Cobb (December 18, 1886 – July 17, 1961), nicknamed The Georgia Peach, was an American Major League Baseball (MLB) outfielder. He was born in rural Narrows, Georgia. Cobb spent 22 seasons with the Detroit Tigers, the last six as the team's player-manager, and finished his career with the Philadelphia Athletics. In 1936 Cobb received the most votes of any player on the inaugural Baseball Hall of Fame ballot, receiving 222 out of a possible 226 votes (98.2%); no other player received a higher percentage of votes until Tom Seaver in 1992. In 1999, editors at the"	"into the Baseball Hall of Fame. In 1978, Pete Palmer discovered a 1910 discrepancy in Cobb's career hit total, and the story was broken by ""The Sporting News"" in April 1981. Cobb is credited with 4,191 lifetime hits (still the total on MLB.com), but researchers say that a 1910 Detroit Tigers box score was counted twice in the season-ending calculations. The mistake caused the statisticians to give Cobb an extra 2-for-3. This credited Cobb with two non-existent hits, and erroneously raised his 1910 batting average from .383 to .385. As Lajoie had a .384 average for the season, the revised"	"Ty Cobb on three pitches. He was given a tryout with the Tigers, and on the three pitches he had claimed he would need to strike out Cobb, Cobb hit three home runs. In fact, Yelle was drafted by the Tigers in September 1914. Yelle appeared in 25 games in 1917, 13 as a starter, and compiled a .137 batting average and a .214 on-base percentage. The following year, he appeared in 56 games, 43 as the Tigers' starting catcher, and compiled a .174 batting average and a .227 on-base percentage. In 1919, he appeared in only six games for"	"to tag out the runner after receiving the ball from the pitcher. It is difficult for the runner to cover the distance between the bases before the ball arrives home. Ty Cobb holds the records for most steals of home in a single season (8) as well as for a career (54). Steals of home are not officially recorded statistics, and must be researched through individual game accounts. Thus Cobb's totals may be even greater than is recorded. Jackie Robinson famously stole home in Game 1 of the 1955 World Series. Thirty-five games have ended with a runner stealing home,"	"1928 New York Giants). He never hit below that mark again. After being moved to right field, he led the Tigers to three consecutive American League pennants in 1907, 1908 & 1909. Detroit would lose each World Series (to the Cubs twice and then the Pirates), however, with Cobb's postseason numbers far below his career standard. Cobb did not get another opportunity to play on a pennant-winning team. In 1907, Cobb reached first and then stole second, third and home. He accomplished the feat four more times during his career. He finished the 1907 season with a league-leading .350 batting"	"Tony Kubek Anthony Christopher Kubek (born October 12, 1935) is an American former professional baseball player and television broadcaster. During his nine-year playing career with the New York Yankees, Kubek played in six World Series in the late 1950s and early 1960s, starting in 37 World Series games. For NBC television, he later broadcast twelve World Series between 1968 and 1982, and fourteen League Championship Series between 1969 and 1989. Kubek received the Ford C. Frick Award in 2009. A left-handed batter, Kubek signed his first professional contract with the Yankees and rose rapidly through the team's farm system. He"	"354 home runs, 1244 runs batted in, and 2031 hits in 2071 games. May was prone to strike out; 10 times he fanned more than 100 times in a season and compiled 1,570 in his career. However, he is one of 11 major leaguers to reach the 100-RBI plateau playing for three teams, the others being Dick Allen, Joe Carter, Orlando Cepeda, Rocky Colavito, Goose Goslin, Rogers Hornsby, Reggie Jackson, Al Simmons, Vic Wertz, and Alex Rodriguez. May is currently in three different Halls of Fame: Baltimore Orioles Hall of Fame (1988), Cincinnati Reds Hall of Fame (2006), Alabama Sports"	"sent many players to the majors. Duke University's baseball field is named after him. He spent his retirement as a sports historian and writer. In 1938, he published, ""Baseball – Individual Play and Team Strategy"". Jack Coombs John Wesley ""Jack"" Coombs (November 18, 1882 – April 15, 1957), nicknamed ""Colby Jack"" after his alma mater, was an American professional baseball player. He played in Major League Baseball as a pitcher for the Philadelphia Athletics (1906–14), Brooklyn Robins (1915–18), and Detroit Tigers (1920). Coombs set a number of American League and World League records which still stand and, when he won"	"asides of Joe Garagiola. One of Bob Costas and Tony Kubek's most memorable broadcasts came on June 23, 1984. The duo were at Chicago's Wrigley Field to call an unbelievable 12–11 contest between the Chicago Cubs and St. Louis Cardinals. Led by second baseman Ryne Sandberg, the Cubs rallied from a 9–3 deficit before winning it in extra innings. After Sandberg hit his second home run in the game (with two out in the bottom of the 9th to tie it 11–11), Costas cried """"That's the real Roy Hobbs because this can't be happening! We're sitting here, and it doesn't"	"was continued as distinct halves starting August 9, with the playoffs reorganized to reflect this. Throughout the 1980s then, baseball seemed to prosper. The competitive balance between franchises saw fifteen different teams make the World Series, and nine different champions during the decade. Also, every season from 1978 through 1987 saw a different World Series winner, a streak unprecedented in baseball history. Turmoil was, however, just around the corner. In 1986 Pete Rose retired from playing for the Cincinnati Reds, having broken Ty Cobb's record by accumulating 4,256 hits during his career. He continued as Reds manager until, in 1989"
"What breakfast food gets its name from the German word for ""stirrup""?"	"Breakfast sandwich In North America, a breakfast sandwich is any sandwich filled with foods associated with the breakfast meal. Breakfast sandwiches are served at fast food restaurants and delicatessens or bought as fast, ready to heat and eat sandwiches from a store. Breakfast sandwiches are commonly made at home. Breakfast sandwiches are typically made using breakfast meats (generally cured meats such as sausages, patty sausages, bacon, country ham, Spam and pork roll), breads, eggs and cheese. These sandwiches were typically regional specialties until fast food restaurants began serving breakfast. Because the common types of bread, such as biscuits, bagels, and"	"honey, juices, coffee, hot chocolate or tea. Breakfast cereals or muesli with milk, yogurt or filmjölk, currants and fruits are popular or warm whole-grain porridge with milk and jam (for example lingonberry jam). Bilberry-soup (blåbärssoppa) and rose hip soup are also possible breakfast alternatives. Swiss breakfasts are often similar to those eaten in neighboring countries. Traditionally, zopf (or züpfe) is eaten on Sunday mornings and New Year's Day. A notable breakfast food of Swiss origin, now found throughout Europe, is muesli, (""Birchermüesli"" in Swiss German), introduced in 1900 by Maximilian Bircher-Benner for patients in his hospital. In the contemporary UK"	"eggs. The typical German breakfast consists of bread or bread rolls, butter, jam, ham, cheeses, meat spreads, cold cuts, hard- or soft-boiled eggs and coffee or tea. Cereals have become popular, and regional variation is significant. Yogurt, granola and fruit (fresh or stewed) may appear, as well as eggs cooked to order (usually at smaller hotels or bed-and-breakfasts). A second breakfast is traditional in parts of Germany, notably Bavaria where it is called ""Brotzeit"" (literally ""bread time""). Home breakfasts in Greece include bread with butter, honey or marmalade with coffee or milk. Breakfast cereals are also eaten. Children also eat"	"bread pudding with lemon sauce. The original bread roll of Hamburg is called ""Rundstück"" (lit.: round piece) and those that were not eaten for breakfast are plated with slices of roasted pork, smothered in sauce and are then called ""Rundstück warm"" for lunch (lit.: round piece warm). A famous bread is ""Schwarzbrot"", a dark and fluffy whole wheat bread. For tea (or ‘coffee and cake’ as teatime is called in Germany) Kopenhagener are served which is filled with jam or marzipan. Another famous baked good for ‘coffee and cake’ is the traditional apple pie of Hamburg which is prepared by"	"(Nine thirty in the morning in Germany) and „Das Frühstückchen“ (The little breakfast). Knoppers have recently become popular amongst wealthy Chinese consumers, with Daigous based in Australia and Germany purchasing thousands of packets of the product. Knoppers (sweet brand) Knoppers is a brand of wafer sandwich filled with nougat and milk creme, produced by August Storck KG. Since 1983, Knoppers has been available in Germany and bordering European countries, as well as Australia, Vietnam, Russia and, since 2017, the United Kingdom. A wafer normally weighs . It typically has a light blue white wrapping around it. Knoppers are manufactured at"	"or wat. Another popular breakfast food is ""fatira"". The delicacy consists of a large fried pancake made with flour, often with a layer of egg. It is eaten with honey. ""Chechebsa"" (or ""kita firfir"") resembles a pancake covered with ""berbere"" and ""niter kibbeh"", or other spices, and may be eaten with a spoon. ""Genfo"" is a kind of porridge, which is another common breakfast dish. It is usually served in a large bowl with a dug-out made in the middle of the genfo and filled with spiced ""niter kibbeh"". A variation of ""ful"", a fava bean stew with condiments, served"	"the night before were often served re-fried becoming 'bubble-and-squeak'; in Ireland the dish is known as colcannon. Traditionally, breakfast would be served with a small amount of fruit, such as a slice of orange, believed to prevent the onset of scurvy. Also traditional, but now less popular breakfasts included fish in the form of kippers (smoked herring) with poached egg and toast, and kedgeree (a Scoto-Indian smoked haddock, egg and rice dish originating in Colonial India). Most British breakfasts are consumed with tea, coffee or fruit juice. In Old English, breakfast was known as ""morgenmete"", meaning ""morning meal"". A continental"	"is a ""(frukost) bullar"" (""(breakfast) buns""), ""franskbrödbullar"" (""french bread bun"") or simply ""fralla"" (""bun""), comfort food eaten with butter and any kind of topping (marmalade, cheese, ham, salami) for special weekend breakfasts. The ""Doppelweck or Doppelbrötchen"" is a type of bread roll originating from the Saarland which consists of two rolls joined together side-by-side before baking. A variety of rolls are found in Europe, from white rolls made with wheat flour, to dark rolls containing mostly rye flour. Many variants include spices, such as coriander and cumin, or nuts. Also common are bread rolls containing or garnished with whole seeds"	"Butterbrot The German word Butterbrot (literally: butter bread = bread with butter) describes a slice of bread topped with butter. The words in formal and colloquial German and the different dialects for ""butterbrot"" (different from ""belegtes Brot"" - with cheese, sausages etc.), simply ""Brot"" (""bread""), ""Butterstulle"", ""Stulle"", ""Schnitte"" (all three Low German/Berlinerisch dialect), ""Botteramm"" (Colognian dialect), ""Bütterken"" (Lower Rhine dialect) to ""Bemme"" (Upper Saxon German) or ""Knifte"" (Ruhrdeutsch). Although it is increasingly replaced by other foods, it remains a common staple food in Germany. Since 1999, the last Friday in the month of September was made the day of butterbrot"	"of the Austrian presidency of the European Union, on Europe Day 2006. The old South German name combines the Middle High German words ""Gugel"" (see also gugel, a long-pointed hood) derived from Latin ""cucullus"", meaning hood or bonnet, and ""Hupf"", which literally means ""to hop"" or ""to jump"". The Brothers Grimm wrote that the ""hupf"" may be a reference to the ""jumping"" of the dough caused by the yeast, but no firm etymological evidence exists for this. The earliest known Gugelhupf recipe, in Marx Rupolt's 1581 cookbook, describes a ""Hat Cake"" with the distinctive shape and ornamentation recommendation, suggesting a"	"of the regional word ""Stippen"" which means ""to dip into something"". Stip is also referred to as; ""stip-in-t-gat"", ""potstroop"" and ""luie wievenkost"". This last name translates into ""lazy wife's food"". It refers to the ease with which this dish is made. The dish is prepared by boiling the milk, adding the wheat and letting it sit. Stip (dish) Stip is a regional dish in the Dutch provinces of Groningen, Drenthe and Overijssel. It is served as buckwheat porridge with a hole containing fried bacon and a big spoonful of syrup. The traditional way to eat this dish, follows two steps."	"Muesli Muesli (); Swiss German: Müesli , non-Swiss Standard German: Müsli ) is a breakfast and brunch dish based on raw rolled oats and other ingredients like grains, fresh or dried fruits, seeds and nuts, that may be mixed with milk, soy milk, almond milk, other plant milks, yogurt, or fruit juice. Developed around 1900 by Swiss physician Maximilian Bircher-Benner for patients in his hospital, muesli is available ready-made in a packaged dry form, or it can be made fresh. In Switzerland and Germany, it is also eaten as a light evening dish called ""Birchermüesli complet"", or muesli with ""butterbrot"""	"Bauernfrühstück Bauernfrühstück () (literally ""farmer's breakfast"") is a warm German dish made from fried potatoes, eggs, onions, leeks or chives, and bacon or ham. Despite its name, it is eaten not only for breakfast but also for lunch and dinner. It is similar to the somewhat simpler English bubble and squeak. The ingredients are mixed in a pan and fried as an omelette. It is usually accompanied by a green or tomato salad or pickles (UK: gherkins). Similar dishes are found in other countries, too. In France, for example, as omelette à la paysanne (with sorrel), in Spain as a"	"fine-ground cornmeal (historically, it was rolled in ground, dried peas); it is popular in southern Ontario. Bacon is often eaten in breakfasts, such as with cooked eggs or pancakes. Maple syrup is often used as a flavouring while curing bacon in Canada. Some of the meanings of bacon overlap with the German-language term ""Speck"". Germans use the term ""bacon"" explicitly for ""Frühstücksspeck"" ('breakfast ""Speck""') which are cured or smoked pork slices. Traditional German cold cuts favor ham over bacon, however ""Wammerl"" (grilled pork belly) remains popular in Bavaria. Small bacon cubes (called ""Grieben"" or ""Grammerln"" in Austria and southern Germany)"	"snack eaten around 10:30 in the morning (its Hungarian and Slovak name, ""tízórai"" / ""desiata"", actually means ""[snack] at 10""). It consists of coffee and pastries or some sausages. The typical sausage is a white sausage, Weißwurst, which is considered the specialty of Munich and Bavaria in general. The sausage is prepared during the early morning to serve during the second breakfast. It is served with pretzels, sweet mustard, and wheat beer. The meal is roughly similar in concept to the British elevenses. In Poland second breakfast usually consists of some snacks like sandwiches, or pastries, but may consist of"	"Brottrunk Brottrunk (literally meaning ""bread drink"" in German) is a fermented grain beverage similar to bread kvass, made in Germany from bread. The bread is baked from biodynamically grown grains. This bread is then fermented in a proprietary month-long process. Then, without further processing, the liquid is bottled. First marketed in 1981 by master baker Wilhelm Kanne, this non-alcoholic probiotic beverage is distributed as ""Kanne Brottrunk"" in Germany and in several European countries. Brottrunk contains live cultures (""Lactobacillus reuteri""), grain lactic acid, minerals and vitamins (though not in noteworthy amounts). A number of limited clinical studies have been conducted in"	"History of breakfast Breakfast is the first meal taken after rising from a night's sleep, most often eaten in the early morning before undertaking the day's work. The Old English word for dinner, ""disner"", means to break a fast, and was the first meal eaten in the day until its meaning shifted in the mid-13th century. It was not until the 15th century that ""breakfast"" came into use in written English to describe a morning meal, which literally means to break the fasting period of the prior night; in Old English the term was ""morgenmete"" meaning ""morning meal."" From evidence"	"lard bread, salt eggs, meatballs, ""mettwurst"", and of course rollmops. Nowadays rollmops are commonly served as part of the German ""Katerfrühstück"" (hangover breakfast) which is believed to restore some electrolytes. Rollmops are eaten in Europe and South America, as well as in areas of the United States and Canada. Rollmops Rollmops () are pickled herring fillets, rolled into a cylindrical shape, often around a savoury filling. The filling usually consists of sliced pickled gherkin, or green olive with pimento. Rollmops are often skewered with a cocktail skewer. Rollmops are usually bought ready-to-eat, in jars or tubs. The brine additionally consists"	"Allerheiligenstriezel Allerheiligenstriezel or simply Strietzel (regional names include ""Allerseelenzopf"", ""Seelenspitze"", ""Seelenbrot"", or ""Allerseelenbreze"") is a braided yeast pastry. Its name means ""All Saints' braid"" in English and it consists of flour, eggs, yeast, shortening or butter, raisins, milk, salt, and decorating sugar or poppy seeds. Some regional variations also include rum or lemon juice. The word ""Strietzel"" is derived from Middle High German ""strutzel, strützel"", in turn from Old High German ""struzzil"". Its further origin is unclear. In Austria and Bavaria it is given to godchildren by their godfathers for All Saints' Day. This tradition has its origin in the"	"entrées and side dishes. ""Fit-fit,"" or ""fir-fir,"" is a common breakfast dish. It is made from shredded ""injera"" or ""kitcha"" stir-fried with spices or wat. Another popular breakfast food is ""fatira."" The delicacy consists of a large fried pancake made with flour, often with a layer of egg, eaten with honey. ""Chechebsa"" (or ""kita firfir"") resembles a pancake covered with ""berbere"" and ""niter kibbeh"", or spices, and may be eaten with a spoon. A porridge, ""genfo"" is another common breakfast dish. It is usually served in a large bowl with a dug-out made in the middle of the genfo and"	"than green asparagus. Restaurants will sometimes devote an entire menu to nothing but white asparagus when it is in season. Spargel season ( or ""Spargelsaison"") traditionally begins in mid-April and ends on St. John's Day (24 June). Breakfast (""Frühstück"") commonly consists of bread, toast, or bread rolls with butter or margarine, cold cuts, cheeses, jam (""Konfitüre"" or more commonly called ""Marmelade""), honey and eggs (typically boiled). Common drinks at breakfast are coffee, tea, milk, cocoa (hot or cold) or fruit juices. It is very common to eat hearty toppings at breakfast, including deli meats like ham, salted meats, salami and"	"Frühschoppen Frühschoppen (pronounced , meaning: an alcoholic drink before midday in company) is the German and Austrian tradition of meeting up at a pub, inn or tavern in the late morning, usually on Sundays. The specific customs vary from region to region. ""Frühschoppen"" is often a kind of brunch, but does not necessarily involve food. Frühschoppen is also often held at fun fairs, the most famous being Oktoberfest or Cannstatter Volksfest. In Lower Bavaria and most of Upper Bavaria, ""Frühschoppen"" is understood to be a specific kind of brunch consisting of Weisswurst, sweet mustard, pretzels, and Weissbier (an unfiltered wheat"	"meat-based spreads such as ""Leberwurst"" (liver sausage),""Teewurst"" or ""Mettwurst"" and cheeses such as Gouda, ""Frischkäse"" (cream cheese), Brie, ""Harzer Roller"", ""Bergkäse"" and more. Most bakeries tend to sell ""belegte Brötchen"" (sandwiches from bread rolls), especially in the morning, for people on the go. Traditionally, the main meal of the day has been lunch (""Mittagessen""), eaten around noon. Dinner (""Abendessen"" or ""Abendbrot"") was always a smaller meal, often consisting only of a variety of breads, meat or sausages, cheese and some kind of vegetables, similar to breakfast, or possibly sandwiches. Smaller meals added during the day bear names such as ""Vesper"""	"Germany that have also indicated the positive effect of brottrunk on the immune system, the skin, the digestive system and other health related issues Brottrunk Brottrunk (literally meaning ""bread drink"" in German) is a fermented grain beverage similar to bread kvass, made in Germany from bread. The bread is baked from biodynamically grown grains. This bread is then fermented in a proprietary month-long process. Then, without further processing, the liquid is bottled. First marketed in 1981 by master baker Wilhelm Kanne, this non-alcoholic probiotic beverage is distributed as ""Kanne Brottrunk"" in Germany and in several European countries. Brottrunk contains live"	"the scarcity of coffee. Birnenhonig Birnenhonig () is a syrup made from pears in central Switzerland. In North America it is known as Pear Butter. It is very similar to the Belgian spread ""sirop de Liège"". The pears are boiled and then pressed to obtain juice. The liquid is then heated for six to seven hours. The end product is sweet, opaque, creamy, dark brown and is consumed as a spread on bread or as a main ingredient for ""Luzerner Lebkuchen"", a type of gingerbread. During the Second World War, milk with Birnenhonig was often consumed as an alternative to"	"Matzah brei Matzah brei (; , ""matzah brei"", or , ""matzah metugenet"", literally, ""fried matzah""), sometimes spelled matzah brie or matzo brei, is a dish of Ashkenazi Jewish origin made from matzah fried with eggs. It is commonly eaten as a breakfast food during the Jewish holiday of Passover. The German word ""brei"" refers to a ""porridge-like mush"". In modern Yiddish, ""brei"" means ""fry"". Gil Marks in his ""Encyclopedia of Jewish Food"" asserts that matzah brei as a fried matzah-and-egg dish originated in North America. He notes the publication of a recipe for ""Fried Matzos"", consisting of soaked whole matzah"	"Full breakfast A full breakfast is a breakfast meal that typically includes bacon, sausages, eggs and a beverage such as coffee or tea. It comes in different regional variants and is referred to by different names depending on the area. While it is colloquially known as a “fry up” in most areas of Britain and Ireland, it is usually referred to as a ""full English breakfast"" in England (often shortened to ""full English""), and therefore, as a ""full Irish"", ""full Scottish"", ""full Welsh"", “full Cornish”, and the ""Ulster fry"" in the Republic of Ireland, Scotland, Wales, Cornwall, and Northern Ireland,"	"lunches, like ""sylte"" (head cheese) and ""æbleflæsk"" (roast pork or bacon in apple sauce). Summer offers lighter fare such as smoked mackerel, ""sommersalat"" (radish and cucumber in a smoked cheese dressing), new potatoes, and freshly peeled shrimp. Hundreds of combinations and varieties of ""smørrebrød"" are available, and some traditional examples include: A lavish piece of restaurant smørrebrød can almost be a meal unto itself, whereas everyday toppings are much simpler and often ungarnished. Smørrebrød Smørrebrød (; originally ""smør og brød"", ""butter and bread"") usually consists of a piece of buttered rye bread (""rugbrød""), a dense, dark brown bread. ""Pålæg"" (literally"	"English word for bread was ""hlaf"" (""hlaifs"" in Gothic: modern English ""loaf""), which appears to be the oldest Teutonic name. Old High German ""hleib"" and modern German ""Laib"" derive from this Proto-Germanic word, which was borrowed into Slavic (Polish ""chleb"", Russian ""khleb"") and Finnic (Finnish ""leipä"", Estonian ""leib"") languages as well. The Middle and Modern English word bread appears in Germanic languages, such as West Frisian ""brea"", Dutch ""brood"", German ""Brot"", Swedish ""bröd"", and Norwegian and Danish ""brød""; it may be related to ""brew"" or perhaps to ""break"", originally meaning ""broken piece"", ""morsel"". Bread is one of the oldest prepared"	"or various savoury spreads like liverwurst, including also a wide range of vegetarian spreads. Boxed lunch ""Butterbrot"" can be folded for easier handling, and as such remotely resembles the sandwich. In Austria ""Butterbrot"" only refers to a slice of bread with butter. If a topping is added it is named after the topping (e.g. ""Käsebrot"" ""cheese bread"", ""Wurstbrot"" ""sausage bread""). The derivatives of the British sandwich and the ""Butterbrot"" of the German-speaking countries differ in some ways: The ""Butterbrot"" is usually made from the typical bread types of German-speaking countries, which are much firmer, juicier and fuller in taste, and"	"at home. The most common breakfast is open sandwiches (""smørbrød""), often whole wheat bread, with cheese, often Jarlsberg, Norvegia or brunost, cold cuts, leverpostei, jam etc. Common drinks are water, various types of coffee such as French press, cafe latte or espresso, milk and juice. Another common breakfast is breakfast cereals like corn flakes eaten with milk, kulturmelk or yogurt. Whole-grain porridges with regular milk or butter are also eaten by some. More ample breakfasts may include fish, a diverse array of cheese, eggs, bacon, breads, and hot and cold cereals eaten in various combinations. Pastries such as croissants or"	"tortilla de patatas or in Sweden as pyttipanna. Bauernfrühstück Bauernfrühstück () (literally ""farmer's breakfast"") is a warm German dish made from fried potatoes, eggs, onions, leeks or chives, and bacon or ham. Despite its name, it is eaten not only for breakfast but also for lunch and dinner. It is similar to the somewhat simpler English bubble and squeak. The ingredients are mixed in a pan and fried as an omelette. It is usually accompanied by a green or tomato salad or pickles (UK: gherkins). Similar dishes are found in other countries, too. In France, for example, as omelette à"	"butterbrot would be ""stronger"", making the cat fall on its back — alternatively, it is sometimes humorously suggested that the cat would simply levitate, as it would be unable to satisfy both criteria for landing. Butterbrot The German word Butterbrot (literally: butter bread = bread with butter) describes a slice of bread topped with butter. The words in formal and colloquial German and the different dialects for ""butterbrot"" (different from ""belegtes Brot"" - with cheese, sausages etc.), simply ""Brot"" (""bread""), ""Butterstulle"", ""Stulle"", ""Schnitte"" (all three Low German/Berlinerisch dialect), ""Botteramm"" (Colognian dialect), ""Bütterken"" (Lower Rhine dialect) to ""Bemme"" (Upper Saxon German)"
What American city produces most of the egg rolls sold in grocery stores in the United States?	"Stanley Stores Stanley Stores Inc. was a family-owned regional grocery store chain in the United States, with its headquarters in Bay City, Texas. The chain operated three brands. Stanley Stores was the conventional grocery store brand. The ""Houston Chronicle"" said that the brands Price Lo Supermarkets and Foods ""4"" Less were ""modern, warehouse-type food stores with large sales and cut-rate prices."" In 1994 Greg Hassel of the ""Houston Chronicle"" said that Stanley Stores was one of several ""small area outfits"" operating stores in the Houston area. O. B. Stanley established the chain in 1945. The first location, a drive-in grocery"	"“Chop Suey: A Cultural history of Chinese food in the United States"", has stated that the modern American egg roll was probably invented at a Chinese restaurant in New York City in the early 1930s, by one of two chefs who both later claimed credit for the creation: Lung Fong of Lung Fong's, or Henry Low of Port Arthur. According to Coe, Low's recipe, printed in a 1938 cookbook, ""Cook at Home in Chinese"" included “bamboo shoots, roast pork, shrimp, scallions, water chestnuts, salt, MSG, sugar, palm oil, and pepper,” but notably did not include cabbage, which is the main"	"Rose Acre Farms Rose Acre Farms is the second largest egg producer in the United States and employs 2,000 people. The company is based in Seymour, Indiana, and has facilities in Arizona, Iowa, Illinois, Missouri, Kansas, North Carolina and Georgia. Rose Acre Farms is one of several producers that annually donate approximately 30,000 hard boiled eggs to the U.S. government for use at the White House Easter Egg Roll. In 2013 the company began a 30 year effort to refit its facilities to cage-free standards. In 2018, Rose Acre Farms donated $200,000 for a new animal science complex on the"	"Egg roll Egg rolls are a variety of deep-fried appetizers served in American Chinese restaurants. An egg roll is a cylindrical, savory roll with shredded cabbage, chopped pork, and other fillings inside a thickly-wrapped wheat flour skin, which is fried in hot oil. The dish is served warm, and is usually eaten with the fingers, dipped in duck sauce, soy sauce, plum sauce, or hot mustard, often from a cellophane packet. Egg rolls are a ubiquitous feature of American Chinese cuisine and are often served as free additions to American Chinese lunch special take-out combination platters throughout the United States,"	"across the United States, often made with some combination of walnut, poppy seed, apricot, and coffee, with more traditional varieties and preparations made in areas with large Central European settlements. They were introduced there by Central European immigrants and widely adopted by other ethnic groups in those regions. Nut rolls are an essential part of Christmas celebrations and popular other times in Pittsburgh and southwestern Pennsylvania, Joliet, Illinois, Pueblo, Colorado, Sheboygan, Wisconsin, Youngstown, Ohio, northeastern Ohio (where it is known as ""kolachi""), the Iron Range of Minnesota, Kansas City and Butte, Montana. As such, povitica, as well as Cornish pasties,"	"and available in authentic Chinese, Vietnamese, and Thai restaurants in the United States, American egg rolls are distinct. A typical ""New York style"" egg roll measures approximately two inches in diameter by six inches in length, with a thick, chewy, crispy, bumpy exterior skin. Egg rolls, like other Americanized Chinese food specialties, may contain vegetable cultivars and flavor profiles that are not common in China, including broccoli. Restaurants that serve egg rolls occasionally also offer spring rolls as a separate menu option, and these spring rolls may be served with a cold filling wrapped in Banh trang rice paper wrappers"	"as the pork roll, also called Taylor Ham, and salt water taffy, remain popular there today. The state is known for its commercial food and industrial production, beginning with the founding of the Campbell's Soup Company, headquartered in Camden since 1869. Goya Foods, the largest Hispanic-owned food company in the United States, operates a state-of-the-art, sustainable corporate headquarters in Jersey City. M&M's candy has been produced in Hackettstown, New Jersey since 1958. Manischewitz, one of the top producers of Jewish food such as matzo and kosher wine, is headquartered in Newark, New Jersey. Food writer, influencer, and chef Anthony Bourdain"	"ISE America ISE America is a privately owned company that is the 17th largest producer of chicken eggs in the United States and is wholly owned by the Japanese food conglomerate ISE Foods Co., Ltd., which is that nations largest egg producer, and the 6th largest egg producer in the world. Founded in 1980, ISE America is based in Galena, Maryland and produces eggs for retail, food service, and further processor markets, whose products include shell, hard cooked, liquid/frozen, and farms eggs, as well as pasteurized eggs. It is, also, entirely integrated, operating its own breeder, hatchery, feed mills, and"	"(particularly at Vietnamese restaurants that serve both egg rolls and spring rolls as appetizers), or fried, as seen in some Thai and Chinese eateries. When fried, spring rolls served in Asian restaurants in the United States usually have a smaller diameter and a lighter, crispier skin made out of thinner sheets of wheat or rice dough. In season 5 episode 5 of ""The King of Queens"", Doug Heffernan participates in an egg roll eating contest at work, despite a warning from his wife not to overeat. In the 1968 romantic comedy film ""With Six You Get Eggroll"", a character notes"	"eggs to America’s food banks and pantries in addition to their ongoing disaster relief work in response to tragedies like the 2010 Haiti earthquake and the 2011 Joplin, Mo. tornado. Additionally, they provide millions of dollars in free educational materials to American schools to help promote agricultural education and agricultural literacy. Since 1977, AEB also has supported the annual White House Easter Egg Roll, the largest public event on the south lawn of the White House. America’s egg farmers donate approximately 30,000 eggs to be rolled, hunted, decorated, and snacked on each year. The Incredible Egg also has a presence"	"US States with high Hispanic demographics, are emptied and dried chicken eggs stuffed with confetti and sealed with a piece of tissue paper. The eggs are hidden in a similar tradition to the American Easter egg hunt and when found the children (and adults) break them over each other's heads. In order to enable children to take part in egg hunts despite visual impairment, eggs have been created that emit various clicks, beeps, noises, or music so that visually impaired children can easily hunt for Easter eggs. Egg rolling is also a traditional Easter egg game played with eggs at"	"pullet farms and has other offices in New Jersey and South Carolina. In 2001, The Washington Post reported that ISE America had been accused by animal rights activists of cruelty regarding their treatment of chickens. In 1983, ISE America founded the nonprofit organization ISE Cultural Foundation in New York City to promote cross-cultural exchanges (United States–Japan) in the arts, mainly in visual arts, and whom, in 2015, received a Consul General's Commendation from the Consulate General of Japan in New York. ISE America ISE America is a privately owned company that is the 17th largest producer of chicken eggs in"	"9/11 attacks on the world trade center the egg was painted as a red, white, and blue American flag. In 2014, the Seattle Seahawks logo was painted on the egg after they won the Super Bowl. Winlock, Washington Winlock () is a city in Lewis County, Washington, United States. The population was 1,339 at the 2010 census. It was named after territorial army general, Winlock M. Miller, who briefly resided there. Winlock is mostly famous for having the World's Largest Egg, reflecting its former status as a major producer of eggs. Early in its history, Winlock attracted many immigrants from"	"and processing facility in the nation. Rembrandt Enterprises Rembrandt Enterprises (REI) is an American company based in Okoboji, Iowa. REI is one of the world's largest egg producing and further processing facilities. The company is named after its most prominent egg operation in Rembrandt, Iowa. In late 2000, an off-site farm devoted to raising pullets was complete and operational. Construction of the egg-laying facility began in 2001 and production followed fall of that year. REI employs an estimated 665 people across the nation. REI is a legacy company of Taylor Corporation based in North Mankato, Minnesota. In the late 1990s,"	"filling ingredient in modern egg rolls. Egg rolls do not typically contain egg in the filling, and the wheat flour wrapper may or may not contain egg. In addition to the disputed origin of the dish, it is unclear how the word ""egg"" appeared in the name, since the predominant flavor in American egg rolls is cabbage, not eggs. A 1979 Washington Post article speculated that the Chinese word for ""egg"" sounds very similar to the Chinese word for ""spring"", but this theory has not been widely adopted. While there are many types of spring rolls native to East Asia"	"eggs. More than 2000 persons reported illnesses traced to contaminated eggs. Wright County Egg Wright County Egg (formerly DeCoster Egg Farms), based in Galt, Iowa, is one of the top ten egg producers in the United States, with a flock of more than 15 million chickens. The company also produces pork. The company was founded by Austin ""Jack"" DeCoster as a teenager, when his father died. All the family had were several hundred chickens. In the 1990s and 2000s the company was raided by federal officials several times, and faced litigation. It was charged with violating employment laws by extensive"	"Pork roll Pork roll (also known regionally as Taylor ham) is a pork-based processed meat commonly available in New Jersey, New York, Delaware and parts of Pennsylvania and Maryland. It was developed in 1856 by John Taylor of Hamilton Square, New Jersey, and sold as ""Taylor's Prepared Ham"". Other producers entered the market, and subsequent food labeling regulations required Taylor to designate it as a ""pork roll"" alongside its competitors. While ""Taylor Ham"" is technically a brand of pork roll, in regions of North Jersey all brands of pork roll may be referred as Taylor Ham due to John Taylor"	"Wright County Egg Wright County Egg (formerly DeCoster Egg Farms), based in Galt, Iowa, is one of the top ten egg producers in the United States, with a flock of more than 15 million chickens. The company also produces pork. The company was founded by Austin ""Jack"" DeCoster as a teenager, when his father died. All the family had were several hundred chickens. In the 1990s and 2000s the company was raided by federal officials several times, and faced litigation. It was charged with violating employment laws by extensive hiring of illegal immigrant workers and maintaining abusive conditions. In addition,"	"stores, natural foods stores and food service channels nationwide. Boca Burger, based in Chicago, Illinois, had 1999 revenues of about $40 million, almost double the previous year. By 2002, sales had grown to $70 million per year. All patty products are produced in Hobbs, New Mexico. Boca Foods has been criticized for using eggs which come from hens confined in battery cages in its product line. In February 2009, animal protection groups Compassion Over Killing, Mercy for Animals, and Animal Protection and Rescue League launched a campaign urging consumers to ask Boca to remove the eggs from its product recipes."	"created by the Great Depression led the National Dairy Products Corporation (now Kraft Foods) to invest in the company and take a non-controlling majority interest in the firm. By 1937, the two largest processed egg companies in the United States were Standard Brands (which became part of Nabisco and eventually Kraft Foods) and the Ovson Egg Company. Ovson Egg had seven plants, located in Chicago, Illinois; St. Louis, Missouri; Dallas, Texas; Davenport, Iowa; Moberly, Missouri; Great Bend, Kansas; and Parsons, Kansas. The Shanghai plant was the largest egg processing facility in Asia. As the demand for eggs products soared during"	"debate"", saying, ""I come here for a simple reason – to finally settle this pork roll vs. Taylor Ham question...I'm just kidding...There's not much I'm afraid to take on in my final year of office, but I know better than to get in the middle of that debate."" Pork roll Pork roll (also known regionally as Taylor ham) is a pork-based processed meat commonly available in New Jersey, New York, Delaware and parts of Pennsylvania and Maryland. It was developed in 1856 by John Taylor of Hamilton Square, New Jersey, and sold as ""Taylor's Prepared Ham"". Other producers entered the"	"Taylor Pork Roll Taylor Pork Roll (regionally called Taylor Ham) is a brand of pork roll produced by Taylor Provisions Company. The company is headquartered in Trenton, New Jersey and its founder is credited as the inventor of the pork roll. While ""Taylor Ham"" is a brand of pork roll, in regions of North Jersey all brands of pork roll may be referred as Taylor Ham due to the first production of pork roll being branded Taylor. Taylor Provisions Company produces pork based products. The primary brand focuses on a processed pork originating in New Jersey called pork roll. Some"	"chains in the United States include Culver's, headquartered in Prairie du Sac, Wisconsin, with outlets in 20 states; Freddy's Frozen Custard & Steakburgers, based in Wichita, Kansas, with more than 300 locations nationwide; Andy's Frozen Custard, based in Springfield, Missouri, with over 30 locations; Ted Drewes Frozen Custard in St. Louis, Rita’s in Southern California and Abbott's Frozen Custard, in Rochester, New York. In the U.S., the Food and Drug Administration requires products marketed as frozen custard to contain at least 10 percent milkfat and 1.4 percent egg yolk solids. If it has a smaller percentage of egg yolk solids,"	"the question ""How can I make my breakfast fit more snugly into my colon?"" on satirical American TV program The Colbert Report. Rollie Eggmaster Rollie Eggmaster is a kitchen appliance manufactured by Florida-based company Kalorik. It is described as a ""vertical grill"" that cooks eggs into a sausage-shaped omelette. The appliance creates tube-shaped cooked eggs. The user of the appliance adds a mixture of two eggs into its cylindrical cooking tube and a cylinder of omelette is extruded in about five to eight minutes. The Rollie Eggmaster has been the subject of humor. It was listed as one of ""The"	"Rembrandt Enterprises Rembrandt Enterprises (REI) is an American company based in Okoboji, Iowa. REI is one of the world's largest egg producing and further processing facilities. The company is named after its most prominent egg operation in Rembrandt, Iowa. In late 2000, an off-site farm devoted to raising pullets was complete and operational. Construction of the egg-laying facility began in 2001 and production followed fall of that year. REI employs an estimated 665 people across the nation. REI is a legacy company of Taylor Corporation based in North Mankato, Minnesota. In the late 1990s, Darrel and his son David Rettig"	"and multi-department stores. Kroger's headquarters are in downtown Cincinnati. It maintains markets in 35 states and the District of Columbia, with store formats that include hypermarkets, supermarkets, superstores, department stores, and 263 jewelry stores (782 convenience stores were sold to EG Group in 2018). Kroger-branded grocery stores are located in the Midwestern and Southern United States. Kroger operates 38 food processing or manufacturing facilities, 1,532 supermarket fuel centers, 2,270 pharmacies and 232 The Little Clinic in-store medical clinics. Kroger's employees are mostly represented by collective bargaining agreements and many are represented by the United Food and Commercial Workers (UFCW) union."	"regional and national preferences for specific colors, and the results of such preferences on demand. For example, in most regions of the United States, chicken eggs generally are white. In some parts of the northeast of that country, particularly New England, where a television jingle for years proclaimed ""brown eggs are local eggs, and local eggs are fresh!"", brown eggs are more common. Local chicken breeds, including the Rhode Island Red, lay brown eggs. Brown eggs are preferred in China, Costa Rica, Ireland, France, and the United Kingdom. In Brazil and Poland, white chicken eggs are generally regarded as industrial,"	"Eggslut Eggslut is a fast food restaurant in Los Angeles and Las Vegas known for its signature dish ""The Slut"", a coddled egg on pureed potatoes. The shop Eggslut opened at the Grand Central Market in Los Angeles was named as one of the top 10 new U.S. restaurant's by ""Bon Appétit"" for 2014. The restaurant's name has been included in a list of risqué names by KCET and the ""New York Times"", with Eli Altman stating that having a boring name may mean that an advertisement doesn't attract attention, and 65 percent of respondents of a KCET poll stating"	"of Upstate New York include: Although one local legend lays claim that the potato chip was invented in Saratoga Springs, it has achieved such universal popularity that it is no longer identified with the region. Winemaking is a growing industry in the Finger Lakes as well as in Chautauqua County, where Welch's operates one of the oldest extant grape juice factories in the United States. In the center of the Finger Lakes region, Ithaca is known for the Bo Burger, a cheeseburger with a fried egg on top. Two of the most important rock festivals of the 20th century were"	"Winlock, Washington Winlock () is a city in Lewis County, Washington, United States. The population was 1,339 at the 2010 census. It was named after territorial army general, Winlock M. Miller, who briefly resided there. Winlock is mostly famous for having the World's Largest Egg, reflecting its former status as a major producer of eggs. Early in its history, Winlock attracted many immigrants from Finland, Germany, and Sweden. Winlock is located at (46.491308, -122.937588). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , all of it land. Olequa Creek, a main tributary of the"	"event, and is held on the White House South Lawn each Easter Monday for children (age 13 and younger) and their parents. It is hosted by the President of the United States and the First Lady of the United States. The Egg Roll is a race, where children push an egg through the grass with a long-handled spoon. Surrounding events include appearances by White House personalities in Easter Bunny costumes, speeches and book-reading by cabinet secretaries, and exhibits of artistically-decorated eggs. According to tradition, Dolley Madison, the wife of President James Madison, began the event in 1814 and hundreds of"	"and egg production, including controversial and timely topics such as factory farming, genetically modified organisms, induced molting for egg-laying chickens, regulatory efforts, and avian influenza. U.S. Poultry & Egg Association The U.S. Poultry & Egg Association is an American industry trade group located in Tucker, Georgia that ""represents its poultry and egg members through research, education, communications and technical services."" Founded in 1947, it is the world's largest and most active poultry organization. Billed as an ""All Feather"" association, membership includes producers and processors of broilers, turkeys, ducks, eggs, and breeding stock, as well as allied companies. It currently has"	"along with fried rice and fortune cookies. The origins of the dish are unclear and remain disputed. Egg rolls are closely related to, but distinct from, the spring rolls served in mainland China, and were first seen in the early 20th century in the United States. An early reference to egg rolls appeared in a 1917 Chinese recipe pamphlet published in the United States, but the dish does not resemble the modern egg roll. The 1917 recipe described a meat and vegetable filling wrapped in an egg omelet, panfried, and served in slices, similar to Gyeran-mari. Andrew Coe, author of"
Which 100-mile long waterway links the Mediterranean and the Red Sea?	"factors. The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 created the first salt-water passage between the Mediterranean and Red Sea. The Red Sea is higher than the Eastern Mediterranean, so the canal serves as a tidal strait that pours Red Sea water into the Mediterranean. The Bitter Lakes, which are hyper-saline natural lakes that form part of the canal, blocked the migration of Red Sea species into the Mediterranean for many decades, but as the salinity of the lakes gradually equalised with that of the Red Sea, the barrier to migration was removed, and plants and animals from the Red"	"Suez Canal The Suez Canal ( """") is a sea-level waterway in Egypt, connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea through the Isthmus of Suez. Constructed by the Suez Canal Company between 1859 and 1869, it was officially opened on 17 November 1869. The canal offers watercraft a shorter journey between the North Atlantic and northern Indian Oceans via the Mediterranean and Red Seas by avoiding the South Atlantic and southern Indian Oceans, reducing the journey by approximately . It extends from the northern terminus of Port Said to the southern terminus of Port Tewfik at the city of"	"Red Sea The Red Sea (also the Erythraean Sea, ) is a seawater inlet of the Indian Ocean, lying between Africa and Asia. The connection to the ocean is in the south through the Bab el Mandeb strait and the Gulf of Aden. To the north lie the Sinai Peninsula, the Gulf of Aqaba, and the Gulf of Suez (leading to the Suez Canal). The Red Sea is a Global 200 ecoregion. The sea is underlain by the Red Sea Rift which is part of the Great Rift Valley. The Red Sea has a surface area of roughly 438,000 km"	"coastline. To the east, the Red Sea defines the boundary between Africa and Asia, and thus also between Arab Africa and the Arab Middle East. This sea is a long and narrow waterway with a northwest tilt, stretching 2,300 kilometers from Egypt's Sinai peninsula southeast to the Bab-el-Mandeb strait between Djibouti in Africa and Yemen in Arabia but on average just 150 kilometers wide. Though the sea is navigable along its length, historically much contact between Arab Africa and the Arab Middle East has been either overland across the Sinai or by sea across the Mediterranean or the narrow Bab"	"sailing and many intermediary ports. The Red Sea was of secondary importance to the Persian Gulf and overland connections to the Levant. Starting around 100 BC a route from Egypt to India was established, making use of the Red Sea and using monsoon winds to cross the Arabian Sea directly to southern India. By about 100 AD, the volume of traffic being shipped on this route had eclipsed older routes. Roman demand for goods from southern India increased dramatically, resulting in greater number of large ships sailing down the Red Sea from Roman Egypt to the Arabian Sea and India."	"3,500 years, the time of maritime explorations of the Red Sea. A strategic meeting point between Northeast Africa and the Arabian Peninsula, the Red Sea was a place of contact and passage used by the Egyptians, the Phoenicians, the Ptolemaists, the Romans, the Greeks, the Byzantines, the Arabs, and then by the Europeans in search of the Spice route. Its apogee came with the opening of the Suez Canal. The port evolved out of landlocked Ethiopia's search for a maritime outlet, and Djibouti’s coastline provided both easy access and sheltered anchorage. Work on the Franco-Ethiopian Ethio-Djibouti Railways began in 1897"	"would not have occurred had it not been for the presence of an artificial structure. The opening of the Suez Canal created the first saltwater passage between the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea. Constructed in 1869 to provide a more direct trade route from Europe to India and the Far East, the canal is long, with a depth of and a width varying between . Because the surface of the Red Sea is slightly higher in elevation than the Eastern Mediterranean, the canal serves as a tidal strait by which Red Sea water pours into the Mediterranean. The Bitter"	"North Sea-Mediterranean Corridor The North Sea-Mediterranean Corridor is one of the nine priority axes of the Trans-European Transport Networks. It stretches from Ireland and the north of UK through the Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg to the Mediterranean Sea in the south of France. According to the European Union: This multimodal corridor, comprising inland waterways in Benelux and France, aims not only at offering better multimodal services between the North Sea ports, the Maas, Rhine, Scheldt, Seine, Saone and Rhone river basins and the ports of Fos-sur-Mer and Marseille, but also at better interconnecting the British Isles with continental Europe. Because"	"Mediterranean–Dead Sea Canal The Mediterranean–Dead Sea Canal (MDSC) is a proposed project to dig a canal from the Mediterranean Sea to the Dead Sea, taking advantage of the 400-metre difference in water level between the seas. It is not to be confused with the Red Sea–Dead Sea Water Conveyance. The project could correct the drop in the level of the Dead Sea observed in recent years. The canal could also be used to generate hydroelectric power because of surface difference and maybe by salinity gradient power, and desalinate water by reverse osmosis. The idea was first proposed by William Allen"	"canals (1,600 km.) are important locally for transportation. People still travel via the Nile, mainly between Cairo and Aswan. The Suez Canal is a major waterway for international commerce and navigation, linking the Mediterranean and Red Sea. Major ports are Alexandria, Port Said, Damietta on the Mediterranean and Suez and Safaga on the Red Sea. With regards to driving, Egypt has one of the highest incidents of road fatalities, per miles driven, in the world. The badly maintained road network has expanded rapidly to over 21,000 miles, covering the Nile Valley and Nile Delta, Mediterranean and Red Sea coasts, the"	"the Red Sea. Between 1887 and 1932, they expanded the Eritrean Railway, connecting Massawa with Asmara and then Bishia near the Sudan border, and completed the Asmara-Massawa Cableway. At long, it was the longest ropeway conveyor in the world at the time. In 1938, Massawa had 15,000 inhabitants, of which almost 2,000 were Italians: the city was improved with an architectural plan similar to the one in Asmara, with a commercial and industrial area. During World War II Massawa was the homeport for the Red Sea Flotilla of the Italian Royal Navy. When the city fell during the East African"	"Red Sea–Dead Sea Water Conveyance The Red Sea–Dead Sea Conveyance, sometimes called the Two Seas Canal, is a planned pipeline that runs from the coastal city of Aqaba by the Red Sea to the Lisan area in the Dead Sea. It will provide potable water to Jordan, Israel and the Palestinian territories, bring sea water to stabilise the Dead Sea water level and generate electricity to support the energy needs of the project. The project is going to be carried by Jordan and is entirely in Jordanian territory. The project will be financed by the government of Jordan and a"	"greater period each summer. The Bremen-based Beluga Group claimed in 2009 to be the first Western company to attempt using the Northern Sea Route without assistance from icebreakers, cutting 4000 nautical miles off the journey between Ulsan, Korea and Rotterdam, the Netherlands. Israel has declared that it will construct a railroad through the Negev desert to compete with the canal, with construction partly financed by China. The opening of the canal created the first salt-water passage between the Mediterranean and the Red Sea. Although the Red Sea is about higher than the eastern Mediterranean, the current between the Mediterranean and"	"The road network has expanded rapidly to over , covering the Nile Valley and Nile Delta, Mediterranean and Red Sea coasts, the Sinai, and the Western oases. In addition to overseas routes, Egypt Air provides reliable domestic air service to major tourist destinations from its Cairo hub. The Nile River system (about .) and the principal canals (1,600 km.) are used for local transportation. The Suez Canal is a major waterway for international commerce and navigation, linking the Mediterranean and Red Sea. It is run by the Suez Canal Authority, headquartered in Port Said. The ministry of transportation, along with"	"Mediterranean Sea The Mediterranean Sea is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Southern Europe and Anatolia, on the south by North Africa and on the east by the Levant. Although the sea is sometimes considered a part of the Atlantic Ocean, it is usually identified as a separate body of water. Geological evidence indicates that around 5.9 million years ago, the Mediterranean was cut off from the Atlantic and was partly or completely desiccated over a period of some 600,000 years, the Messinian salinity"	"Red Sea Cable Red Sea Cable is the designation of a 13.6 km long 400 kV AC submarine power cable under the Red Sea in order to interconnect the power grids of Egypt and Jordan. The project was commissioned in 1994 and inaugurated in 1998. The cable with a maximum transmission capacity of 2000 MW reaches a maximum depth of 850 metres. It has a cross section of 1000 mm2 per conductor and is implemented as oil-filled single core cable insulated with cellulose paper impregnated with a low viscosity mineral oil. A sheath of arsenic lead alloy F3 (0.15% arsenic,"	"All-Red Route An All-Red Route was, originally, a steamship route used by Royal Mail Ships during the heyday of the British Empire. The name derives from the common practice of colouring the territory of the British Empire red or pink on political maps. Initially the term was used to apply only to steamship routes (as these were the only practical way of carrying communications between Great Britain and the rest of the Empire), particularly to India via the Suez Canal—a route sometimes referred to as the British Imperial Lifeline. Rail transport was used across France and Italy to the Mediterranean."	"Candiano Canal The Candiano Canal, also known as the Canal Corsini, is a canal connecting the Italian city of Ravenna to the Adriatic Sea. The canal was built as part of a construction program begun by Pope Clement XII in the early 18th century. The artificial waterway connects the Monote and Ronco rivers to the Adriatic Sea. At 11 km long, the canal is the largest artificial canal in Italy. Historically, the city of Ravenna suffered episodes of destructive flooding. To combat this issue, the city of Ravenna built over the centuries a series of canals and waterways to prevent"	"the Red Sea was an important part of the spice trade route. In 1513, trying to secure that channel to Portugal, Afonso de Albuquerque laid siege to Aden but was forced to retreat. They cruised the Red Sea inside the Bab al-Mandab, as the first European fleet to have sailed these waters. In 1798, France ordered General Napoleon to invade Egypt and take control of the Red Sea. Although he failed in his mission, the engineer Jean-Baptiste Lepère, who took part in it, revitalised the plan for a canal which had been envisaged during the reign of the Pharaohs. Several"	"Manchester Ship Canal The Manchester Ship Canal is a inland waterway in the North West of England linking Manchester to the Irish Sea. Starting at the Mersey Estuary near Liverpool, it generally follows the original routes of the rivers Mersey and Irwell through the historic counties of Cheshire and Lancashire. Several sets of locks lift vessels about up to Manchester, where the canal's terminus was built. Major landmarks along its route include the Barton Swing Aqueduct, the only swing aqueduct in the world, and Trafford Park, the world's first planned industrial estate and still the largest in Europe. The rivers"	"Red Sea to its west. It has an estimated population of 28 million, and its size is approximately . Hejaz, in the western part of Arabia came under Turkish influence in 1517 and the Turks took direct control in 1845. Before the introduction of postage stamps and the railway, the limited amounts of mail that was sent traveled mainly by camel. Between 1900 and 1908 a railway was built between Medina and Damascus known as the Hejaz Railway and a number of railway stamps were issued for use on the service. Revenue stamps were also issued in connection with the"	"Eurasia Canal The Eurasia Canal (, ""Kanal ""Evraziya"""") is a proposed 700-kilometre-long (430 mi) canal connecting the Caspian Sea to the Black Sea along the Kuma-Manych Depression. Currently, a chain of lakes and reservoirs and the shallow irrigation Kuma-Manych Canal are found along this route. The canal is intended to provide a shorter route for shipping than the existing Volga–Don Canal system of waterways; it would also require fewer locks (or lower-rise locks) than the Volga-Don route. Manych Ship Canal is the existing canal system that would be the likely route for the Eurasian Canal. The route of the canal,"	"from Helle, the daughter of Athamas, who was drowned here in the mythology of the Golden Fleece. As a maritime waterway, the Dardanelles connects various seas along the Eastern Mediterranean, the Balkans, the Near East, and Western Eurasia, and specifically connects the Aegean Sea to the Sea of Marmara. The Marmara further connects to the Black Sea via the Bosphorus, while the Aegean further links to the Mediterranean. Thus, the Dardanelles allows maritime connections from the Black Sea all the way to the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean via Gibraltar, and the Indian Ocean through the Suez Canal, making"	"distances without stopping. This led to significant lower long distance shipping costs by the 14th century. The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, a document dating from 40-60 AD, describes a newly discovered route through the Red Sea to India, with descriptions of the markets in towns around Red Sea, Persian Gulf and the Indian Ocean, including along the eastern coast of Africa, which states ""for beyond these places the unexplored ocean curves around toward the west, and running along by the regions to the south of Aethiopia and Libya and Africa, it mingles with the western sea (possible reference to"	"European route E95 The European route E95 is a road in Europe and a part of the United Nations International E-road network. Approximately long, it connects St Petersburg with Merzifon in north central Turkey. Between its northern terminus in Russia and its southern end, it passes in addition through Belarus and Ukraine. Between the ports of Odessa / Chornomorsk on Ukraine's southern coast and ports of Turkey (particularly, Samsun) vehicles are required to cross the Black Sea by ferry over a distance of 731 kilometers (approximately 455 miles). Odessa - Samsun There currently is no ferry from Odessa to Samsun."	"Erythraean Sea The Erythraean Sea (Greek: ""Erythra Thalassa"", ""Red Sea"") is the name in ancient cartography. It was a body of water located between the Horn of Africa and the Arabian peninsula, but its name is now obsolete. This appellation may have derived from the seasonal blooms of the red-coloured ""Trichodesmium erythraeum"" near the water's surface. In the third century, Flavius Philostratus made this comment: ""And they say that the sea called Erythra or ""red"" is of a deep blue colour, but that it was so named, as I said before, from a King Erythras, who gave his own name"	"Cape Route The European-Asian sea route, also known as the sea route to India or the Cape Route is a shipping route from European coast of the Atlantic Ocean to Asia's coast of the Indian Ocean passing by the Cape of Good Hope and Cape Agulhas at the southern edge of Africa. The first recorded completion of the route was made in 1498 by Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama. The route was important during the Age of Sail, but became partly obsolete as the Suez Canal opened in 1869. Scholars of classical antiquity disagreed whether the Atlantic was connected to"	"stretch between Antinopolis and the coast. Many of these road stations had fortified watering points (hydreumata), which are likely to have given their name to the Hadhramaut on the other side of the Red Sea. <br> Via Hadriana The Via Hadriana was an ancient Roman road established by the emperor Hadrian, which stretched from Antinopolis on the River Nile to the Red Sea at Berenice Troglodytica (Berenike). Hadrian had founded Antinopolis in memory of his presumed lover, the youth Antinous, who had drowned in the Nile. The Via Hadriana was finished in 137 AD. Traces of the road line were"	"Red Sea Riviera The Red Sea Riviera, Egypt's eastern coastline along the Red Sea, consists of resort cities on the western shore of the Gulf of Aqaba and along the eastern coast of mainland Egypt, south of the Gulf of Suez. The combination of a favorable climate, warm sea, thousands of kilometers of shoreline and abundant natural and archaeological points of interest makes this stretch of Egypt’s coastline a popular national and international tourist destination. There are numerous National Parks along the Red Sea Riviera, both underwater and on land. Desert and marine life are protected by a number of"	"called Necos, who succeeded him upon the throne. This prince was the first to attempt the construction of the canal to the Red Sea—a work completed afterwards by Darius the Persian—the length of which is four days’ journey, and the width is such as to admit of two triremes being rowed along it abreast. The water is derived from the Nile, which the canal leaves a little above the city of Bubastis, near Patumus, the Arabian town, being continued thence until it joins the Red Sea."" ""This [the canal from the Nile to the Red Sea] was begun by Necho"	"Wadi Hammamat Wadi Hammamat () is a dry river bed in Egypt's Eastern Desert, about halfway between Al-Qusayr and Qena. It was a major mining region and trade route east from the Nile Valley in ancient times, and three thousand years of rock carvings and graffiti make it a major scientific and tourist site today. Hammamat became the major route from Thebes to the Red Sea and then to the Silk Road that led to Asia, or to Arabia and the horn of Africa. This 200 km journey was the most direct route from the Nile to the Red Sea,"	"salinity and ended the higher levels of natural turbidity, additionally making conditions more like those in the Red Sea. Invasive species originating from the Red Sea and introduced into the Mediterranean by the canal have become a major component of the Mediterranean ecosystem and have serious impacts on the ecology, endangering many local and endemic species. About 300 species from the Red Sea have been identified in the Mediterranean, and there are probably others yet unidentified. The Egyptian government's intent to enlarge the canal has raised concerns from marine biologists, fearing that this will worsen the invasion of Red Sea"	"Conveyance is a joint Jordanian, Israeli and Palestinian project. It is currently under a World Bank study. Mediterranean–Dead Sea Canal The Mediterranean–Dead Sea Canal (MDSC) is a proposed project to dig a canal from the Mediterranean Sea to the Dead Sea, taking advantage of the 400-metre difference in water level between the seas. It is not to be confused with the Red Sea–Dead Sea Water Conveyance. The project could correct the drop in the level of the Dead Sea observed in recent years. The canal could also be used to generate hydroelectric power because of surface difference and maybe by"
In which country is the Aswan Dam?	"previous Old Dam reservoir level was also lowered and now provides control of tailwater for the High Dam. The Aswan Low Dam supports two hydroelectric power plants, Aswan I (1960) and Aswan II (1985–1986). Aswan I contains 7 X generators with Kaplan turbines for a combined capacity of and is located west of the dam. Aswan II contains 4 x generators for an installed capacity of and is located at the toe of the dam. Aswan Low Dam The Aswan Low Dam or Old Aswan Dam is a gravity masonry buttress dam on the Nile River in Aswan, Egypt. The"	"technicians and heavy machinery. The enormous rock and clay dam was designed by the Soviet Hydroproject Institute along with some Egyptian engineers. 25,000 Egyptian engineers and workers contributed to the construction of the dams. On the Egyptian side, the project was led by Osman Ahmed Osman's Arab Contractors. The relatively young Osman underbid his only competitor by one-half. The Aswan High Dam is long, wide at the base, wide at the crest and tall. It contains of material. At maximum, of water can pass through the dam. There are further emergency spillways for an extra , and the Toshka Canal"	"William Willcocks Sir William Willcocks KCMG (27 September 1852 in India – 28 July 1932 in Cairo, Egypt) was a British civil engineer during the high point of the British Empire. He was an irrigation engineer who proposed and built the first Aswan Dam, the scale of which had never been attempted previously. He later undertook other major irrigation projects in South Africa and in Arab regions of the dying Ottoman Empire. Willcocks was one of four sons of a British Engineer posted in Roorkee for Ganges canal works. He graduated from the Thomason College of Civil Engineering, Roorkee in"	"by the Aswan High Dam (Sad al-Aali) in Egypt, which flooded 500 km of the Nile Valley in southern Egypt and northern Sudan. Construction on a $1.9 billion twin dam project about 20 km upstream from the confluence of the Upper Atbara and Setit rivers, the Rumela and Burdana dams, began in 2011 and was inaugurated by President Omar al-Bashir in February 2017. Average monthly flow (1912–1982) of the Atbarah measured approximately 25 km upstream of its mouth, measured in m/s: Atbarah River The Atbarah River (; transliterated: Nahr 'Atbarah) in northeast Africa rises in northwest Ethiopia, approximately 50 km"	"world conditions. Elegant in his simplicity, Bicar explained, “To understand is to appreciate”. Amongst the most magnificent works of Bicar is the set of paintings done by Bicar for ""The Eighth Wonder"", a documentary narrating the tale of Ramses II Temple in Abu Simbel in southern Egypt. While the construction of The Aswan Dam, begun in 1960, to stabilize the water supply of Egypt, the flooding which would result threatened the existence of irreplaceable ancient temples. Such temples are a unique legacy, not only to Egypt but to humanity as a whole. Thus, many countries came forward to participate in"	"Assiut Barrage The Assiut Barrage is a dam on the Nile River in the city of Assiut in Upper Egypt (250 miles to the south of Cairo). It was completed in 1903. It was designed by the famous British engineer Sir William Willcocks who also concurrently designed and built the Aswan Low Dam, the first Nile reservoir, about up-stream. The Assiut dam was constructed between 1898 and 1903, and in conjunction with the reservoir, provided for the diversion of river water into Egypt's largest irrigation canal, the Ibrahimiya Canal, during the low water season. The dam was estimated to cost"	"Italy, with 54 sites, has the most of any country, followed by China (53), Spain (47), France (44), Germany (44), India (37), and Mexico (35). In 1954, the government of Egypt decided to build the new Aswan High Dam, whose resulting future reservoir would eventually inundate a large stretch of the Nile valley containing cultural treasures of ancient Egypt and ancient Nubia. In 1959, the governments of Egypt and Sudan requested UNESCO to assist their countries to protect and rescue the endangered monuments and sites. In 1960, the Director-General of UNESCO launched an appeal to the member states for an"	"Dukan Dam The Dukan Dam (Sorani Kurdish: بەنداوی دووکان‎ Arabic: سد دوكان) is a multi-purpose concrete arch dam in As Sulaymaniyah Governorate, Kurdistan Region of Iraq. It impounds the Little Zab, thereby creating Lake Dukan. The Dukan Dam was built between 1954 and 1959 whereas its power station became fully operational in 1979. The dam is long and high and its hydroelectric power station has a maximum capacity of 400 MW. The Dukan Dam was built between 1954 and 1959 as a multi-purpose dam to provide water storage, irrigation and hydroelectricity. The design for the dam was carried out by"	"is responsible for the relocations and there have reports of serious human rights violations including executions. Tasang Dam The Tasang Dam (), also known as the Mong Ton Dam, is a planned multi-purpose dam on the Salween River in the Shan State, Myanmar. The Tasang dam’s location will be northeast of Rangoon and west of Mongtong. The Tasang Dam will be the first dam on the Salween River and will be the largest hydroelectric dam in Myanmar and the tallest dam in Southeast Asia if completed. The Tasang will cost more than $6 billion USD and is planned for completion"	"Xiaowan Dam The Xiaowan Dam () is an arch dam on the Lancang (Mekong) River in Nanjian County, Yunnan Province, southwest China. The primary purpose of the dam is hydroelectric power generation and it supports a 4,200 MW power station. Constructed between 2002 and 2010 by Huaneng Power International at a cost of ¥32 billion (nearly US$3.9 billion), it is the world's second highest arch dam at . It is also third highest among dams of all types behind Jinping-I and Nurek and the third largest hydroelectric power station in China. The feasibility study for the dam was completed in"	"the German Development Bank (KfW), European Investment Bank (EIB), French Agency for Development (AFD) and Pakistan government contributions. Warsak Dam Warsak Dam (; ) is a mass concrete gravity dam located on the Kabul River in the Valley of Peshawar, approximately 20 km northwest of the city of Peshawar in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. Warsak Dam was completed under the Colombo Plan in two phases and financed by the Canadian Government. The first phase was completed in 1960 and consisted of the construction of the dam. Irrigation tunnels and installation of four power generating units, each of 40"	"Warsak Dam Warsak Dam (; ) is a mass concrete gravity dam located on the Kabul River in the Valley of Peshawar, approximately 20 km northwest of the city of Peshawar in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. Warsak Dam was completed under the Colombo Plan in two phases and financed by the Canadian Government. The first phase was completed in 1960 and consisted of the construction of the dam. Irrigation tunnels and installation of four power generating units, each of 40 MW capacity with 132 kV transmission system, were also completed in 1960. Two additional generating units of 41.48"	"had moved in to protect it in 1882. Under the Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of 1936, the United Kingdom insisted on retaining control over the canal. In 1951 Egypt repudiated the treaty, and by 1954 Great Britain had agreed to pull out. After the United Kingdom and the United States withdrew their pledge to support the construction of the Aswan Dam, president Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalized the canal, which caused Britain, France and Israel to invade in the week-long Suez War. As a result of damage and sunken ships, the canal was closed until April 1957, after it had been cleaned up"	"EuroAfrica Interconnector pointing out its importance for energy security of three countries.< Irrigation plays a major role in a country the very livelihood of which depends upon a single river, the Nile. Most ambitious of all the irrigation projects is that of the Aswan High Dam, completed in 1971. A report published in March 1975 by the National Council for Production and Economic Affairs indicated that the dam had proved successful in controlling floodwaters and ensuring recurring water supply, but that water consumption had been more than needed and shall be controlled. Some precious land was lost below the dam"	"Tasang Dam The Tasang Dam (), also known as the Mong Ton Dam, is a planned multi-purpose dam on the Salween River in the Shan State, Myanmar. The Tasang dam’s location will be northeast of Rangoon and west of Mongtong. The Tasang Dam will be the first dam on the Salween River and will be the largest hydroelectric dam in Myanmar and the tallest dam in Southeast Asia if completed. The Tasang will cost more than $6 billion USD and is planned for completion in 2022. The groundbreaking ceremony was in March 2007, but construction has been stalled, and there"	"Daryan Dam The Daryan Dam, also spelled Darian, is an embankment dam constructed on the Sirvan River just north of Daryan in Paveh County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. The primary purpose of the dam is to supply up to of water annually to the long Nosoud Water Conveyance Tunnel where it will irrigate areas of Southwestern Iran. The dam will also have a 210 MW hydroelectric power station. Construction on the dam began in 2009 and the dam began to fill its reservoir in late November 2015. The Darian Dam Archaeological Salvage Program (DDASP) was planned by Iranian Center for Archaeological"	"valuable governmental records. The construction of the Aswan High Dam in 1964 promised to flood what had once been the northern half of Makuria. In 1960, UNESCO launched a massive effort to do as much archaeological work as possible before the flooding occurred. Thousands of experts were brought from around the world over the next few years. Some of the more important Makurian sites looked at were the city of Faras and its cathedral, excavated by a team from Poland; the British work at Qasr Ibrim; and the University of Ghana's work at the town of Debeira West, which gave"	"1872, and joined the Indian Public Works Department the same year. Following the British invasion and occupation of Egypt, he began work with the long-established Egyptian Public Works Department in 1883. He was serving as director general of reservoirs for Egypt when he completed his studies and plans in 1896 to construct the Aswan Low Dam, the first true storage reservoir on the river. He supervised its construction from 1898 to its completion in 1902. He also designed and constructed another dam on the Nile, the Assiut Barrage, also completed in 1902. He later became chairman of the Cairo Water"	"subject of protest due to the forced relocations and ecological/cultural impact its reservoir will have. Daryan Dam The Daryan Dam, also spelled Darian, is an embankment dam constructed on the Sirvan River just north of Daryan in Paveh County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. The primary purpose of the dam is to supply up to of water annually to the long Nosoud Water Conveyance Tunnel where it will irrigate areas of Southwestern Iran. The dam will also have a 210 MW hydroelectric power station. Construction on the dam began in 2009 and the dam began to fill its reservoir in late November"	"Dam project. It was President Anwar Sadat who inaugurated the lake and dam in 1970. Egypt lacks the water it needs for agriculture. The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam, currently being constructed in Ethiopia will most likely adversely affect Lake Nasser. While the Renaissance Dam will benefit Sudan and Ethiopia, it has caused tensions between Egypt and Sudan and Ethiopia. Egypt is worried that the new dam will stop the Nile River from adequately filling Lake Nasser. The water supply of Lake Nasser produces electricity, and there is concern that diminishing water flowing into Lake Nasser will adversely affect Aswan Dam's"	"border, behind the Aswan High Dam. Just north of Cairo, the Nile spreads out over what was once a broad estuary that has been filled by riverine deposits to form a fertile delta about wide at the seaward base and about from south to north. Before the construction of dams on the Nile, particularly the Aswan High Dam (started in 1960, completed in 1970), the fertility of the Nile Valley was sustained by the water flow and the silt deposited by the annual flood. Sediment is now obstructed by the Aswan High Dam and retained in Lake Nasser. The interruption"	"Aras Dam The Aras Dam (; ) is an embankment dam on the Aras River along the border of Iran and Azerbaijan. It is located downstream of Poldasht in West Azerbaijan Province, Iran and Nakhchivan City in Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic, Azerbaijan. The primary purpose of the dam is hydroelectric power production and water supply. On 11 August 1957, a protocol was signed between the Soviet Union and Iran in Tehran to construct the Aras Dam on the Aras River. This was done at a time when Azerbaijan was under Soviet control. Construction on the dam began in 1963 and it"	"govern the impacts during the reservoir filling phase include the initial reservoir elevation of the Aswan High Dam, the rainfall that occurs during the filling period and the negotiated arrangement between the three countries. These studies also show that only through close and continuous coordination, the risks of negative impacts can be minimized or eliminated. The reservoir volume (74 billion cubic meters) is about 1.5 times the average annual flow (49 billion cubic meters) of the Blue Nile at the Sudanese-Egyptian border. This loss to downstream countries could be spread over several years if the countries reach an agreement. Depending"	"been operated over the last ten years. The powerhouse of five Francis units at 80 MW each releases between per second. Lake Dukan, the reservoir created by the Dukan Dam, has a surface area of . Its anticipated capacity is with a maximum of . Dukan Dam The Dukan Dam (Sorani Kurdish: بەنداوی دووکان‎ Arabic: سد دوكان) is a multi-purpose concrete arch dam in As Sulaymaniyah Governorate, Kurdistan Region of Iraq. It impounds the Little Zab, thereby creating Lake Dukan. The Dukan Dam was built between 1954 and 1959 whereas its power station became fully operational in 1979. The dam"	"Lar Dam Lar Dam (Persian: سد لار ""sad-de lār"") is a dam located at the foot of Mount Damavand in Amol county, Mazandaran, Iran. The dam is located within the protected Lar National Park and situated just 70 kilometers northeast of the capital and the most populous city of the country, Tehran. The primary purpose of the dam is municipal water supply to Tehran but prior to the water reaching the city filtration plant, it is used to power the Kalan and Lavarak Hydroelectric Power Stations, with a combined installed capacity of 162.5 MW. The construction began on the dam"	"Suez Canal and the Soviets then rushed to Egypt's aid; the Aswan Dam was officially opened in 1964. During the 1956 Suez Crisis, the Soviet Union sided with Egypt. The USSR viewed the nationalization of the Suez Canal as important to removing Western influence from the Middle East. Additionally, the Soviet Union was willing to fund Egypt because in return, it received access to warm-water ports, which it desperately needed to spread its influence. Though US President Dwight D. Eisenhower was also infuriated at the invasion and had successfully brought an end to end to Suez Crisis by pressuring the"	"Nobiin, Roland Werner's (1987) ""Grammatik des Nobiin"". Before the construction of the Aswan Dam, speakers of Nobiin lived in the Nile valley between the third cataract in the south and Korosko in the north. About 60% of the territory of Nubia was destroyed or rendered unfit for habitation as a result of the construction of the dam and the creation of Lake Nasser. At least half of the Nubian population was forcibly resettled. Nowadays, Nobiin speakers live in the following areas: (1) near Kom Ombo, Egypt, about 40 km north of Aswan, where new housing was provided by the Egyptian"	"a station is . The total installed capacity is 44 MW. Aras Dam The Aras Dam (; ) is an embankment dam on the Aras River along the border of Iran and Azerbaijan. It is located downstream of Poldasht in West Azerbaijan Province, Iran and Nakhchivan City in Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic, Azerbaijan. The primary purpose of the dam is hydroelectric power production and water supply. On 11 August 1957, a protocol was signed between the Soviet Union and Iran in Tehran to construct the Aras Dam on the Aras River. This was done at a time when Azerbaijan was under"	"of time was carrying out multimillion-dollar projects in Kuwait, Libya, Iraq, and the UAE, amassing a great deal of wealth. Osman mentions that in most of these countries, he found the construction markets dominated by monopolies and cartels of foreign companies. In 1956, Osman returned to Egypt. By this time, the Egyptian revolution, led by Gamal Abdel Nasser, had taken place. Osman returned with a bang, winning a $48 million contract for Nasser's pet project, the Aswan Dam. However, Osman's entrepreneurial style was not compatible with Nasser's socialist revolution. Despite this, the Arab Contractors continue to thrive in Egypt, since"	"including Sir Benjamin Baker and Sir John Aird, whose firm, John Aird & Co., was the main contractor. In 1952, the Greek-Egyptian engineer Adrian Daninos began to develop the plan of the new Aswan Dam. Although the Low Dam was almost overtopped in 1946, the government of King Farouk showed no interest in Daninos's plans. Instead the Nile Valley Plan by the British hydrologist Harold Edwin Hurst to store water in Sudan and Ethiopia, where evaporation is much lower, was favored. The Egyptian position changed completely with the overthrow of the monarchy, led by the Free Officers Movement including Gamal"	"Agilkia Island Agilkia Island (also called Agilika; ) is an island in the reservoir of the Old Aswan Dam along the Nile River in southern Egypt; it is the present site of the relocated Ancient Egyptian temple complex of Philae. Partially to completely flooded by the old dam's construction in 1902, the Philae complex was dismantled and relocated to Agilkia island, as part of a wider UNESCO project related to the 1960s construction of the Aswan High Dam and the eventual flooding of many sites posed by its large reservoir upstream. ""Agilkia"", like the island, was the name chosen for"	"Baishan Dam The Baishan Dam (, ""meaning: ""White Mountain Dam"""") is an arch-gravity dam on the Second Songhua River near the town of Baishanzhen, Huadian, Jilin Province, China. The purpose of the dam is hydroelectric power generation and flood control. The dam supplies water to five turbine-generators in two different powerhouses for an installed capacity of while it can also control a design flood. Additionally, it has a pumped-storage hydroelectric generation capacity. It is named after Baekdu Mountain (White Mountain), near the city of Baishan. Construction on the dam began in May 1975, the reservoir began to fill on September"	"Sup'ung Dam The Sup'ung Dam (Chinese:水丰水库/水豐水庫, Korean: 수풍댐), also referred to as the Shuifeng Dam and previously the Sui-ho Dam, is a gravity dam on the Yalu River between Kuandian Manchu Autonomous County, Liaoning Province in China and Sakju County, North Pyongan Province in North Korea. The dam was constructed by the Japanese between 1937 and 1943 in order to generate electricity and has been repaired and renovated several times throughout the years, mainly due to spillway damage from flooding. During the Korean War, the dam was bombed by the United Nations Command three separate times in order to disrupt"
Where did Idi Amin rule from 1971-1979?	"Idi Amin Idi Amin Dada Oumee (; 2816 August 2003) was a Ugandan politician and military officer. He was the President of Uganda from 1971 to 1979, and his rule gained notoriety for its sheer brutality and oppressiveness. Amin was born either in Koboko or Kampala to a Kakwa father and Lugbara mother. In 1946 he joined the King's African Rifles (KAR) of the British Colonial Army. Initially a cook, he rose to the position of lieutenant, taking part in British actions against Somali rebels in the Shifta War and then the Mau Mau rebels in Kenya. Following Uganda's independence"	"Idi Amin in 1979. As government soldiers retreated in the Uganda-Tanzania War, the Rwenzururu looted the weapons and supplies left behind. Thus well-armed, the Rwenzururu was once again able to pose a serious threat to regional control from 1979 to 1982. In 1982, however, the administration of President Milton Obote negotiated a settlement with the Rwenzururu leaders in which they agreed to abandon the goal of secession in exchange for ""a degree of local autonomy,"" the appointment of Bakonjo and Baamba to government administrative posts, and economic benefits such as vehicles and educational scholarships to be distributed by local elders."	"within Kampala, and within the British colonies on the east coast of Africa. Following the 1962 independence, Milton Obote became president of Uganda, and held the position until 1971, when former sergeant Idi Amin deposed his government in a military coup. Idi Amin proceeded to expel all Asian residents living within Kampala, and attacked the Jewish population living within the city. In 1978, he invaded the neighboring country of Tanzania, and in turn, the government there started the Uganda–Tanzania War, which created severe damage to the buildings of Kampala. The city has since then been rebuilt with new construction of"	"Isaac Maliyamungu Isaac Maliyamungu, also known as Isaac Lugonzo, was a general of the Uganda Army (UA) who served as one of Idi Amin's most important officials and supporters during the Ugandan military dictatorship of 1971–79. Born in Zaire, Maliyamungu was one of the members of the 1971 coup that brought Amin to power, and was thereafter responsible for brutally suppressing dissidents throughout the country. Rising in the ranks, Maliyamungu amassed great power and earned a feared reputation. He also held important commands during the Uganda–Tanzania War, but had little success in combat against the Tanzania People's Defence Force. When"	"Koboko Koboko is a town in Northern Region of Uganda. It is the main municipal, administrative and commercial centre of Koboko District. Koboko is also the hometown of former dictator Idi Amin who ruled Uganda between 1971 and 1979. Koboko is approximately , by road, north of Arua, the largest city in the West Nile sub-region. This location is approximately , by road, northwest of Kampala, the capital and largest city of Uganda. The coordinates of the town are 3°24'36.0""N, 30°57'36.0""E (Latitude:3.4100; Longitude:30.9600). In 2002, the national census estimated the population of Koboko at 29,730. In 2010, the Uganda Bureau"	"had a camp close to the Ugandan border of Mutukula resulted in an attack by the Uganda army into Tanzania. In October 1978, the Tanzanian armed forces repulsed an incursion by Amin's troops into Tanzanian territory. The Tanzanian army, backed by Ugandan exiles, waged a war of liberation against Amin's troops and the Libyan soldiers sent to help him. On 11 April 1979, Kampala was captured and Amin fled with his remaining forces to Libya. Amin's reign ended after the Uganda-Tanzania War in 1979, in which Tanzanian forces aided by Ugandan exiles invaded Uganda. This led to the return of"	"for welcoming the invasion partly contributed to Nyerere's decision to attack Kampala. Much of Masaka was later rebuilt. In 1971 Idi Amin launched a military coup that overthrew the President of Uganda, Milton Obote, precipitating a deterioration of relations with the neighbouring state of Tanzania. Amin installed himself as President and ruled the country under a brutal dictatorship. In October 1978 he launched an invasion of Tanzania. Tanzania blunted the assault, mobilised anti-Amin opposition groups, and launched a counter-offensive. Though many international actors were sympathetic with the Tanzanian position, numerous African states and the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) strongly"	"When General Idi Amin came to power by overthrowing an elected government in Uganda, he adopted a policy of religious and ethnic cleansing against people of Asian religions. Himself a Muslim, he announced that he had a dream, where ""Allah told him that the Asians, exploiters who did not want to integrate with the Africans, had to go"". In 1972, he selectively expelled the Hindus along with other Asians from Uganda, and seized their properties. Most of those expelled were second or third generation Hindus, many with dual Ugandan and British citizenship. While he expelled Hindus and people of other"	"the Asian population of the region. Uganda under Idi Amin's leadership was particularly virulent in its anti-Asian policies. In August 1972, Idi Amin declared what he called an ""economic war"", a set of policies that included the expropriation of properties owned by Asians and Europeans. Uganda's 80,000 Asians were mostly Indians born in the country, whose ancestors had come to Uganda when the country was still a British colony. Indians were stereotyped as ""greedy"" and ""conniving"", without any racial identity or loyalty but ""always cheating, conspiring and plotting"" to subvert Uganda. Amin used this propaganda to justify a campaign of"	"aid Amin, but the Libyans soon found themselves on the front line, while behind them Ugandan Army units were using supply trucks to carry their newly plundered wealth in the opposite direction. Tanzania and the UNLA took Kampala on 11 April 1979, and Amin fled by air, first to Libya and later to a permanent exile at Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Though pro-Amin forces were left scattered and disjointed by the seizure of the capital, combat operations in the country continued until 3 June, when Tanzanian forces reached the Sudanese border and eliminated the last resistance. History of Uganda (1971–79) The"	"Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians. D'Arbela was a lecturer and later a senior lecturer in the Faculty of Medicine at Makerere University, from the late 1960s until 1978, serving as Head of Department for most of that period. During the same timeframe he worked as a Consultant Cardiologist and later as a Senior Consultant Cardiologist at Mulago National Referral Hospital, the teaching hospital of Makerere University. He also served as a personal physician to Idi Amin, who ruled Uganda from 1971 until 1979. After leaving Makerere, D'Arbela started private practice, as well as consulting services at Lubaga Hospital."	"the Diploma in Education at Chester College, then a constituent college of the University of Liverpool. He then studied at the University of London, where he graduated with the degree of Bachelor of Science in Botany and Ecology. When he returned to Uganda in 1966, he taught briefly at Kyambogo before joining Makerere University, as the ""Warden"" of ""Mitchell Hall"", one of the halls of residence. In 1971, Idi Amin successfully led a coup d'état against the Obote I administration. Rugumayo was appointed Minister of Education, through connections with his friend Wanume Kibedi, a lawyer, with whom they had studied"	"Nyerere again stood unopposed, securing 97% support for him to serve another five year term. Again, parliamentary elections took place on the mainland but not in Zanzibar. In January 1971, President Obote of Uganda was overthrown by a military coup led by Idi Amin. Nyerere refused to recognise the legitimacy of Amin's administration and offered Obote refuge in Tanzania. Shortly after the coup, Nyerere announced the formation of a ""people's militia"", a type of home guard to improve Tanzania's national security. When Amin expelled all 50,000 Ugandan Asians from his country in 1972, Nyerere denounced the act as racist. In"	"the '..newly created post of Assistant Military Secretary in the Ministry of Defence,' serving as a Major. His duties included '..planning, all policy matters, and control of Establishment.' When Idi Amin overthrew Obote in 1971, Oyite Ojok was amongst the military personnel who fled to neighbouring Tanzania and, eight years later, in the wake of Amin's 1979 invasion of the country, assumed a key role in the grouping of military exiles who, with the backing of Tanzanian troops, led the counteroffensive which resulted in the overthrow of Amin. Oyite Ojok became a member, along with Yoweri Museveni, Paulo Muwanga and"	"with over two dozen other groups. Soon the Uganda-Tanzania War broke out in 1978 and President Amin was overthrown by early 1979. As part of a sweep across several Sub-Saharan countries, the Bahá'í Faith was banned in the 1970s in several countries: Burundi, 1974; Mali 1976; Uganda 1977; Congo, 1978; Niger, 1978. Uganda had had the largest Bahá'í community in Africa at the time and Olinga had returned and sought the protection of the community during this difficult time when Idi Amin's regime ruled Uganda. See also Uganda under Idi Amin. ""This was principally the result of a campaign by"	"the deposition of Idi Amin in Uganda. Also in 1979, a cargo subsidiary named Libyan Arab Air Cargo was set up. During the year, Madrid, Moscow, Sofia and Warsaw were included in the airline's list of destinations. By mid-1980, the number of employees had grown to 2,500, and Amman, Belgrade, Cotonou, Istanbul and Niamey were added to the route network; later that year, Karachi was incorporated as a destination. In Libyan Arab Airlines ordered eight 44-seater Fokker F27-600s in a deal worth more than £17 million. Ten Airbuses —six A300s and four A310s— were ordered in the same year. At"	"was made the Minister of Transport to the United Front government led by Ajoy Mukherjee. After 13 months of the 1969 assembly elections, the government was disbanded and in the 1971 assembly elections, Amin won beating horrific semi-fascist terror as administration had turned deaf & dumb. His residence was bombarded. In 1971, in the West Bengal State Conference of CPI(M) at Midnapore, he was elected as a member of the West Bengal State Committee. 1972 assembly elections in West Bengal can be described as a farce and a mockery of democracy as terror of unforeseen proportions were unleashed. Amin lost"	"as had happened with other defectors, including Emmanuel Blayo Wakhweya. He settled in London and became a leading critic of the Idi Amin dictatorship during the 1970s. Kibedi's sister, First Lady Maryamu Kibedi Amin, soon fled the country via Kenya in 1973 as well, leaving her children with Amin. She was able to flee to the United Kingdom through the aid of the then Vice-President of Kenya, Daniel arap Moi. Idi Amin declared his divorce from his first wife shortly afterwards. Kibedi established a successful law practice, Kibedi and Co. Advocates, located on High Street in Lewisham, London. He worked"	"in what is today Kenya and Uganda. The offer was a response to pogroms against the Jews in Russia, and it was hoped the area could be a refuge from persecution for the Jewish people. In 1972 relations with Israel soured. Although Israel had previously supplied Uganda with arms, in 1972 Idi Amin, enraged over Israel's refusal to supply Uganda with jets for a war with neighboring Tanzania, expelled Israeli military advisers and turned to Libya and the Soviet Union for support. Amin became an outspoken critic of Israel. In the documentary film """", he discussed his plans for war"	"of Statistics (UBOS) estimated the population at 48,200. In 2011, UBOS estimated the mid-year population at 51,300. In 2014, the national population census put Koboko's population at 37,825. The following points of interest lie within the town limits or close to the edges of town: Koboko Koboko is a town in Northern Region of Uganda. It is the main municipal, administrative and commercial centre of Koboko District. Koboko is also the hometown of former dictator Idi Amin who ruled Uganda between 1971 and 1979. Koboko is approximately , by road, north of Arua, the largest city in the West Nile"	"parliament in the 1969 parliamentary election, thus increasing his standing within the party. He was one of the leading organisers of the Saur Revolution which overthrew the government of Mohammad Daoud Khan. Amin's short-lived presidency was marked by controversies from beginning to end. He came to power by disposing of his predecessor Nur Muhammad Taraki and later ordering his death. Amin made attempts to win support from those who revolted against the communist regime which had begun under Taraki, but his government was unable to solve this problem. Many Afghans held Amin responsible for the regime's harshest measures, such as"	"Mengistu, the military ruler of Ethiopia, who was later convicted for a genocide that killed hundreds of thousands. In October 1978, Gaddafi sent Libyan troops to aid Idi Amin in the Uganda–Tanzania War when Amin tried to annex the northern Tanzanian province of Kagera, and Tanzania counterattacked. Amin lost the battle and later fled to exile in Libya, where he remained for almost a year. Libya also was one of the main supporters of the Polisario Front in the former Spanish Sahara – a nationalist group dedicated to ending Spanish colonialism in the region. The Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR)"	"activities. Indians were segregated and discriminated against in all walks of life. During the middle of the 1960s many Asians saw the writing on the wall and started moving either to UK or India. However, restrictive British immigration policies stopped a mass exodus of East African Asians until Idi Amin came to power in 1971. He exploited pre-existing Indophobia and spread propaganda against Indians involving stereotyping and scapegoating the Indian minority. Indians were stereotyped as ""only traders"" and ""inbred"" to their profession. Indians were labelled as ""dukawallas"" (an occupational term that degenerated into an anti-Indian slur during Amin's time), and"	"town, in his home district. In 1979, he fled to neighboring Kenya, as the war that overthrew Idi Amin was approaching Kampala, Uganda's capital city. He lived in Kenya for 10 years, continuing his consulting business, with the collaboration of Kenyan friends. In 1989, he returned to Uganda and was appointed to the commission that drafted the 1995 constitution. That same year, he joined politics, as the representative of Vurra County in the expanded National Resistance Council. Later, he was appointed minister for Industry and Technology in the Cabinet of Uganda. He served in different ministerial posts, rising to the"	"1975 reporting against instructions from BBC Governors as the last US Army helicopter left Saigon, and as the North Vietnamese Army claimed victory. He then covered the Cambodian–Vietnamese War. Based in Nairobi from 1977 onwards, covering all of Africa as chief correspondent, Barron covered the end of the regime of Idi Amin, and was the first foreign correspondent to reach an abandoned Kampala, filing a report from the headquarters of the State Research Bureau, Amin's secret police. Jon Snow, then a rival correspondent for ITN, commented that Barron was: After Amin fled, Barron and cameraman Mohammed Amin, of Visnews in"	"countries in East Africa refused to recognise the new regime. Behind the scenes the militaries of Tanzania, Sudan and Somalia had co-operated and contemplated to send a joint force of several thousand troops through the Kagera Salient into Uganda to topple Amin. The three countries propped up the exiled President and his forces instead and supported their invasion of Uganda in 1972, but they failed to dislodge Idi Amin. Somalia eventually would play mediator, and through the Mogadishu agreement, more war was averted. The Rhamu Incident, on 29 June 1977, was a brief armed conflict between Kenya and Somalia, in"	"January 1914 when Sudan formally exchanged part of the enclave for a stretch of the Upper Nile. The area of the Lado Enclave integrated into Uganda was renamed West Nile, best known as the ancestral home of Idi Amin. Later Gondokoro, Kiro, Lado and Rejaf were abandoned by the Sudanese government, and no longer appear on modern maps. Although the Lado Enclave was a small, remote area in central Africa, it captured the imagination of world leaders and authors, becoming a byword for an exotic region, and was used as a setting for their stories. Winston Churchill travelled through the"	"by the dictator Idi Amin in 1972, though many have since returned. The islands in the Indian Ocean are also populated primarily by people of Asian origin, often mixed with Africans and Europeans. The Malagasy people of Madagascar are an Austronesian people, but those along the coast are generally mixed with Bantu, Arab, Indian and European origins. Malay and Indian ancestries are also important components in the group of people known in South Africa as Cape Coloureds (people with origins in two or more races and continents). During the 20th century, small but economically important communities of Lebanese and Chinese"	"Arabs and Indians in Zanzibar were massacred in riots, and thousands more were detained or fled the island. In August 1972, Ugandan President Idi Amin started the expropriation of properties owned by Asians and Europeans. In the same year, Amin ethnically cleansed Uganda's Asians giving them 90 days to leave the country. Shortly after World War II the South African National Party took control of the government in South Africa. Between 1948 and 1994, the Apartheid regime took place. This regime based its ideology on the racial separation of whites and non-whites including the unequal rights of non-whites. Several protests"	"living in exile in Jeddah, the same city where Idi Amin, the late dictator of Uganda, lived in exile until his death in 2003, after being removed from power in 1979, at the end of the Ugandan-Tanzanian War. Other close associates and family members who attempted to leave the country via Tunis-Carthage International Airport were prevented from doing so by the army, which had seized the airport. At about 18:00, Prime Minister Mohammed Ghannouchi went on state television to say ""Since the president is temporarily unable to exercise his duties, it has been decided that the prime minister will exercise"	"time, Indians became prosperous and dominated much of the Ugandan economy, which prompted the rise of resentment and Indophobia. These resentments came to a crisis when Idi Amin ousted Milton Obote by military coup d'état in 1971. The following year, Amin ordered the expulsion of Asians living in Uganda. As a result, many Indians migrated to the United Kingdom, Canada, the United States, and elsewhere and began rebuilding their lives. After Amin's death, however, more Indians who were born in Uganda started migrating back. Indians in Uganda There is a sizable community of people of Indian origin living in Uganda,"	"""War in Uganda: The legacy of Idi Amin"" in 1983. They followed Tanzanian forces into Uganda and witnessed the battles for Entebbe and Kampala. The 11-chapter work, in addition to covering the conflict, discusses some of its political implications in the aftermath in Uganda. Uganda–Tanzania War The Uganda–Tanzania War or Kagera War (commonly known in Uganda as the Liberation War) was fought between Uganda and Tanzania in 1978–1979, and led to the overthrow of Idi Amin's regime. Idi Amin's forces included thousands of troops sent by Libya. Relations between Tanzania and Uganda had been strained for several years before the"	"country. Amin ran as a candidate in the 1965 presidential elections, in East Pakistan, winning the majority vote in the Parliament of Pakistan. He declined to work with Ayub Khan. The same year, after the death of Fatima Jinnah, Amin succeeded Jinnah as Leader of Opposition, which he held until 1969, after General Yahya Khan imposed martial law again. In the 1970 elections, Amin was elected to the National Assembly as one of only two non-Awami League members from East Pakistan. During this time, the Pakistani authority had already become highly unpopular, as the Bengali language movement was suppressed. Civil"
Which country has the rand as its currency?	"as Daan Desimaal). This was accompanied by a radio jingle, to inform the public about the new currency. One Rand was worth US$1.40 from the time of its inception in 1961 until late 1971. Its value thereafter fluctuated as various exchange rate dispensations were implemented by the South African authorities. By the early-1980s, high inflation and mounting political pressure combined with sanctions placed against the country due to international opposition to the apartheid system started to erode its value. The currency broke above parity with the dollar for the first time in March 1982, and continued to trade between R"	"Namibian dollar The Namibia dollar (symbol: $; code: NAD; ) has been the currency of Namibia since 1993. It is normally abbreviated with the dollar sign $, or alternatively N$ to distinguish it from other dollar-denominated currencies. It is divided into 100 cents. The dollar replaced the South African rand, which had been the country's currency while it was under South African rule as South-West Africa from 1920 until 1990, at par. The rand is still legal tender, as the Namibian dollar is linked to the South African rand and can be exchanged on a one-to-one basis locally. Namibia was"	"Rwandan franc The Rwandan franc (sign: FRw, and possibly RF or R₣; ISO 4217: RWF) is the currency of Rwanda. It is subdivided into 100 centimes. The franc became the currency of Rwanda in 1916, when Belgium occupied the previously German colony and the Belgian Congo franc replaced the German East African rupie. Rwanda used the currency of Belgian Congo until 1960, when the Rwanda and Burundi franc was introduced. Rwanda began issuing its own francs in 1964. A proposal exists to introduce a common currency, a new East African shilling, for the five member states of the East African"	"the Namibian dollar. In 2002 a new revenue-sharing formula was introduced, which included a development component. In 2003 Swaziland reauthorized the use of the rand as legal tender in the interest of facilitating exchange between these countries. The currency agreement made between these countries is one of the most important issues in the agreement. As issued before, each country has the right to have their own national currencies. These currencies are only legal tender in their own countries. However, the South African Rand is tender throughout the CMA. According to the agreement the CMA countries can have access to the"	"of Namibian pattern coins denominated in South African Rand dated 1990. This short-lived tender was cited in the 2005 edition of Krause's 'Unusual World Coins'. Namibian dollar The Namibia dollar (symbol: $; code: NAD; ) has been the currency of Namibia since 1993. It is normally abbreviated with the dollar sign $, or alternatively N$ to distinguish it from other dollar-denominated currencies. It is divided into 100 cents. The dollar replaced the South African rand, which had been the country's currency while it was under South African rule as South-West Africa from 1920 until 1990, at par. The rand is"	"power, and increased domestic tensions. Rwanda's economy suffered heavily during the 1994 Genocide, with widespread loss of life, failure to maintain the infrastructure, looting, and neglect of important cash crops. This caused a large drop in GDP and destroyed the country's ability to attract private and external investment. The economy has since strengthened, with per-capita GDP (PPP) estimated at $2,225 in 2018, compared with $416 in 1994. Major export markets include China, Germany, and the United States. The economy is managed by the central National Bank of Rwanda and the currency is the Rwandan franc; in June 2010, the exchange"	"time, Trading Economics released data that the Rand ""averaged R4.97 to the dollar between 1972 and 2015, reaching an all time high of R12.45 in December of 2001 and a record low of R0.67 in June of 1973."" By the end of 2014, the Rand had weakened to R 15.05 per dollar, partly due to South Africa's consistent trade account deficit with the rest of the world. From 9 December 2015 to 13 December 2015, over a four-day period, the Rand dropped over 10% due to what some suspected was President Zuma's surprise announcement that he would be replacing the"	"is highly susceptible to global investor sentiment as the country relies on foreign money to cover it's large budget and current account deficits."" On November 13, 2017, the Rand ""tumbled"" over a full percent when the budget chief Michael Sachs stood down from his position in Zuma's administration. Coins were introduced in 1961 in denominations of , 1, , 5, 10, 20, and 50 cents. In 1965, 2-cent coins replaced the -cent coins. The -cent coin was last struck for circulation in 1973. The 2-Rand coin was introduced in 1989, followed by 5-Rand coins in 1994. Production of the 1-"	"where most of South Africa's gold deposits were found. The Rand was introduced in the-then Union of South Africa on 14 February 1961, three months before the Republic of South Africa was established. A Decimal Coinage Commission had been set up in 1956 to consider a move away from the denominations of pounds, shillings, and pence, submitting its recommendation on 8 August 1958. It replaced the South African pound as legal tender, at the rate of 2 Rand to 1 pound, or 10 shillings to the Rand. The government introduced a mascot, Decimal Dan, ""the Rand-cent man"" (known in Afrikaans"	"they are estimated to contribute 13.9 billion NAD in 2012. The Namibian economy is closely linked to South Africa with the Namibian dollar pegged to the South African rand. Privatisation of several enterprises in coming years may stimulate long-run foreign investment, although with the trade union movement opposed, so far most politicians have been reluctant to advance the issue. In September 1993, Namibia introduced its own currency, the Namibia Dollar (N$), which is linked to the South African Rand at a fixed exchange rate of 1:1. There has been widespread acceptance of the Namibia Dollar throughout the country and, while"	"administered essentially as a fifth province of South Africa, as it was integrated economically and militarily under the apartheid regime. Upon independence in 1990, Namibia's economy was still tied to South Africa's. To this day, the economy of Namibia is still closely connected to South Africa through both institutional relationships (Southern African Customs Union, for example) and privately owned mining concessions. The South African rand is still legal currency within Namibia, while the Namibian dollar is not so in South Africa and the currencies are traded on par locally. In 2010, trade between the two states totaled 436,689 South African"	"by the Eskom electricity crisis, which arose from the utility being unable to meet the country's rapidly growing energy demands. A stalled mining industry in late-2012 led to new lows in early 2013. In late-January 2014, the Rand slid to R11.25 to the dollar, with analysts attributing the shift to ""word from the US Federal Reserve that it would trim back stimulus spending, which led to a massive sell-off in emerging economies."" In 2014, South Africa experienced its worst year against the US dollar since 2009, and in March 2015, the Rand traded at its worst since 2002. At the"	"history.<br> Images of the third manat. Turkmenistan manat The manat is the currency of Turkmenistan. It was introduced on 1 November 1993, replacing the Russian ruble at a rate of 1 manat = 500 rubles. The ISO 4217 code was ""TMM"", and the manat was subdivided into 100 ""tenge"". The abbreviation m is sometimes used, e.g., 25 000 m is twenty-five thousand manat. On January 1, 2009, the new manat was introduced with ISO 4217 code ""TMT"" at the rate of 5000 old manat to 1 new manat. The word """"manat"""" is borrowed from Persian word """"munāt"""" and the Russian"	"and the 32nd freest in the world. Jordan ranked as having the 35th best infrastructure in the world, according to the World Economic Forum's Index of Economic Competitiveness. The Kingdom scored higher than many of its peers in the Persian Gulf and Europe like Kuwait, Israel. and Ireland. The 2010 AOF Index of Globalization ranked Jordan as the most globalized country in the Middle East and North Africa region. Jordan's banking sector is classified as ""highly developed"" by the IMF along with the GCC economies and Lebanon The official currency in Jordan is the Jordanian dinar and divides into 100"	"the South African currency, the rand. The currency decline made imports more expensive which in turn caused inflation in South Africa to rise at a very steep 12-15% per year. The South African government did attempt to restrict the damaging outflow of capital. Knight writes that ""in September 1985 it imposed a system of exchange control and a debt repayments standstill. Under exchange control, South African residents are generally prohibited from removing capital from the country and foreign investors can only remove investments via the financial rand, which is traded at a 20% to 40% discount compared to the commercial"	"Ruanda-Urundi franc The Ruanda-Urundi franc was a currency issued for the Belgian mandate territory of Ruanda-Urundi (modern-day Rwanda and Burundi) in East Africa between 1960 and 1964. The currency replaced the Belgian Congo franc which had also circulated in Ruanda-Urundi from 1916 until 1960 when the Belgian Congo became independent, leaving Ruanda-Urundi as the sole Belgian colonial possession in Africa. With the independence of Rwanda and Burundi in 1962, the shared Ruanda-Urundi franc continued to circulate until 1964 when it was eventually replaced by two separate national currencies. The franc became the currency of Rwanda and Burundi in 1916, when"	"cities. Raam is a bearer bond and local currency issued by Global Country of World Peace. It was designed for the development of agricultural projects and to combat poverty in third world countries. As of 2003, it had limited acceptance in some European and U.S. cities. The currency has been used in Iowa and has been also given approval in The Netherlands where more than 100 Dutch shops, department store chains, in 30 villages and cities, are using the notes at a fixed rate of 10 euros per raam. The Raam is issued in denominations of 1, 5 and 10"	"of the whole region. The South African economy has a large volume of capital (public and private) in close relation to the global economic marketplaces. The currency of South Africa is the rand, which is also used in other countries of Southern Africa. The Johannesburg Stock Exchange is the biggest in Africa and tenth globally. Major sectors of the economy are mining (especially coal extraction), diamonds, gold and platinum. It is among the countries with the greatest reserves and diversity of mineral wealth. It has the most powerful and diversified industry in Africa, from processing of agricultural goods and minerals"	"Rand (approximately US $36,274), down from 927,917 rand in 2007. The issue of Walvis Bay, an important port over which South Africa retained control following independence, was returned to the government of Namibia on 1 March 1994, prior the election of Nelson Mandela as President of South Africa. Namibia–South Africa relations Namibia–South Africa relations refers to the current and historical relationship between Namibia and South Africa. South Africa conquered the area now known as Namibia from Germany during World War I and occupied it until 1990, when it gained independence. During those 75 years, thousands of South Africans settled in"	"middle-income countries in other regions. They compare more favourably with firms from lower middle income countries, but are hampered by inadequate governance arrangements and infrastructure. Eswatini's currency, the lilangeni, is pegged to the South African rand, subsuming Eswatini's monetary policy to South Africa. Customs duties from the Southern African Customs Union, which may equal as much as 70% of government revenue this year, and worker remittances from South Africa substantially supplement domestically earned income. Eswatini is not poor enough to merit an IMF programme; however, the country is struggling to reduce the size of the civil service and control costs"	"Qatari riyal The Qatari riyal is the currency of the State of Qatar. It is divided into 100 dirhams () and is abbreviated as either QR (English) or (Arabic). Until 1966, Qatar used the Indian rupee as currency, in the form of Gulf rupees. When India devalued the rupee in 1966, Qatar, along with the other states using the Gulf rupee, chose to introduce its own currency. Before doing so, Qatar briefly adopted the Saudi riyal, then introduced the Qatar and Dubai riyal which was the result of signing the Qatar-Dubai Currency Agreement on 21 March 1966. The Saudi riyal"	"of change. Foreign exchange regulations and monetary policy throughout the CMA continue to reflect the influence of the South African Reserve Bank. Of the SACU members, only Botswana is currently out of the CMA, having replaced the rand with the pula in 1976. Botswana wanted to implement its own monetary policy and to adjust the exchange rate in case of any future problem in the economy that will affect their economy as well. The CMA, enacted in July 1986, originated from the Rand Monetary Area (RMA), which was established in December 1974; the signatories of the latter were South Africa,"	"to 3.81 riyals being required to buy 1 US dollar in late June 2017, a situation that continued until December 2017. This also led to cessation of trading of Qatari banknotes outside of Qatar with certain banks in certain countries such as the UK. Within Qatar itself, however, the Central Bank of Qatar has continued to buy and sell US dollars at the fixed rate. Qatari riyal The Qatari riyal is the currency of the State of Qatar. It is divided into 100 dirhams () and is abbreviated as either QR (English) or (Arabic). Until 1966, Qatar used the Indian"	"Sri Lankan rupee The rupee (, ) (signs: රු, ரூ, Rs; code: LKR) is the currency of Sri Lanka, divided into 100 cents. It is issued by the Central Bank of Sri Lanka. The abbreviation is generally Rs., but ""LKR"" is occasionally used to distinguish it from other currencies also called rupee. The British pound became Ceylon's official money of account in 1825, replacing the Ceylonese rixdollar at a rate of 1 pound = rixdollars, and British silver coin was made legal tender. Treasury notes denominated in pounds were issued in 1827, replacing the earlier rixdollar notes. Rixdollar notes not"	"and short- to medium-term credit. Dependence of the sector on donor assistance is limited. Burundi is part of the East African Community and a potential member of the planned East African Federation. Economic growth in Burundi is relatively steady but Burundi is still behind neighbouring countries. Burundi's currency is the Burundian franc (ISO 4217 code BIF). It is nominally subdivided into 100 centimes, though coins have never been issued in centimes in independent Burundi; centime coins were circulated only when Burundi used the Belgian Congo franc. Monetary Policy is controlled by the central bank, Bank of the Republic of Burundi."	"Burundian franc The franc (ISO 4217 code is BIF) is the currency of Burundi. It is nominally subdivided into 100 ""centimes"", although coins have never been issued in centimes since Burundi began issuing its own currency. Only during the period when Burundi used the Belgian Congo franc were centime coins issued. The franc became the currency of Burundi in 1916, when Belgium occupied the former German colony and replaced the German East African rupie with the Belgian Congo franc. Burundi used the currency of Belgian Congo until 1960, when the Rwanda and Burundi franc was introduced. Burundi began issuing its"	"opened there was a dramatic fall from Canada to Brazil. The referendum result also had an immediate negative economic impact on a number of other countries. The South African rand experienced its largest single-day decline since the Great Recession in 2008, dropping in value by over 8% against the United States dollar. Other countries negatively affected include Canada, whose stock exchange fell 1.70%, Nigeria, and Kenya. This was partly due to a general global financial shift out of currencies seen as risky and into the US dollar, and partly due to concerns over how the UK's withdrawal from the EU"	"francs. Congolese franc The franc is the currency of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It is subdivided into 100 ""centimes"". During Belgian colonial rule, currency denominated in centimes and francs was issued for use in Congo. These francs were equal in value to the Belgian franc. From 1916, the Congolese franc also circulated in Rwanda and Burundi. From 1952, the currency was issued bearing the names Belgian Congo (either ""Congo Belge"" or ""Belgische Congo"") and ""Ruanda-Urundi"". In 1960, Rwanda and Burundi adopted their own franc, whilst, between 1960 and 1963, Katanga also issued its own franc. The franc remained"	"Rwandan franc; in August 2015, the exchange rate was 755 francs to the United States dollar. Rwanda joined the East African Community in 2007, and has ratified a plan for monetary union amongst the five member nations, which could eventually lead to a common East African shilling. Rwanda is a country of few natural resources, and the economy is based mostly on subsistence agriculture by local farmers using simple tools. An estimated 90% of the working population farms, and agriculture constituted an estimated 32.5% of GDP in 2014. Farming techniques are basic, with small plots of land and steep slopes."	"then-Finance Minister Nhlanhla Nene with the little-known David van Rooyen. The rapid drop in value was stemmed when Zuma backtracked and announced that the better-known previous Minister of Finance, Pravin Gordhan, would instead be appointed to the post. Zuma's surprise sacking of Nene damaged international confidence in the Rand, with it experiencing significant exchange volatility throughout much of January 2016, reaching an all-time low of R 17.9169 to the US dollar on the 9 January 2016 before rebounding to R 16.57 later the same day. The January drop in value was also partly caused by Japanese retail investors cutting their"	"and the Netherlands. In 2011 the BES Islands replaced their currency, the Netherlands Antillean guilder (: ANG, symbol: ƒ), with the US dollar rather than replacing it with the euro which is used in the European Netherlands. The decision was based primarily on the needs for tourism and trade. Most countries and territories in the Caribbean use the dollar as their currency or have a currency linked to the dollar as legal tender. The guilder has been pegged to the US dollar for decades with an exchange rate of ƒ1.79 = US$1.00. Adopting the dollar put an end to the"	"in December/January, are the nation's most important events. Eswatini is a developing country with a small economy. With a GDP per capita of $9,714, it is classified as a country with a lower-middle income. As a member of the Southern African Customs Union (SACU) and the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), its main local trading partner is South Africa; in order to ensure economic stability, Eswatini's currency, the lilangeni, is pegged to the South African rand. Eswatini's major overseas trading partners are the United States and the European Union. The majority of the country's employment is provided"	"was introduced in 1844 during the Ottoman reign. The Turkish Lira is now the currency of Turkey and the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. The Lebanese pound is called ""lira"" in Arabic, which is the national language of Lebanon. The Syrian pound is called ""lira"" in Arabic, which is the national language of Syria. The Jordanian dinar is widely called a ""lira"" in Arabic, which is the national language of Jordan. The Bulgarian and Romanian languages refer to the English pound as ""lira"" (or occasionally ""paund"") in opposition to Croatian which refers to the Italian currency as ""lira"". Lira Lira"
In which country are Tangier and Casablanca?	"travel time to 1 hour and 30 minutes. The 12 Alstom Euroduplex trainsets operating on the line are bilevel trains, each comprised two power cars and eight passenger cars. The passenger capacity is 533 across two first-class cars, five second-class cars, and a food-service car. Casablanca–Tangier high-speed rail line The Casablanca—Tangier high-speed rail line is a high-speed rail line in Morocco that is the first on the African continent. The line was inaugurated on 15 November 2018 by King Mohammed VI of Morocco following over a decade of planning and construction by Moroccan national railway company ONCF. It is the"	"Tangier International Zone The Tangier International Zone ( ""Minṭaqat Ṭanja ad-Dawliyya"", , ) was a international zone centered on the city of Tangier, Morocco, then under French and Spanish protectorate, under the joint administration of France, Spain, and the United Kingdom (later Portugal, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, Sweden, and the United States), that existed from 1924 until its reintegration into independent Morocco in 1956. The zone was governed in accordance with the Tangier Protocol, although the Sultan of Morocco retained nominal sovereignty over the zone and jurisdiction over the native population. The international zone of Tangier had, by 1939, a"	"Port of Casablanca The Port of Casablanca ( , ) refers to the collective facilities and terminals that conduct maritime trade handling functions in Casablanca's harbours and which handle Casablanca's shipping. The port is located at near Hassan II Mosque. The Port of Casablanca is one of the largest artificial ports in Morocco and in the world, though it was eclipsed when Tangiers-Med—a cargo port 40 km east of Tangiers and the largest on the Mediterranean coast of Africa in terms of capacity—went into service in 2007. The Port of Casablanca's initial capacity was 3.5 million shipment containers. Casablanca's port"	"1950's until the 1980s. Many other works are ongoing since 2013, ordered by the Marsa-Maroc. Port of Casablanca The Port of Casablanca ( , ) refers to the collective facilities and terminals that conduct maritime trade handling functions in Casablanca's harbours and which handle Casablanca's shipping. The port is located at near Hassan II Mosque. The Port of Casablanca is one of the largest artificial ports in Morocco and in the world, though it was eclipsed when Tangiers-Med—a cargo port 40 km east of Tangiers and the largest on the Mediterranean coast of Africa in terms of capacity—went into service"	"was low and the city lost its economic importance. But when Mohammed VI became king in 1999, he developed a plan for the economic revival of Tangier. New developments include a new airport terminal, a soccer stadium with seating for 45,000 spectators, a high-speed train line and a new highway to connect the city with Casablanca. Additionally, a new train station was constructed, called Tanger-Ville. The creation of a free economic zone increased the economic output of the city significantly. It allowed Tangier to become an industrial pillar of the country. But the biggest investment was the creation of the"	"Tanger-Ville railway station with Rabat, Casablanca and Marrakesh in the south, and with Fes and Oujda in the east. The service is operated by ONCF. In November 2018 Africa's first high-speed train, the Kenitra–Tangier high-speed rail line, was inaugurated, linking Tangier to Casablanca in 2 hours and 10. By 2020 improvements between Casablanca and Kenitra are planned to further reduce the journey to 1 hour and 30 minutes. The Rabat–Tangier expressway connects Tangier to Fès via Rabat , and Settat via Casablanca and Tanger-Med port. The Ibn Batouta International Airport (formerly known as Tangier-Boukhalef) is south-west of the city centre."	"terminal, a soccer stadium with seating for 45,000 spectators, a high-speed train line and a new highway that connects the city with Rabat and Casablanca. Additionally, a new train station was constructed, called Tanger-Ville. The high-speed ""TGV"" rail linking Tangier with Casablanca will be operational by 2018, and is expected to carry 8 million passengers the first year. This TGV line will require a USD 2.7Bn investment. 18 TGV cars are needed for this project that will contribute to reducing the duration of the trip between the two economic poles to 2h10 instead of 4h40 now. Tangier is also home"	"Charf Hill Charf Hill () is a hill in Tangier, northern Morocco. Its elevation is 93 metres above sea level and it overlooks the city between the Mediterranean and the Atlantic. The hill offers a panoramic view of Tangier and the coastline from Cape Malabata in the east to La Montagne in the west. Charf Hill has a number of high-rise buildings and towards the foot of the hill are some of the poor residential districts of Tangier and the Plaza de Toros. The Syrian Mosque of Tangier is also located on the hill and is noted for its style"	"to Apex-BP. Currently, only 55 percent of outlying villages have access to electricity. Alstom, a French company building a high speed rail link between Tangier and Casablanca, will also build power generation facilities with a capacity of 470 megawatts to energize the rail link. While most of the capacity will come from standard gas combined cycle combustion, 20 megawatts will be from solar power. In recent years, most efforts have gone into the development of wind energy, which currently accounts for 800 MW of installed capacity and is expected to reach 1554 MW by 2020. The Tangier wind farm, which"	"Bombardment of Tangiers The Bombardment of Tangiers took place on 6 August 1844, when French Navy forces under the command of François d'Orléans, Prince of Joinville attacked the Moroccan city of Tangier. The campaign was part of the First Franco-Moroccan War. The bombardment was a consequence of Morocco's alliance with Algeria's Abd-El-Kader against France. Following several incident at the border between Algeria and Morocco, and the refusal of Morocco to abandon its support to Algeria. The Bombardment of Tangiers was followed up by the Battle of Isly on 14 August 1844, and the Bombardment of Mogador by the same fleet"	"passenger trains to access Casablanca from the high-speed line to Tangier. In addition to the rail construction, stations in four locations (Tangiers, Kenitra, Rabat/Agdal, and Casablanca) were either constructed from the ground up or rebuilt from existing facilities. On 19 June 2015, rolling stock deliveries began with the arrival of the first trainset in Tangier. In September, the service facility for the trains in Tangier was completed and a joint venture between ONCF and French rail operator SNCF was established to maintain the trains for a 15-year contract. In February 2017, testing of the trains at revenue speeds began; during"	"on 15 August 1844. Bombardment of Tangiers The Bombardment of Tangiers took place on 6 August 1844, when French Navy forces under the command of François d'Orléans, Prince of Joinville attacked the Moroccan city of Tangier. The campaign was part of the First Franco-Moroccan War. The bombardment was a consequence of Morocco's alliance with Algeria's Abd-El-Kader against France. Following several incident at the border between Algeria and Morocco, and the refusal of Morocco to abandon its support to Algeria. The Bombardment of Tangiers was followed up by the Battle of Isly on 14 August 1844, and the Bombardment of Mogador"	"Our Lady of the Assumption Cathedral, Tangier The Holy Spirit Cathedral (), also called Tangier Cathedral, is a Roman Catholic church located in Tangier, Morocco. The cathedral serves as the seat of the Archdiocese of Tangier. The edifice is also known as the ""Spanish Cathedral"" (""Catedral Española""), being the only exponent in the locality of the Spanish modernist architecture of the second half of the twentieth century in Morocco. The cathedral was inaugurated in 1961. It was designed and built with modern architectural techniques, following classic proportions by the architect Luis Martínez-Feduchi Ruiz. In the cathedral's apse, stained glass windows"	"on the north-western coast of Africa. The Portuguese started their colonial empire by taking nearby Ceuta in 1415. Years of conflict between Portugal and the Moroccans under the Wattasid and Saadi dynasties followed. In 1471, they stormed Asilah to the west and threw Tangier into such chaos that they were able to occupy it completely unopposed. By 1657, the position had changed. The Saadi dynasty steadily lost control of the country to various warlords and finally came to an end with the death of Ahmad al-Abbas. The main warlord around Tangier was Khadir Ghaïlan (known to the English of the"	"American Legation, Tangier The Tangier American Legation is a building in the medina of Tangier, Morocco. The first American public property outside the United States, it commemorates the historic cultural and diplomatic relations between the United States and the Kingdom of Morocco. It is now officially called the Tangier American Legation Institute for Moroccan Studies, and is a cultural center, museum, and a research library, concentrating on Arabic language studies. The legation was listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places on January 8, 1981. U.S. Secretary of the Interior James G. Watt subsequently designated it a National Historic"	"link"" (TGV) from Tangier via Rabat and Casablanca to Marrakech. The main contractor of this project is French company Alstom. The French president Nicolas Sarkozy was guest on 29 September 2011 when the actual construction of the line started. The first phase of the project is expected to be completed in 2012 Oujda railway station is the last station for passengers on the East-West link. The lines south of Oudja are for freight only and until the passenger-service starts the link Tanger-Tanger MED is also only operated for freight: mainly for the Renault factory at the port The company makes"	"It's Tangier."" Tangier (1982 film) Tangier is a 1982 American-Moroccan thriller film directed by Michael E. Briant and starring Ronny Cox, Billie Whitelaw and Glynis Barber. ""Take the disappearance of a key British Intelligence Officer in Gibraltar, loaded with top secrets. Add a tough, down-on-his-luck ex-CIA agent with a murky past. Try a drop of blackmail. Garnish with two beautiful women. Sprinkle liberally with murder, treachery and mayhem. Stir well till it all fizzes with danger and excitement that is Tangier. The result is a thriller that will grip you down to the last explosive moment. It's the thriller of"	"sides claimed victory. After the French conquest of Algeria, Abdelkader El Djezairi declared war against France, and requested assistance from Sultan Abd al-Rahman of Morocco. When the Sultan responded favorably, it triggered the Franco-Moroccan War. France sent warships to bombard Tangier on 6 August 1844, destroying large parts of the city and its defenses. The French then bombarded Essaouira, and occupied the Iles Purpuraires. After the French army defeated the Moroccan cavalry at the Battle of Isly on 14 August 1844, Sultan Abd al-Rahman asked for peace with France, leading to the signing of the Treaty of Tangier on 10"	"1945. By this stage Turhan Bey and Jon Hall had gone into the army so their roles were played by Sabu and Robert Paige respectively. It was Sabu's first movie on his return from the services. Montez was pregnant during filming. Radio singer William Ching made his film debut in the movie. Choreography was made by Lester Horton. Tangier (1946 film) Tangier is a 1946 black-and-white thriller film set in the city of Tangier, Morocco that was directed by George Waggner and filmed on Universal's backlot. It was one of the last Universal Pictures films before it merged into Universal-International"	"Tangier (1946 film) Tangier is a 1946 black-and-white thriller film set in the city of Tangier, Morocco that was directed by George Waggner and filmed on Universal's backlot. It was one of the last Universal Pictures films before it merged into Universal-International in July 1946. The film features a variety of well-known Universal players completing their contracts, such as Maria Montez, Robert Paige and Louise Allbritton, and well-known 1940s stars Preston Foster and Sabu who sings ""She'll Be Coming 'Round the Mountain"". The film was made at the insistence of Maria Montez who was sick of being typecast in Technicolor"	"protectorates in their respective zones. However the United Kingdom was not content to allow the strategically important town of Tangier to be entirely in French or Spanish hands. As a result, an international convention of 1923 established the Tangier International Zone. This was a novel hybrid in terms of sovereignty and administration. Nominally the Sultan of Morocco retained sovereignty over the territory as well as jurisdiction over its Moroccan inhabitants, while administration was run jointly by Belgium, France, Britain, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal and Spain. The International Zone was abolished in 1956 at the same time as the French and"	"fortifications were damaged were later repaired by English engineers, but French victory at Isly near the disputed border ended the conflict on French terms. Italian revolutionary hero Giuseppe Garibaldi lived in exile at Tangier in late 1849 and the first half of 1850, following the fall of the revolutionary Roman Republic. Tangier's geographic location made it a cockpit of European diplomatic and commercial rivalry in Morocco in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. By the 1870s, it was the site of every foreign embassy and consul in Morocco but only held about 400 foreign residents out of a total"	"Rick's Café Casablanca Rick’s Café Casablanca is a restaurant, bar and café located in the city of Casablanca, Morocco. Opened March 1, 2004, the place was designed to recreate the bar made famous by Humphrey Bogart and Ingrid Bergman in the movie classic ""Casablanca"". Set in an old courtyard-style mansion built against the walls of the Old Medina of Casablanca, the restaurant – piano bar is filled with architectural and decorative details reminiscent of the film: curved arches, a sculpted bar, balconies, balustrades as well as beaded and stencilled brass lighting and plants that cast luminous shadows on white walls."	"Anglicans have worshiped together in Marrakech, but there is no Anglican Church established here. The Anglican Church of Saint Andrew, Tangier has become a tourist attraction, partly due to certain well-known figures buried in its churchyard. The church is an early twentieth-century replacement for an earlier smaller building, which was built with the express permission of the King of Morocco, on land donated by him. The Anglican Church of St John the Evangelist, Casablanca, is centrally located, near to the Hyatt Regency, a landmark hotel in the city centre. It has a well-established congregation, and holds two services every Sunday"	"Green City, around Mohammed VI University located between Casablanca and Marrakesh, at a cost of DH 4.7 billion (""circa"" US$479 million). As of 2015, Morocco had three technoparks. These host start-ups and small and medium-sized enterprises. Since the first technopark was established in Rabat in 2005, a second has been set up in Casablanca and, in 2015, a third in Tangers. Like its two predecessors, the technopark in Tangers hosts companies specializing in information and communication technologies (ICTs), 'green' technologies (namely, environmentally friendly technologies) and cultural industries. In Tangers, offices in an existing building have been converted through a public–private"	"Tangier Ibn Battouta Airport Tangier Ibn Battuta Airport (, ) is an international airport serving Tangier (""Tanger"" in French), the capital city of the Tanger-Tetouan-Al Hoceima region in Morocco. The airport is named for Ibn Battouta (1304–1368), a Moroccan traveler who was born in Tangier. The airport was formerly known as Tanger-Boukhalef Airport. A new airport terminal building was opened in 2008 to provide for many more flights and increased passenger capability, as Tangier has grown rapidly and modernised. The airport is certified by ISO 9001/2000 quality standards. The airport handled over passengers in the year 2017. Aircraft parking space"	"28 November 1630 and entrusted to the Friars Minor. At the time, it had a Catholic church, several chapels, schools and a hospital. The Prefecture Apostolic was raised to the status of Vicariate Apostolic of Marocco on 14 April 1908. On 14 November 1956, it became the Archdiocese of Tangier. The city also has the Anglican church of Saint Andrew. I.R.T. (or ""Ittihad Riadi de Tanger"") is a football club. Tangier would be one of the host cities for the 2015 Africa Cup of Nations football tournament, which would be played at the new Ibn Batouta Stadium and in other"	"increased by 20.6% in only one year and is expected to keep on rising almost every year, due to the current higher demand on the company’s product. The company is focusing on exporting almost all of the products made here in Morocco to Europe and some countries in the MENA region, currently the company is exporting cars to more than 22 countries around the globe and are aiming to increase this number by 2020. The factory in Tangier exports almost 94% of its cars abroad compared to the 68% of the export in the Casablanca Somaca factory. Renault-Nissan currently controls"	"Casablanca Casablanca (; ; local informal name: ""Kaẓa""), located in the central-western part of Morocco and bordering the Atlantic Ocean, is the largest city in Morocco. It is also the largest city in the Maghreb region, as well as one of the largest and most important cities in Africa, both economically and demographically. Casablanca is Morocco's chief port and one of the largest financial centers on the continent. According to the 2014 population estimate, the city has a population of about 3.35 million in the urban area and over 6.8 million in the Casablanca-Settat region. Casablanca is considered the economic"	"Tangier (1982 film) Tangier is a 1982 American-Moroccan thriller film directed by Michael E. Briant and starring Ronny Cox, Billie Whitelaw and Glynis Barber. ""Take the disappearance of a key British Intelligence Officer in Gibraltar, loaded with top secrets. Add a tough, down-on-his-luck ex-CIA agent with a murky past. Try a drop of blackmail. Garnish with two beautiful women. Sprinkle liberally with murder, treachery and mayhem. Stir well till it all fizzes with danger and excitement that is Tangier. The result is a thriller that will grip you down to the last explosive moment. It's the thriller of the year."	"that French visitors topped the list with 927,000 followed by Spaniards (587,000) and Britons (141,000). Morocco, which is close to Europe, has a mix of culture and the exotic that makes it popular with Europeans buying holiday homes.[15] The country's attractions can be divided into seven regions: While Morocco was a French Protectorate (from 1912 to 1956) tourism was focused on urban areas such as the Mediterranean cities of Tangier and Casablanca. Tangier attracted many writers, such as Jack Kerouac and William S. Burroughs. There was a period of beach resort development at places such as Agadir on the Atlantic"	"National Cricket Stadium, Tangier The National Cricket Stadium is a cricket ground located in the Tangiers, Morocco. It is the only stadium in Morocco that has been used for senior cricket. Stadium hosted its first International Tournament from 12 to 21 August 2002. Pakistan, South Africa and Sri Lanka competed in a 50-overs one day triangular series. The ICC has granted international status to the Tangier Cricket Stadium in Morocco official approval that will allow it to become North Africa's first international cricket venue. The stadium was constructed by Dubai-based construction tycoon Abdul Rahman Bukhatir as part of his plan"	"all southern intercity train services to and from Casa-Voyageurs now call at Casa-Oasis. ONCF stated in 2005 that the refurbishment and upgrading of Casa-Oasis to intercity standards was intended to relieve passenger congestion at Casa-Voyageurs station. Casablanca is twinned with: Casablanca Casablanca (; ; local informal name: ""Kaẓa""), located in the central-western part of Morocco and bordering the Atlantic Ocean, is the largest city in Morocco. It is also the largest city in the Maghreb region, as well as one of the largest and most important cities in Africa, both economically and demographically. Casablanca is Morocco's chief port and one"
Who was the Egyptian president who was assassinated in 1981?	"death, and the irrationality of human emotion. The Day the Leader was Killed The Day the Leader was Killed (orig. Arabic يوم مقتل الزعيم) is a novel written and published by Nobel Prize-winning author Naguib Mahfouz in 1983. The novel follows multiple narratives written in the stream of consciousness format. The novel is set during the early 1980s whilst Egyptian President Anwar Sadat was introducing the infitah or ""open door"" free-market economic policies which led to widespread unrest. The plot revolves around a young Egyptian man who is in love with a co-worker, but her father will not permit their"	"October 1981, when Sadat's Vice President, Hosni Mubarak, became the new Egyptian President for nearly 30 years until resigning as a result of the Egyptian Revolution of 2011. Islambouli and the other assassins were tried before an Egyptian court-martial, found guilty, sentenced to death, and executed by firing squad in April 1982. In 2012, Khaled Al-Islambouli's mother spoke highly of her son's actions to the Iranian Fars News Agency. She said ""I am very proud that my son killed Anwar Al-Sadat… The government called him a terrorist, a criminal, and a murderer."" Assassination of Anwar Sadat The assassination of Anwar"	"peace treaty, which was supported by the vast majority of Egyptians, in exchange for the complete Israeli withdrawal from Sinai. Sadat was assassinated in Cairo by members of the Egyptian Islamic Jihad in 1981, and was succeeded by Hosni Mubarak. Hosni Mubarak was the president from 14 October 1981 to 11 February 2011, when he resigned under pressure of popular protest. Although power was ostensibly organized under a multi-party semi-presidential system, in practice it rested almost solely with the president. In late February 2005, for the first time since the 1952 coup d'état, the Egyptian people had an apparent chance"	"due process and the legal banning of torture. Sadat dismantled much of the existing political machine and brought to trial a number of former government officials accused of criminal excesses during the Nasser era. Sadat tried to expand participation in the political process in the mid-1970s but later abandoned this effort. In the last years of his life, Egypt was wracked by violence arising from discontent with Sadat's rule and sectarian tensions, and it experienced a renewed measure of repression including extra judicial arrests. On 6 October 1981, President Sadat was assassinated by Islamic extremists. Hosni Mubarak, Vice President since"	"was banned as well. The round up missed a Jihad cell in the military led by Lieutenant Khalid Islambouli, who succeeded in assassinating Anwar Sadat that October. Sadat was succeeded by his Vice president Hosni Mubarak. History of Egypt under Anwar Sadat Sadat era refers to the presidency of Anwar Sadat, the eleven-year period of Egyptian history spanning from the death of president Gamal Abdel Nasser in 1970, through Sadat's assassination by fundamentalist army officers on 6 October 1981. Sadat's presidency saw many changes in Egypt's direction, reversing some of the economic and political principles of Nasserism by breaking with"	"more radical Qutb-inspired Islamist groups blossomed, and after Sadat signed a peace agreement with Israel in 1979, the Muslim Brotherhood became confirmed enemies of Sadat. Sadat was assassinated by a violent Islamist group Tanzim al-Jihad on 6 October 1981, shortly after he had Brotherhood leaders (and many other opposition leaders) arrested. Again with a new president, (Hosni Mubarak), Brotherhood leaders (Supreme Guide Umar al-Tilmisani and others) were released from prison. Mubarak cracked down hard against radical Islamists but offered an ""olive branch"" to the more moderate Brethren. The brethren reciprocated, going so far as to endorse Mubarak's candidacy for president"	"Assassination of Anwar Sadat The assassination of Anwar Sadat occurred on 6 October 1981. Anwar Sadat, the President of Egypt, was assassinated during the annual victory parade held in Cairo to celebrate Operation Badr, during which the Egyptian Army had crossed the Suez Canal and taken back a small part of the Sinai Peninsula from Israel at the beginning of the Yom Kippur War. A fatwa approving the assassination had been obtained from Omar Abdel-Rahman, a cleric later convicted in the US for his role in the 1993 World Trade Center bombing. The assassination was undertaken by members of the"	"of Muhammad Anwar al-Sadat, the eleven-year period of Egyptian history spanning from the death of president Gamal Abdel Nasser in 1970, through Sadat's assassination by fundamentalist army officers on 6 October 1981. Sadat's presidency saw many changes in Egypt's direction, reversing some of the economic and political principles of Nasserism by breaking with Soviet Union to make Egypt an ally of the United States, initiated the peace process with Israel, re-instituting the multi-party system and abandoning socialism by launching the Infitah economic policy. After Nasser's death, another of the original revolutionary ""free officers,"" Vice President Anwar el-Sadat, was elected President"	"of three members of Egyptian Islamic Jihad executed for the assassination of Anwar Sadat, the autocratic President of Egypt in 1981. Even both Hipparchus's assassins were themselves killed, Harmodius on the spot and Aristogeiton after being tortured, and the major conspirators in the plot to kill Caesar were likewise killed or forced to commit suicide. Outright revolt was the context for other tyrannicides, and allowed individual killers to escape or remain anonymous. During World War II and the Italian resistance movement, Walter Audisio claimed to have led his team of partisans in the abduction and execution by firing squad of"	"Egypt and Sudan. The last months of Sadat's presidency were marked by internal uprising. Sadat dismissed allegations that the rioting was incited by domestic issues, believing that the Soviet Union was recruiting its regional allies in Libya and Syria to incite an uprising that would eventually force him out of power. Following a failed military coup in June 1981, Sadat ordered a major crackdown that resulted in the arrest of numerous opposition figures. Although Sadat still maintained high levels of popularity in Egypt, it has been said that he was assassinated ""at the peak"" of his unpopularity. Earlier in his"	"Anwar Sadat Muhammad Anwar el-Sadat (; """", ]; 25 December 1918 – 6 October 1981) was the third President of Egypt, serving from 15 October 1970 until his assassination by fundamentalist army officers on 6 October 1981. Sadat was a senior member of the Free Officers who overthrew King Farouk in the Egyptian Revolution of 1952, and a close confidant of President Gamal Abdel Nasser, under whom he served as Vice President twice and whom he succeeded as President in 1970. In his eleven years as president, he changed Egypt's trajectory, departing from many of the political and economic tenets"	"1981. After president Abulhassan Banisadr was impeached on 20 June 1981 (30 Khordad 1360), a concerted effort was made to find and prosecute the erstwhile supporters turned opposition, primarily leftists. Bloodletting became much worse. According to Shaul Bakhash, The number who lost their lives will probably never be known with certainty. Amnesty International documented 2,946 executions in the 12 months following Bani-Sadr's impeachment. A list compiled the following year by the Mojahedin-e Khalq cited 7,746 persons who had lost their lives through executions, in street battles, or under torture in the short period from June 1981 to September 1983. According"	"favorable among Egyptians, it was rejected by the country's Muslim Brotherhood and the left, which felt Sadat had abandoned efforts to ensure a Palestinian state. With the exception of Sudan, the Arab world and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) strongly opposed Sadat's efforts to make a separate peace with Israel without prior consultations with the Arab states. His refusal to reconcile with them over the Palestinian issue resulted in Egypt being suspended from the Arab League from 1979 to 1989. The peace treaty was also one of the primary factors that led to his assassination; on 6 October 1981, militants"	"revolution. Egypt was ruled autocratically by three presidents over the following six decades: by Nasser from 1954 until his death in 1970, by Anwar Sadat from 1971 until his assassination in 1981, and by Hosni Mubarak from 1981 until his resignation in the face of the 2011 Egyptian revolution. In 2012, after more than a year under the interim government of the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces, with Field Marshal Tantawi as its chairman, elections were held and the Islamist Mohamed Morsi became the first democratically elected head of state in the entire history of Egypt. In 2013, after"	"Abdel Fattah El-Sisi as millions of Egyptians took to the streets in support of early elections. El-Sisi went on to become Egypt's president by popular election in 2014. In Egypt and other parts of the Arab world, the protests and governmental changes are also known as the ( ""Thawrat 25 Yanāyir""), ( ""Thawrat Horeya"") or ( ""Thawrat al-Ġaḍab""), and (less frequently) the ( ""Thawrat al-Shabāb""), () or ( ""al-Thawrah al-bayḍāʾ""). Hosni Mubarak became President of Egypt after the assassination of Anwar Sadat in 1981. Mubarak's National Democratic Party (NDS) maintained one-party rule under a continual state of emergency. His government"	"Abu-Ali Urbuti Abu-Ali Urbuti (born November 3, 1918) is an Egyptian Muslim sheikh who is best known for his fiery anti-American rhetoric and his unabashed support of Khalid Islambouli, the man convicted of assassinating Egyptian president Mohamed Anwar Al-Sadat in 1981. Originally a pacifist and known as a proponent of non-violent change within the Muslim world, he was transformed by the torturous persecution he suffered at the hands of the Egyptian government into an advocate for terroristic jihad. In January 1982, Urbuti and seven of his followers were arrested and charged with ""Seditious Conspiracy"" in the assassination of Sadat for"	"also sought to increase Libyan influence, especially in states with an Islamic population, by calling for the creation of a Saharan Islamic state and supporting anti-government forces in sub-Saharan Africa. In the 1970s and the 1980s, this support was sometimes so freely given that even the most unsympathetic groups could obtain Libyan support; often the groups represented ideologies far removed from Gaddafi's own. Gaddafi's approach often tended to confuse international opinion. In October 1981 Egypt's President Anwar Sadat was assassinated. Gaddafi applauded the murder and remarked that it was a ""punishment"". In December 1981, the US State Department invalidated US"	"because a German court publicly implicated senior members of the government and issued arrest warrants for Ali Fallahian, the head of the Iranian Intelligence. Evidence indicates that Fallahian's personal involvement and individual responsibility for the murders were far more pervasive than his current indictment record represents. Anwar Sadat, President of the Arab Republic of Egypt (formerly President of the United Arab Republic), was assassinated October 6, 1981, during the annual parade celebrating Operation Badr, the opening maneuver of the Yom Kippur War. Swedish prime minister Olof Palme was murdered by a gun-wielding man close to midnight on February 28, 1986,"	"Mustafa Ahmed Hassan Hamza Mustafa Hamza (born 1956) is an Egyptian commander of the military branch of the Islamic Group. He was sentenced to death in absentia by an Egyptian court in the Returnees from Afghanistan case. It is believed he took part in the 1981 assassination of Egyptian President Anwar El Sadat, the attempted assassination of President Hosni Mubarak in Addis Ababa in June 1995, and the Luxor massacre, which killed more than 60 tourists and Egyptians in 1997. He was in Iran until May 2004, when he was extradited to Egypt. He was pardoned in 2012. In November"	"from Omar Abdel-Rahman. Islambouli was tried, found guilty, sentenced to death, and executed by firing squad in April 1982. Sadat was succeeded by his vice president Hosni Mubarak, whose hand was injured during the attack. Sadat's funeral was attended by a record number of dignitaries from around the world, including a rare simultaneous attendance by three former US presidents: Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter and Richard Nixon. Sudan's President Gaafar Nimeiry was the only Arab head of state to attend the funeral. Only 3 of 24 states in the Arab League—Oman, Somalia and Sudan—sent representatives at all. Israel's prime minister, Menachem"	"Hosni Mubarak Muhammad Hosni El Sayed Mubarak (, , """"; born 4 May 1928) is a former Egyptian military and political leader who served as the fourth President of Egypt from 1981 to 2011. Before he entered politics, Mubarak was a career officer in the Egyptian Air Force. He served as its commander from 1972 to 1975 and rose to the rank of air chief marshal in 1973. Some time in the 1950s, he returned to the Air Force Academy as an instructor, remaining there until early 1959. He assumed presidency after the assassination of Anwar Sadat. Mubarak's presidency lasted"	"Israel had been in control of since 1967. Because of these negotiations and their outcome, both he and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin were awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1978, which made Sadat the first Muslim Nobel laureate. On 6 October 1981, President Sadat was assassinated in Cairo during the annual celebrations of Operation Badr by members of Egyptian Islamic Jihad, an Islamist terrorist group. About a week after Sadat's assassination, then Vice-President Hosni Mubarak took office as President, an action that was approved through a referendum of the People's Assembly. During his presidency, Mubarak pursued policies similar to"	"antagonize Mubarak because he was Sadat's personal choice. Though supportive of Sadat's earlier efforts made to bring the Sinai Peninsula back into Egyptian control, Mubarak agreed with the views of various Arab figureheads and opposed the Camp David Accords for failing to address other issues relating to the Arab–Israeli conflict. Sadat even transferred his decisionmaking authority to Mubarak temporarily at times he went on vacations. Mubarak was injured during the assassination of President Sadat in October 1981 by soldiers led by Lieutenant Khalid Islambouli. Following Sadat's death, Mubarak became the fourth president of Egypt. Until Libya's suspension from the Arab"	"between 40,000-200,000 lives had been lost, and the once broad and enthusiastic support by voters for the anti-government Islamism was replaced ""with a deep fear of instability"". Algeria was one of the few in the Arab world not to participate in the Arab Spring. In Egypt, ""fundamentalists fighting the government in the 1990s included ""several hundred `Afghan` guerrillas"". The main group was led by Ayman al-Zawahiri and Mohammed Shawky al-Istambouli—brother of the army lieutenant who led the assassination of Egyptian President Anwar Sadat in October 1981. Al-Istambouli established a base in Jalalabad, in eastern Afghanistan, during the war. (The Islamist"	"the country will have to sell oil eventually. Iran and other members of fundamentalist Muslim governments praised the killing of the Algerian leader, while the United States, the Organization of African Unity, France and other western nations condemned it. French leaders in particular voiced fears of civil war or a full military takeover of the former French colony. The attack on Boudiaf was the Arab world's most dramatic political killing since Egyptian President Anwar Sadat was assassinated by Islamic fundamentalists in 1981. Assassination of Mohamed Boudiaf Boudiaf was killed by one of his own bodyguards, Lambarek Boumaarafi, presented officially as"	"them into Egyptian society, Egypt's Islamists now felt betrayed and publicly called for the overthrow of the Egyptian president and the replacement of the nation's system of government with a government based on Islamic theocracy. The last months of Sadat's presidency were marked by internal uprising. Sadat dismissed allegations that the rioting was incited by domestic issues, believing that the Soviet Union was recruiting its regional allies in Libya and Syria to incite an uprising that would eventually force him out of power. Following a failed military coup in June 1981, Sadat ordered a major crackdown that resulted in the"	"by Islamists on 6 October 1981. Since President Sadat's assassination in 1981, his successor Hosni Mubarak continued to request and obtain the People Assembly's approval to maintain emergency law under the premise of threats of terrorism and violence. Despite the emergency law, political party life during the 1980s was relatively active, with the re-emergence of the Wafd Party, and the participation of the Muslim Brotherhood via alliances and Muslim Brotherhood candidates running as independents. Elections in 1984 and 1987 produced parliaments with opposition representation of about 20 percent. Unfortunately, the combination of increasing Islamist opposition groups and violence by extremist"	"him to run as their presidential candidate, but he refused due to their different ideological backgrounds. Abu Ghazala died on 6 September 2008 at El-Galla Military Hospital in Cairo at the age of 78, from throat cancer. Abd al-Halim Abu Ghazala Mohamed Abd al-Halim Abu Ghazala (1930–2008) (محمد عبد الحليم أبو غزاله) was Defense Minister of Egypt from 1981 to 1989. Abu Ghazala was seated next to Anwar Sadat when the president was assassinated. He was born in Zuhur Al Omara Village, Dilingat, Behera governorate, in February 1930. His family descended from ""Awlad Aly"" tribe. After completing his secondary education,"	"what would prove to be his final speech, Sadat ridiculed the Islamic garb worn by pious women, which he called a ""tent"". In a response to a series of demonstrations orchestrated by the Islamists, Sadat banned Islamist student organisations and prohibited women from wearing the ""niqab"" on Egypt's university campuses. There were rumours of veiled women (and even men) taking examinations in others' places, but it was the symbol of the ""niqab"" and its political statement that seemed to disturb the regime. After Sadat's assassination by Islamists in 1981, President Mubarak executed Sadat's assassins and kept in force the 1979"	"opportunity to accept or reject the agreement with a free vote or a representative majority. President Sadat's signing of the Camp David Accords on 17 September 1978 and his shared 1978 Nobel Peace Prize with Israeli Prime Minister Begin led to his assassination on 6 October 1981 by members of the Egyptian Islamic Jihad during the annual victory parade held in Cairo to celebrate Egypt's crossing of the Suez Canal. The president's personal protection was infiltrated by four members of this organization, who were hiding in a truck passing through the military parade with other military vehicles. As the truck"	"History of Egypt under Hosni Mubarak The history of Egypt under Hosni Mubarak spans a period of 29 years, beginning with the 1981 assassination of President Anwar Sadat and lasting until the Egyptian revolution of January 2011, when Mubarak was overthrown in a popular uprising as part of the broader Arab Spring movement. His presidency was marked by a continuation of the policies pursued by his predecessor, including the liberalization of Egypt's economy and a commitment to the 1979 Camp David Accords. The Egyptian government under Mubarak also maintained close relations with the other member states of the Arab League,"	"that the surrender of the two hostage-takers had already been secured at the time of the failed Egyptian attack, and the two men were taken prisoner by the Cypriots and later extradited to Egypt, where they received death sentences, later commuted to life sentences. On 20 February, Egypt recalled its diplomatic mission and requested the Cyprus government to do the same in Cairo. Cyprus requested the withdrawal of Egypt's military attaché. Egypt and Cyprus severed political ties for several years after the incident, until President Anwar Sadat was assassinated in 1981. President Kyprianou offered reconciliation and apologies but maintained that"	"Israeli withdrawal from Sinai. Sadat's initiative sparked enormous controversy in the Arab world and led to Egypt's expulsion from the Arab League, but it was supported by most Egyptians. Sadat was assassinated by an Islamic extremist in October 1981. Hosni Mubarak came to power after the assassination of Sadat in a referendum in which he was the only candidate. Hosni Mubarak reaffirmed Egypt's relationship with Israel yet eased the tensions with Egypt's Arab neighbours. Domestically, Mubarak faced serious problems. Even though farm and industry output expanded, the economy could not keep pace with the population boom. Mass poverty and unemployment"
Which country was called Upper Volta until 1984?	"and two years later on 5 August 1960, it attained full independence. On 4 August 1984, the name was changed to Burkina Faso. The name Upper Volta indicates that the country contains the upper part of the Volta River. The river is divided into three parts, called the Black Volta, White Volta and Red Volta. Until the end of the 19th century, the history of Upper Volta was dominated by the empire-building Mossi/Mossi Kingdoms, who are believed to have come up to their present location from present-day Northern Ghana. For centuries, the Mossi peasant was both farmer and soldier, and"	"French Upper Volta Upper Volta () was a colony of French West Africa established on 1 March 1919, from territories that had been part of the colonies of Upper Senegal and Niger and the Côte d'Ivoire. The colony was dissolved on 5 September 1932, with parts being administered by the Côte d'Ivoire, French Sudan and the Colony of Niger. After World War II, on 4 September 1947, the colony was revived as a part of the French Union, with its previous boundaries. On 11 December 1958, it was reconstituted as the self-governing Republic of Upper Volta within the French Community,"	"Infighting developed between the right and left factions of the CSP. The leader of the leftists, Capt. Thomas Sankara, was appointed prime minister in January 1983, but subsequently arrested. Efforts to free him, directed by Capt. Blaise Compaoré, resulted in a military coup d'état on 4 August 1983. The coup brought Sankara to power and his government began to implement a series of revolutionary programs which included mass-vaccinations, infrastructure improvements, the expansion of women's rights, encouragement of domestic agricultural consumption and anti-desertification projects. On 4 August 1984, on President Sankara's initiative, the country's name was changed from Upper Volta to"	"to implement a series of revolutionary programs which included mass-vaccinations, infrastructure improvements, the expansion of women's rights, encouragement of domestic agricultural consumption and anti-desertification projects. On 4 August 1984, on President Sankara's initiative, the country's name was changed from Upper Volta to Burkina Faso (""land of the upright/honest people""). Sankara's government formed the National Council for the Revolution (CNR), with Sankara as its president, and established popular Committees for the Defense of the Revolution (CDRs). The Pioneers of the Revolution youth programme was also established. Sankara launched an ambitious socioeconomic programme for change, one of the largest ever undertaken on"	"control, Upper Volta won its independence in 1960 and changed its name to the Republic of Upper Volta. After the French military left, the leaders of the revolution created a bureaucracy that did not involve civilian control. The bureaucracy also welcomed foreign investments from France and other colonial powers, thus making the Republic of Upper Volta a neocolonial state. The people of the Republic of Upper Volta consisted of many rival ethnicities. Sixty percent of the country was made up of Gurunsi, Senufo, Lobi, Bobo, Mande, and Fulani people. Forty percent of the country were Mossi people, most of the"	"and order and by stimulating trade. They also tended to regard Muslims as culturally and educationally more advanced than non-Muslim Africans, and appointed Muslim chiefs and clerks as administrators in non-Muslim areas. In Upper Volta at the end of the 19th century there were only some 30,000 Muslims, but by 1959 there were 800,000, approximately 20 percent of the population. In 1984, Upper Volta was renamed Burkina Faso. After a succession of military coups, a constitutional republic was established in 1991. In Burkina Faso the Arabist and Islamist movement is viewed a counter-culture to the European style of modernity, and"	"to be issued throughout the 1920s, then superseded in 1928 by a definitive series of 23 stamps featuring three designs: a Hausa chief, Hausa woman, and Hausa warrior. Upper Volta also participated in the Colonial Exposition Issue of 1931. In 1932 the colony was dissolved and its territory divided between Côte d’Ivoire, French Sudan and Niger. Upper Volta was reconstituted in 1947, its postal administration continued to be part of French West Africa until the establishment of the Republic of Upper Volta in 1958. The Republic operated its own postal system, and issued its first stamp in 1959, marking the"	"by the left-wing revolutionary Sankara, who himself would be overthrown in 1987 by Compaoré. 1983 Upper Voltan coup d'état attempt The 1983 Upper Voltan coup d'état attempt was an event which took place on 28 February 1983, in the Republic of Upper Volta (today Burkina Faso), just a few months after a previous ""coup d'état"" on 7 November 1982, carried out by radical elements of the army against the regime of Colonel Saye Zerbo, who himself came to power in a 1980 coup against Major General Sangoulé Lamizana. The coup attempt on 28 February, which targeted the Council of Popular"	"1983 Upper Voltan coup d'état attempt The 1983 Upper Voltan coup d'état attempt was an event which took place on 28 February 1983, in the Republic of Upper Volta (today Burkina Faso), just a few months after a previous ""coup d'état"" on 7 November 1982, carried out by radical elements of the army against the regime of Colonel Saye Zerbo, who himself came to power in a 1980 coup against Major General Sangoulé Lamizana. The coup attempt on 28 February, which targeted the Council of Popular Salvation and its leader Major Jean-Baptiste Ouédraogo, failed. Several army officers intended to massacre"	"only after suffering defeats. It also had to organize its largest expeditionary force of its colonial history to send into the country to suppress the insurrection. Armed opposition wracked the Sahelian north when the Tuareg and allied groups of the Dori region ended their truce with the government. French Upper Volta was established on 1 March 1919. The French feared a recurrence of armed uprising and had related economic considerations. To bolster its administration, the colonial government separated the present territory of Burkina Faso from Upper Senegal and Niger. The new colony was named ""Haute Volta,"" and François Charles Alexis"	"On 4 September 1947, it revived the colony of Upper Volta, with its previous boundaries, as a part of the French Union. The French designated its colonies as departments of metropolitan France on the European continent. On 11 December 1958 the colony achieved self-government as the Republic of Upper Volta; it joined the Franco-African Community. A revision in the organization of French Overseas Territories had begun with the passage of the Basic Law (Loi Cadre) of 23 July 1956. This act was followed by reorganization measures approved by the French parliament early in 1957 to ensure a large degree of"	"Yaméogo, was the leader of the Voltaic Democratic Union (UDV). The 1960 constitution provided for election by universal suffrage of a president and a national assembly for five year terms; however, soon after coming to power, Yaméogo banned all political parties other than the UDV. French Upper Volta Upper Volta () was a colony of French West Africa established on 1 March 1919, from territories that had been part of the colonies of Upper Senegal and Niger and the Côte d'Ivoire. The colony was dissolved on 5 September 1932, with parts being administered by the Côte d'Ivoire, French Sudan and"	"territorial status and on September 4, 1947, Upper Volta became a French West African territory again in its own right. A revision in the organization of French Overseas Territories began with the passage of the Basic Law (Loi Cadre) of July 23, 1956. This act was followed by reorganizational measures approved by the French parliament early in 1957 that ensured a large degree of self-government for individual territories. Upper Volta became an autonomous republic in the French community on December 11, 1958. On July 11, 1960 France agreed to Upper Volta becoming fully independent. The Republic of Upper Volta declared"	"self-government for individual territories. Upper Volta became an autonomous republic in the French community on 11 December 1958. Full independence from France was received in 1960. The Republic of Upper Volta () was established on 11 December 1958 as a self-governing colony within the French Community. The name ""Upper Volta"" related to the nation's location along the upper reaches of the Volta River. The river's three tributaries are called the Black, White and Red Volta. These were expressed in the three colors of the former national flag. Before attaining autonomy, it had been French Upper Volta and part of the"	"Mossi renewed their pressure for separate territorial status and on 4 September 1947, Upper Volta became a French West African territory again in its own right. A revision in the organisation of French overseas territories began with the passage of the Basic Law (Loi Cadre) of 23 July 1956. This act was followed by reorganisational measures approved by the French parliament early in 1957 that ensured a large degree of self-government for individual territories. Upper Volta became an autonomous republic in the French community on 11 December 1958. Upper Volta achieved independence on 5 August 1960. The first president, Maurice"	"Upper Volta at the 1972 Summer Olympics The Republic of Upper Volta (as Upper Volta) competed at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, West Germany. This was the first and only time the country participated under that name at the Olympic Games. However, the first Upper Voltan athletes took part in the Olympics at the 1924 Games as part of the French contingent. André Bicaba was the only athlete representing Upper Volta in 1972, who participated in the men's 100 metres but did not progress past his heat. Upper Volta initially sought to send athletes to the 1976 Summer Olympics,"	"Commissioner: From 1971 to 1987, the Republic of Upper Volta was reigned by Prime Minister: The three colors of the national flag of Upper Volta come from the fact that the Volta has three parts: In French: Verse 1: ""Fière Volta de mes aieux,"" ""Ton soleil ardent et glorieux"" ""Te revêt d'or et de fierté"" ""Ô Reine drapée de loyauté !"" Refrain: ""Nous te ferons et plus forte, et plus belle"" ""À ton amour nous resterons fidèles"" ""Et nos cœurs vibrant de fierté"" ""Acclameront ta beauté"" ""Vers l'horizon lève les yeux"" ""Frémis aux accents tumultueux"" ""De tes fiers enfants tous"	"Hymne National Voltaïque The Hymne National Voltaïque was the national anthem of Upper Volta from 1960 until 1984, when the country's name was changed to Burkina Faso, and the existing anthem ""Une Seule Nuit"" was adopted. Both the words and music were by Robert Ouedraogo. """"Fière Volta de mes aieux,"" ""Ton soleil ardent et glorieux"" ""Te revêt d'or et de fierté"" ""Ô Reine drapée de loyauté!"" CHORUS: ""Nous te ferons et plus forte, et plus belle"" ""A ton amour nous resterons fidèles"" ""Et nos coeurs vibrant de fierté"" ""Acclameront ta beauté"" ""Vers l'horizon lève les yeux"" ""Frémis aux accents tumultueux"""	"Maurice Yaméogo Maurice Yaméogo (31 December 1921 – 15 September 1993) was the first President of the Republic of Upper Volta, now called Burkina Faso, from 1959 until 1966. ""Monsieur Maurice"" embodied the Voltaic state at the moment of independence. However, his political ascension did not occur without difficulties. As a member of the colonial administration from 1946, Maurice Yaméogo found a place for himself in the busy political landscape of Upper Volta thanks to his skill as a speaker. In May 1957, during the formation of the first Upper Voltaic government instituted under the Loi Cadre Defferre, he joined"	"originally called Upper Volta. There have been military coups till 1983 when Captain Thomas Sankara took control and implemented radical left wing policies. He was outsed by Blaise Compaore, who continued for 27 years till 2014, when a popular uprising ended his rule. As per Law No.40/98/AN in 1998, Burkina Faso adhered to decentralization to provide administrative and financial autonomy to local communities. There are 13 administrative regions, each governed by a Governor. The regions are subdivided into 45 provinces, which are further subdivided into 351 communes. The communes may be urban or rural and are interchangeable. There are other"	"acclaim thy beauty. Raise thine eyes towards the future Vibrating with tumultuous voices Of thy proud children, standing ready, The promise of a happy future. CHORUS The toil on thy burning soil Will never cease to brace the fervent hearts, And the virtues of thy children Will circle it with a triumphal crown. CHORUS May God protect thee in His goodness; For the happiness of thy beloved land, May brotherly love be the key And honour, unity and liberty. Hymne National Voltaïque The Hymne National Voltaïque was the national anthem of Upper Volta from 1960 until 1984, when the country's"	"until 1984, when Upper Volta became Burkina Faso. The establishment in Burkina welcomed the German coach and because of the natural interest in football, the Government’s commitment and Pfister's ability, Burkina Faso qualified for their first ever African Cup of Nations in 1978 in Ghana. It was the success with the Burkina team that opened the way for Pfister to traverse Africa, the Middle East, and Asia over the following years since his first landing Africa. In 1982, Pfister became Coach of the Cote d'Ivoire,(commonly known as Ivory Coast in English). He repaid his new employers’ confidence in him by"	"to match action with rhetoric”. Sankara called for a Marxist anti-colonial revolution. His anti-colonial revolutionary program consisted of independence from foreign imports, political reforms to fight corruption, environmental justice, and placed a huge emphasis on a women’s liberation movement. Before Sankara changed the name on the first anniversary of his coup, Burkina Faso was known as the Republic of Upper Volta and before that Upper Volta. Upper Volta was a French colony that remained underdeveloped because it provided a migrant labor force to other nearby French colonies on the coast such as Côte d'Ivoire and Mali. After decades under colonial"	"in Munich, West Germany. Upper Volta was represented by a single athlete in the athletics, André Bicaba, making his only appearance at the Olympics. He took part in the sixth heat of the men's 100 metres, finishing 5th with a time of 10.71 and failing to advance to the quarter finals. Following the 1972 Games, Upper Volta considered sending athletes to the 1976 Summer Olympics, but joined with 28 other countries in a boycott after the IOC allowed New Zealand to participate in the Games, despite the breach of the international sports boycott of South Africa by the nation's rugby"	"Sangoulé Lamizana Aboubakar Sangoulé Lamizana (January 31, 1916 – May 26, 2005) was a Burkinabé military officer who served as the President of Upper Volta (since 1984 renamed Burkina Faso), in power from January 3, 1966 to November 25, 1980. He held the additional position of Prime Minister from February 8, 1974 to July 7, 1978. After Upper Volta achieved complete independence from the French Union in 1960, opposition parties either merged with the governing party, ""Union démocratique voltaïque"" (UDV), or were banned, transforming Upper Volta into a single party state, headed by Maurice Yaméogo as President. Yaméogo's one-party regime"	"Jean-Baptiste Ouédraogo Jean-Baptiste Philippe Ouédraogo (born 30 June 1942), also referred to by his initials JBO, is a Burkinabé physician and retired military officer who served as President of Upper Volta (now Burkina Faso) from 8 November 1982 to 4 August 1983. He has since mediated a few national political disputes and operates a clinic in Somgandé. Ouédraogo received his early education in Upper Volta before joining the Upper Voltan Army and studying medicine abroad. After working in healthcare he was appointed chief medical officer of the Ouagadougou military camp. He participated in the November 1982 coup d'état in Upper"	"Bryan J., ""From Upper Volta to Burkina Faso: A Study of the Politics of Reaction and Reform in a Post-Colonial African Nation-state, 1960-1987"" (2013). Graduate Theses http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5809&context=etd Thomas Sankara and the Burkinabe Women's Liberation Movement On August 4, 1983 Captain Thomas Sankara and Captain Blaise Compaore staged a coup in the Republic of Upper Volta. Compaore led his men to take over key parts of Ouagadougou, the capital. Thomas Sankara was released from house arrest that the neo-colonial president Jean-Baptiste Ouédraogo of the Republic of Upper Volta had placed him under. This coup is known as the August Revolution. The"	"circumstances. After the proclamation of the Republic of Upper Volta on 11 December 1958, he made a surprising volte-face with respect to the Mali Federation advocated by Léopold Sédar Senghor. The Voltaic assembly supported Upper Volta's membership in the Federation, but Yaméogo opted for political sovereignty and limited economic integration with the Conseil de l'Entente. Then, by means of controversial manouvres, Yaméogo eliminated all parliamentary opposition. The UDV-RDA was purged of his enemies and he imposed a one party system. Upper Volta found itself under a dictatorship even before its independence on 5 August 1960. In foreign policy, Yaméogo envied"	"Mariam Sankara Mariam Sankara (née Sereme, born 26 March 1954) is the widow of Thomas Sankara, the President of Burkina Faso (previously named Upper Volta) from 4 August 1983 until his assassination on 15 October 1987. During this time she was First Lady of the country. Thomas Sankara, a Marxist and pan-Africanist army officer, became President of what was then known as the Republic of Upper Volta after a military coup in August 1983. He carried out what he proclaimed to be, the ""Democratic and Popular Revolution"" (), implementing many radical reforms. Sankara was killed in a coup in October"	"Algeria, Burkina Faso, Ghana and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. At the festival's founding in 1969, five African nations: Upper Volta (Burkina Faso), Cameroon, Ivory Coast, Niger and Senegal, were represented, as well as France and the Netherlands. A total of 23 films were shown. At its second edition, the participant African countries rose to nine, including for the first time Algeria, Tunisia, Guinea, Mali, and Ghana, and a total of 40 films were shown. In 1983, the festival included MICA (""le Marche International du Cinema et de la television Africaine""), a market for African film stock and video"	"winning independence in 1960 and Thomas Sankara’s August Revolution, five coups took place in just over two decades. The coups were done by Mossi leaders against Mossi leaders for a series of power grabs. The focus of the leaders of the Republic of Upper Volta were still on pleasing foreign investors instead of local development and maintaining the civilian’s right to self-determination. The country was split by its ethnic groups but defined by devotion to neo-colonialism. It was not until the sixth regime change (August Revolution) after French occupation that colonial ties were finally severed. Sankara was born on December"	"Volta, who elected Philippe Zinda Kaboré to the French National Assembly in November 1946 with a mandate to restore Upper Volta. Yaméogo joined Kaboré's entourage in the hope of thereby accelerating his own rise. When Kaboré died on 24 May 1947, Yaméogo positioned himself as his spiritual heir. On 4 September 1947, Upper Volta was restored with its 1932 borders. Subsequently, a French law of 31 March 1948 instituted the Territorial Assembly of Upper Volta. This assembly contained fifty seats, thirty-four of which were to be held by the general counsellors elected while Upper Volta was partitioned. Yaméogo was part"	"Thomas S. Estes Thomas Stuart Estes (January 23, 1913 – December 29, 2001) was an American diplomat. He was the United States Ambassador to Upper Volta (now Burkina Faso) from 1961 to 1966. He was the first ambassador solely accredited to Upper Volta. Thomas Estes was born on January 23, 1913 in Rumford, Oxford County, Maine. At age 16, Estes left Maine, and his childhood sweetheart Ruth Fullerton, to live and work with his aunt and uncle Fanny and Joseph Coombs in Worcester, Massachusetts. His uncle was the owner of an interior decorating and furniture business during the Great Depression."
Who was the Egyptian king whose tomb an treasures were discovered in the Valley of the Kings in 1922?	"others. Items from the largely intact tomb of Yuya and Tjuyu (King Tut's great-grandparents; the parents of Tiye who was the Great Royal Wife of the Egyptian pharaoh Amenhotep III) are also included. Yuya and Tjuyu's tomb was one of the most celebrated historical finds in the Valley of the Kings until Howard Carter's discovery in 1922. This exhibition does not include either the gold death mask that was a popular exhibit from ""The Treasures of Tutankhamun"" exhibition, or the mummy itself. The Egyptian Government has determined that these artifacts are too fragile to withstand travel, and thus they will"	"KV62 KV62 is the standard Egyptological designation for the tomb of the young pharaoh Tutankhamun in the Valley of the Kings, now renowned for the wealth of valuable antiquities it contained. The tomb was discovered in 1922 by Howard Carter, underneath the remains of workmen's huts built during the Ramesside Period; this explains why it was largely spared from desecration and from the tomb clearances at the end of the 20th Dynasty, although the tomb was robbed and resealed twice in the period after its completion. The tomb was densely packed with items in great disarray, partly due to its"	"restoration work was undertaken by the Getty Conservation Institute, and was once again open to the public by 2013. The tomb is expected to be definitively closed to the public in the near future, but a reproduction will be placed nearby at the Valley of the Kings and will be available to the public. KV62 KV62 is the standard Egyptological designation for the tomb of the young pharaoh Tutankhamun in the Valley of the Kings, now renowned for the wealth of valuable antiquities it contained. The tomb was discovered in 1922 by Howard Carter, underneath the remains of workmen's huts"	"just Lord Carnarvon, Howard Carter and his team set out to Egypt in 1922 to discover the tomb of Tutankhamun, and because of other recent discoveries during that time in a particular area of the Valley of the Kings, Carter believed he had a good idea of where he would find it. Theodore M. Davis, an archeologist contemporary with Carter, discovered pottery with Tutankhamun's name a short distance from where Carter would on November 4, 1922 discover KV62. The location at the Valley of the Kings was significant to the New Kingdom because it is where the pharaohs of the"	"Egypt, where they bought antiquities for their collection in England. In 1906 Lord Carnarvon obtained a concession to excavate a site near Luxor, and later one within the Valley of the Kings. From 1907, Lord Carnarvon employed Howard Carter to supervise the excavation work. By 1922 little of significance had been found and Lord Carnarvon decided this would be the final year he would fund the work. However on 4 November 1922, Carter was able to send a telegram to Lord Carnarvon, in England at the time, saying:<br>""At last have made wonderful discovery in Valley; a magnificent tomb with seals"	"After a systematic search, Carter discovered the actual tomb of Tutankhamun (KV62) in November 1922. King Tutankhamun's mummy still rests in his tomb in the Valley of the Kings. On 4 November 2007, 85 years to the day after Carter's discovery, the 19-year-old pharaoh went on display in his underground tomb at Luxor, when the linen-wrapped mummy was removed from its golden sarcophagus to a climate-controlled glass box. The case was designed to prevent the heightened rate of decomposition caused by the humidity and warmth from tourists visiting the tomb. His tomb was robbed at least twice in antiquity, but"	"Maccabean treasure at Jebel al-Madhbah, and returned home to his estate at Herdewyke in Warwickshire, England taking the treasure with him. During the turn of the 20th century British Israelites carried out some excavations of the Hill of Tara in Ireland looking for the Ark of the Covenant—the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland campaigned successfully to have them stopped before they destroyed the hill. In 1922 in the Valley of the Kings in Egypt, the royal tomb of the Pharaoh Tutankhamun (KV62) was opened by Howard Carter and Lord Carnarvon. Among the artifacts was a processional ark, listed as"	"in the Valley of the Kings in his KV62 chamber. Tutankhamun's mummy Tutankhamun's mummy was discovered by English Egyptologist Howard Carter and his team on October 28, 1925 in tomb KV62 of Egypt's Valley of the Kings. Tutankhamun was the 11th pharaoh of the 18th Dynasty of the New Kingdom of Egypt, making his mummy over 3,300 years old. The burial chamber was found in 1922, but was not opened until a year later. Two years passed between the discovery of the tomb and that of the mummy and its famous death mask. The discovery of the tomb as a"	"royal name (Ankhkheperure) was found in a partly erased cartouche on the inside of the mask. Tutankhamun's burial chamber was found at the Theban Necropolis in the Valley of the Kings in 1922 and opened in 1923. It would be another two years before the excavation team, led by the English archaeologist Howard Carter, was able to open the heavy sarcophagus containing Tutankhamun's mummy. On 28 October 1925, they opened the innermost of three coffins to reveal the gold mask, seen by people for the first time in approximately 3,250 years. Carter wrote in his diary: The pins removed, the"	"1799, but had probably been open for some time before that. Subsequently someone removed images of the pharaoh's head in several places, which can be seen today in the Louvre. The tomb was officially cleared by Howard Carter in the early twentieth century. Since 1989, a Japanese team from Waseda University led by Sakuji Yoshimura and Jiro Kondo has been working for excavation as well as conservation. The sarcophagus is missing from the tomb. WV22 Tomb WV22, in the Western arm of the Valley of the Kings, was used as the resting place of one of the rulers of Egypt's"	"Shoshenq II Heqakheperre Shoshenq II or Shoshenq IIa was a pharaoh of the 22nd dynasty of Egypt. He was the only ruler of this Dynasty whose tomb was not plundered by tomb robbers. His final resting place was discovered within an antechamber of Psusennes I's tomb at Tanis by Pierre Montet in 1939. Montet removed the coffin lid of Shoshenq II on March 20, 1939, in the presence of king Farouk of Egypt himself. It proved to contain a large number of jewel-encrusted bracelets and pectorals, along with a beautiful hawkheaded silver coffin and a gold funerary mask. The gold"	"Valley of the Kings The Valley of the Kings ( ; ), also known as the Valley of the Gates of the Kings ( ), is a valley in Egypt where, for a period of nearly 500 years from the 16th to 11th century BC, rock cut tombs were excavated for the pharaohs and powerful nobles of the New Kingdom (the Eighteenth to the Twentieth Dynasties of Ancient Egypt). The valley stands on the west bank of the Nile, opposite Thebes (modern Luxor), within the heart of the Theban Necropolis. The wadi consists of two valleys, East Valley (where the"	"Pierre Lacau Pierre Lacau (25 November 1873 – 26 March 1963) was a French Egyptologist and philologist. He served as Egypt's director of antiquities from 1914 until 1936, and oversaw the 1922 discovery of the tomb of Tutankhamun in the Valley of the Kings by Howard Carter. Pierre Lacau was born in the French commune of Brie-Comte-Robert. He was raised and educated as a Jesuit. Lacau's first appointment in Cairo was to the International Commission for drafting the general catalogue of the Museum of Cairo. In 1912 he was appointed director of the French Institute of Eastern Archaeology, succeeding Émile"	"KV5 Tomb KV5 is a subterranean, rock-cut tomb in the Valley of the Kings. It belonged to the sons of Ramesses II. Though KV5 was partially excavated as early as 1825, its true extent was discovered in 1995 by Kent R. Weeks and his exploration team. The tomb is now known to be the largest in the Valley of the Kings. Weeks' discovery is widely considered the most dramatic in the valley since the discovery of the tomb of Tutankhamun in 1922. Standing near the entrance to the Valley, KV5 was robbed in antiquity. In addition, over the centuries, it"	"to doubts that any undiscovered tombs are left in the valley the funding is finally cut in 1922. Tutankhamun's tomb was well concealed to ensure his undisturbed afterlife. Carter convinces Carnarvon to fund one last season during which the tomb is finally unearthed. When the tomb is opened in the presence of Carnarvon and his daughter it is revealed to be the only unplundered pharaoh's tomb in the valley. In 1922 Carter goes to the Egyptian Antiquities Service in Cairo to announce his discovery but disagrees with Director Pierre Lacau over the clearance and cataloguing of the contents. The discovery"	"to the public. Valley of the Kings The Valley of the Kings ( ; ), also known as the Valley of the Gates of the Kings ( ), is a valley in Egypt where, for a period of nearly 500 years from the 16th to 11th century BC, rock cut tombs were excavated for the pharaohs and powerful nobles of the New Kingdom (the Eighteenth to the Twentieth Dynasties of Ancient Egypt). The valley stands on the west bank of the Nile, opposite Thebes (modern Luxor), within the heart of the Theban Necropolis. The wadi consists of two valleys, East"	"discovered Tutankhamun's tomb (subsequently designated KV62). The next several months were spent cataloguing the contents of the antechamber under the ""often stressful"" supervision of Pierre Lacau, director general of the Department of Antiquities of Egypt. On 16 February 1923, Carter opened the sealed doorway and found that it did indeed lead to a burial chamber, and he got his first glimpse of the sarcophagus of Tutankhamun. The tomb was considered the best preserved and most intact pharaonic tomb ever found in the Valley of the Kings, and the discovery was eagerly covered by the world's press, but most of their"	"WV22 Tomb WV22, in the Western arm of the Valley of the Kings, was used as the resting place of one of the rulers of Egypt's New Kingdom, Amenhotep III. The tomb is unique in that it has two subsidiary burial chambers for the pharaoh's wives Tiye and Sitamen (who was also his daughter). The tombs layout and decoration follow the tombs of the kings predecessors Amenhotep II and Thutmoses IV however the decoration is much finer in quality. It was officially discovered by Prosper Jollois and Édouard de Villiers du Terrage, engineers with Napoleon's expedition to Egypt in August"	"Tiaa. In January 1908, the Egyptologist Edward R. Ayrton, in an excavation conducted for Theodore M. Davis, discovered a small burial in tomb KV56 which Davis referred to as 'The Gold Tomb' in his publication of the discovery in the Valley of the Kings; it proved to contain a small cache of jewelry that featured the name of Seti II. A set of ""earrings, finger-rings, bracelets, a series of necklace ornaments and amulets, a pair of silver 'gloves' and a tiny silver sandal"" were found within this tomb. Seti II Seti II (or Sethos II) was the fifth ruler of"	"Howard Carter Howard Carter (9 May 18742 March 1939) was a British archaeologist and Egyptologist who became world-famous after discovering the intact tomb (designated KV62) of the 18th Dynasty Pharaoh, Tutankhamun (colloquially known as ""King Tut"" and ""the boy king""), in November 1922. Howard Carter was born in Kensington on 9 May 1874, the son of Samuel John Carter, an artist, and Martha Joyce Carter (née Sands). His father trained and developed Howard's artistic talents. Carter spent much of his childhood with relatives in the Norfolk market town of Swaffham, the birthplace of both his parents. Nearby was the mansion"	"the excavator all the rest. Lacau oversaw the discovery of the tomb of Tutankhamun in 1922 by the English archaeologists Howard Carter and Lord Carnarvon in the Valley of the Kings. Relations with Carter were rarely cordial and were exacerbated by both the monopoly of publication rights which Lord Carnarvon sold to ""The Times"", and pressure from the Egyptian government who resented the lack of Egyptian involvement in the Tutankhamen excavation. In 1924 Lacau, acting under the orders of the new Minister of Public Works, forbade the wives of Howard Carter's team to enter the tomb. Carter closed the tomb"	"Anubis Shrine The Anubis Shrine was part of the grave goods of Tutankhamun (18th Dynasty, New Kingdom). The tomb was discovered almost intact on 4 November 1922 in the Valley of the Kings in west Thebes by Howard Carter. Today the object, with the find number 261, is an exhibit at the Egyptian Museum in Cairo, with the inventory number JE 61444. The Anubis Shrine was found behind the unwalled entrance which leads from the grave chamber (J) into the so-called ""Store Room"" (Ja). The shrine, with a figure of Anubis on top, was facing towards the west. Behind it"	"Tutankhamun's mummy Tutankhamun's mummy was discovered by English Egyptologist Howard Carter and his team on October 28, 1925 in tomb KV62 of Egypt's Valley of the Kings. Tutankhamun was the 11th pharaoh of the 18th Dynasty of the New Kingdom of Egypt, making his mummy over 3,300 years old. The burial chamber was found in 1922, but was not opened until a year later. Two years passed between the discovery of the tomb and that of the mummy and its famous death mask. The discovery of the tomb as a whole was one of the most significant and famous archeological"	"millions of years, you who love Thebes, sitting with your face to the north wind, your eyes beholding happiness"""", a quotation taken from the Wishing Cup of Tutankhamun, and """"O night, spread thy wings over me as the imperishable stars""."" Carter has been portrayed in many film and television productions: Howard Carter Howard Carter (9 May 18742 March 1939) was a British archaeologist and Egyptologist who became world-famous after discovering the intact tomb (designated KV62) of the 18th Dynasty Pharaoh, Tutankhamun (colloquially known as ""King Tut"" and ""the boy king""), in November 1922. Howard Carter was born in Kensington on"	"no. 1, (April 1996), pp.1–16. 1995 Lyla Pinch-Brock, ""Theodore Davis and the Rediscovery of KV55,"" in Valley of the Sun Kings, Richard Wilkinson, Editor, University of Arizona, Tucson, pp.34–46. KV55 KV55 is a tomb in the Valley of the Kings in Egypt. It was discovered by Edward R. Ayrton in 1907 while he was working in the Valley for Theodore M. Davis. It has long been speculated, as well as much-disputed, that the body found in this tomb was that of the famous Pharaoh Akhenaten, who moved the capital to Akhetaten (modern day Amarna). The results of genetic and other"	"Harry Burton (Egyptologist) Harry Burton (13 September 1879 – 27 June 1940) was an English Egyptologist and archaeological photographer. Born in Stamford, Lincolnshire, England, to journeyman cabinet maker William Burton and Ann Hufton, he is best known for his photographs of excavations in Egypt's Valley of the Kings at the beginning of the 20th century. His most famous photographs are the 1400 he took documenting Howard Carter's excavation of Tutankhamun's tomb in 1922. ""The Times"" published 142 of these images on 21 February 1923. He remained in Egypt after the tomb's excavations, dying there in 1940. He is buried in"	"KV55 KV55 is a tomb in the Valley of the Kings in Egypt. It was discovered by Edward R. Ayrton in 1907 while he was working in the Valley for Theodore M. Davis. It has long been speculated, as well as much-disputed, that the body found in this tomb was that of the famous Pharaoh Akhenaten, who moved the capital to Akhetaten (modern day Amarna). The results of genetic and other scientific tests published in February 2010 have confirmed that the person buried there was both the son of Amenhotep III as well as the father of Tutankhamun. Furthermore, the"	"Head of Nefertem The Head of Nefertem (also known as the Head from the Lotus Bloom or Tutankhamun as the Sun God) was found in the tomb of Tutankhamun (KV62) in the Valley of the Kings in West Thebes. It depicts the King (Pharaoh) as a child and dates from the 18th dynasty (New Kingdom). The object received the find number of 8 and today is displayed with the inventory number JE 60723 in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo. The discovery of the Head of Nefertem is controversial, since Howard Carter did not document the piece in his excavation journal."	"ruled a divided Egypt by administering Middle and Upper Egypt. The French excavator Pierre Montet discovered Osorkon II's plundered royal tomb at Tanis on February 27, 1939. It revealed that Osorkon II was buried in a massive granite sarcophagus with a lid carved from a Ramesside era statue. Only some fragments of a hawk-headed coffin and canopic jars remained in the robbed tomb to identify him. While the tomb had been looted in antiquity, what jewellery which remained ""was of such high quality that existing conceptions of the wealth of the northern Twenty-first and Twenty-second dynasties had to be revised."""	"Passages from the ""Book of Gates"" appear for the first time. The decoration was not completed through this king's fourteen years rule. The sarcophagus of the king was constructed from carved, red quartzite, and was found with its lid broken. In it were contained bones and remains from several burials, none of them conclusively from Horemheb. KV57 Tomb KV57 is an ancient Egyptian tomb. Located in the Valley of the Kings in Egypt, it was used for the burial of Horemheb, the last Pharaoh of the Eighteenth dynasty. The tomb was located by Edward Ayrton in February 1908, who was"	"1960s causing significant changes in the moisture levels in the surrounding rocks. KV17 Tomb KV17, located in Egypt's Valley of the Kings and also known by the names ""Belzoni's tomb"", ""the Tomb of Apis"", and ""the Tomb of Psammis, son of Nechois"", is the tomb of Pharaoh Seti I of the Nineteenth Dynasty. It is one of the best decorated tombs in the valley, but now is almost always closed to the public due to damage. As per November 2017 holders of a 1000 EGP entry ticket or of a Luxor Pass can visit this tomb. It was first discovered"	"KV20 KV20 is a tomb in the Valley of the Kings (Egypt). It was probably the first royal tomb to be constructed in the valley. KV20 was the original burial place of Thutmose I (who was later re-interred in KV38) and later was adapted by his daughter Hatshepsut to accommodate both her and her father. The tomb was known to the Napoleonic Expedition in 1799, but a full clearance of the tomb only was undertaken by Howard Carter in 1903, although it had been visited by several explorers between 1799 and 1903. KV20 is distinguished from other tombs in the"	"Belzoni's excavations in Egypt with the result that tomb KV30, in the Valley of the Kings, is known as Lord Belmore's tomb. These excavations were the source of some of Lord Belmore's collection of Egyptian antiquities, such as the sarcophagus that is now in the British Museum. Lord Belmore's other hobby was carving his name on Egyptian antiquities. In his desire to commemorate his travels, Belmore carved his name into a stone at the top of the Great Pyramid of Giza, the Ramesseum (the mortuary temple of Ramses II), and on the side of the Temple of Dendur, which is"
Name the East African country which lies on the equator.	"The East African University The East African University (TEAU) is a private university in Kenya. The university main campus is located approximately south of the central business district of the town of Kitengela, Kajiado County, Kenya. This location lies off the Nairobi-Kajiado-Namanga Road, approximately south of Nairobi, the capital of Kenya and the largest city in that country. The approximate coordinates of the university campus are:1° 39' 0.00""S, +36° 54' 0.00""E (Latitude:-1.6500; Longitude:36.9000). The coordinates are approximate because the university campus does not yet show on most publicly available maps in January 2012. The university also has another campus located"	"Equatorial Guinea Equatorial Guinea (; ; ), officially the Republic of Equatorial Guinea (, , ), is a country located in Central Africa, with an area of . Formerly the colony of Spanish Guinea, its post-independence name evokes its location near both the Equator and the Gulf of Guinea. Equatorial Guinea is the only sovereign African state in which Spanish is an official language. , the country had an estimated population of 1,222,245. Equatorial Guinea consists of two parts, an insular and a mainland region. The insular region consists of the islands of Bioko (formerly ""Fernando Pó"") in the Gulf"	"Ecuador Ecuador ( , ) (), officially the Republic of Ecuador (, which literally translates as ""Republic of the Equator""; ), is a country in northwestern South America, bordered by Colombia on the north, Peru on the east and south, and the Pacific Ocean to the west. Ecuador also includes the Galápagos Islands in the Pacific, about west of the mainland. The capital city is Quito, while the largest city is Guayaquil. What is now Ecuador was home to a variety of Amerindian groups that were gradually incorporated into the Inca Empire during the 15th century. The territory was colonized"	"Eastern Equatoria Eastern Equatoria is one of the ten states of South Sudan. It has an area of 73,472 km². The capital is Torit. The state shared international borders with Uganda in the south, with Kenya in the south-east and with Ethiopia in the north-east. Domestically, it was bordered by Central Equatoria in the west and Jonglei in the north. The Ilemi Triangle in the east, between Eastern Equatoria and Lake Turkana, is or has been disputed among all three abutting states (South Sudan, Kenya and Ethiopia). The state had 906,126 people in 2008 (32/sq mi). Eastern Equatoria state was"	"for the 2011 World Cup in Germany. In June 2016, Equatorial Guinea was chosen to host the 12th African Games in 2019. Equatorial Guinea is famous for the swimmers Eric Moussambani, nicknamed ""Eric the Eel"", and Paula Barila Bolopa, ""Paula the Crawler"", who had astoundingly slow times at the 2000 Summer Olympics. Equatorial Guinea Equatorial Guinea (; ; ), officially the Republic of Equatorial Guinea (, , ), is a country located in Central Africa, with an area of . Formerly the colony of Spanish Guinea, its post-independence name evokes its location near both the Equator and the Gulf of"	"satellite had shown the equatorial ""diameter"" from longitude 11° West to 169° East to be greater than its ""diameter"" ninety degrees away. The Equator passes through the land of 11 countries. Starting at the Prime Meridian and heading eastwards, the Equator passes through: Despite its name, no part of Equatorial Guinea lies on the Equator. However, its island of Annobón is south of the Equator, and the rest of the country lies to the north. Seasons result from the tilt of the Earth's axis compared to the plane of its revolution around the Sun. Throughout the year the northern and"	", this was one of the last areas in the world where cases of Guinea worm disease are found, with twelve of the 17 reported cases occurring ""in one small pocket of Eastern Equatoria State,"" according to NPR. Eastern Equatoria Eastern Equatoria is one of the ten states of South Sudan. It has an area of 73,472 km². The capital is Torit. The state shared international borders with Uganda in the south, with Kenya in the south-east and with Ethiopia in the north-east. Domestically, it was bordered by Central Equatoria in the west and Jonglei in the north. The Ilemi"	"Geography of Ecuador Ecuador is a country in western South America, bordering the Pacific Ocean at the Equator, for which the country is named. Ecuador encompasses a wide range of natural formations and climates, from the desert-like southern coast to the snowcapped peaks of the Andes mountain range to the plains of the Amazon Basin. Cotopaxi in Ecuador is one of the world's highest active volcanos. It also has a large series of rivers that follow the southern border and spill into the northwest area of Peru. Ecuador is located on the west by the Pacific Ocean, and has 2,237"	"Equatoria Equatoria is a region of southern South Sudan, along the upper reaches of the White Nile. Originally a province of Egypt, it also contained most of northern parts of present-day Uganda, including Lake Albert. It was an idealistic effort to create a model state in the interior of Africa that never consisted of more than a handful of adventurers and soldiers in isolated outposts. Equatoria was established by Samuel Baker in 1870. Charles George Gordon took over as governor in 1874, followed by Emin Pasha in 1878. The Mahdist Revolt put an end to Equatoria as an Egyptian outpost"	"The country consists of a mainland territory, Río Muni, which is bordered by Cameroon to the north and Gabon to the east and south, and five small islands, Bioko, Corisco, Annobón, Elobey Chico (Small Elobey), and Elobey Grande (Great Elobey). Bioko, the site of the capital, Malabo, lies about off the coast of Cameroon. Annobón Island is about west-south-west of Cape Lopez in Gabon. Corisco and the two Elobey islands are in Corisco Bay, on the border of Río Muni and Gabon. Equatorial Guinea lies between latitudes 4°N and 2°S, and longitudes 5° and 12°E. Despite its name, no part"	"Geography of Equatorial Guinea The Republic of Equatorial Guinea is located in west central Africa. Bioko Island lies about from Cameroon. Annobón Island lies about southwest of Bioko Island. The larger continental region of Rio Muni lies between Cameroon and Gabon on the mainland; it includes the islands of Corisco, Elobey Grande, Elobey Chico, and adjacent islets. Bioko Island, called Fernando Po until the 1970s, is the largest island in the Gulf of Guinea - . It is shaped like a boot, with two large volcanic formations separated by a valley that bisects the island at its narrowest point. The"	"other location. Geography of Benin Benin, a narrow, key-shaped, north-south strip of land in West Africa, lies between the Equator and the Tropic of Cancer. Benin's latitude ranges from 6°30′ N to 12°30′ N and its longitude from 1° E to 3°40′ E. Benin is bounded by Togo to the west, Burkina Faso and Niger to the north, Nigeria to the east, and the Bight of Benin to the south. With an area of , it is slightly bigger than the nation of Bulgaria. Benin extends from the Niger River in the north to the Atlantic Ocean in the south,"	"Djibouti Djibouti ( ; , ', , , officially the Republic of Djibouti) is a country located in the Horn of Africa. It is bordered by Eritrea in the north, Ethiopia in the west and south, and Somalia in the southeast. The remainder of the border is formed by the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden at the east. Djibouti occupies a total area of . Djibouti has always been a very active member in the African Union and the Arab League. In antiquity, the territory was part of the Land of Punt and then the Kingdom of Aksum."	"the extreme points of Equatorial Guinea, the points that are farther north, south, east or west than any other location. Geography of Equatorial Guinea The Republic of Equatorial Guinea is located in west central Africa. Bioko Island lies about from Cameroon. Annobón Island lies about southwest of Bioko Island. The larger continental region of Rio Muni lies between Cameroon and Gabon on the mainland; it includes the islands of Corisco, Elobey Grande, Elobey Chico, and adjacent islets. Bioko Island, called Fernando Po until the 1970s, is the largest island in the Gulf of Guinea - . It is shaped like"	"Équateur (former province) Équateur (French for ""Equator"") was one of the eleven provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo between 1966 and 2015, when it was split into the new, smaller Équateur province, as well as the Tshuapa, Mongala, Nord-Ubangi and Sud-Ubangi provinces. Located in the north of the country, the province bordered the Republic of the Congo to the west, the Central African Republic to the north, to the east the Orientale province, and to the south the Kasai-Oriental, Kasai-Occidental, and Bandundu provinces. The word ""Équateur"" is French for the Equator, which lies less than south of the"	"Africa's second-smallest country. Both are part of the Cameroon volcanic mountain line, which also includes the islands of Annobón to the southwest, Bioko to the northeast (both part of Equatorial Guinea), and Mount Cameroon on the coast of Gulf of Guinea. São Tomé is long and wide and the more mountainous of the two islands. Its peaks reach – Pico de São Tomé. Príncipe is about long and wide. Its peaks reach – Pico de Príncipe. Swift streams radiating down the mountains through lush forest and cropland to the sea cross both islands. The Equator lies immediately south of São"	"Geography of Benin Benin, a narrow, key-shaped, north-south strip of land in West Africa, lies between the Equator and the Tropic of Cancer. Benin's latitude ranges from 6°30′ N to 12°30′ N and its longitude from 1° E to 3°40′ E. Benin is bounded by Togo to the west, Burkina Faso and Niger to the north, Nigeria to the east, and the Bight of Benin to the south. With an area of , it is slightly bigger than the nation of Bulgaria. Benin extends from the Niger River in the north to the Atlantic Ocean in the south, a distance"	"Mabior, the leader of the Sala, but failed to reach an agreement to end the southern insurgency. Civil war has continued since then, but international pressure has led SPLA and the Khartoum government to reach an agreement to end the 21-year civil war. Equatoria Equatoria is a region of southern South Sudan, along the upper reaches of the White Nile. Originally a province of Egypt, it also contained most of northern parts of present-day Uganda, including Lake Albert. It was an idealistic effort to create a model state in the interior of Africa that never consisted of more than a"	"Geography of Gabon Gabon is a country in West Africa, lying along the Atlantic Ocean, just south of the Bight of Biafra. Gabon has a total of 3,261 km of international boundaries. It borders Equatorial Guinea (335 km) and Cameroon (349 km) to the north and the Republic of the Congo (2,567 km) to the east and south. Gabon lies on the equator. Gabon has the moist, hot climate typical of tropical regions. The hottest month is January, with an average high at Libreville of 31 °C and an average low of 23 °C. Average July temperatures in the capital"	"Ethiopia Ethiopia (; , , ), officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (, ), is a country in the northeastern part of Africa, popularly known as the Horn of Africa. It shares borders with Eritrea to the north, Djibouti to the northeast, Somalia to the east, Sudan and South Sudan to the west, and Kenya to the south. With over floor(/1e6) million inhabitants, Ethiopia is the most populous landlocked country in the world and the second-most populous nation on the African continent. It occupies a total area of , and its capital and largest city is Addis Ababa. Some"	"Cameroon Cameroon (; ), officially the Republic of Cameroon (), is a country wedged in West and Central Africa. It is bordered by Nigeria to the west and north; Chad to the northeast; the Central African Republic to the east; and Equatorial Guinea, Gabon and the Republic of the Congo to the south. Cameroon's coastline lies on the Bight of Biafra, part of the Gulf of Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean. Although Cameroon is not an ECOWAS member state, it geographically and historically is in West Africa with the Southern Cameroons which now form her Northwest and Southwest Regions having"	"latitudes 2°N and 5°S, bounded on the west by the Pacific Ocean, and has of coastline. It has of land boundaries, with Colombia in the north border and Peru in the east and south border. It is the westernmost country that lies on the equator. The country has four main geographic regions: Ecuador's capital is Quito, which is in the province of Pichincha in the Sierra region. Its largest city is Guayaquil, in the Guayas Province. Cotopaxi, just south of Quito, is one of the world's highest active volcanoes. The top of Mount Chimborazo (6,268 m, or 20,560 ft, above"	"generally considerably cooler than other regions at similar proximity to the Equator. Most of the country's major cities are located at elevations of around above sea level, including historic capitals such as Gondar and Axum. The modern capital, Addis Ababa, is situated on the foothills of Mount Entoto at an elevation of around . It experiences a mild climate year round. With temperatures fairly uniform year round, the seasons in Addis Ababa are largely defined by rainfall: a dry season from October to February, a light rainy season from March to May, and a heavy rainy season from June to"	"rainy seasons are the same as for the highlands. Location: Eastern Africa, bordering the Red Sea, between Djibouti and Sudan, also bordering on Ethiopia. Geographic coordinates: ) Map references: Africa Area: <br>""total:"" 117,600 km² <br>""land:"" 101,000 km² <br>""water:"" 16,600 km² Area - comparative: slightly larger than Pennsylvania Land boundaries: <br>""total:"" 1 840 km <br>""border countries:"" Djibouti 125 km, Ethiopia 1,033 km, Sudan 682 km Note that the border between Eritrea and Ethiopia is disputed. Coastline: 2 234 km total; mainland on Red Sea 1 151 km, islands in Red Sea 1 083 km Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm Terrain:"	"km (2011) Natural hazards in Ecuador include frequent earthquakes, landslides, volcanic activity; periodic droughts and floods. deforestation; soil erosion; desertification; water pollution; pollution from oil production wastes in ecologically sensitive areas of the Amazon Basin and Galapagos Islands. Geography of Ecuador Ecuador is a country in western South America, bordering the Pacific Ocean at the Equator, for which the country is named. Ecuador encompasses a wide range of natural formations and climates, from the desert-like southern coast to the snowcapped peaks of the Andes mountain range to the plains of the Amazon Basin. Cotopaxi in Ecuador is one of the"	"Gabon Gabon (; ), officially the Gabonese Republic (), is a country on the west coast of Central Africa. Located on the equator, Gabon is bordered by Equatorial Guinea to the northwest, Cameroon to the north, the Republic of the Congo on the east and south, and the Gulf of Guinea to the west. It has an area of nearly and its population is estimated at /1e6 round 1 million people. Its capital and largest city is Libreville. Since its independence from France in 1960, the sovereign state of Gabon has had three presidents. In the early 1990s, Gabon introduced"	"Equator An equator of a rotating spheroid (such as a planet) is its zeroth circle of latitude (parallel). It is the imaginary line on the spheroid's surface, equidistant from its poles, dividing it into northern and southern hemispheres. In other words, it is the intersection of the spheroid's surface with the plane perpendicular to its axis of rotation and midway between its geographical poles. On Earth, ""the Equator"" is about long, of which 78.8% lies across water and 21.3% over land. Indonesia is the country straddling the greatest length of the equatorial line across both land and sea. The name"	"South Africa South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is the southernmost country in Africa. It is bounded to the south by of coastline of Southern Africa stretching along the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans; to the north by the neighbouring countries of Namibia, Botswana, and Zimbabwe; and to the east and northeast by Mozambique and Eswatini (Swaziland); and it surrounds the enclaved country of Lesotho. South Africa is the largest country in Southern Africa and the 25th-largest country in the world by land area and, with over 57 million people, is the world's 24th-most populous nation. It"	"Rwanda Rwanda (; ), officially the Republic of Rwanda (; Swahili: ""Jamhuri ya Rwanda""; ), is a country in Central and East Africa and one of the smallest countries on the African mainland. Located a few degrees south of the Equator, Rwanda is bordered by Uganda, Tanzania, Burundi and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Rwanda is in the African Great Lakes region and is highly elevated; its geography is dominated by mountains in the west and savanna to the east, with numerous lakes throughout the country. The climate is temperate to subtropical, with two rainy seasons and two dry"	"of Eastern Equatorial State) covers about 80,000 square kilometers. Hence, CDOT just as Eastern Equatorial State is bordered in the East by Ethiopia, in the South by Kenya and Uganda, in the West by Central Equatorial State and lastly in the North by desert area that runs over into Jongolei and Upper Nile States. Education Education Soon after the total destruction of educational infrastructures and the collapsed of the education system in most part of Eastern Equatorial State in 1992 the CDOT revived education activities along the borders with Ugandan and Kenyan using their syllabuses and students taking their national"	"Western Equatoria Western Equatoria State was one of the 10 states of South Sudan. It had an area of 79,343 km². Its capital was Yambio. The state was divided into counties, each headed by a County Commissioner. Western Equatoria seceded from Sudan as part of the Republic of South Sudan on 9 July 2011. Since the 16th century, Western Equatoria had been a home to the Avukaya, Azande, Baka, Moru, Mundu and Balanda. The Mahdist Revolt of the 1880s destabilized the nascent province, and Equatoria ceased to exist as an Egyptian outpost in 1889. Important settlements in Equatoria included Lado,"	"entire territory of the East Region lies on the South Cameroon Plateau that forms the southeastern half of the country. The elevation thus varies between 500 and 1000 metres above sea level except for lower-lying plains of 200 to 500 metres in the extreme southeast centered on the Dja, Boumba, Sangha, and Ngoko Rivers. The land consists largely of monotonous, gently undulating hills known as ""half-oranges"" due to their resemblance to that fruit. The East has a Type A wet equatorial climate (also known as a Guinea type climate), meaning that it experiences high temperatures (24˚ C on average) and"	"the largest in Africa, has its centre in Bangui."" It takes the form of a huge ellipse of x , with its central point at 6 degrees north and 18 degrees east. It consists of three parts or segments, which comprise the northern, the southern and the central anomalies. The magnetic equator passes through the feature's centre. Although it is well documented, the feature's origins are not fully understood. The Central African Republic is situated just north of the Equator with daily temperatures normally reaching at least 30 degrees Celsius. Bangui, close to the Equator in the south of the"
In which country did King Hassan II ascend the throne in 1961?	"writing. National orders: King Hassan II had five children with his wife Lalla Latifa Hammou, a member of the Zayane tribe, whom he married in 1961: The king had one other wife, Lalla Fatima bint ""Qaid"" Ould Hassan Amhourak (cousin of Latifa Hammou), whom he also married in 1961. They had no children. The father of Hassan II was Mohammed V of Morocco and his mother was Lalla Abla bint Tahar. He had five sisters and one brother: Hassan II of Morocco King Hassan II (, MSA: (a)l-ḥasan aṯ-ṯānī, Maghrebi Arabic: el-ḥasan ett(s)âni); 9 July 1929 – 23 July 1999)"	"King Hassan II. He was exiled from Morocco in 1963, after calling upon Moroccan soldiers to refuse to fight Algeria in the 1963 Sand War. When he was exiled in 1963, Ben Barka became a ""travelling salesman of the revolution"" according to the historian Jean Lacouture. He left initially for Algiers, where he met Che Guevara, Amílcar Cabral and Malcolm X. From there, he went to Cairo, Rome, Geneva and Havana, trying to unite the revolutionary movements of the Third World for the Tricontinental Conference meeting that was to be held in January 1966 in Havana. In a press conference,"	"ceded most of its protectorate in Northern Morocco to the new state but kept its two coastal enclaves (Ceuta and Melilla) on the Mediterranean coast. Sultan Mohammed became king in 1957. Upon the death of Mohammed V, Hassan II became King of Morocco on 3 March 1961. Morocco held its first general elections in 1963. However, Hassan declared a state of emergency and suspended parliament in 1965. In 1971, there was a failed attempt to depose the king and establish a republic. A truth commission set up in 2005 to investigate human rights abuses during his reign confirmed nearly 10,000"	"was achieved without difficulty. He became governor of Casablanca and then Minister of Posts. King Hassan II succeeded to the throne on 26 February 1961. Medbouh was made the king's chief aide-de-camp. In July 1963 an alleged plot by the leftist National Union of Popular Forces party to kill the king in his bed was foiled. The plotters were said to have obtained detailed plans of the palace from Major Mohamed Medbouh, although Medbouh was not implicated. He was made head of the Royal Military Cabinet in 1967. He often went riding with Hassan II, or played golf with him."	"was abolished in 1953, after the revolution of 1952, which caused King Farouk I to abdicate in favour of his infant son Fuad II. The monarchy of Tunisia ended in 1957 when Muhammad VIII al-Amin lost his throne and that of Iraq in 1958 when King Faisal II was killed and a republic proclaimed. The monarchy of Yemen was abolished in 1962 when King Muhammad al-Shami was overthrown in a coup, although he continued to resist his opponents until 1970. King Idris of Libya was overthrown by a military coup led by Muammar Gaddafi in 1969. The monarchy of Afghanistan"	"Years of Lead (Morocco) The Years of Lead ( ""Sanawāt ar-Ruṣāṣ"", ) is the term used to describe a period of the rule of King Hassan II of Morocco, mainly the 1960s through the 1980s, marked by state violence against dissidents and democracy activists. Hassan II was king from 1961 until his death in 1999. His reign was marked by political unrest and a heavy-handed government response to criticism and opposition. While some perceive the Years of Lead to have begun with Moroccan independence in 1956 under Mohammed V, political oppression plateaued in the 1960s and wound down only in"	"political role. He acted cautiously, intent on preventing the Istiqlal from consolidating its control and establishing a one-party state. He assumed the monarchy in 1957. Mohammed V's son Hassan II became King of Morocco on March 3, 1961. His rule saw significant political unrest, and the ruthless government response earned the period the name ""the years of lead"". Hassan took personal control of the government as prime minister, and named a new cabinet. Aided by an advisory council, he drew up a new constitution, which was approved overwhelmingly in a December 1962 referendum. Under its provisions, the king remained the"	"including the Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II at Westminster Abbey in 1953. On the same day his reign began, his cousin Sheikh Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani was appointed as the heir apparent and deputy ruler. On 22 February 1972 Sheikh Khalifa deposed him. During the incident, Sheikh Ahmad was in Iran on a hunting trip. After his deposition, Sheikh Ahmad lived in exile in Dubai with his wife, the daughter of the late Ruler of Dubai and children, in that emirate. In April 1963, a nationalist labor group known as the National Unity Front was formed in response to"	"in government. In July 1971 and again in August 1972, the regime was challenged by two attempted military coups. After neighbouring Algeria's 1962 independence from France, border skirmishes in the Tindouf area of south-western Algeria escalated in 1963 into what is known as the Sand War. The conflict ended after Organisation of African Unity mediation, with no territorial changes. The patriotism engendered by Morocco’s participation in the Middle East conflict and by the events in Western Sahara contributed to Hassan’s popularity. The king had dispatched Moroccan troops to the Sinai front after the outbreak of the Arab-Israeli War in October"	"central figure in the executive branch of the government, but legislative power was vested in a bicameral parliament, and an independent judiciary was guaranteed. In May 1963, legislative elections took place for the first time, and the royalist coalition secured a small plurality of seats. However, following a period of political upheaval in June 1965, Hassan II assumed full legislative and executive powers under a ""state of exception,"" which remained in effect until 1970. Subsequently, a reform constitution was approved, restoring limited parliamentary government, and new elections were held. However, dissent remained, revolving around complaints of widespread corruption and malfeasance"	"including ""The Holy Cities, the Pilgrimage and the World of Islam"" (2008). Ghalib II al-Qu'aiti HRH Sultan Ghalib II bin Awadh al-Qu'aiti (born 7 January 1948) was sultan of the Qu'aiti State or Qu'aiti Sultanate, in modern Yemen, and the current head of the Al-Qu'aiti household. He reigned from 11 October 1966 until the monarchy was ousted by communists on 17 September 1967. Sultan Ghalib was born in London, United Kingdom, and is the eldest son of his predecessor, Sultan Awadh bin Saleh. His coronation took place 10 June 1967. After his forced abdication, Ghalib married Sultana Rashid Ahmed on"	"son Hussein as crown prince on 9 September 1951. After a reign lasting less than thirteen months, the Parliament forced King Talal to abdicate due to his mental statedoctors had diagnosed schizophrenia. In his brief reign, Talal had introduced a modern, somewhat liberal constitution in 1952 that is still in use today. Hussein was proclaimed king on 11 August 1952, succeeding to the throne three months before his 17th birthday. A telegram from Jordan was brought in to Hussein while he was staying with his mother abroad in Lausanne, Switzerland, addressed to 'His Majesty King Hussein'. ""I did not need"	"in arbitrary rule. This period would become known as the ""Years of Lead"". After an opposition party won a small number of seats in the 1965 election, King Hassan II took complete control over the legislature. From this point on, forced disappearances, secret detention, arbitrary arrest, killings and forced exile of political opponents became common practices within the state. In 1975, the King repressed independent advocates located in the Western Sahara region, demonstrating the monarchy's fear of opposition movements. By 1990, the repression began to ease in response to pressure by domestic and international communities. King Hassan II appointed an"	"was succeeded by his eldest son, Abdullah II. Hussein was born in Amman on 14 November 1935 to Crown Prince Talal and Princess Zein Al-Sharaf. Hussein was the eldest among his siblings, three brothers and two sistersPrincess Asma, Prince Muhammad, Prince Hassan, Prince Muhsin, and Princess Basma. During one cold Ammani winter, his baby sister Princess Asma died from pneumonia, an indication of how poor his family was thenthey could not afford heating in their house. Hussein was the namesake of his great-grandfather, Hussein bin Ali (Sharif of Mecca), the leader of the 1916 Arab Revolt against the Ottoman Empire."	"Forces, he is generally referred to as the ""Commander-in-Chief."" National orders: Mohammed VI has received numerous honours and decorations from various countries, some of which are listed below. On 22 June 2000, Mohammed VI received an honorary doctorate from George Washington University. Mohammed VI of Morocco Mohammed VI (; born 21 August 1963) is the King of Morocco. He ascended to the throne on 23 July 1999 upon the death of his father, King Hassan II. Mohammed was the second child and oldest son of Hassan II and his second wife, Lalla Latifa Hammou. On the day of his birth,"	"Zanzibar in 1964 after the Zanzibar Revolution to form Tanzania. The Queen visited Tanzania on 19–22 July 1979, visiting Arusha, Dar es Salaam, Zanzibar, and Kilimanjaro. Queen of Tanganyika From 1961 to 1962, Tanganyika was an independent sovereign state with Elizabeth II as its queen. The Queen was formal head of state and was represented in Tanganyika by the Governor-General. Tanganyika shared the Sovereign with the other Commonwealth realms, including the United Kingdom. The monarchy was created by the Tanganyika Independence Act 1961 which transformed the United Nations trust territory of Tanganyika into an independent sovereign constitutional monarchy. The monarchy"	"place, near their own administrative headquarters, in order to show his acceptance of the new regime. Although kings had many residences at their disposal, when independence was declared in 1955, they chose to keep the Dâr-al-Makhzen palace as the main palace of the monarch. Some monarchs, particularly Mohammed V, preferred the smaller and relatively secluded palace of Dar es Salaam, further out of centre of the city, maintaining the Dâr-al-Makhzen as their official and administrative residence. Several important events in the lives of a number of Moroccan royals have taken place in the palace, including the birth of Hassan II"	"childhood and behind-the-scenes accounts of encounters with political figures. Official Media coverage Interviews Abdullah II of Jordan Abdullah II bin Al-Hussein (, ""ʿAbdullāh ath-thānī bin Al-Ḥusayn"", born 30 January 1962) has been King of Jordan since 1999. He belongs to the Hashemite family, who have ruled Jordan since 1921 and claim agnatic descent from Muhammad's daughter Fatimah. Abdullah was born in Amman as the first child of King Hussein and his second wife, British-born Princess Muna. As the King's eldest son, Abdullah was heir apparent until Hussein transferred the title to Abdullah's uncle, Prince Hassan, in 1965. Abdullah began his"	"forces in North Africa during World War II. The monarchy was in place from 1951 until Colonel Muammar Gaddafi’s coup in 1969 and brought stability and good governance to Libya. Libyan royalists view Prince Mohammed El Senussi, great-nephew of King Idris, as the legitimate heir to the Senussi throne. In 1992, El Senussi’s ailing father, then Crown Prince Hasan as-Senussi, appointed him as successor to the throne. Throughout the strife of the Libyan crisis, Mohammed El Senussi has vocalized his patriotism and advocated for a more prosperous Libya. He has commented on many Libyan matters through the years and has"	"rousing welcome in January 1999. Soon after, however, he had to fly back to the US for further treatment. King Hussein died in February 1999. More than 50 heads of state attended his funeral. His eldest son Crown Prince Abdullah succeeded to the throne. Economic liberalization policies under King Abdullah II have helped to create one of the freest economies in the Middle East. In March 2001, King Abdullah and presidents Bashar al-Assad of Syria and Hosni Mubarak of Egypt inaugurated a $300m (£207m) electricity line linking the grids of the three countries. In September 2002, Jordan and Israel agreed"	"“My Government renews its wishes for the peace and prosperity of Morocco, and has asked me to express its gratification that Morocco has freely chosen, as a sovereign nation, to continue in the path of its traditional friendships.” In November 1957, King Mohammed V traveled to Washington to pay an official call on President Eisenhower. Two years later, Eisenhower's vice president, Richard Nixon, traveled to Rabat to meet with the King. In 1961, King Hassan II, Mohammed V's successor, made the first of several diplomatic visits to the United States to confer with President John F. Kennedy. King Hassan II"	"over 1,000 individuals for their alleged participation in the incidents and proceeded to hold them without trial. Shaikh Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa assumed the throne in March 1999 upon the death of his father, Shaikh Isa bin Salman Al Khalifa, the ruler of Bahrain since 1961. He continued to implement democratic reforms, including the transformation of Bahrain from a hereditary emirate to a constitutional monarchy, and in so doing changed his status from emir to king. He also pardoned all political prisoners and detainees, including those who had been arrested for their unsubstantiated participation in the 1996 bombings as"	"the 1960s, when ""Hassan II"" took rule over Morocco. In 1956, ""King Mohammed V"" first claimed independence for Morocco from France and was known as a fairly forward ruler. Then, in 1961, Hassan took over and reinstated deeply conservative traditions in the period known as “The year of the Iron Fist”. This period was marked by violence against women and girls. Much has changed since ""Mohammed VI"" took over in 1999. ""The Sand Child"" takes as its focus the belief that male children (Ahmed) in early-to mid-20th-century Moroccan culture were more valuable than female children. This is seen throughout the"	"Chairman of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) in 2001 and 2013 due to the hosting of the ASEAN summits to those due dates. The Sultan has been ranked among the wealthiest individuals in the world; ""Forbes"" estimated the Sultan's total peak net worth at US$20 billion in 2008. After Queen Elizabeth II, the Sultan is the world's second longest-reigning current monarch. On 5 October 2017, the Sultan celebrated his Golden Jubilee to mark the 50th year of his reign on the throne. The Sultan was born on 15 July 1946, Istana Darussalam, in Brunei Town (now called Bandar"	"in 1945, a year before independence from France, (according to journalist Robin Wright). In the first decade or so of independence it was part of the legal opposition, and in the 1961 parliamentary elections it won ten seats (5.8% of the house). But after the 1963 coup that brought the secular Ba'ath Party to power it was banned. It played a major role in the mainly Sunni-based movement that opposed the secularist, pan-Arabist Ba'ath Party. This conflict developed into an armed struggle that continued until culminating in the Hama uprising of 1982, when the rebellion was crushed by the military."	"Hussein during his stay at the Mayo Clinic to keep him updated. Batikhi discredited the King's brother Hassan, and often voiced his support for Hussein's eldest son Abdullah as successor. Abdullah, who was 36 years old at the time, enjoyed great support from the army. He was crown prince when he was born in 1962, but Hussein transferred the title to his brother Hassan in 1965 due to political uncertainty back then. On his way back to Jordan in January 1999, Hussein stopped in London. Doctors advised him to rest and stay in England for a few weeks, as he"	"World War II: the Republic of Lebanon in 1943, the Syrian Arab Republic and the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan in 1946, the Kingdom of Libya in 1951, the Kingdom of Egypt in 1952, the Kingdom of Morocco and Tunisia in 1956, the Republic of Iraq in 1958, the Somali Republic in 1960, Algeria in 1962, and the United Arab Emirates in 1971. By contrast, Saudi Arabia had fragmented with the fall of the Ottoman Empire, and was unified under Ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia by 1932. The Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen also seceded directly from the Ottoman Empire in 1918."	"Abdullah II of Jordan Abdullah II bin Al-Hussein (, ""ʿAbdullāh ath-thānī bin Al-Ḥusayn"", born 30 January 1962) has been King of Jordan since 1999. He belongs to the Hashemite family, who have ruled Jordan since 1921 and claim agnatic descent from Muhammad's daughter Fatimah. Abdullah was born in Amman as the first child of King Hussein and his second wife, British-born Princess Muna. As the King's eldest son, Abdullah was heir apparent until Hussein transferred the title to Abdullah's uncle, Prince Hassan, in 1965. Abdullah began his schooling in Amman, continuing his education abroad. He began his military career in"	"in 1949 (Restrictions or conditions lifted) in 1953, Egypt in 1956, Tunisia in 1959, Mauritania in 1961, Algeria in 1962, Morocco in 1963, Libya and Sudan in 1964, Yemen in 1967 (full right) in 1970, Bahrain in 1973, Jordan in 1974, Iraq (full right) 1980, Kuwait in 1985 (later removed and re-granted in 2005) and Oman in 1994. Saudi Arabia in 2015. In some of the wealthier Arab countries such as UAE, the number of women business owners is growing rapidly and adding to the economic development of the country. Many of these women work with family businesses and are"	"II, who was barely six months old at the time. The Regency Body had no actual powers, however, these having been effectively assumed by the Revolutionary Command Council. Created on 2 August 1952, the Regency Body was dissolved on 14 October of the same year, with Prince Muhammad Abdel Moneim being appointed as sole regent. Bahey El Din Barakat Pasha Bahey El Din Barakat Pasha () (1889–1972) was an Egyptian political figure. Born in Menyat El Morshed village (in Kafr el-Sheikh Governorate), he studied in Cairo as well as in Paris. Originally a law teacher, he entered politics and was"	"1982 and 1985. Algerian authorities have estimated the number of Sahrawi refugees in Algeria to be 165,000. Diplomatic relations with Algeria were restored in 1988. In 1991, a UN-monitored ceasefire began in Western Sahara, but the territory's status remains undecided and ceasefire violations are reported. The following decade saw much wrangling over a proposed referendum on the future of the territory but the deadlock was not broken. Political reforms in the 1990s resulted in the establishment of a bicameral legislature in 1997 and Morocco's first opposition-led government came to power in 1998. King Hassan II died in 1999 and was"	"to open it to know that my days as a schoolboy were over"", Hussein later wrote in his memoirs. He returned home to cheering crowds. A three-man regency council made up of the prime minister and heads of the Senate and the House of Representatives was appointed until he became 18 (by the Muslim calendar). Meanwhile, Hussein pursued further study at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst. He was enthroned on 2 May 1953, the same day that his cousin Faisal II assumed his constitutional powers as king of Iraq. The teenaged king inherited not only the throne to Jordan, but"	"his sixty-year-old brother to succeed him. When the original heir apparent died, the king appointed his nephew, Prince Hasan ar Rida, his successor. When a group of young officers and soldiers seized power under the leadership of Muammar Gaddafi on September 1, 1969, the Crown Prince, who was then ruling the country on behalf of King Idris was imprisoned for two years and subsequently reduced to complete isolation during the following seven years under house arrest. Publicly humiliated by Gaddafi's circle, he suffered a stroke that led him to seek medical treatment in the UK in 1988. He then travelled"
Which British general was killed at Khartoum in 1885?	"March 1884, troops loyal to the Mahdi Muhammad Ahmad started a siege of Khartoum, against defenders led by British General Charles George Gordon. The siege ended in a massacre of the Anglo-Egyptian garrison when on 26 January 1885 the heavily-damaged city fell to the Mahdists. On 2 September 1898, Omdurman was the scene of the bloody Battle of Omdurman, during which British forces under Herbert Kitchener defeated the Mahdist forces defending the city. In 1973, the city was the site of an anomalous hostage crisis in which members of Black September held 10 hostages at the Saudi Arabian embassy, five"	"fall of Khartoum in 1899. In 1885 at a meeting in London, £3,000 were allocated to a Gordon Memorial Mission in Sudan. In the Presidential Palace in Khartoum (built in 1899), in the west wing on the ground floor, there was, at least until 1936, a stone slab against the wall on the left side of the main corridor when coming from the main entrance with the text: ""Charles George Gordon died—26 Jan 1885,"" on the spot where Gordon was killed, at the foot of the stairs in the old Governor-General's Palace (built around 1850). Charlton Heston played Gordon in"	"the Expeditionary Force, and I ask for no more than 200 men, does not come in ten days, the town may fall; and I have done my best for the honour of our country. Good bye.” On 26 January 1885, Khartoum fell to the Mahdist army of 50,000 men. At that time of year the Nile was shallow enough to cross by wading and the Mahdists were able to breach the city’s defences by attacking the poorly-defended approaches from the river. The entire garrison was slaughtered, including General Gordon. His head was cut off and delivered to the Mahdi. Two"	"100 casualties. It became a hollow victory however, when two months later, the British government changed tack and withdrew the bulk of its forces from the Sudan, leaving the Mahdi's successor, Abdallahi ibn Muhammad (the Khalifa), in control of the region for the next 13 years. The sacking of Khartoum and the killing of General Gordon and the massacre of thousands of civilians at the hands of Mahdist warriors in January 1885, together with the failure of the relief effort of General Wolseley's Nile Expedition, prompted the British government to revive plans to build a railway between the port of"	"After much delay, the British government reluctantly dispatched a relief expedition under Sir Garnet Wolseley that would rapidly follow the Nile to Khartoum. Wolseley's column arrived on 28 January 1885, two days after Khartoum had fallen and General Charles Gordon's head delivered to the Mahdi. The Mahdi died less than six months later, but not before establishing his Islamic state in Sudan and relocating its capital to Omdurman. A subordinate known as the Khalifa succeeded him after a violent power struggle, and prevented the collapse of the state following the Mahdi's death through ruthless and effective administration. The British and"	"Herbert Stewart. After Stewart was mortally wounded Brigadier-General Wilson took command of this group of about 1,400 men. On two Nile steamers Wilson's Desert Column reached Khartoum in the afternoon of 28 January 1885. It came two days too late: Khartoum had been seized by the Mahdists in the early hours of 26 January. Between 5,000 and 10,000 inhabitants were slaughtered, among them Major-General Charles George Gordon. He was appointed director of the Ordnance Survey in Ireland and was director-general from 1886 to 1894. From 1895 until his retirement in 1898, he served as the director-general of military education. He"	"days later the relief expedition entered the city to find that they were too late. Emboldened by their victory at the Battle of Khartoum, the Mahdists attacked the British column ascending the river at Kirbekan, but were repulsed. However, the British commander General William Earle was killed. The British force retreated to Egypt. With the fall of Khartoum, Muhammad Ahmad controlled the whole of Sudan, allowing him to establish an Islamic state governed by Sharia law. He died less than six months later. His state survived him, but Sudan was re-conquered by the British in a campaign from 1895 to"	"Siege of Khartoum The Battle of Khartoum, Siege of Khartoum or Fall of Khartoum was the conquest of Egyptian-held Khartoum by the Mahdist forces led by Muhammad Ahmad. Egypt had held the city for some time prior, but the siege that the Mahdists engineered and carried out from 13 March 1884 to 26 January 1885 was enough to wrest control away from the Egyptian administration. After a ten-month siege, when the Mahdists finally broke into the city, the entire garrison of Egyptian soldiers was killed along with 4,000 Sudanese civilians. Since the 1882 Anglo-Egyptian War, the British military presence had"	"north of Khartoum declared for the Mahdi, cutting the telegraph and blocking river traffic. Khartoum was besieged, falling on 25 January 1885 after a siege of 313 days. A relief column arrived two days after the city had fallen and Gordon had been killed. Despite a short-lived public outcry in Britain over Gordon's death, Britain took no further action in Sudan for several years. Muhammad Ahmad died of typhus a few months after his victory, leaving power to his three deputies, or ""Kalifas"". Abd al-Rahman was born on 15 July 1885 in Omdurman, three weeks after his father's death. His"	"stopped while they refit the steamers to hold more troops. They finally arrived in Khartoum on 28 January 1885 to find the town had fallen during the Battle of Khartoum two days earlier. When the Nile had receded from flood stage, one of Gordon's pashas (officers), Faraz Pasha, had opened the river gates and let the Ansār in. The garrison was slaughtered, and Gordon was killed fighting the Mahdi's warriors on the steps of the palace, hacked to pieces and beheaded. When Gordon's head was unwrapped at the Mahdi's feet, he ordered the head transfixed between the branches of a"	"Charles Gordon to co-ordinate the evacuation, but he was killed on 26 January 1885 during the fall of Khartoum. When news of his death arrived in New South Wales in February 1885, the government offered to send forces and meet the contingent's expenses. The British government subsequently accepted the offer, although similar commitments from Victoria, Queensland, and South Australia were declined. The New South Wales Contingent consisted of an infantry battalion of 522 men and 24 officers, and an artillery battery of 212 men, a small field ambulance detachment, and 200 horses, led by Colonel John Soame Richardson, sailed from"	"of Khartoum, only to find they were too late: the city had fallen two days earlier, and Gordon and the garrison had been massacred. Liberal Party Prime Minister William Gladstone suffered a deep loss in popularity due to his reluctance to support Gordon. The Conservative Party would win the following election. The British also sent an expeditionary force under Lieutenant-General Sir Gerald Graham, including an Indian contingent, to Suakin in March 1885. It became known as the Suakin Expedition. Although it was successful in the two actions it fought, it failed to change the military situation and was withdrawn. These"	"larger force of approximately 13,000 Sudanese. The battle only lasted about 15 minutes and the attackers were repelled. After crossing the Bayuda Desert some British officers, Stuart-Wortley among them, plus some indigenous troops embarked on two Nile steamers and made a dash for Khartoum. They arrived there on 28 January 1885, two days after the town had been taken by the besiegers led by the Madhdi. Between 5000 and 10.000 citizens of Khartoum had been massacred by the Mahdi's men, as well as most of the garrison, including Gordon. In 1885 he accompanied Conservative politician Sir Henry Drummond Wolff to"	"to guess that the ""Ansar"" had been defeated in battle and that Wolseley must be close. On 24 January two of the steamers, carrying 20 soldiers of the Sussex Regiment wearing red tunics to clearly identify them as British, were sent on a reconnaissance mission to Khartoum, with orders from Wolseley not to attempt to rescue Gordon or bring him ammunition or food. On the evening of 24 January 1885, the Mahdi met with his generals whose leading spokesman was his uncle Muhammad Abd al-Karim, who told him that, with the Nile low and Wolseley close, it was time to"	"killed and Khartoum taken on 26 January 1885. A tribute to their heroic commanding officer was written by Private Cameron, The Blues:""The soldier's friend, the best of men; Beloved of all his corps; So mourn you Royal Horse Guards Blues; Brave Burnaby no more."" Since being made colonel of the Blues, Lord Wolseley took great care to ask the Queen permission to send a squadron from each of the three Household regiments to South Africa. In total 35,000 men left, a corps, trained at Aldershot in summer 1899 making it a foregone conclusion, they thought of a quick victory. Many"	"Wounds Or Of Disease Contracted During The Egyptian Campaign 1882 And Nile River Expedition 1884–85."" On the north face of the lower section, the base of the obelisk, the word ""Egypt"" is in raised letters. On the south face of the base, the word ""Abu-klea"" is in raised letters. The Egyptian Campaign Memorial commemorates not only those involved in the Egyptian Campaign of 1882, but also the Nile Expedition of 1884 to 1885. In early 1884, British Major General Charles George Gordon (1833–1885) was sent by the British government to Khartoum, Sudan to evacuate the British and Egyptian forces, civilian"	"of native Muhammad Ahmad (or Ahmed), known as Mahdi to his followers. In 1883, as part of the Mahdist War, the Egyptians sent an army to deal with the revolt, but they were defeated and faced a difficult campaign of extracting their forces. The British instructed the Egyptians to abandon the Sudan, and sent General Charles Gordon to co-ordinate the evacuation, but he was killed in January 1885. When news of his death arrived in New South Wales in February 1885, the government offered to send forces and meet the contingent's expenses. The New South Wales Contingent consisted of an"	"the country was in danger of being cut off from Egypt by the Islamic Mahdist army. Britain withdrew its troops from the Sudan until Khartoum was the last outpost remaining under British control. Gordon differed with the British government's decision to abandon the Sudan. He thought that the Islamic revolt had to be crushed for fear that it might eventually overwhelm Egypt. He based this on the Mahdi’s claim of dominion over all Islamic lands. Defying orders from the British government to withdraw, General Gordon, leading a garrison of 6,000 men, began the defence of Khartoum. On March 18, 1884,"	"Charles George Gordon, a British army officer who was killed in 1885, in Khartoum. The given name ""Gordon"" originates from a transferred use of the Scottish surname ""Gordon"". The origin of this surname is debated. While it is considered to be derived from a place name, it is not certain that the place name of Gordon, in Berwickshire, Scotland, is the origin of the surname. Berwickshire was once the home of Clan Gordon, and the earliest member of the family on record is of Richer de Gordun, who was lord of the barony of Gordon, in the mid-12th century. This"	"composition in his honour by poetaster William Topaz McGonagall. On 1 September 1884, Wolseley was again called away from his duties as adjutant-general, to command the Nile Expedition for the relief of General Gordon and the besieged garrison at Khartoum. Wolseley's unusual strategy was to take an expedition by boat up the Nile and then to cross the desert to Khartoum, while the naval boats went on to Khartoum. The expedition arrived too late; Khartoum had been taken, and Gordon was dead. In the spring of 1885, complications with Imperial Russia over the Panjdeh Incident occurred, and the withdrawal of"	"called on by the British to return to Sudan to quell the rising tensions in the region. Gordon disagreed with Britain on how best to deal with the situation and as a result was trapped in the city of Khartoum. The public rallied behind Gordon and entreated the British army to send him relief, but it arrived too late - the city had been captured and Gordon killed. His death was romanticised and he became a Victorian hero. Gordon's death in 1885 produced a swell of British loyalty in Australia. Troops were sent from NSW to Sudan to assist the"	"hold the capital, Khartoum. At first Gladstone refused to send a relief expedition but a few months later he consented and in October 1884 General Wolseley embarked from Cairo to Khartoum but arrived there too late to save Gordon, who had died when Khartoum fell to the Mahdi. ""No single event in Gladstone's career made him more unpopular"" and a vote of censure in the Commons reduced the government's majority to fourteen. Enormous publicity was accorded the case of Charles Bradlaugh, who was elected as a Liberal to Parliament again and again but could not be seated because he was"	"learned of this a few weeks later when he received a letter from the Mahdi that quoted from letters that Stewart had been carrying with him on the ""Abbas"". Richard Johnson portrayed Stewart in the film ""Khartoum"". J. D. H. Stewart John Donald Hamill Stewart, CMG (15 October 1845 – September 1884) was a British soldier. He accompanied General Gordon to Khartoum in 1884 as his assistant. He died in September 1884 attempting to run the blockade from the besieged city at the hands of the Manasir tribesmen and followers of Muhammad Ahmad Al-Mahdi. Stewart was appointed a Cornet in"	"Gordon's defense of the Sudanese city of Khartoum from the forces of the Mahdist army during the Siege of Khartoum. ""Khartoum"" starred Charlton Heston as General Gordon and Laurence Olivier as the Mahdi (Muhammad Ahmed). Heston, in his autobiography, wrote about his decision to take the role: ""It's a good part, presents the challenge of doing a mystic, as well as the English thing. Also, it's a helluva good script."" The Academy agreed with Heston's assessment of the script. In 1967 ""Khartoum"" earned Ardrey a nomination for the Oscar for Best Original Screenplay. Ardrey died, aged 71, in South Africa."	"either storm Khartoum or retreat. As dawn broke on the morning of 26 January 1885, the ""Ansar"" regiments led by their riflemen and followed by their spearmen marched out of their camps under their black banners. The ""Ansar"" began their final attack by storming the city via the gap in the defence caused by the low Nile and after an hour's fighting, the starving defenders had abandoned the fight and the city was theirs. The ""Ansar"" took no prisoners and all of the approximately 7,000 defenders were killed. On arriving at Khartoum on 28 January, the relief force found that"	"to pursue further offensive action and instead selected General Charles George Gordon to lead the evacuation effort, as thousands of civilians and pounds of equipment were to be withdrawn from outposts throughout Sudan. Gordon, operating out of Khartoum, helped extricate many loyal civilians who remained in Sudan, but refused ultimately to abandon the city. Contrary to his orders, he retained a small force in Khartoum and determined to give battle with the Mahdi before relinquishing control. Accordingly, Mahdist forces besieged Khartoum in March 1884, isolating the city from the outside world and placing a dire timer upon Gordon to surrender."	"self proclaimed religious messiah, is seen as a hero in the country's fight for independence, while Gordon is seen as the Mahdi's enemy, and the enemy of such efforts at large. The Canadian historian C. Brad Faught wrote it was ""no coincidence"" that the Sudan, a place known as a hotbed of fundamentalist Islam produced both the Mahdi and the current regime of General Omar al-Bashir, which venerates the memory of the Mahdi and which for a time in the 1990s sheltered Osama bin Laden. Charles George Gordon Major-General Charles George Gordon CB (28 January 1833 – 26 January 1885),"	"hero and martyr who had died nobly resisting the Islamic onslaught of the Mahdi. As late as 1901 on the anniversary of Gordon's death, ""The Times"" wrote in a leader (editorial) that Gordon was ""that solitary figure holding aloft the flag of England in the face of the dark hordes of Islam"". Gordon's death caused a huge wave of national grief all over Britain with 13 March 1885 being set aside as a day of mourning for the ""fallen hero of Khartoum"". In a sermon, the Bishop of Chichester stated: ""Nations who envied our greatness rejoiced now at our weakness"	"When the governor of Darfur, Slatin Pasha, surrendered to the Mahdi almost all of the west of Sudan had come under his control. Major-General Charles George Gordon was given the job of evacuating the Egyptian garrison from Khartoum. He arrived on 18 February 1884. Gordon was reluctant to abandon the population of Khartoum to the forces of the Mahdi, and also felt that by evacuating the city he would open the way for the Mahdi to threaten Egypt. He bombarded the authorities in Cairo with telegrams suggesting alternative courses, and delayed starting the evacuation. On 13 March 1884 the tribes"	"'beaches' at the foot of the walls were exposed. With starvation and cholera rampant in the city and the morale of the Egyptian troops shattered, Gordon's position became untenable and the city fell on 26 January 1885, after a siege of 313 days. The British Government, reluctantly and late, but under strong pressure from public opinion, sent a relief column under Sir Garnet Wolseley to relieve the Khartoum garrison. This was described in some British papers as the 'Gordon Relief Expedition', a title which Gordon strongly objected to. After defeating the Mahdists at Abu Klea, the column arrived within sight"	"northern frontier remained in Anglo-Egyptian hands. Six months after the capture of Khartoum, Muhammad Ahmad died of typhus. He was buried in Omdurman near the ruins of Khartoum. The Mahdi had planned for this eventuality and chose three deputies to replace him. After the final defeat of the Khalifa by the British under General Kitchener in 1898, Muhammad Ahmad's tomb was destroyed and his bones were thrown into the Nile. General Kitchener was said to have retained his skull. Allegedly the skull was later buried at Wadi Halfa. The tomb was eventually rebuilt. Muhammed Ahmad's posthumous son, Abd al-Rahman al-Mahdi,"	"accommodate new magazines, which were connected via lift shafts to serving rooms adjoining the emplacements. Colonel (later General) Charles George Gordon, who was to become famous for his death in the Siege of Khartoum in 1885, lived in Fort House in the grounds of the fort between 1865-71 while he was overseeing the project. The fort had lost much of its importance by the turn of the 20th century. Advances in naval firepower meant that the principal line of defence for the Thames had been moved downriver to the batteries at Grain and Shoeburyness, where bigger guns with a longer"	"acronym, ""G.O.M."" (for ""Grand Old Man""), to ""M.O.G."" (for ""Murderer of Gordon""). Gladstone told the Cabinet that the public cared much about Gordon and nothing about the Sudan, so he ordered Wolseley home after learning of Gordon's death. Wolseley, who had been led to believe that his expedition was the initial phase of the British conquest of the Sudan, was furious, and in a telegram to Queen Victoria contemptuously called Gladstone ""...the tradesman who has become a politician"". In 1885, Gordon achieved the martyrdom he had been seeking at Khartoum as the British press portrayed him as a saintly Christian"
On the border of which two countries is Victoria Falls?	"Victoria Falls Victoria Falls (Lozi: ""Mosi-oa-Tunya"", ""The Smoke that Thunders"") is a waterfall in southern Africa on the Zambezi River at the border between Zambia and Zimbabwe. David Livingstone, the Scottish missionary and explorer, is believed to have been the first European to view Victoria Falls on 16 November 1855, from what is now known as Livingstone Island, one of two land masses in the middle of the river, immediately upstream from the falls near the Zambian shore. Livingstone named his discovery in honour of Queen Victoria of Britain, but the indigenous Lozi language name, ""Mosi-oa-Tunya""—""The Smoke That Thunders""—continues in"	"Victoria Falls Bridge The Victoria Falls Bridge crosses the Zambezi River just below the Victoria Falls and is built over the Second Gorge of the falls. As the river is the border between Zimbabwe and Zambia, the bridge links the two countries and has border posts on the approaches to both ends, at the towns of Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe and Livingstone, Zambia. The bridge was the brainchild of Cecil Rhodes, part of his grand and unfulfilled Cape to Cairo railway scheme, even though he never visited the falls and died before construction of the bridge began. Rhodes is recorded as"	"known as the Victoria Falls Bridge. The Location of the bridge and surrounding area by Openstreetmap Victoria Falls Bridge The Victoria Falls Bridge crosses the Zambezi River just below the Victoria Falls and is built over the Second Gorge of the falls. As the river is the border between Zimbabwe and Zambia, the bridge links the two countries and has border posts on the approaches to both ends, at the towns of Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe and Livingstone, Zambia. The bridge was the brainchild of Cecil Rhodes, part of his grand and unfulfilled Cape to Cairo railway scheme, even though he"	"Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe Victoria Falls is a town in the province of Matabeleland North, Zimbabwe. It lies on the southern bank of the Zambezi River at the western end of Victoria Falls themselves. According to the 2012 Population Census, the town had a population of 33,060. The settlement began in 1901 when the possibility of using the waterfall for hydro-electric power was explored, and expanded when the railway from Bulawayo reached the town shortly before the Victoria Falls Bridge was opened in April 1905, connecting Zimbabwe to what is now Zambia. It became the principal tourism centre for the Falls,"	"gorges, bungee jumping from the bridge, game fishing, horse riding, kayaking, and flights over the falls. By the end of the 1990s almost 400,000 people were visiting the falls annually, and this was expected to rise to over a million in the next decade. Unlike the game parks, Victoria Falls has more Zimbabwean and Zambian visitors than international tourists; the attraction is accessible by bus and train, and is therefore comparatively inexpensive to reach. Both countries permit tourists to make day trips across the border to view the falls from both viewpoints. Visitors with single-entry visas are required to purchase"	"Victoria Falls Conference (1975) The Victoria Falls Conference took place on the 26th August 1975 aboard a South African Railways train halfway across the Victoria Falls Bridge on the border between the unrecognised state of Rhodesia (today Zimbabwe) and Zambia. It was the culmination of the ""détente"" policy introduced and championed by B. J. Vorster, the Prime Minister of South Africa, which was then under apartheid and was attempting to improve its relations with the Frontline States to Rhodesia's north, west and east by helping to produce a settlement in Rhodesia. The participants in the conference were a delegation led"	"be done jointly by both sides. Even though in Vietnam the two falls are considered as one fall with the name Bản Giốc, the physical fact is that the water fall is named under two ownership divisions namely, ""Detian - Banyue Falls"" (Chinese: 德天瀑布 & 板約瀑布) or ""Ban Gioc Falls"" (Vietnamese: thác Bản Giốc). This water fall is the 4th largest waterfall along a national border in the world, the other three are Iguazu Falls, Victoria Falls, and Niagara Falls, in that order. It was also one of the crossing points for China's army during the brief Sino-Vietnamese War. Nearby"	"Hotel was opened to accommodate visitors arriving on the new railway. The falls became an increasingly popular attraction during British colonial rule of Northern Rhodesia (Zambia) and Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), with the town of Victoria Falls becoming the main tourist centre. In 1964, Northern Rhodesia became the independent state of Zambia. The following year, Rhodesia unilaterally declared independence. This was not recognized by Zambia, the United Kingdom nor the vast majority of states and led to United Nations-mandated sanctions. In response to the emerging crisis, in 1966 Zambia restricted or stopped border crossings; it did not re-open the border completely"	"Mount Victoria (Bow Range) Mount Victoria, , is a mountain on the border between British Columbia and Alberta in the Canadian Rockies. It is located just northeast of Lake O'Hara in Yoho National Park and is also part of Banff National Park and is on the Continental Divide (which is the definition of the interprovincial boundary in this region). The mountain is located on the western buttress of Abbot Pass while Mount Lefroy lies on the eastern side. The mountain was named by J. Norman Collie in 1897 for Queen Victoria. The first successful ascent was made in 1897 by"	"Victoria Falls Hotel The Victoria Falls Hotel is a historic hotel at Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe. The hotel is dramatically situated, with a view of the Second Gorge and the Victoria Falls Bridge from its terrace. The hotel is a member of the Leading Hotels of the World group. It is managed by African Sun Limited. The hotel was opened in 1904 to accommodate passengers on the newly built railway, part of the planned Cape to Cairo Railway. Later it was a staging post for the BOAC flying boat service between Southampton and South Africa. The hotel has accommodated royal visitors"	"is less favourable, stressing Smith's perceived intransigence: ""We went to great lengths to offer conditions that the Rhodesian régime might find acceptable, but Smith would not budge."" Victoria Falls Conference (1975) The Victoria Falls Conference took place on the 26th August 1975 aboard a South African Railways train halfway across the Victoria Falls Bridge on the border between the unrecognised state of Rhodesia (today Zimbabwe) and Zambia. It was the culmination of the ""détente"" policy introduced and championed by B. J. Vorster, the Prime Minister of South Africa, which was then under apartheid and was attempting to improve its relations"	"the question as to which state had jurisdiction in the unlawful death of a man on an island in the middle of the river. The ruling clarified that no part of the watercourse is in Victoria. The border also rests at the southern end of the Great Dividing Range, which stretches along the east coast and terminates west of Ballarat. It is bordered by South Australia to the west and shares Australia's shortest land border with Tasmania. The official border between Victoria and Tasmania is at 39°12' S, which passes through Boundary Islet in the Bass Strait for 85 metres."	"Tokaleya The Tokaleya people are indigenous to the area surrounding Victoria Falls in Zambia and Zimbabwe. They comprise two related groups, the Toka (Batoka) and the Leya (Baleya), and they speak dialects of the Tonga language. The Tokaleya have a long history in the area. For them the Falls are a sacred and essential element in their culture. Victoria Falls forms an integral part of their way of life and they have inhabited the area for hundreds of years. The Batoka give their name to the gorges downstream of the Victoria Falls. An example of a Tokaleya village is the"	"Victoria Falls Airport Victoria Falls Airport is an international airport serving the Victoria Falls tourism industry, and is south of the town of Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe. In April 2013, Exim Bank of China had provided a $150 million loan to build the airport's new runway, taxiways and a new terminal to increase the airport's capacity from 500,000 to 1.7million passengers annually. The airport operates 12 hours per day, with immigration and customs services available during operating hours. It offers airport facilities and services, including aircraft parking, cargo and passenger handling, refuelling, weather information, restaurants, and duty-free shops.banking facilities. The airport"	"Victoria Falls National Park Victoria Falls National Park in north-western Zimbabwe protects the south and east bank of the Zambezi River in the area of the world-famous Victoria Falls. It extends along the Zambezi river from the larger Zambezi National Park about 6 km above the falls to about 12 km below the falls. A notable feature of the park is the rainforest which grows in the spray of the falls, including ferns, palms, liana vines, and a number of trees such as mahogany not seen elsewhere in the region. The park is located within the Zambezian and Mopane woodlands"	"Beecher Falls-East Hereford Border Crossing The Beecher Falls-East Hereford Border Crossing connects the towns of East Hereford, Quebec (formerly Comins Mills) and the village of Beecher Falls, Vermont on the Canada–United States border. It is reached by Vermont Route 253 on the American side and by Quebec Route 253 on the Canadian side. Both the Canadian and the U.S. stations are open 24 hours a day. Whilst the Canadian station is open for commercial traffic, this is only on a more limited basis. The U.S. station facilities, built in the 1930s, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places"	"is to replace it in 2020; the ground-breaking ceremony was held on 12 September 2014. Kazungula lies just from the Livingstone-Sesheke road which connects to the Katima Mulilo Bridge linking Zambia and Namibia. The border post between Zimbabwe and Botswana, (by road) south-east of the Kazungula Ferry, is called Kazungula Road; it is the most direct route leading to Victoria Falls. Kazungula Kazungula is a small border town in the Southern Province of Zambia, lying on the north bank of the Zambezi River about west of Livingstone. At Kazungula the territories of four countries (Zambia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, and Namibia) come"	"Livingstone town on the Mosi-o-Tunya Road. It is 10 km away from the Victoria Falls, on the Zambian side. Road access is from three directions. The drive from across the border near the town of Victoria Falls crosses over the famous Victoria Falls Bridge. The second approach is from Botswana involving crossing the border at Kazungula by ferry. Livingstone is from Lusaka, taking the southbound Kafue Road, crossing the Kafue River Bridge and taking a right turn towards Mazabuka. The museum provides an important insight into the national and cultural heritage of Zambia. An open archaeological site is located next"	"lifestyle. Many returned soldiers from the First World War were allocated farming blocks to the south of the town. Boundary Bend, Victoria Boundary Bend is a small town in the state of Victoria, Australia. It is near the junction of the Murray River and Murrumbidgee River. It is located about 50 kilometres east along the Murray Valley Highway from the twin towns of Robinvale in Victoria and Euston in New South Wales, about 90 km north of Swan Hill. At the , Boundary Bend and the surrounding area had a population of 254. The access to the junction of the"	"experiencing economic booms from the 1930s to the 1960s and in the 1980s and early 1990s. The town is located northwest of its province, in front of the borders with Zambia, separed from it by the Zambezi River and the binational Victoria Falls. It lies few km from the Zambian city of Livingstone, and is surrounded by the Zambezi, Mosi-oa-Tunya and Victoria Falls national parks. Victoria Falls has a number of primary schools with the number having increased since 2009. These include Baobab Primary School, Chinotimba Primary School, Kings Primary School, Victoria Falls Primary School, Mkhosana Primary School, St Josephine"	"opening of the Victoria Falls Bridge at the border of Zambia. The narrow gauge locomotives were later acquired by the South African Railways to be designated to SAR Class NG6. Nineteenth-century narrow gauge steam locomotives of the Beira Railway. The Beira railway has two major segments, the Machipanda line to Zimbabwe, and the Sena line to the coal fields of Moatize with further connection to Malawi. After Mozambique gained independence in 1975, both segments were damaged during the guerrilla fighting in the 1980s when RENAMO sabotaged the railroad. Operational activity has been regained on the Machipanda line, and rehabilitation of"	"Boundary Bend, Victoria Boundary Bend is a small town in the state of Victoria, Australia. It is near the junction of the Murray River and Murrumbidgee River. It is located about 50 kilometres east along the Murray Valley Highway from the twin towns of Robinvale in Victoria and Euston in New South Wales, about 90 km north of Swan Hill. At the , Boundary Bend and the surrounding area had a population of 254. The access to the junction of the two rivers is down a track off the highway. It was at this point that Captain Charles Sturt and"	"in the 5 Nation Kavango - Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area. Victoria Falls National Park Victoria Falls National Park in north-western Zimbabwe protects the south and east bank of the Zambezi River in the area of the world-famous Victoria Falls. It extends along the Zambezi river from the larger Zambezi National Park about 6 km above the falls to about 12 km below the falls. A notable feature of the park is the rainforest which grows in the spray of the falls, including ferns, palms, liana vines, and a number of trees such as mahogany not seen elsewhere in the region."	"Songwe Village, located 5 km downstream from the Victoria Falls. Many specialist Botswana wilderness safaris take visitors to a traditional Tokaleya village. Tokaleya The Tokaleya people are indigenous to the area surrounding Victoria Falls in Zambia and Zimbabwe. They comprise two related groups, the Toka (Batoka) and the Leya (Baleya), and they speak dialects of the Tonga language. The Tokaleya have a long history in the area. For them the Falls are a sacred and essential element in their culture. Victoria Falls forms an integral part of their way of life and they have inhabited the area for hundreds of"	"rugby, was strengthened and played a few touring international sides at Elephant Hills Hotel. They participated at the Victoria Falls Rugby 10s in 1999, where South African, Scottish, Zambian and Kenyan teams played. The town is known for its grade 5 rapids where white water rafting and kayaking are done. There is also a golf course, at Elephant Hills Hotel, and a proposed cricket stadium. Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe Victoria Falls is a town in the province of Matabeleland North, Zimbabwe. It lies on the southern bank of the Zambezi River at the western end of Victoria Falls themselves. According to"	"School, and Linda High School. Africa's highest waterfall, Victoria Falls, is found in the Livingstone District. Located by Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park, the waterfalls cascade past Livingstone Island along the Zambezi River. Then, the river passes underneath Victoria Falls Bridge on the road T1. Victoria Falls forms part of the district's border with Zimbabwe. Livingstone District Livingstone District is a district of Zambia, located in Southern Province. The capital lies at Livingstone, Zambia. As of the 2000 Zambian Census, the district had a population of 103,288 people. Its border with Zimbabwe is formed by the Zambezi River and Victoria Falls. Although"	"in 2014. The Canada–United States border between the province of Quebec and the state of Vermont is basically a straight east-west line, whose eastern end is at Halls Stream, a south-flowing tributary of the Connecticut River. The Vermont village of Beecher Falls is located just west of the mouth of Halls Stream; its northernmost business, a manufacturing facility of the Ethan Allen Furniture Company, directly abuts the border between Vermont Route 253 and Halls Stream. The Quebec side of the border is rural, with woods and fields in the immediate vicinity. The crossing is one of 15 in Vermont and"	"Victoria Land Victoria Land is a region of Antarctica which fronts the western side of the Ross Sea and the Ross Ice Shelf, extending southward from about 70°30'S to 78°00'S, and westward from the Ross Sea to the edge of the Antarctic Plateau. It was discovered by Captain James Clark Ross in January 1841 and named after the UK's Queen Victoria. The rocky promontory of Minna Bluff is often regarded as the southernmost point of Victoria Land, and separates the Scott Coast to the north from the Hillary Coast of the Ross Dependency to the south. The region includes ranges"	"Halfway House, 335 km from Bulawayo and 105 km before Victoria Falls. ( ) In this town are Hwange Colliery Mine and Hwange Thermal Power Station. Victoria Falls is 105 km from Hwange and about 3 km from the border with Zambia where the A8 Highway ends. The P14 Highway to Kazungula runs west for 69 km to the Border Post with Botswana and Namibia. At Kazungula transit vehicles from Botswana and Namibia into Zambia are transported by a ferry across the Zambezi River. There are a number of high level bridges o the A8 Highway and these are a"	"for an event on 28–29 April 1994, when 250,000 Rwandans crossed the bridge at Rusumo Falls into Ngara, Tanzania in 24 hours, in what the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees called ""the largest and fastest refugee exodus in modern times"". The Kagera forms part of the Rwanda–Tanzania and Tanzania–Uganda borders before flowing into Lake Victoria. The White Nile in Uganda goes under the name of ""Victoria Nile"" from Lake Victoria via Lake Kyoga to Lake Albert, and then as the ""Albert Nile"" from there to the border with South Sudan. The Victoria Nile starts at the outlet of Lake"	"Pungwe Gorge & Falls, Nyamuziwa Falls, Nyangwe & Chawomera Forts and the Trout Hatchery near Purdon Dam. The Victoria Falls and Zambezi National Parks, a UNESCO Natural World Heritage Site, are located on the western edge of Zimbabwe; the two together cover an area of bounded by the Zambezi River, which borders with Zambia. The Falls and the Pa National Park are on the southern bank of the Zambezi River. The Victoria Falls, one of seven natural wonders of the world, is wide, cascades into the gorge and is formed by five different ""falls"", out of which four are in"	"hub and home to international tourist attraction Mosi-Oa-Tunya (Victoria Falls). Situated across the Zambezi River from Victoria Falls Town, Zimbabwe, Livingstone competes to be a jumping off point for tourism to the region that includes other attractions such as Lochinvar National Park and the Kafue Flats in the north, the Zambezi and Batoka Gorges in the south, Chobe National Park in Botswana, Kafue National Park in Zambia, and Lake Kariba on the Zimbabwe border. Tourism is a large and growing part of the Zambian economy, contributing to 7% of GDP in 2005 and receiving more than 800,000 visitors per annum"	"Victoria Falls Primary School Victoria Falls Primary School (or Vic Falls Primary) is an independent, preparatory, day school for boys and girls in the town of Victoria Falls, Matabeleland North, Zimbabwe. The school was opened in September 1991 at its present location. Victoria Falls Primary School is a member of the Association of Trust Schools (ATS) and the Headmaster is a member of the Conference of Heads of Independent Schools in Zimbabwe (CHISZ). Victoria Falls Primary offers the following subjects: Art, Craft, Design and Technology, Domestic Science, English Language, General Paper, Information Communication Technology, Ndebele and Physical Education. At Victoria"
What is the name of the volcanic valley that runs from the Sinai peninsula to central Mozambique?	"support its current biological variety. The southern section of the Rift Valley includes Lake Malawi, the third-deepest freshwater body in the world, reaching in depth and separating the Nyassa plateau of Northern Mozambique from Malawi; it ends in the Zambezi valley. Great Rift Valley The Great Rift Valley is a continuous geographic trench, approximately in length, that runs from Lebanon's Beqaa Valley in Asia to Mozambique in Southeastern Africa. The name continues in some usages, although it is today considered geologically imprecise as it combines features that are today regarded as separate, although related, rift and fault systems. Today, the"	"Mozambique Belt The Mozambique Belt is a band in the earth's crust that extends from East Antarctica through East Africa up to the Arabian-Nubian Shield. It formed as a suture between plates during the Pan-African orogeny, when Gondwana was formed. The Mozambique Belt includes components created when the Mozambique Ocean opened and others created when the ocean later closed. The western portion of the Mozambique Belt is mostly composed of upper amphibolite-grade gneisses, reworked rocks from the Tanzania craton and Usagaran Belt, emplaced between 2,970 and 2,648 million years ago. The eastern portion has high-grade arc-derived rocks ranging in age"	"Central America Volcanic Arc The Central American Volcanic Arc (often abbreviated to CAVA) is a chain of volcanoes which extends parallel to the Pacific coast line of the Central American Isthmus, from Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and down to northern Panama. This volcanic arc, which has a length of , is formed by an active subduction zone along the western boundary of the Caribbean Plate. The Central American Volcanic Arc includes hundreds of volcanic formations, ranging from major stratovolcanoes, to lava domes and cinder cones. Some of these have produced large explosive eruptions, like the colossal VEI"	"Cameroon line The Cameroon line is a chain of volcanoes. It includes islands in the Gulf of Guinea and mountains that extend along the border region of eastern Nigeria and western Cameroon, from Mount Cameroon on the Gulf of Guinea north and east towards Lake Chad. The islands, which span the equator, have tropical climates and are home to many unique plant and bird species. The mainland mountain regions are much cooler than the surrounding lowlands, and also contain unique and ecologically important environments. The Cameroon volcanic line is geologically unusual in extending through both the ocean and the continental"	"been found in the southern part of the Gregory Rift. The Gregory Rift is named in honour of the British geologist John Walter Gregory who explored the geology of the rift in 1892-93 and 1919. The Gregory Rift lies within the Mozambique belt, often considered to be the remains of an orogenic system similar to the Himalayas. This belt runs from Ethiopia through Kenya, Tanzania and Mozambique. The rift is widest at the northern end in the Afar region, narrowing to a few kilometers in northern Tanzania, then splaying out in the North Tanzania Divergence. The Gregory Rift has shoulders"	"for Mount Sinai being located in the north of the Sinai Peninsula or at the north eastern Arabah. In the classic 1970 mystical film, ""El Topo"", by Alejandro Jodorowsky, the protagonist and his female companion approach a river and the woman attempts to drink from it, only to find out that it is bitter in taste. The protagonist tells her that Moses found water in the desert but that the people were unable to drink it because it was bitter and so they called the water Marah. The protagonist then stirs the water with a tree branch, the woman drinks"	"Cordillera de Guanacaste The Cordillera de Guanacaste, also called Guanacaste Cordillera, are a volcanic mountain range in northern Costa Rica near the border with Nicaragua. The mountain range stretches 110 km from northwest to the southeast and contains mostly complex stratovolcanoes. The range forms part of the southern region of the Continental Divide, with the highest peak is the stratovolcano Miravalles at 2,028 m. Rivers flowing from the range drain into the Caribbean Sea (Guacalito, Zapote) and the Pacific Ocean (Blanco, Tenorio, Martirio, Corobiá and San Lorenzo). Protected areas located in the mountain range include Guanacaste National Park established in"	"Massive tectonic shifts began forming the Rift about 30 million years ago. Other warpings, uplifts, and sinkings of the Earth's crust over millennia shaped the plateaus on both sides and the mountain to the west. Mozambique's tropical savanna climate, with an annual cycle of wet and dry seasons, has added another factor to the complex equation: constant change in soil moisture that varies with elevation. The valley is located 21 km west of Mount Gorongosa at 14 m above sea level. Gorongosa National Park protects a vast ecosystem defined and shaped by the rivers that flow into Lake Urema. The"	"Mount Silali Mount Silali is a dormant volcano in the Gregory Rift Valley, near Kapedo, Kenya. Silali is south of the Suguta Valley, which reaches northward to Lake Turkana, and is about north of Lake Baringo. Mount Silali is part of a group of volcanoes, the others being Paka and Korosi, in the Loyamoruk Plains of the eastern Nginyang Division of Baringo County. Silali is a recent volcano that became active from 400,000 to 220,000 years ago, and was still active 7,000 years ago. It is the largest caldera volcano in the Gregory Rift Valley. Its pre-caldera development began with"	"Great Rift Valley, Ethiopia The Great Rift Valley of Ethiopia, (or Main Ethiopian Rift or Ethiopian Rift Valley) is a branch of the East African Rift that runs through Ethiopia in a southwest direction from the Afar Triple Junction. In the past, it was seen as part of a ""Great Rift Valley"" that ran from Mozambique to Syria. The Great Rift Valley lies between the Ethiopian Plateau to the north and the Somalia Plateau to the south. The rift developed as the Nubian and Somali plates began to separate during the Miocene Period along the East African rift system. Rift"	"The Neoproterozoic Pan-African Orogenic Belt, however, was accreted during the closure of the Mozambique Ocean and some rocks from eastern Africa, Madagascar, and Antarctica are associated with this event. During the break-up of Gondwana the Karoo volcanics intruded the Pan-African rocks and it is possible, rather than evident, that these rock found their way to the SWIR this way. Because spreading in the SWIR is ultra-slow, the mantle beneath should be abnormally cool, which could prevent melting of the rocks. The western end of the SWIR, known as the Bouvet Ridge, is bounded by the Bouvet and Moshesh transforms north"	"Great Rift Valley, Kenya The Great Rift Valley is part of an intra-continental ridge system that runs through Kenya from north to south. It is part of the Gregory Rift, the eastern branch of the East African Rift, which starts in Tanzania to the south and continues northward into Ethiopia. It was formed on the ""Kenyan Dome"" a geographical upwelling created by the interactions of three major tectonics: the Arabian, Nubian, and Somalian plates. In the past, it was seen as part of a ""Great Rift Valley"" that ran from Madagascar to Syria. Most of the valley falls within the"	"by K-feldspar minerals. At the end of carbonatitic volcano activity, hydrothermal stage have led to the formation of exploitable mineral resources, both in carbonatites and fenites. Volcanoes of Mozambique Monte Muambe is volcanic caldera located south-east of Moatize in Tete Province of Mozambique Morphologically, Monte Muambe is ring-shaped feature, composed of Karroo sandstones which rise from peneplain plateau at altitude between 250 m in the south and 300 m in the north. The rim of the caldera forms well-developed circular ridge of altered and indurated Karroo sandstones (gritstones) rising approximately 500 m above the plain of unaltered Karroo sediments. Due"	"Geology of Mozambique The geology of Mozambique is primarily extremely old Precambrian metamorphic and igneous crystalline basement rock, formed in the Archean and Proterozoic, in some cases more than two billion years ago. Mozambique contains greenstone belts and spans the Zimbabwe Craton, a section of ancient stable crust. The region was impacted by major tectonic events, such as the mountain building Irumide orogeny, Pan-African orogeny and the Snowball Earth glaciation. Large basins that formed in the last half-billion years have filled with extensive continental and marine sedimentary rocks, including rocks of the extensive Karoo Supergroup which exist across southern Africa."	"Geology of the Comoros The Comoros island chain in the Mozambique Channel is the result of the rifting of Madagascar away from Africa as well as ""hotspot"" mantle plume activity. The region is also impact by seismicity and deformation associated with the East African Rift system and the Comoros region is one of the best places in the world to study rift-hotspot interactions. The islands remain volcanically active. The Comoros location in the Mozambique Channel is tectonically complex, due to the displacement of the Malagasarian microcontinent from the margin of the supercontinent Gondwana. From the Permian until the Early Jurassic,"	"mountain has a mosque that is still used by Muslims. It also has a Greek Orthodox chapel, constructed in 1934 on the ruins of a 16th-century church, that is not open to the public. The chapel encloses the rock which is considered to be the source for the biblical Tablets of Stone. At the summit also is ""Moses' cave"", where Moses was said to have waited to receive the Ten Commandments. Mount Sinai Mount Sinai (, ""Har Sinai""; or ; or ; ; ), also known as Mount Horeb or Gabal Musa, is a mountain in the Sinai Peninsula of"	"Gorongosa National Park Gorongosa National Park is at the southern end of the Great African Rift Valley in the heart of central Mozambique, Southeast Africa. The over park includes the valley floor and parts of surrounding plateaus. Rivers originating on nearby Mount Gorongosa () water the plain. Seasonal flooding and waterlogging of the valley, which is composed of a mosaic of different soil types, creates a variety of distinct ecosystems. Grasslands are dotted with patches of acacia trees, savannah, dry forest on sands and seasonally rain-filled pans and termite hill thickets. The plateaus contain miombo and montane forests and a"	"Jordan Rift Valley The Jordan Rift Valley, often just Jordan Valley ( Bik'at HaYarden, Al-Ghor or Al-Ghawr), also called the Syro-African Depression, is an elongated depression located in modern-day Israel, Jordan, and Palestine. This geographic region includes the entire length of the Jordan River – from its sources, through the Hula Valley, the Korazim block, the Sea of Galilee, the (Lower) Jordan Valley, all the way to the Dead Sea, the lowest land elevation on Earth – and then continues through the Arabah depression, the Gulf of Aqaba whose shorelines it incorporates, until finally reaching the Red Sea proper at"	"of the Red Sea along the Jordan Rift Valley to the Taurus Mountains complex in southern Turkey. The left-lateral fault zone marks the boundary of the Arabian Plate and the Sinai-Levantine block and has produced pull-apart basins that form the Dead Sea and the Sea of Galilee. The Levant fault system consists of multiple parallel faults with the dominant features being the Yammouneh and Rachaiya faults. The fault strand that produced these earthquakes is not precisely known and has been the source of much debate, but the Yammouneh fault has usually been cited as the source for the 1202 and"	"Rift Valley, which stretches along eastern Africa. Olduvai is in the eastern Serengeti Plains in northern Tanzania and is about long. It lies in the rain shadow of the Ngorongoro highlands and is the driest part of the region. The gorge is named after 'Oldupaai', the Maasai word for the wild sisal plant, ""Sansevieria ehrenbergii"". It is one of the most important prehistoric sites in the world and research there has been instrumental in furthering understanding of early human evolution. Excavation work there was pioneered by Mary and Louis Leakey in the 1950s and is continued today by their family."	"Gazaland Gazaland is the historical name for the region in southeast Africa, in modern-day Mozambique and Zimbabwe, which extends northward from the Komati River at Delagoa Bay in Mozambique's Maputo Province to the Pungwe River in central Mozambique. It was a district of the former Portuguese East Africa. Its name was derived from a Swazi chief named Gaza, a contemporary of Shaka Zulu. It covered most of present-day Gaza and Inhambane provinces, and the southern portions of Manica and Sofala provinces. Refugees from various clans oppressed by Dingane (Shaka's successor) were welded into one tribe by Gaza's son Soshangane, his"	"million years ago and they may represent heavily eroded remnants of earlier volcanoes, that intruded through metamorphic basement rock into early Cenozoic sediments. Known as Granites Ultimes, these ring complexes extend over a span of 1000 kilometers parallel to the Cameroon Volcanic Line, which stretches from the interior of Africa to Pagalu in the Gulf of Guinea. Mount Cameroon is the southernmost volcano on the continental extent of the line and has erupted within recent years. There are no sedimentary rocks in central Cameroon and they are only present in the north and south. With tectonic activity in the Cenozoic"	"igneous intrusion that may have been facilitated by reactivation of the shear zone, and may be associated with the Cameroon line. Cameroon line The Cameroon line is a chain of volcanoes. It includes islands in the Gulf of Guinea and mountains that extend along the border region of eastern Nigeria and western Cameroon, from Mount Cameroon on the Gulf of Guinea north and east towards Lake Chad. The islands, which span the equator, have tropical climates and are home to many unique plant and bird species. The mainland mountain regions are much cooler than the surrounding lowlands, and also contain"	"flows, maars, and tuff cones. One lava flow in this area has been dated to 0.9 million years ago. Some of the volcanoes may be from the Holocene period. Ngaoundere Plateau The Ngaoundéré Plateau is a highland area in the Adamawa Region of Cameroon. It contains Tchabal Nganha, a large volcano, and many other recent volcanic structures. The plateau is between the forested south and savannah north of Cameroon. Ngaoundéré, the capital of the Adamawa region is located on the plateau. It lies over the Ngaoundere fault zone, which was reactivated in the Cretaceous. The Ngaoundere fault belongs the Central"	"in valleys. Fractured volcanic rocks form locally productive aquifers, producing high quality water, often in 10 to 20 meter thick weathered rock near the surface. However, weathered basalt often ends up with high clay concentrations, limiting productivity. Mozambique has extensive natural resources, although most remain undeveloped. The Manica Belt is a continuation of the Mutare-Manica Gold Belt from Zimbabwe and contains iron, copper, asbestos, gold, lead and nickel hosted in an Archean and Paleoproterozoic greenstone belt. Small mines in the region have targeted placer gold in sediments in the area and there is also a small, high-grade bauxite deposit. The"	"two new separate plates. Geologists generally refer to these incipient plates as the Nubian Plate and the Somali Plate. The Great Rift Valley as originally described was thought to extend from Lebanon in the north to Mozambique in the south, where it constitutes one of two distinct physiographic provinces of the East African mountains. It included what we would call today the Lebanese section of the Dead Sea Transform, the Jordan Rift Valley, Red Sea Rift and the East African Rift. Today these rifts and faults are seen as distinct, although connected. These were only formed 35 million years ago."	"Mount Sinai Mount Sinai (, ""Har Sinai""; or ; or ; ; ), also known as Mount Horeb or Gabal Musa, is a mountain in the Sinai Peninsula of Egypt that is a possible location of the biblical Mount Sinai, which is considered a holy site by the Abrahamic religions. Mount Sinai is mentioned many times in the Book of Exodus and other books of the Bible, and the Quran. According to Jewish, Christian, and Islamic tradition, the biblical Mount Sinai was the place where Moses received the Ten Commandments. Mount Sinai is a moderately high mountain near the city"	"across the continent and into southwest Asia. Egypt's geological history has produced four major physical regions: Despite covering only about 5% of the total area of Egypt; the Nile Valley and Nile Delta are the most important regions, being the country's only cultivable regions and supporting about 99% of the population. The Nile valley extends approximately 800 km from Aswan to the outskirts of Cairo. The Nile Valley is very cool and known as Upper Egypt, while the Nile Delta region is known as Lower Egypt. Steep rocky cliffs rise along the banks of the Nile in some stretches, while"	"Ngaoundere Plateau The Ngaoundéré Plateau is a highland area in the Adamawa Region of Cameroon. It contains Tchabal Nganha, a large volcano, and many other recent volcanic structures. The plateau is between the forested south and savannah north of Cameroon. Ngaoundéré, the capital of the Adamawa region is located on the plateau. It lies over the Ngaoundere fault zone, which was reactivated in the Cretaceous. The Ngaoundere fault belongs the Central African Fault Zone. In this region the asthenosphere upwells from a depth of about 190 km to about 120 km in a relatively narrow belt. The plateau was formed"	"Mount Zuqualla Mount Zuqualla (also spelled Zuquala or Chuqqaala) is an extinct volcano in the Oromia region of Ethiopia. Situated in Ada'a Chukala woreda of the (East) Shewa Zone, it rises from the plain south of Bushooftuu. With a height of , it is known for its crater lake, lake Dembel, an elliptical crater lake with a maximum diameter of about one kilometer, but the trail around the crater is about 6 kilometers long. Both the mountain and the lake is a holy site to the Oromo living nearby. The ambivalent attitude regarding the holiness of the mountain is seen"	"Volcanoes of Mozambique Monte Muambe is volcanic caldera located south-east of Moatize in Tete Province of Mozambique Morphologically, Monte Muambe is ring-shaped feature, composed of Karroo sandstones which rise from peneplain plateau at altitude between 250 m in the south and 300 m in the north. The rim of the caldera forms well-developed circular ridge of altered and indurated Karroo sandstones (gritstones) rising approximately 500 m above the plain of unaltered Karroo sediments. Due to hardness of altered Karroo sediments, after continuous, long-time erosion, Monte Muambe at present is well-developed circular ridge (caldera), basin-shaped, steep-sided and crater-like depression inside. The"	"so many scholars favour a location in Nabatea (modern Arabia). Alternatively, the biblical descriptions of Sinai can be interpreted as describing a volcano, and so a small number of scholars have considered equating Sinai with locations in northwestern Saudi Arabia, such as Jabal al-Lawz, as there are no volcanoes on the Sinai peninsula. Saint Catherine's Monastery (Greek: ) lies on the Sinai Peninsula, at the mouth of an inaccessible gorge at the foot of modern Mount Sinai in Saint Catherine at an elevation of 1550 meters. The monastery is Greek Orthodox and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. According to"	"Menengai Menengai Crater is a massive shield volcano with one of the biggest calderas in the world, in the Great Rift Valley, Kenya. It is the largest volcano caldera in Kenya and the second largest volcano caldera in Africa. Volcanic formed rich loam soils enrich the adjacent farmland arounds its flanks. The crater is on the floor of the Rift Valley. The volcano formed about 200,000 years ago and the prominent 12 x 8 km caldera formed about 8000 years ago. The caldera floor is covered with numerous post caldera lava flows. The Menengai volcano is considered one of the"
Which actor won an Academy Award for his performance in The African Queen?	"The African Queen (film) The African Queen is a 1951 British-American adventure film adapted from the 1935 novel of the same name by C. S. Forester. The film was directed by John Huston and produced by Sam Spiegel and John Woolf. The screenplay was adapted by James Agee, John Huston, John Collier and Peter Viertel. It was photographed in Technicolor by Jack Cardiff and had a music score by Allan Gray. The film stars Humphrey Bogart (who won the Academy Award for Best Actor – his only Oscar), and Katharine Hepburn with Robert Morley, Peter Bull, Walter Gotell, Richard Marner"	"""Dark Passage"" (1947) and ""Key Largo"" (1948). His other significant films included ""The African Queen"", ""The Caine Mutiny"", ""Sabrina"" and ""The Barefoot Contessa"". Bogart won the Academy Award for Best Actor for ""The African Queen"", and was nominated for ""Casablanca"" and ""The Caine Mutiny"". Bogart was born on Christmas Day 1899 in New York City, the eldest child of Belmont DeForest Bogart (1867–1934) and Maud Humphrey (1868–1940). Belmont was the only child of the unhappy marriage of Adam Watkins Bogart, a Canandaigua, New York innkeeper, and his wife, Julia, a wealthy heiress. The name ""Bogart"" derives from the Dutch surname"	"Black"" Charles King died in London in 1944 from pneumonia, aged 57, while on a USO tour. Charles King (musical actor) Charles Joseph King (October 31, 1886 – January 11, 1944) was a vaudeville and Broadway actor who also starred in several movies. He starred as the leading actor in the hit MGM movie, ""The Broadway Melody"" (1929), the first all-talking film to win the Academy Award for Best Picture. King was born in New York City on October 31, 1886 to Thomas and Ellen King, both of whom were born in Ireland and had immigrated to the U.S. in"	"The African Queen (1977 film) The African Queen is a television film which aired on CBS on March 18, 1977. It stars Warren Oates as Captain Charlie Allnut and Mariette Hartley as Rose Sayer, reprising roles originated by Humphrey Bogart and Katharine Hepburn in the 1951 film of the same name. Rather than being a remake, the plot continues after the events of the original story, with Allnut and Sayer being recaptured by the Germans and forced to transport a 75mm cannon. Television critic Cecil Smith described the film's concept as ""maybe the silliest in the history of the medium."""	"learned to play the accordion, and immersed himself in research. He read books about Amin, watched news and documentary footage featuring Amin, and spent time in Uganda meeting with Amin's friends, relatives, generals, and victims; he also learned Swahili and mastered Amin's East African accent. His performance earned him the Academy Award for Best Actor, making him the fourth African-American actor in history to do so, joining the ranks of Sidney Poitier, Denzel Washington, and Jamie Foxx. For that same role, he was also recognized with the British Academy Film Award, Golden Globe Award, National Board of Review Award, Screen"	"Rupert Crosse Rupert Crosse (November 29, 1927 – March 5, 1973) was an American television and film actor noted as the first African American to receive a nomination for a Best Supporting Actor Academy Award — for his role in the 1969 adaptation of William Faulkner's ""The Reivers"". Born in New York City, Crosse was raised by his grandparents in Nevis after the death of his father. He returned to the United States to serve in the Army for two years before entering Bloomfield College. Crosse later worked at Brooklyn College as a counselor. In 1970, Crosse married singer Chris"	"""Variety"" opined that the leads ""Both turn in pro jobs but are necessarily haunted by their predecessors."" Though intended to be a pilot for a television series, it received disappointing ratings and was not picked up. The African Queen (1977 film) The African Queen is a television film which aired on CBS on March 18, 1977. It stars Warren Oates as Captain Charlie Allnut and Mariette Hartley as Rose Sayer, reprising roles originated by Humphrey Bogart and Katharine Hepburn in the 1951 film of the same name. Rather than being a remake, the plot continues after the events of the"	"government in 2014 during the centenary celebration. Kanayo O. Kanayo Anayo Modestus Onyekwere (popularly known as Kanayo O. Kanayo, born March 1, 1962 in Mbaise, Imo State, Nigeria) is a Nigerian actor. In 2006 he won the African Movie Academy Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role. In 1992, Kanayo made his debut film appearance in the film ""Living in Bondage"". Kanayo has starred in over 100 films. He is currently a United Nations ambassador and bears the title of MFR. Kanayo along with Kenneth Nnebue (producer of Living in Bondage), Olu Jacobs, Enoch Adeboye, Queen Elizabeth and Fela"	"Charles King (musical actor) Charles Joseph King (October 31, 1886 – January 11, 1944) was a vaudeville and Broadway actor who also starred in several movies. He starred as the leading actor in the hit MGM movie, ""The Broadway Melody"" (1929), the first all-talking film to win the Academy Award for Best Picture. King was born in New York City on October 31, 1886 to Thomas and Ellen King, both of whom were born in Ireland and had immigrated to the U.S. in 1883. Eleven children would be born to them, but only three were living by 1900: Charles, Nellie"	"Sidney Poitier Sir Sidney Poitier, (; born February 20, 1927) is a Bahamian-American actor, film director, author, and diplomat. In 1964, Poitier became the first Bahamian and first black actor to win an Academy Award for Best Actor, and the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor for his role in ""Lilies of the Field"". The significance of these achievements was bolstered in 1967, when he starred in three successful films, all of which dealt with issues involving race and race relations: ""To Sir, with Love""; ""In the Heat of the Night""; and ""Guess Who's Coming to Dinner"", making him the"	"protestors were arrested during an anti-apartheid demonstration outside of the South African embassy in Washington, D.C. On August 27, 1990, St. Jacques died from AIDS-related lymphoma at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, California. His funeral was held on August 31 at The Church of the Recessional at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale, California, after which he was interred at Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Hollywood Hills. Raymond St. Jacques Raymond St. Jacques (March 1, 1930 – August 27, 1990) was an American actor, director and producer. He was the first African American actor to appear in a regular role"	"and Theodore Bikel. ""The African Queen"" was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry in 1994, with the Library of Congress deeming it ""culturally, historically or aesthetically significant"". The film holds a 98% rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 41 reviews. Samuel Sayer (Robert Morley) and his sister Rose (Katharine Hepburn) are British Methodist missionaries in the village of Kungdu in German East Africa at the beginning of World War I in September 1914. Their mail and supplies are delivered by a small steam launch named the ""African Queen"", helmed by the rough-and-ready Canadian boat captain Charlie"	"Resources, a mineral exploration company focused on ethical and sustainable mining in Sierra Leone. In August 2012, Wright's conflict-free mining philosophy was highlighted in a video by the Enough Project. Jeffrey Wright Jeffrey Wright (born December 7, 1965) is an American actor. He is best known for his Tony- and Emmy-winning role as Belize in the Broadway production and HBO miniseries ""Angels in America"". He starred as Jean-Michel Basquiat in ""Basquiat"", Felix Leiter in the James Bond films ""Casino Royale"" and ""Quantum of Solace"", Valentin Narcisse in the HBO series ""Boardwalk Empire"", and Beetee in ""The Hunger Games"" films. Wright"	"(1978), and ""Lifeforce"" (1985), and worked as a set decorator for films such as John Boorman's ""Deliverance"" (1972). He died in March 1997 at the age of 78 in Bracknell, Berkshire. John Hoesli John Hoesli (8 March 1919 – 22 March 1997) was a British art and set decorator. He is best known for being the art director on films such as John Huston's ""The African Queen"", Stanley Kubrick's """" (1968), Anthony Asquith's ""Orders to Kill"" (1958) with Alan Withy, and Jeannot Szwarc's """" (1985) with Don Dossett. It was Hoesli who found the old steamboat used in ""The African"	"Helen Mirren Dame Helen Lydia Mirren, (; born 26 July 1945) is an English actor. Mirren began her acting career with the Royal Shakespeare Company in 1967, and is one of the few performers who have achieved the Triple Crown of Acting. She won the Academy Award for Best Actress in 2007 for her performance as Queen Elizabeth II in ""The Queen"" and received the Olivier Award for Best Actress and Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play for the same role in ""The Audience"". Mirren's other Academy Award nominations include ""The Madness of King George"" (1994), ""Gosford Park"""	"Biodun Jeyifo from Nigeria, and John Mugane from Kenya; and at Princeton, Adel Mahmoud from Egypt, Wole Soboyejo from Nigeria, Simon Gikandi from Kenya, V. Kofi Agawu from Ghana, and Kwame Anthony Appiah from Ghana. In sports, Hakeem Olajuwon, Dikembe Mutombo, Darlington Nagbe, and Freddy Adu are prominent. In the arts, Academy Award-winning actress Charlize Theron and Grammy Award-winning musician Dave Matthews, both white South Africans; and two-time Academy Award-nominated actor Djimon Hounsou and Grammy-winning musician Angelique Kidjo, both from Benin; and recently Lupita Nyong'o and Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, are most notable. The following is a list of notable African"	"occurred in or before 1950, or whose screen debut occurred after 1950, but whose death has marked a completed body of work. The top stars of their respective gender are Humphrey Bogart and Katharine Hepburn. They starred together in the classic adventure 1951 film ""The African Queen"", for which Bogart won his only Academy Award. AFI's 100 Years...100 Stars Part of the AFI 100 Years... series, AFI's 100 Years...100 Stars is a list of the top 25 male and 25 female greatest screen legends of American film history. The list was unveiled by the American Film Institute on June 15,"	"received an Honorary Academy Award for his performance as Uncle Remus. He was the first African-American male actor to win an Academy Award. Baskett had been in poor health around 1946 during the filming of ""Song of the South"" due to diabetes and suffered a heart attack. His health continued to decline, and he was often unable to attend the ""Amos and Andy"" show he was in. On July 9, 1948 during the show's summer hiatus, Baskett died of heart failure resulting from the diabetes at age 44. He is buried at Crown Hill Cemetery in Indianapolis. James Baskett James"	"The African Queen (novel) The African Queen is a 1935 novel written by English author C. S. Forester. It was adapted into the 1951 film of the same name. The story opens in August/September 1914. Rose Sayer, a 33-year-old Englishwoman, is the companion and housekeeper of her brother Samuel, an Anglican missionary in German-colonized Tanganyika (present-day Tanzania). World War I has recently begun, and the German military commander of the area has conscripted all the natives; the village is deserted, and only Rose and her dying brother remain. Samuel dies during the night and Rose is alone. That day, another"	"d'Or at the 2008 Cannes Film Festival. His most recent film, ""12 Years a Slave"" (2013), won several major international awards, and McQueen is the first black filmmaker to win an Academy Award for Best Picture. Numerous Black British actors have become successful in US television, such as Adewale Akinnuoye-Agbaje, Idris Elba, Lennie James, Marsha Thomason and Marianne Jean-Baptiste. Black British actors are also increasingly found starring in major Hollywood movies, notable examples include Adrian Lester, Antonia Thomas, Ashley Walters, Chiwetel Ejiofor, Colin Salmon, Daniel Kaluuya, David Harewood, David Oyelowo, Delroy Lindo, Eamonn Walker, Franz Drameh, Gugu Mbatha-Raw, Hugh Quarshie,"	"Anthony Quinn filmography Anthony Quinn (April 21, 1915June 3, 2001) was a Mexican American actor, painter, and writer. The following is a filmography of his work. Quinn starred in numerous critically acclaimed and commercially successful films, including: ""Zorba the Greek"", ""Lawrence of Arabia"", ""Lion of the Desert"", ""The Guns of Navarone"", ""The Message"", ""Requiem for a Heavyweight"", ""Guns for San Sebastian"", ""Lion of the Desert"" and ""La Strada"". He won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor twice; for ""Viva Zapata!"" in 1952 and ""Lust for Life"" in 1956. One film starring Anthony Quinn has been listed on the National"	"Alec Guinness Sir Alec Guinness, (born Alec Guinness de Cuffe; 2 April 1914 – 5 August 2000) was an English actor. After an early career on the stage, Guinness was featured in several of the Ealing Comedies, including ""The Ladykillers"" and ""Kind Hearts and Coronets"" in which he played nine different characters. He is also known for his six collaborations with David Lean: Herbert Pocket in ""Great Expectations"" (1946), Fagin in ""Oliver Twist"" (1948), Col. Nicholson in ""The Bridge on the River Kwai"" (1957, for which he won the Academy Award for Best Actor), Prince Faisal in ""Lawrence of Arabia"""	"year's Best Actress Oscar for playing Queen Elizabeth II in ""The Queen""), Day-Lewis knelt before her, and she tapped him on each shoulder with the Oscar statuette, to which he quipped: ""That's the closest I'll come to ever getting a knighthood."" Day-Lewis was appointed a Knight Bachelor in the 2014 Birthday Honours for services to drama. On 14 November 2014, he was knighted by Prince William, Duke of Cambridge, in an investiture ceremony at Buckingham Palace. Daniel Day-Lewis Sir Daniel Michael Blake Day-Lewis (born 29 April 1957) is a retired English actor who holds both British and Irish citizenship. Born"	"Kanayo O. Kanayo Anayo Modestus Onyekwere (popularly known as Kanayo O. Kanayo, born March 1, 1962 in Mbaise, Imo State, Nigeria) is a Nigerian actor. In 2006 he won the African Movie Academy Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role. In 1992, Kanayo made his debut film appearance in the film ""Living in Bondage"". Kanayo has starred in over 100 films. He is currently a United Nations ambassador and bears the title of MFR. Kanayo along with Kenneth Nnebue (producer of Living in Bondage), Olu Jacobs, Enoch Adeboye, Queen Elizabeth and Fela Kuti were among Nigerians honored by the"	"Humphrey Bogart as Charlie Allnutt and Katharine Hepburn as Rose Sayer. Allnutt is changed to a Canadian in the film to explain Bogart's accent. In the film the German captain attempts to hang Rose and Charlie. They are married by the captain before the execution. The ""Königin Luise"", however, crashes into the capsized ""African Queen"" and the torpedoes detonate, destroying the ship. Charlie and Rose escape in the confusion. The African Queen (novel) The African Queen is a 1935 novel written by English author C. S. Forester. It was adapted into the 1951 film of the same name. The story"	"Best Actor (for ""Lilies of the Field"" in 1963). (James Baskett was the first African-American male to receive an Oscar, an Honorary Academy Award for his performance as Uncle Remus in the Walt Disney production of ""Song of the South"" in 1948, while Hattie McDaniel predated them both, winning as Best Supporting Actress for her role in 1939's ""Gone with the Wind"", making her the first person of African descent to be nominated for and receive an Oscar). His satisfaction at this honor was undermined by his concerns that this award was more of the industry congratulating itself for having"	"Anthony Quinn Antonio Rodolfo Quinn Oaxaca (April 21, 1915 – June 3, 2001), more commonly known as Anthony Quinn, was a Mexican actor, painter and writer. He starred in numerous critically acclaimed and commercially successful films, including ""La Strada"", ""The Guns of Navarone"", ""Zorba the Greek"", ""Guns for San Sebastian"", ""Lawrence of Arabia"", ""The Shoes of the Fisherman"", ""The Message"", ""Lion of the Desert"", ""Last Action Hero"" and ""A Walk in the Clouds"". He won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor twice: for ""Viva Zapata!"" in 1952 and ""Lust for Life"" in 1956. Quinn was born Antonio Rodolfo Quinn"	"to win an Academy Award, surpassing the 431-minute long ""War and Peace,"" which won the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film in 1969. Following the five-part documentary's win, new Academy rules barred any ""multi-part or limited series"" from being eligible for documentary categories. With Casey Affleck winning the Oscar for Best Actor, him and his older brother, Ben Affleck, became the 16th pair of siblings to win Academy Awards. Mahershala Ali became the first Muslim actor to win an Oscar. Viola Davis became the first black person to achieve the Triple Crown of Acting with her Oscar, Emmy, and"	"by the Kaiserliche Marine on the outbreak of the First World War. She was used as an auxiliary minelayer off Harwich before being sunk on 5 August 1914 by the cruiser HMS ""Amphion"". A persistent rumour regarding London's population of feral Ring Necked Parakeets is that they originated from birds escaped or released from the filming of this movie. This claim was initially considered dubious though it was given more credence when a zoologist admitted her grandparents fed them. ""The African Queen"" opened on December 26, 1951 at the Fox Wilshire Theatre in Beverly Hills, in order to qualify for"	"Tim Pigott-Smith Timothy Peter Pigott-Smith, (13 May 1946 – 7 April 2017) was an English film and television actor and author. He was best known for his leading role as Ronald Merrick in the television drama series ""The Jewel in the Crown"", for which he won the British Academy Television Award for Best Actor in 1985. Other noted TV roles included roles in ""The Chief"", ""Midsomer Murders"", ""The Vice"", ""The Suspicions of Mr Whicher"", ""King Charles III"" and two ""Doctor Who"" stories (""The Claws of Axos"" (1971) & ""The Masque of Mandragora"" (1976)). Pigott-Smith appeared in many notable films including:"	"John Hoesli John Hoesli (8 March 1919 – 22 March 1997) was a British art and set decorator. He is best known for being the art director on films such as John Huston's ""The African Queen"", Stanley Kubrick's """" (1968), Anthony Asquith's ""Orders to Kill"" (1958) with Alan Withy, and Jeannot Szwarc's """" (1985) with Don Dossett. It was Hoesli who found the old steamboat used in ""The African Queen"" at Butiaba on Lake Albert. Hoesli was also an assistant art director for many films which often went uncredited including Alfred Hitchcock's ""Jamaica Inn"" (1939), Gerald Thomas's ""Carry on Emmannuelle"""	"Belafonte's remarkable success as a singer and actor, but also his true passion for social change. The film outlines some highlights of his entertainment career, but is more focused on how he helped change the world in other ways: marching with the Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. in the civil-rights era; working against apartheid in South Africa; fighting hunger through his instrumental work with USA for Africa; and, most recently, working to combat gang violence through programs with inner-city youth.* In an interview about the film, Belafonte discussed his activism from Civil Rights to poverty in Africa. The film won"	"Academy Award for Best Song and the Golden Globe. A film sequel, ""Rooster Cogburn"", was made in 1975, with Wayne reprising his role and Katharine Hepburn as an elderly spinster, Eula Goodnight, who teams up with him. The plot has been described as a rehash of the original ""True Grit"" with elements of the Bogart-Hepburn film ""The African Queen"". A further made-for-television sequel titled """" appeared in 1978, starring Warren Oates as Rooster Cogburn and Lisa Pelikan as Mattie Ross and featuring subsequent adventures of the valiant pair. In 2010, Joel and Ethan Coen directed another adaptation of the novel."
Who wrote the novel Cry, the Beloved Country about South Africa?	"Cry, the Beloved Country (1995 film) Cry, the Beloved Country is a 1995 South African-American drama film directed by Darrell Roodt, based on the novel ""Cry, the Beloved Country"" by Alan Paton. It stars James Earl Jones and Richard Harris. The film was made in 1995, shortly after the fall of apartheid and the free election of Nelson Mandela as President of South Africa. Set in South Africa in October 1946, before the implementation of apartheid, this is the story of church minister Steven Kumalo who is requested from his village to Johannesburg. There he discovers that his son Absolom"	"had a revolution 50 years ago,' Paton is said to have observed). The performances by Jones and Harris have a quiet dignity, suitable to the characters if not reflecting a larger reality. But the film contains little that would have concerned the South African censors under apartheid. [...] ""Cry, the Beloved Country"" reflects a sentimentality that motivates many people, but it fails as a portrait of what it used to be like in South Africa, what happened and what it's like now."" Cry, the Beloved Country (1995 film) Cry, the Beloved Country is a 1995 South African-American drama film directed"	"Alan Paton Alan Stewart Paton (11 January 1903 – 12 April 1988) was a South African author and anti-apartheid activist. His works include the novels ""Cry, the Beloved Country"" and ""Too Late the Phalarope"". Paton was born in Pietermaritzburg in the Colony of Natal (now South Africa's KwaZulu-Natal province), the son of a civil servant. After attending Maritzburg College, he earned a Bachelor of Science degree at the University of Natal in his hometown, followed by a diploma in education. After graduation, Paton worked as a teacher, first at the Ixopo High School, and subsequently at Maritzburg College While at"	"affected by ""native crime"" while blacks suffer from social instability and moral issues due to the breakdown of the tribal system. It shows many of the problems with South Africa such as the degrading of the land reserved for the natives, which is sometimes considered to be the main theme, the disintegration of the tribal community, native crime, and the flight to urban areas. Another prevalent theme in ""Cry, the Beloved Country"" is the detrimental effects of fear on the characters and society of South Africa as indicated in the following quotation from the narrator in Chapter 12: Paton makes"	"was captured in many statements that Hofmeyr made, particularly concerning the rights of non-white people in South Africa. Honorary degrees were conferred on him by the University of Cape Town (D.Sc), Witwatersrand (LLD) and Oxford (D.C.L.). The University of the Witwatersrand has turned the one-time administrator's house into a museum and restaurant, called Hofmeyr House. His papers are housed at the University of Natal as part of its Alan Paton collection. Paton's world-famous novel ""Cry, the Beloved Country"" is dedicated to his friend Jan Hendrik Hofmeyr. A suburb in the city of Johannesburg, Jan Hofmeyr was named after him. Jan"	"Publications of Paton's work include a volume of his travel writing, ""The Lost City of the Kalahari"" (2006), and a complete selection of his shorter writings, ""The Hero of Currie Road"". The Alan Paton Award for non-fiction is conferred annually in his honour. Alan Paton Alan Stewart Paton (11 January 1903 – 12 April 1988) was a South African author and anti-apartheid activist. His works include the novels ""Cry, the Beloved Country"" and ""Too Late the Phalarope"". Paton was born in Pietermaritzburg in the Colony of Natal (now South Africa's KwaZulu-Natal province), the son of a civil servant. After attending"	"Other papers, including material relating to her biography of Nelson Mandela and correspondence with fellow anti-apartheid activists, forms part of the Institute of Commonwealth Studies archive collections held at Senate House Library. Mary Benson (campaigner) Mary Benson (8 December 1919 – 19 June 2000) was a South African civil rights campaigner and author. Born in 1919 in Pretoria, Benson served in the South African Women's Army during World War II. After the war, she was secretary to film director David Lean. Benson became acquainted with the author Alan Paton, and read his novel ""Cry, the beloved country"" (1948), whose main"	"with Distinction and also received the prize for the best student in the program. She moved to the United States, in 1963 where she had been accepted into an interdisciplinary PhD program at Harvard University. Her research focused on sociology and the study of revolution. Russell's research focus probably stems from her own involvement in the anti-apartheid movement in South Africa. In 1963, Russell had joined the Liberal Party of South Africa that had been founded by Alan Paton, the author of ""Cry the Beloved Country"". While participating in a peaceful protest in Cape Town, Russell was arrested with other"	"the star of a British film ""Cry, The Beloved Country"", for which both he and Sidney Poitier were smuggled into South Africa as indentured servants in order to play their roles as African ministers. During filming, Lee had his first heart attack, and he never fully recovered his health. The film’s message of universal brotherhood stands as Lee's final work towards this aim. Being on the Hollywood blacklist prevented him from getting further work. Scheduled to appear in Italy to begin production on a filmed version of ""Othello"", he was repeatedly notified that his passport ""remained under review"". Lee was"	"Cry of the Justice Bird Cry of the Justice Bird is the 2007 novel written by Jon Haylett. It is an action/adventure thriller based in the fictional African state of Boromundi. In an Africa ravaged by civil war, two women are pulled from a minibus, and are raped and mutilated. Armstrong MacKay, one of the dead women’s lover, enters the country to bring her body home. During the festivities of her African wake, Mackay finds out the truth behind her violent death from the other woman’s husband. Faced with Africa’s weaken government and the ineffective Boromundi legal system, the two"	"African themed films as ""Zulu"" (1964), ""Born Free"" (1966), and ""Out of Africa"" (1985), used predominantly western musical styles to complete the score. The music is notable for referencing themes from Barry's previous work on ""Zulu"", augmenting the original warlike compositions into a somber piano theme for travel scenes. The film also features the song ""Exile"" by Enya. The music was performed by the English Chamber Orchestra and recorded in Studio One at the EMI Abbey Road Studios, London. The film was shot on location in KwaZulu Natal, Cape Province, and at Gauteng, South Africa. ""Cry, the Beloved Country"" received"	"began as early as 1928, though her most famous work, ""Wide Sargasso Sea"", was not published until 1966. South Africa's Alan Paton's famous ""Cry, the Beloved Country"" dates from 1948. Doris Lessing from Southern Rhodesia, now Zimbabwe, was a dominant presence in the English literary scene, frequently publishing from 1950 on throughout the 20th century. She won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2007. Salman Rushdie is another post Second World War writer from the former British colonies who permanently settled in Britain. Rushdie achieved fame with ""Midnight's Children"" 1981. His most controversial novel ""The Satanic Verses"" 1989, was inspired"	"iAfrika was adopted by several African states as the national anthem including South Africa, Namibia and Zambia. He won the 1935 May Ester Bedford Prize for Bantu literature. Sociological Imagination of S.E.K. Mqhayi Samuel Edward Krune Mqhayi Samuel Edward Krune Loliwe Ngxekengxeke Mqhayi (S. E. K. L. N Mqhayi, 1 December 1875–29 July 1945) was a Xhosa dramatist, essayist, critic, novelist, historian, biographer, translator and poet whose works are regarded as instrumental in standardising the grammar of isiXhosa and preserving the language in the 20 century. Mqhayi was born in the village of Gqumashe in the Thyume valley near Alice"	"new, delicate, unfashionable and fly in the face of power; and, intellectual and moral integrity. The award is named for Alan Paton, author of ""Cry, The Beloved Country"". The award is given in conjunction with the Barry Ronge Fiction Prize. Sunday Times Literary Awards The ""Sunday Times"" Literary Awards are composed of two awards, fiction and non-fiction, given by the South African newspaper the ""Sunday Times"". The awards are the Barry Ronge Fiction Prize (formerly ""Sunday Times"" Fiction Prize 2001–14) and the Alan Paton Award for works of non-fiction (1989-present). The prize was restructured in 2015 with the ""Sunday Times"""	"Doodle honored the researcher on what would have been his 115th birthday. In 1948, four months after the publication of ""Cry, The Beloved Country"", the separatist National Party came to power in South Africa. Paton, together with Margaret Ballinger, Edgar Brookes, and Leo Marquard, formed the Liberal Association in early 1953. On May 9 of that year it became the Liberal Party of South Africa, with Paton as a founding co-vice-president, which fought against the apartheid legislation introduced by the National Party. He served as president of the LPSA until its forced dissolution by the apartheid regime in the late"	"Uys' granddaughter, Lida Orffer was murdered with her family at their home in Stellenbosch. A collection of letters written by Uys Krige was published by Hemel & See Boeke in 2010 under the title ""Briewe van Uys Krige uit Frankryk en Spanje"". All publications are in Afrikaans unless otherwise noted. The English translations of the Afrikaans title s are given in brackets. Uys Krige Mattheus Uys Krige (4 February 1910 – 10 August 1987) was a South African writer of novels, short stories, poems and plays in both Afrikaans and English. He was born in Bontebokskloof (near Swellendam) in the"	"Zealander Katherine Mansfield published her first collection of short stories, ""In a German Pension"", in 1911. The first major novelist, writing in English, from the Indian sub-continent, R.K. Narayan, began publishing in England in the 1930s, thanks to the encouragement of English novelist Graham Greene. Caribbean writer Jean Rhys's writing career began as early as 1928, though her most famous work, ""Wide Sargasso Sea"", was not published until 1966. South Africa's Alan Paton's famous ""Cry, the Beloved Country"" dates from 1948. Doris Lessing from Southern Rhodesia, now Zimbabwe, was a dominant presence in the English literary scene, frequently publishing from"	"on his grandparents' lives, ""Merksteen"" (1998). Karel Schoeman Karel Schoeman (, 26 October 1939 in Trompsburg, South Africa – 1 May 2017 in Bloemfontein, South Africa) was a South African novelist, historian, translator and man of letters. He was the author of 19 novels and numerous works of history. He was one of South Africa's most honoured authors. Schoeman wrote primarily in Afrikaans, although several of his non-fiction books were originally written in English. His novels are increasingly being translated into other languages, notably, English, French and Dutch. Born in 1939 in Trompsburg, South Africa, Karel Schoeman matriculated in 1956"	"In the Heart of the Country In the Heart of the Country (1977) is an early novel by South African-born writer J. M. Coetzee. The book is one of Coetzee's more experimental novels and is narrated through 266 numbered paragraphs rather than chapters. The novel is narrated from the point of view of Magda, the white daughter of a widowed farmer in the Karoo semi-desert of the Western Cape. Much of the novel is narrated from within the claustrophobic confines of Magda's bedroom and throughout the narrative the unreliability of Magda's narration means the reader cannot be certain what is"	"Chris Barnard (author) Christian Johan Barnard (15 July 1939 – 28 December 2015), known as Chris Barnard, was a South African author and movie scriptwriter. He was known for writing Afrikaans novels, novellas, columns, youth novels, short stories, plays, radio dramas, film scripts and television dramas. Barnard was born in Mataffin in the Nelspruit district of South Africa on 15 July 1939, and matriculated at in 1957. He majored in Afrikaans-Nederlands and History of Art at the University of Pretoria. In the 1960s he and several other authors were notable figures in the Afrikaans literary movement known as ""Die Sestigers"""	"by John A. Williams John A. Williams John Alfred Williams (December 5, 1925 – July 3, 2015) was an African-American author, journalist, and academic. His novel ""The Man Who Cried I Am"" was a bestseller in 1967. Williams was born in Jackson, Mississippi, and his family moved to Syracuse, New York. After naval service in World War II, he graduated in 1950 from Syracuse University. He was a journalist for ""Ebony"", ""Jet"", and ""Newsweek"" magazines. His novels, which include ""The Angry Ones"" (1960) and ""The Man Who Cried I Am"" (1967), are mainly about the black experience in white America."	"Karel Schoeman Karel Schoeman (, 26 October 1939 in Trompsburg, South Africa – 1 May 2017 in Bloemfontein, South Africa) was a South African novelist, historian, translator and man of letters. He was the author of 19 novels and numerous works of history. He was one of South Africa's most honoured authors. Schoeman wrote primarily in Afrikaans, although several of his non-fiction books were originally written in English. His novels are increasingly being translated into other languages, notably, English, French and Dutch. Born in 1939 in Trompsburg, South Africa, Karel Schoeman matriculated in 1956 from Paarl Boys' High School. In"	"Judy Croome Judy Croome (born Judy-Ann Heinemann on 16 December 1958) is a South African novelist, short story writer, and poet, who was born in Zvishavane, Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe). She received a Master of Arts (English) degree from the University of South Africa. She currently lives in Johannesburg with her husband, tax advocate and author Dr Beric John Croome. Croome’s short stories and poetry have been published in ""The Huffington Post"", the University of Witwatersrand’s School of Literature, Language and Media’s ""Itch Magazine"" and in various print anthologies released by small presses in the United States and South Africa"	"who came to South Africa on missionary expeditions. It was not until after the 1920s that her story become a part of South African history. The novel ""Eilande"" by Dan Sleigh (1938), translated from Afrikaans by André Brink (in Dutch: 'Stemmen uit zee'/in English: 'Islands'), describes the lives of Krotoa and her daughter Pieternella from the viewpoints of seven men who knew them. As late as 1983, under the name of Eva, she was still known in South Africa, as a caution against miscegenation. In 1990, South African poet and author Karen Press wrote a poem entitled ""Krotoa’s Story"" that"	"Christopher van Wyk Chris van Wyk (19 July 1957 – 3 October 2014) was a South African children’s book author, novelist and poet. Van Wyk is famous for his poem ""In Detention"" on the suspicious deaths that befell South African political prisoners during Apartheid. He was also an editor at Ravan Press. Van Wyk was born in Baragwanath Hospital in Soweto. When he was a little older, his family moved to Riverlea, a suburb outside of Johannesburg. He was educated at Riverlea High School in Riverlea, Johannesburg, where he lived until 2005. His autobiographical novel ""Shirley, Goodness & Mercy"" details"	"William Plomer William Charles Franklyn Plomer CBE (he pronounced the surname as ""ploomer"") (10 December 1903 – 21 September 1973) was a South African and British author, known as a novelist, poet and literary editor. Self-described as an ""Anglo-African-Asian"", Plomer was educated mostly in the United Kingdom. He became famous in the Union of South Africa with his first novel, ""Turbott Wolfe"", which had inter-racial love and marriage as a theme. He was co-founder of the short-lived literary magazine ""Voorslag"" (""Whiplash"") with two other South African rebels, Roy Campbell and Laurens van der Post; it promoted a racially equal South"	"Cornelis Jacobus Langenhoven Cornelis Jacobus Langenhoven (13 August 1873 – 15 July 1932), who published under his initials C.J. Langenhoven, was a South African poet who played a major role in the development of Afrikaans literature and cultural history. His poetry was one of the then young language's foremost promoters. He is best known to have written the words for the first national anthem of South Africa, ""Die Stem van Suid-Afrika"". He was affectionately known as ""Sagmoedige Neelsie"" (Gentle Neelsie) or ""Kerneels"". Langenhoven was born at Hoeko, near Ladismith, in the then Cape Colony, and later moved to Oudtshoorn where"	"Africa, the Kenyan writer Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o wrote ""Weep Not, Child"" (1964), the first postcolonial novel about the East African experience of colonial imperialism; in ""The River Between"" (1965), with the Mau Mau Uprising (1952–60) as political background, he addressed the postcolonial matters of native religious culture, and the consequences of the imposition of Christianity, a religion culturally foreign to Kenya and to most of Africa; and the essay ""Decolonizing the Mind: The Politics of Language in African Literature"" (1986). In postcolonial countries of Africa, the Africans and the non–Africans live in a world of genders, ethnicities, classes and languages,"	"Uys Krige Mattheus Uys Krige (4 February 1910 – 10 August 1987) was a South African writer of novels, short stories, poems and plays in both Afrikaans and English. He was born in Bontebokskloof (near Swellendam) in the Cape Province and educated at the University of Stellenbosch. From 1931 to 1935 he lived in France and Spain, acquiring fluency in both languages. Whilst in France he played rugby for a club in Toulon, was a swimming coach on the Côte d'Azur, wrote poems and penned free-lance articles for the Afrikaans press. He returned to South Africa in 1935 and began"	"Scandinavia, England, continental Europe, Canada, and the United States. During his time in Norway, he began work on his seminal novel ""Cry, The Beloved Country"", which he completed over the course of his journey, finishing it on Christmas Eve in San Francisco in 1946. There, he met Aubrey and Marigold Burns, who read his manuscript and found a publisher: the editor Maxwell Perkins, noted for editing novels of Ernest Hemingway and Thomas Wolfe, guided Paton's first novel through publication with Scribner's. Paton published numerous books in the 1950s and became wealthy from their sales. On 11 January 2018, a Google"	"John A. Williams John Alfred Williams (December 5, 1925 – July 3, 2015) was an African-American author, journalist, and academic. His novel ""The Man Who Cried I Am"" was a bestseller in 1967. Williams was born in Jackson, Mississippi, and his family moved to Syracuse, New York. After naval service in World War II, he graduated in 1950 from Syracuse University. He was a journalist for ""Ebony"", ""Jet"", and ""Newsweek"" magazines. His novels, which include ""The Angry Ones"" (1960) and ""The Man Who Cried I Am"" (1967), are mainly about the black experience in white America. ""The Man Who Cried"	"men decide to take justice in their own hands and seek out the murders for themselves. Kisasi, the Justice Bird, cries out as the men set out to execute the killers. Cry of the Justice Bird Cry of the Justice Bird is the 2007 novel written by Jon Haylett. It is an action/adventure thriller based in the fictional African state of Boromundi. In an Africa ravaged by civil war, two women are pulled from a minibus, and are raped and mutilated. Armstrong MacKay, one of the dead women’s lover, enters the country to bring her body home. During the festivities"	"Lionel Ngakane Lionel Ngakane (17 July 1928 – 26 November 2003) was a South African filmmaker and actor. Born in Pretoria, South Africa, Ngakane was educated at Fort Hare University College and Wits University, and worked on ""Drum"" and ""Zonk"" magazines from 1948 to 1950. In 1950 he began his career in film as an assistant director and actor in the film version of ""Cry, the Beloved Country"" (1951), directed by Zoltan Korda. Shortly thereafter Ngakane went into exile in the United Kingdom. As an actor, he appeared in films, including ""The Mark of the Hawk"" in 1957 (with Eartha"
From which European country did Angola achieve independence in 1975?	"they really are. Angola's colonial era ended with the Angolan War of Independence against Portugal occurred between 1970 and 1975. Independence did not produce a unified Angola, however; the country plunged into years of civil war between the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) and the governing Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA). 30 years of war would produce historical legacies that combine to allow for the persistence of a highly corrupt government system. The Angolan civil war was fought between the pro-western UNITA and the communist MPLA and had the characteristics typical of a"	"1970s in Angola The 1970s in Angola, a time of political and military turbulence, saw the end of Angola's War of Independence (1961–1975) and the outbreak of civil war (1975–2002). Agostinho Neto, the leader of the People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), declared the independence of the People's Republic of Angola on November 11, 1975, in accordance with the Alvor Accords. UNITA and the FNLA also declared Angolan independence as the Social Democratic Republic of Angola based in Huambo and the Democratic Republic of Angola based in Ambriz. FLEC, armed and backed by the French government, declared the"	"governments of Angola, Zambia, and Zaire signed a non-aggression pact. 1970s in Angola The 1970s in Angola, a time of political and military turbulence, saw the end of Angola's War of Independence (1961–1975) and the outbreak of civil war (1975–2002). Agostinho Neto, the leader of the People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), declared the independence of the People's Republic of Angola on November 11, 1975, in accordance with the Alvor Accords. UNITA and the FNLA also declared Angolan independence as the Social Democratic Republic of Angola based in Huambo and the Democratic Republic of Angola based in Ambriz."	"Portuguese Overseas Province of Angola as the People's Republic of Angola on 11 November 1975. UNITA declared Angolan independence as the Social Democratic Republic of Angola based in Huambo, and the FNLA declared the Democratic Republic of Angola based in Ambriz. FLEC, armed and backed by the French government, declared the independence of the Republic of Cabinda from Paris. The FNLA and UNITA forged an alliance on 23 November, proclaiming their own coalition government based in Huambo with Holden Roberto and Jonas Savimbi as co-Presidents, and José Ndelé and Johnny Pinnock Eduardo as co-Prime Ministers. In early November 1975, the"	"than 400 years from the 15th century. Demands for independence picked up momentum during the early 1950s, with the principal protagonists including the MPLA, founded in 1956, the National Front for the Liberation of Angola (FNLA), which appeared in 1961, and the UNITA, founded in 1966. After many years of conflict that weakened all of the insurgent parties, Angola gained independence on 11 November 1975, after the Carnation Revolution in Portugal, which overthrew the Portuguese regime headed by Marcelo Caetano. A fight for dominance broke out immediately between the three nationalist movements. The events prompted a mass exodus of Portuguese"	"(UNITA), founded in 1966. After many years of conflict that weakened all of the insurgent parties, Angola gained its independence on 11 November 1975, after the 1974 coup d'état in Lisbon, Portugal, which overthrew the Portuguese régime headed by Marcelo Caetano. A fight for dominance broke out immediately between the three nationalist movements. The events prompted a mass exodus of Portuguese citizens, creating up to 300 000 destitute Portuguese refugees—the ""retornados"". The new Portuguese government tried to mediate an understanding between the three competing movements, which was initially agreed by the movements, but later failed and resulted in a devastating"	"pushing north. Alvor Agreement The Alvor Agreement, signed on 15 January 1975, granted Angola independence from Portugal on 11 November, ending the war for independence while marking the transition to the Angolan Civil War. The agreement, signed by the People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), the National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA), National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), and the Portuguese government, was never signed by the Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda (FLEC) or the Eastern Revolt as the other parties excluded them from negotiations. The coalition government established by the"	"declaration of independence. In response, Cuba intervened in favor of the MPLA, which became a flash point for the Cold War. With Cuban support, the MPLA held Luanda and declared independence on 11 November 1975, with Agostinho Neto becoming the first president, though the civil war continued. At this time, most of the half-million Portuguese who lived in Angola – and who had accounted for the majority of the skilled workers in public administration, agriculture, industries and trade – fled the country, leaving its once prosperous and growing economy in a state of bankruptcy. Cuban intervention in Angola is believed"	"society without ethnic discrimination; agreeing to a transitional government, armed forces and civil service and lastly to co-operate in the country's decolonisation and defence. The FNLA and the other parties would meet in Portimao, Portugal on 10 January 1975 and resulted in the formation of the Alvor Agreement, signed on 15 January 1975, which would grant Angola independence from Portugal on 11 November ending the war of independence. The plan also called for a coalition government and a united army. Within 24 hours of the Alvor Agreement, fighting broke out in Luanda amongst the FNLA and MPLA with further violence"	"Alvor Agreement The Alvor Agreement, signed on 15 January 1975, granted Angola independence from Portugal on 11 November, ending the war for independence while marking the transition to the Angolan Civil War. The agreement, signed by the People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), the National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA), National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), and the Portuguese government, was never signed by the Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda (FLEC) or the Eastern Revolt as the other parties excluded them from negotiations. The coalition government established by the Alvor Agreement"	"mutiny and leftist coup in Lisbon, Angola's independence was achieved on November 11, 1975 through the Alvor Agreement. After independence, Angola later entered a period of civil war that lasted up until 2002. The area of current day Angola was inhabited during the paleolithic and neolithic eras, as attested by remains found in Luanda, Congo, and the Namibe desert. At the beginning of recorded history other cultures and people also arrived. The first ones to settle were the San people. This changed at the beginning of the sixth century AD, when the Bantu, already in possession of metal-working technology, ceramics"	"Angola–France relations Franco-Angolan relations are foreign relations between France and Angola. Relations between the two countries have not always been cordial due to the former French government's policy of supporting militant separatists in Angola's Cabinda province and the international Angolagate scandal embarrassed both governments by exposing corruption and illicit arms deals. Following French President Nicolas Sarkozy's visit in 2008, relations have improved. Agostinho Neto, the leader of the People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), declared the independence of the People's Republic of Angola on November 11, 1975, in accordance with the Alvor Accords. National Union for the Total"	"were confining many Africans. Many of them were relocated from their homes. In 1974 the Carnation Revolution in Portugal caused the Estado Novo regime to collapse, and Angola become independent from Portugal in 1975. Jonas Savimbi’s UNITA movement began fighting his political rivals soon after independence and gained the support of the United States and South Africa because of his rivals' ties to communism and Cuba. The MPLA leader Agostinho Neto declared himself president of the country with the backing of Cuba and founded a Marxist–Leninist inspired regime. After Neto died in 1979, José Eduardo dos Santos became his successor."	"with the nationalist movements, and a few even joined them in their fight. The Angolan author Pepetela is among these. When the Salazar regime in Portugal was abolished by a military coup in Portugal, in 1974, and independence was granted to the colonies by the new government, whites overwhelmingly left Angola after independence in 1975. Most of them went to Portugal, where they were called ""retornados"" and were not always welcomed, while others moved to neighboring Namibia (then a South African territory), South Africa or Brazil, or United States. It is estimated that around 250,000 left the country in 1975"	"started in 1961 when freedom fighters attacked both white and black civilians in cross-border operations in northeastern Angola, which was called the Colonial War. The principal protagonists included the People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), founded in 1956, the National Front for the Liberation of Angola (FNLA), which appeared in 1961, and the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), founded in 1966. After many years of conflict that weakened all of the insurgent parties, Angola gained its independence on 11 November 1975, after the 1974 coup d'état in Lisbon, Portugal, which overthrew the Portuguese régime"	"on 5 January 1975 and agreed to stop fighting each other, further outlining constitutional negotiations with the Portuguese. They met for a third time, with Portuguese government officials, in Alvor, Portugal from 10 till 15 January. They signed on 15 January what became known as the Alvor Agreement, granting Angola independence on 11 November and establishing a transitional government. The agreement ended the war for independence while marking the transition to civil war. The Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda (FLEC) and Eastern Revolt never signed the agreement as they were excluded from negotiations. The coalition government"	"UN symbol, the other side is South Korea. Angola is a country in Southern Africa. It is the seventh-largest country in Africa. Since it gained independence from Portugal in 1975, the Civil War had begun between the People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA)(Portuguese: ""Movimento Popular de Libertação de Angola)"" and the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA). Although a peace treaty was concluded in May 1991, the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), which lost the referendum under the arbitration of the UN, caused the civil war again. In the process, the"	"conscripted into military service, and replacing the authoritarian ""Estado Novo"" (New State) regime and its secret police which repressed elemental civil liberties and political freedoms. It started as a professional class protest of Portuguese Armed Forces captains against the 1973 decree law ""Dec. Lei n. 353/73"". These events prompted a mass exodus of Portuguese citizens, overwhelmingly white but some ""mestiço"" (mixed race) or black, from Portugal's African territories, creating hundreds of thousands destitute refugees — the ""retornados"". Angola became a sovereign state on 11 November 1975 in accordance with the Alvor Agreement and the newly independent country was proclaimed the"	"nationalist's demands for independence, thereby provoking the armed conflict that started in 1961 when guerrillas attacked colonial assets in cross-border operations in northeastern Angola The war came to be known as the Colonial War. In this struggle, the principal protagonists were the MPLA (Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola), founded in 1956, the FNLA (National Front for the Liberation of Angola), which appeared in 1961, and UNITA (National Union for the Total Independence of Angola), founded in 1966. After many years of conflict, the nation gained its independence on 11 November 1975, after the 1974 coup d'état in Lisbon,"	"Africa intervened militarily in favour of the FNLA and UNITA with the intention of taking Luanda before the declaration of independence. In response, Cuba intervened in favor of the MPLA, which became a flash point for the Cold War. With Cuban support, the MPLA held Luanda and declared independence on 11 November 1975, with Agostinho Neto becoming the first president, though the civil war continued. At this time, most of the half-million Portuguese who lived in Angola – and who had accounted for the majority of the skilled workers in public administration, agriculture, industries and trade – fled the country,"	"control over Luanda. On 11 November Neto declared the independence of the People's Republic of Angola. The FNLA and UNITA responded by proclaiming their own government based in Huambo. The South African Army retreated and, with the help of Cuban forces, the MPLA retook most of the south in the beginning of 1976. Many analysts have blamed the transitional government in Portugal for the violence that followed the Alvor Agreement, criticizing the lack of concern about internal Angolan security, and the favoritism towards the MPLA. High Commissioner Coutinho, one of the seven leaders of the National Salvation Junta, openly gave"	"Quifangondo on 10 November 1975, the day before the People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) declared Angola's independence from Portugal. Cuba supplied the People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) rebels with weapons and soldiers along with tanks to fight as the Cuban military would fight alongside the MPLA in major battles. The arrival of the T-55 tanks in 1963 allowed Castro to send many of the older T-34-85 tanks to the conflict in Angola in 1975. All of the T-34s in Angola were armed with a ZiS-S-53 85mm main gun and two 7.62mm DT machine guns,"	"in 1975, the year that Angola became an independent territory known as the People's Republic of Angola. At the age of 19, Passos Coelho was admitted to the University of Lisbon to study mathematics. He did not, however, finish his degree and instead taught mathematics at the Escola Secundária de Vila Pouca de Aguiar high school for a year (1982/1983). Back in Lisbon, he then made a living as a part-time private mathematics tutor, while developing his political career rising through the ranks of PSD's youth branch (JSD). In 1987 he was elected vice-president of JSD, and president in 1991."	"headed by Marcelo Caetano. Portugal's new revolutionary leaders began in 1974 a process of political change at home and accepted independence for its former colonies abroad. In Angola a fight for dominance broke out immediately between the three nationalist movements. The events prompted a mass exodus of Portuguese citizens, creating up to 300 000 destitute Portuguese refugees—the ""retornados"". The new Portuguese government tried to mediate an understanding between the three competing movements, which was initially agreed by the movements, but later disagreed. After it gained independence in November 1975, Angola experienced a devastating civil war which lasted several decades. It"	"between the three rebel factions and Portugal that were to pave the way to independence. Under its terms, a transitional government was formed, elections were scheduled for the end of the year, and 11 November 1975 was slated as Angola's independence day. Fighting between the three rebel factions started soon after the transitional government took office on 31 January 1975, with each movement gaining control of their traditional areas of influence by mid-1975: the MPLA in the capital and central Angola, the FNLA in the north and UNITA in the south. The FNLA was defeated in the 1970s and the"	"and South Africa intervened militarily in favour of the FNLA and UNITA, with the intention of taking Luanda before the declaration of independence. In response, Cuba intervened in favour of the MPLA, and the country became a flash point for the Cold War. With Cuban support, the MPLA held Luanda and declared independence on 11 November 1975, with Agostinho Neto becoming the first president, although the civil war continued. Independent Angola's first constitution dedicated the new republic to eliminating the vestiges of Portuguese colonialism. The Constitution provided numerous guarantees of individual freedom and prohibited discrimination based on color, race, ethnic"	"in January 1975 when the Portuguese government, the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), and the National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA) signed the Alvor Agreement. In 1482, the Kingdom of Portugal's caravels, commanded by navigator Diogo Cão, arrived in the Kingdom of Kongo. Other expeditions followed, and close relations were soon established between the two kingdoms. The Portuguese brought firearms, many other technological advances, and a new religion, Christianity. In return, the King of the Congo offered slaves, ivory and minerals. Paulo Dias de Novais founded Luanda"	"Independence of Angola (UNITA) and the National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA) also declared Angolan independence as the Social Democratic Republic of Angola based in Huambo and the Democratic Republic of Angola based in Ambriz. The Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda (FLEC), armed and backed by the French government, declared the independence of the Republic of Cabinda in Paris. Francis Blondet was the ambassador of France to Angola. The current French ambassador is Sylvain Itté. Angola maintains an embassy in Paris and France maintains an embassy in Luanda. President José Eduardo dos Santos traveled to France,"	"United States, the People's Republic of China and the Mobutu government in Zaïre. The United States, South Africa, and several other African nations also supported Jonas Savimbi's National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), whose ethnic and regional base lies in the Ovimbundu heartland of central Angola. The government of the Soviet Union, well aware of South African activity in southern Angola, flew Cuban soldiers into Luanda one week before November 11, 1975, the date on which Angolan nationalists had agreed to declare independence. While Cuban officers led the mission and provided the bulk of the troop force,"	"Angola–Brazil relations Angola–Brazil relations refers to the historical and current bilateral relationship between Angola and Brazil. Brazil was the first country to recognize the independence of Angola, in November 1975. Commercial and economic ties dominate the relations of each country. Both countries are former colonies under the Portuguese Empire; Brazil from the early 16th century until its independence in 1822, and Angola until its independence in 1975. Due to their status as former Portuguese colonies and the transatlantic slave trade, Brazil and Angola have a long and important history of economic ties. Period of the transatlantic slave trade In 1646,"	"Nakuru Agreement The Nakuru Agreement, signed on June 21, 1975, in Nakuru, Kenya, was an attempt to salvage the Alvor Agreement, which granted Angola independence from Portugal and established a transitional government. While the Nakuru Agreement did produce a truce between the three nationalist movements—the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA), and National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA)—it was a fragile truce that dissolved on July 9, 1975. The three principal separatist leaders, MPLA's Agostinho Neto, UNITA's Jonas Savimbi, and the FNLA's Holden Roberto met in Nakuru from June"	"Sudan, Tanzania, Libya and Yugoslavia. While China did briefly support the MPLA, it also actively supported the MPLA's enemies, the FNLA and later UNITA, during the war for independence and the civil war. The switch was the result of tensions between China and the Soviet Union for dominance of the communist bloc, which almost led to war. MPLA The People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola, for some years called the People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola – Labour Party (, MPLA), is a political party that has ruled Angola since the country's independence from Portugal in 1975. The"	"and accepted independence for its former colonies abroad. In Angola a fight for dominance broke out immediately between the three nationalist movements. The events prompted a mass exodus of Portuguese citizens, creating up to 300 000 destitute Portuguese refugees—the ""retornados"". The new Portuguese government tried to mediate an understanding between the three competing movements, which was initially agreed by the movements, but later disagreed. After it gained independence in November 1975, Angola experienced a devastating civil war which lasted several decades. It claimed millions of lives and produced many refugees; it didn't end until 2002. Following negotiations held in Portugal,"
Which country mainly makes up the Horn of Africa?	"Horn of Africa The Horn of Africa (, , , , ) (shortened to HOA; alternatively Somali Peninsula) is a peninsula in Northeast Africa. It juts hundreds of kilometers into the Arabian Sea and lies along the southern side of the Gulf of Aden. The area is the easternmost projection of the African continent. Referred to in ancient and medieval times as ""Land of the Berbers"" and ""Habesha"", the Horn of Africa denotes the region containing the countries of Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, and Somalia. It covers approximately 2,000,000 km (770,000 sq mi) and is inhabited by roughly 115 million people"	"Doha, Qatar devoted several days of discussion to ways in which countries in the Horn region and the adjacent Arabian peninsula could further strengthen these historically close economic, social, cultural and religious ties. National history: Sultanates and kingdoms: Horn of Africa The Horn of Africa (, , , , ) (shortened to HOA; alternatively Somali Peninsula) is a peninsula in Northeast Africa. It juts hundreds of kilometers into the Arabian Sea and lies along the southern side of the Gulf of Aden. The area is the easternmost projection of the African continent. Referred to in ancient and medieval times as"	"as የአፍሪካ ቀንድ yäafrika qänd in Amharic, القرن الأفريقي‎ al-qarn al-'afrīqī in Arabic, Gaaffaa Afriikaa in Oromo and ቀርኒ ኣፍሪቃ in Tigrinya. The Horn of Africa is sometimes shortened to ""HOA"". The Horn of Africa is quite commonly designated simply the ""Horn"", while inhabitants are sometimes colloquially referred to as ""Horn Africans"". Sometimes the term ""Greater Horn of Africa"" is used, either to be inclusive of neighbouring northeast African countries, or to distinguish the broader geopolitical definition of the Horn of Africa from narrower peninsular definitions. Ancient Greeks and Romans referred to the Somali peninsula as Regio Aromatica or Regio"	"led to strategic and political gains for Egypt and Israel. The Horn of Africa faces the Red Sea, the Arabian Sea and the Indian Ocean. As such, it has long had interactions with areas in Western Asia, particularly in the Arabian Peninsula, the Near East, and even as far east as the Indian subcontinent. Its coastal plain is hemmed in by mountain ranges which make the movement of large armies difficult and cumbersome and favor local forces that resist. Countries and areas with ancient histories, such as Ethiopia and Somalia, all have had eras of great empires. Various ancient empires"	"Horn Africans in the United States Horn Africans in the United States are Americans with ancestry from the Horn of Africa. They include Djiboutian, Eritrean, Ethiopian and Somali individuals. The Djiboutian community in the United States is small, numbering less than 300 individuals. Its constituents primarily hail from the Somali and Afar populations, Djibouti's two largest ethnic groups. Djiboutian nationals of Somali ethnicity are typically aggregated with Somali Americans. Prior to 1991, when Eritrea obtained its independence, it was a part of Ethiopia. Overall, approximately 20,000 people from Ethiopia moved to the West to achieve higher education and conduct diplomatic"	"Ethiopia Ethiopia (; , , ), officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (, ), is a country in the northeastern part of Africa, popularly known as the Horn of Africa. It shares borders with Eritrea to the north, Djibouti to the northeast, Somalia to the east, Sudan and South Sudan to the west, and Kenya to the south. With over floor(/1e6) million inhabitants, Ethiopia is the most populous landlocked country in the world and the second-most populous nation on the African continent. It occupies a total area of , and its capital and largest city is Addis Ababa. Some"	"Africa"", commented, ""Africans may wonder why the hub is not being built in a bit of Africa where more Africans live and which has food and water."" Bridge of the Horns The Bridge of the Horns (Arabic: جسر القرن الإفريقي , """"Djisr al-Qarn al-Ifriqiyah"""", ""Bridge of the Horn of Africa"") is a proposed construction project to build a bridge between the coasts of Djibouti and Yemen, across the Bab-el-Mandeb, between the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden. It would be constructed by Al Noor Holding Investment. , nothing has been heard about this project since the announcement in 2010 that"	"Horn of Africa, some Ethiopian and Eritrean groups (like the Amhara and Tigrayans, collectively known as Habesha) speak languages from the Semitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family, while the Oromo and Somali speak languages from the Cushitic branch of Afro-Asiatic. Prior to the decolonization movements of the post-World War II era, Europeans were represented in every part of Africa. Decolonization during the 1960s and 1970s often resulted in the mass emigration of white settlers – especially from Algeria and Morocco (1.6 million ""pieds-noirs"" in North Africa), Kenya, Congo, Rhodesia, Mozambique and Angola. Between 1975 and 1977, over a million"	"by reaching the last 10 African football teams in the last stage of qualification for the 2014 FIFA World Cup. Noted players include captain Adane Girma and top scorer Saladin Said. Ethiopia has Sub-Saharan Africa's longest basketball tradition as it established a national basketball team in 1949. Ethiopia Ethiopia (; , , ), officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (, ), is a country in the northeastern part of Africa, popularly known as the Horn of Africa. It shares borders with Eritrea to the north, Djibouti to the northeast, Somalia to the east, Sudan and South Sudan to the"	"Somalia Somalia ( ; ; ), officially the Federal Republic of Somalia (; ; ), is a country with its territory located in the Horn of Africa. It is bordered by Ethiopia to the west, Djibouti to the northwest, the Gulf of Aden to the north, the Guardafui Channel and Indian Ocean to the east, and Kenya to the southwest. It is separated from Socotra by the Guardafui Channel in the northeast. Somalia has the longest coastline on Africa's mainland, and its terrain consists mainly of plateaus, plains and highlands. Climatically, hot conditions prevail year-round, with periodic monsoon winds and"	"Laden, has initiated the construction of the ambitious Bridge of the Horns project, which ultimately aims to connect the Horn of Africa with the Arabian Peninsula via a massive bridge. The project is intended to facilitate and accelerate the already centuries-old trade and commerce between the two regions. The last division of the League is the isolated island of Comoros, which is not physically connected to any other Arab state, but still trades with other League members. In collecting literacy data, many countries estimate the number of literate people based on self-reported data. Some use educational attainment data as a"	"in the Middle East during this period of change. Zenawi died in 2012, but his Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) party remains the ruling political coalition in Ethiopia. The Horn of Africa is almost equidistant from the equator and the Tropic of Cancer. It consists chiefly of mountains uplifted through the formation of the Great Rift Valley, a fissure in the Earth's crust extending from Turkey to Mozambique and marking the separation of the African and Arabian tectonic plates. Mostly mountainous, the region arose through faults resulting from the Rift Valley. Geologically, the Horn and Yemen once formed a"	"Bridge of the Horns The Bridge of the Horns (Arabic: جسر القرن الإفريقي , """"Djisr al-Qarn al-Ifriqiyah"""", ""Bridge of the Horn of Africa"") is a proposed construction project to build a bridge between the coasts of Djibouti and Yemen, across the Bab-el-Mandeb, between the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden. It would be constructed by Al Noor Holding Investment. , nothing has been heard about this project since the announcement in 2010 that Phase I had been delayed. Given the Yemeni Civil War it seems unlikely that the project will start in the near future. The length of the bridge"	"Horn of Africa and North Africa. At the start of the 2000s, individuals originating from the Middle East and North Africa comprised most of the persons involved in the Islamist milieu in Sweden. Additionally, male and female converts and Sweden-born second-generation immigrants were among the militant ranks. Some of the foreign fighters who emigrated from Sweden also originated in the former Yugoslavia and Russia. As of 2017, most of the opposition fighters in Syria and Iraq were native Syrians and Iraqis. Foreign fighters in the region hailed from 38 different nations. 80% of these individuals arrived from Sweden's counties of"	"the Horn of Africa and followed the ""southern coastal route"" once in Asia. Thus Oppenheimer is opposed to the theory that there was another out of Africa migration using a northern route along the Nile and into the Levant as suggested by Lahr and Foley 1994. The book also supports the theory that modern humans were in South Asia during the Toba catastrophe. Oppenheimer uses familiar names to describe genetic lineages. The biblical analogies of Adam and Eve are used to describe the most recent common ancestors via mitochondrial DNA and the y-chromosome. Other male lineages are described as Cain,"	"Horn of Africa . As such, the country seeks independence from neighbouring Somalis Like their neighbors the secessionist region of Somaliland to its west, Puntland is n. However, both regions have one thing in common: they base their support upon clan elders and their organizational structure along lines based on clan relationships and kinship. Since 1998, Puntland has also been in territorial disputes with Somaliland over the Sool and Sanaag regions. The legal structure of Puntland consists of the judiciary, legislative (House of Representatives) and the executive (the President and his nominated Council of Ministries) branches of government. Though relatively"	"Djibouti Djibouti ( ; , ', , , officially the Republic of Djibouti) is a country located in the Horn of Africa. It is bordered by Eritrea in the north, Ethiopia in the west and south, and Somalia in the southeast. The remainder of the border is formed by the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden at the east. Djibouti occupies a total area of . Djibouti has always been a very active member in the African Union and the Arab League. In antiquity, the territory was part of the Land of Punt and then the Kingdom of Aksum."	"Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa (OEF-HOA) is the United States military operation to combat militant Islamism and piracy in the Horn of Africa. It is one component of Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF), which includes eight African states stretching from the far northeast of the continent to the oil-rich Gulf of Guinea in the west. The other OEF mission in Africa is known as Operation Enduring Freedom – Trans Sahara (OEF-TS), which, until the creation of the new United States Africa Command, was run from the United States European Command. The Combined"	"pygmy gerbil, the ammodile, and the Speke's pectinator. The Grevy's zebra is the unique wild equid of the region. There are predators such as spotted hyena, striped hyena and African leopard. The endangered painted hunting dog had populations in the Horn of Africa, but pressures from human exploitation of habitat along with warfare have reduced or extirpated this canid in this region. Some important bird species of the Horn are the black boubou, the golden-winged grosbeak, the Warsangli linnet, and the Djibouti francolin. The Horn of Africa holds more endemic reptiles than any other region in Africa, with over 285"	"Haud Haud (or Hawd; Amharic: ሓውድ) is a region of thorn-bush and grasslands in the Horn of Africa. It includes the eastern side Somali region or the Ogaden. The Haud is of indeterminate extent; some authorities consider it denotes the part of Ethiopia east of the city of Harar. I.M. Lewis provides a much more detailed description, indicating that it reaches south from the foothills of the Golia and Ogo Mountains. ""The northern and eastern tips lie within the Somali Republic, while the western and southern portions (the later merging with the Ogaden plateau) form part of the Harari Province"	"– has a coastline of . From the most northerly point, Ras ben Sakka in Tunisia (37°21' N), to the most southerly point, Cape Agulhas in South Africa (34°51'15"" S), is a distance of approximately . Cape Verde, 17°33'22"" W, the westernmost point, is a distance of approximately to Ras Hafun, 51°27'52"" E, the most easterly projection that neighbours Cape Guardafui, the tip of the Horn of Africa. Africa's largest country is Algeria, and its smallest country is Seychelles, an archipelago off the east coast. The smallest nation on the continental mainland is The Gambia. The African Plate is a"	"Cape Horn Cape Horn (, ) is the southernmost headland of the Tierra del Fuego archipelago of southern Chile, and is located on the small Hornos Island. Although not the most southerly point of South America (which are the Diego Ramírez Islands), Cape Horn marks the northern boundary of the Drake Passage and marks where the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans meet. Cape Horn was discovered and first rounded by the Dutchman Willem Schouten, who named it after the city of Hoorn in the Netherlands. For decades, Cape Horn was a major milestone on the clipper route, by which sailing ships"	"History of Djibouti Djibouti is a country in the Horn of Africa. It is bordered by Somalia to the southeast, Eritrea and the Red Sea to the north and northeast, Ethiopia to the west and south, and the Gulf of Aden to the east. In antiquity, the territory was part of the Land of Punt. The Djibouti area, along with other localities in the Horn region, was later the seat of the medieval Adal and Ifat Sultanates. In the late 19th century, the colony of French Somaliland was established following treaties signed by the ruling Issa Somali and Afar Sultans"	"inhabiting the Horn of Africa. The overwhelming majority of Somalis speak the Somali language, which is part of the Cushitic branch of the Afroasiatic family. They are predominantly Sunni Muslim. Ethnic Somalis number around 28-30 million and are principally concentrated in Somalia (around 15 million), Ethiopia (8.5 million), Kenya (2.4 million), and Djibouti (534,000). A Somali diaspora is also found in parts of the Middle East, African Great Lakes region, Southern Africa, North America, Oceania, and Western Europe. The Beja (Beja: Oobja; ) are an ethnic group inhabiting Sudan, as well as parts of Eritrea and Egypt in recent history"	"location has been crucial in shaping its development. Situated in the Horn of Africa, Djibouti is one of the smallest countries in the world. It is bordered by Eritrea, Somalia and Ethiopia, the latter being completely dependent on Djibouti for its maritime exports. Overlooking the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden, the port of Djibouti is one of the most strategic trade facilities connecting Asia, Europe and Africa. Its geographic location, its port and the presence of military bases have contributed to Djibouti's economic growth. However, these have also shaped a model of economic growth which has become unsustainable,"	"Adeso Adeso, formerly known as Horn Relief, is a non-governmental organization founded in 1991 by Fatima Jibrell. The organization started at the grassroots level, working in one town in Somalia, Badhan, working with women, youth and pastoralism. It has now grown into an international organization working in three countries - Somalia, Kenya and South Sudan - with its headquarters in Nairobi, Kenya. In 1991, Fatima Jibrell founded the Horn of Africa Relief and Development Organization in Connecticut, USA, in response to the devastation of the Somali civil war and the devastation of her homeland, Somalia, its land and its people."	"for Africans. Member states of the African Union cover almost the entirety of continental Africa, except for several territories held by Spain (Canary Islands, Plazas de soberanía); France (Mayotte, Réunion, Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean); Portugal (Madeira, Savage Islands); and the United Kingdom (Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha). Consequently, the geography of the African Union is wildly diverse, including the world's largest hot desert (the Sahara), huge jungles and savannas, and the world's longest river (the Nile). The AU presently has an area of , with of coastline. The vast majority of this area is on continental"	"Horn of Africa, Gulf of Aden, Red Sea, North Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman. On 21 January 2006, , an ""Arleigh Burke""-class destroyer, captured a vessel operating off the Somali coast whose crew were suspected of piracy. On 18 March 2006, , a ""Ticonderoga""-class cruiser and , an ""Arleigh Burke""-class destroyer, engaged pirate vessels after receiving fire from them. On 3 June 2007, , a landing ship dock, engaged pirates attacking a freighter, but failed to repel them. On 28 October 2007, the destroyer , opened fire on pirates who had captured a freighter and with other vessels"	"of Africa that are within the Arab world. South Semitic languages are also spoken in parts of the Horn of Africa (Ethiopia, Eritrea). The Chadic branch is distributed in Central and West Africa. Hausa, its most widely spoken language, serves as a lingua franca in West Africa (Niger, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Cameroon, and Chad). The several families lumped under the term Khoi-San include languages indigenous to Southern Africa and Tanzania, though some, such as the Khoi languages, appear to have moved to their current locations not long before the Bantu expansion. In Southern Africa, their speakers are the Khoikhoi and"	"while those above the Sahara, in North Africa, are predominantly Islamic. There are also Muslim majorities in parts of the Horn of Africa (Djibouti and Somalia) and in the Sahel and Sudan regions (the Gambia, Sierra Leone, Guinea, Mali, Niger and Senegal), as well as significant Muslim communities in Ethiopia and Eritrea, and on the Swahili Coast (Tanzania and Kenya). Mauritius is the only country in Africa to have a Hindu majority. Traditional African religions can be broken down into linguistic cultural groups, with common themes. Among Niger–Congo-speakers is a belief in a creator God; ancestor spirits; territorial spirits; evil"	"very popular with tourists. Only seven African countries are not geopolitically a part of Sub-Saharan Africa: Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia, Western Sahara (claimed by Morocco) and Sudan; they form the UN subregion of Northern Africa, which also makes up the largest bloc of the Arab World. Nevertheless, some international organisations include Sudan as part of Sub-Saharan Africa. Although a long-standing member of the Arab League, Sudan has around 30% non-Arab populations in the west (Darfur, Masalit, Zaghawa), far north (Nubian) and south (Kordofan, Nuba). Mauritania and Niger only include a band of the Sahel along their southern borders. All"	"Geography of Somalia Somalia is a country located in the Horn of Africa. It is bordered by Ethiopia to the west, Djibouti to the northwest, the Gulf of Aden to the north, the Indian Ocean and Guardafui Channel to the east, and Kenya to the southwest. With a land area of 637,657 square kilometers, Somalia's terrain consists mainly of plateaus, plains and highlands. Its coastline is more than 3,333 kilometers in length, the longest of mainland Africa and the Middle East. It has been described as being roughly shaped ""like a tilted number seven"". In the far north, the rugged"	"situated at Djibouti-Ambouli International Airport and home to the Combined Joint Task Force - Horn of Africa (CJTF-HOA) of the U.S. Africa Command (USAFRICOM). In 2011, Japan also opened a local naval base staffed by 180 personnel to assist in marine defense. This initiative is expected to generate $30 million in revenue for the Djiboutian government. History of Djibouti Djibouti is a country in the Horn of Africa. It is bordered by Somalia to the southeast, Eritrea and the Red Sea to the north and northeast, Ethiopia to the west and south, and the Gulf of Aden to the east."
What is the capital of Sierra Leone?	"transmitting station using 104.9 MHz. A relay in Bo, Sierra Leone, provides coverage of the city on 102.3 MHz. A relay was launched in Makeni in January 2012 using 103.3 MHz and for Kenema in May 2017 using 104.9 MHz. The station also started streaming its broadcasts in July 2016. Capital Radio Sierra Leone Capital Radio is a Sierra Leone radio station based at the Mammy Yoko Business Park in Aberdeen, Freetown. Capital Radio was established as a company in Sierra Leone in 2005. The station has 3 directors - Adonis Abboud, Colin Mason and David Stanley. Test programmes commenced"	"region of Sierra Leone without a foreign border. Western Area The Western Area or Freetown Peninsula (formerly the Colony of Sierra Leone) is one of four principal divisions of Sierra Leone. It comprises the oldest city and national capital Freetown and its surrounding towns and countryside. It covers an area of 557 km and has a population of 1,447,271. The Western Area is located mostly around the peninsula and is divided into two districts: the Western Area Rural and the Western Area Urban. The Western Area is the wealthiest region in Sierra Leone, having the largest economy, financial and cultural"	"Freetown Freetown is the capital and largest city of Sierra Leone. It is a major port city on the Atlantic Ocean and is located in the Western Area of the country. Freetown is Sierra Leone's major urban, economic, financial, cultural, educational and political centre, as it is the seat of the Government of Sierra Leone. The population of Freetown was 1,055,964 at the 2015 census. The city's economy revolves largely around its harbour, which occupies a part of the estuary of the Sierra Leone River in one of the world's largest natural deep water harbours. The population of Freetown is"	"Western Area The Western Area or Freetown Peninsula (formerly the Colony of Sierra Leone) is one of four principal divisions of Sierra Leone. It comprises the oldest city and national capital Freetown and its surrounding towns and countryside. It covers an area of 557 km and has a population of 1,447,271. The Western Area is located mostly around the peninsula and is divided into two districts: the Western Area Rural and the Western Area Urban. The Western Area is the wealthiest region in Sierra Leone, having the largest economy, financial and cultural center, as well as the seat of the"	"2017 Sierra Leone mudslides On the morning of August 14, 2017, significant mudflow events occurred in and around the capital city of Freetown in Sierra Leone. Following three days of torrential rainfall, mass wasting of mud and debris damaged or destroyed hundreds of buildings in the city, killing 1,141 people and leaving more than 3,000 homeless. Causal factors for the mudslides include the region's particular topography and climate – with Freetown's elevation close to sea level and its greater position within a tropical monsoon climate. Those factors were assisted by the generally poor state of the region's infrastructure and loss"	"the major colleges in Sierra Leone is located in the city. Port Loko Port Loko is the capital and second largest town of Port Loko District in the Northern Province of Sierra Leone. The town had a population of 21,961 in the 2004 census and current estimate of 44,900. Port Loko lies approximately 45 miles east of Freetown. The area in and around Port Loko is a major bauxite mining and trade centre. The town lies on the main highway linking Freetown to Guinea's capital Conakry. It also lies on the over-land highway between Freetown and its major airport, Lungi"	"estimated 62% of people living outside the cities. As a result of migration to cities, the population is becoming more urban with an estimated rate of urbanisation growth of 2.9% a year. Population density varies greatly within Sierra Leone. The Western Area Urban District, including Freetown, the capital and largest city, has a population density of 1,224 persons per square km. The largest district geographically, Koinadugu, has a much lower density of 21.4 persons per square km. English is the official language, spoken at schools, government administration and in the media. Krio (derived from English and several indigenous African languages,"	"former minister of foreign affairs; Sir Banja Tejan-Sie, former Sierra Leone chief justice, former speaker of parliament and former attorney general, Ella Koblo Gulama, Sierra Leone's first elected female Member of Parliament and Sierra Leone's first female Cabinet Minister; Sierra Leonean diplomat John Akar, who composed the music of Sierra Leone's National Anthem. The district is made up of fourteen chiefdoms as the third level of administrative subdivision. Moyamba District Moyamba District is the largest district in the Southern Province of Sierra Leone with a population of 318,064 in the 2015 census. Its capital and largest city is Moyamba. The"	"with many deaths reported. Sugar Loaf (Freetown) Sugar Loaf is a forested mountain in the Western Area of Sierra Leone in west Africa. The capital city of Freetown is built around its lower slopes. Parts of the mountain are protected as the Western Area Forest Reserve. The 19th-century British missionary George Thompson documented his ascent of Sugar Loaf in his 1859 book ""The Palm Land; Or, West Africa, Illustrated"". On Monday 14 August, 2017 in the 2017 Sierra Leone mudslides a landslide triggered by heavy rains swept down one of its flanks and inundated a part of the urban area"	"country's capital Freetown to the east and west; Port Loko District to the north; and the atlantic ocean to the south and east. The Western Area Rural District is one of the most ethnically diverse districts in Sierra Leone. No single ethnic group form a majority in the district. The Western Area Rural District is home to many different ethnic groups, including a significant population of the Krio and Sherbro people. The district is home to a large population of both Muslims and Christians. Like the other fifteen districts of Sierra Leone, the Western Area Rural District has its own"	"Magburaka Magburaka is the capital and largest city of Tonkolili District in the Northern Province of Sierra Leone. Its population was 16,313 in the 2004 census. and a current estimate of 40,313 . It is located at around , along the Rokel River. Magburaka lies just about 26 miles (42 km) drive south-west of Makeni, the economic center of Northern Sierra Leone and about 80 miles (135 km) drive east of the country's capital Freetown. Magburaka is a trade center and is one of the main cities in Northern Sierra Leone. Magburaka is an educational center and is home to"	"Sierra Leone Sierra Leone (, ), officially the Republic of Sierra Leone, informally Salone, is a country in West Africa. It is bordered by Guinea to the northeast, Liberia to the southeast and the Atlantic Ocean to the southwest. It has a tropical climate, with a diverse environment ranging from savanna to rainforests. The country has a total area of and a population of 7,075,641 as of the 2015 census. Sierra Leone is a constitutional republic with a directly elected president and a unicameral legislature. Sierra Leone has a dominant unitary central government. The president is the head of state"	"home games at Freetown's National Stadium, the largest stadium in Sierra Leone. Eight of the fifteen clubs in the Sierra Leone National Premier League are from Freetown, including two of Sierra Leone's biggest and most successful football clubs, East End Lions, and Mighty Blackpool. A match between these two teams is the biggest domestic-football clash in Sierra Leone. A Notable Sierra Leonian footballer is Kei Kamara, who currently plays for New England Revolution of Major League Soccer. Freetown Freetown is the capital and largest city of Sierra Leone. It is a major port city on the Atlantic Ocean and is"	"for use over a 10-month period. Three months removed from the disaster, the Sierra Leone government announced the closure of emergency camps, which housed many families awaiting financial assistance. About 98 families from the UK-Aid and World Food Programme-sponsored camps received assistance, yet nearly 500 families housed in informal refuges had not prior to the November 15 deadline. 2017 Sierra Leone mudslides On the morning of August 14, 2017, significant mudflow events occurred in and around the capital city of Freetown in Sierra Leone. Following three days of torrential rainfall, mass wasting of mud and debris damaged or destroyed hundreds"	"country's national government. Unlike the other regions in Sierra Leone, the western area is not a province. It is divided into two districts: Freetown serves as the administrative headquarters of both the Western Area and the Urban District, and served as the capital of the Rural District until 2009 when it was formally moved to the city of Waterloo. To the northeast, the Western Area borders the Northern Province, and to the southeast it borders the Southern Province. However, most of the boundaries of the Western Area is the shoreline of the Atlantic Ocean. The Western Area is the only"	"Falaba District. Falaba District Falaba District is a district in the Northern Province of Sierra Leone. Its capital and largest town is Bendugu. Other towns in Falaba District include Falaba, Sikunia, Krubola, Bafolia and Yiffin. Falaba District is divided into thirteen chiefdoms, and is one of the sixteen districts of Sierra Leone. Falaba District has a population of 205,353, based on 2018 estimate. In 2016, Falaba District was created out of Koinadugu District, and declared a newly created district by then Sierra Leone""s president Ernest Bai Koroma, and was ratified by the Parliament of Sierra Leone to officially become a"	"Sierra Leone. Workers came from all these areas in the 19th through much of the 20th century. Spanish has been an official language since 1844, when Spain took control of the island. It is still the language of education and administration, related to the more than 100 years as a Spanish colony. 67.6% of Equatorial Guineans can speak Spanish, especially those living in the capital, Malabo, on Bioko. Malabo is the capital city of Equatorial Guinea. The island is mostly covered by tropical rainforest. Located on Punta Europa, west of Malabo, the Alba Gas Plant processes natural gas delivered from"	"help found Freetown in 1787, both as a province of freedom to resettle slaves liberated by activists, as well as a center of economic activity between the Europeans and the ethnic groups of Sierra Leone including the Temne people. Freetown grew to be a center of European and African abolitionists in the early 1800s, who sought to detect and stop all slave trading and shipping activity. It is now the capital of Sierra Leone. After its founding in 1840, Freetown became the site of the settlement of freed slaves of many different ethnic groups who had escaped or been liberated"	"airport had regularly scheduled direct flights to London, Paris, Brussels and most major cities in West Africa. In September 2014 there were many Districts with travel restrictions including Kailahun, Kenema, Bombali, Tonkolili, and Port Loko because of Ebola. As of 2016, access to electricity in Sierra Leone was at about 12% for the entire population. Of this 12%, about 10% of the population was located in the urban capital, Freetown. This leaves around 2% of the rural population with access to electricity. The majority of the population relies on biomass fuels for their daily survival, with firewood and coal used"	"is overwhelmingly popular in Kono District and is one of the biggest football clubs in Sierra Leone. The Diamond Stars are the champions of the 2012 Sierra Leone National Premier League season, and the first club outside Freetown to ever won the Premier League. Koidu Koidu Town (or Sefadu) is the capital and largest city of the diamond-rich Kono District in the Eastern Province of Sierra Leone. The population of Koidu Town is 124,662 based on the 2015 Sierra Leone Census. Koidu Town is the fourth largest city in Sierra Leone by population, after Freetown, Kenema and Bo. Koidu Town"	"caused soil erosion. Within a decade leading up to the disaster, Sierra Leone cleared approximately 800,000 hectares of forest cover – the country's civil war, fought between 1991 and 2002, was also a cause of deforestation. The nation's Environmental Protective Agency launched a reforesting mission in the region two weeks prior to the floods and mudslides, which was ultimately unsuccessful. According to the National Weather Service's Climate Prediction Center, Sierra Leone experienced a particularly wet rainy season, with the capital city of Freetown, in the Western Area of the country, experiencing 41 inches (104 cm) of rainfall from July 1,"	"north of Sierra Leone, with close proximity to Kono District and the international border with Guinea . Kabala is one of the largest towns in Sierra Leone in total land area; but is less densely populated. Kabala is one of the most ethnically diverse cities in Sierra Leone, with no single ethnic group forming a majority. Like the rest of Koinadugu District, the inhabitants of Kabala are largely from the Kuranko, Mandingo, Yalunka, Limba and Fula ethnic groups. Sierra Leone's president Ernest Bai Koroma celebrated the 2012 new year in Kabala. President Koroma held a townhall meeting at the Yogomaia"	"Bo, Sierra Leone Bo, also commonly referred to as Bo Town, is the third largest city in Sierra Leone by population (after Freetown and Kenema) and the largest city in the Southern Province. Bo is the capital and administrative center of Bo District. The city of Bo had a population of 149,957 in the 2004 census and has an estimated current population of about 175,000. Bo is an urban center, and lies approximately 160 miles (250 km) east south-east of Freetown, and about 44 miles (71 km) to Kenema. Bo is the leading financial, educational and economic center of Southern"	"activity in the district, as well as agricultural productivity such as rice, mango, beans, cattle rearing, to name but few. Koinadugu District Koinadugu District is a district in the Northern Province of Sierra Leone. It is the largest District in Sierra Leone in geographical area, and one of the least most densely populated. Its capital and largest city is Kabala, which is also one of the main cities in Northern Sierra Leone. The District of Koinadugu has a population of 404,097, based on the 2015 Sierra Leone national census; and has a total area of . Koinadugu District is subdivided"	"II). Most of the tallest and most important national government building and foreign embassies are based in Central Freetown. Sierra Leone's House of Parliament and the State House, the principal workplace of the president of Sierra Leone, are on Tower Hill in central Freetown. The National Stadium, the home stadium of the Sierra Leone national football team (popularly known as the Leone Stars) is in the Brookfield neighborhood. The three westernmost wards (West I, West II, and West III) of the city constitute the West End of Freetown. These wards are relatively affluent. Most of the city's luxury hotels, a"	"is the birthplace of Sierra Leone's minister of Health Haja Zainab Hawa Bangura; and former Sierra Leone's foreign minister from 2002 to 2007 Momodu Koroma. Yonibana Yonibana is a small rural town in Tonkolili District in the Northern Province of Sierra Leone. It is the centre of the Yoni Chiefdom The vast majority of its population are from the Temne ethnic group and the Temne language is widely spoken in the town. Yonibana lies approximately 28.2 miles to the district capital Magburaka and approximately 90 miles north-east of Freetown. The town is best known for being home to its dynamic"	"Murray Town, Sierra Leone Murray Town is a suburb in Sierra Leone's capital of Freetown. The Amputees and War Wounded Association is based here arising from the local camp for such people. The Sierra Leone Grammar School is also located here. Murray Town contains many colonial style board houses dating back to the turn of the 20th century. Murray Town was founded in April 1829 provide accommodation for liberated enslaved Africans, who had been brought to Freetown by the British Royal Navy West Africa Squadron. It originally housed three hundred and twenty six liberated Africans, under the management of a"	"Falaba District Falaba District is a district in the Northern Province of Sierra Leone. Its capital and largest town is Bendugu. Other towns in Falaba District include Falaba, Sikunia, Krubola, Bafolia and Yiffin. Falaba District is divided into thirteen chiefdoms, and is one of the sixteen districts of Sierra Leone. Falaba District has a population of 205,353, based on 2018 estimate. In 2016, Falaba District was created out of Koinadugu District, and declared a newly created district by then Sierra Leone""s president Ernest Bai Koroma, and was ratified by the Parliament of Sierra Leone to officially become a district in"	"11, 2014 the first case was reported in the capital of Sierra Leone, Freetown, however the person had traveled to the capital from another area of the country. By this time there were over 300 confirmed cases and 99 were confirmed to have died from Ebola. There was another case before the end of the month. On 29 July, well-known physician Sheik Umar Khan, Sierra Leone's only expert on hemorrhagic fever, died after contracting Ebola at his clinic in Kenema. Khan had long worked with Lassa fever, a disease that kills over 5,000 a year in Africa. He had expanded"	"incorporated into the speech of the various groups of freed slaves landed in Sierra Leone between 1787 and about 1855. The pidgin gradually evolved to become a stable language, the native language of descendants of the freed slaves (which are now a distinct ethnic and cultural group, the Creoles), and the lingua franca of Sierra Leone. Most ethnic and cultural Creoles live in and around Freetown, the capital of Sierra Leone, and their community accounts for about 3% to 6% of Sierra Leone's total population (Freetown is the province where the returned slaves from London and Nova Scotia settled). However,"	"2018 Sierra Leone presidential election, having named the APC vice presidential candidate at the party's convention in Makeni on October 15, 2017. Chernor Maju Bah was first elected a member of parliament in the 2007 Sierra Leone Parliamentary elections. He was re-elected in the 2012 Sierra Leone Parliamentary elections with 68.45%, defeating his main opponent Joseph Maada Soyei of the main opposition Sierra Leone People's Party (SLPP). Chernor Maju Bah was born and raised in the neighborhood of Brookfield in the capital Freetown. He is a practicing Muslim and a member of the Fula ethnic group from Freetown. He is"	"General of Sierra Leone Police (SLP), The professional head of the Sierra Leone Police forces who is appointed by the president of Sierra Leone. He was appointed to the position by former president Ahmad Tejan Kabbah. Kamara is a member of the Limba ethnic group. Kamara also has relation to the town Kamabai situated in the Northern Province of Sierra Leone, 15 miles away from the capital of Bombali, Makeni as well as Mabokeni and Binkolo. Brima Acha Kamara The current Inspector General of Police - Mr. Francis Alieu Munu was appointed to his post on Friday 20 August 2010."	"former African soldier of the Royal African Corps. It was constructed as four wide streets. Murray Town, Sierra Leone Murray Town is a suburb in Sierra Leone's capital of Freetown. The Amputees and War Wounded Association is based here arising from the local camp for such people. The Sierra Leone Grammar School is also located here. Murray Town contains many colonial style board houses dating back to the turn of the 20th century. Murray Town was founded in April 1829 provide accommodation for liberated enslaved Africans, who had been brought to Freetown by the British Royal Navy West Africa Squadron."

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