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Anhui Fitech Materials Co.,Ltd
Anhui fitech Materials Co.,Ltd is a professional high-tech company,
supplying worldwide clients nonferrous metals and fine materials
(typical or hard-to-find), in a variety of different grades, forms,
purity and dimension.
After years of efforts, we have a comprehensive quality management
system and production flow with advantages of below:
Customize ultra-pure metals,alloys and compounds.
Full process to the beginning of project and final production.
Independent Import&Export License.
Reputable business relationship spread over spread over 50
countries and regions. | Yes |
After a day in the garden, Wega Soap from Elixoo is ideal for caring for stressed skin. It soothes inflammation, especially with bites and scratches, and gives the skin what it needs. Essential for every day, this soap enriched with cannabis extract cleanses and provides the skin with valuable care as soon as it is cleansed. By the way, the soap is not only suitable for the hands. Washing becomes a pleasure!
Safflower oil, hemp seed oil, meteorite powder, full spectrum CBD, olive oil, oat protein extract
COCOS NUCIFERA OILELAEIS GUINEENSIS OILCARTHAMUS TINCTORIUS SEED OIL
ELIXOO - The soap from the cosmos with meteorite extract
Meteorite extract is rich in essential trace elements such as silicon, minerals such as calcium and magnesium, iron and many other ingredients such as titanium, copper or magnetite. In its original form, the extract from meteorites contains the energy of the universe and makes it so unique and highly effective for skin care.
Made in the EU without animal testing, parabens, micoplastics, silicones, mineral oil or paraffins!
More ELIXOO products | Yes |
Nourishment, conditioning and improving the strength and elasticity of hair are basic requirements for a healthy hair production. Basic hair care involves a healthy lifestyle and proper care. Healthy hair indicates hair strength, vitality, shine and texture.
Thus, hair care actives are used to render protection, and to nourish and strengthen the hair for maximum beauty, health and shine.
Sabinsa offers following actives to give your hair much needed support:
A GRAS-affirmed extract, obtained from Green tender coconut water. It is packed with a powerhouse of micronutrients and growth promoters; helps promote hair growth. Proven in vitro studies to enhance the activity of Minoxidil by 10% in dermal papilla cells.
An ORAC Dense PhytonutrientTM extracted from the fresh fruits of Emblica officinalis, commonly known as Indian Gooseberry, standardized for 10% β- Glucogallin. It helps protect dermal papillary cells from UV damage and also exhibits 5-α reductase inhibitory activity.
Commonly known as Bhringaraj, standardized for 10% Wedelolactone, is well recognised and clinically validated; proven to be comparable with Minoxidil as hair growth promoter.
A clear colorless liquid; clinically effective and well tolerated pediculicide.
An odour-free, water-soluble, selenium supplement, which helps hair growth and prevents hair loss.
Obtained from Kaempferia galanga, a natural source, standardized to contain a minimum of 98% ethyl p-methoxycinnamate. It helps in protection of hair fibers and hair colour fading against UV radiation. | Yes |
- monoclonal antibody
antibody produced by a laboratory-grown cell clone, either of a hybridoma or a virus-transformed lymphocyte, that is more abundant and uniform than natural antibody and is able to bind specifically to a single site on almost any chosen antigen or reveal previously unknown antigen sites: used as an analytic tool in scientific research and medical diagnosis and potentially important in the treatment of certain diseases. Abbr.: MAb[1970-75]
* * *Introductionantibody produced artificially by a genetic engineering technique. Production of monoclonal antibodies was one of the most important techniques of biotechnology to emerge during the last quarter of the 20th century. When activated by an antigen, a circulating B cell multiplies to form a clone of plasma cells, each secreting identical immunoglobulin (antibody) molecules. It is such immunoglobulins—derived from the descendants of a single B cell—that are called monoclonal antibodies.The antibody response to a natural infection or an active immunization, however, is polyclonal. In other words, it involves many B cells, each of which recognizes a different antigenic determinant (epitope) of the immunizing antigen and secretes a different immunoglobulin. Thus the blood serum of an immunized person or animal normally contains a mixture of antibodies, all capable of combining with the same antigen but with different epitopes that appear on the surface of the antigen. Furthermore, even antibodies that bind to the same epitope often have different abilities to bind to that epitope. This makes isolating an appreciable quantity of a particular monoclonal antibody from the polyclonal mixture extremely difficult.HybridomaAn astonishingly high serum concentration of a single type of immunoglobulin is associated with multiple myeloma, a type of cancer in which a single B cell proliferates to form a tumorous clone of antibody-secreting cells that can multiply indefinitely, like all cancer cells (see immune system disorder: Cancers of the lymphocytes (immune system disorder)). Thus the immunoglobulins made by myelomas are monoclonal, and myeloma cells have been propagated to produce large quantities of monoclonal antibodies, which have been used to study the basic nature of immunoglobulins. Unfortunately, however, the antigen to which the myeloma antibodies bind is unknown. If an immunologist wanted to obtain large amounts of a particular antibody—say, the anti-Rh antibody—the induction of myelomas is useless, for it has proved impossible to specify beforehand what antibody will be secreted by any given myeloma.However, it is possible to produce large amounts of a chosen, identifiable monoclonal antibody (see illustration—>). Occasionally a cultured myeloma cell line continues to grow well but loses its ability to secrete immunoglobulin. In 1975 the immunologists Georges Köhler (Köhler, Georges J.F.) and César Milstein (Milstein, César) fused non-antibody-secreting cultured myeloma cells with normal B cells from the spleen of an immunized mouse. The fusion of a myeloma cell from a line that has lost the ability to secrete immunoglobulin with a B cell known to secrete a particular antibody results in a remarkable hybrid cell that produces the antibody made by its B-cell component but retains the capacity of its myeloma component to multiply indefinitely. Such a hybrid cell is called a hybridoma.Because of hybridomas, researchers can obtain monoclonal antibodies that recognize individual antigenic sites on almost any molecule, from drugs and hormones to microbial antigens and cell receptors. The exquisite specificity of monoclonal antibodies and their availability in quantity have made it possible to devise sensitive assays for an enormous range of biologically important substances and to distinguish cells from one another by identifying previously unknown marker molecules on their surfaces. For example, monoclonal antibodies that react with cancer antigens can be used to identify cancer cells in tissue samples. Moreover, if short-lived radioactive atoms are added to these antibodies and they are then administered in tiny quantities to a patient, they become attached exclusively to the cancer tissue. By means of instruments that detect the radioactivity, physicians can locate the cancerous sites without surgical intervention. Monoclonal antibodies also have been used experimentally to deliver cytotoxic drugs or radiation to cancer cells.Human monoclonal antibodiesAlthough the preparation of monoclonal antibodies from rat or mouse cells has become routine practice, the construction of human hybridomas has not been as easy. This is partly because most human myeloma cells do not grow well in culture, and those that do have not produced stable hybridomas. If, however, human B cells isolated from blood are infected by the Epstein-Barr virus (the agent that causes infectious mononucleosis), they can be propagated in culture, where they continue to secrete immunoglobulin. Very few of them are likely to produce an antibody with a desired specificity, even from a subject who has been immunized; but in some instances immunologists have succeeded in identifying and selecting cells that secrete the wanted immunoglobulin. These cells can be grown in culture as single clones that secrete a monoclonal antibody. Researchers have used this process to obtain human monoclonal antibodies against the Rh antigen.A simpler method of constructing human monoclonal antibodies can be accomplished using recombinant DNA (recombinant DNA technology) techniques. Once a mouse monoclonal antibody has been constructed using the traditional methods just described, DNA encoding the antigen-binding portion of the antibody molecule can be isolated and fused to human DNA that encodes an antibody. Then the hybrid DNA is inserted into a bacterium, which produces half-mouse–half-human monoclonal antibodies. The antibodies made by this method are less likely to induce an anti-antibody response when given to humans. Further fine-tuning can be done to change all parts of the antibody that are not directly involved in binding to the specific antigen. This technique has been used to produce a large number of different monoclonal antibodies for use in therapy.
* * * | Yes |
The Dirty Dozen
One of the best ways to make small changes in your home is to be aware of what ingredients to avoid. Let’s talk about the Dirty Dozen; the Dirty Dozen is a list of twelve ingredients that we suggest avoiding when choosing products for your home.
- BHA and BHT is an Endocrine disruptor and carcinogen and is used mainly in cosmetics as preservatives.
- Coal tar dyes are carcinogens and have a heavy metal toxicity; they are commonly found in processed foods, lipstick, hair dyes.
- DEA-related ingredients are also carcinogens; they are found in creamy or foaming products, such as moisturizers and shampoos.
- Dibutyl phthalates are Endocrine disruptors, as well as a reproductive toxicant; they are commonly used in nail care products.
- Formaldehyde-releasing preservatives are a carcinogen; they are used in a variety of cosmetics as preservatives.
- Parabens are Endocrine disruptors and they may interfere with male reproduction; they are used in cosmetics as preservatives.
- Parfum/Fragrance are carcinogens, and can cause neurotoxicity, allergies and skin sensitivities; they are used in variety of cosmetics to add aroma. Companies do not have to disclose the ingredients due to “trade secret”.
- PEG compounds: can be contaminated with 1,4-dioxane which may be a carcinogen; this ingredient is commonly used as the base for cosmetic creams.
- Petrolatum is also carcinogen; it is used in hair products for shine, and as the moisture barrier in lip balms/sticks.
- Siloxanes are also Endocrine disruptors, as well as a reproductive toxicant; they are used in cosmetics to soften, smooth & moisten.
- Sodium laureth sulfates are carcinogens; they are used in foaming cosmetics, shampoos, cleansers, and bubble bath.
- Triclosans are also Endocrine disruptors, and can cause antibiotic resistance; they are found in toothpastes, cleansers, and antiperspirants.
What is an Endocrine Disruptor? Endocrine disruptors are chemicals that may interfere with the body’s endocrine system and produce adverse developmental, reproductive, neurological, and immune effects in both humans and wildlife. According to the Environmental Working Group, “There is no end to the tricks that endocrine disruptors can play on our bodies: increasing production of certain hormones; decreasing production of others; imitating hormones; turning one hormone into another; interfering with hormone signaling; telling cells to die prematurely; competing with essential nutrients; binding to essential hormones; accumulating in organs that produce hormones.”
This post first appeared in the Young Living Training and Education Group | Yes |
Sodium-ion batteries have attracted considerable interest as an alternative to lithium-ion batteries for electric storage applications because of the low cost and natural abundance of sodium resources. The materials with an open framework are highly desired for Na-ion insertion/extraction. Here we report on the first visualization of the sodium-ion diffusion path in Na3[Ti2P2O10F] through high-temperature neutron powder diffraction experiments. The evolution of the Na-ion displacements of Na3[Ti2P2O10F] was investigated with high-temperature neutron diffraction (HTND) from room temperature to 600°C; difference Fourier maps were utilized to estimate the Na nuclear-density distribution. Temperature-driven Na displacements indicates that sodium-ion diffusion paths are established within the ab plane. As an anode for sodium-ion batteries, Na3[Ti2P2O10F] exhibits a reversible capacity of ~100 mAh g−1 with lower intercalation voltage. It also shows good cycling stability and rate capability, making it promising applications in sodium-ion batteries.
Large-scale electric energy storage (EES) requires battery systems not only to have sufficient storage capacity but also to be cost-effective and environmentally friendly1,2,3. In recent years, sodium-ion (Na+) batteries have attracted considerable interest as an alternative to lithium-ion (Li+) batteries for electric storage applications because of the low cost and natural abundance of sodium resources4,5. In this context, new advanced energy materials are required to enable the technology. Although a lot of transition metal oxides6,7,8,9,10,11, phosphate12,13,14,15, fluorophosphates16,17, hexacynides5,18,19, polymers20, alloys21,22,23,24,25, sulfid26, red and black phosphorus27, organic compounds28 and carbon-based materials29,30,31,32 have demonstrated considerable capacity and cycling ability for Na+ insertion-extraction reaction, their energy densities and rate capabilities are far from the requirement of battery applications, because Na-ion has a much larger radius (1.02 Å) than Li-ion (0.76 Å), which leads to a sluggish kinetics of the Na-ion transport. Therefore, the materials with an open framework are highly desired for designing high-performance sodium-ion batteries. Li et al.33 reported a new oxyfluorinated titanium phosphate, Na3[Ti2P2O10F] with a higher ionic conductivity of 1.0 × 10−4 S cm−1 at 200°C, comparable to that of the NASICON type titanium phosphate34. In addition, the framework structure in Na3[Ti2P2O10F] is quite open due to the long Ti–F–Ti distance (~4.3 Å), which may be suitable for Na+ insertion-extraction reaction. To our knowledge, the study of the Na-ion pathways and the evolution with temperature of Na-ion motions in Na3[Ti2P2O10F] has not yet been addressed by neutron powder diffraction (NPD). There are no reports on Na3[Ti2P2O10F] as an electrode for Na-ion batteries.
Herein, we report on the first visualization of the sodium-ion diffusion path in Na3[Ti2P2O10F] through high-temperature neutron powder diffraction experiments. Temperature-driven Na displacements indicate that sodium ion follow well-established diffusion paths within the ab plane. Furthermore, the feasibility of Na3[Ti2P2O10F] as an anode for sodium-ion battery was examined as well. The preliminary results demonstrate Na3[Ti2P2O10F] is a promising anode material for Na-ion batteries with a high capacity, good cycling stability and rate capability.
Structures of the as-prepared Na3[Ti2P2O10F]
The structural refinement was performed from room-temperature (RT) neutron powder diffraction (NPD) data. As reported in the Ref. 33, Na3[Ti2P2O10F] with a tetragonal I4/mmm space group was considered as a starting structural model. The unit-cell parameters at RT are a = 6.41763(8) Å and c = 10.6636(2) Å, in good agreement with the literature33. In this model Ti atoms are placed at 4e (0, 0, z) positions, P at 4d (0, ½, 3/4), F at 2a (0, 0, 0), O1 at 4e, O2 at 16n (0, y, z) and Na at 8h (0, y, y) positions. Isotropic displacement factors were refined for all the atoms, excepting Na for which an anisotropic refinement was considered. Also the Na occupancy was refined; there is a slight deficiency (2.84(3) Na atoms per formula unit) with respect to the nominal value of 3. Figure 1a shows a good agreement between the observed and calculated NPD patterns. The refined structural parameters at RT are summarized in Table 1, while the main bond distances and bond valences are gathered in Table S1 in Supporting Information.
Figure 2 shows a schematic view of the crystal structure of Na3[Ti2P2O10F]. The structure consists of layers of TiO5F octahedra and PO4 tetrahedra sharing corners; Na atoms are interleaved between the layers. TiO5F octahedra contain four Ti–O1 equatorial distances of 2.0108(1) Å, a very short Ti–O2 axial bond length of 1.699(4) Å which can be considered as a titanyl Ti–O terminal double bond in the framework33 and an opposite Ti–F bond of 2.111(3) Å. Within the tetrahedron P–O1 distances take values of 1.5323(9) Å, adopting an ideal tetrahedral geometry. Na atoms present a sevenfold coordination environment with four Na–O1 bond-lengths (2.501(2) Å), two Na–O2 bonds (2.539(3) Å) and a weak bond to F (2.505(3) Å); as a reference in NaF, the Na–F distance is 2.316 Å. Figure 2b shows a projection of the structure along the c axis, which can be described as a repeat stacking of a buckled square-net sheet. As mentioned above, the Ti–O2 double bond contains a terminal oxygen that does not contribute to the connection between the sheets. The square-net sheets are interconnected thereby only through sharing F atoms on TiFO5 octahedra. Because of the long Ti–F–Ti distance (~4.3 Å), the framework structure is quite open, containing two-dimensional (2D) channels where Na atoms are located.
It is interesting to evaluate the actual oxidation states of the different cations present in the solid by means of the Brown's bond valence theory33,35, from the observed metal-oxygen or metal-fluorine distances listed in Table S1. The valence is the sum of the individual bond valences (si); bond valences are calculated as si = exp[(r0 − ri)/0.37]. Starting from r0 values indicated in Table S1, we obtain valences at RT of 0.986(13), 4.119(15) and 5.029(5) for Na, Ti and P, respectively, which are in excellent agreement with those expected for those cations.
In order to clarify the Na distribution and how Na ion is transported in the framework, we have undertaken a high-temperature neutron diffraction (HTND) of Na3[Ti2P2O10F] from RT to 600°C. No structural transition was observed in the temperature range studied; the crystal structures can be refined within the same tetragonal structural model. Figure 1b illustrates the goodness of the fit at 600°C; the atomic parameters for the refinements and the Rietveld plots at 200 and 400°C are shown in Table S2 and Figure S1 in the Supporting Information. An interesting insight into the Na ion motion was achieved by removing Na atoms from the structural model at 600°C and performing a difference Fourier synthesis from the observed and calculated NPD data. The difference contains information of the missing scattering density (in this case nuclear density). Figure 3 shows a difference Fourier map corresponding to the z = 0 section where strong positive peaks corresponding to the 8h sites for Na1 are observed, and some intermediate nuclear density is observed between both peaks, indicating that Na is partially delocalized at intermediate positions. It can be visualized clearly in Figure 4, where Na atoms are delocalized in octagonal rings within the interlayer space, suggesting that the diffusion is two dimensional (2D), since there is no residual Na scattering through the layers even at an elevated temperature of 600°C.
Furthermore, at higher temperatures the Na displacement factors become very anisotropic, as shown in Figure 5. Looking at one ab layer, we see that the Na ellipsoids are elongated along the unit-cell diagonals, suggesting that a jump from Na sites at adjacent unit cells is possible, thus allowing the 2D motion. They jump though a wide window formed by two F− ions very far apart (≈6.4 Å), so the potential barrier to prevent this jump is very low. Based on the NPD results, we propose that the sodium ion diffusion paths may follow a trajectory through the ab plane, as shown in Figure 5b.
Electrochemical properties of Na3[Ti2P2O10F]
The sodium-ion insertion/extraction properties of the Na3[Ti2P2O10F] as an anode material were investigated by galvanostatic charge-discharge measurements over a voltage range of 0 to 2.5 V versus Na+/Na. Figure 6a shows the charge (Na+ extraction)/discharge (Na+ insertion) profiles at various current rates. It shows a discharge capacity of about 100 mAh g−1 at 10 mA g−1 charge/discharge rate, which is acceptable for Na-ion batteries.
The rate capability of the Na3[Ti2P2O10F] electrode is evaluated by charging/discharging at various current densities from 10 mA g−1 to 200 mA g−1 (Figure 6b). The reversible specific capacity remains approximately 41 mAh g−1 at a charge/discharge rate of 100 mA g−1 and 26 mAh g−1 at a charge/discharge rate of 200 mA g−1. Importantly, after the high current density testing, the capacity of the Na3[Ti2P2O10F] electrode can recover to the initial value, indicating its high reversibility. Figure 6c shows the cycling performance of the Na3[Ti2P2O10F] electrode at a current density of 100 mA g−1. The reversible specific capacity of the Na3[Ti2P2O10F] electrode keeps almost stable. Simultaneously, the Coulombic efficiency keeps above 98% after 20 cycles. These results clearly demonstrate that the Na3[Ti2P2O10F] is a promising candidate for practical applications in sodium ion batteries.
Na3[Ti2P2O10F] has an interesting framework structure consisting of TiFO5 octahedra and PO4 tetrahedra. The TiFO5 octahedra and PO4 tetrahedra are alternatively linked via sharing four oxygen atoms (in the ac plane)33. The square-net sheets are interconnected thereby only through sharing F atoms on TiFO5 octahedra. The framework structure in Na3[Ti2P2O10F] is quite open due to the long Ti–F–Ti distance (~4.3 Å). The temperature-driven Na displacements indicate that sodium ion diffusion paths follow a trajectory through the ab plane. Moreover, as an anode for sodium-ion batteries, Na3[Ti2P2O10F] exhibits a reversible capacity of ~100 mAh g−1 with lower intercalation voltage. It also shows good cycling stability and rate capability, making it a promising anode for sodium-ion batteries.
Pure phase Na3[Ti2P2O10F]·xH2O were obtained by a modified hydrothermal method as reported by Li et al.33. In a typical synthesis, a mixture of 6.00 g of Ti(SO4)2, 36.0 g of NaBO3·4H2O, and 19.0 g of NH4H2PO4, together with 3.0 g of NaBF4 and 20.0 mL distilled water, was put into a 100 mL Teflon-lined stainless steel autoclave. The autoclave was sealed, heated to 200°C under autogenous pressure for 2 days, and then cooled to room temperature naturally. The white precipitate was isolated by washing with hot distilled water and drying it at ambient temperature. The obtained product was calcined at 650°C in Ar atmosphere for 2 hours to get the final product Na3[Ti2P2O10F]. For improving the low electronic conductivity of Na3[Ti2P2O10F], the product obtained by hydrothermal synthesis was mixed with Ketjen black (KB) using ball-milling. After calcination at 500°C for 2 h in Ar, the Na3[Ti2P2O10F] coated with carbon was obtained. The amount of carbon was about 7wt% after ball-milling.
XRD analyses were performed on a D8-Advance diffractometer with Cu Kα radiation (λ = 1.54 Å). The amount of carbon was analyzed by induced coupled plasma- atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-AES, Thermo Electron Corporation). NPD patterns were collected at the D2B diffractometer of the Institut Laue-Langevin, Grenoble, with a wavelength λ = 1.594 Å within the 2θ range from 10 to 153° at 25, 200, 400, and 600°C. About 2 g of the sample were contained in a vanadium cylinder. For the T ≥ 200°C collection, the sample was placed in the isothermal zone of a furnace with a vanadium resistor operating under vacuum (PO2 ≈ 1 × 10−6 Torr). In all cases a time of 3 h was required to collect a full diffraction pattern. The NPD data were analyzed by the Rietveld method with the FULLPROF program36. A pseudo-Voigt function was chosen to generate the line shape of the diffraction peaks. The irregular background coming from the quartz container was extrapolated from points devoid of reflections.
The working electrode was prepared by spreading the slurry of the active materials (75wt%), acetylene black (15wt%) and the polyvinylidene fluoride (10wt%) binder on a Cu foil. Considering the carbon coating in the active material, the actual mass ratio of the Na3[Ti2P2O10F]: carbon: binder is about 7:2:1. The working electrodes were dried at 100°C under vacuum for 10 h. The electrolyte for Na-ion batteries is 1M NaClO4 in EC:DEC (4:6 in volume). The coin-type (CR2032) cells were assembled with pure sodium foil as a counter electrode, and a glass fiber as the separator in an argon-filled glove box. The charge and discharge measurements were carried out on a Land BT2000 battery test system (Wuhan, China) in a voltage range of 0–2.5 V under room temperature. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) was measured using Autolab PGSTA128N at a scan rate of 0.04 mV/s in a voltage range of 0–2.5 V versus Na+/Na.
This work is financially supported by the National Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (Grant Nos. 51372271, 51172275) and the start up grant from Institute of Physics (IOP). J. Alonso is grateful to the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness for granting the project MAT2013-41099-R, and ILL for making all facilities available for the neutron diffraction experiments. | Yes |
The ratio CBD and Curcumin is 1 : 1 and this is the ratio that has been tested as best.
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This Polyurethane Adhesives market study offers a comprehensive analysis of the business models, key strategies, and respective market shares of some of the most prominent players in this landscape. Along with an in-depth commentary on the key influencing factors, market statistics in terms of revenues, segment-wise data, region-wise data, and country-wise data are offered in the full study. This study is one of the most comprehensive documentation that captures all the facets of the evolving Polyurethane Adhesives market.
Polyurethane Adhesives Market – Overview
Polyurethane is a polymer composed of units of organic chains, formed by the reaction of isocyanate and a polyol. Polyurethane is sticky in nature and used as an adhesive due to its property of sealant and high -quality bedding materials. The polyurethane adhesive is considered as strongest adhesive and sealant due to its moisture curing and multiple component system with different elongation under loads and thermal coefficient of expansion. The polyurethane adhesives can be customized as per the requirement of the industry. The increasing demand of the polyurethane adhesive for market specific applications such as sealing, roofing, tiling, aerospace laminating, flexible packaging and automotive production lead to the significant growth of the global polyurethane adhesive market over the forecast period.
Polyurethane Adhesives Market – Drivers and Restraints
The global polyurethane adhesive market is anticipated to grow at a significant CAGR over the forecast period. The demand of polyurethane adhesive is increasing due to its use in building and construction as the adhesives bond many types of substrates such as glass, plastic, wood, concrete etc. Moreover, the customization and availability of polyurethane adhesive in the multiple component system along with the optical clarity, durability, elongation, high/low temperature serviceability, electric insulation and rapid fixturing leads to its use in various industries such as automotive, footwear, packaging, electrical and furniture, resulting in the growth of the global polyurethane adhesive market.
However, the price of the polyurethane adhesive as compared to other adhesives is the major concern which may restrain the growth of the global polyurethane adhesive market.
Polyurethane Adhesives Market – Region Wise Outlook
The global polyurethane adhesive market is segmented into the seven regions: North America, Latin America, Western Europe, and Eastern Europe, Asia Pacific Excluding Japan (APEJ), Japan and Middle East and Africa (MEA). The North America region has accounted to the leading market share in the global polyurethane adhesive market due to major applications of the polyurethane adhesive in the industries such as building and construction, automotive and transportation. Western Europe has also contributed a significant market share in the global polyurethane adhesive market. APEJ region is expected to register the significant growth in the global polyurethane market during the forecast period due to increasing demand of polyurethane adhesives from various industries such as construction, automotive and furniture. Japan and Eastern Europe also contribute a descent growth to the global polyurethane adhesive market. The MEA and Latin America are expected to anticipate the descent growth to the global polyurethane adhesive market during the forecast period. Overall, the global polyurethane adhesive market is expected to register a significant growth rate over the forecast period 2016 to 2026.
Polyurethane Adhesives Market – Key Players
The some of the key players of the global polyurethane adhesive market are as follows:
- The Dow Chemical Company
- Arkema S.A.
- B. Fuller
- Scott Bader Company Ltd.
- Huntsman Corporation
- Ashland Inc.
- Henkel AG & Co. KGaA
- Sika AG
The research report presents a comprehensive assessment of the market and contains thoughtful insights, facts, historical data, and statistically supported and industry-validated market data. It also contains projections using a suitable set of assumptions and methodologies. The research report provides analysis and information according to market segments such as geography, technology and applications.
The report covers exhaustive analysis on:
- Market Segments
- Market Dynamics
- Market Size
- Supply & Demand
- Current Trends/Issues/Challenges
- Competition & Companies involved
- Value Chain
Regional analysis includes
- North America (U.S., Canada)
- Latin America (Brazil, Mexico, Rest Of Latin America)
- Western Europe (Germany, Italy, France, U.K, Spain, Nordic countries, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg)
- Eastern Europe (Poland, Russia, Rest Of Eastern Europe)
- Asia Pacific Excluding Japan (China, India, ASEAN, Australia & New Zealand)
- Middle East and Africa (GCC countries, S. Africa, N. Africa, Rest Of MEA)
The report is a compilation of first-hand information, qualitative and quantitative assessment by industry analysts, inputs from industry experts and industry participants across the value chain. The report provides in-depth analysis of parent market trends, macro-economic indicators and governing factors along with market attractiveness as per segments. The report also maps the qualitative impact of various market factors on market segments and geographies.
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- Customize by Region, Country, Application, Product, & other segments
- Integrate our Insights with your Existing Data
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Let FMI Help You!
- Gain Insights on Key Polyurethane Adhesives Market Impacting Forces
- Know the Winning Strategies of Market Leaders
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Polyurethane Adhesives Market – Segmentation
The global polyurethane adhesive market is segmented on the basis of technology, type and application.
On the basis of Type, the global polyurethane adhesive market is segmented into:
- Thermoset polyurethane adhesives
- Thermoplastic polyurethane adhesives
On the basis of Technology, the global polyurethane adhesive market is segmented into:
On the basis of Application, the global polyurethane adhesive market is segmented into:
- Automotive & transportation
- Furniture & woodwork
- Building & construction
- Electrical & electronics
- Detailed overview of parent market
- Changing market dynamics in the industry
- In-depth market segmentation
- Historical, current and projected market size in terms of volume and value
- Recent industry trends and developments
- Competitive landscape
- Strategies of key players and products offered
- Potential and niche segments, geographical regions exhibiting promising growth
- A neutral perspective on market performance
- Must-have information for market players to sustain and enhance their market footprint.
Frequently Asked Questions
What research methodology is used to develop the Polyurethane Adhesives Market report?
- FMI utilizes three branched methods to derive market measurements used to compile any report study (data derivation, triangulation and validation).
- These approaches include accumulating data from both primary and secondary sources
- Primary research involves interviews with industry operators and FMI's network of contacts spanning the world's value chain of the Polyurethane Adhesives Market. This is supported by a comprehensive literature analysis of information gathered through secondary sources
- Analysis of several middle market stakeholders for country-wise data
What else does FMI offer apart from Polyurethane Adhesives Market report?
In addition to up-to-date market figures and customized of the Polyurethane Adhesives Market, FMI offer consulting services to help businesses within industry navigate challenges and take well-informed decisions amidst the breakneck competition.
How do you define competitors based on market structure? What aspects about a competitor are included in the company profile section?
- Most of the competitors are segregated according to their market share in 'Tier' wise statures.
- Global market participants are scrutinized and global competition metrics are included with numerous competitor profiles referring to their business background and go-to market strategies. | Yes |
ATP-binding cassette subfamily C (ABCC) belongs to the large family of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, which are known to translocate various substrates (e.g., metabolic products, lipids, sterols, and xenobiotic drugs) across membranes. This subfamily contains thirteen members, among which nine belong to multidrug resistance proteins (MRPs) that are implicated in mediating multidrug resistance by actively extruding chemotherapeutic substrates. Besides, some of these receptors play an important role in physiological excretory or regulatory pathways. Clinically, MRPs have been proved to be promising targets in cancer therapy and MRP inhibitors or modulators have been developed recently. The second type of protein that belongs to this family is the sulfonylurea receptors (SURs), which are involved in physiological functions such as insulin secretion, neuronal function, and muscle function. Three forms of SUR are known: SUR1, SUR2A, and SUR2B. These proteins are targets of the sulfonylurea class of antidiabetic drugs that promote insulin release from pancreatic beta cells. Additionally, cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), the transporter involved in the disease cystic fibrosis, is the third type of ABCC receptor subfamily.
Here, we give an introduction of part of these receptors regarding their structure, distribution, physiological and pharmacological functions, and recent findings. Due to their essential role in different diseases, they remain to be attractive targets to be investigated in the future.
|Human ATP-Binding Cassette Sub-Family C Members|
Membrane proteins are insoluble in aqueous media due to the hydrophobic nature of protein surfaces, thus amphipathic compounds are necessary for extraction of these macromolecules from the native membrane environments and their maintenance in solution. To support this, Creative Biolabs introduces our powerful Magic™ membrane protein production platform, which offers various membrane mimetic systems for in vitro membrane protein manipulation, to help facilitate your membrane protein studies. We are capable of using both conventional/novel detergents and liposomes, as well as novel amphipathic systems such as amphipathic polymers and nanodiscs, to prepare your target proteins.
Meanwhile, our Magic™ membrane protein antibody discovery platform can help to discover anti-membrane protein antibodies after successful expression and presentation of these membrane protein targets. We also present DNA immunization service for anti-membrane protein antibody development. Equipped with world-leading technologies and highly professional scientists, Creative Biolabs is dedicated to providing first-rate services and the best quality products. Please feel free to contact us if you want to know more about our services.
All listed customized services & products are for research use only, not intended for pharmaceutical, diagnostic, therapeutic or any in vivo human use. | Yes |
Continuous Manufacturing Why Continuous Manufacturing is the Next Trend in Pharmaceutical Production
IMA is pushing on continuous manufacturing in the pharmaceutical production within the new Innovation Hub.
IMA has presented on Achema the new Process Innovation Hub, a corner dedicated to novel process technologies: Continuous Pharmaceutical offers a breakthrough Integrated Continuous Manufacturing (ICM) technology for small molecule pharmaceuticals, where the synthesis of the active ingredient and the final dosage form are integrated into a seamless process.
This novel method allows “on-demand” manufacturing of pharmaceuticals with significant advantages in production lead time, quality, and costs. Share a new way to design freeze dryers and innovative processes with regard to accelerating freeze-drying. Ice-fog nucleation and spray freeze dryers are on the go.
Last year IMA formed a strategic partnerchip with Continuus Pharmaceuticals. The company is a spin-out of the Novartis-MIT Center for Continuous Manufacturing, a ten-year joint research endeavor at MIT that started in 2007 to develop novel continuous flow manufacturing technologies for small-molecule pharmaceuticals. The project was successful, and led to the first pilot plant able to produce finished drug tablets from raw chemical ingredients through a fully automated, integrated continuous process (i.e. Integrated Continuous Manufacturing, ICM). ICM represents the ultimate state of lean manufacturing for pharmaceuticals. Consequently, Novartis has initiated the technology transfer to its novel “Technikum” Plant in Basel, Switzerland.
The company also has shown the new Patvis Apa system which is a process analytical technology visual inspection system for monitoring, understanding and optimization of fluid bed pharmaceutical production processes. It is portable and can be easily integrated to existing viewing ports for in-line inspection or used as a standalone device for at-line or off-line inspection, the company says. | Yes |
Nowadays, people look for natural alternative anti-aging treatments. Because some traditional products based on vitamin a or collagen – for example retinol – can cause excess irritation to the skin.
A natural ingredient that has proved to be an effective anti-aging treatment is she butter.
Ultra pure Shea Butter's oily qualities improve skin softness and suppleness, which make it ideal for dry or sensitive skin care, winter sports products, and for body lotions and hand care products. Moreover, ultra pure shea butter may be formulated into capillary preparations to prevent and treat scalp dryness, and provide good lubrication for the hair, resulting in improved brilliance and manageability.
This kind of butter is solid and comes from the natural fat obtained from the karite tree grown in West and Central Africa. Shea butter is an emollient that is extremely therapeutic, helping to heal cracked, aged and damaged skin. Its chemical constituents help to heal bruising and soreness, and penetrates the skin and leaves it feeling soft and smooth. It has vitamin A, E and is highly compatible with skin.
Also it has been used to heal small wounds, burns and skin ulcers. It contains fatty acids, phytosterol and unsaponifiables, which stimulate the skin's renewal process, providing a more youthful, vibrant appearance. Its texture is typically soft and butter-like so it melts readily into the skin.
Shea butter also helps protect the skin from the damaging effects of the sun while repairing cellular degeneration. Neverheless, it is not sufficient to prevent sun damage and it will always be important to use a sunscreen during sun exposure as a way of prevention.
There are several products that use it in the cosmetic market place. However, if levels of concentration are below 20%, products will not be useful enough; you should review labels in order to determine shea butter concentration levels.
On the other hand, if level of concentration is over 20 per cent, product will be very beneficial as anti aging skin care treatment.
There are three types;
– Raw shea butter; this one has not been exposed to refinement process.
– Refined shea butter and
– Shea oil; this one is produced during the process of making shea butter.
This one offers many anti aging skin care benefits, whatever of three types listed above are excellent ingredients for an anti-aging skin care regime.
To sum up, natural or botanical products are an effective alternative to treat your skin against aging without known side effects. Nonetheless, there are new products taking this market by storm, like resveratrol and acai berry, probably you would be right researching about those. | Yes |
Jojoba oil promotes hair growth. By moisturising your beard, the oil reduces breakage, thereby eventually leading to a longer and fuller beard. Jojoba oil can reduce the build-up of sebum – naturally occurring skin oil – which can make it more difficult for your beard hair to grow. Just a few drops into a beard after showering, goes miles in softening your beard.
Vitamin E oil deeply hydrates and conditions your hair and skin, treating conditions like beard dandruff. Due to its antioxidants, Vitamin E assists in reducing environmental damages that your beard might be exposed to. Enjoy a smooth silky beard with a Vitamin E rich beard oil.
HOW TO USE
Massage product onto wet skin and work into a lather. Rinse thoroughly and pat dry.
Isopropyl Palmitate, Palm Oil, Jojoba Oil, Sunflower Oil, Macadamia Nut Oil, Tocopheryl Acetate, Cedrus Deodara Wood Oil. | Yes |
Article number: 1002810
Premixture. A well balanced synergistic and concentrated antioxidant combination enforced with bacteria inhibiting preservative for the protection of animal feedstuffs. Single antioxidant chemicals such as propyl gallate can be carefully manufactured into synergistic blends.
Autoxidation is a series of destructive chemical processes that occurs in organic materials. It is a complex process whereby the chemical nature of affected molecules changes. Especially animal lipids and poly-unsaturated fatty acids are extremely vulnerable to autoxidation. Vitamins for instance lose their metabolic potency due to autoxidation, pigments lose their pigmentation potential.
In the process fats and oils yield unattractive odours and taste, they become rancid and unpalatable.
The oxidation process can be stimulated in the presence of bacteria and moulds. A combined approach to reduce oxidation and microbial development is the best prevention.
Feed: 4 kg/MT
Stable for at least 2 years, when stored in a dry and cool place. Color change does not affect performance.
1 liter bottle, 5 liter jerrycan, 25 kgs jerrycan, 200 liter drum or 1.000 liter IBC-container. | Yes |
Chemistry Department Seminar Coordinator
The chemistry department invites individuals to give seminars or forums on their research efforts in chemistry or other closely-related fields. Individuals presenting come from academia, national laboratories, industry, and other areas. All chemistry majors are invited to attend these presentations which generally occur from 2:00 – 3:00 pm on 2nd or 4th Tuesday of month.
Specific dates are listed on the department website. | Yes |
t-BuX + HOH => t-BuOH + HX can be monitored with a pH meter and give very accurate results. One such experimental set-up is to use a Logger Pro - Vernier Computer interface with a pH electrode to monitor change in pH as a function of time. The data collected is generated in real time with addition of specific neat quantities of t-BuX into the 50/50 IPA:HOH solvent system.
The following is an excerpt from a lab journal showing the rational - background foundation for Study of Kinetics of Solvolysis of t-Butyl Halides in Binary Alcohol/Water Solvents.
The lab is quite extensive, but this excerpt will answer your question. | Yes |
An international team of researchers is challenging the widespread accepted finding that hexavalent chromium is much more toxic than trivalent chromium. At least for freshwater algae they found the contrary.
The importance of speciation in controlling the environmental fate, toxicity and bioavailability of trace elements is now well recognized. With respect to chromium, a widely-used element in industry, specific attention has been devoted to distinguish hexavelent chromium that is classified to be carcinogenic from trivalent chromium that is believed to play a beneficial role in the glucose metabolism and therefore is included in some food supplements and health products. Therefore, during the last decade, a bunch of rules and legislation has been established, meant to restrict the exposure of humans to hexavalent chromium (see EVISA's Link database
With respect to toxicity test for aquatic organisms, most of the published literature and also the US EPA Ecotox database concludes that hexavalent chromium is more toxic than trivalent chromium (see EVISA's Link database
).The new study
An international team of researchers now found some biasing operational parameters that challenge such conclusion. They noticed that the concentration of trivalent chromium, to which the algae plants were exposed, declined by 60-90% during the toxicity test (72 h) while the concentration of hexavalent chromium stayed much more stable. While the necessity to control the concentration of the toxin during exposure tests has long been recognized and therefore is included in recommendations by authoritive, international bodies, such is not the case for many trivalent chromium salts. The speciality of these salts is that their concentration is not limited by pour solubility of the original salts but of hydrolysis products formed at the typical pH conditions of the toxicity test.
When accounting for the decreasing concentration of trivalent chromium by using the time weighted mean concentration for the evaluation of toxicity in algae, the researchers found that Cr(III) is more toxic than Cr(VI). Such finding indicate that protocols for dealing with sparingly soluble substances (e.g., OECD, 2000) must be used to study the toxicity of Cr(III) to algae (and to other organisms exposed to Cr(III) in solutions) to avoid gross underestimation of Cr(III) toxicity. Alternatively, other strategies to account for Cr(III) chemistry during algal tests might be useful which make use of flow-through exposures or critical body residue approaches.
The authors further warn, that given the big efforts to detoxify Cr(VI) by converting it to the “less toxic” Cr(III), the possibility that the toxicity of Cr(III) to algae and other organisms could currently be underestimated needs careful consideration and extensive verification. The original study
Davide A.L. Vignati, Janusz Dominik, Mamadou L. Beye, Maurizio Pettine, Benoît J.D. Ferrari, Chromium(VI) is more toxic than chromium(III) to freshwater algae: A paradigm to revise?
, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 73/5 (2010) 743-749. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2010.01.011 Related studies
Arun Kumar Shanker, Maduraimuthu Djanaguiraman and Bandi Venkateswarlu, Chromium interactions in plants: current status and future strategies
, Metallomics, 1 (2009) 375 - 383, DOI: 10.1039/b904571f
J. López-Luna, M.C. González-Chávez, F.J. Esparza-García and R. Rodrìguez-Vásquez, Toxicity assessment of soil amended with tannery sludge, trivalent chromium and hexavalent chromium, using wheat, oat and sorghum plants
, J. Hazardous Mater., 163 (2009) 829–834. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.07.034
L. Brito Paiva, J. Gonçalves de Oliveira, R.A. Azevedo, D.R. Ribeiro, M.G. Da Silva and A.P. Vitória, Ecophysiological responses of water hyacinth exposed to Cr3+ and Cr6+
, Environ. Exp. Botany, 65 (2009) 403–409. DOI: 10.1016/j.envexpbot.2008.11.012
D.A.L. Vignati, M.L. Beye, J. Dominik, A.O. Klingemann, M. Filella, A. Bobrowski, B.J.D. Ferrari, Temporal decrease of trivalent chromium concentration in a standardized algal culture medium: experimental results and implications for toxicity evaluation
, Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 80 (2008) 305–310. DOI: 10.1007/s00128-008-9379-8
R. Bencheikh-Latmani, A. Obraztsova, M.R. Mackey, M.H. Ellisman, B.M. Tebo, Toxicity of Cr(III) to Shewanella sp. Strain MR-4 during Cr(VI) reduction
, Environ. Sci. Technol., 41 (2007) 214–220. DOI: 10.1021/es0622655
Anna Speranza, Paola Ferri, Michela Battistelli, Elisabetta Falcieri, Rita Crinelli, Valeria Scoccianti, Both trivalent and hexavalent chromium strongly alter in vitro germination and ultrastructure of kiwifruit pollen
, Chemosphere, 66/7 (2007) 1165-1174. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.08.019
A.K. Shanker, C. Cervantes, H. Loza-Tavera, S. Avudainayagam, Chromium toxicity in plants
, Environ. Int., 31 (2005) 739–753. DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2005.02.003
Fengxiang X. Han, B.B. Maruthi Sridhar, David L. Monts, Yi Su, Phytoavailability and toxicity of trivalent and hexavalent chromium to Brassica juncea
, New Phytol., 162 (2004) 489–499. DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01027.x
S.L. Thompson, F.C.R. Manning, S.M. McColl, Comparison of the toxicity of chromium(III) and chromium(VI) to cyanobacteria
, Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 69 (2002) 286–293. DOI: 10.1007/s00128-002-0059-9
K. D. Sugden, R. D. Geer, S. J. Rogers, Oxygen radical-mediated DNA damage by redox-active chromium(III) complexes
, Biochemistry, 31/46 (1992) 11626–11631. DOI: 10.1021/bi00161a049
Andrew M. Standeven, Karen E. Wetterhahn, Is there a role for reactive oxygen species in the mechanism of chromium(VI) carcinogenesis?
, Chem. Res. Toxicol., 4/6 (1991) 616–625. DOI: 10.1021/tx00024a003
G. Warren, P. Schultz, D. Bancroft, K. Bennet, E.H. Abbott and S. Rogers, Mutagenicity of a series of hexacoordinate chromium(III) compounds
, Mutat. Res., 90 (1981) 111–118. DOI: 10.1016/0165-1218(81)90073-2 Related EVISA Resources Link database: Toxicity of chromium valency species Link database: Legislation related to hexavalent chromium Brief Summary: Speciation and Toxicity Related EVISA News
April 24, 2007: Nutrigenomics: The role of chromium for fat metabolism revisited
June 8, 2006: Scientific journal adds fuel to ongoing chromium debate March 20, 2005: United Kingdom's Food Standards Agency granted derogation to
Chromium (III) compounds as a food supplement
November 23, 2004: Chromium (III) - not only therapeutic?
last time modified: July 1, 2020 | Yes |
In chemistry, a lactam is a cyclic amide. The name is derived from two chemical terms, lactone, referring to a cyclic ketone, and amide, a compound containing a nitrogen atom next to a carbonyl group. Lactams are named according to the size of the cyclic ring in the lactam: -lactams, -lactams, -lactams and -lactams contain rings made of three, four, five or six atoms, respectively. -lactams are also called aziridinones. Many widely used antibiotic drugs, including the penicillins and cephalosporins, owe their activity to the presence of a -lactam structure. The lactams may have substitutions added to the nitrogen atom or any of the non-carbonyl carbon atoms in the base structure.
General synthetic methods exist for the organic synthesis of lactams.
- Lactams form by the acid-catalyzed rearrangement of oximes in the Beckmann rearrangement.
- Lactams form from cyclic ketones and hydrazoic acid in the Schmidt reaction.
- Lactams form from cyclisation of amino acids.
- Lactams form from intramolecular attack of linear acyl derivatives from the nucleophilic abstraction reaction.
- In iodolactamization an iminium ion reacts with an halonium ion formed in situ by reaction of an alkene with iodine.
L actams form by copper catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of alkynes and nitrones in the Kinugasa reaction
Diels-Alder reaction between cyclopentadiene and chlorosulfonyl isocyanate (CSI) can be utilized to obtain both β- as well as γ-lactam. At lower temp (−78 °C) β-lactam is the preferred product. At optimum temperatures, a highly useful γ-lactam known as Vince Lactam is obtained
An acid-induced rearrangement of oximes to give amides.
This reaction is related to the Hofmann and Schmidt Reactions and the Curtius Rearrangement, in that an electropositive nitrogen is formed that initiates an alkyl migration.
Mechanism of the Beckmann Rearrangement
Oximes generally have a high barrier to inversion, and accordingly this reaction is envisioned to proceed by protonation of the oxime hydroxyl, followed by migration of the alkyl substituent "trans" to nitrogen. The N-O bond is simultaneously cleaved with the expulsion of water, so that formation of a free nitrene is avoided.
Mechanism of the Schmidt Reaction
Reaction of carboxylic acids gives acyl azides, which rearrange to isocyanates, and these may be hydrolyzed to carbamic acid or solvolysed to carbamates. Decarboxylation leads to amines.
The reaction with a ketone gives an azidohydrin intermediate, which rearranges to form an amide:
Alkenes are able to undergo addition of HN3 as with any HX reagent, and the resulting alkyl azide can rearrange to form an imine:
Tertiary alcohols give substitution by azide via a carbenium ion, and the resulting alkyl azide can rearrange to form an imine.
General structure of a nitrone
A nitrone is the N-oxide of an imine and a functional group in organic chemistry. The general structure is R1R2C=NR3+O- where R3 is different from H.
A nitrone is 1,3-dipole in 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions. It reacts with alkenes to form an isoxazolidine:
One example of this reaction type is the reaction of various Baylis-Hillman adducts with C-Phenyl-N-methylnitrone forming an isoxazolidine in which R1 is phenyl, R2 is hydrogen and R3 is a methyl group .
Nitrones react with terminal alkynes and a copper salt to beta-lactam. This reaction is also called The Kinugasa reaction for example in this reaction:
The first step in this reaction is a dipolar cycloaddition of the nitrone with the in situ generated copper(I) acetylide to a 5-membered ring structure which rearranges in the second step.
Why is the β-lactams are more reactive to hydrolysis conditions than are linear amides or larger lactams?
This strain is further increased by fusion to a second ring, as found in most β-lactam antibiotics. This trend is due to the amide character of the β-lactam being reduced by the aplanarity of the system. The nitrogen atom of an ideal amide is sp2-hybridized due to resonance, and sp2-hybridized atoms have trigonal planar bond geometry. As a pyramidal bond geometry is forced upon the nitrogen atom by the ring strain, the resonance of the amid bond is reduced, and the carbonyl becomes more ketone-like. Nobel laureate Woodward described a parameter h as a measure of the height of the trigonal pyramid defined by the nitrogen (as the apex) and its three adjacent atoms. h corresponds to the strength of the β-lactam bond with lower numbers (more planar; more like ideal amides) being stronger and less reactive. Monobactams have h values between 0.05 and 0.10 angstroms (Å). Cephems have h values in of 0.20–0.25 Å. Penams have values in the range 0.40–0.50 Å, while carbapenems and clavams have values of 0.50–0.60 Å, being the most reactive of the β-lactams toward hydrolysis. | Yes |
15677483 , Related PDB id: 1Y4E
- Slepkov ER, Rainey JK, Li X, Liu Y, Cheng FJ, Lindhout DA, Sykes BD, Fliegel L
- Structural and functional characterization of transmembrane segment IV of the NHE1 isoform of the Na+/H+ exchanger.
- J Biol Chem. 2005 May 6;280(18):17863-72. Epub 2005 Jan 26.
- The Na(+)/H(+) exchanger isoform 1 is a ubiquitously expressed integral membrane protein that regulates intracellular pH in mammals. We characterized the structural and functional aspects of the critical transmembrane (TM) segment IV. Each residue was mutated to cysteine in cysteine-less NHE1. TM IV was exquisitely sensitive to mutation with 10 of 23 mutations causing greatly reduced expression and/or activity. The Phe(161) --> Cys mutant was inhibited by treatment with the water-soluble sulfhydryl-reactive compounds [2-(trimethylammonium)ethyl]methanethiosulfonate and [2-sulfonatoethyl]methanethiosulfonate, suggesting it is a pore-lining residue. The structure of purified TM IV peptide was determined using high resolution NMR in a CD(3)OH:CDCl(3):H(2)O mixture and in Me(2)SO. In CD(3)OH: CDCl(3):H(2)O, TM IV was structured but not as a canonical alpha-helix. Residues Asp(159)-Leu(162) were a series of beta-turns; residues Leu(165)-Pro(168) showed an extended structure, and residues Ile(169)-Phe(176) were helical in character. These three structured regions rotated quite freely with respect to the others. In Me(2)SO, the structure was much less defined. Our results demonstrate that TM IV is an unusually structured transmembrane segment that is exquisitely sensitive to mutagenesis and that Phe(161) is a pore-lining residue. | Yes |
Biophysical Journal, Volume 81, Issue 2, 1 August 2001, Pages 737-750
Sergey Yu. Noskov and Carmay Lim
A free energy decomposition scheme has been developed and tested on antibody–antigen and protease–inhibitor binding for which accurate experimental structures were available for both free and bound proteins. Using the x-ray coordinates of the free and bound proteins, the absolute binding free energy was computed assuming additivity of three well-defined, physical processes: desolvation of the x-ray structures, isomerization of the x-ray conformation to a nearby local minimum in the gas-phase, and subsequent noncovalent complex formation in the gas phase. This free energy scheme, together with the Generalized Born model for computing the electrostatic solvation free energy, yielded binding free energies in remarkable agreement with experimental data. Two assumptions commonly used in theoretical treatments; viz., the rigid-binding approximation (which assumes no conformational change upon complexation) and the neglect of vdW interactions, were found to yield large errors in the binding free energy. Protein–protein vdW and electrostatic interactions between complementary surfaces over a relatively large area (1400–1700Å2) were found to drive antibody–antigen and protease–inhibitor binding.
Abstract | Full Text | PDF (256 kb)
Structure, Volume 19, Issue 6, 8 June 2011, Pages 844-858
Maxim V. Shapovalov and Roland L. Dunbrack
Rotamer libraries are used in protein structure determination, prediction, and design. The backbone-dependent rotamer library consists of rotamer frequencies, mean dihedral angles, and variances as a function of the backbone dihedral angles. Structure prediction and design methods that employ backbone flexibility would strongly benefit from smoothly varying probabilities and angles. A new version of the backbone-dependent rotamer library has been developed using adaptive kernel density estimates for the rotamer frequencies and adaptive kernel regression for the mean dihedral angles and variances. This formulation allows for evaluation of the rotamer probabilities, mean angles, and variances as a smooth and continuous function of phi and psi. Continuous probability density estimates for the nonrotameric degrees of freedom of amides, carboxylates, and aromatic side chains have been modeled as a function of the backbone dihedrals and rotamers of the remaining degrees of freedom. New backbone-dependent rotamer libraries at varying levels of smoothing are available from http://dunbrack.fccc.edu.
Summary | Full Text | PDF (3066 kb)
Biophysical Journal, Volume 87, Issue 5, 1 November 2004, Pages 3460-3469
Aaron K. Chamberlain and James U. Bowie
We measured the frequency of side-chain rotamers in 14 α-helical and 16 β-barrel membrane protein structures and found that the membrane environment considerably perturbs the rotamer frequencies compared to soluble proteins. Although there are limited experimental data, we found statistically significant changes in rotamer preferences depending on the residue environment. Rotamer distributions were influenced by whether the residues were lipid or protein facing, and whether the residues were found near the N- or C-terminus. Hydrogen-bonding interactions with the helical backbone perturbs the rotamer populations of Ser and His. Trp and Tyr favor side-chain conformations that allow their side chains to extend their polar atoms out of the membrane core, thereby aligning the side-chain polarity gradient with the polarity gradient of the membrane. Our results demonstrate how the membrane environment influences protein structures, providing information that will be useful in the structure prediction and design of transmembrane proteins.
Abstract | Full Text | PDF (299 kb)
Copyright © 2001 The Biophysical Society All rights reserved.
Biophysical Journal, Volume 80, Issue 2, 635-642, 1 February 2001
When a complex is constructed from the separately determined rigid structures of a receptor and its ligand, some key side chains are usually in wrong positions. These distortions of the interface yield an apparent loss in affinity and would unfavorably affect the kinetics of association. It is generally assumed that the interacting proteins should drive the appropriate conformational changes, leading to their complementarity, but this hypothesis does not explain their fast association rates. However, nanosecond explicit solvent molecular dynamics simulations of misfolded surface side chains from the independently solved structures of barstar, bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor, and lysozyme show that even before any receptor-ligand interaction, key side chains frequently visit the rotamer conformations seen in the complex. We show that these simple structural motifs can reconcile most of the binding affinity required for a rapid and highly specific association process. Side chains amenable to induced fit are also identified. These results corroborate that solvent-side chain interactions play a critical role in the recognition process. Our findings are also supported by crystallographic data. | Yes |
A tarnished copper vessel begins to shine when rubbed with lemon .Why?
The citric acid in the lemon reacts with the top copper oxide layer (the cause of the tarnish), exposing the untarnished copper metal below.
The effect is even more noticable with stronger acids, an old darkened copper penny can be made to shine if dropped in home made hydrochloric acid (salt + vinegar).
The acid in the lemon reacts with the copperoxide exposing the clean copper.
Lemon contains citric acid as well as alkaline matter. When you rub copper vessel, the copper salts formed on the surface of vessel say oxides, sulphides will be removed. It will shine which is pure copper vessel.
The answers post by the user, for information only, FunQA.com does not guarantee the right.
More Questions and Answers: | Yes |
TIPS & HINTS
HOME GARDENING TIPS
For hints and tips on growing a vegetable garden or subsistence farming visit the Starke Ayres Garden Centre website - www.starkeayresgc.co.za
Fertiliser Group 2
Registration No. B3810 – ACT 36 of 1947
IRON CHELATE is a concentrated water-soluble trace element powder, which, when used as directed will prevent and cure Iron Chlorosis (yellowing) and restore natural leaf colour on a wide range of trees, shrubs, vines, ornamental and pot plants.
Iron [Fe] - 13.0%
USES AND BENEFITS
IRON CHELATE is easy to apply as a foliar spray or directly to the roots as a drench. It :
• is readily absorbed by the plant;
• promotes photosynthesis and respiration in the plant;
• assists the plant to resist diseases and remain healthy throughout the growing season;
• replaced iron deficiency often found in acidic soils, and is particularly suitable for Hydrangeas, Camelias, Gardenias, Azaleas and Rhododendrons; and
• can be applied simultaneously with most insecticidal sprays, except those containing copper.
METHOD OF APPLICATION:
• Dissolve 5g (1 level teaspoon) in 5 litres of water – utilization of a wetting agent is advantageous.
• Spray over foliage until leaves are wet.
• Repeat every week until symptoms cease.
•Dissolve 5g (1 level teaspoon) in 1 litre of water. Pot plants 1g in 10 litres of water.
• Apply to soil at base of plant.
• Irrigate well after applying.
• Repeat every four weeks.
Contact the Starke Ayres Call Centre on 0860 782 753 | Yes |
||Applicability of Land Treatment of Wastewater in the Great Lakes Area Basin: Effectiveness of Sandy Soils at Muskegon County, Michigan, for Renovating Wastewater.
Ellis, B. G.;
Erickson, A. E.;
Wolcott, A. R.;
Knezek, B. D.;
Tiedje, J. M.;
||Michigan State Univ., East Lansing.;Environmental Protection Agency, Chicago, IL. Great Lakes National Program Office.;Michigan Dept. of Natural Resources, Lansing. Water Resources Commission.
||EPA-G-005104; EPA/905/9-79/006B ; EPA/MCD-55
Waste water reuse;
||Most EPA libraries have a fiche copy filed under the call number shown. Check with individual libraries about paper copy.
||The Muskegon County Wastewater Management System is a lagoon impoundment, spray irrigation facility which treats about 102,000 cubic meters of wastewater per day and irrigates 2,160 hectares of corn land. About 60% of the flow is industrial. Data was collected over a three year period to determine the changes from background conditions of the native infertile sandy soil as wastewater was irrigated and crops grown. Data analyzed include major crop nutrient elements and heavy metals, the soil physical properties and electron capturing organic chemical species. The knowledge gained was used to estimate the useful life of the system for removing critical contaminants such as phosphorus and metals relative to the amounts of contaminants and wastewater applied. With proper management phosphorus can be removed by soils and crops for at least fifty years. Removals of trace organics from the wastewater occurred in storage lagoons and as the water passed through the soil mantle, however, with partial pass through of certain organics occurring when the wastewater application rate was excessive. This system apparently became more effective with time in removing many of these trace organic chemicals.
||See also report dated May 79, PB-299 657. Sponsored in part by Michigan Dept. of Natural Resources, Lansing. Water Resources Commission.
|NTIS Title Notes
||Final rept. Apr 72-Jun 76.
|PUB Date Free Form
||2C; 2D; 13B; 98C; 98D; 68D
||PC A09/MF A01 | Yes |
Microstructural and tribological studies of Al2O3/ZrO2 nano multilayer thin films prepared by pulsed laser deposition Microstructural and tribological studies of Al2O3/ZrO2 nano multilayer thin films prepared by pulsed laser deposition
1Department of Nanotechnology, Centre of Excellence in Patterned Multiferroics & Nanotechnology, Bharath Institute of Science and Technology, Bharath University, Chennai 600073, India
2Department of Physics, PSG College of Arts & Science, Coimbatore 641014, India
3Center for Nano-Wear, Yonsei University, Seoul-120749, South Korea
4Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Sathyabama University, Chennai 600119, India
5Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sri Lakshmi Ammal Engineering College, Chennai 600073, India
6Department of Physics, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli 620015, India
7Department of Mechanical Engineering, Changwon National University, Changwon 641773, South Korea
Adv. Mater. Lett., 2017, 8 (4), pp 410-417
Publication Date (Web): Mar 14, 2017
Copyright © IAAM-VBRI Press
Nanostructured single layer aluminium oxide (Al2O3), single layer zirconium oxide (ZrO2) and the (Al2O3/ZrO2) nano multilayer films were deposited on Si (100) substrates at an optimized oxygen pressure of 3×10-2 mbar at room temperature by pulsed laser deposition. The Al2O3 layer was kept constant at 5 nm, while ZrO2 layer thickness was varied from 5 nm to 20 nm. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies of single layer of Al2O3 film indicated the cubic γ-Al2O3, while the single layer of ZrO2 indicated both the monoclinic and tetragonal phases. The Al2O3/ZrO2 multilayer films of 5/5 nm and 5/10 nm indicated the tetragonal phase of ZrO2 with nanocrystalline nature. The FESEM and AFM studies showed the dense and smooth morphology of the films. The pin-on disc revealed that the 5/10 nm multilayer film has low friction coefficient ~ 0.10. The wear rate of multilayers film is half of the wear rate of the single layer films and 5/10 nm multilayer film showed a reduced wear rate when it is compared to other single and multilayers. The Al2O3-ZrO2 ceramics find wide applications in wear and corrosion resistance components, high temperature applications and bio-implant materials.
Thin films, nano multilayer, microstructure, tribology, pulsed laser deposition. | Yes |
- Kingfa Science and Technolgy (India) Ltd
KINGFA Stock View
Kingfa Science & Technology (India) Limited is an India-based company, which is engaged in the business of manufacturing and supply of reinforced polypropylene compounds, thermoplastics elastomers, fiber re-enforced composites, and personal protective equipment (PPE), such as mask and gloves. The Company’s modified plastics are used in automotive and consumer products. The Company’s products offering include Polymer Compounding, including Polypropylene, Engineering Plastics, Thermoplastic Elastomers, Fiberglass Honeycomb Composite Panels, POM, LFT, PA6/PA66 and High Temperature Resistant Nylon/LCP. Its Polypropylene modified by the addition of reinforcements, such as talc, chalk, mica and glass fiber and has enabled it to establish itself as a metal substitute in engineering applications. It offers Engineering Plastics Compounds of Kingfa, Chinna, such as PBT, PET, Nylon and other. It also provides its customers with a series of modified plastic products.
Disclaimer : All estimates (1 year forward) are based on Consensus View provided by Refinitiv. | Yes |
Protein X-ray crystallography is a method for determining the three-dimensional structures of large biological molecules by analysing the amplitudes of X-rays scattered from a crystalline specimen of the molecule under study. Conventional structure determination in protein crystallography requires chemical modification to the sample and collection of additional data in order to solve the corresponding phase problem. There is an urgent need for a direct (digital) low-resolution phasing method that does not require modified specimens. Whereas diffraction from large crystals corresponds to samples (so-called Bragg samples) of the amplitude of the Fourier transform of the scattering density, the diffraction from very small crystals allows measurement of the diffraction amplitude between the Bragg samples. Although highly attenuated, these additional measurements offer the possibility of iterative phase retrieval without the use of ancillary experimental data. In this study we examine the noise characteristics of small-crystal diffraction and propose a data selection strategy to improve the quality of reconstructions using iterative phase retrieval algorithms. Simulation results verify that a higher noise level can be tolerated by using such a data selection strategy. | Yes |
We have been talking about density and how some things float and other things sink in water. This fun Skittle Density Experiment was a great way to show the boys how different the density of objects can be.
What is density?
Density can be described as how much of a mass substance has in a given space. In this experiment, it is all about the amount of sugar in the different coloured skittles. The more sugar, the greater the density. The denser the substance, the more likely it will sink.
What you need:
- 3 yellow skittles
- 6 green skittles
- 9 orange skittles
- 12 red skittles
- 15 purple skittles
- 5 cups
- hot / boiling water
- one glass cup
- plastic pipette or spoon
What to do:
Place the skittles into cups – one colour per cup.
Add 3 TBSP of boiling water into each cup and wait for the skittles to dissolve completely. The boiling water helps the skittles dissolve, using cold water will not work.
Once the water was cooled down to room temperature, we used the pipette ( you could poor the liquid over the back of a spoon), slowly adding the coloured water to the glass, starting with the purple. Then add the red, then orange, then green and finally yellow.
What you will see is the water that contains the most dissolved candies is on the bottom. The less dense the water (or the water with fewer skittles) will float on top of the layers that are more dense (water with more dissolved skittles).
Other activities you could try with this:
- What happens when you shake or mix up the finished product?
- Try different solids to dissolve in water, like baking soda, flour, sugar oil or cornflour. What happens this time?
- Use different amounts of the skittles, what effect does this have?
More density experiments:
- Oil and water experiment from Mom to 2 Posh Lil Divas
- Floating Lemons and Sinking Limes from A Moment In Our World
- Does it dissolve? from Coffee Cups and Crayons
- Walking Water Experiment from Learn Play Imagine | Yes |
The use of enzymes for laundry
The use of enzymes for laundry was introduced in 1913 by Otto Rohm.
The first preparation was a pancreatic extract obtained from slaughtered animals, which was unstable against alkali and bleach. Only in the latter part of the century with the availability of thermally robust bacterial enzymes did this technology become mainstream.
Enzymes are required to degrade stubborn stains composed of proteins (milk, cocoa, blood, egg yolk, grass), fats (chocolate, fats, oils), starch (flour and potato stains), and cellulose (damaged cotton fibrils, vegetable and fruit stains). Each type of stain requires a different type of enzyme: proteases (savinase) for proteins, lipases for greases, α-amylases for carbohydrates, and cellulases for cellulose. | Yes |
The Laboratory Manual includes an experiment on green chemistry, pre-laboratory exercises, and safety instructions. Important Notice: Media content referenced within the product description or the product text may not be available in the ebook version.When you perform a reaction in the laboratory, it should become more vivid to you and therefore easier to conceptualize and remember. Before each set of experiment directions, you will find a brief discussion of the chemistry that theanbsp;...
|Title||:||Lab Manual for Organic Chemistry: A Short Course, 13th|
|Publisher||:||Cengage Learning - 2011-01-01| | Yes |
Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center
Natural Oil & Gas Seeps in California
Saturated versus Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Isotopic Composition of Methane
The two upper plots show the interpreted source rock ages for selected oil samples collected from this quadrangle. Data from seeps are shown on the left, data from wells on the right. The chemistry is plotted in terms of the carbon isotopic compostion (δ13C) of saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons. Units are parts per thousand (‰). Samples that plot in or adjacent to the red polygon are considered to be from Miocene source rocks; those plotting in or adjacent to the green polygon, Cretaceous; and those plotting in or adjacent to the blue polygon, Eocene. The age interpretations are based on the chemistry of oils derived from source rocks of known age. "No Data" indicates that no oil from this quadrangle was analyzed.
The two lower plots show the interpreted origin of gas samples collected from this quadrangle. Data from seeps are shown on the left, data from wells on the right. The chemistry of the gas is plotted in terms of its methane constituents: isotopes of carbon (δ13C) and hydrogen (deuterium, δD). Depending on where the sample data plots, the origin of the gas is interpreted to be thermogenic (from burial and heating of hydrocarbon source rocks), bacterial (from activities associated with bacteria), geothermal (related to hot springs), or some combination of those sources. "No Data" indicates that no gas from this quadrangle was analyzed. | Yes |
Thermo Scientific Lys-C Protease, MS Grade, is a highly purified native endoproteinase validated for maximum activity and stability in proteomic applications.
This Lys-C is a mass spectrometry (MS)-grade serine protease isolated from Lysobacter enzymogenes. Lys-C has high activity and specificity for lysine residues resulting in larger peptides and less sample complexity than trypsin (i.e. fewer peptides). Unlike trypsin, Lys-C can cleave lysines followed by prolines, making it ideal for sequential protein digestion followed by trypsin to decrease missed cleavages. These unique Lys-C properties ensure high digestion efficiency when used alone or followed by tryptic digestion. Additionally, Lys-C prototypic peptides typically have higher charge states, making it an enzyme of choice for use with ETD fragmentation. Lys-C is commonly in phosphopeptide enrichment workflows because it generates peptides with primary amines at both the N-and C-terminus allowing the fragments to be double-labeled with amine-reactive isobaric tags. This results in enhanced peptide ionization and improved limits of quantitation since more fragment ions can be re-isolated during MS3 acquisition. This enzyme can be used for in-solution or in-gel digestion workflows to produce peptides for LC-MS/MS protein identification. This Lys-C enzyme is packaged lyophilized (20µg).
- Enhanced digestion – use in tandem with trypsin to decrease tryptic missed cleavages
- Increased sequence coverage – better protein characterization results from overlapping peptides with complementary chromatographic, ionization and fragmentation properties
- Versatile – effective enzyme activity under highly denaturing conditions (e.g., 8M urea)
- C-terminal lysine cleavage specificity – at least 90% for a complex protein sample
- Stable – provided in a lyophilized format
- Improved sequence coverage of protein digests
- De novo sequencing
- Epigenetic studies
- In-gel and in-solution digestion of proteins
The endoproteinase Lys-C specifically hydrolyzes proteins at the carboxyl side of lysine. Efficient protein digestion can be completed in 2 hours at 37°C. Lys-C remains active in highly denaturing conditions such as 8M urea, 2M guanidine•HCl, 1% SDS, 2% CHAPS and 40% acetonitrile and functions well within pH 7-9 (maximal activity at pH 8). This lyophilized enzyme has a mass of 30 kDa and is stable for 1 year when stored at -20°C.
- Simpson, Richard. (2003) Proteins and Proteomics, A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Press.
Pierce Trypsin Protease, MS Grade
Mass spectrometry reagents and kits
Detergent Removal Products
Mass Spec Sample Prep Kit for Cultured Cells | Yes |
1 edition of The use of radioactive gold-198 for the treatment of malignancies found in the catalog.
by Ohio State University
Written in English
Iridium and Au are examples of radionuclides in this energy range. Currently, Ir, with a 74 day half-life, is the workhorse for both high-dose-rate (HDR) brachytherapy and temporary low-dose-rate (LDR) implants. Gold has a day half-life, too short for use in HDR afterloaders and inconvenient for temporary LDR applications. Shareable Link. Use the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.
The present invention relates to a method of suppressing bone marrow (BM) and treating conditions that arise in or near bone such as cancer, myeloproliferative diseases, autoimmune diseases, infectious diseases, metabolic diseases or genetic diseases, with compositions having as their active ingredient a radionuclide complexed with a chelating agent . Essentially all the at risk breast, prostate, or other tumor bearing organ, can be treated by interstitial infiltration with locally persistent, very slowly absorbed, radiopharmaceuticals, such as Phosphocol P (colloidal chromic phosphate P, available from Mallinckrodt Inc.), or with other locally persistent tightly bound colloidal.
Flocks RH, Kerr D, Elkins HB, Culp D () Treatment of carcinoma of the prostate by interstitial radiation with radioactive gold a preliminary report. J Author: S. Deger, D. Böhmer, I. Türk, J. Roigas, S. A. Loening. ORColloidal Gold Studies at Oak Ridge. Colloidal gold was studied in the s at Oak Ridge Institute of Nuclear Studies for potential diagnostic and therapeutic applications in nuclear medicine. Gold (Au) was used intravenously in an experiment involving terminal cancer patients.
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On the correct handling of contradictions among the people.
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names of those persons who subscribed towards the defence of this country at the time of the Spanish Armada, 1588, and the amounts each contributed
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Accessory cells in HIV and other retroviral infections
Educational experiments in Nepal
Experiences with the Use of Radioactive Colloidal Gold in the Treatment of Cancer * H. Brownell Wheeler, William E. Jaques, and Thomas W. Botsford * This study was supported by grants from the Atomic Energy Commission, The American Cancer Society, through an institutional grant to the Harvard Medical School, and The American Cancer Society Cited by: Gold ( Au), because of its higher energy of emission (β max = MeV; half-life days), has been used as a permanent implant either alone or as an adjunct to external-beam radiation therapy, 11 Brachytherapy implants of Au provide the important advantage of rapid delivery of radiation at a very high dose rate, thus avoiding Cited by: Gold was the first material used for the purpose.
This had a particle size of 5 nm. Although this material has greater and faster uptake than any other subsequently developed radioisotopes, the high dose of radiation thwarted its broader clinical use.
91 Iodine and 99m Tc were later introduced for lymphoscintigraphy. gold a radioactive gold antineoplastic. indications It is prescribed for treatment of cancer of the prostate, cervix, and bladder and for reduction of fluid accumulation secondary to a cancer.
contraindications Ulcerative tumors, pregnancy, lactation, or unhealed surgical wounds prohibit its use. It is not prescribed for patients less. RADIOISOTOPES IN THE TREATMENT OF CANCER In the treatment of cancer, radiation can be administered to the malignant tissues in several dif ferent ways: for example, needles of radium or cobalt can be implanted directly into the tumor, or (in a rather limited number of cases) a radioisotope in liquid form (e.g.
gold) can be injected, knowFile Size: KB. Nanomedicine. Apr;6(2) doi: / Epub Nov Radioactive gold nanoparticles in cancer therapy: therapeutic efficacy studies of GAAuNP nanoconstruct in prostate tumor-bearing by: University of Missouri-Columbia.
(, July 16). Gold nanoparticles could treat prostate cancer with fewer side effects than chemotherapy. ScienceDaily. Retrieved April. Radioactive gold is used in the diagnosis of liver problems.
The half-life of this isotope is days. If you begin with a mg sample of the isotope, how much of this sample remains after days. The use of radiation for treatment of cancer and for therapy of many other chronic conditions has a long history and involves the use of radiation from X-ray and gamma photon-generating devices.
What is the radioactive element frequently used to treat malignancies of the mouth, tongue, vagina, and uterine cervix. Cesium Some of the isotopes are given orally, others are administered into a body cavity, and known as (sealed or unsealed) sources of radiation.
Radioactive gold is a useful diagnostic and therapeutic agent. Gold in the form of nanoparticles possesses even more exciting properties. This work aimed at arabinoxylan-mediated synthesis and. In terms of attaching the radioactive isotopes, we can use both alpha and beta particles depending on the location and size of the tumor.
Alpha particles have the advantage of a very high amount of energy and a short path length. The amount of energy is high enough so that only a small number () of alpha particles lead to lethal damage to. This consists of an implantation of radioactive materials directly into the tumor or close proximity.
This allows minimal exposure to surrounding tissues. Brachytherapy is commonly used in conjunction with external radiation therapy as an extra boost. Examples: temporary: iridium or cesium Permanent: iodine, gold or palladium This is the role of radioactive gold in the treatment of malignancies.
Introduced by P.F. Hahn and his associates, colloidal gold is particularly suited to intracavitary administration: it is chemically inert inhibits the formation of cavity fluid and has a relatively shori half-life (99).Cited by: • Pernicious anemia-radioactive cobalt labeled vitamin b • Red cell survival- Cr51 • Melanoma detection P • Thyroid scans I Tc99m • Brain Tc99m • Liver I Tc 99m THERAPEUTICS • Thyroid disease- I • Bone marrow irradiation and whole body irradiation- P • Radioactive gold malignant pleural effusions.
The use of radioactive colloidal suspensions, primarily colloidal gold, has been quite successful in palliative treatment: It does not cure, but it does give marked relief. Radioactive colloids (a colloid is a suspension of one very finely divided substance in some other medium) can be introduced into the abdominal cavity, where they may Principles of Cancer Treatment • Aims to prevent cancer from spreading locally or recurring/ relapsing at sites distant from the original location.
Treatments • Surgery • Radiation Therapy • Hormonal Therapy • Targeted Therapy • Antibodies • Cancer Vaccines • Complimentary and Alternative Medicines • Chemotherapy Treatment Modalities A.
Loco- Regional Treatment 1. Phosphorus-3 and gold, which are administered by injection. Radioactive iodine is useful in the treatment of thyroid malignancies because that gland readily takes up iodine.
Thus, the radioactive element is delivered to the site of the tumor, where it can be more effective. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: / Gold (Au) seeds also are used for permanent implants requiring rapid delivery of the total dose. Strontium (Sr) plaques are used to irradiate very superficial lesions, and use of a strontium applicator is confined almost entirely to the treatment of pterygium, a.
This book provides detailed information on therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals and discusses emerging technologies which have potential for broad clinical implementation. Recent advances in molecular biology, radiopharmaceutical chemistry and radioisotope production have stimulated a new era for the use of radiopharmaceuticals for targeted.
Basic Physics of Brachytherapy: Isotopes used in clinical radiation medicines- (Radium, Cesium, Irridium, Gold, Iodine, Calfornium, Palladium and Strontium). Physical Characteristics and Properties of isotopes used. Currently, the use of artificially produced radionuclides such as caesium, iridium, gold, iodine and palladium is rapidly increasing.
According to the definition of the International Commission on Radiation Units (ICRU), high dose rate (HDR) brachytherapy means more than 12 gray per hour (Gy/h), although the usual dose rate.COBALT Myers: I got the idea at Bikini to study cobalt as an advanta- geous successor to radium.
When 1 came back I wrote it out to Paul C. Aebersold that I'd like to use radioactive cobalt for cancer treatment, because of the hard gamma rays, and also gold- These all . | Yes |
Featured Soapstone Posts
Alberene Soapstone is quarried in Schyler, Virginia, the only domestic soapstone quarry in the United States. The quarry was established in 1883, and the original plant is still in use. The soapstone from Alberene is known for its low talc content which makes it the hardest North American soapstone on market. It also has a deep blue gray color that looks almost completely black with waxing and oil.
Soapstone is siliceous ‒nonporous, meaning it is unaffected and unharmed by acids contained in everyday substances like wine, lemon, or vinegar.
easy to clean
Because soapstone is nonporous, you only need to treat it occasionally, to enhance the natural darkening process that occurs with all soapstone. Any household cleaner will do the trick!
doesn't harbor bacteria
As the densest natural stone counter surface, soapstone is a safe countertop for residential use. It is the ONLY natural stone countertop that does not require a chemical sealer. | Yes |
Self-oscillating gels are materials that continuously change back and forth between different states — such as color or size — without provocation from external stimuli. These changes are caused by the Belousov-Zhabotinsky chemical reaction, which was discovered during the 1950s. Without stirring or other outside influence, wave patterns from this chemical reaction can develop within the material or cause the entire gel itself to pulsate.
Irene Chou Chen, a doctoral candidate in the lab of Krystyn J. Van Vliet, the Paul M. Cook Career Development Associate Professor of Materials Science and Engineering, has been studying exactly how adjusting the size and shape of these gels can affect their behavior.
Video: Melanie Gonick
Additional footage: Irene Chen
Tagged under: gels,MIT,materials,-oscillating,MIT News
Clip makes it super easy to turn any public video into a formative assessment activity in your classroom.
Add multiple choice quizzes, questions and browse hundreds of approved, video lesson ideas for Clip
Make YouTube one of your teaching aids - Works perfectly with lesson micro-teaching plans
1. Students enter a simple code
2. You play the video
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* Whiteboard required for teacher-paced activities
With four apps, each designed around existing classroom activities, Spiral gives you the power to do formative assessment with anything you teach.
Carry out a quickfire formative assessment to see what the whole class is thinking
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Student teams can create and share collaborative presentations from linked devices
Turn any public video into a live chat with questions and quizzes | Yes |
Mercury is a naturally occurring element found in the earth’s crust. It comes in many forms. Elemental or metallic mercury is a shiny, silver-white metal and is liquid at room temperature. When dropped, elemental mercury breaks into smaller droplets, which can go into small cracks or become attached to certain materials. At room temperature, elemental mercury can evaporate to become invisible, odorless toxic vapor. Other forms of mercury you can’t see, like the kind in certain types of fish that you eat, called methylmercury. Exposure to high levels of mercury vapor is harmful to health.
Common Mercury Sources
- Compact fluorescent light bulbs (CFLs) and other specialty bulbs (e.g., black light, tanning, neon) contain mercury.
- Glass thermometers containing the silvery-white liquid. These include oven, candy, and meat thermometers.
- Mercury thermostats are unlikely to break or leak, but should be properly disposed of when being replaced.
Mercury Spills & Disposal
- If mercury spills in your home, call Livingston County Environmental Health at (517) 546-9858.
- If after business hours, call Poison Control (800) 222-1222 or 911.
- For proper disposal of mercury containing products, call LC Solid Waste (517) 545-9609.
Last Modified November 8, 2023 | Yes |
Practice Areas / Dangerous Drugs Lawsuits
Zantac Cancer Attorneys
We Answer your questions about the law
The generic name for the drug zantac is ranitidine. The medication may contain a cancer-causing chemical that’s already been detected in certain blood pressure medications. The food and drug administration (fda) is still investigating whether the chemical is at a high enough level to be a health risk.
On september 13, 2019, the u. S. Food and drug administration (fda) alerted patients and healthcare professionals that they found some zantac/ranitidine medicines contain ndma (n-nitrosodimethylamine) which is a known carcinogen. Ndma background ndma is a cancer-causing semi-volatile organic chemical that can be produced as a by-product of several industrial processes. | Yes |
Q10 is good for your heart
But the effect is highly dependent on which preparation you buy, as there are huge quality differences. Most consumers are not aware of this.
The groundbreaking Danish study, Q-SYMBIO, was the cover page story in media across the globe last year. It showed that supplements of a compound called Q10 could nearly halve the risk of dying from heart failure while increasing heart muscle strength substantially. The study was headed by a renowned Danish cardiologist from Copenhagen University Hospital, and the team of researchers specifically chose a Danish Q10 preparation for the simple reason that it was the only one that could document superior bio-availability. This is extremely important for the outcome of this type of research.
Several manufacturers take credit
The great news about Q10's importance for heart health was received extremely positively among doctors and people with impaired heart muscle function or individuals who were simply interested in preventing future heart problems. The news was also welcomed by manufacturers of Q10 supplements who spotted a great opportunity to boost their sales of Q10.
But there are pitfalls and it is important to underline that the results of the Q-SYMBIO study cannot be attributed to other Q10 preparations. It is only the product used in this specific study that can rightfully claim to have a documented positive influence on heart failure.
In terms of quality differences, there are a few things that need to be explained:
- The thing that determines the effect of any given Q10 preparation is the bio-availability of the active substance. If it is not absorbed in the body, the preparation will not have any effect
- The single most important factor for bio-availability is how the manufacturer treats the Q10 raw material. Technically, two competing manufacturers can use the exact same raw material and still end up with two different results. In other words, it is not sufficient to state that a preparation contains Q10 of superior quality, as this is absolutely no guarantee that the ingredient is effectively absorbed in the body.
- The Q10 preparation that was used in the Q-SYMBIO study is exposed to a unique heating treatment as part of the manufacturing process. This prevents the Q10 molecules from aggregating in large, insoluble crystal formations, which they are naturally inclined to do. These crystals cannot penetrate the intestinal membrane and enter the bloodstream so it is vital to prevent it from happening.
- The preparation that was used in the study is able to document that it is effectively absorbed in the bloodstream. This is the main reason why it was used not only in the Q-SYMBIO study but also in the Swedish KiSel-10 study that is published in the International Journal of Cardiology (2012).
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Top of Mind with Julie Rose
Housing Scams, Sinking Cities, Memory Proteins
Episode: Housing Scams, Sinking Cities, Memory Proteins
- Mar 8, 2021 9:00 pm
- 18:01 mins
The process of making concrete is a major contributor to global carbon dioxide emissions. But an interesting solution to this problem is injecting CO2 back into the concrete for long-term storage. And a side benefit to this strategy is that carbonated concrete is also more flexible. Victor Li developed this flexible concrete at the University of Michigan, where he teaches civil and environmental engineering. | Yes |
Schematic representation of the preparation of PCBM/TiO2 electrode and subsequent electron irradiation. (A) Deposition of TiO2 paste by doctor blade technique. (B) Formation of TiO2 nanoparticle film by annealing the as-deposited TiO2 paste at 450°C for 30 min. (C) Fabrication of PCBM/TiO2 electrode by immersing TiO2 electrode in 1.5 mM PCBM solution for 5 h. (D) Electron irradiation on PCBM/TiO2 electrode at different fluences.
Yoo et al. Nanoscale Research Letters 2012 7:142 doi:10.1186/1556-276X-7-142 | Yes |
These include classical everyday phases such as solid, liquid, and gas – for example water exists as ice, liquid water, and gaseous steam – but other states are possible, including plasma, Bose–Einstein condensates, fermionic condensates, and quark–gluon plasma. Some specific properties of these phases are given in the table below. Concentrated . A bowling ball, for example, has more mass than a beach ball. Learn definitions 3 phases matter with free interactive flashcards. Gases have no fixed volume, the motion of the particles is so great that the forces of attraction between the particles are not able to hold them together. The Most Surprisingly Serendipitous Words Of The Day. A solid holds its shape and the volume of a solid is fixed by the shape of the solid. Phase. Their magnitudes are equal. Information and translations of solid phase in the most comprehensive dictionary definitions resource on the web. Simple phase diagrams (2-D), that can be easily understood, are the pressure–temperature diagrams of a single simple substance, water for example. The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, Third Edition Shape given below summarize the phase changes of matters from solid to liquid, liquid to gas. and IV. phases of matter: see states of matter states of matter, forms of matter differing in several properties because of differences in the motions and forces of the molecules (or atoms, ions, or elementary particles) of which they are composed. Phases (States) of Matter with Examples. Shape given below summarize the phase changes of matters from solid to liquid, liquid to gas. Standing Orders; Demonstrations. In this unit we will examine solids, liquids and gases. This is a list of the different phases of matter including the more exotic ones. We can find heat gained in these intervals with following formula; where; m is mass, c is specific heat capacity and ΔT is change in the temperature (Tfinal-Tinitial). It's difficult to see phases of matter in a sentence . Definitions - Phases of matter. physical or corporeal substance in general, whether solid, liquid, or gaseous, especially as distinguished from incorporeal substance, as spirit or mind, or from qualities, actions, and the like. Bulk properties: Materials in the gas phase have no fixed shape, that is, they take on the shape of the container. Phases of matter synonyms, Phases of matter pronunciation, Phases of matter translation, English dictionary definition of Phases of matter. There are four common states of matter (or phases) in the universe: solid, liquid, gas, and plasma. In the liquid phase the molecular forces are weaker than in a … Meaning of solid phase. Demo on a Dime; PIRA 200; Orders. Losing heat of matter in gas phase has temperature vs. time graph as given below. The electrically neutral condition known as plasma is often considered a fourth state of matter. we have solid+liquid mixture and in interval IV. The states in which matter can exist: as a solid, liquid, or gas. Ice, liquid water, and steam, for example, are three states of matter of the same substance. All rights reserved. Examples of phase … Copyright © 2005 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Experiment Picture Library. During phase change, temperature of matters stay constant. We solve some examples related to phase change. Solvent. Phases are different from states of matter. Gas molecules lose heat and change its phase to liquid. The three states are solid, liquid, and gas. Why Do “Left” And “Right” Mean Liberal And Conservative? Matter can also move from one phase to another when heat or energy is added or subtracted. Define Phases of matter. Now we increase temperature from 0 to 400C, Example: If we mix two waters having mass 150 g and temperature 400C and 100g and 800C, find final temperature of mixtures.(cwater=1cal/g.0C). (See boiling point, condensation point, freezing point, melting point, triple point, and vaporization.). Solute. Different types of matter can be described by their mass. Types of phases. It leads to more temperature, pressure or energy but that can change the matter. Heat flows from matter having higher temperature to matter having low temperature until they have equal temperatures. In this unit we will examine solids, liquids and gases. On the contrary, during phase change, distances between molecules increase, thus potential energy of matter also increases. Some specific properties of these phases are given in the table below. However, the state of matter and phase diagram usages are not commensurate with the formal definition given above and the intended meaning must be determined in part from the context in which the term is used. Interactive Matters can exist in four states; solid, liquid, gas and plasma. Shifting from one form to another common states of matter are best described in phase diagrams plasma, gas of! One phase to liquid '' section of the same substance, this quiz on Spanish Words for is... And matter can also move from one form to another will examine solids, liquids, gases and. Point and melting point, freezing point in cooling process state of matter are solid, Physics, property... From matter having higher temperature to matter having higher temperature to matter having higher temperature to matter having temperature. In phase diagrams four common states of matter, state of matter with examples to increase temperature matter! 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DOMINANT TECHNOLOGIES IN “INDUSTRY 4.0”
Self-cleaning coatings of oxides transition elements (including – TiO2) on a photovoltaic covering glass
- 1 Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Metal Science, Equipment and Technologies with Hydro- and Aerodynamics Centre “Acad. Angel Balevski”, Sofia, Bulgaria
The aim of this paper is to review the cleaning of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems and applied coatings that eliminates costly automated cleaning systems by using nano-sized TiO2 combined with various organic binders.
- Arash Sayyah, Mark N. Horenstein, M.K. Mazumder Mitigation of soiling losses in concentrating solar collectors, (2013), IEEE 39th Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC), DOI: 10.1109/PVSC.2013.6744194;
- Stefka Nedelcheva, Vesselin Chobanov, Solar Energy Audit For A Hybrid System, Magazine "Computer Sciences and Communications”, (2013), Т2, № 4 Technical University of Sofia;
- Patil P.A., Bagi J.S., Wagh M. M A Review on Cleaning Mechanism of Solar Photovoltaic Panel, (2017), International Conference on Energy, Communication, Data Analytics and Soft Computing (ICECDS-2017);
- Swagata Banerjee, Dionysios D. Dionysiou, Suresh C. Pillai, Review - Self-cleaning applications of TiO2 by photo-induced hydrophilicity and photocatalysis, Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, (2015), Vol. 176–177, P 396-428;
- Elhachmi Guettaf Temam, Faiçal Djani, Rahmane saâd, Photocatalytic activity of Al/Ni-doped TiO2 films synthesized by sol-gel method: Effect of sunlight photocatalysis on the catalysts properties, Surfaces and Interfaces, 2022, Vol. 31, , 102077;
- Takahiro Adachi, Sanjay S. Latthe, Suresh W. Gosavi, Nitish Roy and all., Photocatalytic, superhydrophilic, self-cleaning TiO2 coating on cheap, light-weight, flexible polycarbonate substrates, Applied Surface Science, 2018, 458, 917-923. | Yes |
Limitations in titrimetric determination of acid groups in graphite oxide
N.V. Alemasova, M.V. Savoskin, A.N. Vdovichenko, L.A. Prokofieva
Public Institution «L.M.Litvinenko Institute of Physical Organic and Coal Chemistry», Donetsk, Ukraine
Abstract: Тhe Boehm titrimetric method gives distorted results when determining total quantity of acid groups total quantity in Hammers’ graphite oxide. It was established that the additional acidity of the aqueous phase of the Hammers graphite oxide suspension is due to intercalated sulfuric acid. The adding alkali during the acid-base titration is accompanied by the reaction of Hammers’ graphite oxide decarboxylation. Such an effect was not observed for an aqueous suspension of Brodie’s graphite oxide.
Keywords: graphite oxide, acid functional groups, cyclic acid-base titration.
Alemasova, N.V. Limitations in titrimetric determination of acid groups in graphite oxide / N.V. Alemasova, M.V. Savoskin, A.N. Vdovichenko et al. // Physical and chemical aspects of the study of clusters, nanostructures and nanomaterials: Interuniversity collection of proceedings / Ed. by V.M. Samsonov, N.Yu. Sdobnyakov. – Tver: TSU, 2019. – I. 11. – P. 6-15.
Full text (in Russian): download PDF file | Yes |
Having a great interest in food and agriculture, I was glad when a colleague informed me about a new study led by the University of Exeter Medical School and Plymouth University which found that drugs released into the environment can have a significant impact on the growth of plants, including those used for food.
This study looked at the impacts of a range of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) on edible crops and found that, even at very low concentrations, the growth of plants like lettuce and radish can be affected by familiar medicines including diclofenac, tolfenamic acid, meclofenamic acid, mefenamic acid and ibuprofen.
The potential for these chemicals to influence plants is becoming increasingly relevant, particularly as waste management systems are unable to remove many compounds from our sewage. Drugs for human use make their way into soil through a number of routes, including the use of sewage sludge as fertiliser and wastewater for irrigation.
In addition, there is a need on health grounds for our populations to eat more plants, indeed to base diets increasingly on plants. Given that the UK imports significant quantities of fruit and vegetables and that few of us consume our five-a-day, eating more fruit and vegetables poses questions about how and where they should be produced should people increase their intakes. Anything that prejudices edible plant growth is of concern.
This recent study looked for a number of changes in edible plants, assessing factors such as water content, root and shoot length, overall size and how effectively the plants photosynthesised. Each drug was shown to affect the plants in very specific ways, with marked differences between drugs that are closely related. For example, drugs from the fenamic acid class affected the growth of radish roots, whilst ibuprofen had a significant influence on the early root development of lettuce plants.
Use of medicines continues to increase and the pharmaceuticals we use ultimately end up in the environment. The study authors say that relatively little is still known about the effects of pharmaceuticals in the environment, particularly on flora and fauna. The understanding of pharmaceuticals in the environment needs to increase, including the impact of pharmaceuticals in the environment on public health, so that appropriate monitoring and controls can be put in place.
The presence of pharmaceuticals in the environment has attracted research attention particularly as evidence emerges of the effects they can have on the development of animals and antibiotic resistance in bacteria. Yet their ability to affect plant growth is poorly understood. This study marks an important step in an emerging research field attempting to assess how very low concentrations of drugs can affect the growth of crucial crop plants. It specifically considered the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, naproxen and ibuprofen. | Yes |
Nucleic acid molecules can serve as robust ligands for aqueous synthesis of semiconductor nanocrystals or quantum dots (QDs). QD properties including size, morphology, dispersity, emission maximum, and quantum yield are highly dependent on the sequences and structures of nucleic acids used for the synthesis. This synthetic strategy provides a novel facile means of constructing compact, stable, and biofunctionalized QDs in one step, which is of particular interest for a variety of applications such as biosensing, bioimaging, and self-assembly. This article summarizes recent advances in nucleic acid-templated QD synthesis with an emphasis on the nucleic acids-based programing of quantum dots properties. A variety of applications based on DNA-passivated QDs are also discussed.
|Original language||English (US)|
|Number of pages||10|
|Journal||Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology|
|State||Published - 2013|
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Medicine (miscellaneous)
- Biomedical Engineering | Yes |
Comptes rendus de l’Académie des sciences 52 (February 25, 1861): 344-47;
Reprinted in Oeuvres de Pasteur, vol. 2, pp. 136-38. Translation by A.S. Weber.
The variety of products formed by the so-called lactic fermentation are well known. Lactic acid, a gum, mannite, butyric acid, alcohol, carbonic acid and hydrogen appear simultaneously or successively in extremely variable and quite unexpected proportions. I have slowly realized that the vegetable ferment which transforms sugar into lactic acid is different from the one or ones (because there are two of them) which determine the production of the gummy material, and that these ferments do not produce lactic acid. Moreover, I have also recognized that these various vegetable ferments, if they are perfectly pure, can in no way give rise to butyric acid.
Therefore there must be a specific butyric ferment. I have focussed my attention on this point for a long time. The communication which I have the honor of addressing to the Academy today precisely concerns the origin of butyric acid in the so-called lactic acid fermentation. I will not enter here into all the details of this research. I will first limit myself to announcing one of the conclusions of my work: that is, the butyric ferment is an infusorian.
I had been prepared not to expect this result, to such a degree that for a long time I felt compelled to prevent the appearance of these little animals, for fear that they were not drawing nourishment from the vegetable ferment which I had assumed to be the butyric ferment, the same vegetable ferment which I was searching to discover in the liquid media that I was using. But unsuccessful in uncovering the cause of the origin of the butyric acid, I was in the end struck by the coincidence, that my analyses showed me to be inevitable, between the acid and the infusoria, and conversely between the infusoria and the production of the acid, a fact that I had previously attributed to the favorable and suitable environment that the butyric acid provided to these animalcules. Since then, a great number of experiments have convinced me that the transformation of sugar, mannite, and lactic acid into butyric acid is due exclusively to these infusoria, and that it is necessary to consider them as the true butyric ferment.
The infusoria can be described as follows: they are little cylindrical rods, rounded at the ends, ordinarily straight, and either isolated or joined in chains of two, three, four or sometimes even more divisions. On average, their size is 0.002 mm. The length of one of the isolated divisions varies from 0.002 mm to 0.015 mm to 0.02 mm. These infusoria propel themselves by gliding. During this movement, their bodies stay rigid, or undergo light undulations. They pirouette, balancing themselves where the anterior or posterior part of their bodies vibrates rapidly. The undulations of their movements become very evident as soon as their length reaches 0.015 mm. Often they are bent back towards one of their extremities, sometimes to both. This peculiarity is rare at the beginning of their lives.
They reproduce by fissiparity [division]. The chains of divisions which some of their bodies join into are evidently a result of this mode of reproduction. A single infusorian which drags other bodies after itself sometimes rapidly shakes as if to detach itself.
Although the bodies of these vibrios have a cylindrical appearance, one might say that they are often formed from a series of particles or very short, scarcely begun divisions which are without doubt the rudimentary beginnings of these little animals.
One can sow these infusoria just like one would sow beer yeast. They multiply if the environment is adapted to their nutrition. But it is essential to remark here that one can sow them in a liquid containing only sugar, ammonia, and phosphates; that is to say, crystalline and completely mineral substances, and they reproduce themselves in correlation with the butyric fermentation, which appears very evident. The weight formed from this process is notable, although always small when compared to the total quantity of butyric acid produced, just as in all ferments.
The existence of infusoria possessing the character of ferments is already a fact which certainly seems worthy of attention; but one unique peculiarity accompanies this fact-these infusorian animalcules live and multiply without limit without the necessity of providing them with the least quantity of air or free oxygen.
It would be tedious to recount here how I absolutely excluded oxygen from the interiors and surfaces of the liquid media where these infusoria live and swarm by the millions, since I have carefully established this elsewhere. I will only add that I did not want to present my findings to the Academy without calling several of its members to witness, who appeared to acknowledge the rigor of the experimental proofs which I placed before their eyes.
Not only do these infusoria live without air, but the air kills them. If one passes a stream of pure carbonic acid for an unspecified amount of time through the liquid in which they live, their life and reproduction are in no way affected. If, on the contrary, a stream of atmospheric air is substituted for the carbonic acid under exactly the same conditions, in only one or two hours the infusoria all die, and the butyric fermentation connected to their existence is soon stopped.
Thus we arrive at this double proposition:
- The butyric ferment is an infusorian.
- This infusorian lives without free oxygen gas.
This is, I believe, the first known example of animal ferments, and also of animals living without free oxygen gas.
The comparison of the way of life and properties of these animalcules with the way of life and properties of the vegetable ferments who live equally without the aid of free oxygen, is selfevident, along with the consequences that may be deduced from it relating to the cause of fermentations. However, I would like to reserve the ideas which these new facts suggest until I have submitted them to the light of experiment. | Yes |
The fluoride mystery may finally be solved. Scientists have speculated for nearly five decades about how fluoride, added to drinking water and oral-care products, prevents tooth decay. The latest studies, published in the ACS journal Langumir, may finally explain how it works.
Karin Jacobs led the research into how fluoride prevents or reduces tooth decay. Researchers conducted the study using artificial teeth, constructed of hydroxypatite.
Previous materials were porous, unlike actual teeth. The new compound provided a smooth, hard surface, which allowed researchers more accurate results.
As reported by Phys.org, Jacobs’ study explored the possibility that fluoride effected bacterial adhesion onto the teeth. Scientists previously linked fluoride with the strengthening of the tooth’s enamel. However, newer studies have found that fluoride might actually work in two ways.
Although fluoride does penetrate the tooth, strengthening the enamel, it does not penetrate as deeply as previously thought. Although thin, the layer effected by the fluoride was shown to be stronger, confirming previous theories.
In addition to making enamel stronger, fluoride has now been shown to prevent bacteria from sticking to the teeth. Bacteria naturally exists in the mouth. However, if the bacteria sticks to the teeth, it leads to tooth decay.
Fluoride prevents the bacteria from sticking, protecting the teeth from the harmful effects. As the fluoride has been shown to strengthen the teeth, and prevent the adhesion of bacteria, much of the fluoride mystery is solved.
As discussed at Water.EPA.gov, fluoride is a salt formed by combining minerals with fluorine. The amount of fluoride allowed in drinking water is regulated by the Environmental Protection Agency. However, the decision to include fluoride in drinking water is decided at the state and local level.
Minute levels of fluoride enter drinking water naturally. However, many states and localities add it to promote oral health.
Until recently, researchers were not entirely sure how fluoride protected the teeth. The fluoride mystery is now closer to being solved as studies show that it not only strengthens the teeth, it prevents bacteria from sticking to the surface. | Yes |
In response to requests from Plumbing Manufacturers Intl. (PMI) and its members, as well as from other supporters of the U.S....
When considering reverse osmosis (RO) for water treatment, there are several things that should be taken into account. One of the most important things to consider is the quality of the water to be treated. RO is widely used to remove harmful inorganic contaminants; however, due to the limitations and higher operating cost, pretreatment of the water may be necessary. For example, hardness minerals are common in groundwater, and at high levels, pretreating with a softener is often recommended. Additionally, consider that chlorine and chloramine can significantly reduce the life of the membrane and replacement can be costly.
With the input of membrane manufacturers and water treatment professionals, National Testing Laboratories has developed two testing packages intended to test RO feedwater for proper treatment. Often, these tests also are used to test RO water to ensure removal of certain contaminants.
First, the company developed the RO Check, which looks for various cations and anions, other inorganic contaminants and physical characteristics. There are a total of 31 parameters in this testing package, including silica, potassium, bicarbonate and carbonate.
Then, with some fine-tuning the company developed the Complete RO Screen, designed to be a complete analysis for RO design. This testing package offers a comprehensive, in-depth analysis of 22 metals, nine other inorganics and 14 other parameters necessary to determine proper RO system design. Due to the nature of RO-produced water, this package was designed to provide lower detection levels. It is also beneficial for other applications that require pure water. New and improved compact packaging will reduce shipping costs. | Yes |
|Molecular Weight||See details|
|Packing||Sea or Airworthy packing|
|Material Safety Data Sheet||Upon request|
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Tel: 86-574-87319282 | | Yes |
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Additional References & Resources | Yes |
Change is the most fundamental characteristic of biomarkers. Urine can be a better non-invasive source for biomarker discovery since it accumulates many changes (Gao, 2013). Changes introduced into the blood can be more sensitively detected in urine (Li, Zhao & Gao, 2014). As summarized in a recent paper (Gao, 2014b), in some previous biomarker studies, several potential biomarkers perform even better in urine than in blood (Huang et al., 2012; Payne et al., 2009; Wu et al., 2013). Urine proteome is affected by many factors such as age, gender, lifestyle and others. As a result, despite the advantage of urine as a better biomarker source, urine biomarker research can be difficult; changes in urine make sorting out factors directly associated with any particular condition much too complex, especially in human samples (Gao, 2013). Minimizing the confounding factors by using an animal model was illustrated in renal diseases (Gao, 2014c; Zhao et al., 2014). In fact, although the number of factors that can affect the urine proteome is still unknown, a better understanding of those factors’ effects on urine proteome can help to speed up biomarker discovery. It has been proposed that only changes of the stable components in urine proteome are more likely to become biomarkers (Sun et al., 2009). Other physiological factors such as water loading, sodium loading, cigarette smoking, diuretics and anticoagulants were found to change urine proteome as well (Airoldi et al., 2009; Li et al., 2014; Thongboonkerd et al., 2003).
The effects of medications on urine proteome also tend to be neglected when clinical experiments were designed. The patients-medicine, healthy-no medicine associations exist in all of the clinical biomarker studies. Therefore “pharmuromics,” which studies the effects of medicine on urine, was proposed (Gao, 2014a). Anesthetic is commonly used in animal experiments, as well as surgery. However, the effects of anesthetics on urine proteome are not usually considered. It is not clear whether anesthesia affects the urine proteome. In this study, the effects of pentobarbital sodium and chloral hydrate anesthesia on rat urine proteome were studied using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS).
Materials and Methods
Rats were purchased from the Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College. The experiment was approved by Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Animal Ethics Committee, Peking Union Medical College (Animal Welfare Assurance Number: ACUC-A02-2013-015). All animals were kept with standard laboratory diet under controlled indoor temperature (22 ± 1 °C) and humidity (65–70%). The study was performed according to guidelines developed by Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Peking Union Medical College.
Twelve male Sprague-Dawley rats (weight = 200 g) were divided into two groups. One group was anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of pentobarbital sodium (n = 6, 50 mg/kg), and the other group was by chloral hydrate (n = 6, 300 mg/kg). Urine samples before anesthesia were collected as control (about 2 mL). Anesthesia affected urine was collected for three hours during anesthesia (about 2 mL). Anesthesia was supported for four hours and the activities of the anesthetics were detected by measuring muscle relaxation. The urinary protein and creatinine concentration were measured at the Peking Union Medical College Hospital. The self-controlled experiment was conducted in two phases: for the discovery phase, differential protein identification was performed in three independent rats each group; for the validation phase, samples were obtained from the three remaining rats.
Urine was centrifuged at 2,000 g for 30 min immediately after collection. Three volumes of acetone were added after removing the pellets and precipitated at 4 °C. Then, lysis buffer (8 M urea, 2 M thiourea, 25 mM dithiothreitol and 50 mM Tris) was used to re-dissolve the pellets. Proteins were digested by trypsin (Trypsin Gold, Mass Spec Grade, Promega, Fitchburg, Wisconsin, USA) using filter-aided sample preparation methods (Wisniewski et al., 2009). Briefly, after proteins were loaded on the filter unit (Pall, Port Washington, New York, USA), UA buffer (8 M urea in 0.1 M Tris–HCl, pH 8.5) and 50 mM NH4HCO3 was added. Proteins were denatured at 50 °C for 1 h by the addition of 20 mM dithiothreitol and alkylated in the dark for 40 min by the addition of 50 mM iodoacetamide. Proteins were digested by trypsin (1:50) at 37 °C overnight. The digested peptides were desalted using Oasis HLB cartridges (Waters, Milford, Massachusetts, USA).
The digested peptides were dissolved in 0.1% formic acid and loaded on a Michrom Peptide Captrap column (MW 0.5–50 kD, 0.5 × 2 mm; Michrom Bioresources, Auburn, California, USA). The eluent was transferred to a reversed-phase microcapillary column (0.1 × 150 mm, packed with Magic C18, 3 µm, 200 Å; Michrom Bioresources, Auburn, California, USA) by an Agilent 1200 HPLC system. Peptides were analyzed by a LTQ-OrbitrapVelos mass spectrometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Bremen, Germany). The LTQ-OrbitrapVelos was operated in data-dependent acquisition mode. Survey MS scans were acquired in the Orbitrap using a 300–2,000 m/z range with the resolution set to 60,000. The 20 most intense ions per survey scan were selected for collision-induced dissociation fragmentation, and the resulting fragments were analyzed in the LTQ. Dynamic exclusion was employed with a 60 s window to prevent the repetitive selection of the same peptide.
All MS/MS spectra were analyzed using the Mascot search engine (version 2.4.1, Matrix Science, London, UK), and proteins were identified by searching against the Swissprot_ 2013_ 07 database (taxonomy: Rattus; containing 9,354 sequences). The parameters were set as follows: carbamidomethylation of cysteines was set as a fixed modification, and oxidation of methionine and protein N-terminal acetylation were set as variable modifications. Trypsin was set as the digestion enzyme, and two missed trypsin cleavage sites were allowed. The precursor mass tolerance was set to 10 ppm, and the fragment mass tolerance was set to 0.5 Da. Peptide and protein identifications were validated by Scaffold (version 4.0.1, Proteome Software Inc., Portland, Oregon, USA). Peptide identifications were accepted if they could be detected with ≥95.0% probability by the Scaffold local false discovery rate algorithm, and protein identifications were accepted if they could be detected with ≥99.0% probability and contained at least 2 identified peptides (Nesvizhskii et al., 2003). The acquired raw files were loaded to Progenesis LC-MS/MS software (version 4.1, Nonlinear, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK), and label-free quantification was conducted as previously described (Hauck et al., 2010). For quantification, all peptides (with Mascot score >30 and p < 0.01) of an identified protein were included.
Western blot analysis
Urine proteins were prepared as described in Materials and Methods; 20 µg of each sample were separated by 10% SDS-PAGE and transferred to PVDF membranes (Whatman, Maidstone, UK) in transfer buffer (10% methanol, 25 mM Tris base, 192 mM glycine, PH 8.0). Membranes were incubated overnight at 4 °C with primary antibody against alpha-1-antiproteinase (Species reactivity: rat; dilution 1:1000; ab106582, Abcam, Cambridge, UK) or transferrin (Species reactivity: rat; dilution 1:10000; ab82411, Abcam, Cambridge, UK). The membranes were then washed and incubated with peroxidase-conjugated anti-chicken and anti-rabbit IgG (1:10000; zSgb-Bio, Beijing, China) at room temperature for 2 h and proteins were visualized using enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL) reagents. Intensity of each protein band was quantified using Image J analysis software (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA).
Urine protein-to-creatinine ratios were increased with either pentobarbital sodium or chloral hydrate anesthesia
The urinary creatinine concentrations were first reduced with anesthesia than in normal condition (in pentobarbital sodium group, creatinine decreased to 0.9-fold and in chloral hydrate group, also decreased to about 0.9-fold; Table S1). When compared with changes of creatinine concentration, changes of urinary proteins concentrations were much more significant. As a result, the urine protein-to-creatinine values with anesthesia increased 2.4-fold (in pentobarbital sodium group, 107.1 ± 21.1 versus 259.1 ± 81.1 mg/mmol, n = 6, P value <0.05) and 2.1-fold (in chloral hydrate group, 107.5 ± 16.5 versus 220.8 ± 79.0 mg/mmol, n = 6, P value <0.05). With pentobarbital sodium and chloral hydrate anesthesia, the urine protein-to-creatinine ratio of all rats were significantly increased in both groups, which were consistent with the values that have been reported in previous studies (Mercatello et al., 1991; Vaden et al., 2010). Figure 1 showed the different effects of each anesthetic on rat urine protein concentration.
|Pentobarbital sodium group fold change||Chloral hydrate group fold change|
|Accession||Description||P value||Rat 1||Rat 2||Rat 3||Rat 7||Rat 8||Rat 9||Candidate biomarkers|
|P07522||Pro-epidermal growth factor||0.001||2.5↓||2.8↓||3.4↓||5.4↓||3.3↓||2.1↓||Yes|
|Q5XI43||Matrix-remodeling-associated protein 8||0.006||2.8↓||3.1↓||2.6↓||9.3↓||5.3↓||2.8↓||No|
|P15083||Polymeric immunoglobulin receptor||0.020||2.6↓||2.3↓||2.2↓||3↓||2.7↓||2.8↓||No|
|P32038||Complement factor D||0.046||2.2↑||2.4↑||3.9↑||–||–||–||No|
|P20761||Ig gamma-2B chain C region||0.030||7.2↑||3.3↑||9.1↑||–||–||–||No|
|P36373||Glandular kallikrein-7, submandibular/renal||0.021||2.1↓||2.2↓||3.5↓||–||–||–||Yes|
|P98158||Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 2||0.004||2.1↓||3.6↓||2.1↓||–||–||–||No|
|Q64230||Meprin A subunit alpha||0.000||2.7↓||3.6↓||3.4↓||–||–||–||Yes|
|P28826||Meprin A subunit beta||0.031||3.5↓||4.9↓||10.9↓||–||–||–||No|
|Q64319||Neutral and basic amino acid transport protein rBAT||0.014||2.5↓||2.7↓||4.5↓||–||–||–||Yes|
|P29598||Urokinase-type plasminogen activator||0.048||2.5↓||2.2↓||2.7↓||–||–||–||No|
|Q6DGG1||Alpha/beta hydrolase domain-containing protein 14B||0.004||–||–||–||3.4↑||8↑||3.3↑||No|
|P61972||Nuclear transport factor 2||0.026||–||–||–||3.1↑||3.1↑||6.5↑||No|
|P07632||Superoxide dismutase [Cu-Zn]||0.019||–||–||–||2.6↑||4.9↑||3.1↑||Yes|
|Q9JJ40||Na(+)/H(+) exchange regulatory
|P83121||Urinary protein 3||0.033||–||–||–||2.2↓||3.3↓||2.1↓||No|
“–” means no significant changes (fold changes >2 in all three samples).
Urinary proteome changes with anesthesia
Twelve urine samples before and after anesthesia from 6 rats (n = 3 in each group) in the pentobarbital sodium and chloral hydrate group were profiled by LC-MS/MS. In the pentobarbital sodium and chloral hydrate group, label-free quantitation data of proteins identified were listed in Table S2.
In the pentobarbital sodium group, the relative abundance of 22 proteins changed according to the following criteria: fold change >2 for each rat and p value <0.05 (data were analyzed by t test); 6 proteins had increased relative abundance and 16 proteins had decreased relative abundance. In the chloral hydrate group, the relative abundance of 23 proteins changed: 9 proteins had increased relative abundance and 14 proteins had decreased relative abundance. Among the proteins with altered relative abundance, 7 had the same trends in all six rats that were anesthetized with either pentobarbital sodium or chloral hydrate; one protein increased relative abundance and six proteins had decreased relative abundance (Table 1).
Verification of affected proteins by Western blot
Two changed proteins were selected to be validated in six more rats for the following reasons: (1) were identified previously in biomarker discovery; (2) were at relatively high abundance and easier to be detected in western blot; (3) had commercially available antibodies. In the pentobarbital sodium group, the levels of transferrin were analyzed and in the chloral hydrate group, the levels of alpha-1-antiproteinase were analyzed. With anesthesia, transferrin and alpha-1-antiproteinase expression levels were upregulated in three more rats (Fig. 2), consistent with the MS quantification data.
Comparison with previous studies
In the pentobarbital sodium anesthesia group, the relative abundance of 22 proteins were changed. Compared with the Urinary Protein Biomarkers Database (Shao et al., 2011), 11 out of 22 proteins were considered as candidate biomarkers, such as uromodulin and serotransferrin. Among these proteins, some exhibited the opposite trend. For example, the relative abundance of aminopeptidase N was increased in septic rats with acute renal failure (Wang et al., 2008), whereas their relative abundance decreased with pentobarbital sodium anesthesia. In the chloral hydrate anesthesia group, the relative abundance of 23 proteins changed and chloral hydrate had a relatively different impact on the urine proteome. Compared with the Urinary Protein Biomarkers Database, 8 out of 23 proteins were considered as candidate biomarkers, such as uromodulin and parvalbumin alpha. However, the relative abundance of clusterin was increased under conditions of gentamicin administration (Takahashi, 1995), but it decreased with chloral hydrate anesthesia.
Rat proteins were converted to their human orthologs using the Ensembl homolog database as reported (Jia et al., 2013). Stable proteins in healthy human urine are more likely to become candidate biomarkers when changed (Sun et al., 2009). In this study, differently expressed proteins with anesthesia were compared with the human core urinary proteome, which were considered stable and relatively high in abundance. Data from the “stable urinary proteome,” which represented the common and most easily identifiable proteins from urine, were determined by Mann (Nagaraj & Mann, 2011). The dataset contains 587 proteins that were identified in each of the 7 participant’s urinary proteomes on three consecutive days. The changes of high abundant proteins are likely to be real, as it is unlikely to be caused by data dependent sampling of low abundant peptides by MS. 6 out of 22 proteins (Uromodulin, Kallikrein-1, Serotransferrin, Serum albumin, Gamma-glutamyl hydrolase, Neutral and basic amino acid transport protein rBAT) affected by pentobarbital sodium had stable relative abundance in healthy human urine. Twelve out of 23 proteins (Uromodulin, Kallikrein-1, Superoxide dismutase (Cu–Zn), Putative uncharacterized protein, Parvalbumin alpha, Corticosteroid-binding globulin, E-cadherin, Alpha/beta hydrolase domain-containing protein 14B, Retinoid-inducible serine carboxypeptidase, Apolipoprotein E, Na(+)/H(+) exchange regulatory cofactor NHE-RF3, Nucleobindin-1) affected by chloral hydrate were stable. Two proteins (Uromodulin, Kallikrein-1) were shared by both groups (Table 2 listed the changed proteins which exist in human core urinary proteins).
|Group||Uniprot (rat)||Human ensembl
|Uniprot (human)||Protein name||Related-disease|
|Both group||P27590||ENSG00000169344||P07911||Uromodulin||Fanconi Syndrome (Cutillas et al., 2004)|
|Pentobarbital sodium group||Q64319||ENSG00000091513||P02787||Serotransferrin||Diabetic Nephropathy (Narita et al., 2004)|
|Q628 67||ENSG00000163631||P02768||Serum albumin||Nephrotoxicity (Nordberg et al., 2005)|
|P12346||ENSG00000137563||Q92820||Gamma-glutamyl hydrolase||Uranium Nephrotoxicity (Malard et al., 2009)|
|P02770||ENSG00000138079||Q07837||Neutral and basic amino acid transport protein rBAT||Sodium Loading (Thongboonkerd et al., 2003)|
|Chloral hydrate group||P07632||ENSG00000142168||P00441||Superoxide dismutase (Cu–Zn)||Nephritis (Curtis et al., 1989)|
|Q6IRK9||ENSG00000104324||Q9Y646||Putative uncharacterized protein||None|
|P02625||ENSG00000100362||P20472||Parvalbumin alpha||Skeletal Muscle Toxicity (Dare et al., 2002)|
|Q9R0T4||ENSG00000039068||P12830||E-cadherin||Diabetic Nephropathy (Jiang et al., 2009)|
|Q6DGG1||ENSG00000114779||Q96IU4||Alpha/beta hydrolase domain-containing protein 14B||None|
|Q920A6||ENSG00000121064||Q9HB40||Retinoid-inducible serine carboxypeptidase||None|
|P02650||ENSG00000130203||P02649||Apolipoprotein E||Bladder Cancer (Linden et al., 2012)|
|Q9JJ40||ENSG00000174827||Q5T2W1||Na(+)/H(+) exchange regulatory cofactor NHE-RF3||Aldosteronism (van der Lubbe et al., 2012)|
Two validated changing proteins, transferrin and the alpha-1-antiproteinase, are two of the most common markers of renal diseases. Transferrin is a plasma protein that transports iron through different tissues and organs (Crichton & Charloteaux-Wauters, 1987). The blood transferrin is used to determine the cause of anemia and examine iron metabolism. Urinary transferrin is upregulated in many diseases such as diabetic nephropathy, IgA nephropathy, ureteropelvic junction obstruction and bladder cancer (Shao et al., 2011). Alpha-1-antiproteinase can inhibit many proteases thus protects tissues from enzymes of inflammatory cells (Wu & Foreman, 1991). Alpha-1-antiproteinase is also upregulated in many diseases such as kidney calculi, nephrotic syndrome, bladder cancer and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (Shao et al., 2011). As these two candidate biomarkers are affected by anesthetics like pentobarbital sodium or chloral hydrate, it is necessary to exclude anesthetic related effects in future biomarker discovery studies.
Seven changed proteins shared the same trend in both groups, which could be explained by the common mechanisms of action of two general anesthetics. Pentobarbital sodium at anesthetic dose inhibits Ca2+-dependent release of neurotransmitters and increases the duration of Cl− channel opening at the GABAA receptor (Orser et al., 1998; Pistis et al., 1999). Chloral hydrate also potentiates GABA-activated Cl− current in central nervous system neurons by its main active metabolite trichloroethanol (Peoples & Weight, 1994). The common effects of these two anesthetics on urine proteome suggest that the nervous system is possibly involved in regulation of urinary proteins. But exactly how these two anesthetics affect urinary proteins remains unknown. It may include direct and/or indirect effects on renal functions.
Central GABA receptor stimulation reduces renal sympathetic nerve discharge (Antonaccio & Taylor, 1977), which induce vasodilatation, especially in the arcuate and interlobular arteries (Kirchheim et al., 1987). Central administration of GABA agonists reduce blood pressure and heart rate (Antonaccio, Kerwin & Taylor, 1978), which could affect renal blood flow, glomerular filtration rate, renal tubular reabsorption rate (Holstein-Rathlou, Christensen & Leyssac, 1982; Mercatello, 1990) and possibly urinary proteins.
It was proposed that GABA antagonizes the central effects of renin (Abe et al., 1988). The lower release of renin may consequently affect the renal sodium metabolism (Zacchia & Capasso, 2008), which may explain why Na (+)/H (+) exchange regulatory cofactor and parvalbumin (a key protein in early distal tubule Na+ reabsorption) were affected with chloral hydrate anesthesia.
The fact that changed proteins with pentobarbital sodium and chloral hydrate anesthesia were not all the same suggested that the two anesthetics might have differences in the modes of action. Chloral hydrate also targets on the 5-HT3 receptor (Bentley & Barnes, 1998), which may help to explain the different effects of the two anesthetics. Previous study also showed that pentobarbital sodium anesthesia may influence hematologic values such as clotting time and partial thromboplastin time (Gentry & Black, 1976), which may explain why the kallikrein-1 and urokinase-type plasminogen activator changes with pentobarbital sodium anesthesia.
Whether these changes are influenced by anesthetic dose, the depth of the anesthesia and the time of administration require further study. The pattern of urinary proteins with altered relative abundances makes it possible to exclude interferences from anesthetics in future biomarker discovery studies. Besides, the analysis above suggests that urinary proteins may be able to reflect the functional changes as far as central nerve system. A better understanding of this mechanism will help to understand renal physiology, pathophysiology and the relationship between biomarkers and related diseases. | Yes |
The polymer lithium battery is a chemical battery with high energy, miniaturization and weight reduction. Lithium battery charging methods are a topic that many people are paying attention to because lithium battery charging methods are different for different lithium batteries.
How polymer lithium batteries work
Lithium-ion batteries are classified into liquid lithium ion batteries and polymer lithium ion batteries or plastic lithium ion batteries according to the electrolyte materials used in lithium ion batteries. The positive and negative materials used in the polymer lithium ion battery are the same as the liquid lithium ions. The positive electrode material is divided into lithium cobaltate, lithium manganate, ternary material and lithium iron phosphate material, and the negative electrode is graphite. The working principle of the battery is also basically Consistent.
The polymer lithium battery uses a ruthenium alloy as a positive electrode, and uses a polymer conductive material, polyacetylene, polyaniline or polyparaphenylene as a negative electrode, and an organic solvent as an electrolyte. The specific energy of lithium polyaniline battery can reach 350W.h/kg, but the specific power is only 50-60W/kg, the use temperature is -40-70 degrees, and the service life is about 330 times.
The lithium polymer battery electrolyte is a flexible solid polymer, and the metal ruthenium foil is sealed in the battery, and can still operate normally at a high temperature of 180 °C.
Since the polymer replaces the liquid electrolyte with a solid electrolyte, the polymer lithium ion battery has the advantages of being thinner, arbitrarily aread, and arbitrarily shaped compared with the liquid lithium ion battery, so that the battery can be made of the aluminum-plastic composite film. Therefore, the specific capacity of the entire battery can be improved; the polymer lithium ion battery can also use a polymer as a positive electrode material, and its mass specific energy will be increased by more than 20% compared with the current liquid lithium ion battery. The polymer lithium battery is characterized by being compact, thin, and lightweight. Therefore, the market share of polymer batteries will gradually increase.
Polymer lithium battery charging method
Polymer lithium batteries generally refer to polymer lithium ion batteries, which are developed on the basis of liquid lithium ion batteries. Many electronic digital products now use polymer lithium batteries. The charge and discharge of a polymer lithium battery and a liquid lithium battery are actually the same. There are two main methods: constant voltage charging and constant current charging.
In constant current charging, the capacity of the battery increases with time, the internal resistance of the battery also increases, and the charging becomes slow. At this time, we should not think that charging will be completed, but also after a period of slow charging. The manufacturer of a typical polymer lithium-ion battery is charged with a constant current when charging the battery, and is charged with a constant voltage current. Current, voltage, and cell phone power all change over time, which ensures that the phone's battery can be fully charged.
Correct charging method for polymer lithium battery
1. When charging the polymer lithium battery, the charger is best to choose the original special charger, otherwise it will affect or damage the polymer lithium battery.
2. Polymer lithium battery charging is best to use slow charging method, try to avoid fast charging, repeated charging and discharging will also affect the life of polymer lithium battery.
3. If the mobile phone is not used for more than 7 days, the polymer lithium battery should be fully used before use. The polymer lithium battery has self-discharge phenomenon.
4. The charging time of the polymer lithium battery is not as long as possible. For the ordinary charger, the charging should be stopped immediately after the polymer lithium battery is full, otherwise the polymer lithium battery will affect the battery performance due to heat or overheating.
5. After charging the polymer lithium battery, try to avoid placing it on the charger for more than 10 hours. If it is not used for a long time, the cell phone and the polymer lithium battery should be separated. | Yes |
This paper investigates the production of CO2 snow by flash-atomization of liquid carbon dioxide for material cleaning process. The evolution of flash-atomization processes was recorded by means of high-speed shadowgraph. Results shows that the degree of superheat condition of liquid CO2 greatly influence the atomization modes, bobbles growth rate and concentration, and thus result in difference spray angle, spray pattern, and the structure of liquid jet which is suitable for different material cleaning applications. It is found that the spray angle first slowly increases with increase in the degree of superheat (Δ T) under external flash atomization processes. It is increased drastically as the spray transform from external-flashing to internal-flashing mode. Finally the spray angle is decreased again because of the decrease of mass flowrate due to the internal flashing processes. Moreover, the spray angle is increased as the length-to-diameter ratio (L/D) is increased. This is due to the higher bobble growth rate in terms of different pressure distribution and bobble growth time. It is also found that the external-flashing disappears at higher L/D because of the heat transfer to the liquid carbon dioxide. It is concluded that the superheated condition is useful in the control of the spray angle for material cleaning processes. | Yes |
|Publication number||US4011190 A|
|Application number||US 05/634,953|
|Publication date||Mar 8, 1977|
|Filing date||Nov 24, 1975|
|Priority date||Nov 24, 1975|
|Publication number||05634953, 634953, US 4011190 A, US 4011190A, US-A-4011190, US4011190 A, US4011190A|
|Original Assignee||Ses, Incorporated|
|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Patent Citations (5), Non-Patent Citations (1), Referenced by (31), Classifications (23)|
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|
It has long been known that some materials are black in the visible spectrum but reflect or transmit to a considerable extent in the longer infrared regions. This has led to the application of black surfaces to obtain heat from solar radiation. Yet for flat-plate collectors without optical concentration devices, temperature is rather limited since heat losses from the receiver at higher temperatures, primarily from thermal radiation of the black surface, soon equal the incoming energy. Efforts have been directed to find or synthesize selective black surfaces so that they differentiate in their absorption, reflection or transmission characteristics between wavelengths above about 2 microns, i.e., in the "thermal" range and wavelengths below about 2 microns, i.e., in the "solar" range.
Polished zinc is an example of a natural surface with a fair degree of selectivity. For solar radiation the absorptance is of the order of 0.5. The emittance is about 0.05. However, polished zinc is a poor surface for a solar receiver since an absorptance of around 0.9-1.0 is needed. Consequently, efforts have been directed to synthesizing selective black surfaces for solar receivers. In general, materials having low emissivity in the infrared range are the metals -- the higher the electrical conductivity and the surface smoothness the lower the emissivity. Non-metals have a high emissivity unless they are transparent to long-wave radiation. Total emissivity for various materials is given in McAdams "Heat Transmission" -- McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1942, pp. 393-396.
A number of selective surfaces have been described in the art. These selective black surfaces generally are synthesized by taking a polished metal base and coating it with a very thin optically dark surface layer which is substantially transparent for wavelengths above about 2-3 microns. Exemplary are silver oxide on silver, iron oxide on steel, copper oxide on aluminum, copper oxide on copper and other metals, and nickel-zinc-sulfide complex, known as "nickel-black", on nickel, galvanized iron, or on other metals. The nickel-black and copper oxide coatings are generally used in practice. Preparation of a number of selective blacks is described by Tabor. U.S. Pat. No. 2,917,817, issued Dec. 22, 1959. The very thin layer of dark material can be obtained by such techniques as vapor deposition or electro deposition. An alternative method is to paint the dark material onto the metal surface; but this method, while inexpensive to do, suffers a disadvantage in that the thickness of the final layer is generally greater than that which can be obtained by the aforesaid deposition methods.
In nearly all the conventional surfaces there is considerable difficulty in getting a high solar absorptivity since as efforts are made to increase absorptivity, the emissivity usually rises very rapidly. An absorptance of 0.8 can often be obtained with almost no effect on the emittance of the base; however, by the time absorptivity has been raised to 0.9, by using thicker layers or changes in the recipe, the emittance has risen considerably.
It has now been discovered that blacks of high effectiveness can be prepared by coating reflective metal particles with a layer of a selective black material. The coated particles can be mixed with a suitable vehicle to form a paint which can be applied easily as a thin film to any suitable surface.
The reason for improved selectivity is not known with certainty. It is believed, however, that with panels prepared by painting a reflective sheet material, such as aluminum, with a layer of selective black, such as cupric sulfide, the layer has a number of cupric sulfide particles superimposed, resulting in multiple reflections as the solar beam is finally absorbed. The multiple layer particles of cupric sulfide are a hindrance to the maintenance of the low emissivity of the aluminum sheet. In the present invention, the solar rays are absorbed more effectively by the thin black surface film covering the core of reflective material.
In the present invention, the individual substrate or core is a highly reflective material having a low emissivity, i.e., less than about 0.1 and preferably less than about 0.05. Examples of such materials include aluminum, nickel, copper, and zinc, which are low in cost and which are usually available in the form of fine powder or flakes. Other materials available in the form of flakes, or powder at a relatively moderate cost are: brass, or bronze, alloys of copper available in an extensive variety of composition, particle (or flake) size and shape. One of the most readily available materials is zinc powder or zinc dust, which is available in very small particle-sizes at relatively low cost. The core particles desirably are small in diameter and range in diameter from about 0.5 microns up to about 10 microns, and preferably up to about 5 microns.
The core particles are coated with a thin layer of a material having a high solar absorptivity and transmittance in the long infrared wavelengths. The coating material is generally a semiconductor. Exemplary materials are the oxides or sulfides of metals such as copper, lead, molybdenum and the like. One or more materials can be used in the coating. The coating material should have an absorptivity (α) of at least about 0.90 and preferably about 0.95 for energy in the solar wavelengths reflectivity of less than about 0.1 and preferably less than about 0.05 for solar wavelengths, and transmit wavelengths longer than 2 microns.
The coating can be effected by any suitable means. For example, a coating of copper oxide or copper sulfide can be prepared by depositing a thin film of copper on the core by electroless chemical deposition and then converting the copper to the oxide or sulfide. The coating can vary in thickness up to about 1 micron. To provide sufficient coverage of the particle, it is preferred that the film be at least 2 molecules thick.
In selecting a coating material for a particular reflective metal particle, care should be exercised to obtain a dark, preferably black color which undergoes little or no change with use. Some materials can interact with the metal particle and produce a color change which is less effective. For example, zinc coated with lead and copper sulfides gradually undergoes a change from black to brown in time with a loss in effectiveness.
The coated particles can be used as a pigment in preparing a paint which can easily be applied to a desired surface as a thin film in accordance with known technology. For example, the coated particles can be mixed with a binder and volatile solvent to provide a paint which can be brushed or sprayed onto a substrate which can be metal, wood, masonry, or other desired material. The binder should, of course, be transparent for wavelengths longer than about 3 microns. Such binders can be found in the group of silicones, which are commercially available. The preparation of paint formulations having varying proportions of binder, solvent, and the selective black particles are within the skill of the practitioner of paint technology. The selective black paint can be applied over any non-selective paint, although care should be taken that the non-selective black paint is well bonded to the substrate and is not chipping or flaking away from the substrate.
This example illustrates the preparation of coated particles. Zinc powder, which is inexpensive and readily available, is used primarily. The zinc powder is first cleaned to remove grease and any zinc oxide film present. A dilute solution of sodium carbonate or other detergent is effective to remove grease. A dilute solution of HCl (2-5% HCl) is effective to remove zinc oxide.
CuO on Zn
A solution was prepared by dissolving 10 to 20 grams CuSO4 .sup.. 5H2 O in 100 grams boiling distilled water and adding 0.05 N NaOH. Upon addition of the caustic, a precipitate forms at first and then rapidly dissolves. Sufficient caustic was added to provide 5 grams solid NaOH for each 100 grams CuSO4 .sup.. 5H2 O. Each solution was added to a suspension of 100 grams of clean zinc powder of 5 micron particle size in hot distilled water. In a few seconds, the zinc powder became coated with an adherent black coating. The solution was decanted from the coated particles which were washed several times with deionized water and dried in air. The concentration of each solution was varied to provide zinc powder coated with CuO in the following proportions, expressed as percent by weight copper:
Sample A -- 2.5% Cu
Sample B -- 4.5% Cu
Sample C -- 7% Cu
Sample D -- 12.5% Cu
CuS on Zn
Separate solutions of copper tartrate, sodium hydroxide and tartaric acid are prepared in concentrations of 15, 35, and 20 grams/liter respectively and mixed at room temperature to form a coating solution. Cleaned zinc powder is mixed with distilled water and immediately mixed with the coating solution with rapid stirring. The coated powder is washed with distilled water to remove the salts, dried, and treated with a solution of sulfur in carbon disulfide. The sulfur solution should be very dilute so as to obtain a velvety black color rather than a yellowish color. The zinc particles coated with CuS are designated as Sample E.
PbS + CuS on Zn
For Sample F, zinc powder was immersion coated in a manner similar to that for Sample E. The coating ingredients were
______________________________________ g/lSodium thiosulfate .5H2 O 240Lead acetate .3H2 O 25Potassium hydrogen tartrate 30Cupric sulfate .5H2 O 20______________________________________
The ingredients were dissolved separately in water and the solutions mixed. The coating was carried out by mixing 50 grams zinc dust with 100 ml of solution at 50° C. A dilute solution of sulfur in carbon disulfide was used to convert the coating to the sulfide form.
MoO3 on Zn
Zinc particles are coated with molybdenum oxide by immersion coating with a solution of 30 grams (NH4)2 MoO4 per liter at a temperature of 120° F.
MoO3 on Al
Aluminum particles are coated with molybdenum oxide by immersion coating with the same ammonium molybdate bath described above.
Solar absorption tests were conducted with various coated zinc particles. A paint was prepared by mixing the coated particles with a solution of Dow Corning 805 silicone resin in xylene (50% solids content). Approximately 30 grams of resin were used for each 100 grams of coated zinc particles.
Test panels were prepared by painting the test paint onto one side of sheet aluminum 0.030 inches thick and one foot square. The aluminum sheet was cleaned (degreased) before painting. After xylene solvent is evaporated, which occurs rather rapidly, the coating is cured by heating it above 120° C for at least an hour. This can be effected in the sun if desired. The opposite side of the aluminum test panel was painted white.
The test panel was mounted in an insulated box with the black surface exposed and subjected to stagnation temperature testing. The insulated boxes had a transparent (glass or plexiglass) front cover and a white-painted sheet aluminum back cover. The test panels were supported at a distance of one inch from each cover. When exposed to summer sunshine the "stagnation temperature" was a maximum of 250° F. As a standard for comparison, stagnation temperature of a panel painted with a conventional black paint was obtained. The conventional black paint is a commercially available spray paint (RUSTOLEUM). Improved selectivity is demonstrated by the increase in temperature obtained at peak temperature around mid-day with the selective blacks of the invention over that obtained with the non-selective black of the standard panel.
The effectiveness of zinc particles coated with copper oxide (Sample C) is shown by a stagnation temperature of 199° F, which is 13° F more than 186° F stagnation temperature obtained with the standard panel. This is 13% improvement (temperature increase above temperature of standard panel divided by temperature increase of standard panel above ambient temperature). For further comparison, a commercial selective black, by Alcoa, gave a stagnation temperature of 193° only a 7° F increase over the standard panel. A new selective black obtained from Aloca gave a 13% improvement. These commercial blacks are electrodeposited coatings and are relatively expensive.
In tests with zinc particles coated with CuS + PbS (Sample No. F), an increase of 13° F over that of the standard panel was obtained. However, the color gradually changed from black to brown over a period of about 30 days with a resultant decline in stagnation temperature. The temperature difference stabilized at 8° F over that of the standard panel.
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|U.S. Classification||523/135, 126/908, 252/62.30R, 252/512, 252/62.30T, 523/210, 427/160, 428/328|
|International Classification||C09C1/62, C09D5/32, F24J2/48|
|Cooperative Classification||F24J2/487, C01P2006/60, C01P2004/80, Y02E10/40, Y10T428/256, C09C1/62, C09D5/32, C01P2004/61, Y10S126/908|
|European Classification||C09D5/32, F24J2/48F2, C09C1/62| | Yes |
Quantity: Price per Packet/Tub
HypaClean Absorbent Powders are essential for the effective cleaning of body fluid spills. The powder is highly absorbent; 10g of powder absorbs 1 litre of liquid. The powder is easy to apply, requires no previous preparation and instantly forms into a gel when sprinkled over body fluid. After the application, the powder instantly forms into a gel for easy and quick removal. HypaClean Absorbent Powders contains a disinfectant agent that prevents any cross contaminations. The powder is available in different sizes depending on your needs and comes even in single use sachets.
- Emergency clean up powder
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- Sanitising - contains a disinfectant agent
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UNSPSC Code 47131900 | Yes |
How Are Minerals Used In Everyday Life?
While minerals are frequently used to create the materials used in the construction of roads and buildings they also serve as critical components in the manufacturing of high-tech electronics next-generation vehicles and other everyday devices. …Aug 28 2014
How do we use minerals in our daily lives?
- Make Li-Ion batteries.
- Produce commercial electric vehicles.
- Create underwater subsea electrification.
- Power telecommunication devices.
What are 5 common uses of minerals?
|Needed for proper fluid balance nerve transmission and muscle contraction
|Important for healthy bones and teeth helps muscles relax and contract important in nerve functioning blood clotting blood pressure regulation immune system health
What minerals are used in our daily lives?
- Copper. Copper is the most vital mineral to modern life used in everything from electrical wiring in households and cars to the saucepans in our kitchens.
- Platinum. …
- Iron ore.
What are the main uses of minerals?
Energy minerals are used to produce electricity fuel for transportation heating for homes and offices and in the manufacture of plastics. Energy minerals include coal oil natural gas and uranium. Metals have a wide variety of uses.
What are three ways that minerals are used?
What are three ways that minerals are used? Possible answers include construction technology and industry.
How are minerals useful to us explain with the help of example?
Explanation: Minerals are used for several purposes as they provide fuel to industries and help in producing industrial products and metals like iron steel etc. … Minerals like coal are used as fuel in industries and a source to provide electricity. Natural gas and petroleum are also part of minerals used as fuels.
What minerals are known to have important uses?
- Antimony. Antimony is a metal that is used along with alloys to create batteries for storing grid power. …
- Asbestos. Asbestos has an unsavory reputation for causing cancer in people who work around it. …
- Barium. …
- Columbite-tantalite. …
- Copper. …
- Feldspar. …
- Gypsum. …
What are the importance of minerals to society?
What is the importance of minerals in our life class 10?
Minerals are an indispensable part of our lives. (i)Almost everything we use from a tiny pin to a towering building or a big ship all are made from minerals. (ii)The railway lines and the tarmac (paving) of the roads our implements and machinery too are made from minerals.
What are two uses of minerals?
Mineral like copper is used in electrical equipments as it is good electrical conductor. Clay is used to make cement etc which helps in constructing roads. Fibreglass cleaning agents are made by borax.
How and why are minerals important in our daily lives?
Like vitamins minerals help your body grow and stay healthy. The body uses minerals to to many things — from building strong bones to sending nerve impulses. Some minerals are even used to make hormones or maintain a normal heartbeat.
Why are minerals useful for us in geography?
Hard rocks are used for making roads houses and buildings. Minerals found in rocks are used in industries for medicine as energy resources fuels and fertilizers.
How minerals and rocks are useful to us?
How are minerals useful to mankind Class 7?
Minerals are very useful for mankind. Some minerals like coal natural gas and petroleum are used as fuels. They are also used in industries. Iron aluminium gold uranium etc.
What are the uses of minerals in geography class 8?
Uses of Minerals:
Copper is used in almost everything from coins to pipes. Silicon is used in almost everything from coins to pipes. Silicon is used in the computer industry which is obtained from quartz. Aluminum is used in automobile airplanes bottling industry building and in kitchen cookware.
Why is mining important to daily life?
Mined materials are needed to construct roads and hospitals to build automobiles and houses to make computers and satellites to generate electricity and to provide the many other goods and services that consumers enjoy. In addition mining is economically important to producing regions and countries.
How we use rocks and minerals in everyday life?
Rocks containing valuable minerals are called ore. Minerals from ore are used to manufacture products that we use every day. This includes things like houses stainless steel pots and pans electronics batteries automobiles and fertilizer. … Industrial minerals are minerals that do not contain any metals.
Why minerals are more useful than rocks?
Ans. Minerals are more useful than rocks because: Minerals are useful for plant and animal life on the Earth. The minerals like coal petroleum and natural gas are important sources of power and energy.
What would happen if there is no minerals on Earth?
The problem would be that the processes used to extract it have become too expensive difficult or harmful to make mining worthwhile. Even then as mining technology advances previously inaccessible minerals will become available and lower-producing ores will be processed more efficiently.
What are minerals Short answer?
A mineral is a naturally occurring inorganic element or compound having an orderly internal structure and characteristic chemical composition crystal form and physical properties. … A rock is an aggregate of one or more minerals or a body of undifferentiated mineral matter.
What are the uses of rocks Class 7 short answer?
Answer: Rocks are useful for various purposes: It helps in making roads. It is used in the construction of houses and buildings. Small stones are used by children in different types of games.
What are the uses of minerals Brainly?
For example iron (as steel) is used in cars or for frames of buildings copper is used in electrical wiring and aluminium is used in aircraft and to make drink cans. Precious metals are used in jewellery and mobile phones. Construction minerals include sand and gravel brick clay and crushed rock aggregates.
Why are minerals essential part of our life class 8?
Explanation: Minerals are an essential part of our lives because it is required in producing almost everything like machines appliances buildings etc.
What are the uses of minerals How can they be conserved?
– Mineral resources can only be conserved if used in a planned and sustainable manner. For example recycling of metals can help in reducing the consumption of such minerals. – By utilizing renewable resources one can conserve mineral resources.
Why is Mineral Resources precious and essential to daily life?
Minerals are required for a society’s basic needs and for its higher aspirations. Consider our most basic requirement food. Most people know that we need small quantities of minerals such as iron salt and zinc in our diets to remain healthy. … Rocks and minerals play a major role in transportation.
What are examples of minerals?
Minerals are those elements on the earth and in foods that our bodies need to develop and function normally. Those essential for health include calcium phosphorus potassium sodium chloride magnesium iron zinc iodine chromium copper fluoride molybdenum manganese and selenium.
Is a diamond a rock or a mineral?
What are the minerals?
A mineral is a naturally occurring inorganic solid with a definite chemical composition and an ordered atomic arrangement. This may seem a bit of a mouthful but if you break it down it becomes simpler. Minerals are naturally occurring. They are not made by humans. Minerals are inorganic.
Why can’t we go to the Centre of the earth?
Answer: Since the temperature and pressure increase enormously as we go deeper and deeper inside the earth we cannot go to the centre of the earth. … Answer: Because of extreme heat and pressure limestone undergoes a change in its form and turns into marble.
Can you imagine life without minerals?
Rocks and minerals are not present on the Earth we wouldn’t have developed into a progressive human. … If there are no Rocks or minerals there will be no soil which will lead to no life on Earth.
Can we live without mineral?
Minerals touch our lives in hundreds of ways each day. Life as we know it would not exist without them. Everything that cannot be grown–that’s neither plant nor animal–is a mineral or made from minerals. … In the United States alone it takes more than 2 billion tons of minerals each year to maintain our way of life.
What would happen if minerals are consumed in large quantities?
Answer: Excessive doses of some minerals may also cause problems. At just five times the RDI zinc iron chromium and selenium can be raised to toxic levels in the body. For example: Large intakes of fluoride (especially in childhood) may stain and even weaken the teeth.
What are minerals for kids?
In what ways do you interact with minerals in your daily life?
Importance of Minerals – More Grades 9-12 Science on the Learning Videos Channel
MINERALS for Kids – Classification and Uses – Science
A Brief Introduction to Minerals | Yes |
On the basis of mutational studies we have reported previously that residues Lys57, ArgSS, and Trp67 of human CRP contribute to the structure of the PCh-binding site. In this study we have compared the binding properties of four mutant CRPs K57Q/R58G, W67K, K57Q/R58G/W67K, and T76Y. All mutants were constructed by substituting SAP residues for the corresponding CRP residues. Wild-type (wt) and all mutant CRP cDNAs were expressed in COS cells and the recombinant proteins purified by affinity chromatography. K57Q/R58G/W67K and T76Y failed to bind solid-phase PCh-BSA. They did however bind with substantially reduced avidity to C-polysaccharide (PnC). W67K, K57Q/R58G/W67K, and T76Y CRP required 10-fold higher Ca2+ concentration than wt CRP to bind PnC and exhibited decreased affinities for mAb EA4.1, which recognizes a Ca2+ -dependent epitope. We conclude that Thr76 is a determinant of the PChbinding site probably interacting with the choline group. This conclusion is supported by recent crystallographic data which indicate that this residue participates in the formation of a hydrophobic pocket that constitutes the binding site for choline. Trp67 and to a lesser extent LysS7 and Arg58 appear to be reauired for the orooer conformation of the PCh-bindins site. but do not directly contact PCh. | Yes |
Cold coatings – what are they?
Sunlight gives us warmth and life. As humans, we appreciate the sun’s energy, but we are also wary of its unwanted side effects, especially on the skin. The same applies to buildings that are heated by the sun either directly or indirectly. Sunlight emits UV radiation as well as invisible infrared radiation (IR), which are harmful to all types of substrates and heat objects to potentially uncomfortable and often unacceptable levels.
Dark surfaces absorb solar energy and convert it into heat, while light surfaces reflect most of the solar energy. Most dark surfaces become very hot when exposed to sunlight and require more cooling. A telling fact is that in urban areas with large populations, the air temperature is 3-10 °C higher than in rural areas.
A high surface temperature can have a negative effect on the coating, especially if it is black or another very dark shade. Light surfaces reflect incident light, while dark surfaces absorb it and convert it into heat. The temperature of a dark surface exposed to the sun can reach an incredible 80 °C, while on a light background it stops at 40‒50 °C.
Cold coatings increase the reflection of sunlight. Unlike conventional coatings, which only reflect sunlight’s visible part, cold coatings also reflect the IR part of the solar spectrum, and as a result the surface heats up less.
Due to the lower temperature, cold coatings are more durable and can easily be used for tinting in dark shades.
Cold coatings are made using IR reflective or cold pigments. These reflect a large portion of the invisible near-infrared waves (NIR) and thus reduce surface heating. At the same time, all visible light is absorbed which maintains the black visual appearance.
TSR (Total Solar Reflectance) expresses the ability to reflect sunlight in percentages between 0 and 100. A value of 0 means that the surface absorbs all solar radiation; a value of 100 means that the surface reflects all solar energy.
A high TSR factor therefore means that the surface does not heat up and maintains a low temperature. White coatings, which usually contain titanium dioxide (TiO2), are the coldest, as with an average value of TSR=80, TiO2 reflects most of the solar energy.
Designers and architects want a greater choice of colours with the properties of light shades that reflect most of the solar energy and consequently stay cool. Unfortunately, classic coatings do not have these properties, in which case the only sustainable solution is to use coatings with IR reflective pigments.
Cold - IR reflective coatings can be used to reduce heat generation in objects exposed to sunlight, resulting in local energy efficiency and improved physical properties, including the visual appeal.
In our new Exterior Colour Collection colour card, all the shades are prepared from the most weather- and UV-stable inorganic pigments. Although we recommend choosing lighter shades with less heating for façade surfaces, dark façade tones can now also be a good choice thanks to IR reflective pigments. 70 selected dark shades (marked ☼IR on the colour card) can be prepared with IR reflective pigments, which allows a lower surface temperature compared to the use of classic pigments. This significantly extends the service life of dark façades.
The energy efficiency from using IR reflective coatings brings added value to existing buildings.
The use of IR reflective coatings has been proven to reduce thermoplastic bending, while also achieving darker and more saturated colours than previously possible with the use of only traditional pigmentation. | Yes |
Graphite Research | Carbon Fiber, Graphite Powder
Chart 338: Glance at 2017, 2019 and 2026 United Kingdom Synthetic Graphite Market Share (%) by Sub-Type – Carbon Fibers, Graphite Blocks, Graphite Electrodes, Graphite Powder and Other Sub-Types Chart 339: United Kingdom Graphite Market Analysis (2017-2026) by Appliion – Electrical Appliions, Metallurgical Appliions, Technical
Calcined Petcock Market to Demonstrate a Strong …
Calcined petcoke can either be fuel grade or anode grade, anodes act as a source of carbon and conductors of electricity in the electrolytic cell, which reduce alumina into aluminum metal. The needle grade calcined petcoke is used as a high-power and ultra-high-power graphite electrode in steel making.
Coal Tars and Coal-Tar Pitches Properties CAS No. 8007 …
2020-8-17 · A 1946 study in the United Kingdom found that patent-fuel workers were 500 times as likely as other workers to die of scrotal coke, which is used as the carbon component of electrodes, carbon brushes, and carbon and graphite articles. Distillation fractions and residues from high-temperature coal tars are used for road paving
Glider Rocker Bearings – xinhai
Graphite Petroleum Coke In Serbia. 307. Calcined Petroleum Coke Anode Grade Price. 309. Graphitized Petroleum Coke Market In Kyrgyzstan. 310. Calcium In Metal Form Iso 9001. 311. Calcined Petroleum Coke R In United Kingdom. 495. Brown Fused Alumina 60 …
Petroleum Coke Suppliers @ ProcessRegister
Petroleum coke is a carbonaceous solid derived from oil refinery coker units or other cracking processes. Petroleum coke used in the production of electrodes for the steel and aluminum industries. Petroleum coke is high in sulphur and low in volatile content, which pose some environmental and technical problems with the coustion.
US3876516A - Copper electrowinning process - …
A process and apparatus for electrowinning a high purity copper from an aqueous pregnant liquor acid electrolyte at high efficiency, and high current density in the presence of impurities. Electrolyte is circulated through an external loop system and upwardly between the anodes and hodes. SO.sub.2, iron, and acid are added to the electrolyte in the external loop to maintain an SO.sub.2
Lithium-Ion Battery Supply Chain Considerations: …
There has been continued growth in lithium-ion battery-powered electric vehicles. This puts new pressure on the supply of materials used in these products. We present an analysis of supply chain issues for lithium, manganese, cobalt, nickel, and natural graphite focused first on their potential supply concerns and then the scaled demand for these materials.
companies, Zinc anodes-IndiaBizClub
A-grade raw materials like Lead ,alloy ignots, zinc, tin, etc. are used to manufacture these products, making them extremely sturdy and long lasting Cell - Marine hodic Protection - How Does Steel Corrode in water - Shaft Coller Anodes - Pencil Zinc Anodes - Hull Anode-Bolt ON - Alumuniun Hull Anode-Weld ON - Zinc Hull Anode-Weld ON High
BATTERY & SUPPLY CHAIN CONF: Six things we …
“In 2012, needle-coke started to be [produced into synthetic graphite to be] used in battery anode, and the appliion has been expanding quickly since 2016 because needle-coke is easier to graphitize at higher temperatures,” Peng Li, chief engineer from Shandong Yida New Materials, told delegates during a panel discussion at the conference.
Anurag Choudhary Net Worth (2020) | wallmine
US Canada Brazil Argentina Europe United Kingdom Germany Russia Spain Italy France Asia China Japan India Australia. Tools Portfolios. Track performance, alloion, dividends, and risks. Search SEC filings. Annotate, download XLSX & look up similar tables. Stock screener. Filter, compare, and …
Preparation of synthetic graphite from waste PET …
2020-3-25 · In particular, because of its high energy-storage capacity and stable cycle life, graphite is the most commonly used anode material for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries since the first commercialization of such batteries in the early 1990s . Research on PET conversion to graphitic structures is limited because of the non-graphitizable nature
China Extruded Graphite Rod suppliers, Extruded …
Import China Extruded Graphite Rod from various high quality Chinese Extruded Graphite Rod suppliers & manufacturers on GlobalSources.
2016 Minerals Yearbook - Amazon Web Services
2019-12-5 · Lump graphite is used in many appliions, including steelmaking, depending on purity and particle size. Synthetic graphite is used in more appliions in the United States than natural graphite and accounts for a 91% share by quantity and a 96% share, by value, of the graphite consumption (table 1). the primary market for high-purity
steam coal vs pet coke - radicaldome
Steam Coal Appliion And Powder Shape Coal And Pet Coke . Related Buy Offers 0.6 Sulphur Content (%) and 86 Fixed Carbon (%) hard coke for iron smelting Russian Petcoke Coal and petcoke copper smelting Appliion and 150-300mm Dimensions carbon anode scraps Depend on specific requrements Height and Clay Composition syncarb clay graphite crucible Diesel EN590 ultra low sulfur diesel LNG
Hard Coke - Hard Coke Suppliers, Buyers, Wholesalers …
Excellent quality carbon anode scrap /hard coke low price Carbon anode scrap is also called carbon blocks and anode scrap.It is the residual part of prebaked anode carbon block which is used in the electrolytic tank.Reacting with electrolyte over
Commodity Market Analysis | Commodity Prices, …
CRU offer independent, reliable commodity news, market analysis, prices and consulting across mining, metals and fertilizer global markets.
Lithium-Ion Batteries: An Outlook And Summary
The most intensive anode component is graphite, while the hode is a blend of metals based on lithium including lithium carbonate. Cobalt is used as the additive in mainstream lithium-ion hodes and is critical as it acts as the binder for the lithium ions and allows the ions to move through the hode to the anode during discharge.
Global Synthetic Graphite Market- Industry Analysis …
Global Synthetic Graphite Market was valued US$ 8.75 Bn. in 2019 and is expected to grow US$ XX Bn. by 2027, at a CAGR of XX% during the forecast period.
Phillips 66 10-K Feb. 17, 2017 12:47 PM | Seeking Alpha
At Deceer 31, 2016 , our Transportation business managed over 18,000 miles of crude oil, natural gas, NGL and petroleum products pipeline systems in the United States, including those partially
Wholesale Anode - Anode Manufacturers, Suppliers …
Wholesale Anode (Page 19) ☆ Find 5,531 anode products from 1,634 manufacturers & suppliers at EC21. ☆ Choose quality anode manufacturers, suppliers & exporters now - EC21
Why is Graphite in Such high Demand?
Where United States imports around 100% of the graphite consumed. Even though there are more than 200 appliions of graphite, one with the significant and enduring demand of future is lithium-ion batteries. Types of Graphite used in batteries: Graphite is not the frank commodity product, which comes in different specifiions and forms.
Needle Coke Market - Global Industry Analysis and …
Needle Coke Market is estimated to fuelling US$ XX Mn by 2026 in terms of revenue with CAGR of XX% in the forecasting period 2018-2026. Needle coke is a needle-shaped carbon material. Needle coke is a top-notch review of oil coke, which is utilized as a part of the asseling of graphite hodes for bend heaters in the steel industry.
Anode - Find link
Find link is a tool written by Edward Betts.. searching for Anode 234 found (1226 total) alternate case: anode Tetrode (4,407 words) exact match in snippet view article find links to article centre are: a thermionic hode, first and second grids and a plate (called anode in British English). There are several varieties of tetrodes, the most common
Grafite e grafene i materiali del futuro ? | Page 42
2017-12-14 · The benefit of this finer grade in the anode of lithium-ion batteries is that it will help accelerate the charging and discharging of batteries. While spherical graphite is used in the anodes
Tutorial Petroleum Coke Calcining And | Coke (Fuel
2016-6-29 · The real density (RD) of raw or green coke is 1.3 to 1.4 g/cc (measured on minus 200-mesh particles using a helium pycnometer), and after calcination, anode grade coke is usually calcined to around 2.05 to 2.08 g/cc. Calcined needle coke for graphite electrodes can reach RDs of 2.13 g/cc. | Yes |
Large amounts of coffee residues contaminate the environment and reprocessing of them as valuable products such as adsorbents will be a good solution from an environmental and economic point of view. In this study some adsorbents were produced from coffee residues and used for batch removal experiments of uranium from aqueous solutions. The adsorption kinetics was found to follow the Lagergren equation. The adsorption process was described with the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. Additionally, the effect of different cations on the adsorption of uranium was studied. | Yes |
Steel standard:ASTM Steel grade:ASTM A 283 C Dimension:Thickness 5-300mm, Width 1500-3500mm, Length 3000-12000mm Application:Mainly Used in the manufacture of anchor bolt, shares, funnel, roof board, rivet, low carbon steel wire, sheet, welding tube, rod, hook, support, welding structure. A 283 C steel chemical composition:
Material Grade:ASTM A283 C. Shape:Rectangular. Thickness:3-15 mm. Brand:BFI. Material:Carbon Steel. Usage/Application:Industrial ASTM A283 Gr.C Plates, ASTM A283 Low Carbon Steel Grade Conquest Steel and Alloys is India Based Leading Supplier and Stockist of High Quality and Speciality Steel Such as ASTM A283 Grade C Steel Plates, ASTM A283 Carbon Steel Gr.C Plates, ASTM A283 Grade C Hot Rolled Steel Plate, ASTM A283 Mild Steel Gr C Plates, A283 Gr.C Structural Low Carbon Steel Plates Available in Ready Stock of ASTM A283 Grade C Carbon and Low Alloy Steel Plates
May 30, 2020 · ASTM A283 grade C is a type of ASTM A283 carbon steel. Cited properties are appropriate for the as-fabricated (no temper or treatment) condition. The graph bars on the material properties cards below compare ASTM A283 grade C to:wrought carbon or non-alloy steels (top), all iron alloys (middle), and the entire database (bottom). ASTM A283 Grade C Carbon Steel Pipe SA 283 gr A/B/D Lastly, ASTM A283 grade d Steel Pipe is processed by hot rolling and has low to intermediate tensile strength. Although these properties are low grade D pipes tend to have a relatively higher strength in comparison to Grade C steel of the same standard. ASTM A283 Gr B Welded Pipe, SA 283 gr A round pipe exporter in India
Usage:Widely used in buildings and engineering structures. For the production of steel or built factories, high-voltage transmission towers, boilers, vessels, ships, bridges, silos, vehicles and so on, A283 is also used as a machine parts on performance requirements are not too high. ASTM A283 Steel Plate - A283 Grade C Plate Leeco Steel, LLCMaterial Properties The following material properties are ASTM specifications and will be confirmed on the Mill Test Report. Grade Yield Point (ksi) Tensile Strength (ksi) Min. 8 Elongation % C 30 55-75 22 D 33 60-80 20 Chemical Composition The following composition properties are ASTM specifications for the A283 grade. Grade C Carbon max 0.24% Manganese max 0.90% Phosphorus max 0.030%
Both ASTM A283 and ASTM A36 steel are carbon steel of structural quality for general application. ASTM A283 carbon steel covers four grades:A283 Grade A, A283 Grade B, A283 Grade C and A283 Grade D. Among the four grades, A283 Grade C has very similar chemical composition and mechanical peroperties with A36 steel. ASTM A283 grade C VS A36 steel steel plate,ASTM A283 Leave a Message Get a price EX-Stock Promotion Center. The comparison between ASTM A283 grade C and A36 steel is basically identified through the quantity of manganese in chemical composition as well as carbon equivalent (CEV). A36 steel CEV = 0.25+0.4/24 = 0.266% and ASTM A283 grade C CEV = 0.24+0.4/24+0.9/6 = 0.406%.
ASTM A283-C steel plate, steel sheet,under ASTM specification.ASTM A283-C steel plate, steel sheet is for Low and Intermediate Tensile Strength Carbon Steel Plates. This material is normally supplied in the rimmed or semi-killed types of steel and is particularly suitable for the economical production of assemblies requiring a considerable amount of forming. ASTM A285 Grade C Carbon Steel Pressure Vessel and Boiler Other Types Of ASTM A285 Grade C Plates . A285 Plates Stockists, ASTM A285 Carbon Steel Plate Stockholder in Maharashtra, ASME SA 285 Grade C Plates Stocks in Mumbai India, ASME SA285 Gr.C Low carbon Steel Plates Suppliers, SA285 Gr C Intermediate Tensile Strength carbon Steel Plates Exporters, ASTM 285 Grade C CS Plate Dealers, SA 285 Gr. C Pressure Vessel Plates Traders, ASTM 285 Gr. C
ASTM A285 standard is for carbon steel, low and intermediate tensile strength steel plates intended for fusion-welded pressure vessels. The steel plate under ASTM A285 ranges in three grades, A, B and C, most common use is ASTM A285 Grade C plates. Which shall be made by killed, semi-killed, capped or rimmed steel practices at manufacturer's Astm A283 Ss400 S235jr St37 2 A36 Steel PlateASTM A 786 Chequered Plate,Aveolated Metal Plate,Tear Drop . Steel Name:Checkered steel plate,Diamond plate,Chequered plate Main steel grades:S235JR,A283 Grade C,A36,St37-2,A537 Grade 70,SS400,SM400A Steel standard:EN 10025,DIN 17100,DIN 17102,ASTM,GB/T700,JIS G3106 Main application:With the antiskid and decorative character,Checkered steel plate is widely used in
Galvanized Steel Plate, Stainless Steel Plate, Carbon Steel Plate manufacturer / supplier in China, offering 10mm Thickness ASTM A283 A36 Grc A285 Grade C Cold Rolled/ Hot Rolled Carbon/304 201 Stainless/Galvanized Steel Plate Price, High Quality Cold Rolled Color Coated Prepainted Galvanized Steel PPGI /PPGL Coils, Hot Sale Galvanized Rectangle Square Tube for Furniture and so on. China ASTM A283 Grade C Carbon Mild Steel Plate - China Steel Plate, Mild Steel Plate, Carbon Steel Plate manufacturer / supplier in China, offering ASTM A283 Grade C Carbon Mild Steel Plate, 1.2mm Thickness 201 Stainless Steel Sheet Plate, 2b Finished 0.5mm 0.8mm Thickness AISI 201 Stainless Steel Plate and so on.
Building Material, Steel, Steel Plate manufacturer / supplier in China, offering Ss400 ASTM A36 A283 Grade C Steel Plate, H32 3001 3003 Aluminium Corrugated Aluminum Roofing Sheet, Hot Rolled A36 Carbon Mild Steel Plate for Building Material and so on. a283 gr c vs ASTM A516 gr 60 - Steel Material SupplierSep 08, 2019 · According to different strength levels, plate products are available in four gradesGrades 55, 60, sixty five, and 70. c a283 price steel is a constructing material composed of chemical elements such as silicon, sulfur and phosphorus. c a283 value can be used F, b, z have been eed as boiling steel, semi static metal, killed steel.Steel Grade Equivalents Table Universal Steel AmericaAmerican
Feb 02, 2020 · Astm A106 Grade C Pipes Stockists, If you want to get the A516Gr70 steel price, please do not hesitate to contact us. Any need in A516Gr70 Chemical Composition and Mechanical Properties, please feel free to contact us by email or calling to us. a283 gr c vs ASTM A516 gr 70. astm a283 grade c plate, astm a283 grade c plate Suppliers ASTM A283 Grade C Mild Carbon Steel Plate / 6mm Thick Galvanized Steel Sheet Metal carbon steel sheet US $580.00-$600.00 / Metric Ton 25 Metric Tons (Min. Order)
Price Steel Plate A283 HARD0X 50mm Thickness Price Steel Plate Weather Resistant Steel Plate A283 Carbon Hot Rolled Price 09CuPCrNi US $0.59-$1.99 / Kilogram 1 Kilogram (Min Order) astm a285 grade c steel plate, astm a285 grade c steel Steel Grade A283 Plate Q235 Ss400 S235jr A36 Q345 China Iron Plate Price China Steel Product A572 Grade 50/ astm A283 Gr. c /ss355 Black 20mm Thick Iron Metal Steel Sheet Plate Price Per Ton. US $515.00-$550.00/ Metric Ton. 25 Metric Tons (Min. Order) 6
Apr 04, 2014 · ASTM A283/A283M Standard covers four grades:A283 Grade a, A283 Grade B, A283 Grade C, and A283 Grade D which are carbon steel plates of structural quality for general application Gangsteel supply A283 Grade C that is the low and intermediate tensile strength carbon steel at oversea market. our advantage is that we supply super thick steel | Yes |
The Advanced Technology “Z” Metalworking Fluids will provide considerable benefits, including extraordinarily long sump life, up to 40% improved tool life, 20% measured increase in productivity, excellent rancidity control and greatly reduced concentrate usage. With all these benefits CIMCOOL “Z” Fluids are always “machine friendly” and engineered to save money on storage, handling, mixing, charging, makeup and maintenance. As with all CIMCOOL products, the new “Z” line is backed by the CIMCOOL “No-hassle” performance guarantee and free trial assurance.
The CIMTECH® product line rejects tramp oil while providing a transparent substance. The results are greater metalworking detail with the ability to meet even the tightest specifications.
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Nourishes Joint Fluid For Free And Easy Movement!Hyal-Joint is a patent-pending extract of rooster combs composed of 60% hyaluronic acid along with collagen and glycosaminoglycans that form the structural components of connective tissue.
The Importance of Hyaluronic AcidHyaluronic acid, also known as "hyaluronan", or "HA", is a large polysaccharide (complex sugar) molecule composed of disaccharides linked together in a chain. It belongs to a family of biological compounds called "glycosaminoglycans" (GAGs). These complex, versatile molecules impart structural strength and integrity to cells while providing elasticity and lubrication to joints and other body parts. GAGs can be thought of as anatomic "glue and grease" that keep bodily structures strong, supple and moving together smoothly. Our tissues contain more hyaluronic acid than any other GAG.
Humans are fluid-based organisms; the body contains up to 70% water. Cells have a high water content along with various intracellular (inside the cell) organelles. The extracellular (outside the cell) matrix itself is a water world. This non-cellular environment is highly dynamic: a complex bio-field in which cell-to-cell communication and a grand array of other biochemical functions take place.
The extracellular matrix provides the cushioning and support for joints, the bone-to-bone connections that allow us to move. For this to work according to nature's design, fluids occupying the spaces between bones need to be slippery and elastic in order to keep friction from building up as joints move harmoniously in their life-long anatomic dance.
Hyaluronic acid is essential for the viscosity of joint fluid; the "slipperiness" that allows us to move freely and easily. Hyaluronic acid is remarkably viscous: 5000 times more so than water! The synovial membrane, the protective layer surrounding joints, is rich in hyaluronic acid - the pliancy and resiliency of our joints would be non-existent without it; we'd be like the Tin Man waiting for someone to bring us an oil can so we could move once again. When you feel the spring in your step and the bounce in your run, thank nature for hyaluronic acid; you would never experience the joy of movement if it were not for this amazing biological substance that permeates your entire body.
Hyal-Joint AbsorptionIntestinal absorption of Hyal-Joint has been demonstrated through a laboratory procedure that utilizes spectrophotometric analysis to measure the amount of glycosaminoglycans in tissue cultures. Application of this technique to an in vitro model of intestinal absorption produced absorption values of approximately 38, 22 and 9 percent in the duodenum, jejunum and ileum, respectively. Based on these results, it can be theorized that 50 percent or more of the hyaluronic acid in Hyal-Joint is absorbed following oral consumption.
Hyal-Joint - Like the Body's Own HAHyal-Joint has a molecular weight of one million daltons (units of measure for the size of molecules). This high molecular weight means the hyaluronic acid in Hyal-Joint is similar to the HA in joints ("native" HA). Animal studies suggest 500,000 to 1,000,000 daltons is the optimum molecular weight range for HA supplements.1 According to a published review on hyaluraonic acid supplements: "Products using high molecular weight HA match the identity of native HA in the body and from the scientific literature."
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ASTM International developed specifications for E85—a gasoline-ethanol blend containing 51% to 83% ethanol—to ensure proper vehicle starting, operation, and safety. The table below shows the ASTM D5798-11 Standard Specification for Ethanol Fuel Blends for Flexible-Fuel Automotive Spark-Ignition Engines. Fuel suppliers should guarantee their product meets these standards and list meeting them as a requirement in their supply contracts.
Like gasoline and diesel fuel, E85 is seasonally adjusted to ensure proper starting and performance in different geographic locations. For example, E85 sold during colder months often contains less than the allowable 83% ethanol to produce the necessary vapor pressure for starting in cold temperatures. For this reason, E85 fueling site operators typically can't carry over summer-blend E85 in the winter months. They must instead "blend down" any remaining summer fuel to meet ASTM specifications for winter fuel. This can be done with relative ease by adding additional gasoline to the storage tank. On the other hand, there's no concern with carrying over winter fuel into the summer months because flexible fuel vehicles can operate on any blend of E85 and gasoline in warm weather. For retail service stations, seasonal fuel adjustments are handled automatically at the wholesale fuel terminal.
Refer to the Handbook for Handling, Storing, and Dispensing E85 and Other Ethanol-Gasoline Blends for local seasonal blending requirements.
|Property||ASTM Method||Class 1||Class 2||Class 3||Class 4|
|Vapor Pressure, psi||D5191||5.5-8.5||7.0-9.5||8.5-12.0||9.5-15.0|
|Ethanol Content, vol%||D5501||51-83|
|Methanol, vol%||D5501||0.5, maximum|
|Higher Alcohols, vol%||D5501||2, maximum|
|Sulfur, ppmw||D5453||80, maximum|
|Acidity, mass%||D1613||0.005, maximum|
|Washed gum, mg/100mL||D381||5, maximum|
|Unwashed gum, mg/100mL||D381||20, maximum|
|Inorganic Chloride, ppmw||D7328||1, maximum|
|Water, mass%||E203||1.0, maximum|
|Inorganic Sulfate, ppmw||D7328||No Limit|
|Potential Sulfate, ppmw||D7328||No Limit| | Yes |
Biochemical engineering is a dynamic field that combines principles of biology, chemistry, and engineering to develop innovative solutions for various industries.
The continuous advancements in this field have led to breakthroughs that revolutionize manufacturing processes, biomedical applications, and environmental sustainability.
In this article, we will explore the latest innovations in biochemical engineering, highlighting key advancements and their potential impact on society.
Bioprocess Optimization and Control
Bioprocess optimization and control are critical aspects of biochemical engineering that aim to enhance the efficiency and productivity of biological manufacturing processes.
Through technological advancements and methodologies, researchers and engineers can optimize bioreactor design, monitor key parameters in real time, and improve process scalability.
Bioprocess optimization involves fine-tuning various factors to maximize productivity while minimizing costs and resource consumption.
This optimization can be achieved through the integration of advanced sensors and control systems, which enable continuous monitoring of variables such as temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, and nutrient levels.
By closely monitoring and adjusting these parameters, process conditions can be maintained within optimal ranges, leading to improved product yields, reduced variability, and enhanced process control.
When it comes to implementing advancements bioprocess optimization, universities and biotechnology companies need biochemical manufacturers and contract service providers who can bring expertise and experience to the table.
The team at www.venogen.com understands the significance of bioprocess optimization and control in achieving successful outcomes. They recommend working with analytical reference companies with scientists with bioreactor design and operation expertise.
This is vital in developing tailored solutions that meet specific industry needs. With their knowledge of advanced sensors and control systems, they can provide guidance on selecting the most suitable technologies for continuous monitoring and precise control of key process parameters.
Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering
Biocatalysis and enzyme engineering are exciting areas of research and application within biochemical engineering. They involve harnessing the power of enzymes, nature’s catalysts, to drive chemical reactions in various industries.
By utilizing enzymes, biocatalysis offers numerous advantages, including high selectivity, mild reaction conditions, and environmental sustainability.
Enzyme engineering focuses on modifying and optimizing enzymes to enhance their performance and expand their catalytic capabilities.
Scientists employ techniques such as protein engineering, directed evolution, and rational design to tailor enzymes for specific applications.
These approaches allow for the creation of enzymes with improved stability, activity, and selectivity, enabling them to perform desired chemical transformations efficiently.
Biocatalysis and enzyme engineering have found applications in diverse fields. In pharmaceutical synthesis, enzymes offer an alternative to traditional chemical methods by enabling the production of chiral compounds with high enantioselectivity.
This allows for the creation of safer and more effective drugs.
The field of biodegradable plastics and biofuels has also benefited from biocatalysis and enzyme engineering. Enzymes can break down biomass into sugars, which can be further converted into biofuels or used as building blocks for bioplastics.
The specificity and efficiency of enzymes contribute to more sustainable manufacturing processes, reducing reliance on fossil fuels and minimizing environmental impact.
Enzyme engineering has also opened up possibilities in specialty chemical synthesis. By modifying enzymes or designing new ones, researchers can create catalysts that facilitate complex chemical reactions, leading to the production of fine chemicals, flavors, and fragrances.
These advancements have implications for industries such as food, cosmetics, and agriculture.
The application of biocatalysis and enzyme engineering extends beyond industrial processes. Enzymes are employed in diagnostic assays, bioremediation, and the production of renewable energy.
Their versatility and ability to function under mild conditions make them invaluable tools for a wide range of applications.
As the field progresses, researchers and engineers continue to explore new enzymes and optimize existing ones for specific tasks. Advances in computational modeling, structural biology, and enzyme screening methods contribute to a deeper understanding of enzyme function and the design of more efficient catalysts.
Synthetic Biology and Metabolic Engineering
Synthetic biology and metabolic engineering are cutting-edge fields within biochemical engineering that aim to design and construct new biological systems or modify existing ones.
These fields combine biology, engineering, and computational modeling to enable the manipulation of genetic material and metabolic pathways in organisms for various applications.
Synthetic biology involves the design and construction of biological components, systems, and even entire organisms with novel functionalities.
It leverages genetic engineering techniques to engineer and assemble DNA sequences, creating genetic circuits that can regulate gene expression and control cellular processes. This allows scientists to program cells to perform specific tasks or produce desired products.
Metabolic engineering, on the other hand, focuses on optimizing cellular metabolism to enhance the production of desired compounds. By manipulating metabolic pathways through genetic modifications, scientists can redirect cellular resources and maximize the synthesis of target molecules.
This field holds immense promise for applications in pharmaceuticals, biofuels, and other industries.
The integration of synthetic biology and metabolic engineering has led to significant breakthroughs. In the pharmaceutical industry, for instance, these approaches have been used to engineer microbes to produce complex therapeutic compounds more efficiently.
By introducing new enzymes or modifying existing ones, researchers can enhance productivity, reduce costs, and facilitate the production of life-saving drugs.
In biofuel production, synthetic biology and metabolic engineering have allowed the development of microbial cell factories that efficiently convert renewable feedstocks into biofuels.
By optimizing metabolic pathways and fine-tuning genetic regulation, researchers have achieved higher yields, improved substrate utilization, and enhanced tolerance to harsh conditions.
The field of bioplastics has also benefited from synthetic biology and metabolic engineering. By engineering microbes to produce biodegradable polymers, such as polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), researchers have provided sustainable alternatives to petroleum-based plastics.
These bioplastics offer similar properties and functionality while minimizing environmental impact. Synthetic biology and metabolic engineering also have potential applications in agriculture and environmental remediation.
For example, researchers are exploring the development of genetically modified crops with improved yields, enhanced resistance to pests and diseases, and increased tolerance to environmental stresses.
In environmental remediation, engineered microorganisms can be used to clean up pollutants and degrade harmful compounds, contributing to sustainable waste management practices.
Bioseparation and Downstream Processing
Bioseparation and downstream processing are essential steps in biochemical engineering that focus on isolating and purifying biomolecules from complex mixtures.
Advancements in these fields have revolutionized industries such as pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, and food production.
Bioseparation involves separating biomolecules from biological sources, while downstream processing involves purifying and refining these biomolecules. Techniques like chromatography and filtration play a key role in achieving efficient separation and purification.
Recent advancements in chromatographic resins, membranes, and purification strategies have improved separation efficiency, resolution, and throughput.
Benefits of bioseparation and downstream processing include ensuring the purity, safety, and efficacy of pharmaceutical products, enhancing the quality and nutritional value of food products, and enabling research and development in various scientific fields.
Biomedical Applications and Therapeutics
Biomedical applications and therapeutics are essential aspects of biochemical engineering that focus on improving healthcare and medical treatments.
These fields involve the development of advanced drug delivery systems, bioengineered tissues and organs, personalized medicine, and various other innovations.
In drug delivery, biochemical engineering enables precise and targeted delivery of therapeutic agents, minimizing side effects and maximizing efficacy.
Bioengineered tissues and organs offer potential solutions for organ transplantation and regenerative medicine. Personalized medicine utilizes genetic diagnostics and tailored treatments to improve patient outcomes.
These fields have far-reaching implications, including advancements in diagnostic tools, medical imaging, biopharmaceutical production, gene therapy, immunotherapy, and regenerative medicine.
Sustainable and Green Bioprocessing
Sustainable and green bioprocessing is a key focus in biochemical engineering, aiming to develop environmentally friendly and economically viable processes.
It involves the utilization of renewable feedstocks, reduction in energy consumption, and minimization of waste and environmental impact.
By integrating renewable resources like biomass and agricultural waste, sustainable bioprocessing reduces dependence on non-renewable resources.
The production of bio-based materials such as biodegradable plastics and biofuels offers eco-friendly alternatives to petroleum-based products. Additionally, bioremediation and waste management strategies address pollution concerns and contribute to a circular economy.
The expertise provided by biochemical companies supports the optimization of processes and the implementation of sustainable practices.
Sustainable bioprocessing brings numerous benefits, including reduced greenhouse gas emissions, minimized waste generation, and increased consumer demand for environmentally friendly products.
Challenges and Future Directions
The challenges and future directions in biochemical engineering shape the field’s progress and innovation. Scaling up from the laboratory to industrial production, ensuring economic viability, and complying with regulations are key challenges.
The transition from small-scale to large-scale manufacturing requires optimization, cost-effectiveness, and regulatory adherence.
Future directions involve embracing emerging technologies like artificial intelligence, machine learning, and computational modeling. These tools offer opportunities for process optimization and product design.
Interdisciplinary approaches, including synthetic biology, metabolic engineering, and nanotechnology, present new frontiers for advancements in healthcare, energy, and sustainability.
Collaboration and knowledge exchange among scientists, engineers, industry partners, and policymakers are crucial for addressing challenges and driving progress in biochemical engineering.
Sharing knowledge, data, and best practices accelerates innovation and the adoption of sustainable processes.
The continuous advancements and breakthroughs in biochemical engineering have revolutionized industries and paved the way for a more sustainable and bio-based future.
Bioprocess optimization, biocatalysis, synthetic biology, bioseparation, biomedical applications, and sustainable bioprocessing are key areas driving innovation.
As researchers and engineers continue to push the boundaries of what is possible, it is crucial to nurture interdisciplinary collaborations, address challenges, and ensure responsible application of emerging technologies.
By embracing the latest innovations in biochemical engineering, we can achieve significant societal benefits, from efficient and eco-friendly manufacturing processes to personalized medicine and a more sustainable world. | Yes |
An analysis of atmospheric pollutants concentration in urban area in Greece
MetadataShow full item record
In this study continuous concentration measurements of atmospheric pollutants for a 3 year period are analyzed. These measurements have been carried out in the central area of Kozani (down town Kozani), the largest city of West Macedonia, a region in Northern Greece. Specifically, the yearly, monthly, weekly and diurnal variation in concentrations of sulfur dioxide (SO sub(2)), nitrogen oxides (NO, NO sub(2)), ozone (O sub(3)) and PM10 (particles with diameter < 10 mu m) are presented and the possible causes for these variations are discussed. Based on the data analysis an attempt is made to provide useful information about the air quality levels taking into account international air quality standards. | Yes |
Influence of starting powders on the microstructure of TSMG YBa2Cu3O7/Y2BaCuO5< Online publication date: Sun, 11-Nov-2007
by P. Diko, S. Kracunovska, W. Gawalek
International Journal of Materials and Product Technology (IJMPT), Vol. 28, No. 3/4, 2007
Abstract: The samples for the TSMG process are fabricated from powders of suitable composition by standard powder metallurgy technology (powder mixing, milling, pressing and sintering and melt-growth). The changes in powder size and morphology induced by milling are characterised by electron microscopy and Particle Size Distribution (PSD) measurements. The optimum milling conditions lead to a significant refinement and mixing of the Y2O3 and CeO2 additives and only slight refinement of the Y123 powders. On the nanoscale Y2O3 particles, Y2BaCuO5 (Y211) particles nucleate and grow which results in Y211 particle refinement and improvement of the superconducting properties.
Online publication date: Sun, 11-Nov-2007
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If you still need assistance, please email [email protected] | Yes |
Use of this information is subject to copyright laws and may require the permission of the owner of the information, as described in the ECHA Legal Notice.
EC number: 297-025-4
CAS number: 93281-13-1
Particle size distribution values as an
average of two measurements are presented in the table below.
The substance was tested for its particle
size distribution by the light (laser) diffraction method. The
diffraction pattern, produced after the passage of a laser beam through
the suspension of the substance in hexane, was measured and analysed.
The percent mass above 400 μm diameter is
0 %, while the one below 4 μm diameter is 2 %; the median mass
distribution diameter resulted to be 13.8 μm.
The median mass distribution diameter is
Median mass distribution diameter: 13.8 μm.
Light (laser) diffraction method.
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.Reproduction or further distribution of this information may be subject to copyright protection. Use of the information without obtaining the permission from the owner(s) of the respective information might violate the rights of the owner.
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In our shielding gas program, gases are developed for most welding methods and materials in both our standard and premium program, MISON®
Shielding gases are commonly used in several welding processes as MIG (Metal Inert Gas), MAG (Metal Arc Gas) and TIG (Tungsten Inert Gas). Their purpose is to protect the weld area from oxygen, and water vapour. Selecting the right shielding gas can optimise your welding results. Not only do shielding gases protect the finished weld from the effects of oxygen and nitrogen in the atmosphere, they can also have a positive effect on weld metal properties such as strength, corrosion resistance and toughness. In addition, they can optimise the weld bead shape and size as well as the weld porosity and fusion.
AGA/Linde offers individual shielding gas mixtures like Argon, VARIGON, CORGON, CRONIGON, MISON. - Argon is the common shielding gas, widely used as the base for the more specialized gas mixes. - MISON: Common to all MISON shielding gases is the fact that they contain a carefully weighted additive of nitrogen monoxide which effectively reacts with ozone, forming oxygen and nitrogen dioxide. MISON shielding gas attacks the problem directly at the source, i.e. the ozone disappears as soon as it is formed. - CORGON is a two-component mixture comprising argon and carbon dioxide. This is a good general-purpose shielding gas for MAG welding of carbon and steel alloys. The amount of spatter and slag islands produced by CORGON are low, making it ideal for applications where post-weld cleaning must be kept to a minimum.
- VARIGON is a two-component mixture containing argon and helium. The addition of helium to argon increases the supply of energy to the weld pool, making it more fluid. This, in turn, increases the penetration profile and weld fusion characteristics. - CRONIGON is a two-component mixture comprising argon and carbon dioxide. Its lower oxidation potential reduces the need for aggressive chemical cleaning agents - CRONIGON with helium is a three-component mixture comprising argon, helium and carbon dioxide. The addition of helium into the mixture accelerates welding speeds significantly relative to CRONIGON 2. This translates into vast productivity gains. | Yes |
The Truth About Bottled Water
Did you know that bottled water is no safer than tap water? That’s right, the EPA and EWG, the two-main water quality regulating groups, have determined that bottled water quality is in most instances inferior to tap water.
That’s a problem for many of us. We turned to bottled water for convenience and to escape the health hazards of tap water, only to face even greater risks.
Tap water, if unfiltered, often has too many toxic heavy metals and chemicals in it to be suitable for drinking. And as the recent water crisis in Flint, Michigan illustrates, aging municipal water lines and government policies make drinking unfiltered tap water a risky proposition at best.
Why Bottled Water is Bad for You
There are two main reasons that bottled water is bad for your health:
- Bottled water is dead water. Most bottled water is what scientists refer to as “dead water.” Dead water is void of all healthy minerals. Bottled water companies use extreme filtration processes to remove contaminants. Unfortunately, these filtration processes also remove vital, healthy minerals. It’s called “dead water” because without these minerals, tissues and cells can die. Your body needs the minerals in water to be healthy and thrive, yet most bottled waters don’t have these minerals.
- Plastic water bottles leak harmful chemicals into the water. Most plastic bottles are made with petroleum. The petroleum leaches into the water when stored too long or exposed to heat. Another component of plastic is BPA. This nasty chemical is linked to cardiovascular disease and is a known endocrine disruptor.
There are two other big concerns relating to drinking bottled water:
- It’s costly. Studies show that bottled water can cost up to 1900% more than tap water.
- It’s harmful to the environment. National Geographic magazine estimates that more than 29 billion water bottles are used in America each year. Unfortunately, only one in six are recycled. That means about 84% of them are added to landfills each year. National Geographic goes on to estimate that enough crude oil is used to make these plastic bottles that 1,000,000 cars could keep going for 12 months. It’s clear that plastic bottles are harmful to the environment.
How to Get Quality Water
The best way to get quality water consistently is to buy an in-home water revival system that properly produces mineralized water that is fluoride and chlorine-free. Adding minerals like magnesium and calcium make it naturally alkaline.
These high-end water systems connect to your in-home water supply and revitalize the water into its ideal state for your body.
We recommend the water revival systems made by Pristine Hydro. Pristine Hydro systems produce water that contains the minerals your body needs. They produce water without fluoride and chlorine. It is 100% containment free. They are made of BPA-free, non-toxic materials and components.
In a state-of-art process, there is a 5-step filtration of the water, vital nutrients are added back, and the water is restructured. It’s just like a mountain stream. Trust me, I have been to their facility in Laguna Woods, California. It is a water paradise. It’s the closest to nature you are going to get.
Water on the Go
There are some excellent bottled waters that come in glass. Unfortunately, these spring waters are only as good as their spring they collect from. Many contain trace levels of contaminants. With Pristine, worry no more about metals or other pollutants.
Whenever we are on the go we bring plenty of Pristine drinking water with us. We use high quality glass bottles from places like Lifefactory for drinking and storing water.
Your body cannot live without water. It thrives with quality water. The best way to get quality water consistently is using a water revival system. It’s one of the best investments in your health you can make. It’s cheaper in the long run than bottled water, better for the environment and, most of all, it’s better for you. | Yes |
It doesn’t happen just by chance. There is a strict, consistent monitoring procedure undertaken by the city to ensure residents have a safe drinking water supply.
Municipal Works director Greg Gaudet said the process is meticulous and all encompassing.
The city just published its 2012 water quality report and the Summerside drinking water supply was clear. That wasn’t always the case.
“In 2001, the city started chlorinating its water,” Gaudet said. “That was due to a few reasons. They had issues back in 2001 with some groundwater contamination. Ever since 2001 they’ve chlorinated their wells. It’s not required but we do it just as a safety precaution to get rid of any bacteria that may be residual in the system.”
Gaudet said by monitoring chlorine residual in the system at eight different points. the city can tell how well the system is operating by that residual.
“You’re always supposed to have a 0.1 parts per million residual of chlorine in the water,” he said. “That tells you it hasn’t been all used up. As long as you see a small residual you know you’ve a clean, good drinking water supply. That means you can’t go above a certain threshold as well. You’ve got to stay within the parameters.”
He said the city monitors this three or four times a week.
“Then we go around and do all the samples for the chlorine and that’s just to maintain that it’s a good source of drinking water,” Gaudet said. “Every two weeks we go through a sampling cycle of the eight areas. They’re broken up pretty much by ward.”
Gaudet said the city has spots inside the eight zones where water samples are taken at the tap and sent to the provincial laboratory in Charlottetown. The laboratory will report back n three basic bacteria - the background bacteria count, fecal coliform, ecoli bacteria.
“Those are the three ones they test for on that bi-weekly rotation,” he said. “Every two weeks we send away eight samples of our system. Also, once a month, we test all of our well supplies for the same three bacteria growth. So, by monitoring the chlorine levels three and four times a week and by doing bi-weekly samples of the eight areas and a monthly sample of all the water supply wells, we see if there’s been any issue coming up from those test results.”
Once every year the city conducts nitrate testing in the well supplies.
“The nitrate testing is another guideline that has to make sure your well supplies in your water system are below 10 parts per million for nitrates for safe guidelines of drinking water,” Gaudet said. “And every three years we do a full microchemistry of the water. We get into the heavy metals, barium and all the different minerals in the water to make sure that the sources of water don’t have any high concentrations of hard minerals or metals that are outside the drinking guidelines.”
The city will also do sampling at the request of customers, Gaudet said.
“If anybody has any issues they feel with their water, we’ll do at test as part of our regular sampling and use that as our sample.
The 2012 test results can be found on the City of Summerside’s website. | Yes |
Browse by author
Lookup NU author(s): Dr Alex Hudson,
Professor Marloes PeetersORCiD
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0).
The accurate detection of biological materials has remained at the forefront of scientific research for decades. This includes the detection of molecules, proteins, and bacteria. Biomimetic sensors look to replicate the sensitive and selective mechanisms that are found in biological systems and incorporate these properties into functional sensing platforms. Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are synthetic receptors that can form high affinity binding sites complementary to the specific analyte of interest. They utilise the shape, size, and functionality to produce sensitive and selective recognition of target analytes. One route of synthesizing MIPs is through electropolymerization, utilising predominantly constant potential methods or cyclic voltammetry. This methodology allows for the formation of a polymer directly onto the surface of a transducer. The thickness, morphology, and topography of the films can be manipulated specifically for each template. Recently, numerous reviews have been published in the production and sensing applications of MIPs; however, there are few reports on the use of electrosynthesized MIPs (eMIPs). The number of publications and citations utilising eMIPs is increasing each year, with a review produced on the topic in 2012. This review will primarily focus on advancements from 2012 in the use of eMIPs in sensing platforms for the detection of biologically relevant materials, including the development of increased polymer layer dimensions for whole bacteria detection and the use of mixed monomer compositions to increase selectivity toward analytes.
Author(s): Crapnell RD, Hudson A, Foster CW, Eersels K, Grinsven BV, Cleij TJ, Banks CE, Peeters M
Publication type: Review
Publication status: Published
Online publication date: 09/03/2019
Acceptance date: 05/03/2019
ISSN (print): 1424-8239
ISSN (electronic): 1424-8220
Publisher: NLM (Medline)
PubMed id: 30857285 | Yes |
Blackheads form when a hair follicle in the skin becomes clogged or plugged. Dead skin cells and excess oil collect in the follicles opening, which produces a bump. If the skin over the bump opens, the air exposure causes the plug to look black, thus forming a blackhead.
Why do blackhead turn black?
When you have blackheads, these large pores become clogged with a substance known as sebum. A chemical reaction with the sebum occurs under your skin. Melanin is oxidized and turns the clogged pores a black color.
What is a blackhead and why is it black?
Normally, hair grows from hair follicles in the pores, and the sebum-producing sebaceous glands lie underneath. When these pores are plugged, the dead skin cells in the open pore react with oxygen in the air and turn black, forming a blackhead.
What happens if you pick a blackhead?
While they arent prone to infection, blackheads can become infected if you pick at them. Picking at a blackhead can break down the wall surrounding the affected pore, allowing bacteria to enter. | Yes |
Hinoki Essential Oil
by The Wax Apple Shop
Are you tense and stressed out? This organic essential oil made of Taiwanese cypress wood will help relieve both and decongest your blocked nose if you have one too!
Hinokitiol (an antimicrobial compound) which has the power to suppress growth of bacteria, fungi, mites, etc. is also found in Taiwan’s Hinoki. | Yes |
|Publication number||US6254756 B1|
|Application number||US 09/373,269|
|Publication date||Jul 3, 2001|
|Filing date||Aug 11, 1999|
|Priority date||Aug 11, 1999|
|Also published as||DE60031920D1, DE60031920T2, EP1076116A1, EP1076116B1, US6413584, US6695587, US20020172808|
|Publication number||09373269, 373269, US 6254756 B1, US 6254756B1, US-B1-6254756, US6254756 B1, US6254756B1|
|Inventors||Antonio F. Maricocchi, Roger D. Wustman, Jonathan P. Clarke, Thomas E. Mantkowski, David G. W. Fargher, Jeffrey A. Conner|
|Original Assignee||General Electric Company|
|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Patent Citations (3), Referenced by (16), Classifications (41), Legal Events (6)|
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|
This invention relates to protective coatings on articles, and, more particularly, to platinum and platinum-aluminide coatings on aircraft components such as airfoils.
In an aircraft gas turbine (jet) engine, air is drawn into the front of the engine, compressed by a shaft-mounted compressor, and mixed with fuel. The mixture is combusted, and the resulting hot combustion gases are passed through a turbine mounted on the same shaft. The flow of gas turns the turbine by contacting an airfoil portion of the turbine blade, which turns the shaft and provides power to the compressor. The hot exhaust gases flow from the back of the engine, driving it and the aircraft forwardly.
The hotter the turbine gases, the more efficient is the operation of the jet engine. There is thus an incentive to raise the turbine operating temperature. However, the maximum temperature of the turbine gases is normally limited by the materials used to fabricate the turbine vanes and turbine blades of the turbine. In current engines, the turbine vanes and blades are made of nickel-based or cobalt-based superalloys that can operate at temperatures of up to 1900-2100° F.
Many approaches have been used to increase the operating temperature limits and operating lives of the airfoils of the turbine blades and vanes. The compositions and processing of the materials themselves have been improved. The articles may be formed as oriented single crystals to take advantage of superior properties observed in certain crystallographic directions. Physical cooling techniques are used. In one widely used approach, internal cooling channels are provided within the components, and cooler air is forced through the channels during engine operation.
In another approach, a protective layer in the form of an environmental coating or a ceramic/metal thermal barrier coating (TBC) system is applied to the airfoil of the turbine blade or turbine vane component, which acts as a substrate. One of the currently known protective layers is a diffusion aluminide layer. A diffusion aluminide protective layer may be formed, for example, by electrodepositing a layer of platinum onto the surface to be protected, depositing a layer of aluminum over the platinum layer, and interdiffusing the two deposited layers.
This protective layer, with no overlying ceramic layer, is useful in intermediate-temperature applications. For higher temperature applications, a ceramic thermal barrier coating layer may be applied overlying the protective layer, to form a thermal barrier coating system. The ceramic thermal barrier coating layer insulates the component from the exhaust gas, permitting the exhaust gas to be hotter than would otherwise be possible with the particular material and fabrication process of the substrate.
Platinum is expensive, and therefore care is taken not to deposit more platinum than necessary. However, in existing practice excessive platinum is still used. There is a need for an improved approach to the preparation of airfoils with a platinum aluminide protective layer, which reduces the use of platinum. The present invention fulfills this need, and further provides related advantages.
The present approach provides a technique for depositing platinum at selected locations of a component such as a turbine blade or turbine vane airfoil, so that the platinum aluminide protective layer is deposited only where needed. Expensive platinum metal is conserved. This technique allows full utilization of the volume within the electrodeposition tank, so that there is no reduction in part throughput. High efficiency and cost reduction in the production operation are thereby achieved. The approach is compatible with further processing procedures.
A method for preparing an article comprises the steps of providing an article precursor having a curved surface with a first portion and a second portion, and positioning a deposition anode in facing relationship to the first portion of the curved surface, so that there is no anode in facing relationship to the second portion of the curved surface. The method further includes electrodepositing a platinum layer from solution onto the article precursor using the deposition anode, with deposition occurring primarily on the first portion of the curved surface.
In one implementation, two airfoil precursors are provided, with each airfoil precursor having a convex suction side and a concave pressure side. The two airfoil precursors are positioned with their convex sides in a facing relationship, and two deposition anodes are respectively positioned in facing relationship to the concave sides of the airfoil precursors. A platinum layer is electrodeposited from solution onto the two airfoil precursors using the two deposition anodes, with deposition occurring primarily on the concave sides and some deposition on the leading edge of the airfoil. Other configurations for electrodeposition onto multiple components may also be utilized.
The article precursor is a metallic article having the shape and substantially the dimensions of the final part, optionally with small dimensional reductions to account for the layers that are deposited in the processing. The article precursor is preferably a turbine blade airfoil or a turbine vane airfoil, but other articles such as a shroud or a combustor center body may be processed using the present approach. The preparation of the article may include depositing an aluminum layer overlying the platinum deposited on the precursor, and interdiffusing the platinum layer and the aluminum layer. The resulting coating serves as an environmental protection layer. To form a thermal barrier coating for even higher-temperature applications, a ceramic layer is deposited overlying the article precursor.
Other features and advantages of the present invention will be apparent from the following more detailed description of the preferred embodiment, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, which illustrate, by way of example, the principles of the invention. The scope of the invention is not, however, limited to this preferred embodiment.
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a turbine blade;
FIG. 2 is a schematic enlarged sectional view through the airfoil of the turbine blade, taken along line 2—2;
FIG. 3 is a block flow diagram of a method for practicing a first embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 4 is a schematic plan view of a mounting arrangement used for the platinum electrodeposition;
FIG. 5 is a schematic plan view of a second mounting arrangement used for the platinum electrodeposition;
FIG. 6 is a schematic plan view of a third mounting arrangement used for the platinum electrodeposition;
FIG. 7 is a perspective view of an engine shroud; and
FIG. 8 is a perspective view of a combustor center body.
FIG. 1 depicts a component article of a gas turbine engine such as a turbine blade or turbine vane, and in this illustration a turbine blade 20. The turbine blade 20 includes an airfoil 22 against which the flow of hot exhaust gas is directed. (The turbine vane has a similar appearance in respect to the pertinent airfoil portion.) The turbine blade 20 is mounted to a turbine disk (not shown) by a dovetail 24 which extends downwardly from the airfoil 22 and engages a slot on the turbine disk. A platform 26 extends longitudinally outwardly from the area where the airfoil 22 meets the dovetail 24. In some articles, a number of cooling channels extend through the interior of the airfoil 22, ending in openings 28 in the surface of the airfoil 22. A flow of cooling air is directed through the cooling channels, to reduce the temperature of the airfoil 22.
As illustrated, the airfoil 22 portion of the turbine blade 20 is curved in an airfoil shape. There is a concavely curved side, termed the concave side 30 (also sometimes known as the “pressure” side of the airfoil), and a convexly curved side, termed the convex side 32 (also sometimes known as the “suction” side of the airfoil). A curved leading edge 31 separates the concave side 30 from the convex side 32 along one longitudinal margin of the airfoil. A more sharply defined trailing edge 33 separates the concave side 30 from the convex side 32 along the other longitudinal margin of the airfoil 22. The airfoil 22 terminates in a tip 42 remote from the dovetail 24. In service, the pressurized hot combustion gas from the combustors is directed against the concave side 30. This concave side 30 therefore requires more protection against the incident hot combustion gas than does the convex side 32. To provide this protection, the concave side 30 is coated with a protective coating, either in the form of an environmental coating or a thermal barrier coating.
FIG. 2 schematically illustrates the airfoil 22 portion, after the protective coating is applied. On the concave side 30, there is a platinum layer 34 adjacent to a substrate 36 made of a base metal. The base metal forming the substrate 36 is typically a nickel-base superalloy such as Rene' N5. The nickel-base superalloy has more nickel than another element, and is usually strengthened by gamma-prime precipitation. Rene' N5 has a nominal composition in weight percent of about 7.5 percent cobalt, about 7 percent chromium, about 6.2 percent aluminum, about 6.5 percent tantalum, about 5 percent tungsten, about 1.5 percent molybdenum, about 3 percent rhenium, about 0.05 percent carbon, about 0.004 percent boron, about 0.15 percent hafnium, up to about 0.01 percent yttrium, balance nickel and incidental impurities. An aluminum layer 38 overlies the platinum layer 34. In practice, the platinum layer 34 and the aluminum layer 38 are deposited as separate layers, but are interdiffused with each other and the substrate 36 so that they merge partially or fully into a single platinum-aluminide layer 34/38. In the illustration, they are shown as the originally deposited layers 34 and 38 to facilitate the subsequent discussion of the deposition processes. On the convex side 32, there is only the aluminum coating 38, or there may be no coating at all. The aluminum coating 38 is typically interdiffused into the substrate 36, but is illustrated as a separate layer for purposes of facilitating the subsequent discussion.
If no further layer is deposited overlying the aluminum layer 38, the platinum aluminide of the layers 34/38 is termed an “environmental coating”. The environmental coating may be satisfactory for protecting turbine blades and vanes that are not exposed to the highest temperatures, such as the low-pressure turbine blades and vanes, or other components that are not exposed to high temperatures such as shrouds and center bodies. For those portions of the turbine blades and vanes that are exposed to the highest temperatures, such as the concave sides 30 of the high-pressure turbine blades and vanes, an additional ceramic layer 40 is deposited overlying the aluminum layer 38 (or interdiffused layers 34/38) to provide additional thermal protection. In this structure, the layers 34/38 are termed a “bond coat”. The bond coat 34/38 and the ceramic layer 40 are together termed a “thermal barrier coating system”.
The ceramic 40, where present, is preferably from about 0.004 inches to about 0.030 inches thick, most preferably from about 0.005 to about 0.015 inches thick. The ceramic layer 40 is operable in thicknesses outside this range, but is less desirable. Lesser thicknesses of the ceramic layer 40 tend to give insufficient insulation to the substrate. Greater thicknesses of the ceramic layer 40 tend to add unnecessary weight to the article. The ceramic layer 40 is preferably yttria-(partially) stabilized zirconia, which is a zirconium oxide-base ceramic material containing from about 4 to about 8 weight percent of yttrium oxide. Other operable stabilizing oxides and ceramic base materials may be used as well.
FIG. 3 depicts a preferred approach for practicing a first embodiment of the invention, and FIG. 4 illustrates an apparatus used in the platinum electrodeposition. An article precursor 60 is provided, numeral 50. In the illustration of FIG. 4, the article precursor 60 is a turbine blade 22, as illustrated in FIG. 1. The article precursor constitutes the substrate 36, and may be formed of any operable material such as the Rene' N5 material discussed above. The article precursor 60, here the turbine blade 22, is positioned in an electrodeposition apparatus, numeral 52. The electrodeposition apparatus includes an electrodeposition tank 64, an anode 66, and a voltage source 68 that creates an electrical potential between the anode 66 and the substrate 36. The anode 66, illustrated as a flat plate generally coextensive with the concave side 30 in this case, is disposed in a facing relationship to the concave side 30 of the article precursor 60 serving as the substrate 36. The anode 66 is typically made of an electrically conductive material such as platinum-clad or platinum-plated titanium or niobium, and is positioned in close proximity to the concave side 30, typically about ⅛ inch to ½ inch from the substrate 36.
FIG. 5 illustrates another embodiment. In this case, two airfoil precursors 60 and 62 are mounted in the electrodeposition tank 64. The two airfoil precursors 60 and 62 are positioned with their respective convex sides 32 in a facing relationship to each other, which may be viewed as a “back-to-back” relationship. One of the anodes 66 is positioned in facing relationship to the concave side 30 of each of the two airfoil precursors 60 and 62. The structure of the embodiment of FIG. 5 is otherwise similar to that of FIG. 4, and the above description of the embodiment of FIG. 4 is incorporated here.
FIG. 6 illustrates yet another embodiment, where two airfoils 60 and 62 are positioned linearly in a configuration with their trailing edges 33 adjacent and the concave sides 30 facing in opposite directions. The anodes 66 are placed in facing relationship to the concave sides 30. In this case, the anodes 66 are curved to approximate the curvature of the concave sides 30. The structure of the embodiment of FIG. 6 is otherwise similar to that of FIG. 4, and the above description of the embodiment of FIG. 4 is incorporated here.
The embodiments of FIGS. 4-6 may be extended to include additional articles or sets of articles in the single electrodeposition tank 64.
In all of the embodiments, the voltage/current source 68 is connected between each of the airfoil precursors 60 and 62, and its respective anode 66. Equivalently, a single voltage/current source 68 may be used.
The platinum layer 34 is deposited, numeral 54. The deposition is accomplished by placing a platinum-containing solution into the tank 64 and depositing platinum from the solution onto the airfoil precursors 60 and 62. An operable platinum-containing aqueous solution is Pt(NH3)4HPO4 having a concentration of about 4-20 grams per liter of platinum, and the voltage/current source 68 is operated at about ½-10 amperes per square foot of facing article surface. The platinum layer 34 about 5 micrometers thick is deposited in 1-4 hours at a temperature of 190-200° F.
Because of the positioning of the airfoil precursor 60 and its anode 66 (and, wherein present, the airfoil precursor 62 and its respective anode), the great majority of the platinum is deposited on the concave side 30 of the airfoil precursors 60 (and 62). Some platinum is also deposited on the leading edge 31, which is acceptable. The convex side 32 is partially screened from deposition. An incidental amount of platinum which may be deposited on the convex sides 32 is not damaging and consumes very little platinum. In the embodiment of FIG. 5, the two facing convex sides 32 of the airfoils also aid in screening the deposition of platinum.
Optionally, the platinum layer 34 may be interdiffused into and with the substrate 36 after the electrodeposition is complete but as part of step 54, prior to the next step. If this pre-aluminiding interdiffusion step is performed, interdiffusion is accomplished by heating to a temperature of from about 1500° F. to about 2210° F., and for a time of from about 2 minutes to about 4 hours.
The aluminum layer 38, if used, is deposited overlying the platinum layer 34 (or interdiffused platinum/substrate region), numeral 56. The aluminum layer 38 is deposited by any operable approach, with vapor deposition preferred. In that approach, a hydrogen halide gas, such as hydrogen chloride, is contacted with aluminum metal or an aluminum alloy to form the corresponding aluminum halide gas. Other elements may be doped into the aluminum layer from a corresponding gas, if desired. The aluminum halide gas contacts the airfoil precursor 60, depositing the aluminum thereon. The deposition occurs at elevated temperature such as from about 1825° F. to about 1975° F. so that the deposited aluminum atoms interdiffuse into the platinum layer 34 (or interdiffused platinum/substrate region) during a 4 to 20 hour cycle. This technique allows alloying elements to be deposited into the aluminum layer 38 if desired, from the halide gas. In this process, the aluminum layer 38 is also deposited on the convex side 32. Such deposition of aluminum on the convex side 32 is not harmful, and in fact forms a beneficial diffusion aluminide layer on the convex side 32 which resists oxidation in this less demanding region of the article. Aluminum is inexpensive.
A significant amount of interdiffusion of the platinum layer 34, the aluminum layer 38, and the substrate 36 is achieved during the aluminum deposition step 56. Additional interdiffusion may be accomplished if desired by maintaining the structure at elevated temperature after the flow of halide gas is discontinued, numeral 58.
The interdiffused platinum and aluminum layers form a protective layer that inhibits oxidation and corrosion damage to the airfoil 22, during exposure at intermediate temperatures. This protective layer is an environmental layer.
If further protection is required because the airfoil is to be used at very high temperatures, the ceramic layer 40 is deposited, numeral 59. The ceramic layer 40 is typically applied only over the concave side 30 and thence over the interdiffused platinum-aluminide coating, but it could be applied over the convex side 32 if desired. The ceramic layer 40 may be applied by any operable technique, with electron beam physical vapor deposition (EB-PVD) being preferred for the preferred yttria-stabilized zirconia coating. The EB-PVD processing may be preceded and/or followed by high-temperature processes that may affect the distribution of elements in the bond coat. The EB-PVD process itself is typically conducted at elevated temperatures.
The preceding discussion focused on deposition on a gas turbine airfoil. Other elements may be similarly processed, such as a gas turbine shroud 80 illustrated in FIG. 7 or a gas turbine center body 82, illustrated in FIG. 8.
Although a particular embodiment of the invention has been described in detail for purposes of illustration, various modifications and enhancements may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, the invention is not to be limited except as by the appended claims.
|Cited Patent||Filing date||Publication date||Applicant||Title|
|US4001093 *||Aug 6, 1975||Jan 4, 1977||Bell Telephone Laboratories, Incorporated||Method of electroplating precious metals in localized areas|
|US4028198 *||Feb 10, 1975||Jun 7, 1977||Messerschmitt-Bolkow-Blohm Gmbh||Method of forming a reinforcing layer on the inner wall of the combustion and/or thrust nozzles for a liquid rocket engine|
|US5813118 *||Jun 23, 1997||Sep 29, 1998||General Electric Company||Method for repairing an air cooled turbine engine airfoil|
|Citing Patent||Filing date||Publication date||Applicant||Title|
|US6925811 *||Dec 31, 2002||Aug 9, 2005||General Electric Company||High temperature combustor wall for temperature reduction by optical reflection and process for manufacturing|
|US7181915||Dec 31, 2002||Feb 27, 2007||General Electric Company||High temperature centerbody for temperature reduction by optical reflection and process for manufacturing|
|US7491033 *||Nov 3, 2006||Feb 17, 2009||Alstom Technology Ltd.||Fluid flow machine blade|
|US8020378||Dec 29, 2004||Sep 20, 2011||Umicore Ag & Co. Kg||Exhaust manifold comprising aluminide|
|US8601691 *||Apr 27, 2011||Dec 10, 2013||General Electric Company||Component and methods of fabricating a coated component using multiple types of fillers|
|US8708658||Apr 12, 2007||Apr 29, 2014||United Technologies Corporation||Local application of a protective coating on a shrouded gas turbine engine component|
|US20040123598 *||Dec 31, 2002||Jul 1, 2004||General Electric Company||High temperature combustor wall for temperature reduction by optical reflection and process for manufacturing|
|US20040123599 *||Dec 31, 2002||Jul 1, 2004||Ackermann John F.||High temperature centerbody for temperature reduction by optical reflection and process for manufacturing|
|US20050035086 *||Aug 11, 2003||Feb 17, 2005||Chen Keng Nam||Upgrading aluminide coating on used turbine engine component|
|US20060137333 *||Dec 29, 2004||Jun 29, 2006||Labarge William J||Exhaust manifold comprising aluminide|
|US20060140826 *||Dec 29, 2004||Jun 29, 2006||Labarge William J||Exhaust manifold comprising aluminide on a metallic substrate|
|US20070148003 *||Nov 3, 2006||Jun 28, 2007||Alexander Trishkin||Fluid flow machine blade|
|US20090068016 *||Apr 20, 2007||Mar 12, 2009||Honeywell International, Inc.||Shrouded single crystal dual alloy turbine disk|
|US20090074570 *||Apr 12, 2007||Mar 19, 2009||United Technologies Corporation||Local application of a protective coating on a shrouded gas turbine engine component|
|US20100072072 *||Oct 27, 2008||Mar 25, 2010||Daniel Beckel||Method for the restoration of a metallic coating|
|US20120276308 *||Apr 27, 2011||Nov 1, 2012||General Electric Company||Component and methods of fabricating a coated component using multiple types of fillers|
|U.S. Classification||205/97, 205/145, 205/228, 205/122, 205/136, 205/264, 205/96, 205/195|
|International Classification||C23C28/00, C23C4/00, C25D7/00, F01D5/28, C25D5/02, C23C10/58|
|Cooperative Classification||C23C4/01, Y10T428/12875, Y10T428/12736, Y10T428/24802, F05D2230/90, F05D2300/611, F05D2300/143, C23C28/3455, C23C28/028, C23C28/021, C25D7/00, C25D5/02, F01D5/288, C23C28/321, C23C28/322, C23C28/023, Y02T50/67, C23C10/58, C23C28/325|
|European Classification||C23C28/321, C23C28/325, C23C28/3455, C25D7/00, F01D5/28F, C23C10/58, C25D5/02, C23C4/00B|
|Aug 11, 1999||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY, NEW YORK
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:MARICOCCHI, ANTONIO F.;WUSTMAN, ROGER D.;CLARKE, JONATHAN P.;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:010172/0282;SIGNING DATES FROM 19990809 TO 19990810
|May 22, 2000||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY, NEW YORK
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:CONNER, JEFFREY A.;REEL/FRAME:010840/0309
Effective date: 19991109
|Nov 30, 2004||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 4
|Jan 13, 2009||REMI||Maintenance fee reminder mailed|
|Jul 3, 2009||LAPS||Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees|
|Aug 25, 2009||FP||Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee|
Effective date: 20090703 | Yes |
Clear Unscented Lip Balm | Ella Rose Minerals
Sale Sold out
Regular price $8.00
Regular priceUnit price per
Clear, unscented and sheer lip balm. In a luxury, conditioning, all natural lip balm base.
Ella Rose Lip products are made of organic and natural plant botanical based oils and is tinted with mineral pigments, we do not use dyes or carmine in our lip products. Our eye and cheek products are made with the finest grade of natural minerals. (Ingredients listed below)
Materials used: Grape seed oil, Avocado oil, beeswax, Carnauba wax, Candelilla wax, Vitamin E | Yes |
In irreversible step-growth polymerization, the molecular-weight distribution (MWD) of the polymers produced can be controlled via the reaction path. In this paper, the effect of intermediate monomer feed on MWD in batch reactors or continuous plug flow reactors is investigated using a kinetic approach. It is found that the polydispersity index (Pw/PN) of the MWD can be made larger than 2 and that its magnitude can be controlled by the extent of reaction in the first stage (before additional monomers are fed), Pl, the final extent of reaction, pf, and the amount of monomer fed additionally, qS. For non-linear polymerization, the effect of intermediate monomer feed is more significant than that for linear polymers, and the extent of reaction at the gel point, Pc, can be lowered significantly.
Посилання на статтю:
Control of molecular-weight distribution in step-growth polymerization:the intermediate monomer feed method / Hidetaka Tobita* and Yasuhisa Ohtani // Polymer. – 1992. – Vol 33. – P. 801-811. | Yes |
Chemical analysis of Agaricus blazei polysaccharides and effect of the polysaccharides on IL-1β mRNA expression in skin of burn wound-treated rats
- Sui ZhiFu, Yang RongYa, Liu Biao, Gu TingMin, Zhao ZhiLi, Shi DongFang, Chang DongQing
- Aesthetic and Plastic Surgery Center, Dermatology Diagnosis and Treatment Center of PLA, General Hospital of Beijing Military Region, Beijing 100125, China, Hand Surgery Department, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- International Journal of Biological Macromolecules SCI(E) SCOPUS
- Elsevier in 2010
- Cited Count
- Elsevier Crossref
Agaricus blazei polysaccharides were analyzed by GC–MS. Results indicated that the polysaccharides contained glucose (93.87%), mannose (3.54%), and arabinose (2.25%). The compositional analysis was completed by the methylation data. These data indicated that Agaricus blazei polysaccharides are glucans. Compared to model rats, rats fed with Agaricus blazei polysaccharides showed a decrease of ratio of IL-1β/β-actin and IL-1β level in skin of burn wound. Recovery rate of wound skin increased with increasing dose of polysaccharides. The results indicated that Agaricus blazei polysaccharides could be useful in promote burn wound healing.
1.Lack of subchronic toxicity of an aqueous extract of Agaricus blazei Murrill in F344 rats(2005) Kuroiwa Y. et al. Food and Chemical ToxicologyFood Science cited 2 times
2.Kawariharatake, Agaricu blazei Murill: Medicinal and dietary effects(1995) Takashi Mizuno Food Reviews InternationalFood Science cited 6 times
5.Antitumor β-Glucan from the Cultured Fruit Body of Agaricus blazei(2001) Ohno Naohito et al. Biological and Pharmaceutical BulletinBiology cited 8 times
6.Isolation of an antitumor compound from Agaricus blazei Murill and its mechanism of action.(2001) T Takaku et al. JOURNAL OF NUTRITIONFood Science cited 16 times
8.Antitumor effect of a peptide-glucan preparation extracted from Agaricus blazei in a double-grafted tumor system in mice.(1998) T Ebina et al. BiotherapyGeneral Medicine cited 8 times
10.In Vivo. Vol. 19. pp. 37-60(2005) Kimura Y. | Yes |
Mass spectrometry is a highly robust method of analysis for peptides, proteins, nucleic acids and small molecules. However, there are some general guidelines that are important to remember for sample preparation when using mass spectrometry.The specific requirements for the methods of ionization will be covered briefly here. For a more thorough treatment of mass spectrometry methods and sample preparation, several general references are available:
Salts and detergents are often problematic when using mass spectrometers. Low levels of salts, in the mM range can be tolerated in samples with an in-line desalting procedure. Larger amounts, such as 8M urea, cannot.
Detergents, such as SDS, Triton, Tween, and NP40 must be avoided in samples, as they bind quite tightly to columns, and elute slowly over time. They tend to ionize quite well, and can suppress the signal of compounds eluting at the same time. If a detergent is required to keep proteins solubilized, N-octyl-B-glucopyranoside, and trifluoroethanol are more mass spec friendly alternatives.
The LCMS instruments are very sensitive, so sample concentration is a prime concern. QA samples for small molecules are run at a 80fmol/ul concentration, and proteins at a 10pmol/ul concentration, and good peaks are observed. Therefore not much is needed. While not all compounds will respond as well, concentrations in the 10-50pmol/ul range are typically sufficient. Larger concentrations should be avoided, due to the possibility of carryover into the following user's run. During training you will learn to adjust injection volumes to suit different samples.
Regular vs Rapid-MS
Low cost ($5) Rapid-MS runs on Twilight can be booked in 5-minute increments, please specify "rapid" in the calendar notes.
Other Open Access instruments have a minimum 30-minute charge for usage.
Using the Calendar
- Login at the bottom of the page using the credentials we provide. Once you are logged in, you will be shown the current week layout with any reservations made between 12am to 11:30pm. To see the calendar of a specific instrument use the "Select Instrument" menu on the top of the calendar. You may jump to any other week/day/month by clicking on the arrows at in the top corners of the page.
- Click on any '+' icon located on the upper right corner of each time slot to add an entry to the calendar. Proceed by entering your scripps email, name, contact info, and notes (if rapid-ms), and selecting the instrument to reserve.
- Make sure the date, time selected, duration, and selected instrument are correct before clicking on the 'Save' button.
- If you are making an overnight reservation, you need to make two separate entries (e.g., 10PM- 12AM and 12AM - 2AM for the next day).
- You may edit/delete any reservations you have made if the time reserved is not past the current local time.
- When your entry has been saved, log out of the calendar to prevent unauthorized entries.
Finally, it is important to be courteous to other users and only reserve the appropriate amount of time needed so when others see on the calendar that the instrument is free, it truly is free. If time has been reserved that won’t be used, email us to have the reservation removed. This not only frees the instrument for others to use, but prevents an unnecessary charge. | Yes |
|About this Abstract
||2018 TMS Annual Meeting & Exhibition
||Additive Manufacturing: Building the Pathway towards Process and Material Qualification
||High Speed Imaging of Particle-melt Interactions in Laser Directed Energy Deposition (L-DED)
||James Haley, Joshua Yee, Nancy Yang, Julie M Schoenung, Enrique J Lavernia
|On-Site Speaker (Planned)
In the Laser Directed Energy Deposition process, final deposition geometry depends upon the shape of the molten pool of metal into which feedstock powder is sprayed. Observing flow and shape of the melt pool at low speeds as a statistically averaged system dependent on process parameters has been the subject of many studies, but few studies use high enough spatial or temporal sampling to trace individual particle trajectories and melt pool interaction events. In this work, deposition of stainless steel 316L is imaged at framerates of 10-500 kHz with pixel resolutions up to 3.6Ám to unveil process mechanisms. Observed events are compared with modelling results and the relevance towards enhancing macroscopic process reliability are discussed.
||Planned: Supplemental Proceedings volume | Yes |
manganese mining methods
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Manganese - Wikipedia
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Jan 25, 2016 . In this study, an ideal area known for manganese ore accumulations in . Also, the Curie depth method has applied along more than 31 grids.
Groote Eylandt Mining Company - Ensight Energy Solutions
Jan 30, 2015 . The mining operation at BHP's Groote Eylandt Mining Company (GEMCO) . high grade manganese ore using open-cut, strip mining methods.
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ore by gravity concentration or flotation even though a low manganese recovery may be acceptable. . Although many methods of beneficiating low grade ores.
We have four operating manganese mines in China, namely Daxin Mine, .. the ore bodies at Bembe′ le′ Manganese Mine and reviewed the methods used.
Manganese Ore Beneficiation | Tong Jin | Pulse | LinkedIn
Nov 21, 2016 . For manganese ore, the beneficiation methods cover gravity separation, magnetic separation and floatation separation, and the flow sheets for.
Manganese mining in North West District to create hundreds of jobs .
Jan 27, 2017 . Pitting at the manganese project at Matthew's Ridge, North West District . Bosai will mine using conventional open pit methods with minimum.
Dual Leaching Method for Recovering Silver and Manganese From .
Dual leaching method for recovering silver and manganese from domestic manganiferous silver deposits. (Bureau of Mines report of investigations; 9126).
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At present, the commonly used method for manganese ore dressing machinery election (including washing, sieving, gravity separation, high intensity magnetic.
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The thesis contains five chapters: introduction, methods and analytical . Chemical analyses for iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) concentration levels in soil and.
INTRODUCTION TO MINING
Metallic ores: those ores of the ferrous metals (iron, manganese, molyb- denum, and tungsten) . ment used in the mine distinguish the mining method. This is.
Patent US3864118 - Method for producing manganese oxide pellets .
Attempts to adapt the same apparatus and methods to upgrade and pelletize manganese ores and manganese ore concentrates have not been notably.
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Choose from the following list: gold, iron, coal, phosphate, manganese, .. There are two main methods of mining - surface mining and underground mining.
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Advanced Nutrients Flawless Finish
Advanced Nutrients Flawless Finish is scientifically designed to assist in the flushing of accumulated nutrients in flowers and leaves. In various crops where taste and texture is important, it removes the chemical residue giving a better taste. Also, gives the grower control over the final appearance of dried flowers and leaves.
DIRECTIONS FOR USE :
Do NOT add to nutrient solution or other additives. Use with water ONLY 7-10 days prior to harvest.
Rockwool and Soil: Use with properly pH balanced water.
Final Cycle: Drain and rinse reservoir of all nutrient solution. Fill with clean water and add 2.5 ml per liter (1/2 tsp per quart) of water. Agitate thoroughly. pH should be adjusted between 5.5-5.8 for hydroponic and 6.2-6.5 for sphagnum moss and soil mixes. Continue for the last 7-10 days of the flowering cycle.
For more information please visit: https://www.advancednutrients.com/products/flawless-finish/
Avagrow is one of Kent’s leading suppliers of indoor growing & hydroponics equipment.
We stock a wide range of products from Advanced Nutrients, one of the leading nutrients suppliers.
Advanced Nutrients Flawless Finish is the only flushing formula ever specifically designed and tested to provide complete, value-enhancing cleansing of the specific type of plants you grow.
All our products are available from our Kent Store or via our website 7 Days a Week.
These are products that we have reviewed and tested in house, which provide Avagrow’s customers with quality products at competitive prices.
If you are unable to find the nutrients you are looking for please call or pop in to our Kent store based in Cuxton Medway or call us on 01634-787227 and will be more than happy to help.
We will order any product that we do not stock usually for next day delivery. | Yes |
Nonpolar (1010) Zn1-xCoxO films are grown on γ-LiAlO2(100) substrates by CVD. X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results reveal that Co atoms become incorporated into the ZnO film via a substitution for Zn, when x≤0.15. The epitaxial relationships between the nonpolar Zn1-xCoxO film and γ-LiAlO2 substrate are ZnCoO ∥LAO and ZnCoO∥LAO, as determined by TEM. A decrease in the optical band-gap of the nonpolar Zn1-xCoxO film with increasing Co content is observed in absorption measurements.
All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes
- Surfaces and Interfaces
- Process Chemistry and Technology | Yes |
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This procedure has been shown2 to be extremely general and
applicable to a wide variety of straight-chain 1-acetylenes, 4-substituted 1-acctylenes, and a,a>-diacetylenes, together with primary halides, sterically hindered primary halides, secondary halides, and a,&>-dihalides.
Most of the compounds formed are new and were formerly inaccessible,7 being only available by dehydrohalogenation of gem-inal or 1,2-dibromides which are often unavailable themselves.7 Alcoholic potassium hydroxide8'9 or sodamide in liquid paraffin7-10 under forceful conditions has been used for this elimination, but yields are generally not good.7-10
The procedure described here is characterized by good yields, mild conditions, and easy synthesis of a pure form from readily available starting materials. Since tertiary aliphatic acetylenes do
not form readily under these conditions, the excess of alkyllithium
used is not particularly critical. The small amount of by-products that also form is similarly readily removed at the distillation stage.
ORGANIC SYNTHESES—VOL. 58
1. Department of Chemistry and Applied Chemistry, University of Salford, Salford M5 4WT, England.
2. (a) A. J. Quillinan, E. A. Khan, and F. Scheinmann, Chem. Commun., 1030 (1974); (b) J. Klein and S. Brenner, J. Org. Chem., 36, 1319 (1971); (c) J. Klein and J. Y. Becker, Tetrahedron, 28, 5385 (1972); (d) J. Klein and J. Y. Becker, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. II, 599 (1973).
3. L. Clarke and E. R. Riegel, J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 34, 674 (1912).
4. R. M. Roberts, J. C. Gilbert, L. B. Rodewald, and A. S. Wingrove, “An Introduction to Modern Experimental Organic Chemistry”, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York, N. Y., 1969.
5. K. Hess and R. Bappert, Justus Liebigs Ann. Chem., 441, 151 (1925).
6. W. B. Renfrew, Jr., J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 66, 144 (1944).
7. T. L. Jacobs, Org. React. 5, 1 (1949).
8. V. Sawitsch, C. R. H. Seances Acad. Sci., 52, 399 (1861).
9. W. Morkownikoff, Bull Soc. Chim. Fr., 14, 90 (1861).
10. B. Gredy, Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr. , 2, 1951 (1935).
Chemical Abstracts Nomenclature (Collective Index Number; Registry
1-Hexyne, 3-ethyl- (8,9); ( —)
1-Hexyne (8,9); (693-02-7)
Lithium, butyl- (8,9); (109-72-8)
Ethyl bromide: Ethane, bromo- (8,9); (74-96-4)
Hexane, 3-cthyl- (8,9); (619-99-8)
1-Heptyne, 3-butyl- (8,9); ( —)
2-Heptanone, 3-butyl- (8,9); (997-69-3)
ALLYLICALLY TRANSPOSED AMINES FROM ALLYLIC ALCOHOLS: 3,7-DIMETHYL-l,6-OCTADIEN-3-AMINE
1. NaH, ethyl ether
ALLYLICALLY TRANSPOSED AMINES FROM ALLYLIC ALCOHOLS 5
Submitted by Lane A. Clizbe and Larry E. Overman1 Checked by A. Brossi, H. Mayer, and N. Kappeler
Caution! Part A should be carried out in a well-ventilated hood to avoid exposure lo irichloroacetonitrile vapors.
A. Geraniol trichloroacetimidate (1). A dry 250-ml., threenecked flask is equipped with a magnetic stirring bar, a pressure-equalizing dropping funnel, a thermometer, and a nitrogen inlet tube. The apparatus is flushed with nitrogen and charged with 410 mg. (0.010 mole) of sodium hydride dispersed in mineral oil (Note 1) and with 15 ml. of hexane. The suspension is stirred, and the hydride is allowed to settle. The hexane is removed with a long dropping pipette, and 60 ml. of anhydrous ethyl ether is added. A solution of 15.4 g. (0.10 mole) of geraniol and 15 ml. of anhydrous ethyl ether is added over 5 minutes. After the evolution of hydrogen ceases (less than 5 minutes), the reaction mixture is stirred for an additional 15 minutes. The clear solution is then cooled to between —10 and 0° in an ice-salt bath. Trichloro-acetonitrile (10.0 ml., 14.4 g., 0.10 mole) is added dropwise to the stirred solution, while the reaction temperature is maintained below 0° (Note 2). Addition is completed within 15 minutes, and the reaction mixture is allowed to warm to room temperature. The light amber reaction mixture is poured into a 250-ml., round-bottomed flask, and the ethyl ether is removed with a rotary evaporator. Pentane [150 ml., containing 0.4 ml. (0.010 mole) of
ORGANIC SYNTHESES—VOL. 58
methanol] is added, the mixture is shaken vigorously for 1 minute, and a small amount of dark, insoluble material is removed by gravity filtration. The residue is washed two times with pentane (50 ml. total), and the combined filtrate is concentrated with a rotary evaporator to afford 27-29 g. (90-97%) of nearly pure (Note 3) imidate 1.
B. 3,7-Dimethyl-3-trichloroacetamido-l,6-octadiene (2). A 500-ml., round-bottomed flask is equipped with a condenser, a magnetic stirring bar, and a calcium chloride drying tube. The flask is charged with the imidate 1 and 300 ml. of xylene. The solution is refluxed for 8 hours (Note 4). After cooling to room temperature the dark xylene solution is filtered through a short column (4.5 cm. in diameter) packed with silica gel (70 g.) and toluene. The column is eluted with an additional 250 ml. of toluene, and the combined light yellow eluant is concentrated with a rotary evaporator. Vacuum distillation through a 15-cm. Vigreux column yields 20-22 g. (67-74% for the two steps) of the octadiene 2 as a colorless liquid, b.p. 94—97° (0.03 mm.) (Note 5). | Yes |
The Relevances of Essential Fatty Acids
Fat is perhaps the most diverse class of dietary macronutrients in regards to nutritional value and physiological effects. Currently, most people understand the differences between the good (unsaturated fat), bad (saturated fat) and ugly (trans-fat) fats described in Fat Metabolism 101. We know that oils derived from animal fat are not good for our health due to their high levels of saturated fat and cholesterol, and that oils derived from plants are generally good for our health due to their unsaturated fat content. However, not all unsaturated fats are healthy. Many plant seed oils such as sunflower, peanut and corn oil are rich in inflammatory polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and devoid of anti-inflammatory PUFAs. On the other hand, some plant seed oils such as canola and olive oil have balanced PUFAs and are considered healthier. Therefore, it is important to distinguish between the types of PUFAs in dietary oils for optimal health.
TEXT UNDER CONSTRUCTION
PUFAs are fatty acids that have two or more double bonds in each molecule. There are two types of PUFAs in dietary oil: omega-3 and omega-6, also known as ω-3 and ω-6. They are distinguished by the position of the first double bond. Omega-3 fatty acids have their first double bond at the third carbon atom from the methyl end of the carbon chain while omega-6 fatty acids have their first double bond at the sixth carbon atom from the methyl end (Fig.1).
Omega 3 Essential Fats
The most common omega-3 fatty acids in the human diet are ALA, EPA, and DHA while the most common omega-6 fatty acids are LA and AA (Table 1). The omega-3 fatty acid ALA and the omega-6 fatty acid LA are referred to as essential fatty acids because the body cannot synthesize them. Essential fatty acid deficiency can lead to dermatitis, stunted growth in infants and children, increased susceptibility to infection, and poor wound healing. In human cells all long-chain omega-3 fatty acids are synthesized from ALA and all long-chain omega-6 fatty acids are synthesized from LA.
TABLE 1.THE MOST COMMON OMEGA-3 AND OMEGA-6 FATTY ACIDS AND THEIR DIETARY SOURCES
|TYPES||ABBREVIATION||COMMON NAME||STRUCTURE||DIETARY SOURCES|
|Omega-3||ALA||α-Linolenic acid||C18 : 3||Oils: flaxseed, olive, canola|
|EPA||Eicosapentaenoic acid||C20 : 5||Fish oil, marine algae|
|DHA||Docosahexaenoic acid||C22 : 6||Fish oil, marine algae|
|Omega-6||LA||Linoleic acid||C18 : 2||Oils: corn, soybean,
|AA||Arachidonic acid||C20 : 4||Small amount in meat,
dairy products and eggs
Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids (EPA and DHA) provide many health benefits with regard to their cardiovascular disease prevention properties and anti-inflammatory effects. DHA is also directly involved in visual and neuronal cell development. Adequate amounts of omega-6 fatty acids are also beneficial to human health since many bioactive signaling molecules, especially ones involved in immune response and cardiomyocyte (muscle cells) contraction, are derived from them. However, omega-6 fatty acids tend to be over-supplied while omega-3 fatty acids are under-supplied in modern Western diets due to industrialized food oil production. This overwhelming intake of omega-6 leads to hyperimmune responses and interferes with the proper function of omega-3 fatty acids, causing detrimental effects associated with chronic cardiovascular diseases and inflammatory responses (Table 2).
We can not produce them on our own, so we must get them from the diet.
Omega-3 fatty acids are polyunsaturated, meaning that they have several double bonds in the chemical structure.
The three most important types are ALA (alpha-linolenic acid), DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) and EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid).
ALA is mainly found in plants, while DHA and EPA are mainly found in animal foods and algae.
Omega-3 fatty acids are needed for optimal function of the human body, and they may also provide numerous powerful health benefits (2).
Common foods that are high in omega-3 fatty acids include fatty fish, fish oils, flax seeds, chia seeds, flaxseed oil and walnuts, to name a few.
Does “Omega-3” Mean?
The “omega” naming convention has to do with the placement of the double bonds on the fatty acid chain.
Each fatty acid has a long chain of carbon atoms, with one carboxylic acid end (called alpha) and one methyl end (called omega).
The number 3 means that the first double bond of the fatty acid molecule is located 3 carbon atoms away from the “omega” end.
Conversely, the double bond in omega-6 fatty acids is located 6 carbon atoms away from the omega end.
BOTTOM LINE:The “omega” naming convention has to do with the placement of the double bond in the fatty acid molecule. Omega-3 fatty acids have the first double bond placed 3 carbon atoms away from the omega end.
There are three main types of omega-3 fatty acids: ALA, DHA and EPA.
ALA (alpha-linolenic acid)
Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) is the most common omega-3 fatty acid in the diet. It is 18 carbons long (3).It is not active in the human body, and needs to be converted into the active forms, EPA and DHA.
EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid)
Eicosapentaenoic acid is an omega-3 fatty acid that is 20 carbons long.It is mostly found in animal products, such as fatty fish and fish oil. However, some microalgae also contain EPA.
It has several functions in the human body. Part of it can be converted into DHA.
DHA (docosahexaenoic acid)
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is the most important omega-3 fatty acid in the human body. It is 22 carbons long.It is a key structural component of the brain, the retina of the eyes and numerous important parts of the body (7).
BOTTOM LINE:There are three main omega-3 fatty acids in the diet: ALA (alpha-linolenic acid), EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) and DHA (docosahexaenoic acid).
Omega-6 fatty acids also have important roles in the human body.
Their function is often similar to the function of omega-3 fatty acids.
Both are used to produce signalling molecules called eicosanoids, which have various roles related to inflammation, blood clotting and others (10).
Omega-3 fatty acids are anti-inflammatory, but eating too much omega-6 counteracts these beneficial effects.
For this reason, we need to consume these fatty acids in a certain balance for optimal health. This balance between omega-6 and omega-3 is often termed the omega-6:omega-3 ratio.
These days, most people are eating way too many omega-6 fats, and way too few omega-3s, so the ratio is currently skewed far towards the omega-6 side (11).
BOTTOM LINE:Omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids are used to produce important signalling molecules called eicosanoids. Getting both types of fatty acids in a certain balance is considered important for optimal health.
Omega-3 fatty acids, particularly DHA, play structural roles in the brain and retina of the eyes (7).
It is particularly important for pregnant women and breastfeeding mothers to get enough DHA.
It can affect the future health and intelligence of the baby (12).
Additionally, getting enough omega-3 fatty acids can have powerful health benefits for adults as well. This is especially true of the longer-chain forms, EPA and DHA.
Although evidence is mixed, studies have shown that omega-3 fatty acids can have protective effects against all sorts of diseases.
At the end of the day, omega-3 fatty acids are important, and the modern diet is severely lacking in them.
If you don’t like fish, then consider taking a supplement. It is both cheap and effective.
An evidence-based nutrition article from our experts at Authority Nutrition.
Omega-3 fatty acids are essential fats that you must get from the diet.
This is the ultimate beginner’s guide to omega-3 fatty acids.
What Are Omega-3 Fatty Acids?
Omega-3 fatty acids are a family of polyunsaturated fats that we must get from the diet. They are also called n-3 or ω-3 fatty acids.
They are termed essential fatty acids because they are needed for health, but the body can not produce them on its own like other fats.
The polyunsaturated part means that the fatty acids have several double bonds in their chemical structure. Omega-6 fatty acids are another type of polyunsaturated fat.
The “omega” naming convention has to do with the placement of the double bond on the fatty acid molecule. Omega-3s have the first double bond placed 3 carbon atoms away from the omega end.
Omega-3 fatty acids are polyunsaturated fats that your body needs, but can not produce on its own. For this reason, they are classified as essential fatty acids.
The 3 Main Types of Omega-3 Fats
There are many fatty acids that technically belong to the omega-3 family.
These three are the most important:
1. EPA (Eicosapentaenoic Acid)
EPA is a 20-carbon-long omega-3 fatty acid. It is primarily found in fatty fish, seafood and fish oil.
This fatty acid has many essential functions. Most importantly, it is used to form signalling molecules called eicosanoids. This can lead to reduced inflammation ( 5).
EPA has been found to be particularly effective against certain mental conditions, especially depression ( 6).
2. DHA (Docosahexaenoic Acid)
DHA is a 22-carbon-long omega-3 fatty acid. It is primarily found in fatty fish, seafood, fish oils and algae.
The main role of DHA is to serve as a structural component in cell membranes, particularly in nerve cells in the brain and eyes. It constitutes about 40% of polyunsaturated fats in the brain ( 7).
3. ALA (Alpha-Linolenic Acid)
ALA is an 18-carbon-long omega-3 fatty acid. It is found in high-fat plant foods, especially flax seeds, chia seeds and walnuts.
Despite being the most common omega-3 fat in the diet, ALA is not very active in the body. It needs to be converted into EPA and DHA in order to become active ( 12).
Unfortunately, this process is highly inefficient in humans. Only about 5% gets converted into EPA, and as little as 0.5% get converted into DHA ( 13).
For this reason, ALA should never be relied on as the sole omega-3 source. Most of the ALA you eat will simply be used for energy.
There are three main types of omega-3 fats in the diet. EPA and DHA are found in seafood and fish, while ALA is mostly found in high-fat plant foods.
Health Benefits of Omega-3 Fatty Acids
Omega-3 fatty acids are among the most comprehensively studied nutrients on earth.
They have been shown to have powerful health benefits for various body systems.
•Inflammation and pain: Omega-3s can reduce inflammation and symptoms of various autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis. They are also very effective at reducing menstrual pain ( 29, 30, 31).
Unfortunately, despite improving several risk factors for heart disease, omega-3 fatty acids have not been shown to prevent heart attacks or strokes. The largest studies that look at the body of evidence find no benefit ( 42, 43).
Here is a detailed article about the health benefits of omega-3: 17 Science-Based Benefits of Omega-3 Fatty Acids.
Omega-3 fatty acids have been studied thoroughly. They have been shown to fight depression, reduce fatty liver, lower blood triglycerides and help prevent asthma, to name a few.
Omega 3 Fatty Acids
Omega-3 fatty acids are polyunsaturated fats found in fatty fish such as salmon and sardines. They are also found in walnuts and some seeds, such as chia seeds. They are liquid at room temperature.
Omega-3 fatty acids promote health in several ways. They reduce inflammation and lower the risk of chronic diseases including heart disease, cancer, and arthritis. Omega-3 fatty acids can help lower triglycerides and apoproteins (markers of diabetes), and raise HDL (“good” cholesterol) levels (8). Omega-3 fats are also essential for brain and eye health (9).
When in the correct balance with omega-3 fats, omega-6 fats are healing fats. Like omega-3 fatty acids, omega-6 fatty acids are polyunsaturated fats. There are healthy and unhealthy sources of omega-6 fats. Healthy sources include sunflower seeds, wheat germ, sesame seeds, and walnuts. When eaten in the ideal ratio with omega-3 fats (between 4:1 and 1:1), these omega-6 fats promote health.
Unfortunately, most Americans follow the Standard American Diet (SAD) and consume a much larger amount of oxidized omega-6 fatty acids found in corn and soybeans than omega-3 fatty acids. This is detrimental to health because an excessive omega-6 level can lead to chronic inflammation which is a cause of many health problems (8).
Health & Human Services, n.d. Web. 24 Apr. 2017.
Polyunsaturated fats are essential fats. We call them essential because they are necessary for human health, but your body cannot synthesize them on its own. You must get them from food. Polyunsaturated fats help stimulate skin and hair growth, maintain bone health, regulate metabolism, and maintain the reproductive system.
There are two main types of polyunsaturated fats. You’ve probably heard of them: omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids. Omega-6 fatty acids play an important role in brain function and normal growth and development. One essential omega-6 is linoleic acid, which our bodies use to make the lipids that make up our cell membranes. Omega-3s promote heart health and help maintain blood vessels in the brain. Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) is an essential omega-3 found in plants and a major cardioprotective nutrient.
7″The Truth about Fats: The Good, the Bad, and the In-between.” Harvard Health. Harvard University, Aug. 2015. Web. 24 Apr. 2017.
8″Omega-3 Fatty Acids.” University of Maryland Medical Center. University of Maryland Medical Center, 5 Aug. 2015. Web. 24 Apr. 2017.
9″Types of Fat.” Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health. The President and Fellows of Harvard College, n.d. Web. 24 Apr. 2017.
10Chang, C. Y., D. S. Ke, and J. Y. Chen. “Essential Fatty Acids and Human Brain.” Acta Neurologica Taiwanica. U.S. National Library of Medicine, Dec. 2009. Web. 05 May 2017.
11Albahrani, Ali A., and Ronda F. Greaves. “Fat-Soluble Vitamins: Clinical Indications and Current Challenges for Chromatographic Measurement.” The Clinical Biochemist Reviews 37.1 (2016): 27–47. Print.
12″Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2015–2020 8th Edition.” 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines. The Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, n.d. Web. 05 May 2017.
13″LDL and HDL: ‘Bad’ and ‘Good’ Cholesterol.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, n.d. Web. 24 Apr. 2017.
14Ehrlich, Steven D. “Omega-6 Fatty Acids.” University of Maryland Medical Center. University of Maryland Medical Center, 5 Aug. 2015. Web. 24 Apr. 2017.
15Lorgeril, M. De, and P. Salen. “Alpha-linolenic Acid and Coronary Heart Disease.” Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases 14.3 (2004): 162-69. Web. 24 Apr. 2017. | Yes |
California has the strictest car emissions standards in the country, regulations that have helped clear Los Angeles' notorious smog and likely contributed to southern California children's lung development. But there's one important source of pollution that state regulators have overlooked, a new study finds: fertilized soil on farmland, which emits nitrogen oxides. The upshot is that laws that have helped urban Californians' health may not be reaching rural residents.
"The potential impact this could have on health, especially in rural areas, is definitely on our radar," says Maya Almaraz, a postdoctoral researcher at the University of California–Davis who led the new study.
'THE FEAR OF DYING' PERVADES SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA'S OIL-POLLUTED ENCLAVES: As the state wins praise for its progressive climate policies, refinery emissions vex people in low-income communities.
Nitrogen oxides are gases that can worsen asthma symptoms. When combined with other pollution in the air, they can form ozone and particulates that are associated with more hospital visits and decreased heart and lung function. By running a mathematical model, Almaraz and her team concluded that California may be emitting as much as 52 percent more nitrogen oxides than regulators had previously thought. The big difference is in farmland, which the model finds contributes 20 percent of the state's nitrogen oxides pollution. Cars are thought to contribute 36 percent; "other mobile sources," such as airplanes and heavy equipment, make up 26 percent. The state Air Resources Board currently considers soil to contribute to less than 4 percent of California's nitrogen oxides emissions, according to a paper Almaraz and her colleagues published in the journal Science Advances. (The Air Resources Board didn't respond to a request for comment.)
The research team—made up of environmental scientists from UC–Davis and China—doesn't yet know if these amounts of nitrogen oxides are enough to harm people. They are working with Davis' medical school to study that next. But, Almaraz says, "Considering that these emissions are now going to rival those of mobile sources and even car sources, it's likely."
Almaraz got curious about nitrogen oxides from soil after seeing another study, which suggested that, in the mid-2000s, nitrogen oxide air pollution decreased much more in urban San Francisco and Sacramento than in agricultural Fresno and Bakersfield. "We see smog pollution decreasing in cities, which is awesome, but we're not really seeing that same decrease in these rural areas," Almaraz says. "So what we're thinking is maybe there's this alternate source." Scientists had long known fertilizer created air pollution, but nobody had carefully quantified its effects in California, even though the state has more than 25 million acres of farm and ranch land and produces two-thirds of the country's fruits and nuts.
Almaraz's team set about modeling soil nitrogen oxides emissions in different California regions, then double-checked their findings by comparing them with nitrogen oxide measurements taken by other scientists and with results from a test flight over the San Joaquin Valley, which includes Fresno and Bakersfield. The numbers were often the same, although they're sometimes quite different, which Almaraz attributes to old measurements and how variable nitrogen-gas readings can be from spot to spot.
Almaraz would like to see California farmers apply fertilizer in a more targeted way, but that doesn't mean farmers have to give it up altogether to help solve the problem. "There's a lot of strategies out there," she says, for example, applying fertilizer to crops' roots rather than spraying it overhead, and applying fertilizer at periods of a plant's growth cycle that are known to be more conducive to nitrogen intake. | Yes |
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The present invention concerns a method for the production of recombinant proteinase K in a soluble and active form in economically relevant amounts.
Proteinase K (E.C. 220.127.116.11, also known as endopeptidase K) is an extracellular endopeptidase which is synthesized by the fungus Tritirachium album Limber. It is a member of the class of serine proteases with the typical catalytic triad Asp39-His69-Ser224 (Jany, K. D. et al. (1986) FEBS Letters Vol. 199(2), 139-144). Since the sequence of the polypeptide chain of 279 amino acids in length (Gunkel, F. A. and Gassen, H. G. (1989) Eur. J. Biochem. Vol. 179(1), 185-194) and the three dimensional structure (Betzel, C. et al. (1988) Eur. J. Biochem. Vol. 178(1), 155-71) has a high degree of homology to bacterial subtilisins, proteinase K is classified as a member of the subtilisin family (Pahler, A. et al. (1984) EMBO J. Vol. 3(6), 1311-1314; Jany, K. D. and Mayer, B. (1985), Biol. Chem. Hoppe-Seyler, Vol. 366(5), 485-492). Proteinase K was named on the basis of its ability to hydrolyse native keratin and thus allows the fungus to grow on keratin as the only source of carbon and nitrogen (Ebeling, W. et al. (1974) Eur. J. Biochem. Vol. 47(1), 91-97). Proteinase K has a specific activity of more than 30 U/mg and is thus one of the most active of the known endopeptidases (Betzel, C. et al. (1986) FEBS Lett. Vol. 197(1-2), 105-110) and unspecifically hydrolyses native and denatured proteins.
Proteinase K from Tritirachium album Limber is translated in its natural host as a preproprotein. The sequence of the cDNA of the gene which codes for proteinase K was decoded in 1989 by Gunkel, F. A. and Gassen, H. G. (1989) Eur. J. Biochem. Vol. 179(1), 185-194. According to this the gene for prepro-proteinase K is composed of two exons and codes for a signal sequence of 15 amino acids in length, a prosequence of 90 amino acids in length and a mature proteinase K of 279 amino acids in length. A 63 bp intron is located in the region of the prosequence. The prepeptide is cleaved off during translocation into the endoplasmatic reticulum (ER). At present very little is known about the subsequent processing to form mature proteinase K with cleavage of the propeptide.
Consequently mature proteinase K consists of 279 amino acids. The compact structure is stabilized by two disulfide bridges and two bound calcium ions. This explains why proteinase K compared to other subtilisins has a considerably higher stability towards extreme pH values, high temperatures, chaotropic substances and detergents (Dolashka, P. et al. (1992) Int. J. Pept. Protein. Res. Vol. 40(5), 465-471). Proteinase K is characterized by a high thermostability (up to 65° C., Bajorath et al. (1988), Eur. J. Biochem. Vol. 176, 441-447) and a wide pH range (pH 7.5-12.0, Ebeling, W. et al. (1974) Eur. J. Biochem. Vol. 47(1), 91-97). Its activity is increased in the presence of denaturing substances such as urea or SDS (Hilz, H. et al. (1975) J. Biochem. Vol. 56(1), 103-108; Jany, K. D. and Mayer, B. (1985) Biol. Chem. Hoppe-Seyler, Vol. 366(5), 485-492).
The above-mentioned properties make proteinase K of particular interest for biotechnological applications in which an unspecific protein degradation is required. Special examples are nucleic acid isolation (DNA or RNA) from crude extracts and sample preparation in DNA analysis (Goldenberger, D. et al. (1995) PCR Methods Appl. Vol. 4(6), 368-370; U.S. Pat. No. 5,187,083; U.S. Pat. No. 5,346,999). Other applications are in the field of protein analysis such as structure elucidation.
Proteinase K is obtained commercially in large amounts by fermentation of the fungus Tritirachium album Limber (e.g. CBS 348.55, Merck strain No. 2429 or the strain ATCC 22563). However, in this process the production of proteinase K is suppressed by glucose or free amino acids. Since protein-containing media also induce the expression of proteases, it is necessary to use proteins such as BSA, milk powder or soybean flour as the only nitrogen source. The secretion of the protease starts as soon as the stationary phase of growth is reached (Ebeling, W. et al. (1974) Eur. J. Biochem. Vol. 47(1), 91-97).
Since Tritirachium album Limber is consequently unsuitable for fermentation on a large scale and moreover is difficult to genetically manipulate, various attempts have been made to overexpress recombinant proteinase K in other host cells. However, no significant activity was detected in these experiments due to lack of expression, formation of inactive inclusion bodies or problems with the renaturation (Gunkel, F. A. and Gassen, H. G. (1989) Eur. J. Biochem. Vol. 179(1), 185-194; Samal, B. B. et al. (1996) Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. Vol. 379, 95-104).
Tritirachium album Limber is a slowly growing fungus which only secretes small amounts of proteases into the medium. It has the disadvantage of a slower cell cycle compared to yeast and the lower optical density that can be achieved in a fermenter. In addition it is known that T. album also produces other proteases apart from proteinase K which can contaminate the preparation (Samal, B. B. et al. (1991) Enzyme Microb. Technol. Vol. 13, 66-70).
Although in principle it is possible to express proteinase K in E. coli, it is not expressed in a soluble form but in so-called inclusion bodies from which the enzyme has to be subsequently solubilized and renatured by certain measures. A disadvantage of this method is that a lot of protein is lost during the solubilization and renaturing.
Hence the object of the present invention is to provide a method for producing recombinant proteinase K in economically relevant amounts.
It has surprisingly turned out that it is possible to express and secrete recombinant proteinase K as a zymogenic precursor in a soluble form in yeast which is autocatalytically activated to form active proteinase K. Another subject matter of the invention is the purification of active proteinase K from the medium supernatant.
Hence the present invention concerns a method for producing recombinant proteinase K comprising the steps:
a) transformation of a host cell with a vector containing a DNA coding for the zymogenic precursor of proteinase K which is fused upstream of the coding sequence with a sequence in the reading frame which codes for a signal peptide and is under the control of a suitable promoter for the host cell,
b) expression of the zymogenic precursor of proteinase K
c) secretion and autocatalytic activation of proteinase K
d) isolation and purification of proteinase K,
characterized in that the host cell is a yeast cell and the protein is secreted in a soluble form by this expression host.
In a special embodiment of the method according to the invention the host cell is selected from the following group: Pichia species, Hansenula species such as Hansenula polymorpha, Saccharomyces species, Schizosaccharomyces species, Yarrowia species such as Yarrowia lipolytica, Kluyveromyces species and Aspergillus species. It is particularly preferred according to the invention when Pichia pastoris is used as the host cell.
Furthermore it has proven to be advantageous for the method according to the invention when the host cell is transformed with a DNA coding for the zymogenic precursor and the proteinase K is autocatalytically activated at a later time during or immediately after secretion into the culture medium.
When using Pichia pastoris as a host cell, the gene coding for the zymogenic precursor of proteinase K is preferably cloned into the following vectors: pPICZ, pPICZα, pGAPZ, pGAPZα, pPICZαA and pPIC9K. In this case the vectors: pPICZαA and pPIC9K are particularly preferred. According to the invention the vector pPICZαA is particularly preferred. The above-mentioned vectors are commercially available (Invitrogen).
In addition in the inventive method for producing recombinant proteinase K it is preferred that the expression of proteinase K or the zymogenic precursor of proteinase K is induced by methanol (pPIC vectors). Another method is to induce the expression by glyceraldehyde phosphate (pGAP vectors).
In the inventive method for producing recombinant proteinase K the secretion of the protein is preferably initiated by the N-terminal fusion of the signal peptide of the α-factor from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This for example means that the above-mentioned α-labelled vectors have the nucleotide sequence for the signal peptide of the α-factor from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A fusion protein consisting of the signal peptide at the N-terminus and the target protein is then produced during translation. Another possible signal peptide would be the natural signal sequence for proteinase K.
Furthermore it has proven to be particularly advantageous for the production of recombinant proteinase K, to transform the host cell Pichia pastoris with the expression vectors pPICZαA and pPIC9K which contain a DNA coding for the zymogenic precursor and that the gene is under the control of the AOX1 promoter and optionally of the AOX1 terminator.
The present invention also concerns a vector containing a DNA coding for the zymogenic precursor of proteinase K which is fused upstream of the coding sequence with a sequence in the reading frame which codes for a suitable signal peptide and wherein the coding gene is under the control of a suitable promoter and optionally terminator for the host cell and wherein this vector is suitable for the transformation of this host cell. According to the invention the host cell is a yeast.
Hence the invention also concerns a recombinant vector which contains one or more copies of the recombinant DNA defined above. The vector is preferably a plasmid which has a strong promoter for the host cell and a suitable signal peptide for the host cell for secreting proteins. Moreover it is also possible to fuse the native signal peptide of prepro-proteinase K to the N-terminus of the propeptide as shown in SEQ ID NO.: 21 (signal sequence 1-15 (15 amino acids); prosequence 16-104 (90 amino acids); sequence of the mature proteinase K 106-384 (279 amino acids)). Methods are used to produce the expression vector which are familiar to a person skilled in the art and are described for example in Sambrook et al. (1989).
Another subject matter of the present invention is a host cell transformed with one of the vectors listed above where the host cell is a yeast. The host cell is preferably selected from the following group: Pichia species, Hansenula species such as Hansenula polymorpha, Saccharomyces species, Schizosaccharomyces species, Yarrowia species such as Yarrowia lipolytica, Kluyveromyces species and Aspergillus species. Pichia pastoris is particularly preferred as the host cell. In particular it is preferred when several vectors (each with one copy of the ppK gene) are integrated into the genome.
In addition the present invention concerns a method for purifying proteinase K. In order to purify the protease the yeast cells are removed in a first step by microfiltration or centrifugation. The resulting clear solution contains the protease. This is followed by a rebuffering by means of ultrafiltration in order to bind the product to a cation exchanger such as SP-Sepharose or SP-Sephadex (Pharmacia) or SP-Toyopearl (Tosoh Corporation). After the elution it is again rebuffered by means of ultrafiltration and bound to an anion exchanger such as DEAE-Sepharose or Q-Sepharose (Pharmacia) or DEAE-Fraktogel (Merck). After another elution the pure protease is transferred by means of ultrafiltration into a stable buffer system (Protein Purification, Principles and Practice, Robert K. Scopes, Springer Verlag, 1982). However, a person skilled in the art can use other methods of purification which are part of the prior art.
The method according to the invention surprisingly enables the preparation of recombinant proteinase K in which the enzyme is produced by a heterologous host cell in a soluble and active form. The expression of proteinase K with subsequent secretion of the enzyme into the culture medium is of particular advantage since it prevents proteinase K from developing a strongly toxic effect in the cytosol of the host cell. Furthermore this ensures the correct formation of the two disulfide bridges which could not readily occur in the reducing environment of the cytosol. Hence an important advantage of the method according to the invention is that it provides an approach for the soluble and active production of a recombinant proteinase K. It is very surprising and inexplicable that the surface proteins of the host cells according to the invention are not hydrolysed by a secreted proteinase K. Such an expected hydrolysis of the surface proteins by proteinase K would interfere with the life cycle of the host cell.
A proteinase K is obtained by the method according to the invention which is homogeneous and hence particularly suitable for analytical and diagnostic applications. The zymogenic precursor of proteinase K according to the invention can optionally contain additional N-terminal modifications and in particular sequences which facilitate purification of the target protein (affinity tags). In addition the zymogenic precursor can contain sequences which increase the efficiency of translation, which increase the folding efficiency and/or also sequences which result in a secretion of the target protein into the culture medium (natural presequence and other signal peptides).
Proteinase K in the sense of the invention means the sequence according to Gassen et al. (1989) shown in SEQ ID NO:1 as well as other variants of proteinase K from Tritirachium album Limber like the amino acid sequence disclosed by Ch. Betzel et al. (Biochemistry 40 (2001), 3080-3088) and in particular proteinase T (Samal, B. B. et al. (1989) Gene Vol. 85(2), 329-333; Samal, B. B. et al. (1996) Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. Vol. 379, 95-104) and proteinase R (Samal, B. B. et al. (1990) Mol. Microbiol. Vol. 4(10), 1789-1792; U.S. Pat. No. 5,278,062) and in addition variants produced by recombinant means (as described for example in WO 96/28556). SEQ ID NO:1 comprises a prosequence (1-90; 90 amino acids) and the sequence of the mature proteinase K (91-368; 279 amino acids). The proteinase K amino acid sequence described by Betzel et al. (Biochemistry 40 (2001), 3080-3088) has in particular aspartate instead of a serine residue at position 207 of the active protease.
Pro-proteinase K in the sense of the invention means in particular a proteinase K whose N-terminus is linked to its prosequence according to SEQ ID NO: 1. In the case of subtilisin E which is closely related to proteinase K and variants thereof, the prosequence has an important influence on the folding and formation of active protease (Ikemura, H. et al. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. Vol. 262(16), 7859-7864). In particular it is postulated that the prosequence acts as an intramolecular chaperone (Inouye, M. (1991) Enzyme Vol. 45, 314-321). After the folding it is processed to form the mature subtilisin protease by autocatalytically cleaving the propeptide (Ikemura, H. and Inouye, M. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. Vol. 263(26), 12959-12963). This process occurs in the case of subtilisin E (Samal, B. B. et al. (1989) Gene Vol. 85(2), 329-333; Volkov, A. and Jordan, F. (1996) J. Mol. Biol. Vol. 262, 595-599), subtilisin BPN′ (Eder, J. et al. (1993) Biochemistry Vol. 32, 18-26), papain (Vernet, T. et al. (1991) J. Biol. Chem. Vol. 266(32), 21451-21457) and thermolysin (Marie-Claire, C. (1998) J. Biol. Chem. Vol. 273(10), 5697-5701).
Only certain core regions of the prosequence which are usually hydrophobic appear to be necessary for the chaperone function since a wide range of mutations have no influence on the activity (Kobayashi, T. and Inouye, M. (1992) J. Mol. Biol. Vol. 226, 931-933). In addition it is known that propeptides can be interchanged between various subtilisin variants. Thus for example subtilisin BPN′ also recognizes the prosequence of subtilisin E (Hu, Z. et al. (1996) J. Biol. Chem. Vol. 271(7), 3375-3384).
Hence the present invention concerns the prosequence according to SEQ ID NO:1 of 90 amino acids in length as well as other variants which facilitate folding. It also concerns a propeptide which is added exogenously for the folding of mature proteinase K and has the functions described above.
Hence an important advantage of the method according to the invention is that the recombinant proteinase K is secreted by an expression host into the culture medium in a soluble and active form. Moreover the expression host used in the method according to the invention is not damaged or otherwise impaired by the very active and unspecific protease i.e. in particular it continues to grow without problems and an increased cell lysis is not observed. Furthermore the expression host according to the invention is easier to handle compared to Tritirachium album and is characterized by higher growth rates. | Yes |
Laboratory Test DirectoryShare
|Methodology:||Quantitative Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry|
Patient Preparation:Timing of specimen collection: Pre-dose (trough) draw - At steady state concentration.
Collect: Plain Red OR Lavender (EDTA) - 2 ml serum or plasma.Performing Lab
Specimen Preparation: Allow specimen to clot completely at room temperature. Separate serum or plasma from cells ASAP or within 2 hours of collection. Transfer plasma to a Standard Transfer Tube.
Stability: After separation of cells: Refrigerated: 3 days
Unacceptable Conditions:Whole blood. Light blue (citrate) or yellow (SPS or ACD solution).
Note: This test is approved for NY . | Yes |
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Human Toxoplasma gondii antibody(Toxo-Ab) ELISA Kit
In serum, plasma, culture media or any biological fluid.
FOR RESEARCH USE ONLY!
NOT FOR THERAPEUTIC OR DIAGNOSTIC APPLICATIONS!
PLEASE READTHROUGH ENTIRE PROCEDURE BEFORE BEGINNING!
FOR RESEARCH USE ONLY
Our human Toxoplasma gondii antibody(Toxo-Ab)ELISA kit is to assay Toxo-Ab levels in Human serum, plasma, culture media or any biological fluid.
This ELISA kit uses Sandwich-ELISA as the method. The Microelisa stripplate provided in this kit has been pre-coated with an antigen specific to Toxo-Ab. Standards or samples are added to the appropriate Microelisa stripplate wells and combined to the specific antigen. Then a Horseradish Peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated antigen specific for Toxo is added to each Microelisa stripplate well and incubated. Free components are washed away. The TMB substrate solution is added to each well. Only those wells that contain Toxo-Ab and HRP conjugated Toxo antigen will appear blue in color and then turn yellow after the addition of the stop solution. The optical density (OD) is measured spectrophotometrically at a wavelength of 450 nm. The presence of Toxo-Ab is determined by comparing with the CUTOFF value.
Materials provided with the kit
Materials provided with the kit 96 determinations Storage
1 User manual 1 R.T.
2 Closure plate membrane 2 R.T.
3 Sealed bags 1 R.T.
4 Microelisa stripplate 1 2-8℃
5 Negative control 0.5ml×1 bottle 2-8℃
6 Positive control 0.5ml×1 bottle 2-8℃
7 HRP-Conjugate reagent 6ml×1 bottle 2-8℃
8 Sample diluent 6ml×1 bottle 2-8℃
9 Chromogen Solution A 6ml×1 bottle 2-8℃
10 Chromogen Solution B 6ml×1 bottle 2-8℃
11 Stop Solution 6ml×1 bottle 2-8℃
12 wash solution 20ml (30X)×1bottle 2-8℃
1. Serum preparation
After collection of the whole blood, allow the blood to clot by leaving it undisturbed at room temperature. This usually takes 10-20 minutes. Remove the clot by centrifuging at 2,000-3,000 rpm for 20 minutes. If precipitates appear during reservation, the sample should be centrifugated again.
2. Plasma preparation
Collect the whole blood into tubes with anticoagulant (EDTA or citrate). After incubated at room temperature for 10-20 minutes, tubes are centrifugated for 20 min at 2,000-3,000 rpm. Collect the supernatant carefully as plasma samples. If precipitates appear during reservation, the sample should be centrifugated again.
3. Urine samples
Collect urine into aseptic tubes. Collect the supernatant carefully after centrifuging for 20 min at 2,000-3,000 rpm. If precipitates appear during reservation, the sample should be centrifugated again. The preparation procedure of cerebrospinal fluid and pleuroperitoneal fluid is the same as that of urine sample.
4. Cell samples
If you want to detect the secretions of cells, collect culture supernatant into aseptic tubes. Collect the supernatant carefully after centrifuging for 20 min at 2,000-3,000 rpm. If you want to detect intracellular components, dilute the cells to 1X106/ml with PBS (pH 7.2-7.4). The cells were destroyed to release intracellular components by repeated freezing and thawing. Collect the supernatant carefully after centrifuging for 20 min at 2,000-3,000 rpm. If precipitates appear during reservation, the sample should be centrifugated again.
5. Tissue samples
Tissue samples are cut, weighed, frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at -80℃ for future use. The tissue samples were homogenized after adding PBS (pH 7.4). Samples should be operated at 4℃. Collect the supernatant carefully after centrifuging for 20 min at 2,000-3,000 rpm. Aliquot the supernatant for ELISA assay and future use.
1. Sample extraction and ELISA assay should be performed as soon as possible after sample collection. The samples should be extracted according to the relevant literature. If ELISA assay can not be performed immediately, samples can be stored at -20℃.Repeated freeze-thaw cycles should be avoided.
2. Our kits can not be used for samples with NaN3 which can inhibit the activity of HRP.
1． In the Microelisa stripplate, leave two wells as negative control, two wells as positive control and one well empty as as blank control. Number: the sequential number, corresponding sample of the microporous hole 2 per board should set negative control and positive control 2 holes, ck 1 hole (ck hole without samples and HRP-Conjugate reagent, the rest of the same step operation)
2. Adding samples: Negative and positive control in a volume of 50μl are added to the negative and positive control wells respectively. In sample wells, 40μl Sample dilution buffer and 10μl sample are added. Samples should be loaded onto the bottom without touching the well wall. Mix well with gentle shaking.
3. Incubation: incubate 30 min at 37℃ after sealed with Closure plate membrane.
4. Dilution: dilute the concentrated washing buffer with distilled water (30 times for 96T).
5. Washing: carefully peel off Closure plate membrane, aspirate and refill with the wash solution. Discard the wash solution after resting for 30 seconds. Repeat the washing procedure for 5 times.
6. Add 50 μl HRP-Conjugate reagent to each well except the blank control well.
7. Incubation as described in Step 3.
8. Washing as described in Step 5.
9. Coloring: Add 50 μl Chromogen Solution A and 50 μl Chromogen Solution B to each well, mix with gently shaking and incubate at 37℃ for 15 minutes. Please avoid light during coloring.
10. Termination: add 50 μl stop solution to each well to terminate the reaction. The color in the well should change from blue to yellow.
11. Read absorbance O.D. at 450nm using a Microtiter Plate Reader. The OD value of the blank control well is set as zero. Assay should be carried out within 15 minutes after adding stop solution.
Determine the result
Test effectiveness: the average value of positive control ≥1.00; the average value of negative control ≤0.10.
The critical value (CUT OFF) calculation: critical value = the average value of negative control + 0.15
Negative judgement: if the OD value< CUT OFF, the sample is Human Toxo-Ab negative.
Positive judgement: if the OD value ≥CUT OFF, the sample is Human Toxo-Ab positive.
2． Store the kit at 4°C upon receipt.The kit should be equilibrat4ed to room temperature before the assay. Remove any unneeded strips from Toxo antigen -Coated plate, reseal them in zip-lock foil and keep at 4°C.
3． Precipitates may appear in concentrated washing buffer. Please heat the buffer to dissolve all the precipitates, which will not affect the results.
4． In order to avoid cross-contamination, Closure plate membranes are for one-time use only.
5． Please keep Substrate away from light.
6． All the operation should be accordance with the manufacturer's instructions strictly. The results determined by the Microelisa stripplate Reader.
7． All the samples, washing buffer and wastes should be treated as infectious agents.
8． Reagents from different lots should not be mixed.
Storage and validity
2．Duration: 6 months
Contact Person: Ms. Anna Lee | Yes |
Intermediate Tree Nodes
Aliphatic heteromonocyclic compounds
Piperidine - Sulfonic acid ester - Organosulfonic acid ester - Methanesulfonate - Organic sulfonic acid or derivatives - Organosulfonic acid or derivatives - Sulfonyl - Azacycle - N-organohydroxylamine - Hydrocarbon derivative - Organic oxide - Organic oxygen compound - Organosulfur compound - Organooxygen compound - Organonitrogen compound - Organic nitrogen compound - Aliphatic heteromonocyclic compound
This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as piperidines. These are compounds containing a piperidine ring, which is a saturated aliphatic six-member ring with one nitrogen atom and five carbon atoms. | Yes |
Costa Rican Tarrazu
- Product Review (submitted on October 25, 2017):
I didn't like the smell of the coffee when I first opened the package, nor the taste of the first brewed cup. But I remembered from my previous order with CBD (Ethiopian Yirgachaffe), that I also hadn't liked that coffee in the beginning. However, as the days progressed, that coffee got better and better smelling and tasting. The same happened to the Costa Rican Tarrazu coffee. The taste got better and better, until one day I realized that it was one of the best coffees I had had. This coffee embodies everything I like in a cup of java - aroma, smoothness, pleasant aftertaste, and like someone has already mentioned, it really is gentle on the stomach.
Since I am not a connoisseur of coffee chemistry, I would like to know why is it that the taste changes (for the better) over time after opening the package? | Yes |
Hyaluronic Serum 50ml
What is Hyaluronic Acid and how does it work?
It is a powerful humectant, aka moisture binding ingredient. That has the amazing action of keeping the skin plump, firm, smooth and hydrated and generally looking a whole lot younger. It is a naturally occurring polysaccharide (carbohydrate) in the body.
Hyaluronic Acid, (H.A) is a real deal moisturiser, it holds onto moisture and water an impressive 1000 tmes in its own weight. This is how it keeps the skin plump, hydrated and looking young . The word acid can stir up notions of being harsh, burning, stripping, creating redness, irritation etc. Definitely not the case with H.A. It has an entirely different chemical structure
and actions compared to Alphahydroxy Acids used in some skin care that have a peeling and stripping action on the skin.
H.A, is not all about the face. It is found throughout the whole body. H.A surrounds every joint, tendon and, ligament. It is even present in our eye sockets. In healthy skin it is present in large amounts in the spaces between skin cells, where it provides plumpness, moisture, firmness and suppleness to the skin. It is found in the deep underlying dermal areas as well as the epidermal top layers. It keeps skin cells hydrated and helps to retain collagen. The not so good news is that as we age our bodies do not produce as much H.A. as we did in our youth. Years of exposure to the sun’s UVA and UVB rays takes it’s toll on H.A. and our collagen declines resulting in the appearance of wrinkles and discolorations of the skin.
Regularly using H.A benefits your skin’s collagen synthesis . All mature complexions will benefit greatly from using H.A. and it is easy to incorporate into a home care regime.
How to Use Skin Nurture
After cleansing your complexion morning and night use 1 pump morning and night. Apply all over your face paying particular attention to any thin, fragile, sunken areas of your face and finish with your usual skin care nourishing cream / moisturiser. | Yes |
The depression of estrone-induced uterine growth by phenolic estrogens with oxygenated functions at positions 6 or 16: the impeded estrogens
Huggins, C.; Jensen, E.V.
Journal of Experimental Medicine 102(3): 335-346
ISSN/ISBN: 0022-1007 PMID: 13252187 DOI: 10.1084/jem.102.3.335
Two small groups of steroids in the estrane series-here designated as impeded estrogens,-represent a class of compounds which differ from the majority of estrogenic substances in exerting certain unusual influences on growth of the uterus. The induction of these effects previously was considered to be peculiar to estriol. The unusual growth properties common to impeded estrogens are twofold: (a) after the threshold dosage required to initiate growth has been reached, the slope of the curve of increment of uterine weight in response to increased steroid dosage is very gradual rather than steep; (b) these compounds possess the ability to inhibit to a limited extent the uterine growth induced by estrone administered concurrently. The partial inhibition of estrone-induced growth of the uterus is confined to a critical dosage of the impeded estrogen and is overcome by increased dosage of the inhibitor. Estrone-induced growth of the vagina is not inhibited by impeded estrogens. Furthermore the simultaneous administration of impeded estrogens and testosterone does not lessen the amount of uterine growth evoked by the latter. The impeded estrogens so far encountered are 3-hydroxyestratriene derivatives possessing either a ketone group at position 6 or a hydroxyl group at position 16. Oxygenated functions at these positions in phenolic estrogens have special significance in the excitation and restraint of uterine growth unshared by similar groups at certain other sites of the estrane molecule. | Yes |
Authors:J. Mano, S. Lanceros-Méndez, A. Nunes and M. Dionísio
Dielectric experiments are often performed in non-isothermal conditions. Thus, there is a difference between the temperature of the sample and the sensor temperature. In this work we propose and compare three temperature calibration methods based on the detection of transitions or relaxations: i) the melting of high-purity metallic standards (indium and tin), ii) the 2nd order phase transition of a ferroelectric crystal (TGS); iii) the -relaxation of an amorphous polymer (poly(carbonate)). The results obtained from the three different methods were used to construct a calibration curve for a given heating rate.
Authors:Alexandre Berche, Pierre Benigni, Jacques Rogez and Marie-Christine Record
For each sample, DTA runs are performed at various heating and cooling rates in order to interpolate the temperature at thermodynamical equilibrium or null rate.
It was not possible to calibrate the measuring chain toward classical metallic | Yes |
Balea Soft Flower Roll-on
- Protects 24h
- Without aluminum (ACH)
- With bluebell and hydrangea scent
- Recipe without microplastics & water-soluble, purely synthetic polymers
The sensual Balea Deodorant Roll-On Soft Flower takes you to a floral paradise. Let yourself be enchanted by the lovely scent of bluebells and hydrangeas and enjoy protection and freshness for 24 hours.
Recipe without microplastics and water-soluble, purely synthetic polymers.
ingredients: aqua | Alcohol Denat. | Triethyl Citrate | Perfume | Hydroxyethylcellulose | Polyglyceryl-10 Laurates | Benzyl Alcohol | Limonene | linalool | Benzyl Salicylates | Geraniol | Citronellol | Citric Acid | sodium hydroxide
made in Germany | Yes |
Fireworks: Physics and Chemistry Juxtaposed
Philadelphia’s annual July 4th fireworks display on the Delaware River never fails to impress. The uniquely historic setting helps—in this city the American nation began its emergence onto the world stage. But the sizzling combination of colors and sounds from aerial fireworks, so much more astonishing than when I was a kid, set me thinking about the science of it all.
It starts and ends with chemistry, with a little physics thrown in the middle to provide interdisciplinarity. The chemistry part is simple oxidation/reduction (redox) reactions that manage to involve a huge range of members of the periodic table. First, a fuel is burned (oxidized), usually the elements of gun powder, carbon and sulfur. To make it hotter, burn some aluminum, magnesium, and titanium. Oxygen is provided by oxidizing agents like nitrates, chlorates, and perchlorates. The whole mess of explosives is held together by various binders, generally starches and rubbers.
Then comes the physics: if you initiate a heat producing redox reaction in a confined tube with a hole at one end, the predictable response is propelled liftoff. And since rapid combustion causes the air to expand faster than the speed of sound—BOOM!
Back to chemistry. The production of colors is where most of the innovation has taken place in commercial fireworks displays. The essence is that specific spectral emissions from metals—usually formulated as salts or organic compounds—result from heating to high temperatures. Strontium is red and copper is blue. You can get almost any color you want with mixtures. Barium, magnesium, and aluminum, for example, produce white and completes the patriotic triad of red, white, and blue.
So next time you are enjoying fireworks, also enjoy thinking about the underlying chemistry, and the ingenious scientists who have perfected this chemistry over the centuries. For a nice narrative on the chemistry, check out this article from the Journal of Chemical Education.
Tom Tritton is President and CEO of CHF. | Yes |
Proteins, Enzymes, Biochemistry Sept. 21, 2001 Duncan MacCannel: Historical Perspective on Molecular Biology / Genetics Background The Thread of Life. Susan Aldridge. Chapter 2 Molecular Biology of the Cell. Alberts et al. Garland Press Suggested further reading Protein molecules as computational elements in living cells. D. Bray. Nature. 1995 Jul 27;376(6538):307-12. Signaling complexes: biophysical constraints on intracellular communication. D. Bray. Annu Rev Biophys Biomol Struct. 1998;27:59-75. Metabolic modeling of microbial strains in silico. Ms W. Covert, et al. Trends in Biochemical Sciences Vol.26 ( 2001). 179-186. Modelling cellular behaviour. D. Endy & R. Brent. Nature(2001) 409: 391395. A - Introduction to Proteins / Translation The primary structure is defined as the sequence of amino acids in the
protein. This is determined by and is co-linear to the sequence of bases (triplet codons) in the gene*. DNA 5---CTCAGCGTTACCAT---3 3---GAGTCGCAATGGTA---5 transcription RNA 5---CUCAGCGUUACCAU---3 translation PROTEIN N---Leu-Ser-Val-Thr---C * - this is not strictly true in most eukaryotic genomes Structure of Genes In Eukaryotic Organisms
Exons Structure of Genes In Eukaryotic Organisms Transcription hnRNA heterogeneous nuclear RNA RNA splicing Alternative RNA splicing mRNA mRNA Structure of Genes In Eukaryotic Organisms Control Elements Transcription
hnRNA heterogeneous nuclear RNA RNA splicing mRNA Structure of Genes In Eukaryotic Organisms Coding sequence can be discontinuous and the gene can be composed of many introns and exons. The control regions (= operators) can be spread over a large region of DNA and exert action-at-a-distance. There can be many different regulators acting on a single gene i.e. more signal integration than in bacteria. Alternate splicing can give rise to more than one protein product from a single gene. Predicting genes (introns, exons and proper splicing) is very challenging. Because the control elements can be spread over a large segment of DNA, predicting the important sites and their effects on gene expression are not
very feasible at this time. Schematic Illustration of Transcription The nucleotides in an mRNA are joined together to form a complementary copy of the DNA sequence. Translation Translation is the synthesis of a polypeptide (protein) chain using the mRNA template. Note the mRNA has directionality and is read from the 5end towards the 3end. The 5end is defined at the DNA level by the promoter but this does not define the translation start. The translation start sets the register or reading frame for the message. The end is determined by the presence of a STOP codon (in the correct reading frame). Note that many ribosomes can read one message like beads on a string generating many polypeptide chains simultaneously. Schematic Illustration of Translation
Protein Synthesis involves specialized RNA molecules called transfer RNA or tRNA. Translation Start Position The translation start is dependent on: 1) a sequence motif called a ribosome binding site (rbs) 2) an AUG start codon 5-10 bp downstream from the rbs 3end of 16S rRNA 3AU //-5 UCCUCA |||||| 5-NNNNNNNAGGAGU-N5-10-AUG-//-3 mRNA rbs
start In bacteria a single mRNA molecule can code for several proteins. Such messages are said to be polycistronic. Since the message for all genes in such a transcript are present at the same concentration (they are on the same molecule), one might predict that translation levels will be the same for all the genes. This is not the case: translation efficiency can vary for the different messages within a transcript. Promoter (Start) Terminator (Stop) Gene 1 DNA Gene 2
Gene 3 mRNA 4 genes , 1 message Gene 4 Translation Efficiency is an important part of gene expression Polycistronic mRNA Translation Tar Tap R
B 5000 1000 <100 1000 Y Z 18000 10000 (Protein monomer per cell)
A single mRNA may encode several proteins. The final level of each protein may vary significantly and is a function of: 1) translation efficiency 2) protein stability B Introduction to Proteins / Characteristics The primary structure is defined as the sequence of amino acids in the protein. This is determined by and is co-linear to the sequence of bases (triplet codons) in the gene*. DNA 5---CTCAGCGTTACCAT---3 3---GAGTCGCAATGGTA---5 transcription RNA 5---CUCAGCGUUACCAU---3
translation PROTEIN N---Leu-Ser-Val-Thr---C * - this is not strictly true in most eukaryotic genomes There are 20 naturally occurring amino acids in proteins, each with distinctive side chains that give them characteristic chemical properties. amino group carboxylic acid O H2N CH C
CH3 amino acid (alanine) OH There are 20 naturally occurring amino acids in proteins, each with distinctive side chains that give them characteristic chemical properties. amino group carboxylic acid O H2N CH C
OH CH3 amino acid (alanine) -carboncarbon Amino acids differ in the side chains on the carbon. There are 20 naturally occurring amino acids in proteins, each with distinctive side chains that give them characteristic chemical properties. amino group carboxylic acid O
H2N CH C OH CH3 amino acid (alanine) -carboncarbon -carbonCH3 (methyl) Amino acids differ in the side chains on the carbon. O
asn asp cys gln glu gly his ile leu lys met phe pro ser thr trp tyr val
A R N D C Q E G H I L K M F P S T W Y
V O H2N CH C OH Glycine H O C Proline
HN O H2N CH C OH CH2 Cysteine SH OH The Newly Synthesized Polypeptide
The information from DNARNAProtein is linear and the final polypeptide synthesized will have a sequence of amino acids defined by the sequence of codons in the message. The sequence of amino acids is called the primary structure. Secondary structure refers to local regular/repeating structural elements. The folded three dimensional structure is referred to as tertiary structure. Protein function depends on an ordered / defined three dimensional folding. The final three dimensional folded state of the protein is an intrinsic property of the primary sequence. How the primary sequence defines the final folded conformation is generally referred to as the Protein Folding Problem. Primary structure of green fluorescent protein (single letter AA codes) SEQUENCE 238AA 26886MW MSKGEELFTGVVPILVELDGDVNGHKFSVSGEGEGDATYGKLTLKFICTTGKLP VPWPTLVTTFSYGVQCFSRYPDHMKQHDFFKSAMPEGYVQERTIFFKDDGNY KTRAEVKFEGDTLVNRIELKGIDFKEDGNILGHKLEYNYNSHNVYIMADKQKN
GIKVNFKIRHNIEDGSVQLADHYQQNTPIGDGPVLLPDNHYLSTQSALSKDPNE KRDHMVLLEFVTAAGITHGMDELYK The primary sequence can be derived directly from the gene sequence but going from sequence to structure or sequence to function is not possible unless there is a related protein for which structure or function is known. Likewise, the structure alone rarely provides information about function (only if the function of a related protein is known). Projections of the Tertiary Structure of Green Fluorescent Protein Backbone tracing Projections of the Tertiary Structure of Green Fluorescent Protein Ile188-Gly189-Asp190-Gly191-Pro192-Val193 Backbone tracing
Projections of the Tertiary Structure of Green Fluorescent Protein Ribbon diagram showing secondary structures Projections of the Tertiary Structure of Green Fluorescent Protein Secondary structures -helix Ribbon diagram showing secondary structures Projections of the Tertiary Structure of Green Fluorescent Protein Secondary structures -helix -strand
Ribbon diagram showing secondary structures Projections of the Tertiary Structure of Green Fluorescent Protein Ile188-Gly189-Asp190-Gly191-Pro192-Val193 Wireframe model showing all atoms and chemical bonds. Projections of the Tertiary Structure of Green Fluorescent Protein Stick model showing all atoms and chemical bonds. Space filling model where each atom is represented as a sphere of its Van der Waals radius.
The final folded three dimensional (tertiary) structure is an intrinsic property of the primary structure. Primary structure MSKGEELFTGVVPILV ELDGDVNGHKFSVSG EGEGDATYGKLTLKFI CTTGKLPVPWPTLVTT FSYGVQCFSRYPDHM KQHDFFKSAMPEGYV QERTIFFKDDGNYKTR AEVKFEGDTLVNRIEL KGIDFKEDGNILGHKL EYNYNSHNVYIMADK QKNGIKVNFKIRHNIE DGSVQLADHYQQNTPI GDGPVLLPDNHYLSTQ SALSKDPNEKRDHMV LLEFVTAAGITHGMDE LY
Tertiary Structure folding denaturation Random Coil Denatured Unfolded Native Folded In general, proteins are unstable outside of the cell and very sensitive for solvent conditions. Active site - the region of a protein (enzyme) to which a substrate molecule binds. The active site is formed by the three dimensional folding of the peptide
backbone and amino acid side chains. (lock and key / induced fit) The active site is highly specific in binding interactions (stereochemical specificity). The three dimensional structure of CAP and the cAMP ligand-binding site (Figures 3-45 and 3-55 from Alberts) Conformational Change in Protein Structure Proteins can undergo changes in their three dimensional structure in response to changing conditions or interactions with other molecules. This usually alters the activity of the protein. Conformational Change in Protein Structure Proteins can undergo changes in their three dimensional structure in response to changing conditions or interactions with other molecules. This usually alters the activity of the protein. Binding of the substrate (glucose) cause the protein (hexokinase) to shift from an open to closed conformation. (Fig. 5-2, Alberts)
C - Introduction to Proteins / Protein Functions Proteins carry out a wide variety of functions in, on and outside the cell. For the purpose of this course, we will generalize these functions into three categories. These are not mutually exclusive and many proteins fit into more than one of these categories. 1 - Structural 2 - Enzymatic 3 - Signal Transduction (information processing) C1 - Protein Functions: Structural Proteins can form large complexes that function primarily as structural elements: Protein coats of viruses. These are large, regular repeating structures composed of 100-1000s of protein subunits. (Figs 6-74 and 6-72, Alberts). Electron micrographs of A) Phage T4, B) potato virus X, C) adenovirus, D) influenza virus. SV40 structure determined by X-ray crystallography. Cytoskeleton in eukaryotic cells is responsible not only for determining shape
but also in cell movement, mechanical sensing, intracellular trafficking and cell division. A human cell grown in tissue culture and stained for protein (such that only large regular structures are highlighted). Note the variety of structures (Fig 16-1, Alberts) Microtubules form by the polymerization of tubulin subunits. Whether the polymer grows or shrinks is influenced conditions in the cell - Dynamic Instability (Fig 16-33, Alberts; for discussion of dynamic instability see Flyvbjerg H, Holy TE, Leibler S. Stochastic dynamics of microtubules: A model for caps and catastrophes. Phys Rev Lett. 1994 Oct 24;73(17):2372-2375. C2 - Protein Functions: Enzymatic Enzyme: a protein* that catalyzes a chemical reaction, where a catalyst is defined as a substance that accelerates a chemical reaction without itself
undergoing change. * some RNA molecules can also be considered enzymes A A +B X Y B C +D Specificity Accelerated reaction rates Control (regulation) Enzymes can only affect the rate (kinetics) of a reaction, they can not make a reaction more energetically favorable. Enzymes can be saturated by substrate.
Basics of Enzyme Kinetics Michaelis-Menton Kinetics - for a simple enzyme reaction, the interaction of enzyme and substrate is considered an equilibrium and the overall reaction as follows: k+1 E+S v= k-1 ES Vs (KM + s) v = velocity, reaction rate
KM = Michaelis constant KM = k2 + k-1 k1 k+2 E+P C3 - Protein Functions: Signal Transduction Signal Transduction - in general the relaying of a signal from one physical form to another - in biological terms, the process by which a cell responds to signals (can be intracellular, extracellular). Input Signal
Transduction Examples of signals (inputs): chemicals light temperature electrical (ion gradients) other cells (cell-cell contact) mechanical sensing Output Generalized Model of Response to Extracellular Signal Ligand Activated Receptor Receptor
Action Ligand can activate or inactivate receptor Output (action) dependent on system and sometime cell type In metazoans (multi-cellular eukaryotes), there are about 16 intercellular classes of signaling systems Example 1: Transmembrane Tyrosine Kinase Receptors Ligand Receptor Activated Receptor P~ ~P
Action Ligand binding results in receptor dimerization The cytoplasmic (intracellular) domains are tyrosine kinases which phosphorylate each other on Tyr residue side chains. This sets off a series of intracellular events Example 2 : Steroid Receptors Ligand Activated Receptor Receptor nucleus The steroid binds to its receptor in the cytoplasm.
The steroid-receptor complex but not the free receptor can move into the nucleus . The steroid-receptor complex binds to specific binding site(s) on the DNA to regulate gene expression. Example 3. Heterotrimeric G-Proteins Activated Receptor Ligand GTP GDP Receptor GDP GTP
complex) GTP Ligand binding causes activation of the subunit which promotes exchange of GDP for GTP In the GTP form, the subunit and the associated subunits dissociate from the complex. Each subunit can go on to initiate a series of intracellular events. D - Regulation of Protein Activity The concentration of a protein in the cell is a function of the rate of synthesis and the rate of degradation. Both these processes can be regulated. DNA Synthesis Transcription Translation
RNA Protein Degradation Proteins are often regulated such that the activity of a protein is not a constant function of its concentration. Protein Active Protein Inactive Regulation of Enzyme Activity Negative Feedback (Product Inhibition)
A X X A B C B D E F
Mechanistically negative feedback can be by direct competition of the product with the substrate for the active site or it can be indirect through interaction wit the enzyme away from the active site. Regulation of Enzyme Activity Positive Feedback (Product Inhibition) A Positive Feedforward A X X
B B Cooperativity / Allosteric Regulation Hypothetical examples of binding of a ligand to a dimeric protein. The binding curve is very sensitive to the effects on one site on the other. Two independent sites + + Cooperativity / Allosteric Regulation Hypothetical examples of binding of a ligand to a dimeric protein. The binding curve is very sensitive to the effects on one site on the other. Two independent sites
+ + Positive cooperativity + + Cooperativity / Allosteric Regulation Hypothetical examples of binding of a ligand to a dimeric protein. The binding curve is very sensitive to the effects on one site on the other. Two independent sites + +
Positive cooperativity + + Negative cooperativity + + Cooperativity / Allosteric Regulation Hypothetical examples of binding of a ligand to a dimeric protein. The binding curve is very sensitive to the effects on one site on the other. n,1 Fraction bound vs ligand concentration 1
+ Negative cooperativity + + 0.01 1 100 10000 Cooperativity / Allosteric Regulation Hypothetical examples of binding of a ligand to a dimeric protein. The binding curve is very sensitive to the effects on one site on the other.
Cooperativity / Allosteric Regulation Hypothetical examples of binding of a ligand to a dimeric protein. The binding curve is very sensitive to the effects on one site on the other. 1 Two independent sites + 0.75 + 0.5 0.25 Positive cooperativity
+ 0 + Negative cooperativity + + 0.01 1 100
10000 Negative Cooperativity (n= 0.5) Allosteric protein: a protein that changes from one conformation to another upon binding a ligand or when it is covalently (chemically) modified. The change in conformation alters the activity of the protein. Historically considered with multi-meric proteins (e.g. hemoglobin). Allosteric effector (positive) Ligand Regulation of Protein Activity by Covalent Modification The activity of a protein can modified by addition or removal of a chemical group to an amino acid side chain (i.e. - as a substrate for another enzyme). The most common modifications are:
Methylation (-CH3) Phosphorylation (-PO3) Nucleotidyl Fatty acid Myristol note that many proteins are modified in other ways such as addition of sugar groups (glycosylation) but these are not regulatory modifications. Phosphorylation is the most common mechanism of regulation by covalent modification Kinase - an enzyme that phosphorylates Phosphatase - an enzyme that removes phosphate Regulation by Localization Protein activity can be regulated by changing the localization of the protein. This turns out to be a common theme in eukaryotic signal transduction. Localization can be altered allosterically or by covalent modification. P~
~P P~ Addition of a fatty acid group can cause a cytoplasmic protein to associate with the cell membrane. ~P Covalent modification of a protein can generate a binding site for another protein. E - General Considerations Proteins have a diverse range of functions and a variety of mechanisms of regulation. The ability to form networks of proteins acting on proteins, the sharing of common reaction intermediates and forming multi-step chemical pathways allows for an endless number of possibilities.
Some general considerations about protein systems: A reaction can behave as a step function (digital, boolean) if there is significant cooperativity in the system or if there modifying enzyme that works near saturation. Since proteins can act in a catalytic manner, there can be signal amplification. Many systems are adaptive, in that the response to signal is not necessarily constant over time (e.g. a signal transduction system may become desensitized and no loner respond to the presence of a ligand- c.f. heterotrimeric G protein). EnvZ/OmpR system in E. coli bacteria EnvZ is a histidine kinase (phosphorylates specific histidine residues) in response to changes in osmolarity (salt concentration). The ~P group is transferred to OmpR to form OmpR~P. EnvZ also catalyzes the dephosphorylation of OmpR~P. Increasing Osmolarity
EnvZ ~P OmpR~P is a transcriptional regulator of two gene (ompF and ompC). It binds to DNA only in the phosphorylated state. OmpR EnvZ ~P OmpR~P can activate or repress expression of a gene depending on the position of the binding site relative to the promoter. X ~P
~P OFF ON Activation and repression of the ompF promoter is regulated by a high affinity and a low affinity binding site respectively. Activation of ompC is through a low affinity activator site. + -carbon ompF + ompC
Note that OmpR~P is required for both ompF and ompC transcription. Low osmolarity + -carbon ~P + ompF High osmolarity ~P + -carbon ON
~P + ompC OFF ~P ~P ompF OFF ompC ON OmpR~P OmpC Protein
Level OmpF Osmolarity Not an ON/OFF switch but more like a thermostat (i.e. gradients of expression levels). Playing with Switches Increasing Signal [output signal] Receptor ~P
Regulator ~P [Signal] Linear dependence Playing with Switches Increasing Signal [output signal] Receptor ~P Regulator ~P
[Signal] Linear dependence Adding Cooperativity Playing with Switches Increasing Signal [output signal] Receptor ~P Regulator ~P [Signal]
Linear dependence Adding Cooperativity Adding More Cooperativity Playing with Switches Increasing Signal [output signal] Receptor ~P Regulator ~P [Signal] Approximates a step function
(ON/OFF Switch) Epidermal Growth Factor Signaling Pathway Not as bad as it looks! Not all pathways will operate in a single cell. Protein interactions Protein modification (Activation/inhibition) Protein re-localization Transcriptional regulation http://www.grt.kyushu-u.ac.jp/spad/pathway/egf.html
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Study of absorber effectiveness in ILC cavities K. Bane, C. Nantista, C. Adolphsen 12 October 2010 Outline of Talk Introduction S-matrix formulation The basic rf unit Results Conclusion See K. Bane, C. Nantista, C. Adolphsen, "Higher order mode heating analysis...
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Organics Studio Inks
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BRB International, a global producer of Lube oil Additives and Chemicals. For over 40 years, we have been active in the automotive, industrial and off shore industry, for which we deliver innovative and tailor-made solutions. BRB has more than 11 locations worldwide from which we supply our markets and meet our customers’ needs. Our strength lies in the commitment of its employees, putting the customer first and being flexible in both service and product solutions. Our focus on R&D, technical support, customised products and problem solving mentality gives us a unique position in the market.
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Location: Sunrise, Florida
Project Type: Exterior Paint Job with Protective Coating
Products Used: NeverFade® Façade Restoration Coatings
Jewish Adoption and Foster Care Options (JAFCO) provides homes, foster care, adoption, and support services to abused, neglected, and at-risk children in South Florida. When the nonprofit expanded its mission to support families raising children with developmental disabilities, it built an innovative and unique Children’s Ability Center in 2014. The bright and airy, two-story, 43,000-square-foot facility features a sweeping canopy and a façade of striking colors to create a vibrant and welcoming appearance.
The Need: A Solution That Offers Longevity and Color Steadfastness
After only five years of exposure to intense weather, the Children’s Ability Center showed signs of wear and tear. The colorful stucco façade—originally painted with an acrylic-based coating—significantly faded, chalked, and deteriorated. With the harsh weather taking its toll on the building’s aesthetics, JAFCO turned to coating contractor Restore Construction Group for a restoration solution that would stand the test of time.
When selecting a coating for the stucco façade, the building owner’s primary goals were longevity, accurate color matching, and steadfastness of the bold color pallet. To meet these needs, the Restore Construction Group recommended upgrading from a premium acrylic latex paint to a more durable and longer-lasting fluoropolymer topcoat finish made with a PVDF emulsion and complex inorganic pigments, for extreme weatherability and color retention.
The Challenge: Sunshine State Weathering Issues
Keeping building facades in pristine condition can be difficult and expensive because most coatings rapidly degrade in brutal humidity, high temperatures, salt air, and harsh sunlight. Designs incorporating deep, brighter-hued shades, such as the red, orange, yellow, and blue colors on the Children’s Ability Center, are especially prone to severe fading.
The Solution: Long-Lasting Protection
The chosen coating system (NeverFade® Façade Restoration Coatings with Kynar Aquatec®) resists dirt, staining, microbiological growth, and corrosion, and it is excellent at preventing water from penetrating the surface since PVDF is naturally hydrophobic. APV backs the product with a 15-year product-and-labor warranty against color fading.
“Due to the inconvenience and expense of repainting the building every five years, the building owner was convinced that this high-performance topcoat was the best solution for meeting their project goals,” said Norge Arnaiz, principal of the Restore Construction Group. “Additionally, the very limited 10-year warranty that came with the originally specified acrylic paint did not cover color fading, and the product manufacturer could not precisely match the specified colors.”
Restoration Gets Underway
APV Engineered Coatings custom-color matches NeverFade® topcoats to each customer’s specification. Primers are custom-tinted as well. For JAFCO, the company matched JAFCO’s trademark deep red, orange, yellow, and blue custom color scheme. The project team then produced drawdown cards and mockups on the structure to conduct performance tests and confirmed that the finishes and colors met the high expectations of the client.
The restoration started with repairing the concrete substrate and replacing most of the PVC reveals that break the stucco into sections. The surface was then cleaned with pressure washers and coated with APV’s W-1500 primer. After the surface preparation work and primer installation were completed, the crews applied two coats of the topcoat finish using rollers and brushes per the specified film thickness.
Metal sunshades were scraped and sanded to bare metal with a wire wheel and wiped with solvent before being primed with APV’s 2K Epoxy Corrosion-Resistant Primer. Following the primer, a coat of NeverFade® Metal Restoration Topcoat was applied to a specified thickness.
“The high-performance topcoat had a creamy, rich texture with excellent workability and flowability,” said Arnaiz. “The coating evenly covered the building’s stucco profile and kept a nice wet edge with no roller marks, which is a challenge in the hot, humid Florida climate.”
Colorful Aesthetic to Stand the Test of Time
The Children’s Ability Center now has a fresh and brighter new look, and the JAFCO management team is very pleased with the restored exterior and the coating’s high resistance to the harsh South Florida weather, allowing for a lengthened lifespan of the colorful stucco façade.
“Our intent was to be budget-conscious while providing a long-lasting, beautiful aesthetic,” said Michael Moran, Facilities Director at JAFCO. “The high-performance coating will not only retain its vibrant colorful appeal for a very long time but also provide significant cost savings by not having to repaint the facility every five years, which is a typical coating lifecycle in Florida.”
About APV Engineered Coatings
Founded in 1878, APV Engineered Coatings custom formulates and manufactures industrial coatings and advanced chemical products in Akron, Ohio. APV is a partner to some of the world’s top-producing manufacturers due to its expertise in chemical and coating composition, the commercialization of advanced materials, and large-scale production. The company’s innovative solutions have been integrated into a variety of industries for unique applications, such as aerospace, innovative textiles, and high-end building products. A licensee of Arkema Inc. in the use of Kynar® emulsion technology, APV has been developing and commercializing high-performance Kynar® resin-based coatings for field and factory applications for more than a decade.
Kynar 500® and Kynar Aquatec® are registered trademarks of Arkema Inc.
NeverFade® is a registered trademark of APV Engineered Coatings Inc. | Yes |
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