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and literature; it comes from the Greek words philein and logos) warned it would not publish articles lacking ''rigorous scholarly methods'' or based on ''mere speculation.'' The editorial was widely seen as a declaration of war by traditionalist scholars on the modernists or ''theorists,'' who apply modern analytical methods drawn from feminist studies, poststructural criticism and multiculturalism to the ancient world. ''I thought the traditional approach just fine,'' says Georg Luck of Johns Hopkins University, who wrote the controversial editorial, ''but I had no idea saying so would produce such an uproar.'' The traditionalist approach is based on a close study of ancient languages and literature. At its base is the belief that the values of ancient Greece and Rome provide the ''essential core of Western learning in language, reasoning, ethics, esthetics and philosophy,'' as Professors Heath and Hanson put it. Feminists and theorists, on the other hand, stress the ancient world's elitism, indifference to women, tolerance of slavery and glorification of bellicose white male heroes instead of democracy, free inquiry and human rights. They argue that they are making the classics more relevant by asking the same questions about the ancient world that we ask about our own, questions about the social, political and economic forces shaping literature and thought. ''To keep Latin and Greek vital we must keep asking new questions,'' says Barbara K. Gold, a classicist at Hamilton College. ''Purist approaches are no longer attractive to students. We can't ignore the multicultural campus.'' Amy Richlin, a feminist scholar at the University of Southern California, says: ''I want to inject the excitement we find in feminist and other modern studies into the classics. I want to invigorate it.'' For many theorists, the great texts of antiquity have no immutable significance and can mean different things to different readers. While some find in antiquity the origins of the glories of Western civilization, others see what Nancy Sorkin Rabinowitz of Hamilton College called ''a formative moment of misogyny'' in her introduction to ''Feminist Theory and the Classics'' (Routledge, 1993). Tina Passman of the University of Maine, who describes herself in the same book as ''a lesbian, radical feminist and classicist,'' berated traditionalists for failing to see that the male-dominated ancient Greek world was built on the ruins of an earlier ''harmonious matriarchal/ matrilineal culture.'' Other essays in the volume include ''The Primal Mind: Using Native American Models for the Study
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Stock Exchange, off $1.625. Cellular telephones are mobile radiotelephones that can be carried in cars, briefcases or shirt pockets. They connect, through fixed radio transmitters known as cell sites, to conventional providers of local and long-distance service. Hurt by Expansion Metro Mobile has been especially hurt by its expansion strategy and the recession. The company's negative cash flow has put it in technical default on a big bank loan. Metro Mobil projected average monthly revenue per subscriber of $85, but was recently getting only $60. Mr. Brennan of Metro Mobile said practices that had helped the company grow had also hurt it. It paid agents a $300 commission for each subscriber, but when the recession hit, these additional customers tended to use their cellular phones rarely, spending $15 a month or less for calls. Many of the customers bought service for second phones for family members who are light users. It will take four years or more for some of these new subscribers to pay back in future revenue the original $300 agent's commission. The latest deal is one of many that are consolidating a fragmented industry. In 1989, hundreds of thousands of applicants clamored for billions of dollars worth of cellular telephone franchises. The Federal Communications Commission assigned the franchises by lottery, many of them to private citizens with no intention of operating a phone company but eager to sell the franchise rights to the highest bidders. Analysts likened the resulting Balkanization of the cellular market to Humpty-Dumpty's great fall. Since then, big cellular companies have been buying the smaller franchise holders, as well as each other, in an attempt to put things back together again. Many in the industry believe that only then will they be able to provide the kind of national service similar to the familiar residential and business telephones wired into walls. Cellular service is now unavailable or difficult to use in many places. Bell Atlantic plans to pay $1.65 billion worth of Bell Atlantic stock, or 33 million shares. for Metro Mobile, under terms that would make the deal tax-free. Bell Atlantic also plans to assume about $800 million in Metro Mobile debt. The deal is expected to close in March or April 1992, partly because of the need for a special order from Federal Judge Harold H. Greene, who oversaw the breakup of the American Telephone and Telegraph Company into the regional Bells.
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and more important picture. Consider, for example, Ingo Potrykus, one of the inventors of golden rice. It was Potrykus's brilliant and dogged pursuit of a way to coax beta carotene out of the common rice plant that led to biotech's one discovery (so far) that might actually benefit the third-world poor. Yet this same genius professed to be ''upset'' when, after having entered an agreement with the British pharmaceutical giant AstraZeneca to continue his work, he discovered that his new partner would actually assert ownership rights. Fortunately, Potrykus eventually got the company to allow him to give the seeds away to farmers making less than $10,000 a year, leaving all those $10,001 fat cats ripe for AstraZeneca's plucking. Pringle also ministers a well-earned cuffing to the many activist academics whose narcissistic politics helped cloud public understanding of genetic modification. Take the British geneticist and biophysicist Mae-Wan Ho. It was Ho's much publicized, and, as it turned out, utterly unfounded contention that so-called promoter genes inside a cauliflower virus could cause otherwise benign veggies to become carcinogenic. As a result of such claims, Pringle writes, ''consumers lurched from complete ignorance about such matters . . . to a full-blown panic that the tools of biotechnology might be poisoning them today, and tomorrow destroying the means of producing enough food to keep the world's population alive.'' Pringle rightfully saves his biggest blasts for the Monsanto Company crowd. Time and time again, he shows how the behemoth and its minions tried to counter legitimate concerns. Once, when the Environmental Protection Agency asked the company for samples of the Bt toxin in its new potato to determine if the substance would harm friendly insects and birds, the company submitted samples drawn not from potatoes but from Bt inserted into E. coli bacteria. The reason? It was cheaper. The agency approved the test. (Note to Monsanto and Washington: Potato and E. coli -- not the same thing! You cannot deep fry E. coli.) Pringle shows that the corporate heavyhandedness didn't end there. When scientists raised a number of concerns (ultimately disproved) that Bt corn might be damaging the monarch butterfly population, Pringle notes that the industry sent out bulletins asserting that more monarchs are killed by car windshields than corn pollen. It had no more backup than it had for many of its counterclaims to other environmental worries. While focusing on the players and their
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MUELLER-Claire. Devoted wife of the late Herbert Mueller. Loving mother of Julian and the late Gladys. Beloved grandmother of Amy, Andrew, Jeffrey, Joel, Jonathan and Nicole, and greatgrandmother of 6, died November 15, 2001 at 87. Graveside service at 11:00 A.M. Monday, November 19th at the New Mount Carmel Cemetery, Glendale, NY.
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In the United States and Western Europe it continued to grow in numbers but, as elsewhere, to shrink slightly as a percentage of the population. Of course, all these numbers are approximations that blend local reports of varying precision. Comparisons are further complicated by the fact that halfway through John Paul's pontificate, the collapse of Communist regimes allowed new statistics where data had been unavailable. And one wonders how meaningful some of the figures are. It may be that 97 percent of the Italian population continues to be baptized as of 1995, the same percentage that the Vatican reported for 1978. But that figure scarcely registers the two decades of secularization that Italy's church officials regularly lament. More reliable indicators of the church's health may be found in the statistics on its ''work force,'' as the yearbook puts it, primarily the numbers of priests and sisters. Here the general impression is that John Paul's papacy has put an end to the hemorrhaging of the church's mid-level leadership, which followed the Second Vatican Council's recasting of church roles in the 1960's and the subsequent debates about celibacy. The numbers tell a more complicated story. From 1978 to 1995, for example, the numbers of priests grew by 42 in Africa and 48 percent in Asia, but the decline in North America (13 percent) and Europe (12 percent) continued. Because North America and Europe still harbor most of the world's Catholic priests, the overall picture for the world remained a decline of 2.8 percent. Those are absolute numbers, however, and because the numbers of Catholics have been growing, the ratio of priests to people has become even more strained. In Africa, there were 3,251 Catholics for every priest at the beginning of this pontificate; in 1995 there were 4,476; in Asia the figure went from 2,223 Catholics per priest to 2,620. (In the United States, the figure went to 1,117 from 833.) The pattern is similar for sisters. The numbers have gone up sharply in Africa and Asia since 1978, but they have gone down so sharply in North America and Europe that by 1995 there were 15 percent fewer nuns worldwide serving a much larger church than at the beginning of John Paul's reign. It is also interesting to compare such statistics under Pope John Paul II with those under Pope Paul VI. Pope Paul's pontificate, from 1963 to 1978, is often
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Masked I.R.A. gunmen ambushed and killed two Protestants today. The victims were said to belong to an outlawed guerrilla movement. Witnesses said the police firing shots chased the killers as they sped off by car toward a Catholic area of Belfast. The car was later found abandoned, a police spokesman said. Local residents named the two victims as Joe Bratty, 32, and Ray Elder, 33, and said they were leading members of the Ulster Freedom Fighters, an outlawed guerrilla group committed to maintaining British rule of Northern Ireland. The Irish Republican Army took responsibility for the killings. The shooting renewed fears of more violence and Protestant reprisals after Sinn Fein, the I.R.A.'s political wing, effectively rejected a peace plan that called for the group to lay down arms.
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Policemen dragged about 200 Roman Catholic demonstrators off the road in front of their homes early this morning to clear the way for a Protestant parade that had threatened to become a flash point of serious sectarian violence. The parade took place early this afternoon, with some stone-throwing but no major bloodshed. Violence flared, however, in other parts of this strife-torn province, further damaging efforts to convene broad-based peace talks on the political future of Northern Ireland. Dozens of armored personnel carriers lined the road today in Portadown, a predominantly Protestant town 40 miles southwest of Belfast, and police officers and army troops kept the Catholics separated from the parade. Many of the 2,000 Orange Order marchers, wearing black suits, orange sashes and bowler hats, glanced nervously at the houses as they hurried down a half-mile Catholic enclave on the Garvaghy Road. In a slight concession, the members of the all-male Orange Order marched without their traditional martial music, except for a single drum beating time. Of the 7,000 Catholic residents in the area, only about 200 watched them pass, hooting from a distance. A few hurled bricks and bottles that fell far short of the parade, which took less than 10 minutes to pass through the Catholic section. The decision by the British Government to allow the parade, taken after weeks of attempts at compromise failed, angered many Catholics, who comprise about 43 percent of the province's population. As word spread today that the parade would be allowed, violent incidents erupted around Northern Ireland. Armed masked men took over a train near here, evicted the passengers and set it afire. In the Catholic section of West Belfast, people hurled rocks at the police. In another part of the city, shots were fired, apparently at the police, and several cars were hijacked and burned. The police and army braced for more attacks after nightfall but by midnight, the police said, sporadic violence attributed to Catholics did not seem to be matching that of Protestants protesting the temporary ban on the parade a year ago. A policewoman was shot in the face by a lone gunman in Coalisland, County Tyrone, and seriously wounded. Shots were fired at a police station in West Belfast, where a bomb was also exploded, but no one was injured. Many Catholics say today's parade, one of about 3,000 every summer, most of them to commemorate the
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since the latest round of violence began in 1969. Police Patrol Streets The Ulster Freedom Fighters said it was calling all its units to active duty. By nightfall the streets of Belfast were heavily patrolled by the police and British Army troops. The attack's political effect was believed certain to impede seriously if not destroy a peace initiative for Northern Ireland advanced a month ago by John Hume, the head of the moderate Social Labor and Democratic Party, and Gerry Adams, president of Sinn Fein, the political wing of the I.R.A. The initiative involved a proposal to allow Sinn Fein to take part in peace negotiations in return for an end of I.R.A. violence. Prime Minister John Major of Britain said that today's attack was "sheer bloody-minded evil; There is no other way to describe it." Speaking in Cyprus, where he was attending a British Commonwealth conference, Mr. Major did not link the attack explicitly to the peace initiative, but added: "It does no good. It doesn't help towards peace. It brings comfort to no one. The vast bulk of the people in Northern Ireland will have nothing to do with these people." 'Appalling Act' Mr. Hume called the attack "an appalling act" and said it made the pursuit of his peace initiative even more urgent. Mr. Adams issued a statement expressing "deep concern." Prime Minister Albert Reynolds of Ireland, who is to meet Mr. Major on Friday in Brussels where they are expected to discuss the Hume-Adams plan, condemned the bombing today, but did not link it to the peace initiative. "The path of violence leads nowhere," Mr. Reynolds said. Support for the Hume-Adams proposal had been growing both here in the Irish Republic and, to a much lesser degree, in Northern Ireland, where leaders of the Protestant majority believe that talks would lead eventually to the British Government's leaving the province. That is the goal of the I.R.A and Sinn Fein, who want a unified Irish state. Although the Irish Republic Government pays lip-service to the idea of a unified Irish state, many people here fear the economic and political costs of incorporating into the overwhelmingly Catholic Ireland some 950,000 fearful if not hostile Protestants. Britain has said it no longer has any economic or strategic reason for being in the north, which is economically the weakest corner of the United Kingdom, and that it would leave if
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THE HONEY AND THE HEMLOCK Democracy and Paranoia in Ancient Athens and Modern America. By Eli Sagan. 429 pp. New York: Basic Books. $27. EVER since the founders of this country used the governmental structure of ancient Athens as the model for their new democracy, Americans have looked to Athenian history for inspiration and admonition. No ancient civilization can claim to have had a wider influence on European culture, but the Athenians' distinctive form of government has proved less durable, or at least more problematic, than the artistic achievements it generated. The ancients themselves sought continually to explain why democratic Athens, despite its material and human resources, failed to win the Peloponnesian War against totalitarian Sparta. Although democratic government worked in Athens when it had a leader like Pericles, on other occasions the male citizens or "people" ( demos ) who controlled government policy could be misled by appeals to their baser emotions, such as greed or revenge. The Athenian historian Thucydides, himself exiled from his city because of his failure as a general to win a military campaign in that war, portrayed the fall of Athenian democracy as it might have been depicted in a Greek tragedy. The demos played the role of the protagonist who attempted to achieve more than a mortal could or should, given the limits of his strength and the standards of morality upheld, however remotely or indirectly, by the gods. According to Thucydides, the Athenian assembly was the victim of a violent desire ( eros ) for greed and success that caused it to send an expedition to Sicily, and later to send reinforcements, all of which were eventually lost. As a result of that disaster, Athens lost the war it had been fighting against Sparta, even though with more careful management of resources, it easily might have won. In "The Honey and the Hemlock," Eli Sagan, who teaches sociology at the New School for Social Research, surveys the history of Athenian democracy from the point of view of modern psychology, with the traditional and laudable aim of finding in the behavior of the past some guidance for American democracy today. Surveying the history of Athens from the beginning of democratic government in the sixth century B.C. until its disappearance in 346 B.C., he contends that the various failures of the system were caused by paranoid behavior that led the demos and the Athenian
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testimony on the report to a House Foreign Affairs task force on drugs today, Melvin Levitsky, the Assistant Secretary of State for International Narcotics Matters, defended the Administration strategy against lawmakers' attacks and explained that it had only been in effect a ''very short time.'' He attributed the rise in drug production in part to the unwillingness of governments to ''go after the poor elements of the population growing opium or coca.'' ''The figures are not what we'd like to see,'' said John P. Walters, chief of staff to William J. Bennett, director of the Office of National Drug Control Policy. ''We're disappointed but I'm not surprised. It reflects the fact that we are doing a better job at demand than supply. That is why we have proposed expanded programs in Latin America to begin to better stem the flow of drugs.'' Mr. Walters emphasized that that past figures have not been as accurate in ''presenting the level of the problem'' and that global drug production ''is not something that radically increased over the last year.'' But in light of the increased production figures, Representative Larry Smith, a Florida Democrat, criticized the Bush Administration for not being tough enough against governments that have failed to cooperate. ''We are slipping backward badly,'' he said. In one major shift in strategy, the Administration no longer considers aerial eradication of drug crops, especially coca, as the key to curbing production, as it has been in for a number of years. Last year's report, for example, called aerial spraying the only way to significantly curb cocaine production. But coca-producing countries have routinely opposed plans for eradication efforts largely because they would cause vast economic dislocation, political unrest by stripping peasants of their livelihood and severe environmental problems in the tropical forests. For example, Bolivia, second only to Peru in coca production, in 1989 eradicated only about 6,175 acres of coca, half of its own legal target and less than one percent of its total production. ''These countries are not our country,'' Mr. Levitsky said, acknowledging the limited influence of the United States in persuading countries to eradicte their drug crops. The report estimated that from 1988 to 1989, the production of opium increased by a staggering 47 percent. Coca production increased 12 percent among the four coca-producing countries: Peru, Colombia, Bolivia and Ecuador, while hashish rose 16 percent. Estimates of marijuana production were up
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LEAD: THE PRESENCE OF MYTH By Leszek Kolakowski. Translated by Adam Czerniawski. 138 pp. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. $19.95. THE PRESENCE OF MYTH By Leszek Kolakowski. Translated by Adam Czerniawski. 138 pp. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. $19.95. This book was first published in 1972, in Paris but in Polish. The philosopher Leszek Kolakowski wrote it in 1966, the year he was expelled from the Communist Party; two years later he lost his professorship at Warsaw University and was forced into exile. It is easy to understand why the Polish censors should have wanted to prevent the publication of a book that challenges every orthodoxy. Aware of the subversive power of all genuine philosophy, Mr. Kolakowski has often liked to play the part of the jester whose lack of authority allows him to challenge established dogma. A healthy society needs its jesters. Thus Poland needed and still needs Mr. Kolakowski (he is now a professor in the Committee on Social Thought at the University of Chicago and a fellow of All Soul's College, Oxford), as we, especially those of us who are philosophers, also need him. Like Ludwig Wittgenstein in the ''Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus,'' Mr. Kolakowski in ''The Presence of Myth'' claims that the extent to which the thoughts expressed in this brief, brash book are the author's own is of small significance. His ''concise summary of a nonexistent treatise, which its potential readers will in all probability be spared'' thus does not bother with footnotes, quotations or documentation, and it announces more than argues for its theses. But just this ''lack'' makes this an engaging book; more than most, it invites us to think for ourselves. Mr. Kolakowski's point of departure is the sharply drawn opposition of myth and science. The latter he understands as ''the extension of civilization's technological core. In the scientific sense, 'true' means that which has the chance of being employed in effective technological procedures.'' Few philosophers or scientists would be satisfied with such a reductive understanding of truth. Much too quickly Mr. Kolakowski reduces knowledge to scientific knowledge, and scientific knowledge to what helps us master the environment. But is the point of science to get at things as they really are, whatever that might mean? Is it not rather to give us control of the world? In the world known to science we find no value or purpose that would allow
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LEAD: A group of Roman Catholics from Chicago is seeking 100,000 signatures on an appeal for major changes in the Catholic Church. They would include the ordination of women and married people to the priesthood, widespread consultation with believers in developing church teaching about sexuality and the participation of priests and lay people in the selection of bishops. A group of Roman Catholics from Chicago is seeking 100,000 signatures on an appeal for major changes in the Catholic Church. They would include the ordination of women and married people to the priesthood, widespread consultation with believers in developing church teaching about sexuality and the participation of priests and lay people in the selection of bishops. More than 4,500 Catholics have signed the group's ''call for reform,'' which has been circulating for several months and is published as an advertisement in The New York Times today on page B4 and B5. The signers include a number of prominent theologians, one ber of prominent theologians, one bishop and many priests, sisters and lay people active in parishes and local agencies. Dan Daley, director of Call to Action, the Chicago-based sponsoring group, said that without changes in the church's internal structure, the credibility of the church's teaching on broader questions of justice and peace would be undermined. Greater Participation Urged The theme of greater participation by Catholics at all levels of church activity runs throughout the appeal, which includes demands for financial accountability, guarantees of academic freedom in Catholic universities and consultation with parishioners when parishes or schools are closed. The text of the advertisement asserts that Catholics may be deprived of the sacraments unless the decline in the number of priests in the United States is reversed with the opening of the priesthood to women and married people. It also complains of papal selection of bishops ''without input from local churches'' and the silencing of theologians. A spokesman for the National Conference of Catholic Bishops reacted to the advertisement in a conciliatory way. ''Some of these opinions we would identify with strongly, others we would have some difficulty with,'' said the Rev. Kenneth J. Doyle, the bishops' director for media relations. Statement Is Assailed Helen Hull Hitchcock, director of Women for Faith and Family, said it was ''deplorable'' that a ''divisive'' statement had been released on Ash Wednesday, a solemn Christian holy day. She said the appeal contained ''nothing new'' but was
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Using satellite images and measuring instruments in the sea, researchers have tracked a large eddy that carried an estimated 100,000 metric tons of sediment from the continental shelf into the ocean off the coast of California in two months. Although eddies in the ocean are common, and it was known that they carried such sediment, this appears to be the first observation of a large eddy actually carrying the material off the continental shelf, the researchers said. The sediment includes carbon from phytoplankton, microscopic plant life that falls to the the ocean floor. Findings like this shed light on the way that carbon cycles through the ecosystem, an issue that is important to calculations of global climate. An author of the study, Dr. Libe Washburn of the University of California at Santa Barbara, said the eddy was about 60 miles long and 30 miles wide, and rotated clockwise near Point Reyes and Point Arena on the coast north of San Francisco. It moved about three feet per second. He said the eddy formed as a result of instability in larger flows in the ocean. Dr. Washburn and his colleagues from the Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey, Calif.; the Scripps Institution of Oceanography in La Jolla, Calif.; the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and Oregon State University reported their study recently in the journal Science. SCIENCE WATCH
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Admiral in the British Navy. It has 12 categories, which were originally based on the effect of various wind speeds on the amount of canvas that a full-rigged British Navy frigate of the 19th century could carry. For example, a gale, defined as a wind of 34 to 40 knots (39 to 46 miles per hour), has a wind force of 8 on the scale and probably produces wave heights of around 18 feet from trough to crest, Mr. Sigrist said The prediction also depends on fetch, or the area of water the wind blows over, he explained. A strong wind over a large portion of ocean means bigger waves, and conversely a smaller body of water means less chance for large waves to build up. The weather bureau obtains information confirming the height of large open-ocean waves from ships at sea. The measurement is not done with a yardstick, but is based on the size of the vessel, Mr. Sigrist said. ''You get a feeling for wave heights when you know the size of the ship, whether it is a 25-foot sailboat or an 800-foot supertanker,'' he said. Meteorologists do have more definitive ways of measuring wave heights, Mr. Sigrist said. ''Satellites with radar altimeters are constantly interrogating the surface of the ocean with radio waves,'' he said. ''Believe it or not, these measurements are accurate within a centimeter.'' Satellite readings are especially useful for long-period waves, or the buildup of water on one side of the ocean, like El Nino, he said. A tsunami, Mr. Sigrist's specialty, is a long-period wave almost always generated by a large earthquake near the coast or in the ocean. The vertical motion of the earth's crust under the ocean is transferred to the body of water. These waves move very quickly, perhaps 500 miles an hour, the said. ''In the open ocean, one would not notice their presence,'' he said, ''but when they come close to shore and feel the bottom, the depth decreases, the period, or wave length, decreases, and the height increases, with devastating effect as the water level rapidly rises.'' Readers are invited to submit questions about science to Questions, Science Times, The New York Times, 229 West 43d Street, New York, N.Y. 10036. Questions of general interest will be answered in this column, but requests for medical advice cannot be honored and unpublished letters cannot be answered individually.
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The Director of Central Intelligence is lobbying aggressively to prevent Congress from freezing the nation's secret intelligence budget at about $28 billion, Government and intelligence officials said today. The Director, R. James Woolsey, spent the day buttonholing and telephoning members of the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, arguing that not a penny should be cut from what he considered a bare-bones budget request. A showdown will come Friday, when the committee considers cutting more than $1 billion from President Clinton's request of slightly more than $29 billion for the Central Intelligence Agency and military intelligence. A freeze might be regarded as a small triumph for the intelligence agencies in the post-cold-war climate. But Mr. Woolsey sees a freeze as a costly victory at best. Spy Satellite Consolidation The cuts have been approved by the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence and deepened by the Senate panel. Most would come from consolidating the functions of multibillion-dollar spy satellite programs, the officials said. The satellites will cost more than $2 billion each by the time they are launched later in the decade. Global coverage requires three such satellites, with a fourth held in reserve. Mr. Woolsey argues that spending more money now on the spy satellites will save money in years to come, when funds for espionage will be even tighter, intelligence officials said. The consolidation of the satellite programs follows a shake-up at the National Reconnaissance Office, an agency so secret that its name and letterhead were classified until last October. The office, which develops the nation's spy satellites, was accused by other agencies in the intelligence community of profligacy and inefficiency. As a consequence, responsibility for satellite programs was reorganized last year. Signals-intelligence satellites are now being managed by the Air Force; photo-reconnaissance satellites, which take video and still pictures from space, are managed by the C.I.A., and ocean-monitoring satellites are managed by the Navy. The C.I.A. spends little more than 10 percent of the intelligence budget. Military intelligence agencies like the National Reconnaissance Office and the National Security Agency, which conducts electronic eavesdropping, spend about 85 percent of the budget. The rest is spent by small intelligence bureaus in the Departments of State, Justice, Energy and the Treasury.
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THERE is a little recognized but vital element to re-engaging the United States in solving the problem of global climate change: forests. Creating financial incentives to protect forests and promote tree planting would be attractive to poor nations but also to American companies and farmers, giving the United States government a potent political reason to get involved in international climate policy. And time is running out. The recent British-commissioned report by Sir Nicholas Stern emphasized the urgency of strong action now -- from all countries -- to avoid massive economic disruption in future decades. One major obstacle preventing American participation in an international climate regime is the lack of binding commitments on the part of developing countries. This is where forestry comes in. The Kyoto Protocol to cut greenhouse gas emissions recognized the need to finance climate-friendly projects in developing countries. This was the rationale behind the Clean Development Mechanism, which was set up to grant tradable credits to approved projects, and which can be used to satisfy a country's Kyoto commitments by offsetting its greenhouse gas emissions. The Kyoto signatories expressly limited land use and forestry projects that can get credits to those involving afforestation (tree planting on non-forested land) and reforestation (tree planting on previously forested land). This last-minute compromise, driven principally by the negotiation dynamics at the time, effectively disqualifies important efforts to reduce the rate of deforestation (and thereby reduce the emissions from such activity) in developing countries because such efforts are not eligible to receive credits under Kyoto. The European Union's emissions trading scheme, which provides the chief Kyoto compliance mechanism for the union's members, has gone even further, excluding all forestry credits, including those from afforestation and reforestation projects. This has created a huge and inexplicable gap in international climate policy: deforestation from burning and cutting alone is responsible for as much as 20 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions. It is also grossly unfair to the large numbers of rural poor in undeveloped countries who depend upon forests for their livelihood. They are among the most vulnerable to the harm wrought by climate change and would be most responsive to economic incentives favoring sustainable forest management. World Bank studies show that forestry projects give local people and their governments a critical incentive to manage their landscape sustainably. Concerns regarding forestry credits -- whether they were truly leading to the reduction of carbon emissions
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them to sign a sheaf of papers.'' Federal and state reports have found that many of the schools offer little meaningful training or job placement. Instead they make money by taking students incapable of doing the required work, keeping them long enough to collect a share of government tuition payments and leaving the most naive ones responsible for paying back large Government-guaranteed loans. Often, through combinations of Federal and state student tuition grants, perhaps with a federally backed student loan, there is virtually no out-of-pocket cost for the students as long as they are in the programs. Those students whose Federal and state grants do not cover the entire cost of tutition are often advised by the schools to take out federally guaranteed student loans. Those who drop out of the schools or do not obtain jobs after graduation are often left with large debts they cannot pay. Certainly some of the trade and business schools have solid reputations for training students well and placing them in jobs, particularly as the nation's demand for skilled office and other service workers has grown. Carolyn Palzer, executive director of the New York State Association of Career Schools, said her industry, with few exceptions, was doing an excellent job and would benefit from the new welfare legislation because ''we have a long history of good service to disadvantaged populations.'' The association, which represents 90 business, trade and technical schools, commissioned a recent survey of 1,197 graduates that found 74 percent rated their experience as excellent or good. The survey found that 65 percent of the graduates had family incomes of under $15,000. Of the graduates, 48 percent were black and 25 percent Hispanic students. Fresh Vein of Clients Not only will the welfare measure passed by the House and Senate and now in conference provide career schools with a fresh vein of clients -more than 800,000 by one estimate -but it will do so without subjecting the schools to strengthened monitoring or regulation, according to several state officials. These schools are now accredited by associations of trade and business schools., These are among a wide variety of abuses listed in a study done earlier this year by Pelavin Associates for the Federal Department of Education: * Many trade and vocational schools use questionable recruiting practices, canvassing unemployment and welfare offices, placing deceptive job advertisements simply designed to attract students, guaranteeing job placements that
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President Clinton, whose 1994 overture to Gerry Adams of Sinn Fein helped bring the political wing of the Irish Republican Army to the peace table, was deeply involved as the Ulster talks concluded, cajoling and prodding both republicans and Unionists to step out of their parochial interests and take historic risks for peace. From midnight in Washington until 5 A.M., and then again this morning at about 11, Mr. Clinton worked the phones and spoke to every major figure involved: Prime Minister Tony Blair of Britain; Prime Minister Bertie Ahern of Ireland; David Trimble of the Ulster Unionist Party, and twice to John Hume, the moderate leader of the Social Democratic and Labor Party, and Mr. Adams, whom Mr. Clinton was most responsible for bringing to the bargaining table. The President also had a long conversation at a crucial moment, at about 3:15 A.M. Washington time, with the former Senator George J. Mitchell, his emissary, who has overseen the Belfast talks for 22 months and whom all parties credit with extraordinary patience, firmness and fairness. With a boost for his own reputation as a peacemaker willing to use American influence, Mr. Clinton said today's pact was an important incentive for that other foreign-policy issue with a huge domestic political constituency: the foundering Israeli-Palestinian peace talks. ''The lesson is,'' he said, ''just don't ever stop.'' Mr. Clinton was weary but exultant today, calling this ''the best chance for peace in a generation'' for the Irish and praising the courage of the participants, who took the important risks, he said, and the fortitude of the two Prime Ministers. He warned that the pact alone was just a step. ''In the days to come, there may be those who will try to undermine this great achievement, not only with words but perhaps also with violence,'' he said. Mr. Clinton was asked to intervene at two key moments, first with the Catholic nationalists, and then with the Protestant Unionists, in both cases to encourage the party leaders that he would support them if they took big risks. Mr. Blair and Mr. Ahern called jointly to ask for his help. The first was to deal with a threat by Mr. Adams to walk out of the talks, and the second was to deal with a similar threat by the Mr. Trimble. According to Representative Peter T. King, a New York Republican who was on the
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ORGANIC food customers have always relied on the good faith of growers, retailers and private certifying companies to assure them that the food they are buying has been raised with the fewest chemicals possible. But now, a class-action lawsuit filed recently in San Diego is shining a spotlight on the ethics and practices of the organic food industry, which is largely self-regulated. In the suit, Nina Hopkins Brothers, 43, an organic-foods educator, charges that two produce companies and two associations that certify organic produce sold, as organic, Mexican bananas treated with a fungicide. Although organic food is still a small part of the total food dollar, it is a rapidly growing part. Sales of organic food in the United States have soared 23 percent each year for five years, to $2.2 billion in 1994. The expansion has increased competition, brought in bigger companies and raised questions about whether self-policing should be replaced by Federal regulation. And consumers have become increasingly concerned about the purity of food. Lawyers and members of the organic industry say that the suit, which was filed March 9 and seeks punitive damages as well as redress, is the first class-action lawsuit filed on behalf of organic consumers. While rumors of taint and corner-cutting are commonplace among shoppers who seek organic produce and among retailers, the case of the questionable bananas is the first that "has reached a critical head and might affect consumer confidence," said Ken Mergentime, the associate editor of Natural Foods Merchandiser, a trade magazine in Boulder, Colo. Indeed, many organic food customers interviewed in Berkeley, Calif.; Boston, and New York said the case could raise questions about all organic food. "I would certainly be more leery of the organic label if it turns out that some growers are not being honest," said Nanette Cippa-Fukushima, a shopper at the Berkeley Bowl market in Berkeley. Customers, she added, "will start asking themselves if what they are buying is really organic." For retailers, the issues raised by the questionable bananas are more pragmatic than they are emotional. Bill Fujimoto, owner of the Monterey Market in Berkeley, has not stocked organic bananas for more than two years. "I may be assured by people with the greatest integrity that something is organic, but I can still have my doubts," he said. "The produce that comes out of Mexico right now seems to do so much too easily. There
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Like a preacher at a tent revival, Chandrababu Naidu, one of India's most powerful politicians, summoned parents with big families to the front of the crowd so he could publicly scold them and urge them along the road to sterilization. Nara Singh, a father of four with a fifth on the way, picked his way through the thousands of villagers sitting in a parched field. He took the microphone and stoutly insisted he needed more children eventually to help him work his small farm. But Mr. Naidu sternly told him he would never be able to care properly for so many offspring -- and then turned to the throng, tittering uneasily on a recent, sweaty afternoon, and demanded in a booming voice, ''Is this man on the right path?'' Only a few raised their hands. ''Nobody is supporting you,'' proclaimed Mr. Naidu, who governs the state of Andhra Pradesh, ''Immediately go for the operation.'' Mr. Naidu's population policies, held up by state officials as a model for developing countries and condemned by critics as coercive, have dramatically increased the number of sterilizations in the state over the past five years to 814,061 a year from 513,726. More than half of married women have had their tubes tied, the highest rate in India, and one of the highest in the world. Population remains a pivotal issue for the world's largest democracy, which has added 181 million people over the past decade and passed the one billion mark. India expects to overtake China as the world's most populous nation by the middle of the century. But India and Andhra Pradesh, its fifth largest state, have taken profoundly divergent paths to control population. Following the consensus on population adopted at a United Nations conference in Cairo in 1994, India's Parliament last year abandoned numerical targets for sterilizations. Instead, it set an agenda for improving health and education for women and children, while offering couples a range of purely voluntary contraceptive choices. But the central government -- struggling to provide for more than 250 million desperately poor citizens -- has let the states go their own way. Andhra Pradesh, with financial support from the World Bank, is actively trying to better conditions for women. But its population strategy is relentlessly driven by specific targets for the sterilization of couples with two or more children, backed by the entire machinery of the government. Poor people
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To the Editor: As Chinese scientists committed to research and training in population and health in the world's most populated country, we are seriously concerned by pressure to withdraw international assistance to China's family planning and research programs. China has made an unprecedented effort in the last two decades to control rapid population growth in a country that has to feed 22 percent of the world's population on 7 percent of the world's arable land under relatively poor economic and environmental conditions. The Chinese family planning program has faced great difficulties and challenges, and the Chinese people, especially Chinese peasants, have made great personal sacrifice for the collective interest of the country, which is considered as the greatest virtue in our culture. Mistakes in family planning policy can happen in a society that is still largely rural and economically underdeveloped and has a long tradition that emphasizes the collective interest at the expense of individual freedom. Family planning workers, who were brought up on values that emphasize collectivism and condemn individualism can act in a way that is not acceptable by international standards. But it is premature and unfair to condemn the entire program for some cases of human rights violation. As scientists, we value human rights and scientific integrity. We have observed many positive consequences of fertility decline. Chinese children, whether rural or urban, are better fed and clothed. They have a much better chance to go to school, attend a university and have a brighter future. The family standard of living has improved significantly. What if each of us had to support a family of six, instead of one or two children? What would be the world's situation if China abandoned efforts to control rapid population growth? China has provided better health and family planning services, developed and introduced better contraceptive methods, conducted advanced research and training in population and related areas, promoted public education and communication. The integration of China into the world community is important for world stability and is beneficial for the improvement of human rights within China. There is great danger in pressure on governments or international organizations to interfere with this vital process. Experience tells us that any attempt to force China to change by isolating it is doomed to fail. ZHAO BAIGE, TU PING GU BAOCHANG, GAO RESHEN Beijing, June 1, 1993
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has lowered fertility to by far its lowest level ever here. The statistics for 1992 -- showing many fewer babies even than during the harsh crackdowns of the early 1980's -- amazed population experts, for the family planners achieved targets that they had not expected to reach until the year 2010. Problem for Clinton Ms. Li's persecutors had a reason for going to such extremes to enforce population quotas: they were protecting themselves under a new "responsibility system" that the Government has introduced as the mechanism for the crackdown. Under this system, central leaders hold local officials personally responsible for reducing births in their jurisdictions, and punish them for failing to do so. The evidence of a far-reaching crackdown presents a direct challenge to the Clinton Administration. President Reagan had cut off United States financing of the United Nations Population Fund because of concerns that its work was intertwined with a coercive family planning program in China, but President Clinton announced last month that he would end the boycott. Now the new evidence of a crackdown is likely to embarrass Mr. Clinton as he tries to restore funds to the United Nations program. Moreover, criticisms in the United States about forced sterilization in China are likely in turn to inflame Chinese sensitivities and could create new tensions in Chinese-American relations. To be sure, some Chinese -- particularly city-dwellers -- support a tough family planning policy. They say the drop in fertility is helping to produce a historic economic boom and a rise in the nation's education and health standards. By restricting couples to one or two children each, they say, the Government is helping to lead China out of poverty and into a modern, industrialized future. They note that one reason why China's long-term development prospects may be better than Bangladesh's or Kenya's is that Beijing appears to have defused its population bomb. Peng Peiyun, the 64-year-old minister of the State Family Planning Commission, acknowledged in a rare news conference on Wednesday that it was mainly Government efforts that had brought down the birth rate. "Why did fertility drop so drastically?" asked Ms. Peng, who two years ago persuaded the Politburo to order the crackdown. "Above all because party and Government officials at all levels paid greater attention to family planning and adopted more effective measures." The indications of a drop in fertility come in a raft of statistics announced
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On a sunny afternoon last week, life overwhelmed art as tourists and students at the Metropolitan Museum of Art's roof sculpture garden gaped at the skyline beyond a sea of Central Park trees and (if they noticed) also admired Sol LeWitt's whimsically colorful installation ''Splotches, Whirls and Twirls,'' on view through Oct. 30. Visitors from places where cigarettes are still popular found ''Splotch No. 3'' particularly worthy of extended contemplation, perhaps because it was in the only section of the garden (and the museum) open to smokers. SETH KUGEL Correction: June 30, 2005, Thursday A picture caption last Thursday with the ''Fixed Position'' feature, about the rooftop sculpture garden at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, misspelled the given name of a woman who commented on the artwork. She is Cecilia Pimentel, not Cecila.
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have yet to emerge from laboratories in the developed world. Just 10 miles from the plush surroundings of the conference center, many South Africans live in squatter camps and earn meager incomes as migrant workers. As they have traveled seeking jobs in mines and other industries, they have brought H.I.V. home to their families to fuel what has become an explosive epidemic. Mr. Mandela cited two African countries, Uganda and Senegal. The first turned around a major epidemic of AIDS. The second prevented a small one from becoming larger. Those successes, using relatively inexpensive public health tools like education, suggest that other countries severely affected by H.I.V. might do as well, if they can only muster the political will to act. Mr. Mandela challenged the world to focus on what health workers know works in preventing AIDS. Though the use of drugs to prevent transmission of the virus from mothers to infants is mandatory in any H.I.V. control plan, Mr. Mandela said, ''Promoting abstinence, safe sex and the use of condoms and ensuring the early treatment of sexually transmitted diseases are some of the steps needed and about which there can be no dispute.'' These are steps that could be carried out immediately and at a relatively low cost. Throughout the conference, other participants stressed similar steps, the kind of old-fashioned public health work that has shown good, if not spectacular, results. For example, Dr. Hoosen M. Coovadia, a leading AIDS expert in Durban and the conference chairman, cited the way political and religious leaders from diverse parts of Uganda and Senegal spoke out about AIDS, both to reduce the stigma of the disease and to encourage counseling, testing and the aggressive promotion of condom use. The results have been encouraging. Uganda's infection rates have dropped to 8 percent from 14 percent in the early 1990's, according to United Nations statistics for the most recent years available. Rates in Senegal, where the country's then-president, Abdou Diouf, began speaking out forcefully more than a decade ago, have stayed below 2 percent. In a country where prostitution is legal, Senegalese health officials have set up free clinics to treat sexually transmitted infections, and have organized a vigorous education campaign on the virus. Mr. Mandela also pointed to Thailand, which acted relatively quickly to set up an aggressive program to offer condoms and treat sexually transmitted diseases, which enhance the spread of the
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such adoptions. The Forslinds and the Woods found out last Friday that their trip had been pushed back a month. The delay came a week after the report, by Human Rights Watch, was released. "We were scared when we heard about it," Mr. Wood, an elementary school assistant principal, said of the Human Rights Watch report. "We were scared they would close the doors in China, or at least slow down things for a lot of people. We don't think Jiang Jing is in danger." "We felt tremendous fear and loss," Mrs. Wood, a high school English teacher, said of the delay. "It's a very emotional issue for me, having lost children before. I've been pregnant before and had miscarriages. We had applied for a program in Colombia and nothing happened for an incredible length of time. "We are taken by how powerless we are," she continued. "We have to be patient because we are asking for a lot -- we are asking for a child." The Forslinds have made do with sending Wei Juan-Juan a teddy bear named Muffy; at 4 1/2, she is old enough to know what adoption means. "She knows she has a mother and father coming for her," said Mrs. Forslind, who adopted Victoria from China. "It makes my heart hurt." Other prospective parents and adoption agencies have concerns about the accuracy of the report, which has not been independently assessed. They also fear that the Chinese -- who have denied the charges of abuse and neglect -- will stop adoptions from America. Chinese adoptions are increasingly popular because they tend to be fast and efficient and they are open to older parents -- in fact, adoptive parents must be at least 35. The cost including fees to agencies and orphanages, transportation and lodging is generally between $15,000 and $20,000, parents who have adopted say. Both Human Rights Watch and international adoption agencies in the United States are receiving dozens of phone calls, letters, faxes and E-mail messages from people who had not thought of adoption until they read about the orphans and wanted to save them. But some adoption agencies contend that these children are no worse off than children from other developing countries. "I've been traveling 20 years to the developing world," said Janice Neilson, the executive director of the World Association for Children and Parents, a Seattle-based adoption agency. "Children suffer from
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The Drug Enforcement Administration said today that it would review persistent claims that an American who died in the terrorist bombing of Pan American Flight 103 in 1988 was an agency informant who smuggled the bomb onto the aircraft in the mistaken belief that it was a shipment of heroin. In a written statement, the agency said that "no evidence has surfaced to substantiate such a claim," which has been repeated in various forms in the world press and was broadcast again on Tuesday by NBC News and ABC News. But the drug agency said it would review its files to determine whether the American, 20-year-old Khalid Jaafar, was known to have any ties to the Drug Enforcement Administration or to narcotics smugglers. Other Federal officials with firsthand knowledge of the international investigation into the Pan Am bombing said today that the NBC and ABC reports are groundless. 'There's Nothing to It' "The Jaafar story has been going around almost since the bombing took place," an official said. "It has been looked at, and there's nothing to it." That official said a "complete forensic examination" of luggage from the Pan Am flight also concluded that no hard drugs were aboard the aircraft. A White House commission studying aircraft terrorism concluded in May that the Drug Enforcement Administration was not connected to the bombing. The New York Times reported this month that international investigators had concluded that the bombing was carried out by Libyan intelligence agents working from the Mediterranean island of Malta, the originating point for an Air Malta passenger flight that connected with Pan Am 103 in Frankfurt. Passenger Log Is Missing A similar report in L'Express, the French news magazine, which was confirmed today by Bush Administration officials, said the passenger log of the Air Malta flight has disappeared. Mr. Jaafar, of Detroit, boarded Pan Am 103 in Frankfurt and flew to London, where most of the jet's passengers and luggage were shifted to a Boeing 747 jumbo jet. The aircraft blew up over Lockerbie, Scotland, about an hour after taking off from Heathrow Airport outside London, killing 259 people on the plane and 11 on the ground. The NBC report said Mr. Jaafar might have been involved in a Drug Enforcement Administration investigation into the smuggling of heroin aboard Pan Am jets that passed through Frankfurt. The report said that the drug agency and the German authorities
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Osteoporosis, a loss in bone density that can lead to brittleness and fractures even from everyday activities, is a major cause of crippling disability in women past menopause. Now, a new study of 3,676 elderly women in Britain and the United States has shown that the higher their blood pressure, the more severe their bone density loss. The study, published last week in The Lancet, a British medical journal, followed up on measurements of the women, whose mean age was 73, over three and a half years and found that the higher the women's blood pressure, the greater and faster their loss of bone minerals, regardless of age, weight, initial bone density, smoking, exercise or whether they used hormone replacement therapy. Dr. Francesco P. Cappuccio of St. Georges Hospital Medical School in London, who led the research team, said in a telephone interview, ''We think if you have high blood pressure, you lose more calcium in your urine.'' Although calcium loss is faster after menopause, when the ovaries stop producing estrogen, Dr. Cappuccio said, the loss from high blood pressure might start earlier and accumulate over time. Women can help reduce the threat of brittle bones by reducing salt intake, giving up smoking, keeping physically fit and considering hormone replacement therapy, he said. And such measures have an added benefit: guarding against cardiovascular disease, a major killer of elderly women. MICHAEL POLLAK VITAL SIGNS: AT RISK
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They include a delayed reaction of the clitoris to stimulation, delayed or absent vaginal lubrication, lessened expansion of the vagina during intercourse, and fewer and sometimes painful uterine contractions during orgasm. All these changes reflect alterations in sensory stimulation and blood flow. Another common problem involves the woman's sex partner, who may develop sexual difficulties as a result of age, disease, lack of interest or in reaction to the woman's problem. Since there is evidence that continued sexual intercourse can help maintain a woman's sexual responsiveness and enjoyment indefinitely, a break in sexual continuity at menopause may limit her sexuality years later. In a study of 178 postmenopausal married women in London who were 35 to 62 years of age, conducted by Dr. Sarrel and co-workers, only 24 said they had no sexual problems. Among the 154 women who said they had sexual problems after menopause, 45 percent reported a loss of sexual desire and 10 percent said they had developed an aversion to sex. Twenty-seven percent could said they could no longer reach orgasm, and 43 percent complained of vaginal dryness and pain. In a second study of 50 couples, the researchers found that the women's partners were also affected by their wives' menopausal changes. Some men became impotent and others lost their ability to reach orgasm. The men also expressed feelings of rejection and anger, a fear of hurting their partners and concern about their ability to perform sexually. Prevention and Remedy A growing number of physicians are advising premenopausal women to start estrogen replacement therapy at the first hint of impending menopause. The woman may complain of irregular periods or hot flashes. Or, while doing a pelvic examn, the doctor may notice a thinning of the vaginal lining. Since ''use it or lose it'' seems to be an important component of continued sexual functioning after menopause, it is important not to delay seeking help for a sexual problem that may be related to estrogen decline. Moreover, such problems are usually easier to correct before they become advanced and complicated by emotional reactions. Estrogen replacement therapy, given orally or by a skin patch, is the most frequently prescribed remedy. In the London study, 28 of 38 women treated with estrogen were relieved of their sexual problems. Hormone replacement has the added advantage of delaying bone loss and helping to protect against heart disease. But the studies show that
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surgery was performed. Evidently, Mrs. Reagan and her advisers are not impressed with the statistical significance of data indicating that lumpectomy, radiation and breast preservation would be as safe as mastectomy - at least not for her case. The expectations for node-negative cancer are usually 85 percent to 95 percent disease-free survival. This means there could be a 5 percent difference in 10-year survival from mastectomy versus no mastectomy. Although her chances for cure have been stated as 95 percent, individual factors such as exact location and depth of the tumor, size of breasts, hormone receptor content, risk of radiotherapy to the left side of the chest and family history, could raise her risk category despite the tumor's small size and the fortunate absence of cancer-involved lymph nodes. The White House has stated that no further treatment, i.e., no radiotherapy or chemotherapy, is planned. However, a new approach known as chemoprevention is being developed and is available. Chemoprevention could provide further long-term reduction in life risk. This consists in the daily use of a simple estrogen-blocking pill (tamoxifen-Nolvadex). More than a million women have been given tamoxifen safely for more advanced stages of breast cancer, and thousands have received it for the node-negative stage I disease of the type found in Mrs. Reagan. Long-term trials for two, five and nine years in England, Scotland and Wisconsin, respectively, have documented that at least 15 percent to 20 percent of node-negative postmenopausal patients could be protected from breast cancer recurrence or cancer in the opposite breast. This could result in saving 5,000 lives a year in the United States. Additional data will be presented at a breast cancer chemoprevention workshop in New York City on Nov. 20. Surely, Mrs. Reagan is to be commended for her forthright decision, which will impress and reassure many women about a most difficult and emotionally charged treatment problem. When Betty Ford decided to receive chemotherapy in 1974 for two-node-positive breast cancer, her decision was a helpful harbinger of the life-saving approach of chemotherapy that has saved many women in this decade. If Mrs. Reagan's advisers recommend tamoxifen for her, such a decision would have a major impact and protect many American women in the future from premature death. EZRA M. GREENSPAN, M.D. New York, Oct. 19, 1987 The writer, clinical professor of medicine (oncology) at Mount Sinai Medical Center, is medical director of the Chemotherapy Foundation.
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To the Editor: Re "In Foothills of Rockies, Neighbors Are Bears" (news article, Oct. 6): In 1992 Colorado voters approved a ballot measure to ban three repugnant bear-hunting practices: luring bears to piles of rotting meat and jelly doughnuts and shooting the feeding animals at point-blank range; chasing bears with packs of hounds and shooting the animals off a tree branch, and hunting bears during spring season, when mothers nurse their dependent cubs. It is asinine to claim, as hunters do, that an end to these trophy-hunting methods has caused a bear population explosion in Colorado. Bear hunting results in the skewing of a bear population's age structure in favor of younger animals. Since younger bears, particularly males, are the most likely to become involved in conflicts with people, hunting will not solve and may worsen any bear nuisance problem. Shooting and killing random bears does nothing to stop surviving bears from raiding the same garbage cans left open by residents. What's needed, as the Colorado Division of Wildlife suggests, are site-specific measures such as bear-proof garbage cans. MICHAEL MARKARIAN Director of Campaigns Fund for Animals New York, Oct. 6, 1995
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As psychologists begin to explore the boundaries of regret, marketers have already begun to exploit the emotion in promotions of products ranging from greeting cards to flowers to automobiles. Take flowers, for example. In 1992, the American Floral Marketing Council, a trade group in Alexandria, Va., produced a 15-second television commercial that showed a woman pacing back and forth in her studio, too distracted to work. No, it was not due to a feeling that she had no artistic talent. According to the advertisement, it was a case of regret that only flowers could cure. These words appeared on the screen: "It's too late to take back my words, but I can try to erase them." Perhaps no group has tried to mine regret harder than makers of greeting cards. In 1990, Hallmark Cards Inc. introduced its first line of cards intended to convey unspoken words or feelings between a giver and recipient. Known as "Just How I Feel Cards," they were so successful that the company incorporated them last January into an expanded line of cards called "Windows." Sherry Timbrook, a spokeswoman for Hallmark, said company research had found that the vast majority of people appear to have no trouble saying "I love you" or "I'm sorry," but that a majority of those interviewed said they did find it difficult to tell a partner or friend about problems in a relationship, a situation that is often later manifested as regret. The results are seen in cards that offer such sentiments as: "It's hard to admit, but sometimes I feel jealous. I wish I were more secure about myself, about us, but until then . . ." Other companies have emphasized a prophylactic approach to regret or guilt. Infants are shown playing inside Michelin automobile tires. The message: You better buy these tires (and protect your children) if you don't want to regret it for the rest of your life. Then, there are the current Volvo print and television advertisements based on a kind of "living dead" theme. They show dreamy, soulful photographs of healthy, happy people who survived auto accidents and escaped death, the land of no regrets. Still other companies have fashioned advertisements promoting their products as insurance against regret. The American Telephone and Telegraph Company, for example, sent out promotional material last year for its Videophone to customers more than 50 years old. The idea was that
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1700's, and the narrow, tree-lined road still offers a glimpse of rural Westchester. In response, the church is scaling back its plans. Mr. Ford said seating has been reduced to about 720, the entrance to the church has been shifted from Buxton Road to Bedford Center Road, which is busier, and the number of parking spaces will be reduced. The church is scheduled to take its revised plans before the Bedford Planning Board this fall. ''There are certain things a larger church can offer that a small church cannot,'' Mr. Ford said, explaining that the church has a range of programs, including Bible study for women and a summer reading program for underprivileged children. ''We really want to have an impact in our community.'' He said the church is being designed to fit into a slope at the rear of the property, making it less noticeable from the street. Many residents are unswayed by the changes. They have hired a lawyer and are selecting an engineering firm and traffic consultant to advise them. Riverkeeper, an environmental group that works to protect New York City's water supply, has asked for additional state scrutiny of the development's environmental impact. ''We've really come to the conclusion that a building of this size, scope and architecture has no place here,'' said Donald E. Carniato, whose four-acre farm is adjacent to the property where the new church would be built. ''The reason people move into this kind of area is to get away from what they are proposing to build there.'' Mr. Carniato is president of the Friends of Buxton Gorge, a group formed as a result of environmental concerns about the project. The new church would occupy 13 wooded acres that were once part of Buxton Gorge, known for its wealth of hemlocks and for Broad Brook, which flows into the Muscoot Reservoir, a main collection point for the Croton Watershed, an important component in the water supply for half of New York State. Riverkeeper asked the Bedford Planning Board last month to require the town to call for an environmental impact study under the State Environmental Quality Review Act to prove there would be no adverse impact on the water supply. Jeffrey Osterman, the town's planning director, said the church had presented its plans to the board, which made some suggestions, including using landscaping to maintain ''a greenbelt appearance'' along the roads. DEVELOPMENT
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F.B.I. Issues Terror Warning The F.B.I. has issued an advisory to local authorities, warning of possible terrorist attacks on Sept. 11, but senior government officials said they were not based on credible threats. A17 Wiretap Powers In Question A three-judge panel of the nation's most secret appellate court met to consider a request from the Justice Department for broad, new wiretap powers. A12 Committee Suggests New Coins The United States Mint has suggested in a report that the design of the penny, dime, nickel and half dollar be updated, one coin a year, over the next four years. A22 H.M.O.'s to Quit Medicare Health maintenance organizations serving 200,000 elderly and disabled people announced that they would pull out of Medicare next year, raising to 2.4 million the number of beneficiaries who have been dropped by H.M.O.'s since 1998. A22 Abuse Suit Ends in Settlement The Roman Catholic Diocese of Providence, R.I., said that it had reached a $13.5 million settlement with 36 people who say they were molested as youngsters by members of the clergy. A22 NEW YORK/REGION B1-10 To Prepare or Not For a Possible Attack? Though some people may not want to admit to taking precautions for fear of seeming paranoid, parents and others are weighing the scary possibilities and quietly pursuing a strategy of personal preparedness against bioterrorism or a nuclear attack. Others, whether blasé, fatalistic or simply unsure about what actions to take, see little use in mounting a personal defense. B1 Last-Minute Campaigning H. Carl McCall and Tom Golisano dashed from one corner of New York State to another, one seeking momentum and the other fighting for his political life, in the last day before they compete in their parties' primary elections for governor. B1 Immigrant Charged With Fraud Regina Norman Danson, a West African woman whose plea for political asylum drew national attention in 1997 after she said she feared genital mutilation in Ghana, was arrested in Queens yesterday on charges that she lied under oath and entered the United States with a fraudulent passport. B3 9/11 Victim to Leave Hospital Sadly, wryly, Deborah Mardenfeld describes herself as first in, last out. First in, because she was among the first to be hospitalized on Sept. 11; she was Jane Doe No. 1 at New York University Downtown Hospital. Last out, because she appears to be the last of the gravely injured to leave a
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that ''educators already know how to educate everyone and that they just need to try harder'' is a costly wrong impression, he wrote. Not all schoolchildren have the intellectual capacity to reach ''basic achievement'' levels. In college, similar limitations apply. The number of Americans with the brains to master the most challenging college classes, Murray argued, is probably closer to 15 percent than to 45. Of course, part of the reason Americans think everyone should go to college is for its noneducational uses. Anyone can benefit from them. Colleges are the country's most effective marriage brokers. They are also -- assuming you don't study too hard -- a means of redistributing four years' worth of leisure time from the sad stub-end of life to the prime of it. (Just as youth shouldn't be wasted on the young, retirement shouldn't be wasted on the old.) But the price of college long ago outstripped the value of these goods. The most trustworthy indicator that an American college education is something worthwhile is that parents nationwide -- and even worldwide -- are eager to pay up to $180,000 to get one for their children. This is a new development. A quarter-century ago, even the top Ivy League schools were a bargain at $10,000 a year, but they received fewer applications than they do now. Presumably, college is steadily more expensive because its benefits are steadily more visible. In 1979, according to the economists Frank Levy and Richard Murnane, a 30-year-old college graduate earned 17 percent more than a 30-year-old high-school grad. Now the gap is over 50 percent. These numbers don't tell us much about how people get educated at a typical American college offers. You can go to college to get civilized (in the sense that your thoughts about your triumphs and losses at the age of 55 will be colored and deepened by an encounter with Horace or Yeats at the age of 19). Or you can go there to get qualified (in the sense that Salomon Brothers will snap you up, once it sees your B.A. in economics from M.I.T.). Most often, parents must think they are paying for the latter product. Great though Yeats may be, 40-some-odd thousand seems a steep price to pay for his acquaintance. The timeless questions that college provokes -- like ''What the hell are you going to do with a degree in English?'' --
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After seven years of economic growth, the American job juggernaut has not even begun to slow down. In February, for the fourth consecutive month, employers added more than 300,000 jobs, the Labor Department reported yesterday. And as it has month after month, the surge in hiring far exceeded the expectations of economists. The February data brought the total number of jobs created in the last six months to an astounding two million. The unemployment rate edged down to 4.6 percent from 4.7 percent, returning to the 24-year low that it reached in November. Also, the proportion of Americans working -- 64.2 percent -- remains at an all-time high. And perhaps most important, the report underscored how briskly the real pay of average American workers is now rising. The labor market has not been this strong for this long since before the oil crisis in 1973, reflecting a happy confluence of optimism, low inflation, moderate interest rates, high stock prices and a soothing absence of economic policy blunders. While it is hard to imagine that the current pace can continue for long, there are few signs of an abrupt slowdown. ''What's amazing isn't the demand for workers but the ability of the economy to keep delivering them,'' said Edward Yardeni, chief economist of Deutsche Morgan Grenfell. Total hours worked rose sharply in February, and the January increase was revised higher as well. The steep rise in hours -- at a 6.5 percent annual rate so far this year -- implies that the gross domestic product is continuing to grow at a fairly robust pace this quarter. And a sharp pickup in temporary employment -- a gain of 52,000 such jobs in February -- is another possible forerunner of more permanent hiring. (A recent study by the Chicago Federal Reserve suggests that temporary hiring is a reliable leading indicator of future growth in payroll jobs.) While the labor market is getting tighter, pay increases are coming faster. This was perhaps the biggest news buried in yesterday's employment report. Average hourly earnings jumped by 8 cents in February, to $12.60. Although the Labor Department cautioned that the measure was volatile and that last month's figure might have been exaggerated by statistical anomalies, the increase for the last 12 months is just over 4 percent, a sharp acceleration from a 3 percent gain the previous year. ''Tight labor markets are having an effect,'' said
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30 years. The trend is most striking in factories, which accounted for the bulk of job losses in the last three years and tended to pay above-average wages. In contrast to previous recoveries, when companies rehired a large proportion of laid-off workers, manufacturers have added only 91,000 jobs this year, having eliminated more than two million jobs in the previous three years. The largely permanent decline in manufacturing employment, which has been more acute after this recession than in previous ones, spans all levels from blue-collar workers through senior management. It has coincided with a bulge in the number of jobs in low-paying fields that are comparatively easy to enter: retail sales, hotel services and clerical work. The ragged pattern of the recovery has given rise to the political debate, with Senator John Kerry, the Democratic nominee, saying that new jobs pay, on average, $9,000 a year less than the jobs that were lost. White House officials disagree, saying that such calculations are based on an erroneous comparison of median wages between industries that are expanding and contracting. The main error, they say, is that even low-wage industries like retailers and fast-food chains hire high-income executives and managers. ''McDonald's has C.E.O.'s and accountants, and investment banks hire janitors,'' said N. Gregory Mankiw, chairman of the president's Council of Economic Advisers. ''Simply knowing what broad categories are rising and falling doesn't tell you anything about the jobs people are getting.'' But a growing number of analysts say the evidence increasingly suggests that the current recovery has indeed been tilted toward lower-paying jobs. Industries ranked in the bottom fifth for wages and salaries have added 477,000 jobs since January, while industries in the top fifth for wages had no increase at all, according to an analysis of Labor Department payroll data by Economy.com, an economic research firm. ''Since employment peaked, we've lost many more higher-paying jobs than lower-paying jobs,'' said Mark Zandi, chief economist at Economy.com. ''In recovery, we've created more lower-paying jobs than higher-paying jobs.'' Though acknowledging that the payroll data was inconclusive, Mr. Zandi said that the pattern had become firmer over the last month and that it was increasingly similar to what had been found in the Labor Department's household survey, which categorizes work by occupation as well as industry. But many economists say the long-term pattern, and problem, are quite different. Daniel Aaronson, a senior economist at the
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IN the depths of this frigid February, the taste of ripe summer tomatoes seems as distant a memory as the warm days that went with them. One of the last places you would expect to find that deep flavor is in a bottle of ketchup. Unless it is the heirloom tomato garlic ketchup from Heirloom Harvest Foods. More like a fresh-tasting tomato dip than a cloying condiment, it has a meaty, chunky texture and an intense, bright tomato flavor that comes, as the name suggests, from varieties of heirloom tomatoes. Dave Size, the company's president, began making the ketchup last summer in Frankford, Del., where he has been growing organic heirloom tomatoes and garlic since 1995. ''I was finding myself composting second heirloom tomatoes that were fabulously tasty,'' he said, ''and I wanted to do something with them.'' Ketchup seemed a natural outlet, if he could develop a recipe that showcased the full flavors of the pink Brandywine, Black Krim and Globe tomatoes he raised. So he and a friend, Mary-Ann Thompson, an environmental lawyer, began looking through recipes, until they found an old-fashioned Amish one that used onions and spices like cinnamon and clove, as well as apple cider vinegar rather than corn syrup. They added just enough heirloom garlic to give the ketchup a kick without overpowering the tomato-and-spice flavor. And the results are superb: complex, concentrated and far from the standard-issue squeeze-bottle goo. Now if we could bottle those warm days. MELISSA CLARK Heirloom tomato garlic ketchup is $4.95 for a 16-ounce bottle, plus shipping; (302) 245-5577). TEMPTATION
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OUT OF ITS MIND Psychiatry in Crisis: A Call for Reform. By J. Allan Hobson and Jonathan A. Leonard. Illustrated. 292 pp. Cambridge, Mass.: Perseus Publishing. $26. Hippocrates, in the fifth century B.C., declared that mental illness was a medical problem based on an organic dysfunction of the brain, which could best be addressed with oral remedies. Plato argued fiercely against Hippocrates, described mental illness as a philosophical problem, maintained that character was determined by early experience rather than by biology and believed that cure was to be achieved through reasoned discourse; he dismissed doctors who addressed themselves to the subject as ''mere artisans.'' The divide shifted slightly in the Middle Ages: after Augustine, some saw mental illness as a religious problem, and thought that madmen were possessed and in need of exorcisms; others thought that crazy people suffered from illness and needed sympathy and medical intervention. The split in modern psychiatry -- between the brain scientists and the humanists, and hence between those who favor medication and those inclined toward introspection and talking therapies -- is hardly the novelty that recent commentators, including the authors of ''Out of Its Mind,'' would have us believe. It is an expression of a mind-body duality that is one of the eternal problems of Western self-perception. Now, however, not only is the division particularly acute, but also, dishearteningly, one side seems to be winning. There are two reasons for this. First, we have had such visible progress in the domain of psychomedication that the rest of our knowledge tends to be overshadowed by the new technology. Second, we are in the era of the H.M.O., and economic pressure favors the least expensive treatment, which is medicine, prescribed as rapidly as possible. Because the medications are so advanced now, we are probably giving effective treatment to a lot of people for whom there simply was no effective treatment 25 years ago. But we have lost caretaking skills, and are in consequence neglecting and abandoning a tremendous number of people who might once have had the support they require to function. J. Allan Hobson and Jonathan A. Leonard set out to catalog the things that are going wrong and then to write a prescription for fixing them all. While they're at it, they run through a layman's guide to modern brain science, some personal theories about the definition of psychosis, a bit of grandstanding social
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LEAD: Britain leads the developed world in making birth control available to its people, and the United States ranks seventh, according to a report by a leading population control group. Britain leads the developed world in making birth control available to its people, and the United States ranks seventh, according to a report by a leading population control group. The group, the Population Crisis Committee, created a set of ratings to assess the availability of birth control, ranking modern, industrial nations separately from the less developed countries. Serious shortages in family planning services exist in 82 nations, most of them in the third world, the group reported. It is a private nonprofit organization based in Washington that seeks to draw attention to the problems of overpopulation and to find ways to reduce growth. Laos, Libya and Cambodia received a zero ranking by the group, which said that virtually no family planning services were available there. Taiwan was the top-ranked developing nation, with a rating of 92 out of a maximum of 100. Close behind were Singapore, at 90, and South Korea, with 89. U.S. Actions Attacked Fifteen of the more developed nations were also rated, on a separate 30-point scale. They were led by Britain, with a score of 29, followed by West Germany, at 28. The United States was seventh, at 25. ''The United States has abdicated world leadership in birth control and family planning aid,'' said Dr. Sharon L. Camp, a committee vice president. ''The world needs to more than double spending on family planning, yet U.S. technical and financial aid for international family planning has declined by 20 percent since 1985 and is in danger of eroding even further.'' Another committee vice president, Dr. J. Joseph Speidel, added: ''It only costs about $20 to provide a couple with one year of family planning. To reach poor women who need and want family planning right now, the world needs to spend an additional $5 billion per year.'' The United States, both last year and this, has withheld its planned $25 million contribution to the United Nations Fund for Population Activities because that programs aids China, where, American officials charge, efforts to reduce family size have included coercion. However, officials of the Agency for International Development say the money is being allocated to other international family planning programs. Domestic Restrictions Domestically the Federal Government has sought to reduce its
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