video_id
string | title
string | description
string | publishedAt
string | transcript
list |
|---|---|---|---|---|
UIeT1zxsus0
|
The myth of Ireland's most infamous love triangle - Iseult Gillespie
|
Dig into the tragic myth of Tristan and Princess Isolde, and how they fall in love despite her being promised to another.
--
After witnessing a bird carrying a single golden hair, King Mark of Cornwall declared his future bride must have equally radiant locks. The only royal matching this description was Princess Isolde of Ireland. So the king sent Tristan, his bravest knight, to extend an olive branch to the royal family and deliver his proposal of marriage. Iseult Gillespie shares the tale of Tristan and Isolde.
Lesson by Iseult Gillespie, directed by Ciara Nolan, Paper Panther.
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----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-tragic-romance-of-tristan-and-isolde-iseult-gillespie
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-tragic-romance-of-tristan-and-isolde-iseult-gillespie/digdeeper
Animator's website: https://www.paperpanther.ie
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Francisco Amaya, Daisuke Goto, Matt Switzler, Peng, Tzu-Hsiang, Bethany Connor, Jeremy Shimanek, Mark Byers, Avinash Amarnath, Xuebicoco, Rayo, Po Foon Kwong, Boffin, Jesse Jurman, Scott Markley, Elija Peterson, Ovidiu Mrd, paul g mohney, Steven Razey, Nathan Giusti, Helen Lee, Anthony Benedict, Karthik Balsubramanian, Annastasshia Ames, Amy Lopez, Vinh-Thuy Nguyen, Liz Candee, Ugur Doga Sezgin, Karmi Nguyen, John C. Vesey, Yelena Baykova, Nick Johnson, Carlos H. Costa, Jennifer Kurkoski, Ryan B Harvey, Akinola Emmanuel, Jose Arcadio Valdes Franco, Sebastiaan Vleugels, Karl Laius, JY Kang, Abhishek Goel, Heidi Stolt, Nicole Sund, Karlee Finch, Mario Mejia, Denise A Pitts, Doug Henry, Keven Webb, Mihai Sandu, Deepak Iyer, and Javid Gozalov.
|
2025-02-11T16:00:37Z
|
[
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 7.17,
"text": "Legend has it, hundreds of years ago\na distant ancestor of yours"
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 11.466,
"text": "stole a magical tarot deck \nfrom Fate herself."
},
{
"duration": 5.255,
"start": 15.595,
"text": "Today, your family is known the world over\nas the world’s greatest fortune tellers."
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 21.059,
"text": "While the deck has increased \nyour fortunes many times over,"
},
{
"duration": 2.043,
"start": 24.896,
"text": "it came with a terrible cost."
},
{
"duration": 4.463,
"start": 27.148,
"text": "Once every 23 years, \na door appears in your house."
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 31.819,
"text": "One member of your family must enter,"
},
{
"duration": 5.422,
"start": 34.405,
"text": "and face Fate in a duel with arcane rules\nonly known to your opponent."
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 40.161,
"text": "And every time, \ngeneration after generation,"
},
{
"duration": 2.044,
"start": 43.581,
"text": "the outcome is the same:"
},
{
"duration": 2.169,
"start": 45.625,
"text": "Fate claims their soul."
},
{
"duration": 4.505,
"start": 47.96,
"text": "23 years ago, your father accepted \nthe challenge and lost."
},
{
"duration": 1.835,
"start": 52.548,
"text": "Today, it’s your turn."
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 54.967,
"text": "You’re pacing the dueling room \nwhen you stumble across something"
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 59.013,
"text": "that just might change everything:"
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 61.766,
"text": "your father hid a camera in the room."
},
{
"duration": 5.297,
"start": 65.311,
"text": "The tape shows him lay\nout the 22 cards of the major Arcana."
},
{
"duration": 5.088,
"start": 71.192,
"text": "Fate then places an additional card,\nthe Soul, and speaks:"
},
{
"duration": 4.838,
"start": 76.489,
"text": "“You may take any card that has \nat least one factor on the table."
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 81.369,
"text": "I’ll then receive every factor."
},
{
"duration": 1.96,
"start": 84.539,
"text": "Take the Tower, for example."
},
{
"duration": 4.922,
"start": 87.208,
"text": "It is 16, with factors 1, 2, 4, and 8."
},
{
"duration": 5.339,
"start": 92.421,
"text": "Those now belong to me,\nmaking our score 16 to 15."
},
{
"duration": 4.921,
"start": 97.969,
"text": "If your total at the end of the game\nis higher than mine, you’ll win."
},
{
"duration": 3.086,
"start": 103.099,
"text": "Play again and know that if you\nrun out of moves,"
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 106.185,
"text": "I’ll take all the cards that remain.”"
},
{
"duration": 1.46,
"start": 109.355,
"text": "As the game continues,"
},
{
"duration": 4.755,
"start": 110.815,
"text": "Fate remarks that if your father \nwere to win and hold the 10,"
},
{
"duration": 2.085,
"start": 115.653,
"text": "that would grant him great fortune."
},
{
"duration": 1.585,
"start": 117.738,
"text": "6, true love."
},
{
"duration": 3.6710000000000003,
"start": 119.49,
"text": "And the 2 would end \nthe family curse forever."
},
{
"duration": 4.88,
"start": 123.202,
"text": "But none of that matters because \nin the end his total comes up short."
},
{
"duration": 3.6710000000000003,
"start": 128.499,
"text": "As the video turns to static,\nFate arrives."
},
{
"duration": 1.835,
"start": 132.17,
"text": "Feeling as if you’re in a dream,"
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 134.005,
"text": "you hear her offer you the Tower \nto begin the game."
},
{
"duration": 1.877,
"start": 137.8,
"text": "How can you defeat Fate,"
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 139.677,
"text": "and what other good fortune\ncan you win for yourself?"
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 143.014,
"text": "Pause here to figure it out for yourself.\nAnswer in 3"
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 145.85,
"text": "Answer in 2"
},
{
"duration": 2.21,
"start": 149.02,
"text": "Answer in 1"
},
{
"duration": 3.963,
"start": 151.355,
"text": "If you want to outplay Fate, \nyou’ll need to take the long view."
},
{
"duration": 4.922,
"start": 155.484,
"text": "Accepting the 16 gives Fate\nthe 1, 2, 4, and 8."
},
{
"duration": 6.048,
"start": 160.573,
"text": "She effectively has the 23, 19,\n17, and 13 too,"
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 166.704,
"text": "since you can’t take prime numbers\nonce 1 is off the board."
},
{
"duration": 6.382,
"start": 170.958,
"text": "Smaller primes like 11, 7, 5, and 3\nwill also go to Fate,"
},
{
"duration": 4.504,
"start": 177.34,
"text": "but you’ll be able to take \ntheir multiples, like 22 and 21."
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 182.386,
"text": "That means these are the remaining\ncards in play."
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 186.057,
"text": "You can eventually claim at most\nhalf of them, rounded down,"
},
{
"duration": 3.92,
"start": 190.353,
"text": "since Fate gets at least one\nfor each card you take."
},
{
"duration": 5.005,
"start": 194.482,
"text": "So the best you can possibly do is\ntake the seven largest cards."
},
{
"duration": 4.755,
"start": 199.57,
"text": "Add those together with the 16 \nand your total would be 138."
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 204.325,
"text": "And Fate’s total? Also, 138."
},
{
"duration": 5.171,
"start": 207.954,
"text": "Ties go to Fate, so it’s clear that\nby offering your ancestors the 16"
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 213.125,
"text": "before explaining the full rules,"
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 215.711,
"text": "Fate has been manipulating the game\nto guarantee her victory."
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 220.049,
"text": "But thanks to your father,\nyou now know better."
},
{
"duration": 4.629,
"start": 223.97,
"text": "Speaking of your family, if you want \nto take the 2 and break the curse,"
},
{
"duration": 3.7960000000000003,
"start": 228.599,
"text": "you’ll have to do it on your first turn,\nsince it’s prime."
},
{
"duration": 2.377,
"start": 232.395,
"text": "If you do, Fate will get 1,"
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 234.772,
"text": "and once again, \nFate is guaranteed the high primes."
},
{
"duration": 4.839,
"start": 238.859,
"text": "In theory, you can get at most \n8 of the remaining 17 cards."
},
{
"duration": 4.838,
"start": 243.698,
"text": "Taking the eight largest would give \nyou a nail-bitingly narrow victory"
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 248.536,
"text": "of 140 to 136."
},
{
"duration": 1.5430000000000001,
"start": 252.54,
"text": "But is it possible?"
},
{
"duration": 5.172,
"start": 254.542,
"text": "You need Fate to get as few cards \nas possible for each one you take."
},
{
"duration": 2.752,
"start": 259.714,
"text": "You can start with the 22 and 14."
},
{
"duration": 4.714,
"start": 262.591,
"text": "With the 7 gone, \nyou can take the 21, then the 15."
},
{
"duration": 5.171,
"start": 267.305,
"text": "You still need these, and the next one\nyou take will give Fate two cards."
},
{
"duration": 1.168,
"start": 272.476,
"text": "That’s okay though."
},
{
"duration": 4.463,
"start": 273.644,
"text": "Try the 16, for example,\nand Fate gets the 4 and the 8,"
},
{
"duration": 4.213,
"start": 278.232,
"text": "but you’ll still get the 12, the 18,\nand the 20."
},
{
"duration": 1.7930000000000001,
"start": 283.112,
"text": "Following similar reasoning,"
},
{
"duration": 5.423,
"start": 284.905,
"text": "you could take the 23 on your first turn\nand win the 10 or the 6."
},
{
"duration": 3.336,
"start": 290.328,
"text": "But claiming more than one\nreward is impossible."
},
{
"duration": 3.9210000000000003,
"start": 294.081,
"text": "So do you take wealth, love,\nor break the curse?"
},
{
"duration": 3.044,
"start": 298.336,
"text": "Fate is waiting, \nbut the choice is up to you."
}
] |
RX-upJeSm7w
|
Would you sell your kidney for $100,000? | Ada, Ep. 2
|
Ada imagines how society would change if governments paid living organ donors. Should we receive compensation for our organs?
--
This is episode 2 of the animated series, “Ada.” This 5-episode narrative follows the young library assistant Ada as she juggles two worlds: her daily mundane reality and the future she vividly imagines for all humanity. Traveling through her visions of potential futures, Ada grapples with the ethical and social implications of new technologies and how they could shape the world.
Written by Elizabeth Cox, directed by Elizabeth Cox & Kirill Yeretsky.
This video was produced by Should We Studio.
Learn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartner
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
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View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/would-you-sell-your-kidney-for-100000-ada-ep-2
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/would-you-sell-your-kidney-for-100000-ada-ep-2/digdeeper
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Roberto Chena, Oliver Koo, Luke Pisano, Andrea Gordon, Aleksandar Donev, Nicole Klau Ibarra, Jesse Lira, Ezekiel Raui, Petr Vacek, Dennis, Olivia Fu, Kari Teffeau, Cindy Lai, Rajath Durgada Manjunath, Dan Nguyen, Chin Beng Tan, Tom Boman, Karen Warner, Iryna Panasiuk, Aaron Torres, Eric Braun, Sonja Worzewski, Michael Clement, Adam Berry, Ghaith Tarawneh, Nathan Milford, Tomas Beckett, Alice Ice, Eric Berman, Kurt Paolo Sevillano, Jennifer Heald, Megulo Abebe, isolwi, Kate Sem, Ujjwal Dasu, Angel Alberici, Minh Quan Dinh, Sylvain, Terran Gimpel, Talia Sari, Katie McDowell, Allen, Mahina Knuckles, Charmaine Hanson, Thawsitt, Jezabel, Abdullah Abdulaziz, Xiao Yu, Melissa Suarez, and Brian A. Dunn.
|
2025-02-06T16:00:41Z
|
[
{
"duration": 4.713,
"start": 7.378,
"text": "You and your partner Alex have been in a\nstrong, loving relationship for years,"
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 12.091,
"text": "and lately you're considering\ngetting engaged."
},
{
"duration": 4.838,
"start": 14.677,
"text": "Alex is enthusiastic about the idea,\nbut you can’t get over the statistics."
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 19.557,
"text": "You know a lot of marriages end\nin divorce, often not amicably."
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 23.269,
"text": "And over 10% of couples\nin their first marriage get divorced"
},
{
"duration": 1.877,
"start": 27.023,
"text": "within the first five years."
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 29.692,
"text": "If your marriage wouldn’t\neven last five years,"
},
{
"duration": 2.378,
"start": 32.403,
"text": "you feel like tying the knot\nwould be a mistake."
},
{
"duration": 2.086,
"start": 34.989,
"text": "But you live in the near future,"
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 37.075,
"text": "where a brand-new company just\nreleased an AI-based model"
},
{
"duration": 3.211,
"start": 40.62,
"text": "that can predict your likelihood\nof divorce."
},
{
"duration": 2.127,
"start": 43.915,
"text": "The model is trained on data sets"
},
{
"duration": 2.627,
"start": 46.042,
"text": "containing individuals’\nsocial media activity,"
},
{
"duration": 4.88,
"start": 48.669,
"text": "online search histories, spending habits,\nand history of marriage and divorce."
},
{
"duration": 1.585,
"start": 53.591,
"text": "And using this information,"
},
{
"duration": 2.669,
"start": 55.176,
"text": "the AI can predict if a couple\nwill divorce"
},
{
"duration": 4.38,
"start": 57.845,
"text": "within the first five years of marriage\nwith 95% accuracy."
},
{
"duration": 4.212,
"start": 62.767,
"text": "The only catch is the model doesn’t offer\nany reasons for its results—"
},
{
"duration": 4.713,
"start": 66.979,
"text": "it simply predicts that you will or won’t\ndivorce without saying why."
},
{
"duration": 3.087,
"start": 72.443,
"text": "So, should you decide whether or not\nto get married"
},
{
"duration": 2.043,
"start": 75.53,
"text": "based on this AI’s prediction?"
},
{
"duration": 2.627,
"start": 78.825,
"text": "Suppose the model predicts you and Alex"
},
{
"duration": 2.92,
"start": 81.452,
"text": "would divorce within five years\nof getting married."
},
{
"duration": 2.253,
"start": 84.997,
"text": "At this point, you'd have three options."
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 87.25,
"text": "You could get married anyway\nand hope the prediction is wrong."
},
{
"duration": 1.252,
"start": 90.294,
"text": "You could break up now,"
},
{
"duration": 3.753,
"start": 91.546,
"text": "though there’s no way to know if ending\nyour currently happy relationship"
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 95.299,
"text": "would cause more harm than letting\nthe prediction run its course."
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 98.511,
"text": "Or, you could stay together\nand remain unmarried,"
},
{
"duration": 3.212,
"start": 101.889,
"text": "on the off-chance marriage itself\nwould be the problem."
},
{
"duration": 3.753,
"start": 105.56,
"text": "Though without understanding the reasons\nfor your predicted divorce,"
},
{
"duration": 3.6710000000000003,
"start": 109.313,
"text": "you’d never know if those mystery issues\nwould still emerge"
},
{
"duration": 1.585,
"start": 112.984,
"text": "to ruin your relationship."
},
{
"duration": 3.212,
"start": 115.194,
"text": "The uncertainty undermining\nall these options"
},
{
"duration": 5.589,
"start": 118.406,
"text": "stems from a well known issue with AI\naround explainability and transparency."
},
{
"duration": 4.087,
"start": 124.287,
"text": "This problem plagues tons of potentially\nuseful predictive models,"
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 128.374,
"text": "such as those that could be used\nto predict which bank customers"
},
{
"duration": 1.96,
"start": 131.794,
"text": "are most likely to repay a loan,"
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 133.754,
"text": "or which prisoners are most likely\nto reoffend if granted parole."
},
{
"duration": 3.503,
"start": 138.176,
"text": "Without knowing why AI systems\nreach their decisions,"
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 141.679,
"text": "many worry we can’t think critically\nabout how to follow their advice."
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 146.1,
"text": "But the transparency problem\ndoesn’t just prevent us"
},
{
"duration": 1.794,
"start": 148.811,
"text": "from understanding these models,"
},
{
"duration": 3.086,
"start": 150.605,
"text": "it also impacts the user’s accountability."
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 154.15,
"text": "For example, if the AI's prediction\nled you to break up with Alex,"
},
{
"duration": 2.752,
"start": 158.196,
"text": "what explanation could you\nreasonably offer them?"
},
{
"duration": 2.127,
"start": 161.115,
"text": "That you want to end\nyour happy relationship"
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 163.242,
"text": "because some mysterious machine\npredicted its demise?"
},
{
"duration": 2.127,
"start": 166.579,
"text": "That hardly seems fair to Alex."
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 168.831,
"text": "We don’t always owe people\nan explanation for our actions,"
},
{
"duration": 1.168,
"start": 172.168,
"text": "but when we do,"
},
{
"duration": 4.754,
"start": 173.336,
"text": "AI’s lack of transparency can create\nethically challenging situations."
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 178.299,
"text": "And accountability is just one\nof the tradeoffs we make"
},
{
"duration": 2.9619999999999997,
"start": 181.26,
"text": "by outsourcing important decisions to AI."
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 184.889,
"text": "If you’re comfortable deferring\nyour agency to an AI model"
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 188.434,
"text": "it’s likely because you’re focused\non the accuracy of the prediction."
},
{
"duration": 4.38,
"start": 192.271,
"text": "In this mindset, it doesn’t really matter\nwhy you and Alex might break up—"
},
{
"duration": 1.9180000000000001,
"start": 196.651,
"text": "simply that you likely will."
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 198.736,
"text": "But if you prioritize authenticity\nover accuracy,"
},
{
"duration": 3.086,
"start": 202.49,
"text": "then you'll need to understand\nand appreciate the reasons"
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 205.576,
"text": "for your future divorce\nbefore ending things today."
},
{
"duration": 4.879,
"start": 208.955,
"text": "Authentic decision making like this is\nessential for maintaining accountability,"
},
{
"duration": 3.9210000000000003,
"start": 213.876,
"text": "and it might be your best chance\nto prove the prediction wrong."
},
{
"duration": 2.92,
"start": 217.88,
"text": "On the other hand,\nit’s also possible the model"
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 220.8,
"text": "already accounted for your attempts\nto defy it,"
},
{
"duration": 2.502,
"start": 223.636,
"text": "and you’re just setting yourself\nup for failure."
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 226.931,
"text": "95% accuracy is high, \nbut it’s not perfect—"
},
{
"duration": 4.672,
"start": 230.601,
"text": "that figure means 1 in 20 couples\nwill receive a false prediction."
},
{
"duration": 2.21,
"start": 235.356,
"text": "And as more people use this service,"
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 237.566,
"text": "the likelihood increases that someone\nwho was predicted to divorce"
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 241.445,
"text": "will do so just because the AI\npredicted they would."
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 245.366,
"text": "If that happens to enough newlyweds,"
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 247.66,
"text": "the AI's success rate could\nbe artificially maintained"
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 251.372,
"text": "or even increased by these\nself-fulfilling predictions."
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 255.167,
"text": "Of course, no matter what\nthe AI might tell you,"
},
{
"duration": 3.7960000000000003,
"start": 258.045,
"text": "whether you even ask for its prediction\nis still up to you."
}
] |
h0rWp3GF_6s
|
Why you feel stuck — and how to get motivated - Shannon Odell
|
Dig into the psychology of how to overcome your motivational obstacles and regain focus when you feel stuck in achieving your goals.
--
Many of us have experienced feeling stuck. People often report feeling highly motivated at the start and end of a project, but the middle can feel untethered. It can happen when tackling something as simple as a term paper or as monumental as social inequality or the climate crisis. So, are there ways to get unstuck? Shannon Odell digs into the psychology of overcoming your motivational obstacles.
Lesson by Shannon Odell, directed by Avi Ofer.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
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Keep Learning
----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/why-you-feel-stuck-and-how-to-get-motivated-shannon-odell
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/why-you-feel-stuck-and-how-to-get-motivated-shannon-odell/digdeeper
Animator's website: https://aviofer.com
Music: https://www.wonderboyaudio.com
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! John Hellmann, Poompak Meephian, Chuck Wofford, Adam Pagan, Wes Winn, Conder Shou, ntiger, Noname, Hansan Hu, David D, Mac Hyney, Keith Ellison, robin valero walters, Lynne Truesdale, Gatsby Dkdc, Matthew Neal, Denis Chon, Julian Oberhofer, Monte Carroll, Eddy, Jay M, Constantino Victor Delgado, Andrea Galvagni, Andrew Tweddle, Laurel-Ann Rice, Fernando A. Endo, Helen Lee, pam morgan, sarim haq, Gerardo Castro, Michel-Ange Hortegat, Enes Kirimi, Amaury BISIAUX, ND, Samyogita Hardikar, Vanessa Graulich, Vandana Gunwani, Abdulmohsin Almadi, AJ Lyon, Geoffrey Bultitude, Mi Mi, Thomas Rothert, Brian Elieson, Oge O, Weronika Falkowska, Nevin Spoljaric, Sid Chanpuriya, Anoop Varghese, David Yastremski, and Noah Webb.
|
2025-02-04T16:01:28Z
|
[
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 1.039,
"text": "What if we changed one of the most\nfundamental building blocks of life"
},
{
"duration": 1.585,
"start": 4.417,
"text": "to make it more accessible?"
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 6.169,
"text": "What would happen if we got rid of birth?"
},
{
"duration": 3.087,
"start": 12.091,
"text": "(Phone ringing)"
},
{
"duration": 1.043,
"start": 16.637,
"text": "Hi, grandma."
},
{
"duration": 2.002,
"start": 18.139,
"text": "Hello, sunshine!"
},
{
"duration": 2.335,
"start": 20.308,
"text": "Oh, did you mean to video call?"
},
{
"duration": 4.671,
"start": 22.977,
"text": "Eh? Video call?\nWhen are you going to visit me?"
},
{
"duration": 3.9210000000000003,
"start": 27.648,
"text": "I don't know how much time I have left."
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 32.07,
"text": "Eh yeah, none of us do, grandma.\nNone of us do."
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 35.907,
"text": "Ah. Did I tell you?\nYour cousin is pregnant!"
},
{
"duration": 5.672,
"start": 40.036,
"text": "Oh, wow. That’s great.\nUh, should you be telling me that?"
},
{
"duration": 2.211,
"start": 46,
"text": "Huh? What do you mean?"
},
{
"duration": 1.96,
"start": 48.92,
"text": "Nevermind. What’s new with you?"
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 51.172,
"text": "What’s new with me? I just told you."
},
{
"duration": 3.211,
"start": 54.509,
"text": "She’s only three years older\nthan you, you know."
},
{
"duration": 2.252,
"start": 57.72,
"text": "Something to think about."
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 60.681,
"text": "Grandma, I’m 22. I have plenty of time."
},
{
"duration": 3.044,
"start": 63.935,
"text": "Less than you think!\nThat’s all I’m saying."
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 67.105,
"text": "Mhm. Alright, I have to get back to work."
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 71.067,
"text": "Okay, sunshine. I love you to pieces."
},
{
"duration": 1.209,
"start": 77.24,
"text": "I love you too."
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 81.911,
"text": "Oh! Sorry, I didn’t realize\nyou were waiting for me."
},
{
"duration": 1.043,
"start": 85.164,
"text": "Hmph."
},
{
"duration": 2.919,
"start": 95.258,
"text": "How am I supposed to plan for something\nI can’t even imagine?"
},
{
"duration": 1.877,
"start": 98.177,
"text": "That I don’t even know if I want?"
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 100.847,
"text": "Well, I may not know whether\nor not I want kids,"
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 103.558,
"text": "but I definitely don't\nwant to be pregnant."
},
{
"duration": 4.796,
"start": 107.979,
"text": "Like, if you listen to the way people\ncasually describe pregnancy and birth!"
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 112.817,
"text": "“Oh, nothing out of the ordinary,\njust puked every day for months!”"
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 117.071,
"text": "“It was a routine delivery, just the\nstandard tearing of the genitals!”"
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 120.825,
"text": "“With modern medicine,\nhardly anyone dies!”"
},
{
"duration": 3.254,
"start": 123.619,
"text": "How is everyone just shrugging and saying,\n“that’s the way it is”?"
},
{
"duration": 4.964,
"start": 126.914,
"text": "Like, excuse me, am I the only one who\nthinks this activity is not suitable"
},
{
"duration": 1.126,
"start": 131.878,
"text": "for civilians? "
},
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 133.212,
"text": "Even the best case is a year\nof major inconvenience"
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 135.965,
"text": " between being pregnant and recovering."
},
{
"duration": 1.5430000000000001,
"start": 142.597,
"text": "It's so unfair."
},
{
"duration": 2.169,
"start": 151.939,
"text": "Well, it's not my fault\nshe's out to lunch."
},
{
"duration": 1.334,
"start": 163.91,
"text": "Oh! Hello..."
},
{
"duration": 5.088,
"start": 172.001,
"text": "Huh. “The Artificial Womb”\nby Wilhelmina Heliotrope."
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 177.757,
"text": "I didn’t realize her original papers\nwere still here."
},
{
"duration": 2.752,
"start": 182.053,
"text": "(Reading) “Pregnancy has caused\nso much suffering."
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 185.556,
"text": "What if we could bypass it completely?"
},
{
"duration": 5.13,
"start": 190.269,
"text": "What if we could grow humans\njust as well outside the body"
},
{
"duration": 1.501,
"start": 195.9,
"text": "as inside?”"
},
{
"duration": 1.6680000000000001,
"start": 199.779,
"text": "Yes, exactly!"
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 205.743,
"text": "(Reading) “This may be the stuff\nof science fiction for now,"
},
{
"duration": 2.628,
"start": 208.996,
"text": "but with sustained interest and effort,"
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 212.083,
"text": "It doesn’t have to be forever.”"
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 216.462,
"text": "Well, that's a future I want to live in."
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 222.385,
"text": "There’s a womb center in every town,\nand anyone can use it free of charge."
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 227.974,
"text": "Oh, I guess I still have to get\nthe eggs out of my body."
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 232.603,
"text": "I really only want to go\nthrough that once."
},
{
"duration": 3.336,
"start": 235.231,
"text": "But I'm still not sure if\nI want kids or how many,"
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 238.859,
"text": "so I get a bunch extracted to be safe."
},
{
"duration": 4.087,
"start": 243.948,
"text": "And then I go about my business\nfor however long I want."
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 248.411,
"text": "Nobody raises an eyebrow\nor asks nosy questions."
},
{
"duration": 1.8359999999999999,
"start": 253.874,
"text": "Even though grandma can still butt in."
},
{
"duration": 1.293,
"start": 255.71,
"text": "Hello? Hi!"
},
{
"duration": 5.088,
"start": 257.253,
"text": "When I’m ready— when I’m really ready,\nnot just when it’s the least worst time—"
},
{
"duration": 2.794,
"start": 262.967,
"text": "one of these artificial wombs\nstarts growing the fetus."
},
{
"duration": 5.756,
"start": 266.512,
"text": "In the meantime, I volunteer to be\ninfected with the Zika virus"
},
{
"duration": 1.334,
"start": 272.268,
"text": "for a vaccine trial."
},
{
"duration": 2.253,
"start": 275.479,
"text": "Then it's time to pick up my baby."
},
{
"duration": 5.256,
"start": 277.898,
"text": "Oh, I hope you named her after me!"
},
{
"duration": 4.379,
"start": 285.156,
"text": "You know, the hardest part is after\nthe baby's born, right?"
},
{
"duration": 3.878,
"start": 289.744,
"text": "Well, at least I’m not recovering\nfrom a major ordeal at the same time."
},
{
"duration": 1.501,
"start": 294.04,
"text": "And we'll split the work."
},
{
"duration": 2.377,
"start": 298.127,
"text": "I wouldn’t count on it."
},
{
"duration": 4.755,
"start": 300.963,
"text": "You think pregnancy is the only reason\nmothers do more than their share?"
},
{
"duration": 1.418,
"start": 306.385,
"text": "Think again."
},
{
"duration": 3.5460000000000003,
"start": 308.22,
"text": "But now that anyone can make a baby\nusing an artificial womb,"
},
{
"duration": 3.169,
"start": 311.766,
"text": "maybe people stop seeing everything\nchild-related as women’s work."
},
{
"duration": 1.919,
"start": 315.436,
"text": "Oh, I don't know."
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 319.69,
"text": "(Reading) “The artificial womb\nis my greatest dream,"
},
{
"duration": 5.172,
"start": 323.527,
"text": "but we face daunting social problems\nthis technology won’t solve.”"
},
{
"duration": 2.502,
"start": 329.325,
"text": "Oh, not you too!"
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 332.161,
"text": "(Reading) “There are already powerful\nvoices arguing that we should"
},
{
"duration": 4.379,
"start": 336.207,
"text": "treat fetuses and even embryos as people."
},
{
"duration": 5.297,
"start": 340.961,
"text": "Based on these arguments, women have\neven been charged with murder"
},
{
"duration": 1.71,
"start": 346.258,
"text": "after miscarrying."
},
{
"duration": 3.254,
"start": 347.968,
"text": "Will they use the invention\nof artificial wombs"
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 351.222,
"text": "to justify outlawing abortion entirely?”"
},
{
"duration": 1.96,
"start": 355.059,
"text": "Uh, what?"
},
{
"duration": 4.546,
"start": 357.395,
"text": "So they would argue no one needs an\nabortion if they can transfer the fetus"
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 361.941,
"text": "to an artificial womb instead?"
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 365.027,
"text": "But... say I get pregnant by accident."
},
{
"duration": 2.92,
"start": 368.489,
"text": "An abortion would prioritize\nmy health and safety."
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 372.118,
"text": "A transfer to an artificial womb\nprioritizes the fetus's health,"
},
{
"duration": 2.086,
"start": 376.997,
"text": "making it way more invasive for me."
},
{
"duration": 2.044,
"start": 381.21,
"text": "And I didn't actually want another kid."
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 383.963,
"text": "(Wilhelmina) “Not to mention,\na single fertility clinic can house"
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 387.967,
"text": "hundreds of thousands of embryos."
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 390.678,
"text": "If they’re all considered people— well.”"
},
{
"duration": 3.795,
"start": 395.266,
"text": "Wait, so I don’t get to choose\nwhether my stored embryos"
},
{
"duration": 2.002,
"start": 399.061,
"text": "are grown into babies anymore?"
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 401.772,
"text": "But I intentionally made extras!\nEveryone does!"
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 405.484,
"text": "It will take the womb center a thousand\nyears just to grow the embryos"
},
{
"duration": 1.669,
"start": 408.779,
"text": "it already has in storage."
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 410.948,
"text": "No one new will be able to use\nan artificial womb."
},
{
"duration": 3.5460000000000003,
"start": 414.618,
"text": "Unless we increase the number of them\nby several orders of magnitude."
},
{
"duration": 4.213,
"start": 418.789,
"text": "And even then we still have to figure out\nhow to support billions of new babies."
},
{
"duration": 4.547,
"start": 425.629,
"text": "Wait... artificial wombs don’t\nactually make it easier to justify"
},
{
"duration": 2.002,
"start": 430.176,
"text": "granting embryos all the rights of people."
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 432.928,
"text": "They make it even more clear\nwhat a disaster that would be."
},
{
"duration": 3.254,
"start": 436.765,
"text": "It forces us to clearly define a moral\nstatus for embryos and fetuses"
},
{
"duration": 1.334,
"start": 440.019,
"text": "that protects them,"
},
{
"duration": 2.211,
"start": 441.353,
"text": "but doesn’t prioritize them at all costs."
},
{
"duration": 1.6680000000000001,
"start": 443.981,
"text": "By the time my daughter grows up,"
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 445.649,
"text": "artificial wombs are once again\nwidely and freely available,"
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 448.694,
"text": "and I don’t have to worry about her\nsuffering through pregnancy, birth,"
},
{
"duration": 1.293,
"start": 452.031,
"text": "and postpartum recovery."
},
{
"duration": 1.001,
"start": 453.782,
"text": "Aha!"
},
{
"duration": 4.546,
"start": 455.117,
"text": "What happens when she wants\nto experience pregnancy, eh?"
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 459.83,
"text": "What! After everything we went\nthrough to make sure her generation"
},
{
"duration": 2.211,
"start": 464.001,
"text": "would be free to use artificial wombs?"
},
{
"duration": 1.21,
"start": 466.962,
"text": "You disapprove?"
},
{
"duration": 4.547,
"start": 468.38,
"text": "Well, no, not exactly.\nI just— she doesn’t understand."
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 473.677,
"text": "You want her to learn\nfrom your experience. Ha!"
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 477.681,
"text": "Uh-huh, I see where you’re going\nwith this."
},
{
"duration": 1.71,
"start": 481.31,
"text": "No, I can accept this."
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 483.646,
"text": "She should make her own choice.\nJust like me."
},
{
"duration": 2.127,
"start": 487.233,
"text": "Haha!"
},
{
"duration": 4.797,
"start": 499.995,
"text": "(Reading) “If we end up with less choice\nbecause of this technological progress,"
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 505.501,
"text": "it isn’t progress at all.”"
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 508.379,
"text": "But we can’t make progress\nIf we stuff these ideas away in a box"
},
{
"duration": 1.835,
"start": 512.341,
"text": "and ignore the questions they raise."
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 514.218,
"text": "Getting the world ready for artificial\nwombs would also help lots of people now."
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 518.389,
"text": "And then, maybe... maybe I’d actually\nbe able to imagine"
},
{
"duration": 3.212,
"start": 521.767,
"text": "the good parts of becoming a parent\nas vividly as the obstacles."
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 525.229,
"text": "Ada? What are you doing in my office?"
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 530.067,
"text": "Are you... going through my things?"
},
{
"duration": 4.63,
"start": 534.071,
"text": "Your things? Aren’t they Wilhelmina’s?"
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 539.451,
"text": "I—I mean, Dr. Heliotrope’s?"
},
{
"duration": 1.835,
"start": 543.289,
"text": "That's it. Out!"
},
{
"duration": 3.211,
"start": 545.541,
"text": "Are you... firing me?"
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 553.007,
"text": "Okay, I’ll take that as a maybe?"
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 573.652,
"text": "Well, I think people should see your work."
},
{
"duration": 2.002,
"start": 577.364,
"text": "We're as ready for it as we'll ever be."
},
{
"duration": 4.463,
"start": 584.538,
"text": "Hey, grandma! You wanted me to visit?\nHow’s tomorrow?"
}
] |
Amkg1cdDCpM
|
How to survive the apocalypse | Ada, Ep. 1
|
On Ada’s first day of her new job at the library, she imagines a post-apocalyptic future. Are we equipped to survive in such a world?
--
This is episode 1 of the animated series, “Ada.” This 5-episode narrative follows the young library assistant Ada as she juggles two worlds: her daily mundane reality and the future she vividly imagines for all humanity. Traveling through her visions of potential futures, Ada grapples with the ethical and social implications of new technologies and how they could shape the world.
Written by Elizabeth Cox, directed by Elizabeth Cox & Kirill Yeretsky.
This video was produced by Should We Studio.
Learn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartner
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
----------------------------------------------
Support us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon
Check out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop
----------------------------------------------
Connect With Us
----------------------------------------------
Sign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter
Follow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook
Find us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter
Peep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram
----------------------------------------------
Keep Learning
----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-to-survive-the-apocalypse-ada-ep-1
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-to-survive-the-apocalypse-ada-ep-1/digdeeper
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Sandra Tersluisen, Zhexi Shan, Bárbara Nazaré, Andrea Feliz, Victor E Karhel, Sydney Evans, Latora, Noel Situ, emily lam, Sid, Niccolò Frassetto, Mana, I'm here because of Knowledge Fight Facebook group., Linda Freedman, Edgardo Cuellar, Jaspar Carmichael-Jack, Michael Burton, VIVIANA A GARCIA BESNE, The Vernon's, Olha Bahatiuk, Jesús Bíquez Talayero, Chels Raknrl, Sai Pranavi Jonnalagadda, Stuart Rice, Jing Chen, Vector-Dopamine math, Jasper Song, Giorgio Bugnatelli, Chardon, Eddy Trochez, OnlineBookClub.org, Eric Shear, Leith Salem, Omar Hicham, Adrian Rotaru, Brad Sullivan, Karen Ho, Niklas Frimberger, Hunter Manhart, Nathan Nguyen, Igor Stavchanskiy, James R DeVries, Grace Huo, Diana Huang, Chau Hong Diem, Orlellys Torre, Corheu, Thomas Mee, Maryann H McCrory, and Blas Borde.
|
2025-01-30T16:01:24Z
|
[
{
"duration": 4.504,
"start": 7.045,
"text": "Here we see an early bird and\na night owl in their natural habitats."
},
{
"duration": 4.754,
"start": 11.758,
"text": "The early bird rises with the sun,\nspringing out of bed abuzz with energy."
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 16.512,
"text": "As the day goes on, they slowly get\nmore and more exhausted"
},
{
"duration": 2.503,
"start": 19.974,
"text": "until finally crashing around sunset."
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 22.852,
"text": "Meanwhile, the night owl rises\nlong after the sun,"
},
{
"duration": 1.919,
"start": 26.522,
"text": "stumbling groggily from their bed."
},
{
"duration": 2.794,
"start": 28.566,
"text": "After about 30 minutes—\nor a cup of coffee—"
},
{
"duration": 1.585,
"start": 31.36,
"text": "they begin to come to life."
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 33.112,
"text": "But they don’t really hit their stride\nuntil later in the day,"
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 36.532,
"text": "at which point they comfortably\ncoast past sunset,"
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 39.66,
"text": "only heading to bed in the early hours\nof the morning."
},
{
"duration": 4.547,
"start": 43.372,
"text": "For many, this is a familiar story,\nand one that’s easy to cast yourself in."
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 48.044,
"text": "But how many people are truly\nnight owls or early birds?"
},
{
"duration": 3.9210000000000003,
"start": 52.298,
"text": "And are our natural sleep schedules\npredetermined at birth,"
},
{
"duration": 1.835,
"start": 56.219,
"text": "or can we change them?"
},
{
"duration": 2.795,
"start": 58.262,
"text": "The truth is there’s a lot of space\nbetween these extremes,"
},
{
"duration": 2.21,
"start": 61.057,
"text": "and most people fall somewhere\nin the middle."
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 63.351,
"text": "These behaviors are determined\nby our circadian system—"
},
{
"duration": 2.503,
"start": 67.313,
"text": "which is anchored by a pair\nof nerve cell clusters"
},
{
"duration": 2.669,
"start": 69.816,
"text": "located in the anterior hypothalamus."
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 72.693,
"text": "These nerve cells respond to light\nexposure coming in through your eyes"
},
{
"duration": 3.9210000000000003,
"start": 76.405,
"text": "to track the day-night cycle that dictates\nyour body’s internal clock,"
},
{
"duration": 1.6680000000000001,
"start": 80.535,
"text": "or circadian rhythm."
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 82.203,
"text": "That steady rhythm helps determine\nthe body’s flow of hormones,"
},
{
"duration": 3.461,
"start": 86.541,
"text": "with the broader circadian system\nacting like a conductor"
},
{
"duration": 3.254,
"start": 90.002,
"text": "that keeps your organs functioning\nin time with one another."
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 93.464,
"text": "And a major part of that performance\nis managing the body’s transitions"
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 97.301,
"text": "between being awake and being asleep."
},
{
"duration": 4.547,
"start": 101.43,
"text": "Now, your circadian system can't just\ndecide its bedtime and knock you out."
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 105.977,
"text": "However, by tracking how much\nlight you typically get"
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 109.105,
"text": "and when in your waking hours\nyou usually get it,"
},
{
"duration": 3.838,
"start": 111.732,
"text": "the system can make predictions about\nwhen you’re likely to need sleep"
},
{
"duration": 2.21,
"start": 115.57,
"text": "and prepare your body accordingly."
},
{
"duration": 3.503,
"start": 117.822,
"text": "For example, if you consistently\ngo to sleep around 10 pm,"
},
{
"duration": 4.38,
"start": 121.325,
"text": "your circadian system will start producing\nsleep-inducing melatonin"
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 125.705,
"text": "around two hours before then\nto tell your body it’s time for bed."
},
{
"duration": 2.8369999999999997,
"start": 130.334,
"text": "So if this rhythm is molded\nby our sleep habits,"
},
{
"duration": 3.92,
"start": 133.171,
"text": "can we change it just by sticking\nto a strict schedule?"
},
{
"duration": 1.001,
"start": 137.216,
"text": "To a degree."
},
{
"duration": 1.627,
"start": 138.217,
"text": "Everyone’s bodies are unique,"
},
{
"duration": 4.212,
"start": 139.844,
"text": "so even two people with the same sleep\nschedule might have different experiences"
},
{
"duration": 2.795,
"start": 144.056,
"text": "based on their circadian system’s \nhormonal quirks."
},
{
"duration": 5.172,
"start": 147.101,
"text": "For example, where early birds generally\nflood with cortisol just before waking up,"
},
{
"duration": 5.422,
"start": 152.273,
"text": "night owls often have their cortisol peak\nroughly 30 minutes after getting up."
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 157.945,
"text": "Hormonal differences like these determine\nhow you experience your circadian rhythm."
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 162.241,
"text": "And while these factors\ncan shift with age,"
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 164.535,
"text": "you’re unlikely to grow out of your body’s\npreferred sleep schedule."
},
{
"duration": 5.339,
"start": 168.664,
"text": "That said, you can cultivate habits\nto help or hinder your circadian rhythm."
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 174.253,
"text": "Keeping consistent sleeping hours helps\nyour body accurately predict"
},
{
"duration": 1.502,
"start": 178.507,
"text": "when to send out hormones,"
},
{
"duration": 2.002,
"start": 180.009,
"text": "making it easier to stick\nto your schedule."
},
{
"duration": 3.503,
"start": 182.011,
"text": "Conversely, research in sleep deprived\ncollege students"
},
{
"duration": 2.378,
"start": 185.514,
"text": "has found their unpredictable\nsleeping habits"
},
{
"duration": 3.086,
"start": 187.892,
"text": "weaken their entire circadian system."
},
{
"duration": 2.67,
"start": 191.562,
"text": "Compromised circadian rhythms\nare less effective"
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 194.232,
"text": "at coordinating organ functioning\nand can incur health risks"
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 197.61,
"text": "like metabolic disorders\nand vulnerable immune systems."
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 200.988,
"text": "But perhaps just as important\nas sleep hygiene is light hygiene."
},
{
"duration": 4.671,
"start": 205.91,
"text": "Getting sufficient contrast between\nbright daylight and dimmer nighttime light"
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 210.581,
"text": "is essential for synchronizing\nyour circadian rhythm,"
},
{
"duration": 4.213,
"start": 213.751,
"text": "and nothing establishes this contrast\nbetter than sunlight."
},
{
"duration": 5.005,
"start": 218.089,
"text": "Even on overcast days, sunlight is much\nbrighter than standard indoor lighting."
},
{
"duration": 2.253,
"start": 223.135,
"text": "So if you're typically\nawake during the day,"
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 225.388,
"text": "try getting outside as soon as possible\nto teach your body"
},
{
"duration": 2.043,
"start": 228.683,
"text": "when to be active and alert."
},
{
"duration": 2.211,
"start": 231.185,
"text": "It’s difficult to maintain\na sleep schedule"
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 233.396,
"text": "that pushes against your\nbody’s preferences."
},
{
"duration": 1.96,
"start": 235.773,
"text": "And even if you succeed for months,"
},
{
"duration": 4.505,
"start": 237.733,
"text": "it only takes one bad night to send\nyour circadian system back to baseline."
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 242.446,
"text": "But whether you’re an early bird,\nnight owl, or somewhere in between,"
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 246.492,
"text": "it’s important to remember\nthat as long as you’re consistent,"
},
{
"duration": 2.92,
"start": 249.87,
"text": "there’s no wrong time\nto wake up or go to sleep."
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 252.957,
"text": "What matters most is getting enough rest\nfor the day ahead."
}
] |
anJKMZCVjxs
|
Is the Amazon Rainforest disappearing? - Anna Rothschild
|
Explore the relationship between the Amazon rainforest and the rest of the planet, and what would happen if it disappeared.
--
As of 2022, humans have deforested 17% of the Amazon, and scientists warn that we may be approaching a tipping point. It’s like removing bricks from a house: take a few and the house remains standing; remove too many and the whole thing will collapse. So, what would happen if the entire Amazon disappeared? Anna Rothschild explores the relationship between this ecosystem and the rest of the planet.
Lesson by Anna Rothschild, directed by Upamanyu Bhattacharyya, Otter Studios.
This video made possible in collaboration with Speed & Scale
Learn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartner
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
----------------------------------------------
Support us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon
Check out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop
----------------------------------------------
Connect With Us
----------------------------------------------
Sign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter
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Find us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter
Peep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram
----------------------------------------------
Keep Learning
----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-would-happen-if-the-amazon-rainforest-disappeared-anna-rothschild
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-would-happen-if-the-amazon-rainforest-disappeared-anna-rothschild/digdeeper
Animator's website: https://www.otterstudios.org
Music: https://www.campstudio.co
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Doreen Reynolds-Consolati, Manognya Chakrapani, Ayala Ron, Eunsun Kim, Phyllis Dubrow, Ophelia Gibson Best, Paul Schneider, Joichiro Yamada, Henrique Cassús, Karthik Cherala, Clarence E. Harper Jr., Vignan Velivela, Ana Maria, Exal Enrique Cisneros Tuch, Tejas Dc, Khalifa Alhulail, Martin Stephen, Jose Henrique Leopoldo e Silva, Mandeep Singh, Abhijit Kiran Valluri, Morgan Williams, Devin Harris, Pavel Zalevskiy, Karen Goepen-Wee, Filip Dabrowski, Barbara Smalley, Megan Douglas, Tim Leistikow, Ka-Hei Law, Hiroshi Uchiyama, Mark Morris, Misaki Sato, EdoKun, SookKwan Loong, Bev Millar, Lex Azevedo, Michael Aquilina, Jason A Saslow, Yansong Li, Cristóbal Moenne, Dawn Jordan, Prasanth Mathialagan, Samuel Doerle, David Rosario, Dominik Kugelmann - they-them, Siamak Hajizadeh, Ryohky Araya, Mayank Kaul, Christophe Dessalles, and Heather Slater.
|
2025-01-28T16:01:32Z
|
[
{
"duration": 3.087,
"start": 6.9190000000000005,
"text": "Do you ever feel tired? Overwhelmed?"
},
{
"duration": 2.502,
"start": 10.465,
"text": "Nervous? Depressed?"
},
{
"duration": 4.338,
"start": 13.509,
"text": "Do you have headaches, dizziness,\ncramps, difficulty breathing?"
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 18.514,
"text": "From 300 BCE to the early 1900s,"
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 22.31,
"text": "if you answered yes to these questions\nand you had a uterus,"
},
{
"duration": 5.089,
"start": 27.69,
"text": "a European or American doctor would\nlikely diagnose you with hysteria."
},
{
"duration": 2.252,
"start": 33.488,
"text": "No, not mass hysteria. "
},
{
"duration": 2.002,
"start": 36.074,
"text": "Ladylike hysteria."
},
{
"duration": 4.797,
"start": 38.659,
"text": "The catch-all term “hysteria” was used\nby physicians, who were mostly men,"
},
{
"duration": 4.505,
"start": 43.706,
"text": "to describe just about any unexplainable\nmedical condition "
},
{
"duration": 2.168,
"start": 48.211,
"text": "suffered by female patients."
},
{
"duration": 1.626,
"start": 51.339,
"text": "By some interpretations,"
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 52.965,
"text": "being a woman was itself\nlong considered a pathology"
},
{
"duration": 2.545,
"start": 56.677,
"text": "from which all kinds of problems arose."
},
{
"duration": 4.838,
"start": 59.931,
"text": "Throughout its long history,\nhysteria was used as a cultural signifier"
},
{
"duration": 4.88,
"start": 64.769,
"text": "for what men with authority found\ncontemptible and incomprehensible"
},
{
"duration": 5.172,
"start": 69.649,
"text": "in the behavior of women who lacked,\nor tried to exercise, power."
},
{
"duration": 4.38,
"start": 75.404,
"text": "The term hysteria is derived\nfrom the Greek word for uterus,"
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 79.909,
"text": "and was first used in the\n4th century BCE."
},
{
"duration": 4.505,
"start": 84.288,
"text": "Drawing on earlier Egyptian beliefs,\nand not a great deal of medical rigor,"
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 89.043,
"text": "the Greeks viewed hysteria\nas a malady of the womb,"
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 92.505,
"text": "arguing that the uterus could dislodge\nand move throughout the body,"
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 96.467,
"text": "causing a variety of ailments."
},
{
"duration": 4.213,
"start": 99.345,
"text": "They believed the uterus wandered\nbecause it longed to bear children,"
},
{
"duration": 1.168,
"start": 103.975,
"text": "and for that reason,"
},
{
"duration": 3.878,
"start": 105.143,
"text": "unmarried women were the most likely\nto get a hysteria diagnosis."
},
{
"duration": 4.17,
"start": 109.856,
"text": "The usual prescription was immediate\nmarriage, impregnation,"
},
{
"duration": 2.545,
"start": 114.026,
"text": "or the use of uterine fumigations"
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 116.571,
"text": "to entice the rebellious organ\nback into place."
},
{
"duration": 2.044,
"start": 120.658,
"text": "By the 2nd century CE,"
},
{
"duration": 3.503,
"start": 122.702,
"text": "Roman physicians rejected\nthe wandering womb theory."
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 126.539,
"text": "But they still viewed the uterus\nas the source of hysteria,"
},
{
"duration": 5.214,
"start": 130.334,
"text": "believing, without much evidence, that it\nproduced a secretion similar to semen,"
},
{
"duration": 5.047,
"start": 135.673,
"text": "which— if not released— corrupted\nthe blood and irritated the nerves."
},
{
"duration": 5.673,
"start": 141.47,
"text": "As a result, midwives would often treat\nhysteria by manually inducing orgasms"
},
{
"duration": 1.5430000000000001,
"start": 147.143,
"text": "in female patients."
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 149.02,
"text": "By the late Middle Ages, Christianity had\nspread throughout Europe,"
},
{
"duration": 4.463,
"start": 152.69,
"text": "and its influence had likewise infiltrated\nWestern medical practice."
},
{
"duration": 4.672,
"start": 157.653,
"text": "Physicians started to posit that hysteria\nwas a malady not of the womb,"
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 162.491,
"text": "but of the soul,\nand reflected Satanic influence."
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 167.246,
"text": "Doctors continued to dismiss women’s\nsymptoms and pain,"
},
{
"duration": 5.589,
"start": 170.416,
"text": "now misogynistically shifting the blame\nto their supposed inherent weak wills"
},
{
"duration": 2.127,
"start": 176.214,
"text": "and susceptibility to sin."
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 178.633,
"text": "This situation worsened through the\n16th and 17th centuries,"
},
{
"duration": 4.379,
"start": 182.595,
"text": "as women, especially those who didn’t\nconform to social expectations,"
},
{
"duration": 5.131,
"start": 187.099,
"text": "risked being accused of witchcraft,\nwhich often carried heavy consequences."
},
{
"duration": 2.585,
"start": 192.939,
"text": "In late Victorian Europe\nand North America,"
},
{
"duration": 4.13,
"start": 195.524,
"text": "some medical doctors started arguing\nthat hysteria’s true origin"
},
{
"duration": 4.17,
"start": 199.654,
"text": "lay not in the body or soul,\nbut rather, in the mind."
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 204.575,
"text": "Middle class women, facing intense\ndemands of social respectability"
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 208.621,
"text": "and strict codes of sexual conduct,"
},
{
"duration": 3.129,
"start": 211.123,
"text": "were often referred to “nerve doctors”"
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 214.418,
"text": "who’d use isolating and unfounded\nrest cures"
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 217.588,
"text": "to treat any emotional and\npsychological distress."
},
{
"duration": 4.755,
"start": 221.55,
"text": "When writing her semi-autobiographical\nshort story, “The Yellow Wallpaper,”"
},
{
"duration": 4.087,
"start": 226.514,
"text": "Charlotte Perkins Gilman drew from the\ndistressing treatment she underwent"
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 230.601,
"text": "for her so-called hysterical tendencies."
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 234.23,
"text": "The narrator, suffering from what would\nnow likely be diagnosed"
},
{
"duration": 1.835,
"start": 237.775,
"text": "as postpartum depression,"
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 239.61,
"text": "describes being confined alone in an attic"
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 243.072,
"text": "and being denied\nany intellectual activity,"
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 245.783,
"text": "including reading or writing."
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 248.911,
"text": "Around this same time, Sigmund Freud\nwas rising to fame."
},
{
"duration": 3.336,
"start": 253.833,
"text": "He believed hysteria,\nlike other nervous conditions,"
},
{
"duration": 3.129,
"start": 257.169,
"text": "was caused by repressed emotional trauma."
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 260.715,
"text": "His treatment required drawing these\nmemories out of the unconscious"
},
{
"duration": 2.502,
"start": 264.677,
"text": "so they could be acknowledged\nand addressed."
},
{
"duration": 3.9210000000000003,
"start": 267.888,
"text": "Freud also dismissed the idea\nthat hysteria was unique to women."
},
{
"duration": 5.839,
"start": 272.31,
"text": "Belief in “male hysteria” became prominent\nduring and after the First World War,"
},
{
"duration": 4.546,
"start": 278.149,
"text": "but was framed as the more\nmasculine-sounding “shell shock.”"
},
{
"duration": 1.835,
"start": 283.112,
"text": "Over the 20th century,"
},
{
"duration": 6.215,
"start": 284.947,
"text": "the term hysteria was slowly replaced\nby specific, less gendered diagnoses,"
},
{
"duration": 4.463,
"start": 291.37,
"text": "including anxiety, depression,\nPTSD, and epilepsy."
},
{
"duration": 2.378,
"start": 296.375,
"text": "And hysteria was officially removed"
},
{
"duration": 4.879,
"start": 298.753,
"text": "from the “Diagnostic and Statistical\nManual of Mental Disorders” in 1980."
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 304.342,
"text": "Today, most scholars argue that the\nblanket disease hysteria"
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 308.596,
"text": "was always a figment\nof doctors’ imaginations."
},
{
"duration": 4.838,
"start": 312.058,
"text": "As outright medical sexism declined,\nso did its diagnosis."
},
{
"duration": 3.461,
"start": 317.188,
"text": "Nevertheless, its legacy reflects\nWestern medicine’s"
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 320.649,
"text": "long, storied, and ongoing history"
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 323.903,
"text": "of misattributing and trivializing\nwomen’s pain."
}
] |
3svcvmunYn4
|
Have we reached the limit of computer power? - Sajan Saini and George Zaidan
|
Dig into Moore’s Law and explore its 4 main limitations and how they could change how we are able to make progress in computing.
--
Moore’s Law states that every 1 to 2 years the number of transistors that can fit on a given size computer chip will double. Thanks to this law, chips have gotten smaller, faster, more efficient, and cheaper. But today, there are four key problems that trip up this trend, potentially ending Moore’s Law and fundamentally changing how computing progresses. Sajan Saini and George Zaidan investigate.
Lesson by Sajan Saini and George Zaidan, directed by Jeff Le Bars, JetPropulsion.space.
A special thanks to Anuradha Murthy Agarwal who provided information and insights for the development of this video.
Artists and artworks referenced in the animation:
"The Persistence of Memory and The Disintegration of the Persistence of Memory" by Salvador Dalí
"Composition VIII" by Wassily Kandinsky
"Oh Jeff and Girl with Tear III" by Roy Lichtenstein
"Black Square on a White Background" by Kazimir Malevich
"Triptych Bleu I, II, III" by Joan Miró
Piet Mondrian
"Marilyn" by Andy Warhol
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
----------------------------------------------
Support us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon
Check out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop
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----------------------------------------------
Sign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter
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Keep Learning
----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/have-we-reached-the-limit-of-computer-power-sajan-saini-and-george-zaidan
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/have-we-reached-the-limit-of-computer-power-sajan-saini-and-george-zaidan/digdeeper
Animator's website: https://jetpropulsion.space
Music: https://www.wonderboyaudio.com
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Jose Arcadio Valdes Franco, Sebastiaan Vleugels, Karl Laius, JY Kang, Abhishek Goel, Heidi Stolt, Nicole Sund, Karlee Finch, Mario Mejia, Denise A Pitts, Doug Henry, Keven Webb, Mihai Sandu, Deepak Iyer, Javid Gozalov, Kyanta Yap, Rebecca Reineke, William Biersdorf, Patricia Alves Panagides, Yvette Mocete, Cyrus Garay, Samuel Barbas, LadyGeek, Marin Kovachev, Penelope Misquitta, Hans Peng, Gaurav Mathur, Erik Biemans, Tony, Michelle, Katie and Josh Pedretti, Hoai Nam Tran, Kack-Kyun Kim, Michael Braun-Boghos, zjweele13, Anna-Pitschna Kunz, Edla Paniguel, Thomas Mungavan, Jaron Blackburn, Venkat Venkatakrishnan, ReuniteKorea, Aaron Henson, Rohan Gupta, Begum Tutuncu, Brian Richards, Jørgen Østerpart, Tyron Jung, Carsten Tobehn, Katie Dean, Ezgi Yersu, Gerald Onyango, and alessandra tasso.
|
2025-01-23T16:01:54Z
|
[
{
"duration": 5.881,
"start": 7.253,
"text": "The average person poops out approximately\n11,030 kilograms of cumulative waste."
},
{
"duration": 2.9619999999999997,
"start": 13.217,
"text": "That's the equivalent\nof more than six SUVs."
},
{
"duration": 2.336,
"start": 16.387,
"text": "Now, oftentimes, that poop is brown."
},
{
"duration": 5.213,
"start": 18.89,
"text": "But why is that, considering all\nthe colorful comestibles one consumes?"
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 24.187,
"text": "And what's going on when poop appears\nin different colors and textures?"
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 28.983,
"text": "Say you’re eating\na beautiful, rainbowy salad."
},
{
"duration": 5.547,
"start": 31.736,
"text": "Your teeth and saliva first help\nbreak down the food and add lubrication."
},
{
"duration": 2.085,
"start": 37.45,
"text": "Each bite enters your esophagus"
},
{
"duration": 3.9210000000000003,
"start": 39.535,
"text": "and sequential muscle contractions\npush it towards your stomach."
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 43.915,
"text": "There, the mixture combines\nwith the clear, hydrochloric acid"
},
{
"duration": 5.505,
"start": 48.336,
"text": "and enzyme-packed digestive juices\nyour stomach started secreting"
},
{
"duration": 1.835,
"start": 54.008,
"text": "as you prepared to eat."
},
{
"duration": 5.088,
"start": 56.469,
"text": "These juices further degrade your food,\nand once your stomach stops churning,"
},
{
"duration": 3.9210000000000003,
"start": 61.557,
"text": "its partially digested contents,\ncalled chyme,"
},
{
"duration": 3.044,
"start": 65.52,
"text": "slowly empty into your small intestine."
},
{
"duration": 4.964,
"start": 68.981,
"text": "Your pancreas releases another clear fluid\nloaded with even more enzymes,"
},
{
"duration": 4.88,
"start": 73.945,
"text": "which get to work breaking carbohydrates\ndown into monosaccharides,"
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 78.908,
"text": "and proteins into amino acids\nand peptides."
},
{
"duration": 3.461,
"start": 83.538,
"text": "At this point, your liver also sends\nin bile,"
},
{
"duration": 1.627,
"start": 86.999,
"text": "which is tinted yellow."
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 89.043,
"text": "It contains salts that help\nseparate the fats from your food"
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 93.047,
"text": "so enzymes can also transform them\ninto smaller units,"
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 97.301,
"text": "like monoglycerides and fatty acids."
},
{
"duration": 6.006,
"start": 100.429,
"text": "Specific intestinal cells can then absorb\nthese nutrients into the bloodstream."
},
{
"duration": 3.628,
"start": 106.978,
"text": "Bile is especially important\non the color front."
},
{
"duration": 4.963,
"start": 110.773,
"text": "The reason it's yellow is because one\nof its major components is bilirubin,"
},
{
"duration": 4.588,
"start": 116.07,
"text": "a yellowy compound produced\nby the breakdown of hemoglobin,"
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 120.658,
"text": "the protein that helps your\nred blood cells transport oxygen."
},
{
"duration": 2.92,
"start": 125.204,
"text": "By this point, the digestive\nsystem has broken down"
},
{
"duration": 4.379,
"start": 128.124,
"text": "and absorbed lots of nutrients\nand added bile to the mix,"
},
{
"duration": 4.255,
"start": 132.628,
"text": "so we’ve gone from a rainbow medley\nto a greenish-yellow liquid."
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 137.008,
"text": "But the transformation isn’t yet complete."
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 139.802,
"text": "This mixture then reaches\nthe large intestine,"
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 142.722,
"text": "where microbes break the bilirubin\ndown into stercobilin."
},
{
"duration": 4.922,
"start": 147.351,
"text": "This compound is brown, and it's what\nlends poop its classic color."
},
{
"duration": 3.379,
"start": 152.481,
"text": "The large intestine\nthen absorbs excess water,"
},
{
"duration": 4.045,
"start": 155.902,
"text": "and the semi-solid brown mass\nis soon ready for excretion."
},
{
"duration": 2.9619999999999997,
"start": 160.239,
"text": "But of course,\nit doesn’t always go this way."
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 163.534,
"text": "Our bodies have a hard time\nprocessing certain pigments."
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 169.123,
"text": "Red beets, for example,\nare packed with betanins—"
},
{
"duration": 5.589,
"start": 173.377,
"text": "large, pigmented molecules that our bodies\nonly absorb about half the time,"
},
{
"duration": 2.378,
"start": 179.383,
"text": "leading to red-tinged waste."
},
{
"duration": 4.213,
"start": 182.011,
"text": "Indeed, loading up on any one kind\nof colorful food"
},
{
"duration": 4.963,
"start": 186.224,
"text": "can overwhelm the usual processes\nthat degrade and absorb the pigment,"
},
{
"duration": 2.502,
"start": 191.187,
"text": "resulting in poos of different hues."
},
{
"duration": 5.464,
"start": 193.856,
"text": "Meanwhile, certain medicines that treat\nupset stomachs may contain bismuth,"
},
{
"duration": 5.339,
"start": 199.403,
"text": "which reacts with sulfur in the\ndigestive tract to form bismuth sulfide,"
},
{
"duration": 2.127,
"start": 204.784,
"text": "turning poop pitch-black."
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 207.203,
"text": "None of these color shift\nscenarios are cause for concern,"
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 211.249,
"text": "but some changes in poop characteristics"
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 214.377,
"text": "can indicate when something’s\nnot quite right."
},
{
"duration": 5.798,
"start": 217.713,
"text": "Ideally, poop is brown, semi-soft,\nsausage shaped, and easy to pass."
},
{
"duration": 4.546,
"start": 223.803,
"text": "Constipation can be a sign\nof dehydration, insufficient fiber,"
},
{
"duration": 2.628,
"start": 228.557,
"text": "or another digestive disruption."
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 231.477,
"text": "And diarrhea might be greenish"
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 233.771,
"text": "because it traversed the digestive tract\ntoo quickly"
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 237.316,
"text": "for bacteria to transform bilirubin\ninto stercobilin."
},
{
"duration": 4.546,
"start": 241.612,
"text": "This might happen because of disturbances\nincluding food intolerances,"
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 246.158,
"text": "infections, and inflammatory diseases."
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 249.745,
"text": "Yellow, smelly, floating poops\ncould mean the pancreas"
},
{
"duration": 4.463,
"start": 253.582,
"text": "isn’t producing all the digestive\nenzymes needed to break down fats"
},
{
"duration": 1.835,
"start": 258.045,
"text": "in the small intestine."
},
{
"duration": 5.297,
"start": 260.131,
"text": "Pale poop may come to pass when bile\nisn't entering the small intestine,"
},
{
"duration": 3.753,
"start": 265.428,
"text": "suggesting a liver, gallbladder,\nor pancreas problem."
},
{
"duration": 4.255,
"start": 269.598,
"text": "And red or black poop can indicate\ninternal bleeding"
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 273.853,
"text": "from any number\nof intestinal abnormalities."
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 278.316,
"text": "Considering how small changes\nin diet and lifestyle"
},
{
"duration": 2.669,
"start": 281.861,
"text": "can cause big shifts\nin bowel movements,"
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 284.655,
"text": "a couple days of colorful poops,\nconstipation, or diarrhea"
},
{
"duration": 1.627,
"start": 289.076,
"text": "are generally benign."
},
{
"duration": 4.88,
"start": 291.12,
"text": "But it’s worth monitoring the situation\nin case things don’t return to normal"
},
{
"duration": 1.293,
"start": 296,
"text": "within a week."
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 297.293,
"text": "In those scenarios, it's a good idea\nto get a doctor on the case."
},
{
"duration": 5.673,
"start": 301.797,
"text": "Blood, discomfort, and persistent\nconstipation, diarrhea, narrow poops,"
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 307.511,
"text": "or lack of relief from bowel movements"
},
{
"duration": 3.212,
"start": 310.389,
"text": "can indicate more serious\ndigestive issues."
},
{
"duration": 5.631,
"start": 314.143,
"text": "This includes blockages, inflammation,\nbowel diseases, and cancers."
},
{
"duration": 3.7960000000000003,
"start": 320.107,
"text": "Your bowels will only benefit\nfrom early intervention."
},
{
"duration": 4.212,
"start": 324.195,
"text": "So, don’t be afraid to take to the toilet,\nface your feces,"
},
{
"duration": 1.5430000000000001,
"start": 328.407,
"text": "and examine your excrement."
},
{
"duration": 1.71,
"start": 330.117,
"text": "There’s nothing to be ashamed of—"
},
{
"duration": 5.047,
"start": 331.869,
"text": "but lots to learn about the colorful\nchoreography going on inside."
}
] |
2fyX600dL2g
|
What actually causes high cholesterol? - Hei Man Chan
|
Travel into the digestive system to learn about cholesterol, and find out what the difference is between LDL and HDL cholesterol.
--
In 1968, the American Heart Association made an announcement that would influence people’s diets for decades: they recommended that people avoid eating more than three eggs a week. Their reasoning was that the cholesterol packed into egg yolks could increase cardiovascular disease risk. So, what exactly is cholesterol? And is it actually bad for you? Hei Man Chan digs into this complex molecule.
Lesson by Hei Man Chan, directed by Igor Ćorić, Artrake Studio.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
----------------------------------------------
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----------------------------------------------
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----------------------------------------------
Keep Learning
----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-actually-causes-high-cholesterol-hei-man-chan
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-actually-causes-high-cholesterol-hei-man-chan/digdeeper
Animator's website: https://www.artrake.com
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Angel Alberici, Minh Quan Dinh, Sylvain, Terran Gimpel, Talia Sari, Katie McDowell, Allen, Mahina Knuckles, Charmaine Hanson, Thawsitt, Jezabel, Abdullah Abdulaziz, Xiao Yu, Melissa Suarez, Brian A. Dunn, Francisco Amaya, Daisuke Goto, Matt Switzler, Peng, Tzu-Hsiang, Bethany Connor, Jeremy Shimanek, Mark Byers, Avinash Amarnath, Xuebicoco, Rayo, Po Foon Kwong, Boffin, Jesse Jurman, Scott Markley, Elija Peterson, Ovidiu Mrd, paul g mohney, Steven Razey, Nathan Giusti, Helen Lee, Anthony Benedict, Karthik Balsubramanian, Annastasshia Ames, Amy Lopez, Vinh-Thuy Nguyen, Liz Candee, Ugur Doga Sezgin, Karmi Nguyen, John C. Vesey, Yelena Baykova, Nick Johnson, Carlos H. Costa, Jennifer Kurkoski, Ryan B Harvey, and Akinola Emmanuel.
|
2025-01-21T16:00:52Z
|
[
{
"duration": 4.755,
"start": 6.9190000000000005,
"text": "Imagine you live in a remote village\nwhere the only source of water"
},
{
"duration": 2.086,
"start": 11.674,
"text": "is delivered monthly by truck."
},
{
"duration": 2.169,
"start": 13.926,
"text": "This, of course, costs money."
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 16.262,
"text": "But then you discover a massive\nwater source below the village:"
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 20.975,
"text": "limitless water,\nbut currently unreachable."
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 24.896,
"text": "To access it, you’d need to dig a well."
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 27.69,
"text": "That would cost years’ worth\nof water trucking fees,"
},
{
"duration": 5.422,
"start": 31.611,
"text": "But once built, you and all future\ngenerations would have unlimited water—"
},
{
"duration": 3.503,
"start": 37.033,
"text": "for only the minor cost\nof maintaining the well."
},
{
"duration": 2.044,
"start": 41.12,
"text": "So, what’s the best way forward?"
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 43.206,
"text": "Continue trucking in water?\nOr build the well?"
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 47.043,
"text": "Is the trillion dollar price tag"
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 49.462,
"text": "that comes with transitioning the world\nto clean energy"
},
{
"duration": 1.751,
"start": 53.091,
"text": "worth the cost of investment?"
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 55.343,
"text": "Like the trucked in water,\nfossil fuels aren't free."
},
{
"duration": 4.213,
"start": 59.013,
"text": "There are the costs of the actual fuels,\nwhich, adjusted for inflation,"
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 63.226,
"text": "haven't changed much for 140 years."
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 65.937,
"text": "And then there are the costs\nof maintaining and updating"
},
{
"duration": 2.794,
"start": 69.232,
"text": "our extensive fossil fuel infrastructure."
},
{
"duration": 1.084,
"start": 72.36,
"text": "On the other hand,"
},
{
"duration": 5.089,
"start": 73.444,
"text": "the wind, water, and sunlight needed\nto power renewables are all free"
},
{
"duration": 2.127,
"start": 78.658,
"text": "and in unlimited supply,"
},
{
"duration": 3.086,
"start": 80.785,
"text": "just like the village’s\nnewly discovered water table."
},
{
"duration": 4.755,
"start": 84.163,
"text": "There’s just the upfront cost of building\ninfrastructure to harness them."
},
{
"duration": 2.669,
"start": 89.252,
"text": "To fully transition to a green economy,"
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 91.921,
"text": "we'd also need to invest\nin electrifying entire industries,"
},
{
"duration": 2.378,
"start": 96.3,
"text": "building new renewable energy plants,"
},
{
"duration": 3.586,
"start": 98.845,
"text": "deploying large-scale\nenergy storage, and more."
},
{
"duration": 1.835,
"start": 103.182,
"text": "Back in the early 2000s,"
},
{
"duration": 5.422,
"start": 105.101,
"text": "most economic models predicted\nthose costs to be completely impractical"
},
{
"duration": 2.21,
"start": 110.523,
"text": "and prohibitively expensive."
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 112.984,
"text": "For example, one model estimated\nthat solar power"
},
{
"duration": 5.631,
"start": 116.529,
"text": "would be about $157 per megawatt-hour\nin the 2020s,"
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 122.243,
"text": "which is far more expensive\nthan coal was projected to cost."
},
{
"duration": 4.838,
"start": 126.289,
"text": "But a slow revolution has been happening\nover the past two decades."
},
{
"duration": 5.756,
"start": 131.419,
"text": "In the early 2000, some countries like\nGermany and China and some tech companies"
},
{
"duration": 4.38,
"start": 137.216,
"text": "decided to invest huge sums of money\nin solar infrastructure."
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 141.679,
"text": "This led to more research and development,"
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 144.14,
"text": "which brought the costs down far below"
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 146.684,
"text": "what even the most optimistic model\nhad predicted."
},
{
"duration": 5.881,
"start": 150.354,
"text": "Today, solar is 84% cheaper than that\nearly model projected it would be—"
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 156.444,
"text": "making it cheaper than power from coal\nin much of the world."
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 160.948,
"text": "This change is so dramatic that some\neconomists now think"
},
{
"duration": 4.755,
"start": 164.952,
"text": "switching to renewable energy quickly\ncould save trillions of dollars"
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 169.707,
"text": "in the next three decades—\ndespite the upfront cost."
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 173.711,
"text": "And of course, there’s another\nimportant cost to consider."
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 177.423,
"text": "Global warming is very, very expensive:"
},
{
"duration": 5.005,
"start": 180.968,
"text": "extreme weather, rising sea levels,\ncrop failures, health issues,"
},
{
"duration": 3.379,
"start": 185.973,
"text": "and industry disruptions\nall cost money."
},
{
"duration": 2.086,
"start": 189.81,
"text": "Coming back to our village example,"
},
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 191.896,
"text": "it would be as if the more\nwater you truck in,"
},
{
"duration": 2.669,
"start": 194.732,
"text": "the more that traffic degrades the road—"
},
{
"duration": 5.756,
"start": 197.568,
"text": "ruts get deeper, sides erode, maybe part\nof it falls away in a landslide."
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 203.366,
"text": "Eventually the road would become unusable."
},
{
"duration": 5.297,
"start": 206.994,
"text": "Economists have also tried to predict\nhow expensive future warming will be."
},
{
"duration": 5.839,
"start": 212.75,
"text": "The widely cited DICE model posits that\nthe cost of climate change-induced damage"
},
{
"duration": 6.173,
"start": 218.714,
"text": "rises approximately as a function\nof global average temperatures squared."
},
{
"duration": 6.965,
"start": 225.096,
"text": "So if temperatures rise by two degrees,\ncosts rise by roughly a factor of four."
},
{
"duration": 5.589,
"start": 232.436,
"text": "In other words, these models assume that\ncosts will rise smoothly and continuously."
},
{
"duration": 4.38,
"start": 238.317,
"text": " But many economists today\nargue that assumption is wrong,"
},
{
"duration": 4.838,
"start": 242.697,
"text": "because it ignores catastrophic\nevents like the collapse of the Amazon,"
},
{
"duration": 2.669,
"start": 247.535,
"text": "melting of polar and Greenland ice,"
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 250.204,
"text": "and widespread crop failures,\njust to name a few."
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 254.417,
"text": "Any of these would cause huge,\nsharp spikes in costs."
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 258.963,
"text": "In fact, the US government keeps track\nof climate disasters"
},
{
"duration": 3.211,
"start": 262.967,
"text": "that incur more than $1 billion\nin damages,"
},
{
"duration": 5.881,
"start": 266.178,
"text": "and since 1980 they’ve already\nrecorded 400 of these events."
},
{
"duration": 5.881,
"start": 272.435,
"text": "The total bill is estimated to be\nan eye-watering $2.8 trillion—"
},
{
"duration": 1.626,
"start": 278.441,
"text": "just in the US."
},
{
"duration": 4.963,
"start": 280.443,
"text": "For decades, the argument in favor\nof transitioning to a green economy"
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 285.406,
"text": "was “let’s take the financial hit now;\nit’s hard,"
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 289.577,
"text": "but it’ll protect the world\nfor future generations.”"
},
{
"duration": 5.547,
"start": 293.122,
"text": "But that argument relied on economic\nmodeling that underestimated the costs"
},
{
"duration": 4.546,
"start": 298.669,
"text": "of a warming world and overestimated\nthe costs of transitioning."
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 303.507,
"text": "We now know the economic outlook\nis different."
},
{
"duration": 2.002,
"start": 306.844,
"text": "Making the investment to transition"
},
{
"duration": 3.086,
"start": 308.846,
"text": "not only protects the world\nfor future generations,"
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 312.016,
"text": " it also saves us money\nin our own lifetime."
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 316.312,
"text": "It's just the most logical thing to do."
}
] |
YiiLg_KbZDM
|
The history of the world according to rats - Max G. Levy
|
Trace the history of rats, from their emergence in Asia to how they became the most successful invasive species in the world.
--
Today, rats are often regarded as the most successful invasive species in the world. The most common species of rat scurried onto the scene roughly 1 to 3 million years ago in Asia. There, they craftily survived Earth’s most recent ice age, and eventually, began living around and with humans— though often at the mercy of human priorities. Max G. Levy traces the entangled history of human and rat.
Lesson by Max G. Levy, directed by Denys Spolitak.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
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Support us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon
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----------------------------------------------
Sign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter
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Keep Learning
----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-history-of-the-world-according-to-rats-max-g-levy
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-history-of-the-world-according-to-rats-max-g-levy/digdeeper
Animator's website: https://vimeo.com/denysspolitak
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Vanessa Graulich, Vandana Gunwani, Abdulmohsin Almadi, AJ Lyon, Geoffrey Bultitude, Mi Mi, Thomas Rothert, Brian Elieson, Oge O, Weronika Falkowska, Nevin Spoljaric, Sid Chanpuriya, Anoop Varghese, David Yastremski, Noah Webb, Roberto Chena, Oliver Koo, Luke Pisano, Andrea Gordon, Aleksandar Donev, Nicole Klau Ibarra, Jesse Lira, Ezekiel Raui, Petr Vacek, Dennis, Olivia Fu, Kari Teffeau, Cindy Lai, Rajath Durgada Manjunath, Dan Nguyen, Chin Beng Tan, Tom Boman, Karen Warner, Iryna Panasiuk, Aaron Torres, Eric Braun, Sonja Worzewski, Michael Clement, Adam Berry, Ghaith Tarawneh, Nathan Milford, Tomas Beckett, Alice Ice, Eric Berman, Kurt Paolo Sevillano, Jennifer Heald, Megulo Abebe, isolwi, Kate Sem, and Ujjwal Dasu.
|
2025-01-16T16:01:06Z
|
[
{
"duration": 4.212,
"start": 7.003,
"text": "If you were to place all the rice consumed\neach year on one side of a scale,"
},
{
"duration": 2.211,
"start": 11.215,
"text": "and every person in the world\non the other,"
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 13.426,
"text": "the scale would tip heavily\ntowards rice's favor."
},
{
"duration": 5.255,
"start": 16.095,
"text": "This beloved crop contributes over 20% of\nthe calories consumed by humans each year."
},
{
"duration": 5.756,
"start": 21.934,
"text": "Korean bibimbap, Nigerian jollof,\nIndian biryani, Spanish paella,"
},
{
"duration": 4.338,
"start": 27.69,
"text": "and countless other culinary masterpieces\nall begin with rice."
},
{
"duration": 3.211,
"start": 32.028,
"text": "So how did this humble grain\nend up in so many cuisines?"
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 35.99,
"text": "The roots of rice go back thousands\nof years to when early farmers"
},
{
"duration": 5.172,
"start": 39.118,
"text": "in Asia, Africa, and South America\neach independently domesticated the crop."
},
{
"duration": 1.502,
"start": 44.582,
"text": "First came Asian rice,"
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 46.084,
"text": "which many plant geneticists believe\noriginated in what's now China."
},
{
"duration": 3.211,
"start": 50.338,
"text": "Over 10,000 years ago,\nnomadic hunters in the region"
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 53.549,
"text": "began gathering and eating seeds\nfrom a weedy grass."
},
{
"duration": 4.338,
"start": 56.761,
"text": "Then, around 9,000 years ago,\nthey started planting these seeds,"
},
{
"duration": 3.586,
"start": 61.099,
"text": "prompting nomadic hunters to settle\ninto farming communities."
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 64.811,
"text": "With each harvest, growers selected\nand replanted seeds"
},
{
"duration": 2.252,
"start": 67.772,
"text": "from the rice plants\nthat pleased them most—"
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 70.024,
"text": "like those with bigger and more plentiful\ngrains or aromatic flavors."
},
{
"duration": 3.92,
"start": 74.654,
"text": "Over millennia, thousands of varieties\nof Asian rice emerged."
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 78.741,
"text": "A relative of the same weedy grass\nwas also domesticated in Africa"
},
{
"duration": 1.8359999999999999,
"start": 82.703,
"text": "around 3,000 years ago."
},
{
"duration": 3.504,
"start": 84.872,
"text": "Today, its growth is mostly limited\nto West Africa."
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 88.501,
"text": "South American growers also domesticated\nrice around 4,000 years ago,"
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 92.797,
"text": "though the crop was lost\nafter the arrival of Europeans."
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 96.384,
"text": "Asian rice, however, spread widely,"
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 98.678,
"text": "and is now a cornerstone of diet\nand culture in Asia and beyond."
},
{
"duration": 4.588,
"start": 102.932,
"text": "In India and Nepal, many Hindus mark\nan infant's transition to solid foods"
},
{
"duration": 2.336,
"start": 107.52,
"text": "with a ceremony known as Annaprashan,"
},
{
"duration": 2.377,
"start": 109.856,
"text": "where the baby tastes rice\nfor the first time."
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 112.4,
"text": "in Japan, rice is so central to diets\nthat the word \"gohan\""
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 115.987,
"text": "means both \"cooked rice\" and \"meal.\""
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 118.531,
"text": "The global expansion of rice cultivation\nwas only possible"
},
{
"duration": 2.335,
"start": 121.701,
"text": "because the plant can grow\nin many climates—"
},
{
"duration": 1.8359999999999999,
"start": 124.036,
"text": "from tropical to temperate."
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 126.164,
"text": "As a semi-aquatic plant, rice happily\ngrows in submerged soils."
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 130.418,
"text": "Many other crops can't survive\nin standing water"
},
{
"duration": 4.546,
"start": 133.004,
"text": "because their root cells rely on air\nwithin soil to access oxygen."
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 137.717,
"text": "But rice plants have air channels\nin their roots that allow oxygen to travel"
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 141.679,
"text": "from the leaves and stems\nto the submerged tissues."
},
{
"duration": 2.919,
"start": 145.016,
"text": "Traditionally, growers plant\nrice in paddy fields—"
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 147.935,
"text": "flat land submerged under as much\nas 10 centimeters of water"
},
{
"duration": 1.46,
"start": 151.689,
"text": "throughout the growing season."
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 153.274,
"text": "This practice returns high yields\nsince many competing weeds"
},
{
"duration": 2.21,
"start": 156.861,
"text": "can't hack it in the aquatic environment."
},
{
"duration": 2.378,
"start": 159.071,
"text": "But the technique is also water intensive."
},
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 161.657,
"text": "Rice covers 11% of global cropland,"
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 164.41,
"text": "but uses over a third\nof the world's irrigation water."
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 167.747,
"text": "This form of rice production\nalso pumps out"
},
{
"duration": 2.502,
"start": 170.041,
"text": "a surprising amount\nof greenhouse gas emissions."
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 172.71,
"text": "Flooded fields are the perfect breeding\ngrounds for microorganisms"
},
{
"duration": 1.501,
"start": 176.339,
"text": "known as methanogens."
},
{
"duration": 3.9210000000000003,
"start": 178.132,
"text": "These microscopic lifeforms thrive\nin environments lacking oxygen,"
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 182.053,
"text": "because they evolved when the Earth\ncontained little of this gas."
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 185.264,
"text": "Methanogens are the only organisms\nknown to produce methane—"
},
{
"duration": 4.088,
"start": 188.976,
"text": "a greenhouse gas 25 times more potent\nthan carbon dioxide"
},
{
"duration": 2.335,
"start": 193.064,
"text": "at trapping heat in the atmosphere."
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 195.483,
"text": "Cows, for example, are infamous\nfor burping out methane"
},
{
"duration": 2.127,
"start": 198.611,
"text": "due to methanogens in their stomachs."
},
{
"duration": 4.588,
"start": 200.738,
"text": "In a flooded paddy field, methanogens set\nto work eating away at organic material"
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 205.326,
"text": "in the submerged soil\nand multiplying rapidly,"
},
{
"duration": 2.794,
"start": 208.037,
"text": "all the while releasing copious amounts\nof methane."
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 211.04,
"text": "The result: rice cultivation\ncontributes around 12%"
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 214.418,
"text": "of human-caused methane\nemissions each year."
},
{
"duration": 1.293,
"start": 217.755,
"text": "But there's good news."
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 219.048,
"text": "Rice doesn't actually need to grow\nin continuously flooded paddies."
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 222.885,
"text": "Researchers and growers are exploring\nwater management strategies"
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 226.18,
"text": "that can cut the methane\nwhile keeping the yield."
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 229.1,
"text": "One promising technique is known\nas alternate wetting and drying."
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 232.52,
"text": "Growers periodically let\nthe water level drop,"
},
{
"duration": 2.168,
"start": 234.981,
"text": "which keeps methanogen growth in check."
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 237.358,
"text": "Alternate wetting and drying\ncan cut water use by 30%"
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 240.82,
"text": "and methane emissions\nby 30 to 70% without impacting yield."
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 245.241,
"text": "Greenhouse gases come from many—\nsometimes unexpected— places."
},
{
"duration": 3.7960000000000003,
"start": 249.203,
"text": "Making rice growing more sustainable\nis just one of the many challenges"
},
{
"duration": 2.585,
"start": 252.999,
"text": "we'll need to face\nto avoid catastrophic warming."
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 256.127,
"text": "Today, many rice growers still\nflood fields all season long."
},
{
"duration": 3.9210000000000003,
"start": 260.506,
"text": "Changing millennia-old practices\nrequires a major mindset shift."
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 264.719,
"text": "But going against the grain could be\njust what we need"
},
{
"duration": 2.919,
"start": 267.555,
"text": "to keep our planet healthy\nand our bowls full."
}
] |
wefiAkgs09M
|
One of the most controversial medical procedures in history - Jenell Johnson
|
Uncover the history of the lobotomy, and find out why it's considered one of the most controversial procedures of the 20th century.
--
In 1935, researchers found that after removing the frontal lobes of two chimps, they no longer experienced frustration or anxiety. Neurologist Egas Moniz believed that replicating this in humans could cure mental illness— leading to one of the most controversial and destructive medical treatments of the 20th century: the lobotomy. Jenell Johnson uncovers the history of the procedure.
Lesson by Jenell Johnson, directed by Anton Bogaty.
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----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/one-of-the-most-controversial-medical-procedures-in-history-jenell-johnson
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----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Brad Sullivan, Karen Ho, Niklas Frimberger, Hunter Manhart, Nathan Nguyen, Igor Stavchanskiy, James R DeVries, Grace Huo, Diana Huang, Chau Hong Diem, Orlellys Torre, Corheu, Thomas Mee, Maryann H McCrory, Blas Borde, John Hellmann, Poompak Meephian, Chuck Wofford, Adam Pagan, Wes Winn, Conder Shou, ntiger, Noname, Hansan Hu, David D, Mac Hyney, Keith Ellison, robin valero walters, Lynne Truesdale, Gatsby Dkdc, Matthew Neal, Denis Chon, Julian Oberhofer, Monte Carroll, Eddy, Jay M, Constantino Victor Delgado, Andrea Galvagni, Andrew Tweddle, Laurel-Ann Rice, Fernando A. Endo, Helen Lee, pam morgan, sarim haq, Gerardo Castro, Michel-Ange Hortegat, Enes Kirimi, Amaury BISIAUX, ND, and Samyogita Hardikar.
|
2025-01-14T16:01:15Z
|
[
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 7.128,
"text": "Ebola is one of the deadliest\nviruses we know of."
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 10.506,
"text": "If left untreated, it kills\nabout half of those it infects."
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 14.594,
"text": "It can spread through pretty much\nevery fluid your body makes,"
},
{
"duration": 2.043,
"start": 17.764,
"text": "including blood and sweat."
},
{
"duration": 5.13,
"start": 20.099,
"text": "Even the dead can transmit the disease,\noften doing so at their own funerals."
},
{
"duration": 6.423,
"start": 25.521,
"text": "On December 26th, 2013, a two-year-old boy\nin southern Guinea got sick."
},
{
"duration": 2.335,
"start": 32.32,
"text": "Just two days later, he died."
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 35.073,
"text": "It took local doctors working \nwith the international community"
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 38.451,
"text": "four months to discover \nthat Ebola was to blame,"
},
{
"duration": 4.797,
"start": 41.996,
"text": "largely because it had never before been\ndetected outside of Central Africa."
},
{
"duration": 4.964,
"start": 47.251,
"text": "In those four months, Ebola gained \na head start that would prove devastating."
},
{
"duration": 2.627,
"start": 52.34,
"text": "The outbreak lasted two years"
},
{
"duration": 4.547,
"start": 54.967,
"text": "and mushroomed into the largest\nEbola epidemic in recorded history."
},
{
"duration": 6.256,
"start": 59.889,
"text": "More than 28,000 people contracted\nthe disease and over 11,000 died."
},
{
"duration": 5.297,
"start": 66.729,
"text": "In 2013, Guinea had no formal\nemergency response system,"
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 72.026,
"text": "few trained contact tracers,\nand no rapid tests,"
},
{
"duration": 3.503,
"start": 75.488,
"text": "border screenings,\nor licensed vaccine for Ebola."
},
{
"duration": 2.127,
"start": 79.117,
"text": "After that epidemic, Guinea,"
},
{
"duration": 3.169,
"start": 81.244,
"text": "with the support of the US \nand other international partners,"
},
{
"duration": 3.7960000000000003,
"start": 84.413,
"text": "completely overhauled \ntheir epidemic response system."
},
{
"duration": 6.298,
"start": 88.376,
"text": "And in January 2021, that system\nfaced its first real test."
},
{
"duration": 5.046,
"start": 94.966,
"text": "It started when a nurse in southern Guinea\ndeveloped a headache, vomiting, and fever."
},
{
"duration": 1.877,
"start": 100.471,
"text": "A few days later, she died."
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 102.473,
"text": "As dictated by traditional\nburial practices,"
},
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 105.518,
"text": "her family prepared her body \nfor the funeral."
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 108.479,
"text": "Within a week, the nurse’s husband\nand other family members"
},
{
"duration": 2.336,
"start": 111.774,
"text": "started experiencing symptoms."
},
{
"duration": 6.006,
"start": 114.443,
"text": "Health officials suspected Ebola much\nquicker than in 2013 and ordered tests."
},
{
"duration": 1.293,
"start": 120.575,
"text": "They came back positive,"
},
{
"duration": 3.878,
"start": 121.868,
"text": "and Guinea activated its epidemic \nalert system the next day."
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 126.205,
"text": "Then, lots of things\nhappened very quickly."
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 129.375,
"text": "Guinea’s National Agency \nfor Health Security"
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 132.086,
"text": "activated 38 district-level \nemergency operations centers,"
},
{
"duration": 1.794,
"start": 136.34,
"text": "as well as a national one."
},
{
"duration": 4.713,
"start": 138.551,
"text": "Teams of epidemiologists and\ncontact tracers began the painstaking job"
},
{
"duration": 3.503,
"start": 143.264,
"text": "of figuring out exactly who was\nexposed and when,"
},
{
"duration": 6.048,
"start": 146.767,
"text": "generating a list of 23 initial contacts\nthat quickly grew to over 1,100."
},
{
"duration": 4.796,
"start": 153.608,
"text": "Advanced rapid testing capacity spun \nup in the city where the outbreak started."
},
{
"duration": 3.087,
"start": 158.529,
"text": "At Guinea’s borders\nwith Liberia and Cote d’Ivoire,"
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 161.616,
"text": "public health workers screened\nmore than 2 million travelers."
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 165.494,
"text": "A large-scale vaccination\ncampaign was started."
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 168.497,
"text": "And, finally, more than 900\ncommunity mobilizers"
},
{
"duration": 1.835,
"start": 171.959,
"text": "alerted people of the outbreak"
},
{
"duration": 4.63,
"start": 173.794,
"text": "and suggested alternative burial practices\nthat were acceptable to the community"
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 178.591,
"text": "and reduced the risk of spreading Ebola."
},
{
"duration": 1.794,
"start": 182.678,
"text": "Thanks to all these measures,"
},
{
"duration": 4.588,
"start": 184.472,
"text": "the 2021 outbreak ended\njust four months after it began."
},
{
"duration": 4.379,
"start": 189.185,
"text": "Only 23 people contracted Ebola;\nonly 12 died."
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 193.689,
"text": "That's less than 1% of the deaths\nin the prior outbreak."
},
{
"duration": 4.755,
"start": 198.736,
"text": "The 2021 outbreak cost \n$100 million to control—"
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 203.491,
"text": "which sounds like a lot\nbut pales in comparison"
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 207.078,
"text": "to the global economic cost\nof the previous outbreak:"
},
{
"duration": 2.211,
"start": 210.748,
"text": "$53 billion."
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 213.876,
"text": "So should every country just copy\nGuinea’s approach?"
},
{
"duration": 1.043,
"start": 218.464,
"text": "Not exactly."
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 219.966,
"text": "It is always important to respond\nto an outbreak quickly,"
},
{
"duration": 2.336,
"start": 223.636,
"text": "so an early warning system is essential."
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 226.18,
"text": "But beyond that, a successful response\ncan look very different"
},
{
"duration": 2.795,
"start": 229.558,
"text": "for different diseases \nin different countries."
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 232.895,
"text": "For example, Brazil quenched\nan outbreak of yellow fever,"
},
{
"duration": 2.044,
"start": 236.565,
"text": "which is spread by mosquitoes,"
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 238.609,
"text": "primarily by mounting a massive\nvaccination campaign."
},
{
"duration": 1.919,
"start": 242.613,
"text": "That strategy worked well for Brazil"
},
{
"duration": 3.92,
"start": 244.532,
"text": "because it’s one of the major global\nproducers of the yellow fever vaccine,"
},
{
"duration": 4.338,
"start": 248.452,
"text": "and its population was accustomed\nto regular, routine vaccinations."
},
{
"duration": 4.213,
"start": 253.04,
"text": "But for many diseases, you don't even\nneed a mass vaccination program."
},
{
"duration": 6.381,
"start": 257.42,
"text": "In August of 2021, a truck driver tested\npositive for cholera in Burkina Faso."
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 264.051,
"text": "Health care workers alerted \nthe government that same day"
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 267.054,
"text": "and contact tracing began immediately."
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 270.266,
"text": "Cholera is caused by a bacterium,"
},
{
"duration": 5.422,
"start": 273.519,
"text": "so Burkina Faso gave antibiotics to those\nexposed or potentially exposed."
},
{
"duration": 3.379,
"start": 278.941,
"text": "This extremely fast response \nstopped the outbreak"
},
{
"duration": 2.46,
"start": 282.32,
"text": "just a few weeks after it started."
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 285.156,
"text": "Cholera often rears its head\nin West Africa—"
},
{
"duration": 6.882,
"start": 288.159,
"text": "in 2021, there were over 100,000 cases\nand more than 3,700 deaths."
},
{
"duration": 5.047,
"start": 295.291,
"text": "Because Burkina Faso was so well prepared,\nthey had zero deaths that year."
},
{
"duration": 1.001,
"start": 300.338,
"text": "Zero."
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 301.756,
"text": "In Chiang Mai, Thailand, \nhealth officials piloted"
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 305.009,
"text": "a community-owned, community-driven\noutbreak alert system"
},
{
"duration": 1.7930000000000001,
"start": 308.763,
"text": "to monitor animal health—"
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 310.556,
"text": "that’s important because some\nanimal outbreaks have the potential"
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 313.851,
"text": "to spill over and become human outbreaks."
},
{
"duration": 4.963,
"start": 317.563,
"text": "Villagers used an app to alert health\nauthorities about outbreaks in animals."
},
{
"duration": 4.963,
"start": 322.735,
"text": "Over the course of 16 months,\n36 animal outbreaks were identified."
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 328.407,
"text": "For any outbreak response system\nto be effective,"
},
{
"duration": 5.297,
"start": 331.118,
"text": "it needs to be trusted, valued,\nand ultimately used by communities."
},
{
"duration": 3.9210000000000003,
"start": 336.415,
"text": "That means reaching people where they are,\nin the language they speak,"
},
{
"duration": 4.629,
"start": 340.336,
"text": "and aware of the culture, beliefs,\nand practices with which they live."
},
{
"duration": 4.045,
"start": 345.216,
"text": "Perhaps most importantly, we can't\nexpect to do nothing for years"
},
{
"duration": 3.5460000000000003,
"start": 349.261,
"text": "and then just swing into action\nwhen an outbreak occurs."
},
{
"duration": 5.13,
"start": 352.848,
"text": "One of the best ways to save lives is to\ninvest in lasting health infrastructure,"
},
{
"duration": 3.421,
"start": 357.978,
"text": "365 days a year, for everyone,"
},
{
"duration": 2.877,
"start": 361.399,
"text": "especially the most vulnerable among us."
}
] |
Kgifhh4pQ10
|
The dark history of arsenic - Neil Bradbury
|
Dig into the history of arsenic dating back to ancient civilizations, and find out why this element is known as the king of poisons.
--
No substance has been as constant an ally to insidious scheming as arsenic, the so-called “king of poisons.” In its chemically pure form, it isn’t much of a threat because our bodies don’t absorb it well; it’s when arsenic combines with other elements that things get dangerous. So, how did this substance become such a popular poison? Neil Bradbury digs into the element's sordid and lethal history.
Lesson by Neil Bradbury, directed by Luisa Holanda.
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Animator's website: https://www.luisaholanda.com
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Lex Azevedo, Michael Aquilina, Jason A Saslow, Yansong Li, Cristóbal Moenne, Dawn Jordan, Prasanth Mathialagan, Samuel Doerle, David Rosario, Dominik Kugelmann - they-them, Siamak Hajizadeh, Ryohky Araya, Mayank Kaul, Christophe Dessalles, Heather Slater, Sandra Tersluisen, Zhexi Shan, Bárbara Nazaré, Andrea Feliz, Victor E Karhel, Sydney Evans, Latora, Noel Situ, emily lam, Sid, Niccolò Frassetto, Mana, I'm here because of Knowledge Fight Facebook group., Linda Freedman, Edgardo Cuellar, Jaspar Carmichael-Jack, Michael Burton, VIVIANA A GARCIA BESNE, The Vernon's, Olha Bahatiuk, Jesús Bíquez Talayero, Chels Raknrl, Sai Pranavi Jonnalagadda, Stuart Rice, Jing Chen, Vector-Dopamine math, Jasper Song, Giorgio Bugnatelli, Chardon, Eddy Trochez, OnlineBookClub.org, Eric Shear, Leith Salem, Omar Hicham, and Adrian Rotaru.
|
2025-01-09T16:01:51Z
|
[
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 6.961,
"text": "After witnessing a bird carrying\na single golden hair,"
},
{
"duration": 5.839,
"start": 10.59,
"text": "King Mark of Cornwall declared his future\nbride must have equally radiant locks."
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 16.554,
"text": "Unfortunately, the only royal matching\nthis description"
},
{
"duration": 2.502,
"start": 20.433,
"text": "was Princess Isolde of Ireland—"
},
{
"duration": 2.211,
"start": 22.935,
"text": "Cornwall’s sworn enemy."
},
{
"duration": 4.547,
"start": 25.521,
"text": "But the king had a plan to replace\nthis old grudge with new love."
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 30.193,
"text": "He’d heard rumors of a dragon\nterrorizing Ireland."
},
{
"duration": 5.672,
"start": 33.738,
"text": "So he sent Tristan— his bravest knight,\nloving nephew, and loyal heir—"
},
{
"duration": 4.338,
"start": 39.41,
"text": "to slay the beast and extend an olive\nbranch to Ireland's royal family."
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 44.499,
"text": "As soon as Tristan landed,\nthe dragon attacked."
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 48.002,
"text": "Dodging poisonous venom\nand blasts of fire,"
},
{
"duration": 4.796,
"start": 51.172,
"text": "the knight eventually struck a fatal blow,\nslicing off the beast’s tongue"
},
{
"duration": 1.877,
"start": 55.968,
"text": "as proof of his victory."
},
{
"duration": 4.338,
"start": 57.97,
"text": "But when he grasped his trophy,\nthe poison seeped into his skin."
},
{
"duration": 3.503,
"start": 62.642,
"text": "Writhing in agony,\nTristan feared for his life."
},
{
"duration": 4.755,
"start": 66.687,
"text": "Yet a savior was soon upon him—\nPrincess Isolde herself."
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 71.651,
"text": "A talented healer\nversed in every herb and antidote,"
},
{
"duration": 3.753,
"start": 75.53,
"text": "she carried him to the palace\nand nursed the knight back to health."
},
{
"duration": 4.087,
"start": 80.118,
"text": "Upon waking, Tristan was captivated\nby his caretaker."
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 84.288,
"text": "But he pushed these feelings aside\nand stuck to the plan."
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 88.126,
"text": "The king and queen were heartened\nby the prospect of peace,"
},
{
"duration": 5.005,
"start": 91.379,
"text": "and Isolde was impressed by the knight’s\nbravery both in court and combat."
},
{
"duration": 5.047,
"start": 96.634,
"text": "Intrigued, she agreed to accompany\nTristan home and marry his king."
},
{
"duration": 1.5430000000000001,
"start": 101.848,
"text": "At the start of their journey,"
},
{
"duration": 3.044,
"start": 103.391,
"text": "the knight and the princess kept\na respectful distance."
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 106.561,
"text": "But when Isolde went to retrieve water\nfrom their supplies,"
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 109.814,
"text": "she mistakenly grabbed a chalice\nprepared by her mother."
},
{
"duration": 3.753,
"start": 113.276,
"text": "It contained a love potion,\nintended for her wedding night."
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 117.113,
"text": "And after Tristan and Isolde\ndrained the bottle,"
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 120.116,
"text": "neither could continue hiding\ntheir true feelings."
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 124.12,
"text": "By the time they reached Cornwall,\nthe potion’s effect had worn off,"
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 128.082,
"text": "but the lovers knew there\nwas no turning back."
},
{
"duration": 2.67,
"start": 131.752,
"text": "Desperate to maintain their loyalty\nto the king,"
},
{
"duration": 3.628,
"start": 134.422,
"text": "the pair decided to honor\ntheir duties... in public."
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 138.301,
"text": "For a time, King Mark’s love\nfor his bride and his nephew"
},
{
"duration": 2.127,
"start": 142.138,
"text": "made him deny the court’s rumors."
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 144.307,
"text": "But when fresh blood appeared\nin Isolde’s room"
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 147.018,
"text": "just hours after Tristan\nwas wounded hunting,"
},
{
"duration": 1.794,
"start": 150.396,
"text": "the king confronted them."
},
{
"duration": 2.628,
"start": 152.273,
"text": "With a heavy heart, he banished Tristan,"
},
{
"duration": 4.671,
"start": 154.901,
"text": "leaving Isolde only enough time to slip\nthe knight her ring as a parting gift."
},
{
"duration": 4.671,
"start": 159.822,
"text": "As Isolde languished in Cornwall,\nTristan wandered the islands."
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 164.577,
"text": "He took to brawling other travelers\nand singing of doomed love."
},
{
"duration": 2.211,
"start": 169.123,
"text": "To most, the songs were tragedies."
},
{
"duration": 4.713,
"start": 171.334,
"text": "But in Brittany, another Isolde,\nPrincess of the White Hands,"
},
{
"duration": 3.129,
"start": 176.088,
"text": " heard them as a ballad intended for her."
},
{
"duration": 3.086,
"start": 179.342,
"text": "And when this princess confronted\nher would-be suitor,"
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 182.428,
"text": "Tristan was so lonely and startled\nby her name that he proposed."
},
{
"duration": 5.213,
"start": 187.183,
"text": "At first, Isolde of the White Hands was\nentranced by her mysterious husband."
},
{
"duration": 4.088,
"start": 192.521,
"text": "But as years passed, she despaired\nat the distance between them."
},
{
"duration": 5.089,
"start": 196.692,
"text": "Tristan spent weeks sulking in the woods,\nsinking deeper into despair."
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 201.906,
"text": "The disgraced knight engaged\nin more fighting,"
},
{
"duration": 4.087,
"start": 204.909,
"text": "eventually sustaining a mortal wound\nfrom a poisoned lance."
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 209.121,
"text": "Knowing only one person\nwith the skill to heal him,"
},
{
"duration": 3.6710000000000003,
"start": 212.291,
"text": "Tristan ordered his men to retrieve\nIsolde of Cornwall,"
},
{
"duration": 2.919,
"start": 215.962,
"text": "using her ring as proof\nof who called on her."
},
{
"duration": 3.336,
"start": 219.09,
"text": "But Tristan also feared his\nlove had forgotten him."
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 222.551,
"text": "Refusing to be kept in suspense even\na moment longer than necessary,"
},
{
"duration": 4.13,
"start": 226.847,
"text": "he told his men to raise the white sails\nif Isolde accepted the call,"
},
{
"duration": 2.46,
"start": 230.977,
"text": "or black sails if she refused."
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 233.604,
"text": "Desperate to live for the first time\nin years,"
},
{
"duration": 2.086,
"start": 236.565,
"text": "Tristan waited by his window."
},
{
"duration": 3.504,
"start": 238.859,
"text": "His wife, however, was more\nbewildered than ever."
},
{
"duration": 4.88,
"start": 242.53,
"text": "She begged Tristan’s men for the truth—\nand cursed them when they gave it to her."
},
{
"duration": 3.795,
"start": 247.66,
"text": "Crushed by the realization that her\nhusband had never loved her,"
},
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 251.455,
"text": "she told Tristan she would keep watch."
},
{
"duration": 5.506,
"start": 254.333,
"text": "And when her fog of betrayal and despair\nwas pierced by white sails on the horizon,"
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 260.047,
"text": "she murmured that she only saw black."
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 263.426,
"text": "Hearing this news, Tristan died instantly."
},
{
"duration": 4.629,
"start": 267.138,
"text": "And when his true love saw the corpse\nof the man she’d never stopped loving,"
},
{
"duration": 2.669,
"start": 271.851,
"text": "she chose to die by his side."
},
{
"duration": 2.127,
"start": 274.645,
"text": "The bodies were shipped back to Cornwall,"
},
{
"duration": 4.505,
"start": 276.772,
"text": "where a grieving King Mark placed\ntheir graves side by side."
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 281.402,
"text": "Together at last,\nbriars grew atop their tombs,"
},
{
"duration": 3.503,
"start": 285.114,
"text": "finally reuniting the star-crossed lovers."
}
] |
kkZ7B-Fv-ck
|
A day in the life of a martial artist in medieval China - Peter Lorge
|
Follow Chu Hong, a Chinese martial artist in training, as he practices his skills and competes in an archery tournament.
--
The year is 1030 CE. Chu Hong's best friend, Liang Gao, tells him that the local magistrate has been spotted holding a surprise archery competition in a nearby town and will arrive at their village soon. This is Hong’s chance to showcase his talents in martial arts— and secure some much-needed money for his family. Peter Lorge outlines a day in the life of a Chinese martial artist.
Lesson by Peter Lorge, directed by KERO Animation.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
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Check out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop
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Keep Learning
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View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/a-day-in-the-life-of-a-martial-artist-in-medieval-china-peter-lorge
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/a-day-in-the-life-of-a-martial-artist-in-medieval-china-peter-lorge/digdeeper
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Thomas Mungavan, Jaron Blackburn, Venkat Venkatakrishnan, ReuniteKorea, Aaron Henson, Rohan Gupta, Begum Tutuncu, Brian Richards, Jørgen Østerpart, Tyron Jung, Carsten Tobehn, Katie Dean, Ezgi Yersu, Gerald Onyango, alessandra tasso, Doreen Reynolds-Consolati, Manognya Chakrapani, Ayala Ron, Eunsun Kim, Phyllis Dubrow, Ophelia Gibson Best, Paul Schneider, Joichiro Yamada, Henrique Cassús, Karthik Cherala, Clarence E. Harper Jr., Vignan Velivela, Ana Maria, Exal Enrique Cisneros Tuch, Tejas Dc, Khalifa Alhulail, Martin Stephen, Jose Henrique Leopoldo e Silva, Mandeep Singh, Abhijit Kiran Valluri, Morgan Williams, Devin Harris, Pavel Zalevskiy, Karen Goepen-Wee, Filip Dabrowski, Barbara Smalley, Megan Douglas, Tim Leistikow, Ka-Hei Law, Hiroshi Uchiyama, Mark Morris, Misaki Sato, EdoKun, SookKwan Loong, and Bev Millar.
|
2025-01-07T16:00:42Z
|
[
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 6.961,
"text": "According to legend, the ancient Roman\nstatesman Cincinnatus"
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 10.59,
"text": "was plowing his fields\nwhen news arrived that the Aequi,"
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 14.26,
"text": "Rome’s powerful enemy to the east,\nhad invaded."
},
{
"duration": 2.794,
"start": 17.889,
"text": "Rome was in need of swift,\ndecisive action,"
},
{
"duration": 3.504,
"start": 20.683,
"text": "and the senate had chosen him\nto serve as dictator,"
},
{
"duration": 3.336,
"start": 24.187,
"text": "with absolute power over the military\nand government."
},
{
"duration": 3.7960000000000003,
"start": 27.94,
"text": "Cincinnatus set down his plow,\ntook control and,"
},
{
"duration": 2.502,
"start": 31.736,
"text": "in a matter of weeks,\nsaved Rome."
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 34.864,
"text": "This story reinforces the myth\nof the “benevolent dictator”—"
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 39.327,
"text": "the idea of a leader who\nholds absolute power,"
},
{
"duration": 4.713,
"start": 42.455,
"text": "yet only uses it for the common good, \nto address problems efficiently,"
},
{
"duration": 2.085,
"start": 47.168,
"text": "and create a just regime."
},
{
"duration": 4.504,
"start": 49.629,
"text": "But can a truly benevolent dictator\nexist in today’s world?"
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 54.717,
"text": "Nations established modern democracies\nto safeguard"
},
{
"duration": 5.13,
"start": 58.888,
"text": "against the potentially destructive whims\nof a single individual."
},
{
"duration": 4.463,
"start": 64.352,
"text": "When functioning properly,\ndemocracies enable a society to be freer,"
},
{
"duration": 5.338,
"start": 68.94,
"text": "and provide stability by protecting\nagainst corruption and the abuse of power."
},
{
"duration": 4.463,
"start": 74.695,
"text": "This is accomplished by holding regular,\nfree, and fair elections,"
},
{
"duration": 1.669,
"start": 79.158,
"text": "imposing term limits,"
},
{
"duration": 4.879,
"start": 80.827,
"text": "and establishing strong legislative\nbranches and court systems."
},
{
"duration": 4.963,
"start": 86.124,
"text": "Maintaining a free press also helps keep\npoliticians accountable for their actions"
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 91.087,
"text": "and encourages citizens to engage\nin their governments and communities."
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 95.883,
"text": "In a dictatorship,\nabsolute or near-absolute power"
},
{
"duration": 2.127,
"start": 99.47,
"text": "is held by a single individual"
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 101.597,
"text": "who is free to impose their vision\non society."
},
{
"duration": 4.212,
"start": 104.684,
"text": "Under certain conditions, the idea\nof a dictator can sound appealing,"
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 109.063,
"text": "like when a democracy isn't functioning\nas it should due to corruption,"
},
{
"duration": 3.963,
"start": 112.608,
"text": "economic instability,\nor extreme political polarization."
},
{
"duration": 1.167,
"start": 116.863,
"text": "At these moments,"
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 118.03,
"text": "people may be willing to give up some\ndemocratic rights and freedoms"
},
{
"duration": 1.752,
"start": 122.034,
"text": "for hopes of a better future."
},
{
"duration": 3.086,
"start": 123.953,
"text": "Authoritarian-leaning leaders\npresent themselves"
},
{
"duration": 2.128,
"start": 127.039,
"text": "as the ones who can fix everything."
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 129.25,
"text": "They distill complex problems\ninto simple talking points"
},
{
"duration": 1.835,
"start": 132.628,
"text": "and promise quick solutions."
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 134.672,
"text": "Some of the most overt authoritarian\nleaders have taken this strategy,"
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 138.676,
"text": "including military dictators who seized\ncontrol through coups"
},
{
"duration": 4.963,
"start": 142.513,
"text": "like Augusto Pinochet, Mobuto Sese Seko,\nand Muammar Gaddafi."
},
{
"duration": 4.797,
"start": 147.768,
"text": "Gaddafi, for example, initially asserted\nhimself as a revolutionary hero,"
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 152.565,
"text": "canceling the country's exploitative\nforeign oil contracts."
},
{
"duration": 4.629,
"start": 156.444,
"text": "But the longer he was in power,\nthe more riddled with paranoia he became."
},
{
"duration": 5.381,
"start": 161.365,
"text": "Like Pinochet and Mobuto, he used his\nposition to target and torture opponents,"
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 166.746,
"text": "embark on campaigns of mass violence\nagainst everyday people,"
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 170.416,
"text": "and build an enormous personal fortune."
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 173.586,
"text": "Other modern dictators were initially\nelected democratically,"
},
{
"duration": 5.547,
"start": 177.173,
"text": "then strategically accumulated power by\nembracing authoritarian forms of control."
},
{
"duration": 4.213,
"start": 182.97,
"text": "Italy’s Benito Mussolini and\nGermany’s Adolf Hitler, for example,"
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 187.183,
"text": "gained popularity during waves\nof mass discontent."
},
{
"duration": 5.047,
"start": 190.853,
"text": "Both channeled economic woes\ninto racist rhetoric and embraced fascism,"
},
{
"duration": 5.422,
"start": 195.9,
"text": "a type of authoritarianism which exalts\nthe importance of one nation, or race,"
},
{
"duration": 1.6680000000000001,
"start": 201.322,
"text": "above all others."
},
{
"duration": 4.504,
"start": 203.241,
"text": "Once in office, such leaders gradually\ndismantle checks on their power,"
},
{
"duration": 3.254,
"start": 207.828,
"text": "including removing judges who might rule\nagainst them,"
},
{
"duration": 1.6680000000000001,
"start": 211.082,
"text": "abolishing term limits,"
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 212.75,
"text": "or refusing to acknowledge\nunfavorable election results."
},
{
"duration": 2.253,
"start": 216.837,
"text": "Since they punish dissenting voices,"
},
{
"duration": 2.794,
"start": 219.09,
"text": "dictators are often surrounded\nwith yes-men,"
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 221.884,
"text": "who are promoted based on loyalty\nover expertise,"
},
{
"duration": 5.422,
"start": 225.304,
"text": "ultimately wreaking incalculable economic,\nsocial, and environmental costs."
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 230.935,
"text": "But these costs can also\nbe hidden from view."
},
{
"duration": 4.796,
"start": 234.23,
"text": "Dictators build up cults of personality\nby minimizing negative coverage"
},
{
"duration": 4.797,
"start": 239.026,
"text": "and pushing positive propaganda\nthat presents them as strong or heroic."
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 244.031,
"text": "This can make it almost impossible\nto accurately measure their success."
},
{
"duration": 3.086,
"start": 248.411,
"text": "Did Mussolini really make\nthe trains run on time?"
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 251.58,
"text": "It’s hard to know, since he would have\npunished those who said otherwise."
},
{
"duration": 2.9619999999999997,
"start": 256.043,
"text": "While some modern dictators have\nbrought modest growth"
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 259.005,
"text": "to their nation’s economies\nand industries,"
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 261.549,
"text": "most have enriched the few and left\nwidespread destruction in their wake."
},
{
"duration": 4.838,
"start": 266.053,
"text": "Even so-called benevolent dictators,\nwhose regimes lacked overt violence,"
},
{
"duration": 2.503,
"start": 270.891,
"text": "stand accused of censoring journalists"
},
{
"duration": 2.92,
"start": 273.394,
"text": "and limiting the rights\nand freedoms of citizens."
},
{
"duration": 1.502,
"start": 276.772,
"text": "Back to ancient Rome."
},
{
"duration": 2.085,
"start": 278.399,
"text": "Perhaps the most important dimension"
},
{
"duration": 3.504,
"start": 280.484,
"text": "of Cincinnatus’ legendary \nbenevolent dictatorship"
},
{
"duration": 2.502,
"start": 283.988,
"text": "is not that he held total power,"
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 286.49,
"text": "but that he gave it up after only 16 days."
},
{
"duration": 4.337,
"start": 291.329,
"text": "Once Rome was safe,\nhe stepped down and retired to his fields."
},
{
"duration": 4.087,
"start": 296.042,
"text": "His willingness to relinquish control\nto the senate was as important"
},
{
"duration": 3.795,
"start": 300.129,
"text": "to the common good\nas his ability to fend off invaders."
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 304.175,
"text": "In practice, no modern dictator\nhas lived up to this ideal."
},
{
"duration": 2.919,
"start": 308.888,
"text": "Dictators don’t willingly walk away\nfrom power,"
},
{
"duration": 2.128,
"start": 311.932,
"text": "they continuously crave more."
},
{
"duration": 5.213,
"start": 314.06,
"text": "That’s why institutions that provide\nchecks on leaders must be safeguarded:"
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 319.482,
"text": "in the hands of an aspiring dictator,"
},
{
"duration": 2.752,
"start": 321.776,
"text": "even seemingly robust democracies"
},
{
"duration": 3.7960000000000003,
"start": 324.528,
"text": "can sink into repressive,\nauthoritarian regimes."
}
] |
urOkfsIRFlw
|
Do you really need to take 10,000 steps a day? - Shannon Odell
|
Discover the benefits of walking, and how this simple exercise can positively impact the health of your body and brain.
--
For years, Jean Béliveau walked from country to country, with the goal of circumnavigating the globe on foot. While few people have the time or desire to walk such extreme lengths, research shows that adding even a modest amount of walking to your daily routine can dramatically improve your health. So, what exactly happens to your body when you increase your step count? Shannon Odell investigates.
Lesson by Shannon Odell, directed by Avi Ofer.
This video made possible in collaboration with Speed & Scale
Learn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartner
A special thanks to James Sallis and Lawrence Frank who provided information and insights for the development of this video.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
----------------------------------------------
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----------------------------------------------
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----------------------------------------------
Keep Learning
----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/do-you-really-need-to-take-10000-steps-a-day-shannon-odell
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/do-you-really-need-to-take-10000-steps-a-day-shannon-odell/digdeeper
Animator's website: https://aviofer.com
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Anthony Benedict, Karthik Balsubramanian, Annastasshia Ames, Amy Lopez, Vinh-Thuy Nguyen, Liz Candee, Ugur Doga Sezgin, Karmi Nguyen, John C. Vesey, Yelena Baykova, Nick Johnson, Carlos H. Costa, Jennifer Kurkoski, Ryan B Harvey, Akinola Emmanuel, Jose Arcadio Valdes Franco, Sebastiaan Vleugels, Karl Laius, JY Kang, Abhishek Goel, Heidi Stolt, Nicole Sund, Karlee Finch, Mario Mejia, Denise A Pitts, Doug Henry, Keven Webb, Mihai Sandu, Deepak Iyer, Javid Gozalov, Kyanta Yap, Rebecca Reineke, William Biersdorf, Patricia Alves Panagides, Yvette Mocete, Cyrus Garay, Samuel Barbas, LadyGeek, Marin Kovachev, Penelope Misquitta, Hans Peng, Gaurav Mathur, Erik Biemans, Tony, Michelle, Katie and Josh Pedretti, Hoai Nam Tran, Kack-Kyun Kim, Michael Braun-Boghos, zjweele13, Anna-Pitschna Kunz, and Edla Paniguel.
|
2025-01-02T16:01:47Z
|
[
{
"duration": 1.168,
"start": 7.128,
"text": "Ah, spring."
},
{
"duration": 4.088,
"start": 8.504,
"text": "As Demeter, goddess of the harvest,\nit’s your favorite season."
},
{
"duration": 4.671,
"start": 12.759,
"text": "Humans and animals look to you to balance\nthe bounty of the natural world,"
},
{
"duration": 5.047,
"start": 17.43,
"text": "which, like any self-respecting goddess,\nyou do with a pair of magical dice."
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 22.56,
"text": "Every day you roll the dice at dawn,"
},
{
"duration": 5.13,
"start": 25.146,
"text": "and all lands that match the sum\nof the two dice produce their resources."
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 30.276,
"text": "The resulting frequency of sums\nacross the season"
},
{
"duration": 4.921,
"start": 33.613,
"text": "keeps your land in perfect harmony;\nany other rates would spell ruin."
},
{
"duration": 5.13,
"start": 38.576,
"text": "And that’s why it was particularly rotten\nwhen Loki, the Norse trickster god,"
},
{
"duration": 5.714,
"start": 43.706,
"text": "invaded your land and cursed your dice,\ncausing all the dots to fall off."
},
{
"duration": 1.877,
"start": 49.587,
"text": "When you try to reaffix them,"
},
{
"duration": 5.672,
"start": 51.464,
"text": "you find that one die won’t accept\nmore than four dots on any of its sides,"
},
{
"duration": 2.67,
"start": 57.136,
"text": "though the other has no such constraint."
},
{
"duration": 5.63,
"start": 60.348,
"text": "You can use Hephaestus’ furnace to seal\nthe dots in place before the sun rises,"
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 65.978,
"text": "but once sealed you can’t move\nor remove them again."
},
{
"duration": 3.92,
"start": 70.358,
"text": "How can you craft your dice so that,\nwhen rolled and summed,"
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 74.278,
"text": "every total comes up with\nthe exact same frequency"
},
{
"duration": 3.087,
"start": 77.99,
"text": "as it would with standard 6-sided dice?"
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 81.077,
"text": "Pause here to figure it out for yourself.\nAnswer in 3"
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 83.955,
"text": "Answer in 2"
},
{
"duration": 2.794,
"start": 86.666,
"text": "Answer in 1"
},
{
"duration": 3.461,
"start": 89.544,
"text": "Normal dice can roll any sum from 2 to 12,"
},
{
"duration": 5.464,
"start": 93.005,
"text": "but sums in the middle tend to come\nup more frequently than ones on the ends."
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 98.719,
"text": "We can see the odds of rolling any sum\nby making a table,"
},
{
"duration": 3.9210000000000003,
"start": 102.181,
"text": "with all the possibilities for one die\nrepresented on the top,"
},
{
"duration": 2.335,
"start": 106.102,
"text": "and those for the other on the side."
},
{
"duration": 4.671,
"start": 108.855,
"text": "The table lets us see at a glance\nthat there are six ways to roll a 7,"
},
{
"duration": 2.169,
"start": 113.526,
"text": "but only two ways to roll a 3."
},
{
"duration": 4.754,
"start": 115.987,
"text": "This also gives us an approach\nto crafting our new set of dice."
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 120.825,
"text": "Matching the original sum frequencies\nmeans that the locations of the sums"
},
{
"duration": 2.085,
"start": 125.246,
"text": "in this table may change,"
},
{
"duration": 4.255,
"start": 127.331,
"text": "but the numbers and quantities\nof each sum must stay the same."
},
{
"duration": 5.505,
"start": 131.586,
"text": "In other words, there still must be\nexactly one 2, two 3s, and so on."
},
{
"duration": 2.502,
"start": 137.55,
"text": "To start, we’ve got to roll that 2,"
},
{
"duration": 2.795,
"start": 140.052,
"text": "and since we have to use\npositive, whole numbers,"
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 142.847,
"text": "there’s only one choice: \neach die needs a 1 on it."
},
{
"duration": 1.293,
"start": 146.642,
"text": "What else do we know?"
},
{
"duration": 4.838,
"start": 148.102,
"text": "Assuming we have a 4— the highest\nnumber possible— on the cursed die,"
},
{
"duration": 4.88,
"start": 152.982,
"text": "the other one would need an 8\nin order to have one way to roll 12."
},
{
"duration": 5.631,
"start": 157.987,
"text": "In fact, we know we require a single 1\nand a single 4 on the cursed die,"
},
{
"duration": 3.795,
"start": 163.618,
"text": "or we’d have too many ways\nto roll a 2 or a 12."
},
{
"duration": 5.964,
"start": 167.997,
"text": "So the cursed dies remaining four sides\nmust have a mix of 2s and 3s."
},
{
"duration": 4.671,
"start": 174.128,
"text": "If we have three or four 2s, \nwe can roll the sum 3 too many ways."
},
{
"duration": 5.506,
"start": 178.799,
"text": "Similarly, if we have three or four 3s,\nwe’d get the sum 11 too often."
},
{
"duration": 5.672,
"start": 184.305,
"text": "So the only possibility is for the\ncursed die to have two 2s and two 3s."
},
{
"duration": 1.6680000000000001,
"start": 190.728,
"text": "With one die completed,"
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 192.396,
"text": "we should be able to figure out the\nmissing values on the second."
},
{
"duration": 3.504,
"start": 196.442,
"text": "First, we need one more way\nto make 10 and 4,"
},
{
"duration": 3.211,
"start": 199.946,
"text": "so we must have one 3 and one 6."
},
{
"duration": 3.211,
"start": 203.616,
"text": "We now need one more way\nto make 5 and 9."
},
{
"duration": 4.213,
"start": 206.827,
"text": "That forces us to choose 4 and 5\nfor the final sides."
},
{
"duration": 1.877,
"start": 211.207,
"text": "Fill them in, and lo and behold,"
},
{
"duration": 3.336,
"start": 213.084,
"text": "we have a distribution table where\nevery possible sum"
},
{
"duration": 4.088,
"start": 216.42,
"text": "shows up the same number of times\nas with our original dice!"
},
{
"duration": 5.881,
"start": 220.8,
"text": "The discovery of these dice was made\nin 1978 by George Sicherman,"
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 226.681,
"text": "which is why they’re referred\nto as “Sicherman dice.”"
},
{
"duration": 5.547,
"start": 230.268,
"text": "Incredibly, this is the only alternate\nway to make two 6-sided dice"
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 235.815,
"text": "with the same distribution of sums\nas standard dice."
},
{
"duration": 4.88,
"start": 239.485,
"text": "You send the dice to be reforged,\nconfident that you’ve averted disaster."
},
{
"duration": 4.337,
"start": 244.824,
"text": "Now it’s time to repay the Norse gods\nwith a gift of your own."
}
] |
BGqkY-i0ZHU
|
How some friendships last — and others don’t - Iseult Gillespie
|
Explore how to build healthy habits when it comes to making, growing, and maintaining friendships.
--
Friendships can change how we see and move through the world. They can boost our academic performance, help us deal with setbacks, and even improve our health. And the relationships we form in adolescence can shape our beliefs, values, and emotional growth. But making and maintaining friends isn’t always easy. Iseult Gillespie shares how to build healthy friendship habits.
Lesson by Iseult Gillespie, directed by Biljana Labović.
This video made possible in collaboration with the Bezos Family Foundation
Learn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartner
A special thanks to Mitch Prinstein, Andrew Fuligni, Adriana Galván, and UCLA Center for the Developing Adolescent who provided information and insights for the development of this video.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
----------------------------------------------
Support us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon
Check out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop
----------------------------------------------
Connect With Us
----------------------------------------------
Sign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter
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Find us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter
Peep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram
----------------------------------------------
Keep Learning
----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-some-friendships-last-and-others-dont-iseult-gillespie
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-some-friendships-last-and-others-dont-iseult-gillespie/digdeeper
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Eric Braun, Sonja Worzewski, Michael Clement, Adam Berry, Ghaith Tarawneh, Nathan Milford, Tomas Beckett, Alice Ice, Eric Berman, Kurt Paolo Sevillano, Jennifer Heald, Megulo Abebe, isolwi, Kate Sem, Ujjwal Dasu, Angel Alberici, Minh Quan Dinh, Sylvain, Terran Gimpel, Talia Sari, Katie McDowell, Allen, Mahina Knuckles, Charmaine Hanson, Thawsitt, Jezabel, Abdullah Abdulaziz, Xiao Yu, Melissa Suarez, Brian A. Dunn, Francisco Amaya, Daisuke Goto, Matt Switzler, Peng, Tzu-Hsiang, Bethany Connor, Jeremy Shimanek, Mark Byers, Avinash Amarnath, Xuebicoco, Rayo, Po Foon Kwong, Boffin, Jesse Jurman, Scott Markley, Elija Peterson, Ovidiu Mrd, paul g mohney, Steven Razey, Nathan Giusti, and Helen Lee.
|
2024-12-19T16:01:26Z
|
[
{
"duration": 4.045,
"start": 7.045,
"text": "The gods watched as\nOedipus’ daughter, Antigone,"
},
{
"duration": 5.38,
"start": 11.174,
"text": "stole out of the palace in Thebes\nthe morning after a devastating battle."
},
{
"duration": 4.38,
"start": 17.096,
"text": "Antigone was on a dangerous mission\nto do what she felt was right,"
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 21.559,
"text": "though it meant risking her life."
},
{
"duration": 6.256,
"start": 25.313,
"text": "Oedipus had been king of Thebes,\nand his exile sent the city into chaos."
},
{
"duration": 4.087,
"start": 31.861,
"text": "His younger son, Eteocles,\nclaimed power for himself"
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 36.157,
"text": "and sought to banish\nhis older brother Polyneices."
},
{
"duration": 5.839,
"start": 39.994,
"text": "The two incited a bitter war,\nand both brothers fell at the city gates."
},
{
"duration": 4.755,
"start": 46.417,
"text": "Oedipus’ brother-in-law, Creon,\ndeclared himself the new king,"
},
{
"duration": 5.839,
"start": 51.297,
"text": "having first aligned himself with Eteocles\nand denounced Polyneices as a traitor."
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 57.762,
"text": "Now, he ordered that Polyneices\nbe denied burial,"
},
{
"duration": 2.085,
"start": 62.058,
"text": "leaving his body on the battleground,"
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 64.143,
"text": "surrounded by guards\nand circled by vultures."
},
{
"duration": 4.379,
"start": 67.814,
"text": "Anyone who violated his proclamation\nwould be stoned to death."
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 72.985,
"text": "Antigone and her sister, Ismene,\nwere at their uncle’s mercy."
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 77.281,
"text": "The fact that Antigone was betrothed\nto Creon’s son, Haemon,"
},
{
"duration": 1.96,
"start": 81.786,
"text": "seemed to earn her no favor."
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 83.913,
"text": "Despite the dangers,\nAntigone secretly visited her sister"
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 87.583,
"text": "and whispered her intentions to honor\ntheir brother through burial."
},
{
"duration": 5.047,
"start": 91.796,
"text": "In doing so, she would be defying Creon\nbut abiding by divine law,"
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 96.968,
"text": "which insisted that one must bury\none's own flesh and blood."
},
{
"duration": 5.005,
"start": 101.055,
"text": "When Ismene refused to join her, insisting\nthat girls shouldn’t disobey men,"
},
{
"duration": 2.502,
"start": 106.269,
"text": "Antigone set out alone."
},
{
"duration": 3.7960000000000003,
"start": 109.772,
"text": "She knelt by Polyneices’\ncorpse, undetected,"
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 113.651,
"text": "and began sprinkling it with dust."
},
{
"duration": 2.92,
"start": 116.362,
"text": "When the guards realized\nand reported the disturbance,"
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 119.407,
"text": "Creon ordered them to find the man\nwho so defiantly committed the crime."
},
{
"duration": 4.63,
"start": 124.662,
"text": "At midday, Antigone returned\nto perform a more complete burial,"
},
{
"duration": 5.964,
"start": 129.417,
"text": "when suddenly a thick dust storm whirled\nonto the plain and choked out the sky,"
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 135.464,
"text": "as if conjured by the gods to aid her."
},
{
"duration": 3.087,
"start": 138.759,
"text": "Creon's guards, blinded and disoriented,"
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 141.846,
"text": "didn't see as Antigone's stole\ninto their midst"
},
{
"duration": 3.878,
"start": 145.183,
"text": "and covered her brother’s body\nwith more earth and water."
},
{
"duration": 1.751,
"start": 149.312,
"text": "As the tempest dissipated,"
},
{
"duration": 4.588,
"start": 151.063,
"text": "the soldiers were shocked to see\nthat the culprit was a girl,"
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 155.86,
"text": "and the princess no less."
},
{
"duration": 4.17,
"start": 159.197,
"text": "Creon barraged Antigone\nwith accusations and insults."
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 163.534,
"text": "Hoping to protect her sister,\nIsmene confessed to the crime."
},
{
"duration": 2.21,
"start": 168.206,
"text": "But Antigone was steadfast."
},
{
"duration": 4.755,
"start": 170.541,
"text": "She insisted she’d acted alone\nand according to divine laws."
},
{
"duration": 4.045,
"start": 175.922,
"text": "Haemon urged his father\nto be reasonable and merciful."
},
{
"duration": 5.881,
"start": 180.301,
"text": "But Creon was convinced forgiving Antigone\nwould be a critical admission of weakness."
},
{
"duration": 1.46,
"start": 186.39,
"text": "He spared Ismene,"
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 188.017,
"text": "but ignored his son’s unremitting pleas."
},
{
"duration": 4.087,
"start": 191.896,
"text": "To evade direct blame\nfor the young princess’ death,"
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 196.108,
"text": "Creon ordered a passive execution:"
},
{
"duration": 3.503,
"start": 199.237,
"text": "Antigone would be shut away\nin an underground cave."
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 203.115,
"text": "As the guards dragged the sisters away,"
},
{
"duration": 4.796,
"start": 205.952,
"text": "Ismene was filled with remorse,\nwishing to die by Antigone’s side."
},
{
"duration": 2.503,
"start": 211.123,
"text": "Creon maintained his show of power"
},
{
"duration": 3.92,
"start": 213.626,
"text": "and Thebes fell into a fearful\nstate of mourning."
},
{
"duration": 5.422,
"start": 218.339,
"text": "But then Creon was visited\nby the wise, blind prophet Tiresias."
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 224.178,
"text": "He told Creon that his hubris\nwas polluting Thebes,"
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 228.057,
"text": "and the underworld’s fiercely\navenging divine Furies"
},
{
"duration": 2.794,
"start": 231.769,
"text": "were lying in wait should he not yield."
},
{
"duration": 6.214,
"start": 234.981,
"text": "At last, Creon ordered his guards to free\nAntigone and to bury Polyneices."
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 241.654,
"text": "But he had delayed too long—\nand it would cost him dearly."
},
{
"duration": 5.255,
"start": 246.826,
"text": "Haemon had just reached Antigone’s prison,\ndetermined to save her."
},
{
"duration": 2.252,
"start": 252.54,
"text": "Descending into the underground chamber,"
},
{
"duration": 1.9180000000000001,
"start": 254.959,
"text": "he discovered with horror"
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 256.877,
"text": "his beloved fiancée\nhanging from her wedding veil."
},
{
"duration": 2.669,
"start": 261.132,
"text": "Moments later, when Creon entered,"
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 263.968,
"text": "he was met by Haemon’s\nbroken, hateful glare."
},
{
"duration": 5.297,
"start": 268.681,
"text": "Haemon spat in his father’s face,\ndrew his sword, and lunged."
},
{
"duration": 2.127,
"start": 274.27,
"text": "But as Creon dodged the thrust,"
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 276.439,
"text": "Haemon turned the blade upon himself"
},
{
"duration": 5.964,
"start": 279.65,
"text": "and wrapped his arms around Antigone,\nin one last tragic embrace."
},
{
"duration": 6.048,
"start": 286.365,
"text": "Word of Haemon and Antigone’s deaths\nreached Thebes before Creon’s return."
},
{
"duration": 6.09,
"start": 292.621,
"text": "And upon hearing the devastating news,\nthe queen took her own life at an altar,"
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 299.003,
"text": "cursing her husband\nwith her dying breaths."
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 303.09,
"text": "Failing to yield to Antigone’s\nrighteous rebellion,"
},
{
"duration": 2.085,
"start": 307.178,
"text": "Creon, in all his pride,"
},
{
"duration": 2.168,
"start": 309.347,
"text": "had learned his lesson too late."
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 312.099,
"text": "Anguished, hands bloodied,\nand all hopes dashed,"
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 316.52,
"text": "Creon’s attendants led him back\ninto the palace."
}
] |
phn0bXbcZYY
|
Why animals help each other - Ashley Ward
|
Dig into the animal kingdom’s capacity for generosity, and find out how cooperation between animals may contribute to their survival.
--
Charles Darwin introduced the notion of “survival of the fittest,” where the fittest animals are those who can survive long enough to produce healthy offspring. The fittest animal can also be the most stealthy, resourceful, or even the most cooperative. So what exactly does cooperation look like in the wild? Ashley Ward digs into the animal kingdom's capacity for generosity.
Lesson by Ashley Ward, directed by Sharon Colman.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
----------------------------------------------
Support us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon
Check out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop
----------------------------------------------
Connect With Us
----------------------------------------------
Sign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter
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Keep Learning
----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/why-animals-help-each-other-ashley-ward
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/why-animals-help-each-other-ashley-ward/digdeeper
Animator's website: https://www.sharoncolman.com
Music: https://soundgoods.tv
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Jay M, Constantino Victor Delgado, Andrea Galvagni, Andrew Tweddle, Laurel-Ann Rice, Fernando A. Endo, Helen Lee, pam morgan, sarim haq, Gerardo Castro, Michel-Ange Hortegat, Enes Kirimi, Amaury BISIAUX, ND, Samyogita Hardikar, Vanessa Graulich, Vandana Gunwani, Abdulmohsin Almadi, AJ Lyon, Geoffrey Bultitude, Mi Mi, Thomas Rothert, Brian Elieson, Oge O, Weronika Falkowska, Nevin Spoljaric, Sid Chanpuriya, Anoop Varghese, David Yastremski, Noah Webb, Roberto Chena, Oliver Koo, Luke Pisano, Andrea Gordon, Aleksandar Donev, Nicole Klau Ibarra, Jesse Lira, Ezekiel Raui, Petr Vacek, Dennis, Olivia Fu, Kari Teffeau, Cindy Lai, Rajath Durgada Manjunath, Dan Nguyen, Chin Beng Tan, Tom Boman, Karen Warner, Iryna Panasiuk, and Aaron Torres,
|
2024-12-17T16:01:04Z
|
[
{
"duration": 5.672,
"start": 6.878,
"text": "Within the Milky Way, the Earth resides\non the inner edge of a spiral arm."
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 12.633,
"text": "But this isn’t our permanent address."
},
{
"duration": 2.168,
"start": 15.178,
"text": "When most dinosaurs went extinct,"
},
{
"duration": 4.588,
"start": 17.388,
"text": "our solar system was in a different arm\nthan it is today!"
},
{
"duration": 2.669,
"start": 23.019,
"text": "The Milky Way never stops changing; "
},
{
"duration": 3.087,
"start": 25.688,
"text": "even its structure continues to evolve."
},
{
"duration": 3.753,
"start": 29.192,
"text": "To see why, let's start at our\ngalaxy's very beginning."
},
{
"duration": 1.9180000000000001,
"start": 33.071,
"text": "13 billion years ago,"
},
{
"duration": 4.838,
"start": 35.114,
"text": "propelled by supernovae and the general\nchaos of the early universe,"
},
{
"duration": 4.38,
"start": 39.952,
"text": "the gas and dust particles that\neventually became our Milky Way"
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 44.332,
"text": "were whizzing around in every direction. "
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 47.168,
"text": "Each particle had a certain\nangular momentum—"
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 50.171,
"text": "the magnitude and direction\nof its rotation"
},
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 53.174,
"text": "around the emerging galaxy’s center."
},
{
"duration": 2.67,
"start": 56.26,
"text": "Just as the new galaxy’s total mass"
},
{
"duration": 3.211,
"start": 58.93,
"text": "was the sum of the individual\nparticles’ masses,"
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 62.183,
"text": "the galaxy also had\nan angular momentum"
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 65.353,
"text": "that was the sum of the particles’\nangular momenta."
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 69.482,
"text": "So, despite the wild motion of its parts,"
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 72.777,
"text": "the galaxy as a whole\nwas rotating about an axis."
},
{
"duration": 3.92,
"start": 77.24,
"text": "Meanwhile, the gas and dust particles\nfrequently collided,"
},
{
"duration": 2.002,
"start": 81.16,
"text": "losing some energy to heat."
},
{
"duration": 1.585,
"start": 83.454,
"text": "Because they slowed down, "
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 85.039,
"text": "gravity was able to pull them closer\nto the galactic center."
},
{
"duration": 4.213,
"start": 89.46,
"text": "So, why did the Milky Way,\nlike most galaxies, become flat,"
},
{
"duration": 3.086,
"start": 93.673,
"text": "and not spherical like stars and planets? "
},
{
"duration": 3.087,
"start": 97.009,
"text": "The answer lies in its angular momentum."
},
{
"duration": 4.463,
"start": 100.096,
"text": "The laws of physics dictate that\nin the absence of external forces,"
},
{
"duration": 6.215,
"start": 104.642,
"text": "the total angular momentum of an object or\nsystem has to stay the same over time."
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 111.315,
"text": "In a star or planet,\nthe spinning material is so dense"
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 115.444,
"text": "that the outward pressure partners\nwith gravity"
},
{
"duration": 2.503,
"start": 118.322,
"text": "to create a mostly spherical shape."
},
{
"duration": 5.923,
"start": 121.367,
"text": "But emerging galaxies tend to have\nlow densities and high angular momenta,"
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 127.29,
"text": "meaning that the spinning motion\nis a more significant factor"
},
{
"duration": 1.7930000000000001,
"start": 130.668,
"text": "than the outward pressure."
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 132.545,
"text": "Indeed, if a galaxy has a\nlower angular momentum,"
},
{
"duration": 2.002,
"start": 136.007,
"text": "an egg shape can form. "
},
{
"duration": 2.127,
"start": 138.342,
"text": "In galaxies like the Milky Way,"
},
{
"duration": 3.5460000000000003,
"start": 140.469,
"text": "particles, instead of falling\ndirectly towards the center,"
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 144.182,
"text": "tended to fall parallel\nto the axis of rotation,"
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 148.019,
"text": "as to keep the larger total\nangular momentum constant."
},
{
"duration": 4.588,
"start": 152.356,
"text": "Over billions of years the cloud\nof particles gradually fell,"
},
{
"duration": 4.255,
"start": 156.944,
"text": "sped up in their orbits,\nand created a spinning disc."
},
{
"duration": 1.6680000000000001,
"start": 161.407,
"text": "Now what about the arms?"
},
{
"duration": 2.67,
"start": 163.075,
"text": "Spiral arms, like the one Earth is in,"
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 165.745,
"text": "are regions where stars and gas\nare packed more tightly together."
},
{
"duration": 2.503,
"start": 170.374,
"text": "But the arms aren't static structures."
},
{
"duration": 5.422,
"start": 173.002,
"text": "They are caused by zones of compression\nthat travel through the galaxy as waves."
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 178.591,
"text": "Just as a whirlpool has multiple\npeaks and troughs,"
},
{
"duration": 4.88,
"start": 182.053,
"text": "a density wave in a galaxy has\nmultiple regions of high density—"
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 186.933,
"text": "the bright spirals— separated by regions\nof lower density."
},
{
"duration": 1.877,
"start": 191.562,
"text": "And as the wave travels, "
},
{
"duration": 4.505,
"start": 193.439,
"text": "different stars are constantly entering\nand leaving the spirals."
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 198.527,
"text": "Density waves can form in several ways."
},
{
"duration": 4.796,
"start": 201.614,
"text": "For some galaxies, a nearby companion\ngalaxy stirs the pot."
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 206.619,
"text": "Its gravitational pull breaks\nthe disc’s symmetry,"
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 210.122,
"text": "generating a wave that could\nlast for a billion years."
},
{
"duration": 1.293,
"start": 214.502,
"text": "For other galaxies, "
},
{
"duration": 5.63,
"start": 215.795,
"text": "the presence of a small clump of tightly\npacked stars and gas within the galaxy"
},
{
"duration": 4.755,
"start": 221.425,
"text": "can have a ripple effect,\nspontaneously giving rise to a wave."
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 226.764,
"text": "This is thought to be the cause\nof the Milky Way's spirals."
},
{
"duration": 1.293,
"start": 230.726,
"text": "In both scenarios,"
},
{
"duration": 4.964,
"start": 232.019,
"text": "the galaxy’s overall rotation\nbends the dense region into spirals,"
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 237.024,
"text": "which rotate around the galaxy’s center."
},
{
"duration": 5.339,
"start": 240.069,
"text": "Our solar system is orbiting the galactic\ncenter faster than the spiral arms."
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 245.574,
"text": "We’ll be moving deeper into our\ncurrent arm for millions of years"
},
{
"duration": 2.795,
"start": 249.87,
"text": "before eventually putting it\nin our rearview mirror."
},
{
"duration": 3.92,
"start": 252.957,
"text": "And recent observations have added\nanother wrinkle to the picture."
},
{
"duration": 2.085,
"start": 257.003,
"text": "Rather than just one density wave,"
},
{
"duration": 5.797,
"start": 259.13,
"text": "a typical spiral galaxy likely has two or\nmore waves that overlap with each other"
},
{
"duration": 2.211,
"start": 264.927,
"text": "and travel at different speeds."
},
{
"duration": 5.172,
"start": 267.388,
"text": "The result would be spiral arms that last\nfor tens or hundreds of millions of years"
},
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 272.56,
"text": "before breaking apart and re-forming."
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 275.855,
"text": "This may be happening in the Milky Way,"
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 278.399,
"text": "meaning that when the Earth formed\n4.5 billion years ago,"
},
{
"duration": 5.047,
"start": 282.069,
"text": "the spirals themselves may have looked\nentirely different than they do today."
},
{
"duration": 3.795,
"start": 287.575,
"text": "In any case, our spirals\nwon't last forever."
},
{
"duration": 2.211,
"start": 291.662,
"text": "About 5 billion years from now,"
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 293.873,
"text": "the Milky Way will start to merge\nwith the Andromeda galaxy,"
},
{
"duration": 4.505,
"start": 297.626,
"text": "throwing off the balance of angular\nmomentum and creating an egg shape—"
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 302.256,
"text": "the birth of a new era\nin our galaxy’s history."
}
] |
dJoBnnCTP5M
|
Lady Meng Jiang: The legend of the woman who outwitted an evil emperor - Juwen Zhang
|
Dig into the Chinese myth of Lady Meng Jiang, and how her grief over the death of her husband brought down the Great Wall.
--
Long ago, an emperor decided to build a great wall to protect his new empire and ensure his power. He ordered men across China to leave their homes and submit to the grueling labor required for its construction. As years passed and the wall grew, few returned home. But one worker’s death spelled trouble for the wall. Juwen Zhang shares the myth of the heartbroken Lady Meng Jiang and her sabotage.
Lesson by Juwen Zhang, directed by Raghav Arumugam, Jagriti Khirwar.
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Keep Learning
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View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-woman-who-broke-the-great-wall-of-china-juwen-zhang
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-woman-who-broke-the-great-wall-of-china-juwen-zhang/digdeeper
Animator's website: https://www.raghavarumugam.com and https://www.jagritikhirwar.com
Music: https://www.campstudio.co and https://beibeizheng.com
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Jesús Bíquez Talayero, Chels Raknrl, Sai Pranavi Jonnalagadda, Stuart Rice, Jing Chen, Vector-Dopamine math, Jasper Song, Giorgio Bugnatelli, Chardon, Eddy Trochez, OnlineBookClub.org, Eric Shear, Leith Salem, Omar Hicham, Adrian Rotaru, Brad Sullivan, Karen Ho, Niklas Frimberger, Hunter Manhart, Nathan Nguyen, Igor Stavchanskiy, James R DeVries, Grace Huo, Diana Huang, Chau Hong Diem, Orlellys Torre, Corheu, Thomas Mee, Maryann H McCrory, Blas Borde, John Hellmann, Poompak Meephian, Chuck Wofford, Adam Pagan, Wes Winn, Conder Shou, ntiger, Noname, Hansan Hu, David D, Mac Hyney, Keith Ellison, robin valero walters, Lynne Truesdale, Gatsby Dkdc, Matthew Neal, Denis Chon, Julian Oberhofer, Monte Carroll, and Eddy.
|
2024-12-12T16:00:55Z
|
[
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 6.961,
"text": "For decades, Yvonne and Zaina\nhave been happily married"
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 10.006,
"text": "and co-leading a non-profit developing\na cure for a life-threatening disease."
},
{
"duration": 4.379,
"start": 14.177,
"text": "This work is largely funded by profits\nfrom a successful company Yvonne founded."
},
{
"duration": 2.919,
"start": 18.89,
"text": "But one day the couple is involved\nin a tragic car accident,"
},
{
"duration": 1.835,
"start": 21.893,
"text": "and Yvonne is rushed to the hospital."
},
{
"duration": 2.919,
"start": 23.895,
"text": "The doctors can only do so much,\nand on her deathbed,"
},
{
"duration": 2.92,
"start": 26.814,
"text": "Yvonne asks Zaina to promise\nher two things."
},
{
"duration": 3.211,
"start": 30.193,
"text": "First, she wants Zaina to continue\nusing the company’s funds"
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 33.404,
"text": "to support their non-profit\nand its research."
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 35.99,
"text": "Second, Yvonne recalls\na conversation from years earlier"
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 39.577,
"text": "where the two pledged that no matter\nwhat the future held,"
},
{
"duration": 1.418,
"start": 42.288,
"text": "they would never remarry."
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 43.873,
"text": "And in her final moments,\nYvonne asks Zaina to recommit that pledge."
},
{
"duration": 4.045,
"start": 48.336,
"text": "Holding her wife closely, Zaina\npromises to uphold Yvonne’s wishes."
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 53.174,
"text": "In the following decade,\nZaina keeps these promises."
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 56.719,
"text": "But now several large pharmaceutical\ncompanies are likely to cure"
},
{
"duration": 1.71,
"start": 60.056,
"text": "this disease at any moment."
},
{
"duration": 2.002,
"start": 61.933,
"text": "Additionally, after years of mourning,"
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 63.935,
"text": "Zaina has finally entered\na new relationship."
},
{
"duration": 1.46,
"start": 66.562,
"text": "She's happy with her partner,"
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 68.022,
"text": "and while she's not sure if\nshe's even ready to remarry,"
},
{
"duration": 1.835,
"start": 71.067,
"text": "she feels the weight of her promise."
},
{
"duration": 4.462,
"start": 73.528,
"text": "Given these new circumstances, should\nZaina continue keeping these promises?"
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 78.449,
"text": "Philosophy has a lot to say\nabout the value of keeping promises."
},
{
"duration": 4.17,
"start": 82.12,
"text": "For example, philosopher Tim Scanlon\nargues that promising"
},
{
"duration": 3.212,
"start": 86.29,
"text": "is essentially about creating\ninterpersonal expectations."
},
{
"duration": 3.963,
"start": 89.71,
"text": "Making a promise assures another\nperson that we’ll act in a certain way"
},
{
"duration": 2.21,
"start": 93.673,
"text": "which they can incorporate\ninto their plans."
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 96.008,
"text": "But since Yvonne can no longer make plans,"
},
{
"duration": 3.713,
"start": 98.427,
"text": "it seems like Zaina’s decision\nonly affects herself, right?"
},
{
"duration": 1.043,
"start": 102.431,
"text": "Maybe not."
},
{
"duration": 4.963,
"start": 103.808,
"text": "Philosophers like John Rawls and\nDavid Hume argue that keeping promises"
},
{
"duration": 2.92,
"start": 108.771,
"text": "isn’t as much about protecting\nthe individuals involved"
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 111.691,
"text": "as preserving the societal value\nof promising itself."
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 115.444,
"text": "Hume sees promises as tools\nfor signaling trustworthiness,"
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 119.657,
"text": "so breaking them makes the practice\nless reliable overall."
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 123.369,
"text": "Similarly, Rawls thinks keeping promises\nis a matter of fairness."
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 127.54,
"text": "If you've benefited\nfrom this social practice,"
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 130.084,
"text": "then justice requires you to uphold\nyour end of the bargain."
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 133.713,
"text": "But do these social concerns apply\nto promises we’ve made to the dead?"
},
{
"duration": 1.46,
"start": 137.55,
"text": "And even if they do,"
},
{
"duration": 4.087,
"start": 139.01,
"text": "shouldn’t Zaina’s decision on this\npersonal matter focus more on Yvonne"
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 143.139,
"text": "than on what Zaina might\nabstractly owe society?"
},
{
"duration": 2.044,
"start": 146.475,
"text": "These questions don't have clear answers,"
},
{
"duration": 2.502,
"start": 148.561,
"text": "and they might not even be relevant\nto this case."
},
{
"duration": 4.546,
"start": 151.272,
"text": "Most philosophers agree that promises\nobtained through coercion or deceit"
},
{
"duration": 1.126,
"start": 155.818,
"text": "aren’t binding."
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 157.111,
"text": "And one could argue that Zaina’s\npromises were made under duress."
},
{
"duration": 2.336,
"start": 160.865,
"text": "Who could say “no” to their dying spouse?"
},
{
"duration": 2.669,
"start": 163.576,
"text": "On the other hand,\nYvonne’s deathbed wishes"
},
{
"duration": 4.213,
"start": 166.245,
"text": "were neither threatening nor particularly\nunreasonable given their history."
},
{
"duration": 2.919,
"start": 170.917,
"text": "If we assume both promises are legitimate,"
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 173.92,
"text": "we might think about Zaina’s dilemma\nthrough the lens of self-determination."
},
{
"duration": 3.628,
"start": 178.174,
"text": "English philosopher John Locke believes\npeople have a natural right"
},
{
"duration": 4.463,
"start": 181.802,
"text": "to self-ownership that limits how much\nother people can determine what we do."
},
{
"duration": 2.628,
"start": 186.39,
"text": "And his followers might say\nthat making a promise"
},
{
"duration": 2.085,
"start": 189.018,
"text": "doesn’t overrule this natural right,"
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 191.479,
"text": "especially about something as central\nto Zaina’s self-determination"
},
{
"duration": 1.293,
"start": 194.941,
"text": "as the choice to remarry."
},
{
"duration": 2.335,
"start": 196.776,
"text": "Then again, what about Yvonne's rights?"
},
{
"duration": 2.002,
"start": 199.362,
"text": "Did they all disappear when she died,"
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 201.656,
"text": "or does Yvonne still have authority\nover her legacy, her relationship,"
},
{
"duration": 1.6680000000000001,
"start": 205.785,
"text": "or especially her money?"
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 210.164,
"text": "Many countries have legal codes\nprotecting the assets of the dead,"
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 213.834,
"text": "and money is a powerful tool\nfor pursuing self-determination."
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 217.88,
"text": "So at a minimum, perhaps Zaina\nshould respect Yvonne’s right"
},
{
"duration": 2.253,
"start": 221.425,
"text": "to determine how her money will be spent."
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 224.053,
"text": "At the same time, Zaina feels strongly\nthat Yvonne would want those funds"
},
{
"duration": 1.751,
"start": 228.099,
"text": "to go to where the need is greatest,"
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 229.934,
"text": "like research into other\nless understood diseases."
},
{
"duration": 1.752,
"start": 232.895,
"text": "And since the facts have changed,"
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 234.647,
"text": "maybe Zaina is justified\nin updating Yvonne’s wishes."
},
{
"duration": 4.088,
"start": 238.317,
"text": "But perhaps all this talk of ownership,\nauthority, and self-determination"
},
{
"duration": 1.376,
"start": 242.405,
"text": "is too impersonal."
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 244.115,
"text": "Feminist philosopher Natalie Stoljar\nand Catriona Mackenzie"
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 248.494,
"text": "argue that we construct our identities\nin part through societal relationships,"
},
{
"duration": 4.546,
"start": 252.707,
"text": "meaning that Zaina’s identity and values\nare entangled with her marriage to Yvonne."
},
{
"duration": 3.504,
"start": 257.336,
"text": "So perhaps honoring that marriage\nand the promises made within it"
},
{
"duration": 3.087,
"start": 260.923,
"text": "could be a way for Zaina\nto affirm her own identity."
},
{
"duration": 4.588,
"start": 264.385,
"text": "So, given all these considerations,\nwhat would you do in Zaina’s position?"
}
] |
dbXFXmSaoD4
|
How to make your stress work for you - Shannon Odell
|
Dig into what causes your stress response to be triggered, and how you can best train your mind and body to deal with stress.
--
An upcoming project deadline, a fight with a family member, or even an embarrassing moment can easily trigger our body’s stress response. While we can’t always control what life throws at us, there are ways to better prepare for stressful events we may experience. So, how can we train our minds and bodies to manage our stress response? Shannon Odell shares best practices for dealing with stress.
Lesson by Shannon Odell, directed by Biljana Labović.
This video made possible in collaboration with the Bezos Family Foundation
Learn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartner
A special thanks to David Creswell, Andrew Fuligni, Adriana Galván, and UCLA Center for the Developing Adolescent who provided information and insights for the development of this video.
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View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-to-manage-your-stress-more-effectively-shannon-odell
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Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Morgan Williams, Devin Harris, Pavel Zalevskiy, Karen Goepen-Wee, Filip Dabrowski, Barbara Smalley, Megan Douglas, Tim Leistikow, Ka-Hei Law, Hiroshi Uchiyama, Mark Morris, Misaki Sato, EdoKun, SookKwan Loong, Bev Millar, Lex Azevedo, Michael Aquilina, Jason A Saslow, Yansong Li, Cristóbal Moenne, Dawn Jordan, Prasanth Mathialagan, Samuel Doerle, David Rosario, Dominik Kugelmann - they-them, Siamak Hajizadeh, Ryohky Araya, Mayank Kaul, Christophe Dessalles, Heather Slater, Sandra Tersluisen, Zhexi Shan, Bárbara Nazaré, Andrea Feliz, Victor E Karhel, Sydney Evans, Latora, Noel Situ, emily lam, Sid, Niccolò Frassetto, Mana, I'm here because of Knowledge Fight Facebook group., Linda Freedman, Edgardo Cuellar, Jaspar Carmichael-Jack, Michael Burton, VIVIANA A GARCIA BESNE, The Vernon's, and Olha Bahatiuk.
|
2024-12-10T16:00:46Z
|
[
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 1.6219999999999999,
"text": "Why is it illegal to sell your organs?"
},
{
"duration": 3.086,
"start": 4.876,
"text": "I mean, what's the worst\nthat could happen?"
},
{
"duration": 4.921,
"start": 28.024,
"text": "Why don't you head out?\nI can handle locking up."
},
{
"duration": 1.001,
"start": 34.614,
"text": "Hmph."
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 37.45,
"text": "We close at 5 o’clock, sharp."
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 42.038,
"text": "I got it, I got it. You get out there\nand enjoy the sunshine."
},
{
"duration": 2.002,
"start": 63.309,
"text": "D-Desmond?"
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 67.23,
"text": "Ada! What are you— do you work here?"
},
{
"duration": 4.921,
"start": 71.526,
"text": "Yeah, I just started. What are you, uh,\nwhat are you up to?"
},
{
"duration": 2.502,
"start": 77.073,
"text": "I’m in grad school. I thought you—"
},
{
"duration": 3.7960000000000003,
"start": 79.7,
"text": "I’m applying this year,\nassuming I can find the time. "
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 83.496,
"text": "Ahem! So... how’s your mom?"
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 88.167,
"text": "Um... she’s—"
},
{
"duration": 3.7960000000000003,
"start": 92.004,
"text": "she’s not doing well actually,\nshe has kidney failure."
},
{
"duration": 2.628,
"start": 96.592,
"text": "Oh, no, I’m so sorry."
},
{
"duration": 2.085,
"start": 99.637,
"text": "She really was my favorite teacher."
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 102.598,
"text": "Yeah, she had to quit teaching, actually."
},
{
"duration": 2.628,
"start": 107.645,
"text": "Is she— Is she up for visitors?"
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 111.482,
"text": "Oh, um. You know,\nshe’d love to hear from you,"
},
{
"duration": 3.963,
"start": 115.611,
"text": "but she's honestly not well enough\nfor a visit right now."
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 120.366,
"text": "She needs a kidney transplant\nto get better at this point."
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 124.37,
"text": "I would donate to her,\nbut I guess I’m not a match. "
},
{
"duration": 3.086,
"start": 128.708,
"text": "The doctors said her body just\nwouldn't accept my kidney."
},
{
"duration": 6.298,
"start": 132.795,
"text": "Oh! Um, is there anything I—\nI mean, can I help?"
},
{
"duration": 1.6680000000000001,
"start": 139.802,
"text": "Oh, gosh. "
},
{
"duration": 3.087,
"start": 142.513,
"text": "No, actually, I’m just looking\nfor a quiet place to work"
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 145.683,
"text": "while I try to figure out\nwhat else we can do."
},
{
"duration": 2.044,
"start": 149.645,
"text": "Right, right. Of course."
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 152.273,
"text": "Over there. Shout if you need any help."
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 155.86,
"text": "Well, don’t literally shout or— I mean,\nyou can— I won’t say anything."
},
{
"duration": 2.252,
"start": 159.28,
"text": "Oh, uh... okay."
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 171.459,
"text": "(Reading) “The wait time for a donor\nkidney is often longer"
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 175.296,
"text": "than a patient can survive on dialysis."
},
{
"duration": 1.7930000000000001,
"start": 180.718,
"text": "There’s a major shortage of donors,"
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 182.511,
"text": "even though most people\ndon’t need two kidneys.”"
},
{
"duration": 3.795,
"start": 186.307,
"text": "Well, I don't know if I would say\nI don't need two kidneys."
},
{
"duration": 4.755,
"start": 191.979,
"text": "Oh. Actually... my life would be..."
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 197.735,
"text": "completely... normal."
},
{
"duration": 2.877,
"start": 202.949,
"text": "Wow. I never would have guessed that."
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 206.494,
"text": "But still, if Desmond isn’t even a match\nfor his mom,"
},
{
"duration": 1.6680000000000001,
"start": 209.205,
"text": "what are the chances I would be?"
},
{
"duration": 2.795,
"start": 213,
"text": "Oh, not that much lower."
},
{
"duration": 2.627,
"start": 215.962,
"text": "I could have the perfect kidney\nfor Ms. Shepherd."
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 219.465,
"text": "So if I did donate,"
},
{
"duration": 4.922,
"start": 222.718,
"text": "my medical expenses would be covered,\nbut nothing else?"
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 227.765,
"text": "I wouldn’t get paid for the time\noff of work? And— what?!"
},
{
"duration": 2.46,
"start": 232.27,
"text": "I even have to pay to get\nto and from the hospital?"
},
{
"duration": 1.627,
"start": 235.147,
"text": "I should be getting paid."
},
{
"duration": 1.335,
"start": 236.899,
"text": "Ahem."
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 238.609,
"text": "And who should pay you? I'm a\nhigh school teacher, remember?"
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 243.322,
"text": "Ms. Shepherd! Of course I don’t want\nyou to pay me."
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 248.661,
"text": "A lot of people who need kidneys\ncouldn't afford to buy them."
},
{
"duration": 5.172,
"start": 253.874,
"text": "All right, let’s see who pays."
},
{
"duration": 3.878,
"start": 261.007,
"text": "(Reading) “US government often spends\nclose to $100,000 per patient"
},
{
"duration": 1.919,
"start": 264.885,
"text": "covering the cost of dialysis.”"
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 267.096,
"text": "What? That’s more than I make\nin three years working here."
},
{
"duration": 2.669,
"start": 271.434,
"text": "I wish I could just tell the government:\n Hey! Time out."
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 274.103,
"text": "Pay me that money for my kidney instead.\nEverybody wins!"
},
{
"duration": 3.503,
"start": 276.981,
"text": "Someone gets a kidney transplant instead\nof suffering through dialysis,"
},
{
"duration": 4.38,
"start": 280.651,
"text": "the government just spends the money\nthey would have anyway, and I..."
},
{
"duration": 5.881,
"start": 286.615,
"text": "I quit my job and focus on becoming\na real scholar."
},
{
"duration": 2.252,
"start": 292.997,
"text": "No distractions, no roommates."
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 295.249,
"text": "Just time and space\nto work on my own ideas."
},
{
"duration": 2.377,
"start": 300.254,
"text": "And you, Ms. Shepherd,"
},
{
"duration": 2.127,
"start": 302.84,
"text": "your health is so good\nafter your transplant,"
},
{
"duration": 2.127,
"start": 304.967,
"text": "you start volunteering as a firefighter."
},
{
"duration": 1.9609999999999999,
"start": 308.095,
"text": "I'm not sure about this."
},
{
"duration": 1.877,
"start": 310.723,
"text": "Oh, don't sell yourself short."
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 312.975,
"text": "No, no. I mean I’m worried that\nif you can sell your kidney,"
},
{
"duration": 3.6710000000000003,
"start": 316.687,
"text": "people who are desperate for the money\nwill feel pressure to take the risk."
},
{
"duration": 3.086,
"start": 320.483,
"text": "But is it really that different\nfrom other ways to earn money?"
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 324.82,
"text": "Lots of common jobs are more dangerous\nthan kidney donation."
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 328.032,
"text": "And pregnancy has a much higher chance\nof serious complications,"
},
{
"duration": 1.751,
"start": 331.077,
"text": "but surrogates can get paid."
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 332.87,
"text": "And $100,000 is enough money\nto appeal to lots of people—"
},
{
"duration": 1.502,
"start": 337.291,
"text": "not just desperate ones."
},
{
"duration": 2.46,
"start": 339.21,
"text": "Besides, everyone who donates\nhas to be approved by"
},
{
"duration": 2.7119999999999997,
"start": 341.67,
"text": "the Ministry of Transplantation."
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 344.507,
"text": "The ministry also makes sure all donors\nget the same treatment:"
},
{
"duration": 2.92,
"start": 347.468,
"text": "equal pay, equal health care,\nequal information."
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 351.222,
"text": "Why should we be okay with selling some\nparts of our bodies, but not others?"
},
{
"duration": 4.379,
"start": 357.228,
"text": "Wait wait wait— so we’re treating people’s\norgans like any other asset now?"
},
{
"duration": 4.463,
"start": 361.774,
"text": "Now, I don't want my organs to be subject\nto the same rules as a house or a car."
},
{
"duration": 2.919,
"start": 366.821,
"text": "Of course not! We have separate\nrules for organs."
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 369.74,
"text": "It's not like they can be seized\nto pay a debt or something."
},
{
"duration": 1.46,
"start": 372.576,
"text": "I don't think that's enough."
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 374.245,
"text": "It seems to me that there should be some\nthings we never put a price on."
},
{
"duration": 3.628,
"start": 379.083,
"text": "Maybe, but we put a price on everything\nin one way or way or another."
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 382.711,
"text": "I don't think there's anything morally\nwrong with compensating someone"
},
{
"duration": 2.169,
"start": 386.006,
"text": "for donating an organ\nthat will save a life."
},
{
"duration": 1.877,
"start": 388.175,
"text": "My body parts are mine."
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 390.386,
"text": "If I want to sell them and\nlive off the proceeds,"
},
{
"duration": 1.5430000000000001,
"start": 392.68,
"text": "why shouldn't I be allowed to?"
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 394.557,
"text": "It gives me complete freedom\nto work on what I want to,"
},
{
"duration": 2.627,
"start": 397.143,
"text": "without having to worry about\nhow marketable it is,"
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 400.271,
"text": "or spend most of the time doing\nother things to pay the bills."
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 404.066,
"text": "And when the kidney money runs out?"
},
{
"duration": 3.7960000000000003,
"start": 409.905,
"text": "I’d like to sell my liver.\nEh, a third of my liver."
},
{
"duration": 1.168,
"start": 414.201,
"text": "It grows back."
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 421.917,
"text": "Ugh! They won’t let me take on the risk of\nliver donation when I’m under pressure"
},
{
"duration": 1.085,
"start": 425.796,
"text": "for quick cash."
},
{
"duration": 3.336,
"start": 427.006,
"text": "But who are they to decide how much\nrisk I’m comfortable taking?"
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 430.801,
"text": "Don’t you think they have to draw\nthe line somewhere?"
},
{
"duration": 3.503,
"start": 433.721,
"text": "Presumably you wouldn't want\npeople to sell their hearts"
},
{
"duration": 2.92,
"start": 437.224,
"text": "or anything else that would kill them."
},
{
"duration": 1.168,
"start": 440.352,
"text": "Yeah, but—"
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 450.821,
"text": "It’s the biggest natural disaster\nin decades."
},
{
"duration": 1.7930000000000001,
"start": 454.033,
"text": "People need blood transfusions."
},
{
"duration": 1.669,
"start": 455.951,
"text": "They need organ transplants."
},
{
"duration": 3.963,
"start": 457.661,
"text": "But government resources are suddenly\nstretched way too thin to pay donors."
},
{
"duration": 3.7960000000000003,
"start": 462.082,
"text": "Nobody wants to volunteer to donate\nwhat they’re used to being paid for."
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 467.505,
"text": "Only people with injured loved ones are\nwilling to donate."
},
{
"duration": 4.713,
"start": 470.341,
"text": "When they’re not a match, they find people\nin similar situations to swap with."
},
{
"duration": 3.212,
"start": 476.263,
"text": "Hang on. That could actually work."
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 486.565,
"text": "Desmond? Uh, sorry to interrupt you."
},
{
"duration": 1.501,
"start": 491.32,
"text": "I don’t want to intrude,"
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 492.821,
"text": "but did you know you can donate\nyour kidney to a stranger,"
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 496.116,
"text": "in exchange for someone else\nto donate to your mom?"
},
{
"duration": 4.838,
"start": 498.953,
"text": "What? No, I didn’t— say that again!"
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 505.167,
"text": "Oh, you can go directly through one\nof the registries that pairs people."
},
{
"duration": 1.96,
"start": 509.63,
"text": "Here, I made a list."
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 513.008,
"text": "Ada, I don’t know what to— thank you."
},
{
"duration": 1.96,
"start": 517.179,
"text": "I mean, really, thank you so much."
},
{
"duration": 2.21,
"start": 522.81,
"text": "Uh, tell your mom I said hi."
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 525.98,
"text": "Oh, I will. See you around!"
},
{
"duration": 3.795,
"start": 531.986,
"text": "(Ms. Shepherd’s voice) I wish Desmond\ndidn’t have to make this sacrifice for me."
},
{
"duration": 5.046,
"start": 537.825,
"text": "Yeah, we do place an unfair burden\non patient’s families."
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 544.248,
"text": "We’re worried about people donating\nout of desperation for money,"
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 547.96,
"text": "but what about the people who are already\ndonating out of desperation"
},
{
"duration": 2.086,
"start": 551.922,
"text": "to save their loved ones lives?"
},
{
"duration": 4.546,
"start": 555.342,
"text": "How could we treat kidney donors\nmore like firefighters?"
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 560.472,
"text": " Firefighters get paid to risk their\nbodies for the benefit of others,"
},
{
"duration": 1.752,
"start": 563.767,
"text": "and nobody has a problem with that."
},
{
"duration": 1.251,
"start": 566.312,
"text": "We celebrate them."
},
{
"duration": 5.672,
"start": 568.314,
"text": "Maybe instead of being paid cash,\nkidney donors can get other benefits."
},
{
"duration": 4.045,
"start": 574.32,
"text": "Subsidize education, free health\ninsurance, public praise."
},
{
"duration": 4.212,
"start": 578.741,
"text": "That way, we could compensate donors\nand encourage altruism at the same time."
},
{
"duration": 5.005,
"start": 583.662,
"text": "But changing the system is really hard,\nand takes years."
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 589.335,
"text": "In the meantime, can’t you spare a kidney?"
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 592.713,
"text": "Aren’t you always wishing you could\ndo something meaningful? "
},
{
"duration": 2.085,
"start": 595.841,
"text": "Well, you could save someone’s life."
},
{
"duration": 2.253,
"start": 599.094,
"text": "But, I just, I don’t know."
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 601.68,
"text": "Even though rationally, I know the risks\nare small for someone like me,"
},
{
"duration": 2.252,
"start": 606.477,
"text": "there’s still some risk."
},
{
"duration": 1.376,
"start": 609.563,
"text": "I know, I know."
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 611.023,
"text": "We all take risks every day without\neven thinking about it. "
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 614.276,
"text": "But, ugh—"
},
{
"duration": 5.548,
"start": 616.82,
"text": "Ada, what are you still doing here? \nWhy is the door still unlocked?"
},
{
"duration": 1.001,
"start": 622.368,
"text": "Uh—"
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 623.369,
"text": "No, don’t answer. Just go."
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 630.417,
"text": "I guess I’ll see you later, then?"
}
] |
DgzxhDHjzms
|
How scientists are creating real-life invisibility cloaks - Max G. Levy
|
Learn more at https://brilliant.org/TedEd
--
A spy presses a button on their suit and blinks out of sight. A wizard wraps himself in a cloak and disappears. A star pilot flicks a switch, and their ship vanishes into space. Invisibility is one of the most tantalizing powers in fiction, spanning all kinds of stories. But could this fantasy ever become a reality? Max G. Levy digs into the technologies that could make invisibility possible.
Lesson by Max G. Levy, directed by Michalis Kalopaidis, Zedem Media.
This video made possible in collaboration with Brilliant
Learn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartner
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
----------------------------------------------
Support us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon
Check out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop
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Connect With Us
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Sign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter
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Find us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter
Peep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram
----------------------------------------------
Keep Learning
----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-scientists-are-creating-real-life-invisibility-cloaks-max-g-levy
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-scientists-are-creating-real-life-invisibility-cloaks-max-g-levy/digdeeper
Animator's website: https://www.zedemanimations.com
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Cyrus Garay, Samuel Barbas, LadyGeek, Marin Kovachev, Penelope Misquitta, Hans Peng, Gaurav Mathur, Erik Biemans, Tony, Michelle, Katie and Josh Pedretti, Hoai Nam Tran, Kack-Kyun Kim, Michael Braun-Boghos, zjweele13, Anna-Pitschna Kunz, Edla Paniguel, Thomas Mungavan, Jaron Blackburn, Venkat Venkatakrishnan, ReuniteKorea, Aaron Henson, Rohan Gupta, Begum Tutuncu, Brian Richards, Jørgen Østerpart, Tyron Jung, Carsten Tobehn, Katie Dean, Ezgi Yersu, Gerald Onyango, alessandra tasso, Doreen Reynolds-Consolati, Manognya Chakrapani, Ayala Ron, Eunsun Kim, Phyllis Dubrow, Ophelia Gibson Best, Paul Schneider, Joichiro Yamada, Henrique Cassús, Karthik Cherala, Clarence E. Harper Jr., Vignan Velivela, Ana Maria, Exal Enrique Cisneros Tuch, Tejas Dc, Khalifa Alhulail, Martin Stephen, Jose Henrique Leopoldo e Silva, Mandeep Singh and Abhijit Kiran Valluri.
|
2024-12-05T16:00:42Z
|
[
{
"duration": 5.839,
"start": 7.42,
"text": "In 2015, two men drove a Volkswagen\nacross the continental United States"
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 13.259,
"text": "on just over 100 gallons of fuel."
},
{
"duration": 5.213,
"start": 16.888,
"text": "Their 81-mile-per-gallon performance\ndoubled the car’s estimated fuel rating,"
},
{
"duration": 4.88,
"start": 22.435,
"text": "and set the record for the lowest\nfuel consumption ride of a diesel car."
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 27.899,
"text": "The duo call themselves hypermilers"
},
{
"duration": 5.172,
"start": 30.902,
"text": "and are experts in techniques\nthat maximize a car’s fuel efficiency,"
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 36.074,
"text": "such as the pulse-and-glide."
},
{
"duration": 3.129,
"start": 38.951,
"text": "In the pulse, drivers accelerate slowly"
},
{
"duration": 3.753,
"start": 42.08,
"text": "until they’re traveling slightly\nabove their intended speed."
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 46.167,
"text": "They then slowly release the throttle\nand glide,"
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 49.337,
"text": "until they’re slightly below,\nand repeat."
},
{
"duration": 2.92,
"start": 52.715,
"text": "To understand why this\nstrategy saves fuel,"
},
{
"duration": 4.713,
"start": 55.635,
"text": "we first need to unpack what exactly\nis going on beneath a car's hood."
},
{
"duration": 4.713,
"start": 60.64,
"text": "Non-electric cars run on internal\ncombustion engines,"
},
{
"duration": 1.877,
"start": 65.353,
"text": "or ICEs."
},
{
"duration": 5.923,
"start": 67.73,
"text": "Cars are often advertised as sporting\na 4-, 6-, or 8-cylinder engine,"
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 73.653,
"text": "which refers to this device's\nmain components."
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 77.156,
"text": "Within each of these cylinders\nis a piston,"
},
{
"duration": 1.8359999999999999,
"start": 80.284,
"text": "which moves up and down,"
},
{
"duration": 3.086,
"start": 82.12,
"text": "spinning a bar known as a crankshaft,"
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 85.206,
"text": "effectively converting linear motion\ninto a rotary motion"
},
{
"duration": 1.71,
"start": 89.043,
"text": "that can drive the wheels."
},
{
"duration": 2.46,
"start": 91.254,
"text": "What powers these pistons’ movements"
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 93.714,
"text": "is what gives these engines\ntheir namesake: combustion."
},
{
"duration": 5.089,
"start": 97.593,
"text": "As the piston lowers, air and fuel are\nsprayed into the cylinder’s chamber."
},
{
"duration": 5.005,
"start": 102.89,
"text": "Then as the piston rises,\nthis air and fuel mixture is compressed."
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 107.937,
"text": "In gasoline engines,\na spark is introduced,"
},
{
"duration": 1.376,
"start": 111.399,
"text": "igniting the gas."
},
{
"duration": 4.755,
"start": 112.817,
"text": "In diesel engines, the compression alone\ncreates a mini explosion."
},
{
"duration": 4.796,
"start": 117.822,
"text": "This combustion causes an immediate\nincrease in temperature and pressure,"
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 122.66,
"text": "propelling the piston down,\nas it starts the cycle again."
},
{
"duration": 4.713,
"start": 126.747,
"text": "The gas pedal controls the amount\nof air and subsequent fuel"
},
{
"duration": 1.585,
"start": 131.46,
"text": "released into the chamber."
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 133.171,
"text": "The more fuel in the chamber,\nthe more powerful the combustion,"
},
{
"duration": 2.669,
"start": 136.591,
"text": "making the crankshaft rotate faster."
},
{
"duration": 5.547,
"start": 139.51,
"text": "Driving down the highway, ICE cars\nspark thousands of blasts per minute."
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 145.057,
"text": "But explosion-power driving\nis pretty inefficient,"
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 148.769,
"text": "as much of the energy generated\nis lost to heat."
},
{
"duration": 5.297,
"start": 152.732,
"text": "In fact, only 16 to 25% goes\ntowards moving the wheels."
},
{
"duration": 2.877,
"start": 158.196,
"text": "These explosions also create CO2,"
},
{
"duration": 5.923,
"start": 161.073,
"text": "and ICE engines produce 15%\nof the total global carbon emissions."
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 167.622,
"text": "The pulse-and-glide can increase\nefficiency for two reasons."
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 172.251,
"text": "First, when accelerating to higher speeds\nduring the pulse,"
},
{
"duration": 2.669,
"start": 175.88,
"text": "the engine works at a higher efficiency"
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 178.549,
"text": "compared to traveling\nat a constant lower speed."
},
{
"duration": 5.84,
"start": 181.385,
"text": "And second, modern car engines\nshut off fuel injection or idle,"
},
{
"duration": 1.292,
"start": 187.225,
"text": "when decelerating."
},
{
"duration": 1.8359999999999999,
"start": 188.517,
"text": "Meaning that as the car glides,"
},
{
"duration": 4.379,
"start": 190.353,
"text": "the wheels are driven by inertial energy,\nrather than combustion,"
},
{
"duration": 1.502,
"start": 194.732,
"text": "ultimately saving fuel."
},
{
"duration": 1.835,
"start": 196.359,
"text": "But even at their peak performance,"
},
{
"duration": 6.089,
"start": 198.194,
"text": "ICE hypermilers can’t compete with the\ntrue champion of fuel efficiency rides:"
},
{
"duration": 1.46,
"start": 204.283,
"text": "the electric vehicle."
},
{
"duration": 4.713,
"start": 206.035,
"text": "Many EVs run on induction motors,\nwhich have two main parts:"
},
{
"duration": 1.919,
"start": 210.748,
"text": "a stator and a rotor."
},
{
"duration": 4.671,
"start": 213.042,
"text": "The stator is a series of rings,\nwith copper wires wrapped around it."
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 217.964,
"text": "By conducting electricity\nat variable rates,"
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 221.3,
"text": "these wires create\na rotating magnetic field."
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 225.137,
"text": "This field induces the rotor\nwith electrical current,"
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 228.724,
"text": "causing it to spin,\nand driving the motion of the wheels."
},
{
"duration": 5.13,
"start": 232.687,
"text": "For EVs, pressing on the accelerator\nchanges the frequency of current"
},
{
"duration": 2.502,
"start": 237.817,
"text": "driven into the wires of the stator,"
},
{
"duration": 3.7960000000000003,
"start": 240.319,
"text": "in turn increasing the rate\nat which the rotor spins."
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 244.532,
"text": "By utilizing battery power\nrather than gasoline,"
},
{
"duration": 5.089,
"start": 247.91,
"text": "65 to 69% of the energy consumed by EVs"
},
{
"duration": 2.252,
"start": 252.999,
"text": "goes directly to moving the wheels."
},
{
"duration": 5.422,
"start": 255.418,
"text": "And since EVs don't create explosions,\nfewer parts are needed below the hood."
},
{
"duration": 4.212,
"start": 261.007,
"text": "While a typical ICE vehicle has\nover 2,000 moving parts"
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 265.219,
"text": "to help contain, cool,\nand maintain combustion,"
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 268.681,
"text": "a typical EV has about 20."
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 271.892,
"text": "EVs are completely changing\nthe hypermiling game"
},
{
"duration": 4.755,
"start": 275.229,
"text": "as drivers compete to travel the farthest\non the fewest kilowatt-hours."
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 280.651,
"text": "And records will likely only\nget more impressive,"
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 283.654,
"text": "as the design of EV motors\nallows for the introduction"
},
{
"duration": 2.669,
"start": 287.408,
"text": "of innovative energy-saving devices."
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 290.119,
"text": "For example, most EVs utilize\nregenerative braking,"
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 294.54,
"text": "where energy normally lost to friction\nis conserved."
},
{
"duration": 4.546,
"start": 298.669,
"text": "As the car slows, the electric motor\noperates in reverse,"
},
{
"duration": 3.7960000000000003,
"start": 303.215,
"text": "capturing the vehicle’s kinetic energy\nto recharge the battery."
},
{
"duration": 4.922,
"start": 307.219,
"text": "Some companies are even equipping\nEVs with rooftop solar panels,"
},
{
"duration": 2.169,
"start": 312.266,
"text": "further increasing their range."
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 315.019,
"text": "Since they don’t burn fuel,\nEVs have zero tailpipe emissions."
},
{
"duration": 2.628,
"start": 319.44,
"text": "That’s not to say they’re\nalways carbon neutral."
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 322.068,
"text": "EVs require regular charging\nof their batteries,"
},
{
"duration": 3.086,
"start": 325.321,
"text": "meaning their emission profile\nis only as clean"
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 328.407,
"text": "as the electric utility they plug into."
},
{
"duration": 4.463,
"start": 330.951,
"text": "So as global grids continue to shift\ntowards renewable sources,"
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 335.414,
"text": "EVs are also becoming greener,"
},
{
"duration": 4.504,
"start": 338.042,
"text": "making them an even more attractive,\nhyper-efficient option."
}
] |
0pF6ZLCxceM
|
How are these fires burning underground? - Emma Bryce
|
Explore the phenomenon known as peat fires, smoldering fires that burn underground and can continue for months or even years.
--
In 1997, a fire began in Indonesia that would rage for almost a year. Despite being one of the largest fires in recorded history, for months at a time it burned without a flame. This might sound like a uniquely freaky fire, but it’s actually one of many. So, is it possible to snuff out these bizarre blazes? And how do they form in the first place? Emma Bryce explores the phenomenon of peat fires.
Lesson by Emma Bryce, directed by Ivana Volda.
A special thanks to Guillermo Rein who provided information and insights for the development of this video.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
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View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-worlds-longest-burning-fires-emma-bryce
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-worlds-longest-burning-fires-emma-bryce/digdeeper
Animator's website: https://ivanathomasvolda.org
Music: https://www.wonderboyaudio.com
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Jeremy Shimanek, Mark Byers, Avinash Amarnath, Xuebicoco, Rayo, Po Foon Kwong, Boffin, Jesse Jurman, Scott Markley, Elija Peterson, Ovidiu Mrd, paul g mohney, Steven Razey, Nathan Giusti, Helen Lee, Anthony Benedict, Karthik Balsubramanian, Annastasshia Ames, Amy Lopez, Vinh-Thuy Nguyen, Liz Candee, Ugur Doga Sezgin, Karmi Nguyen, John C. Vesey, Yelena Baykova, Nick Johnson, Carlos H. Costa, Jennifer Kurkoski, Ryan B Harvey, Akinola Emmanuel, Jose Arcadio Valdes Franco, Sebastiaan Vleugels, Karl Laius, JY Kang, Abhishek Goel, Heidi Stolt, Nicole Sund, Karlee Finch, Mario Mejia, Denise A Pitts, Doug Henry, Keven Webb, Mihai Sandu, Deepak Iyer, Javid Gozalov, Kyanta Yap, Rebecca Reineke, William Biersdorf, Patricia Alves Panagides and Yvette Mocete.
|
2024-12-03T16:01:22Z
|
[
{
"duration": 5.172,
"start": 7.128,
"text": "You’re clambering through the bush on one\nof Indonesia’s Lesser Sunda Islands,"
},
{
"duration": 4.671,
"start": 12.425,
"text": "when you suddenly spy a Komodo dragon\nin the clearing ahead."
},
{
"duration": 1.8359999999999999,
"start": 17.221,
"text": "So, what should you do?"
},
{
"duration": 1.501,
"start": 19.182,
"text": "Are you doomed? "
},
{
"duration": 4.797,
"start": 21.1,
"text": "Forked tongue flickering;\nsharp, saw-like teeth glimmering;"
},
{
"duration": 4.379,
"start": 25.897,
"text": " and strong, scaly body stretching\nup to three meters,"
},
{
"duration": 6.048,
"start": 30.443,
"text": "Komodo dragons are formidable—\nand the world’s largest lizards."
},
{
"duration": 2.795,
"start": 36.699,
"text": "They can weigh over 80 kilograms,"
},
{
"duration": 4.504,
"start": 39.744,
"text": "but that number fluctuates\ndramatically since they're capable"
},
{
"duration": 5.548,
"start": 44.248,
"text": "of gulping down 80% of their body weight\nin a single meal."
},
{
"duration": 4.964,
"start": 50.838,
"text": "Komodo dragons are one of dozens\nof species of monitor lizard."
},
{
"duration": 5.422,
"start": 56.094,
"text": "They evolved in Australia and now\ninhabit just a few Indonesian islands,"
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 61.516,
"text": "where adult komodos generally have\nno natural predators—"
},
{
"duration": 1.376,
"start": 65.77,
"text": "besides each other."
},
{
"duration": 4.463,
"start": 67.563,
"text": "They begin their lives as limber,\ntree-dwelling hatchlings."
},
{
"duration": 1.459,
"start": 72.11,
"text": "Within their first year,"
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 73.569,
"text": "they rarely venture to the ground in order\nto avoid predators,"
},
{
"duration": 2.169,
"start": 77.406,
"text": "like adult Komodo dragons."
},
{
"duration": 3.628,
"start": 79.784,
"text": "Because cannibalism\ncertainly isn’t out of the question."
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 83.746,
"text": "Juveniles actively hunt insects\nand other lizards."
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 88.084,
"text": "And once they grow larger,\nthey graduate to the ground,"
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 91.712,
"text": "and their diet eventually\nshifts dramatically"
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 95.508,
"text": "to include animals\nseveral times their size."
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 99.887,
"text": "They devour deer, pigs,\nand even water buffalo, "
},
{
"duration": 1.501,
"start": 104.392,
"text": "bones and all."
},
{
"duration": 4.38,
"start": 106.185,
"text": "Komodos can lie in wait\nfor hours alongside game trails."
},
{
"duration": 2.794,
"start": 110.565,
"text": "But at the opportune moment,\nthey’ll lunge,"
},
{
"duration": 4.588,
"start": 113.484,
"text": "and can reach 17-kilometer-per-hour\nbursts of speed."
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 118.406,
"text": "Their extremely sharp teeth\nhave serrated edges"
},
{
"duration": 5.13,
"start": 122.41,
"text": "and tips coated in iron that\npuncture and tear through flesh,"
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 127.665,
"text": "making their bites quite literally metal."
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 131.711,
"text": "But exactly what komodos owe\ntheir hunting successes to—"
},
{
"duration": 5.047,
"start": 135.923,
"text": "especially when it comes to taking down\nlarger animals like water buffalo—"
},
{
"duration": 2.628,
"start": 141.095,
"text": "has been debated for decades."
},
{
"duration": 6.339,
"start": 144.015,
"text": "Back in the 80s, one researcher proposed\nthat even if their prey initially escapes,"
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 150.438,
"text": "Komodo dragon saliva\nmight store harmful bacteria,"
},
{
"duration": 4.797,
"start": 154.942,
"text": "which could proliferate in the bite\nwound and help kill the animal."
},
{
"duration": 5.005,
"start": 160.114,
"text": "But researchers have since found\nthat not all Komodo dragon saliva"
},
{
"duration": 2.377,
"start": 165.119,
"text": "packs such lethal bacteria."
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 167.58,
"text": "And some bite wounds might\nget infected all on their own."
},
{
"duration": 4.213,
"start": 171.709,
"text": "Interestingly, Komodo dragons\nalso have venom glands,"
},
{
"duration": 4.462,
"start": 176.047,
"text": "which secrete anticoagulant\nand shock-causing compounds,"
},
{
"duration": 4.672,
"start": 180.676,
"text": "possibly exacerbating the destructive\npowers of their bites."
},
{
"duration": 4.588,
"start": 185.556,
"text": "But it’s unclear whether venom\nis playing much of an active role."
},
{
"duration": 4.463,
"start": 190.561,
"text": "And Komodos’ thrashing bites alone\nseem harmful enough"
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 195.024,
"text": "to cause fatal injury much of the time."
},
{
"duration": 5.464,
"start": 198.277,
"text": "But they’re not just hunters;\nKomodo dragons are also scavengers."
},
{
"duration": 2.503,
"start": 203.991,
"text": "With their characteristic undulating walk"
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 206.494,
"text": "and their snake-like\nflicking forked tongue,"
},
{
"duration": 3.379,
"start": 209.413,
"text": "they’re able to gauge the direction\nof different scents"
},
{
"duration": 3.086,
"start": 212.917,
"text": "and identify rotting flesh from afar."
},
{
"duration": 3.169,
"start": 216.379,
"text": "When one Komodo takes down\na water buffalo,"
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 219.674,
"text": "dozens may congregate to feed."
},
{
"duration": 5.088,
"start": 222.802,
"text": "However, despite regularly diving\ninto decaying corpses,"
},
{
"duration": 4.338,
"start": 227.932,
"text": "Komodo dragons rarely succumb\nto infections themselves—"
},
{
"duration": 4.671,
"start": 232.353,
"text": "even though males lead devastating wounds\non each other during breeding season."
},
{
"duration": 5.089,
"start": 237.9,
"text": "Researchers think this is because\ntheir blood is packed with peptides,"
},
{
"duration": 1.96,
"start": 242.989,
"text": "which are like small proteins,"
},
{
"duration": 5.588,
"start": 244.991,
"text": "many of which can fight microbes and\nstimulate the Komodo’s immune system."
},
{
"duration": 4.588,
"start": 250.871,
"text": "Some of these antimicrobial peptides\nhave proven so promising"
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 255.459,
"text": "they’re even being investigated\nfor human antibiotic uses."
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 259.88,
"text": "But how can you protect yourself\nin the land of dragons?"
},
{
"duration": 6.298,
"start": 264.051,
"text": "Komodo Island oral tradition holds\nthat a woman long ago gave birth to twins,"
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 270.433,
"text": "one human and one dragon."
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 273.144,
"text": "Inextricably connected from then on,"
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 275.73,
"text": "the relationship between humans\nand Komodo dragons"
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 278.983,
"text": "was to be governed by respect\nand coexistence"
},
{
"duration": 2.085,
"start": 282.403,
"text": "instead of fear and violence."
},
{
"duration": 3.963,
"start": 284.613,
"text": "And indeed, Komodo dragons\ngenerally avoid humans—"
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 288.576,
"text": "unless something like rotting flesh\nis also on the menu."
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 292.913,
"text": "If you encounter a Komodo,\ntry to stay calm"
},
{
"duration": 3.504,
"start": 296.083,
"text": "and avoid sudden movements\nthat could pique their curiosity."
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 299.962,
"text": "You’re better off orienting yourself\nbehind them or to their side."
},
{
"duration": 4.963,
"start": 304.425,
"text": "If one gets close, you could grab a stick\nand push it against their shoulder"
},
{
"duration": 2.795,
"start": 309.388,
"text": "or hit their sensitive foreheads."
},
{
"duration": 5.13,
"start": 312.308,
"text": "And in the rare event one chases you,\ntry outrunning them, climbing a tree,"
},
{
"duration": 1.96,
"start": 317.563,
"text": "or jumping into the ocean—"
},
{
"duration": 3.087,
"start": 319.523,
"text": "because they can run fast\nover short distances,"
},
{
"duration": 1.877,
"start": 322.693,
"text": "but they’re no marathon runners."
},
{
"duration": 5.255,
"start": 324.612,
"text": "And large Komodos can’t climb trees\nanymore and tend to avoid water."
},
{
"duration": 4.087,
"start": 330.618,
"text": "It’s also worth noting that if you did\nend up in this situation,"
},
{
"duration": 4.505,
"start": 334.705,
"text": "it’s probably because you illegally\nventured into a protected area"
},
{
"duration": 1.7930000000000001,
"start": 339.21,
"text": "without an experienced guide."
},
{
"duration": 2.9619999999999997,
"start": 341.253,
"text": "So, better to just avoid\ndoing that to begin with."
}
] |
KF6rClLH4n4
|
Why don’t companies want you to repair your stuff? - Aaron Perzanowski
|
Explore how the Right to Repair movement is pushing back against companies which don’t want consumers fixing their products.
--
Today, some companies are working hard to prevent consumers from repairing products on their own. In many cases, repair can only be done by the original manufacturer, if at all. With limited repair options available, we end up buying new and throwing more items out. So, how exactly do companies prevent repair? And what can consumers do about it? Aaron Perzanowski investigates.
Lesson by Aaron Perzanowski, directed by Nick Hilditch.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
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Keep Learning
----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/why-dont-companies-want-you-to-repair-your-stuff-aaron-perzanowski
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/why-dont-companies-want-you-to-repair-your-stuff-aaron-perzanowski/digdeeper
Animator's website: https://nickhilditch.com
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Nicole Klau Ibarra, Jesse Lira, Ezekiel Raui, Petr Vacek, Dennis, Olivia Fu, Kari Teffeau, Cindy Lai, Rajath Durgada Manjunath, Dan Nguyen, Chin Beng Tan, Tom Boman, Karen Warner, Iryna Panasiuk, Aaron Torres, Eric Braun, Sonja Worzewski, Michael Clement, Adam Berry, Ghaith Tarawneh, Nathan Milford, Tomas Beckett, Alice Ice, Eric Berman, Kurt Paolo Sevillano, Jennifer Heald, Megulo Abebe, isolwi, Kate Sem, Ujjwal Dasu, Angel Alberici, Minh Quan Dinh, Sylvain, Terran Gimpel, Talia Sari, Katie McDowell, Allen, Mahina Knuckles, Charmaine Hanson, Thawsitt, Jezabel, Abdullah Abdulaziz, Xiao Yu, Melissa Suarez, Brian A. Dunn, Francisco Amaya, Daisuke Goto, Matt Switzler, Peng, Tzu-Hsiang and Bethany Connor.
|
2024-11-26T16:00:50Z
|
[
{
"duration": 2.002,
"start": 6.9190000000000005,
"text": "Roughly 3 billion years ago,"
},
{
"duration": 5.923,
"start": 8.921,
"text": "a single-celled photosynthetic bacterium\nbegan burping a new chemical"
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 14.844,
"text": "that was poisonous\nto nearly every species on Earth."
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 19.766,
"text": "Over the following hundreds\nof millions of years,"
},
{
"duration": 4.379,
"start": 22.477,
"text": "more microorganisms began producing\nthis toxic gas,"
},
{
"duration": 4.755,
"start": 27.106,
"text": "first saturating Earth's oceans\nand eventually its atmosphere."
},
{
"duration": 4.838,
"start": 32.028,
"text": "Up here, this chemical changed\nthe composition of pre-existing gases"
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 36.866,
"text": "so drastically that it caused\na global ice age."
},
{
"duration": 5.798,
"start": 40.953,
"text": "And the name of this powerful, poisonous,\nworld-changing gas? Oxygen."
},
{
"duration": 3.92,
"start": 47.627,
"text": "In the millions of years since\nthe Great Oxygen Catastrophe,"
},
{
"duration": 3.6710000000000003,
"start": 51.547,
"text": "most life, including all\nmulticellular organisms,"
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 55.218,
"text": "have evolved to rely on this gas."
},
{
"duration": 4.88,
"start": 57.929,
"text": "However, there are some places\nwhere oxygen-averse microorganisms,"
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 62.892,
"text": "like those from Earth's earliest days,\nhave re-emerged."
},
{
"duration": 2.919,
"start": 67.105,
"text": "Many of these places are\nin the ocean depths,"
},
{
"duration": 1.96,
"start": 70.024,
"text": "beyond the reach of researchers."
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 72.068,
"text": "But there are other bodies of water\ncompletely devoid of oxygen,"
},
{
"duration": 2.919,
"start": 76.489,
"text": "yet close enough to the surface\nto explore."
},
{
"duration": 4.797,
"start": 79.575,
"text": "And one such lake is hidden high\nin the Swiss Alps’ Piora Valley."
},
{
"duration": 2.336,
"start": 84.789,
"text": "Formed over 10,000 years ago,"
},
{
"duration": 5.046,
"start": 87.125,
"text": "Lake Cadagno is one of roughly 200\nknown meromictic lakes,"
},
{
"duration": 5.631,
"start": 92.171,
"text": "meaning it's actually two distinct bodies\nof water stacked on top of each other."
},
{
"duration": 3.7960000000000003,
"start": 98.052,
"text": "The top layer functions like\na standard body of freshwater."
},
{
"duration": 5.213,
"start": 101.848,
"text": "It’s safe for swimming and known mostly\nfor a plump and plentiful fish population"
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 107.061,
"text": "that’s been the subject\nof local fishing legends for centuries."
},
{
"duration": 6.757,
"start": 111.44,
"text": "But just 13 meters beneath that bounty\nis a dense, sulfurous, oxygen-free pool"
},
{
"duration": 4.546,
"start": 118.197,
"text": "lethal to any multicellular life forms,\nfish included."
},
{
"duration": 4.213,
"start": 123.077,
"text": "In a typical lake, the entire\nbody of water would gradually mix,"
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 127.29,
"text": "diffusing oxygen\nfrom the surface throughout."
},
{
"duration": 5.463,
"start": 131.169,
"text": "But these two layers never mix,\nas is the case with any meromictic lake."
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 136.799,
"text": "And the reason for this divide in Cadagno"
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 139.51,
"text": "is the waters’ unique\nchemical compositions."
},
{
"duration": 4.255,
"start": 142.93,
"text": "Both layers are fed by rainwater\nflowing down the mountains,"
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 147.185,
"text": "however, this water can take two paths."
},
{
"duration": 5.213,
"start": 150.605,
"text": "The first is to trickle down the granitic\nmountain directly into the top layer."
},
{
"duration": 5.088,
"start": 155.985,
"text": "The second is to seep into the\nPiora Valley’s vein of dolomite—"
},
{
"duration": 3.9210000000000003,
"start": 161.073,
"text": "a porous rock full of salts\nsuch as sulfate."
},
{
"duration": 4.838,
"start": 165.203,
"text": "Rainwater that sinks into the dolomite\nwill slowly inch towards the lake,"
},
{
"duration": 4.504,
"start": 170.041,
"text": "all the while shedding its oxygen\nand picking up salts."
},
{
"duration": 5.255,
"start": 174.921,
"text": "Finally, this heavier water will cascade\nfrom sublacustrine springs"
},
{
"duration": 1.752,
"start": 180.176,
"text": "below the lake’s surface,"
},
{
"duration": 2.919,
"start": 181.928,
"text": "forming the dense,\nsalt-rich bottom layer."
},
{
"duration": 3.9210000000000003,
"start": 185.264,
"text": "This lower layer is anoxic,\nmeaning oxygen free,"
},
{
"duration": 3.086,
"start": 189.185,
"text": "and will suffocate any\noxygen-dependent life."
},
{
"duration": 4.504,
"start": 192.313,
"text": "But it’s ideal for the kind\nof anaerobic bacteria that died off"
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 196.817,
"text": "in the Great Oxygen Catastrophe."
},
{
"duration": 4.338,
"start": 199.612,
"text": "The flow from the sublacustrine springs\ncreates microenvironments"
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 203.95,
"text": "which feed large aggregates\nof microorganisms"
},
{
"duration": 4.504,
"start": 207.203,
"text": "that emerge from the lakebed\nin strange and otherworldly shapes."
},
{
"duration": 4.338,
"start": 211.874,
"text": "Various anaerobic microorganisms\ntake in the water's sulfate"
},
{
"duration": 2.627,
"start": 216.212,
"text": "and emit toxic sulfide."
},
{
"duration": 1.96,
"start": 219.173,
"text": "And at the border of these layers,"
},
{
"duration": 5.589,
"start": 221.133,
"text": "there’s a thin blanket mainly composed\nof pink-bodied Chromatium okenii:"
},
{
"duration": 4.338,
"start": 226.889,
"text": "a photosynthesizing bacterium\nthat relies on this sulfur"
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 231.227,
"text": "the way most plants rely on oxygen."
},
{
"duration": 4.504,
"start": 234.522,
"text": "However, while neither water nor organisms\nmove between the layers,"
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 239.026,
"text": "these ecosystems aren’t\ncompletely out of touch."
},
{
"duration": 3.753,
"start": 242.822,
"text": "Chromatium okenii live\nat the top of the bottom layer"
},
{
"duration": 3.379,
"start": 246.575,
"text": "because they need to be as close\nto the sun as possible."
},
{
"duration": 4.17,
"start": 250.413,
"text": "But while they never cross\ninto the deadly oxygenated waters,"
},
{
"duration": 4.922,
"start": 254.583,
"text": "they’re close enough that organisms\nlike zooplankton can dive down,"
},
{
"duration": 2.127,
"start": 259.505,
"text": "eat them, and get back up."
},
{
"duration": 4.045,
"start": 262.008,
"text": "In fact, this relationship forms\nthe bottom of the upper layer’s"
},
{
"duration": 1.46,
"start": 266.053,
"text": "robust food chain"
},
{
"duration": 3.212,
"start": 267.513,
"text": "supporting the lake’s\nlegendary fish population."
},
{
"duration": 4.462,
"start": 271.017,
"text": "This unique ecology is more than\njust a boon for Cadagno’s fishermen."
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 275.521,
"text": "Having access to an isolated\nanaerobic ecosystem"
},
{
"duration": 5.631,
"start": 279.4,
"text": "allows scientists to model the world\nbefore the Great Oxygen Catastrophe."
},
{
"duration": 3.503,
"start": 285.156,
"text": "For example, when Chromatium okenii\nform their blanket,"
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 288.659,
"text": "they increase the density\nof that thin layer of water."
},
{
"duration": 5.047,
"start": 292.288,
"text": "As the water sinks, these microorganisms\nare forced to swim back up,"
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 297.335,
"text": "creating a minute mixing of water\ncalled bioconvection."
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 301.922,
"text": "This billions of years old phenomenon\nmight be a clue"
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 305.551,
"text": "to how early life evolved\nthe ability to swim."
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 309.388,
"text": "And it’s just one of the many insights\nthat await researchers"
},
{
"duration": 3.087,
"start": 313.1,
"text": "studying Cadagno’s mysterious depths."
}
] |
4UORR38l9fo
|
What staying up all night does to your brain - Anna Rothschild
|
Explore how pulling an all-nighter can impact your cognitive function, and find out what happens to your brain when you don't sleep.
--
You’re just one history final away from a relaxing spring break. But you still have so much to study! You decide to follow in the footsteps of many students before you, and pull an all-nighter. So, what happens to your brain when you stay up all night? And does cramming like this actually help you prepare for a test? Anna Rothschild explores how a sleepless night impacts your cognitive function.
Lesson by Anna Rothschild, directed by Biljana Labović.
Animation by Noam Sussman & Ali Kellner, Homework Studio.
This video made possible in collaboration with the Bezos Family Foundation
Learn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartner
A special thanks to Dr. Mathias Basner, Andrew Fuligni, Adriana Galván, and UCLA Center for the Developing Adolescent who provided information and insights for the development of this video.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
----------------------------------------------
Support us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon
Check out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop
----------------------------------------------
Connect With Us
----------------------------------------------
Sign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter
Follow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook
Find us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter
Peep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram
----------------------------------------------
Keep Learning
----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-staying-up-all-night-does-to-your-brain-anna-rothschild
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-staying-up-all-night-does-to-your-brain-anna-rothschild/digdeeper
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Conder Shou, ntiger, Noname, Hansan Hu, David D, Mac Hyney, Keith Ellison, robin valero walters, Lynne Truesdale, Gatsby Dkdc, Matthew Neal, Denis Chon, Julian Oberhofer, Monte Carroll, Eddy, Jay M, Constantino Victor Delgado, Andrea Galvagni, Andrew Tweddle, Laurel-Ann Rice, Fernando A. Endo, Helen Lee, pam morgan, sarim haq, Gerardo Castro, Michel-Ange Hortegat, Enes Kirimi, Amaury BISIAUX, ND, Samyogita Hardikar, Vanessa Graulich, Vandana Gunwani, Abdulmohsin Almadi, AJ Lyon, Geoffrey Bultitude, Mi Mi, Thomas Rothert, Brian Elieson, Oge O, Weronika Falkowska, Nevin Spoljaric, Sid Chanpuriya, Anoop Varghese, David Yastremski, Noah Webb, Roberto Chena, Oliver Koo, Luke Pisano, Andrea Gordon and Aleksandar Donev.
|
2024-11-21T16:01:25Z
|
[
{
"duration": 5.755,
"start": 7.17,
"text": "In the late 1930s, a grand panda drama\nunfolded at the Chicago Zoo."
},
{
"duration": 4.045,
"start": 13.051,
"text": "Su-Lin, who had been a media darling\nsince she was a cub,"
},
{
"duration": 1.335,
"start": 17.096,
"text": "passed away."
},
{
"duration": 2.169,
"start": 18.598,
"text": "Zookeepers were already in the process"
},
{
"duration": 3.211,
"start": 20.767,
"text": "of procuring another female panda\nnamed Mei Mei,"
},
{
"duration": 4.63,
"start": 24.103,
"text": "and they were determined to find her\na mate before tragedy struck again."
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 29.4,
"text": "So when they acquired a prospective suitor\nnamed Mei Lan,"
},
{
"duration": 2.085,
"start": 33.029,
"text": "it seemed their troubles were over."
},
{
"duration": 2.336,
"start": 35.156,
"text": "Magazines monitored their progress,"
},
{
"duration": 4.212,
"start": 37.492,
"text": "and the public eagerly awaited\nthe patter of tiny panda paws."
},
{
"duration": 2.377,
"start": 41.788,
"text": "But the wait dragged on."
},
{
"duration": 5.088,
"start": 44.332,
"text": "At first, headlines declared that Mei Mei\nwas \"getting nowhere\" with her love life."
},
{
"duration": 4.463,
"start": 49.67,
"text": "But eventually zookeepers realized\ntheir significant slip-up:"
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 54.634,
"text": "both bears were male."
},
{
"duration": 5.589,
"start": 58.346,
"text": "This is just one of many mistakes humans\nhave made when it comes to pandas."
},
{
"duration": 3.086,
"start": 64.31,
"text": "We've incorrectly classified\nthem as raccoons,"
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 67.438,
"text": "misrepresented them as cuddly vegetarians,"
},
{
"duration": 4.087,
"start": 70.775,
"text": "and— since the doomed union\nof Mei Mei and Mei Lan—"
},
{
"duration": 2.9619999999999997,
"start": 74.862,
"text": "declared them as incompetent lovers."
},
{
"duration": 2.378,
"start": 77.99,
"text": "Some people have taken this even further,"
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 80.368,
"text": "suggesting it's remarkable\nthis sex-shy species"
},
{
"duration": 2.919,
"start": 84.247,
"text": "has been able to sustain\nthemselves at all."
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 87.583,
"text": "However, this common perception of pandas\nhaving low libidos"
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 91.879,
"text": "actually has more to do\nwith human incompetence."
},
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 96.634,
"text": "When it comes to breeding pandas\nin captivity,"
},
{
"duration": 2.919,
"start": 99.387,
"text": "zookeepers face multiple challenges."
},
{
"duration": 5.297,
"start": 102.598,
"text": "As the Chicago case suggests, it can be\ntricky to figure out a panda's sex."
},
{
"duration": 4.588,
"start": 108.062,
"text": "Their external genitals don't appear\nuntil they're a few months old,"
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 112.775,
"text": "and once visible, they look very similar."
},
{
"duration": 3.5460000000000003,
"start": 116.445,
"text": "This forces zookeepers to rely\non inconsistent methods,"
},
{
"duration": 3.628,
"start": 119.991,
"text": "like trying to measure the distance\nbetween the anus and genitals,"
},
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 123.828,
"text": "or simply going by feel."
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 126.873,
"text": "And even when males and females\nare paired up correctly,"
},
{
"duration": 2.42,
"start": 130.751,
"text": "chemistry isn't guaranteed."
},
{
"duration": 2.085,
"start": 133.296,
"text": "In one case at the Moscow Zoo,"
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 135.381,
"text": "a female bear that had been isolated\nfrom other animals"
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 138.843,
"text": "proved more interested in zookeepers\nthan other pandas."
},
{
"duration": 2.002,
"start": 142.847,
"text": "Complicating things further,"
},
{
"duration": 5.63,
"start": 144.849,
"text": "female pandas can only be impregnated\n1 to 3 days each year"
},
{
"duration": 3.129,
"start": 150.479,
"text": "due to their incredibly short\novulation window."
},
{
"duration": 4.88,
"start": 153.649,
"text": "Zookeepers try to track fertility levels\nby measuring the hormones in their urine,"
},
{
"duration": 4.838,
"start": 158.696,
"text": "but this data is often cryptic to decipher\nand messy to capture."
},
{
"duration": 4.755,
"start": 164.243,
"text": "Females have also evolved the ability\nto reabsorb their own fetuses,"
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 168.998,
"text": "meaning that even a successful\nimpregnation can be reversed."
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 173.169,
"text": "The difficulty of breeding pandas\nhas reinforced the idea"
},
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 176.547,
"text": "that they're not naturally\ninclined to procreate."
},
{
"duration": 4.964,
"start": 179.8,
"text": "But there's a huge gap between how these\nanimals behave in captivity"
},
{
"duration": 2.169,
"start": 184.764,
"text": "and the privacy of the wild."
},
{
"duration": 2.378,
"start": 187.266,
"text": "Prowling through her home territory,"
},
{
"duration": 4.838,
"start": 189.644,
"text": "a female panda rubs her anal glands\non tree trunks to attract mates,"
},
{
"duration": 4.671,
"start": 194.607,
"text": "then waits in the treetops\nbleating as loudly as she can."
},
{
"duration": 4.672,
"start": 199.278,
"text": "Soon enough, males crowd around the tree\nand compete for her attention"
},
{
"duration": 2.502,
"start": 203.95,
"text": "by seeing who can pee the highest."
},
{
"duration": 3.92,
"start": 206.661,
"text": "Suitors adopt a variety of poses\nin these competitions,"
},
{
"duration": 4.213,
"start": 210.581,
"text": "including the \"squat,\" \"legcock,\"\nand \"handstand.\""
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 215.044,
"text": "They're also known to dab urine\nbehind their ears"
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 217.922,
"text": "to broadcast their virility\nthrough the breeze."
},
{
"duration": 2.044,
"start": 221.759,
"text": "Once a female picks a winner,"
},
{
"duration": 5.63,
"start": 223.803,
"text": "the mating pair will often have sex\nover 40 times in a single afternoon."
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 229.558,
"text": "At these rates, you might expect\npanda populations to be booming,"
},
{
"duration": 3.421,
"start": 233.854,
"text": "especially since panda sperm\nis incredibly potent."
},
{
"duration": 4.588,
"start": 237.483,
"text": "But females' short ovulation cycles\nand ability to reabsorb fetuses"
},
{
"duration": 2.127,
"start": 242.071,
"text": "keep the population in check."
},
{
"duration": 5.547,
"start": 245.116,
"text": "In the wild, young pandas are usually able\nto witness at least one breeding season"
},
{
"duration": 2.377,
"start": 250.663,
"text": "before reaching sexual maturity,"
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 253.082,
"text": "giving them time to learn\nthe rituals of seduction."
},
{
"duration": 4.754,
"start": 256.419,
"text": "But in captivity, pandas are never\nable to learn these customs."
},
{
"duration": 4.213,
"start": 261.34,
"text": "And while breeders have tried to kick\nstart young pandas' sexual awakenings"
},
{
"duration": 4.921,
"start": 265.553,
"text": "by showing them footage of mating elders\nand offering them doses of Viagra,"
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 270.725,
"text": "none of these strategies have\nworked consistently."
},
{
"duration": 4.255,
"start": 273.894,
"text": "The most reliable approach they've\nfound is artificial insemination,"
},
{
"duration": 3.336,
"start": 278.274,
"text": "which has dramatically increased\nthe captive population"
},
{
"duration": 1.627,
"start": 281.61,
"text": "in the past few decades."
},
{
"duration": 3.336,
"start": 283.321,
"text": "But if pandas are so much better\nat reproducing in the wild,"
},
{
"duration": 5.38,
"start": 286.699,
"text": "one has to ask why are conservation\nefforts so focused on breeding them."
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 292.246,
"text": "Maybe our time would be better spent"
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 294.832,
"text": "protecting the pandas'\nnatural environments,"
},
{
"duration": 4.087,
"start": 298.169,
"text": "giving them all the space they need\nto get down to business."
}
] |
iNyUmbmQQZg
|
Can you solve the trickster god riddle? - Alex Rosenthal
|
Loki has challenged you to a winner-take-all game to end Ragnarok. Can you beat him and win the right to rule the new world?
--
Ragnarok has been raging for far too long; many gods and heroes have fallen, and the rest can barely stand. Loki, his bright eyes dimmed by exhaustion, asks to meet. He proposes that you and he settle the conflict with a game atop a sacred table engraved with your names. Can you beat the infamous trickster and win the right to rule the new world? Alex Rosenthal shows how.
Lesson by Alex Rosenthal, directed by Igor Ćorić, Artrake Studio.
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View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/can-you-solve-the-trickster-god-riddle-alex-rosenthal
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/can-you-solve-the-trickster-god-riddle-alex-rosenthal/digdeeper
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----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Sydney Evans, Latora, Noel Situ, emily lam, Sid, Niccolò Frassetto, Mana, I'm here because of Knowledge Fight Facebook group., Linda Freedman, Edgardo Cuellar, Jaspar Carmichael-Jack, Michael Burton, VIVIANA A GARCIA BESNE, The Vernon's, Olha Bahatiuk, Jesús Bíquez Talayero, Chels Raknrl, Sai Pranavi Jonnalagadda, Stuart Rice, Jing Chen, Vector-Dopamine math, Jasper Song, Giorgio Bugnatelli, Chardon, Eddy Trochez, OnlineBookClub.org, Eric Shear, Leith Salem, Omar Hicham, Adrian Rotaru, Brad Sullivan, Karen Ho, Niklas Frimberger, Hunter Manhart, Nathan Nguyen, Igor Stavchanskiy, James R DeVries, Grace Huo, Diana Huang, Chau Hong Diem, Orlellys Torre, Corheu, Thomas Mee, Maryann H McCrory, Blas Borde, John Hellmann, Poompak Meephian, Chuck Wofford, Adam Pagan and Wes Winn.
|
2024-11-19T16:00:04Z
|
[
{
"duration": 3.086,
"start": 7.128,
"text": "As your morning alarm blares, \nyou mutter to yourself,"
},
{
"duration": 2.628,
"start": 10.214,
"text": "“Why did I set it so early?”"
},
{
"duration": 1.752,
"start": 13.426,
"text": "While brushing your teeth,\nyou think,"
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 15.178,
"text": "“I need a haircut... unless?”"
},
{
"duration": 3.379,
"start": 18.389,
"text": "Rushing out the front door,\nyou reach for your keys"
},
{
"duration": 2.043,
"start": 21.768,
"text": "and realize they’re not there."
},
{
"duration": 4.213,
"start": 23.936,
"text": "Frustrated you shout, \n“I can’t do anything right!”"
},
{
"duration": 2.502,
"start": 28.149,
"text": "just in time to notice your neighbor."
},
{
"duration": 3.336,
"start": 30.902,
"text": "Being caught talking to yourself \ncan feel embarrassing,"
},
{
"duration": 4.922,
"start": 34.238,
"text": "and some people even stigmatize this\nbehavior as a sign of mental instability."
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 39.41,
"text": "But decades of psychology research show\nthat talking to yourself"
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 43.164,
"text": "is completely normal."
},
{
"duration": 4.629,
"start": 45.917,
"text": "In fact, most, if not all, of us engage\nin some form of self-talk"
},
{
"duration": 1.71,
"start": 50.546,
"text": "every single day."
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 52.465,
"text": "So why do we talk to ourselves?"
},
{
"duration": 2.669,
"start": 55.009,
"text": "And does what we say matter?"
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 58.179,
"text": "Self-talk refers to the narration \ninside your head,"
},
{
"duration": 2.169,
"start": 61.849,
"text": "sometimes called inner speech."
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 64.143,
"text": "It differs from mental imagery \nor recalling facts and figures."
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 68.189,
"text": "Specifically, psychologists\ndefine self-talk"
},
{
"duration": 5.046,
"start": 71.359,
"text": "as verbalized thoughts directed toward\nyourself or some facet of your life."
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 77.073,
"text": "This includes personal conversations like\n“I need to work on my free throw.”"
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 81.494,
"text": "But it also includes reflections\nyou have throughout the day,"
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 84.372,
"text": "like “The gym is crowded tonight.\nI’ll come back tomorrow.”"
},
{
"duration": 3.086,
"start": 88.376,
"text": "And while most self-talk \nin adults tends to be silent,"
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 91.462,
"text": "speaking to yourself out loud \nalso falls into this category."
},
{
"duration": 4.38,
"start": 95.883,
"text": "In fact, psychologists believe our first\nexperiences with self-talk"
},
{
"duration": 1.167,
"start": 100.263,
"text": "are mostly vocal,"
},
{
"duration": 3.7960000000000003,
"start": 101.43,
"text": "as children often speak to themselves\nout loud as they play."
},
{
"duration": 4.17,
"start": 105.56,
"text": "In the 1930s, Russian psychologist\nLev Vygotsky hypothesized"
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 109.73,
"text": "that this kind of speech was \nactually key to development."
},
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 113.192,
"text": "By repeating conversations \nthey’ve had with adults,"
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 115.945,
"text": "children practice managing their behaviors\nand emotions on their own."
},
{
"duration": 5.213,
"start": 121.159,
"text": "Then, as they grow older, this outward\nself-talk tends to become internalized,"
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 126.372,
"text": "morphing into a private inner dialogue."
},
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 129.333,
"text": "We know this internal self-talk\nis important,"
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 132.086,
"text": "and can help you plan, \nwork through difficult situations,"
},
{
"duration": 2.086,
"start": 134.922,
"text": "and even motivate you throughout the day."
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 137.383,
"text": "But studying self-talk can be difficult."
},
{
"duration": 4.88,
"start": 140.761,
"text": "It relies on study subjects clearly\ntracking a behavior that’s spontaneous"
},
{
"duration": 2.169,
"start": 145.641,
"text": "and often done without conscious control."
},
{
"duration": 3.878,
"start": 147.894,
"text": "For this reason, scientists are still\nworking to answer basic questions,"
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 151.772,
"text": "like, why do some people\nself-talk more than others?"
},
{
"duration": 3.7960000000000003,
"start": 154.817,
"text": "What areas of the brain are activated\nduring self-talk?"
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 158.613,
"text": "And how does this activation differ\nfrom normal conversation?"
},
{
"duration": 2.627,
"start": 162.617,
"text": "One thing we know for certain, however,"
},
{
"duration": 4.838,
"start": 165.244,
"text": "is that what you say in these\nconversations can have real impacts"
},
{
"duration": 2.545,
"start": 170.082,
"text": "on your attitude and performance."
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 173.377,
"text": "Engaging in self-talk\nthat’s instructional or motivational"
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 176.839,
"text": "has been shown to increase focus,\nboost self-esteem,"
},
{
"duration": 2.669,
"start": 180.593,
"text": "and help tackle everyday tasks."
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 183.554,
"text": "For example, one study \nof collegiate tennis players"
},
{
"duration": 3.9210000000000003,
"start": 187.266,
"text": "found that incorporating instructional\nself-talk into practice"
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 191.187,
"text": "increased their concentration \nand accuracy."
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 195.066,
"text": "And just as chatting to a friend\ncan help decrease stress,"
},
{
"duration": 5.631,
"start": 198.736,
"text": "speaking directly to yourself may also\nhelp you regulate your emotions."
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 204.659,
"text": "Distanced self-talk is when\nyou talk to yourself,"
},
{
"duration": 2.46,
"start": 208.246,
"text": "as if in conversation with another person."
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 210.706,
"text": "So, rather than \n“I’m going to crush this exam,”"
},
{
"duration": 4.546,
"start": 214.168,
"text": "you might think, \n“Caleb, you are prepared for this test!”"
},
{
"duration": 3.9210000000000003,
"start": 218.881,
"text": "One study found that this kind \nof self-talk was especially beneficial"
},
{
"duration": 4.588,
"start": 222.802,
"text": "for reducing stress \nwhen engaging in anxiety-inducing tasks,"
},
{
"duration": 2.752,
"start": 227.39,
"text": "such as meeting new people\nor public speaking."
},
{
"duration": 5.13,
"start": 230.518,
"text": "But where positive self-talk can help you,\nnegative self-talk can harm you."
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 235.982,
"text": "Most people are critical \nof themselves occasionally,"
},
{
"duration": 3.6710000000000003,
"start": 239.318,
"text": "but when this behavior gets too frequent\nor excessively negative,"
},
{
"duration": 1.584,
"start": 242.989,
"text": "it can become toxic."
},
{
"duration": 3.212,
"start": 244.865,
"text": "High levels of negative self-talk \nare often predictive"
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 248.077,
"text": "of anxiety in children and adults."
},
{
"duration": 3.087,
"start": 250.621,
"text": "And those who constantly blame themselves\nfor their problems"
},
{
"duration": 2.127,
"start": 253.708,
"text": "and ruminate on those situations"
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 255.835,
"text": "typically experience\nmore intense feelings of depression."
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 260.047,
"text": "Today, there’s a field \nof psychological treatment"
},
{
"duration": 3.9210000000000003,
"start": 262.883,
"text": "called cognitive behavioral therapy, \nor CBT,"
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 267.054,
"text": "which is partially focused on regulating\nthe tone of self-talk."
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 271.976,
"text": "Cognitive behavioral therapists \noften teach strategies"
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 275.229,
"text": "to identify cycles of negative thoughts"
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 277.94,
"text": "and replace them with neutral \nor more compassionate reflections."
},
{
"duration": 4.463,
"start": 282.403,
"text": "Over time, these tools can improve\none's mental health."
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 287.366,
"text": "So the next time you find yourself\nchatting with yourself,"
},
{
"duration": 1.96,
"start": 290.995,
"text": "remember to be kind."
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 293.289,
"text": "That inner voice is a partner you’ll be\ntalking to for many years to come."
}
] |
UgMxLAi-odI
|
This could save lives— but are you willing to do it? - Michael Vazquez and Sarah Stroud
|
Puzzle through this classic ethical dilemma and decide: is community safety more important than individual privacy?
--
Your government has introduced a plan to address record-breaking rates of traffic tickets and deadly hovercar accidents. They propose assigning “driver credit scores” to every citizen, but would need to install cameras and microphones in every vehicle. While it would make the roads safer, is this undeniable benefit worth the cost to drivers’ privacy? Michael Vazquez and Sarah Stroud investigate.
Lesson by Michael Vazquez and Sarah Stroud, directed by Jeff Le Bars, JetPropulsion.space.
This video made possible in collaboration with the Parr Center for Ethics
Learn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartner
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
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View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/is-safety-worth-the-loss-of-privacy-michael-vazquez-and-sarah-stroud
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/is-safety-worth-the-loss-of-privacy-michael-vazquez-and-sarah-stroud/digdeeper
Animator's website: https://jetpropulsion.space
Music: http://www.wonderboyaudio.com
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Ophelia Gibson Best, Paul Schneider, Joichiro Yamada, Henrique Cassús, Karthik Cherala, Clarence E. Harper Jr., Vignan Velivela, Ana Maria, Exal Enrique Cisneros Tuch, Tejas Dc, Khalifa Alhulail, Martin Stephen, Jose Henrique Leopoldo e Silva, Mandeep Singh, Abhijit Kiran Valluri, Morgan Williams, Devin Harris, Pavel Zalevskiy, Karen Goepen-Wee, Filip Dabrowski, Barbara Smalley, Megan Douglas, Tim Leistikow, Ka-Hei Law, Hiroshi Uchiyama, Mark Morris, Misaki Sato, EdoKun, SookKwan Loong, Bev Millar, Lex Azevedo, Michael Aquilina, Jason A Saslow, Yansong Li, Cristóbal Moenne, Dawn Jordan, Prasanth Mathialagan, Samuel Doerle, David Rosario, Dominik Kugelmann - they-them, Siamak Hajizadeh, Ryohky Araya, Mayank Kaul, Christophe Dessalles, Heather Slater, Sandra Tersluisen, Zhexi Shan, Bárbara Nazaré, Andrea Feliz and Victor E Karhel.
|
2024-11-14T16:02:20Z
|
[
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 6.961,
"text": "It’s April 10th, 1815, \nand in just a few moments,"
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 11.132,
"text": "the sun is going to disappear."
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 14.01,
"text": "On an island in present-day Indonesia,"
},
{
"duration": 6.256,
"start": 16.846,
"text": "Mount Tambora erupts with a boom that can\nbe heard over 2,000 kilometers away."
},
{
"duration": 5.964,
"start": 23.436,
"text": "Sulfurous plumes of steam and ash billow\nthousands of meters into the sky,"
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 29.734,
"text": "forming dark storm clouds\nof soot and lightning."
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 33.529,
"text": "This eruption will go down as the\nlargest in recorded history,"
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 37.95,
"text": "but, at this point, \nits impact is only just beginning."
},
{
"duration": 2.335,
"start": 42.038,
"text": "Ascending high into the atmosphere,"
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 44.373,
"text": "Tambora’s emissions spread\nacross the globe,"
},
{
"duration": 3.6710000000000003,
"start": 47.96,
"text": "blotting out the sun \nfor almost an entire year."
},
{
"duration": 6.506,
"start": 52.048,
"text": "The hazy skies and cold weather of 1816\nwreak havoc on agriculture,"
},
{
"duration": 3.5460000000000003,
"start": 58.679,
"text": "leading to famines all across\nthe Northern Hemisphere."
},
{
"duration": 2.377,
"start": 62.517,
"text": "Nations struggle with epidemics,"
},
{
"duration": 5.672,
"start": 64.894,
"text": "and artists craft bleak tributes \nto these seemingly apocalyptic times."
},
{
"duration": 2.628,
"start": 70.858,
"text": "This was the year without summer—"
},
{
"duration": 3.795,
"start": 73.486,
"text": "literally one of the darkest periods\nin human history."
},
{
"duration": 4.838,
"start": 77.573,
"text": "So why are some modern researchers\nlooking for ways to repeat it?"
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 83.204,
"text": "Obviously, no one wants to replicate\nthis period’s famine and despair."
},
{
"duration": 6.34,
"start": 87.625,
"text": "But some scientists are interested in\nusing sulfurous haze to block out the sun,"
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 93.965,
"text": "and hopefully,\nslow the effects of global warming."
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 98.344,
"text": "This is one of many proposals\nin the realm of geoengineering—"
},
{
"duration": 5.548,
"start": 102.598,
"text": "a class of deliberate, large-scale\ninterventions in Earth’s natural systems"
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 108.146,
"text": "intended to help restrain climate change."
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 111.399,
"text": "Different geoengineering schemes\nintervene in different systems."
},
{
"duration": 4.88,
"start": 115.653,
"text": "Any plans to cool the planet by blocking\nthe amount of sunlight reaching the earth"
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 120.533,
"text": "would fall in the category \nof solar radiation management."
},
{
"duration": 2.919,
"start": 124.871,
"text": "Some of these proposals\nare massive in scale,"
},
{
"duration": 4.797,
"start": 127.79,
"text": "such as suggestions to create\na helpful version of volcanic plumes"
},
{
"duration": 3.795,
"start": 132.587,
"text": "or build a giant sunshade\nin Earth’s orbit."
},
{
"duration": 4.588,
"start": 137.008,
"text": "Others are more limited, focusing \non enhancing natural cooling systems."
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 141.762,
"text": "For example, researchers might\nenlarge marine clouds"
},
{
"duration": 5.798,
"start": 145.641,
"text": "or make Earth reflect more sunlight \nby building huge swaths of white surfaces."
},
{
"duration": 3.461,
"start": 153.024,
"text": "Many of these plans sound more\nthan a little strange."
},
{
"duration": 2.503,
"start": 156.485,
"text": "But there’s reason to believe\nthey might work,"
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 158.988,
"text": "not least because of natural events\nlike the eruption of Tambora."
},
{
"duration": 4.921,
"start": 163.201,
"text": "Scientists know that volcanic eruptions\nhave periodically cooled the climate."
},
{
"duration": 3.211,
"start": 168.331,
"text": "Both the Pinatubo eruption in 1991"
},
{
"duration": 5.506,
"start": 171.542,
"text": "and 1883′s blast of Krakatoa reduced\nglobal average temperatures"
},
{
"duration": 3.795,
"start": 177.048,
"text": "by at least half-a-degree Celsius\nfor up to a year."
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 181.26,
"text": "These cooling effects are\nglobal and fast acting—"
},
{
"duration": 2.252,
"start": 184.722,
"text": "but they're also incredibly risky."
},
{
"duration": 4.088,
"start": 187.141,
"text": "The Earth is a chaotic system \nwhere even the smallest changes"
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 191.229,
"text": "can create countless\nunpredictable ripple effects."
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 194.44,
"text": "We know that cooling temperatures\nimpacts precipitation,"
},
{
"duration": 2.9619999999999997,
"start": 197.985,
"text": "extreme weather, \nand other climate phenomena,"
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 201.03,
"text": "but it’s difficult for even the most\nadvanced computer models"
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 204.325,
"text": "to predict how or where \nthese consequences will occur."
},
{
"duration": 2.669,
"start": 208.871,
"text": "One country’s solar radiation management"
},
{
"duration": 2.9619999999999997,
"start": 211.54,
"text": "might be another country’s \nunnatural disaster,"
},
{
"duration": 5.672,
"start": 214.502,
"text": "causing extreme weather or crop failures \nlike those following Tambora’s eruption."
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 221.092,
"text": "And even if these schemes did\nsafely cool the planet,"
},
{
"duration": 3.878,
"start": 224.679,
"text": "solar radiation management\ndoesn’t address the greenhouse gases"
},
{
"duration": 1.794,
"start": 228.557,
"text": "that are causing global warming."
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 230.351,
"text": "These solutions are just highly\nexperimental band-aids"
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 234.313,
"text": "that the world would have to endure \nfor at least a few decades"
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 237.608,
"text": "while we work on actually removing \nCO2 from the air."
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 241.404,
"text": "And if we pulled that band-aid\noff prematurely,"
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 244.824,
"text": "global temperatures could rapidly rebound,"
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 247.827,
"text": "causing a period of intense super warming."
},
{
"duration": 4.63,
"start": 252.206,
"text": "For these reasons and more \nsolar radiation management is risky."
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 257.378,
"text": "Today, researchers are running\nsmall-scale experiments,"
},
{
"duration": 4.087,
"start": 260.965,
"text": "such as enhancing marine clouds \nto protect the Great Barrier Reef"
},
{
"duration": 2.086,
"start": 265.052,
"text": "from further heating and bleaching."
},
{
"duration": 4.295,
"start": 267.305,
"text": "And most scientists agree that we should\npursue ways to cut emissions"
},
{
"duration": 3.5460000000000003,
"start": 271.6,
"text": "and remove atmospheric CO2 \nfirst and foremost."
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 275.354,
"text": "However, there are reasons to keep\nstudying these more aggressive approaches."
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 279.734,
"text": "Desperate times call for desperate\nmeasures, and in the future,"
},
{
"duration": 3.795,
"start": 283.446,
"text": "geoengineering might be \ncivilization’s last resort."
},
{
"duration": 4.13,
"start": 287.616,
"text": "Furthermore, some of these plans would\nbe shockingly easy to execute"
},
{
"duration": 2.669,
"start": 291.746,
"text": "by some rogue actor with enough cash."
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 294.54,
"text": "So we’ll want to be prepared \nif someone starts geoengineering"
},
{
"duration": 1.71,
"start": 298.586,
"text": "without governmental approval."
},
{
"duration": 4.838,
"start": 300.338,
"text": "But perhaps the most important reason to\ninvestigate the impacts of geoengineering"
},
{
"duration": 5.38,
"start": 305.176,
"text": "is that people are already making large\nscale interventions in the atmosphere."
},
{
"duration": 5.047,
"start": 310.639,
"text": "In many ways, climate change\nis an unintended geoengineering project"
},
{
"duration": 1.334,
"start": 315.895,
"text": "fueled by the emissions"
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 317.229,
"text": "generated from centuries \nof burning fossil fuels."
},
{
"duration": 2.794,
"start": 321.15,
"text": "And unless we take action \nto curb emissions"
},
{
"duration": 3.504,
"start": 323.944,
"text": "and draw CO2 out of the atmosphere soon,"
},
{
"duration": 2.92,
"start": 327.448,
"text": "summer may never be the same again."
}
] |
kD3-DKkiVeA
|
Ugly History: The Armenian Genocide - Ümit Kurt
|
Dig into the history of the Armenian Genocide, during which the Ottoman Empire killed over 1 million Armenians during WWI.
--
When an Armenian resistance movement began to form in the 19th century, Sultan Abdul Hamid II took decisive action. He led the Hamidian Massacres— a relentless campaign of violence that killed over 150,000 Armenians. These massacres were the culmination of centuries of oppression, yet they were only the beginning of an even greater tragedy. Ümit Kurt uncovers the history of the Armenian Genocide.
Lesson by Ümit Kurt, directed by Héloïse Dorsan-Rachet.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
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Keep Learning
----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/ugly-history-the-armenian-genocide-umit-kurt
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/ugly-history-the-armenian-genocide-umit-kurt/digdeeper
Animator's website: https://www.instagram.com/helo.dr
Composer's websites: https://www.youtube.com/@UCUVF-xZ23Tf6DA-DwjYRduw, https://danyessian.com, https://www.yessian.com
"An Armenian Trilogy” documentary with concert performed by the Armenian National Philharmonic Orchestra: https://armeniantrilogy.com
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Mi Mi, Thomas Rothert, Brian Elieson, Oge O, Weronika Falkowska, Nevin Spoljaric, Sid Chanpuriya, Anoop Varghese, David Yastremski, Noah Webb, Roberto Chena, Oliver Koo, Luke Pisano, Andrea Gordon, Aleksandar Donev, Nicole Klau Ibarra, Jesse Lira, Ezekiel Raui, Petr Vacek, Dennis, Olivia Fu, Kari Teffeau, Cindy Lai, Rajath Durgada Manjunath, Dan Nguyen, Chin Beng Tan, Tom Boman, Karen Warner, Iryna Panasiuk, Aaron Torres, Eric Braun, Sonja Worzewski, Michael Clement, Adam Berry, Ghaith Tarawneh, Nathan Milford, Tomas Beckett, Alice Ice, Eric Berman, Kurt Paolo Sevillano, Jennifer Heald, Megulo Abebe, isolwi, Kate Sem, Ujjwal Dasu, Angel Alberici, Minh Quan Dinh, Sylvain, Terran Gimpel and Talia Sari.
|
2024-11-12T16:01:44Z
|
[
{
"duration": 5.172,
"start": 7.086,
"text": "You're in the middle of a project when\nsuddenly moving forward seems impossible."
},
{
"duration": 2.21,
"start": 12.467,
"text": "Maybe you don't know what\nthe next step is."
},
{
"duration": 3.212,
"start": 14.844,
"text": "Or perhaps you’ve faced setbacks,\nand you’re starting to think,"
},
{
"duration": 1.751,
"start": 18.056,
"text": "“what’s even the point?”"
},
{
"duration": 2.877,
"start": 20.058,
"text": "Many of us have experienced feeling stuck."
},
{
"duration": 3.92,
"start": 23.186,
"text": "It can happen when tackling something\nas simple as a term paper,"
},
{
"duration": 4.713,
"start": 27.106,
"text": "or as monumental as social inequality\nor the climate crisis."
},
{
"duration": 2.336,
"start": 32.111,
"text": "So, are there ways to get unstuck?"
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 34.822,
"text": "People often report feeling\nhighly motivated"
},
{
"duration": 2.92,
"start": 37.408,
"text": "at the start and end of a project,"
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 40.328,
"text": "but the middle can feel untethered."
},
{
"duration": 3.294,
"start": 43.081,
"text": "Psychologists call this the\n“stuck in the middle” effect,"
},
{
"duration": 3.211,
"start": 46.459,
"text": "and it’s thought to be caused by a shift\nin perspective that happens"
},
{
"duration": 1.919,
"start": 49.67,
"text": "as you move closer to your goals."
},
{
"duration": 4.671,
"start": 51.798,
"text": "When you start working towards something,\nany progress can feel like a win,"
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 56.594,
"text": "as we tend to compare ourselves\nagainst where we started."
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 59.931,
"text": "For example, when someone starts\ntraining for a marathon,"
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 62.892,
"text": "accomplishing even a short jog\ncan feel motivating."
},
{
"duration": 1.7930000000000001,
"start": 66.896,
"text": "But the longer you work on something,"
},
{
"duration": 4.547,
"start": 68.689,
"text": "the more likely it is that your focus\nshifts to your end goal."
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 73.694,
"text": "In other words, rather than seeing\nhow far you've come,"
},
{
"duration": 4.045,
"start": 77.24,
"text": "it’s easy to become frustrated\nby how far you still need to go."
},
{
"duration": 4.379,
"start": 81.661,
"text": "A simple way to avoid these motivational\nsinkholes is to break your pursuits"
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 86.04,
"text": "into smaller, more achievable sub-goals."
},
{
"duration": 5.13,
"start": 89.752,
"text": "This creates less daunting, incremental\nbenchmarks to compare your progress to."
},
{
"duration": 4.212,
"start": 94.966,
"text": "It also creates more opportunities\nto celebrate wins along the way."
},
{
"duration": 5.755,
"start": 99.554,
"text": "This is especially important when working\ntowards bigger societal goals."
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 105.476,
"text": "These issues are, by nature,\nlarge-scale and complex—"
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 109.313,
"text": "no single action or person\nis likely to solve them."
},
{
"duration": 5.797,
"start": 112.692,
"text": "So if you only focus on the end goal,\nit’s easy to feel personally powerless."
},
{
"duration": 4.212,
"start": 118.531,
"text": "And the enormity of these problems\nmay be why so many people,"
},
{
"duration": 2.67,
"start": 122.743,
"text": "including those who care deeply\nabout the issues,"
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 125.413,
"text": "think that progress is impossible,\nleading them to disengage."
},
{
"duration": 4.337,
"start": 130.126,
"text": "In fact, one 2021 global survey\nof young people"
},
{
"duration": 3.963,
"start": 134.463,
"text": "found that over half believe\nhumanity is doomed."
},
{
"duration": 1.96,
"start": 138.676,
"text": "But despite these obstacles,"
},
{
"duration": 5.464,
"start": 140.678,
"text": "some people do manage to stay motivated,\nengaged, and unstuck."
},
{
"duration": 1.46,
"start": 146.434,
"text": "So, how do they do it?"
},
{
"duration": 3.503,
"start": 148.561,
"text": "Surprisingly, it’s not all about\nhow concerned you are"
},
{
"duration": 2.545,
"start": 152.064,
"text": "or how much you care about the issue\nin front of you."
},
{
"duration": 4.088,
"start": 154.817,
"text": "For instance, research has found that\namong those who feel the most alarmed"
},
{
"duration": 1.334,
"start": 158.905,
"text": "about climate change,"
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 160.239,
"text": "only about a third take regular\nclimate action."
},
{
"duration": 4.212,
"start": 163.91,
"text": "However, a unifying factor among\nthose who do take action"
},
{
"duration": 4.338,
"start": 168.122,
"text": "is the confidence that their personal\ninvolvement could make a difference."
},
{
"duration": 2.336,
"start": 172.585,
"text": "And this belief isn't misguided."
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 175.171,
"text": "The long history of social progress\nproves that change is possible."
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 179.3,
"text": "And individual actions— whether it’s\nvolunteering, voting, protesting,"
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 183.763,
"text": "or personally contributing\nto a communal goal—"
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 186.474,
"text": "are key to building the\ncollective momentum"
},
{
"duration": 3.503,
"start": 189.31,
"text": "that has tackled seemingly\nimpenetrable issues."
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 193.105,
"text": "It’s not to say that concern and passion\nhave no place."
},
{
"duration": 4.338,
"start": 196.442,
"text": "Moral outrage, or anger, can help\nus focus on what’s at stake."
},
{
"duration": 4.38,
"start": 201.113,
"text": "And when it’s correctly harnessed,\noutrage can be a powerful unifier."
},
{
"duration": 4.796,
"start": 205.785,
"text": "In the American Civil Rights Movement,\nshared anger over systemic racism,"
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 210.581,
"text": "injustice, and violence\nagainst Black people"
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 213.167,
"text": "galvanized diverse communities to work\ntogether in the fight for equality."
},
{
"duration": 3.379,
"start": 217.88,
"text": "And bringing together people\nof different backgrounds and mindsets"
},
{
"duration": 4.337,
"start": 221.259,
"text": " is essential to building longevity\nand resilience in any movement."
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 225.846,
"text": "In this way, thinking about how you can\napply your own unique perspective,"
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 229.892,
"text": "knowledge, and expertise to promoting\nchange can be helpful."
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 234.146,
"text": "And finding community has plenty\nof other benefits."
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 237.65,
"text": "Just witnessing other people at work has\nbeen shown to motivate personal action,"
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 241.946,
"text": "creating a positive feedback loop."
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 244.448,
"text": "Collaboration can help you better\nproblem solve"
},
{
"duration": 2.253,
"start": 247.159,
"text": "when you’re unsure what the next step is."
},
{
"duration": 2.085,
"start": 249.412,
"text": "And the support and encouragement\nof others"
},
{
"duration": 2.92,
"start": 251.497,
"text": "can serve as a source of inspiration\nand joy"
},
{
"duration": 3.461,
"start": 254.417,
"text": "if you’re feeling exhausted,\ndefeated, or stuck."
},
{
"duration": 4.922,
"start": 258.17,
"text": "The path to conquering any goal is long\nand bound to hit sticking points."
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 263.342,
"text": "Often, the best way to get unstuck\nis just to take any action,"
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 266.971,
"text": "no matter how small\nor imperfect the outcome."
},
{
"duration": 4.38,
"start": 270.057,
"text": "Progress starts with writing that\nnext sentence, running that extra mile,"
},
{
"duration": 3.504,
"start": 274.645,
"text": "or even casting that vote\nto build a better future."
}
] |
oQWmagZmogQ
|
How does kidney transplant surgery work? - Alexander H. Toledo
|
Dig into the science of how kidney transplants work, how donors are matched and find out how this surgery saves lives.
--
In 1954, Joseph Murray attempted a type of kidney swap that no doctor had tried before. The surgery was a success, and the patient would go on to live with the transplanted organ thanks to one key factor: it came from his identical twin. 70 years later, nearly 100,000 kidneys are transplanted annually in the US alone. So how does this surgery work today? Alexander H. Toledo explains the procedure.
Lesson by Alexander H. Toledo, directed by Biljana Labović.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
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Support us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon
Check out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop
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----------------------------------------------
Sign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter
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Keep Learning
----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-do-kidney-transplants-work-alexander-h-toledo
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-do-kidney-transplants-work-alexander-h-toledo/digdeeper
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Heidi Stolt, Nicole Sund, Karlee Finch, Mario Mejia, Denise A Pitts, Doug Henry, Keven Webb, Mihai Sandu, Deepak Iyer, Javid Gozalov, Kyanta Yap, Rebecca Reineke, William Biersdorf, Patricia Alves Panagides, Yvette Mocete, Cyrus Garay, Samuel Barbas, LadyGeek, Marin Kovachev, Penelope Misquitta, Hans Peng, Gaurav Mathur, Erik Biemans, Tony, Michelle, Katie and Josh Pedretti, Hoai Nam Tran, Kack-Kyun Kim, Michael Braun-Boghos, zjweele13, Anna-Pitschna Kunz, Edla Paniguel, Thomas Mungavan, Jaron Blackburn, Venkat Venkatakrishnan, ReuniteKorea, Aaron Henson, Rohan Gupta, Begum Tutuncu, Brian Richards, Jørgen Østerpart, Tyron Jung, Carsten Tobehn, Katie Dean, Ezgi Yersu, Gerald Onyango, alessandra tasso, Doreen Reynolds-Consolati, Manognya Chakrapani, Ayala Ron, Eunsun Kim and Phyllis Dubrow.
|
2024-11-07T16:00:36Z
|
[
{
"duration": 1.251,
"start": 7.295,
"text": "Throughout history,"
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 8.546,
"text": "one persistent ailment has inspired\na variety of treatments."
},
{
"duration": 4.921,
"start": 13.009,
"text": "In ancient Egypt, doctors used\nincantations and breast milk remedies."
},
{
"duration": 3.795,
"start": 18.056,
"text": "In 18th century Europe,\nbloodletting was a popular choice."
},
{
"duration": 4.338,
"start": 21.934,
"text": "And when President Calvin Coolidge\nwas afflicted in 1924,"
},
{
"duration": 5.339,
"start": 26.272,
"text": "his ill-advised solution was inhaling\npoisonous chlorine gas."
},
{
"duration": 3.795,
"start": 31.778,
"text": "These are just a few of history’s\nmany creative attempts"
},
{
"duration": 2.085,
"start": 35.573,
"text": "to soothe the common cold. "
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 37.992,
"text": "Today, pharmacies are filled with a\nseemingly mountainous assortment"
},
{
"duration": 1.5430000000000001,
"start": 42.288,
"text": "of cold remedies."
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 44.123,
"text": "But how do these products work?\nAnd are they effective?"
},
{
"duration": 3.129,
"start": 47.96,
"text": "While colds are caused\nby a variety of viruses,"
},
{
"duration": 4.879,
"start": 51.089,
"text": "their nasty symptoms aren't actually\nproduced by the viruses themselves."
},
{
"duration": 3.878,
"start": 56.094,
"text": "Rather, they’re the result of your body’s\nnatural defenses."
},
{
"duration": 4.879,
"start": 60.098,
"text": "When a virus is detected, white blood\ncells release proteins called cytokines,"
},
{
"duration": 3.963,
"start": 64.977,
"text": "which recruit more pathogen-fighting\nimmune cells to the area."
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 69.19,
"text": "To aid in this bombardment,\nblood vessels widen,"
},
{
"duration": 4.38,
"start": 72.568,
"text": "and it's this inflammation that leads\nto a blocked, stuffy nose."
},
{
"duration": 5.422,
"start": 77.115,
"text": "The body dials up mucus production in an\neffort to trap and expel pathogens."
},
{
"duration": 3.92,
"start": 82.537,
"text": "But this mucus can irritate\nand inflame airways,"
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 86.582,
"text": "causing coughing and a sore throat."
},
{
"duration": 3.379,
"start": 89.168,
"text": "Since the viruses causing\ncolds are so varied,"
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 92.547,
"text": "pharmacy products aren't designed\nto attack viruses,"
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 96.092,
"text": "but rather to alleviate the\nmost common symptoms."
},
{
"duration": 3.503,
"start": 99.554,
"text": "So which pill, syrup, or spray\nshould you choose?"
},
{
"duration": 3.336,
"start": 103.099,
"text": "Or should you ditch the pharmacy\nand try a home remedy?"
},
{
"duration": 1.043,
"start": 106.644,
"text": "It depends."
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 107.812,
"text": "Most pharmacy products\ncontain a painkiller,"
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 110.815,
"text": "in addition to one or several\nother active ingredients,"
},
{
"duration": 4.088,
"start": 114.443,
"text": "or those mystifying chemical names\nstamped onto the packaging."
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 118.698,
"text": "While there are over a dozen\ncold-related ingredients available,"
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 122.827,
"text": "most fall into one of four \nsymptom-fighting categories:"
},
{
"duration": 4.713,
"start": 127.165,
"text": "if you’re sick of dealing with the \nmucous-y mess oozing from your nostrils,"
},
{
"duration": 4.504,
"start": 132.003,
"text": "you may want to take nasal decongestants,\nlike pseudoephedrine."
},
{
"duration": 3.212,
"start": 136.757,
"text": "This snot-fighter,\nfound in pills and syrups,"
},
{
"duration": 2.336,
"start": 139.969,
"text": "promotes the release of norepinephrine,"
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 142.305,
"text": "a chemical messenger that\nreduces blood flow"
},
{
"duration": 2.21,
"start": 145.141,
"text": "to the vessels in your nasal passages."
},
{
"duration": 4.212,
"start": 147.56,
"text": "This frees air and fluid so that\nyou can breathe more easily."
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 152.19,
"text": "Cough suppressants aim to quell\nthose torturous coughs."
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 156.402,
"text": "Dextromethorphan, one of the\nmost common suppressants,"
},
{
"duration": 2.502,
"start": 159.614,
"text": "addresses the head of the command chain,"
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 162.116,
"text": "moderating brain regions\nresponsible for coughing."
},
{
"duration": 4.963,
"start": 165.62,
"text": "While it’s not fully understood how\nthis ingredient manages to quiet coughs,"
},
{
"duration": 4.547,
"start": 170.666,
"text": "we know it interacts with receptors\nthat neurons use to communicate."
},
{
"duration": 4.338,
"start": 175.379,
"text": "Drugs like ketamine and PCP\nengage similar receptors,"
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 179.717,
"text": "which is why it’s important to take\ndextromethorphan as directed,"
},
{
"duration": 4.838,
"start": 183.846,
"text": "as high doses are notorious\nfor causing hallucinatory effects."
},
{
"duration": 3.212,
"start": 189.143,
"text": "But not all coughing is bad\nwhen you have a cold—"
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 192.355,
"text": "expelling mucus can help\nclear out infectious debris"
},
{
"duration": 2.752,
"start": 196.234,
"text": "and ease uncomfortable congestion."
},
{
"duration": 5.13,
"start": 199.153,
"text": "By lubricating airways, our third class\nof ingredients, expectorants,"
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 204.283,
"text": "aim to help improve coughing\nrather than eliminate it."
},
{
"duration": 2.877,
"start": 208.246,
"text": "Guaifenesin, the most common expectorant,"
},
{
"duration": 5.339,
"start": 211.123,
"text": "is thought to hydrate mucus by upping\nfluid secretions in the respiratory tract,"
},
{
"duration": 3.254,
"start": 216.545,
"text": "making it less sticky\nand easier to clear out."
},
{
"duration": 2.336,
"start": 220.341,
"text": "Finally, we have antihistamines."
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 222.802,
"text": "As advertised, these inhibit\nthe effects of histamine,"
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 226.806,
"text": "the chemical messenger\nbehind allergy symptoms."
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 229.892,
"text": "While histamines aren't involved\nproducing cold symptoms,"
},
{
"duration": 5.255,
"start": 233.521,
"text": "studies suggest many antihistamines\ncan still help dry a runny nose."
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 238.901,
"text": "Benadryl, for example,\ncontains diphenhydramine,"
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 242.321,
"text": "which blocks both the effects\nof histamine and a neurotransmitter"
},
{
"duration": 3.254,
"start": 246.575,
"text": "which regulates the flow of mucus\nin our airways."
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 250.079,
"text": "Unfortunately histamines also regulate\nwakefulness in the brain,"
},
{
"duration": 2.92,
"start": 254.375,
"text": "so many of these drugs can\nmake you drowsy."
},
{
"duration": 4.255,
"start": 257.753,
"text": "In this fight against cold symptoms,\nthere’s still a lot we don’t know."
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 262.174,
"text": "Since these ingredients don’t attack\nthe viruses themselves,"
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 265.886,
"text": "it’s unclear if any\nspeed up your recovery."
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 269.098,
"text": "Further, many were first introduced\nto the market decades ago,"
},
{
"duration": 2.044,
"start": 272.935,
"text": "when studies were less rigorous."
},
{
"duration": 6.047,
"start": 275.021,
"text": "So, scientists continue to reevaluate how\nwell each ingredient relieves symptoms."
},
{
"duration": 3.628,
"start": 281.152,
"text": "Similar questions remain\naround holistic remedies."
},
{
"duration": 5.172,
"start": 284.864,
"text": "Many people use zinc, but research\non its effectiveness is inconclusive."
},
{
"duration": 2.794,
"start": 290.161,
"text": "And while vitamin C has many benefits,"
},
{
"duration": 5.13,
"start": 292.955,
"text": "the value of taking large doses\nto fight a cold is likely overhyped."
},
{
"duration": 3.5460000000000003,
"start": 298.21,
"text": "Yet studies suggest that honey\ncan improve cough"
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 301.756,
"text": "and may even shorten your illness\nby a day or two."
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 305.259,
"text": "Who knows what the future\nof cold treatment will look like."
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 308.554,
"text": "Until then, better understanding these\nproducts can help you choose"
},
{
"duration": 2.085,
"start": 312.6,
"text": "the right ones for your symptoms—"
},
{
"duration": 5.13,
"start": 314.685,
"text": "and know which remedies can best\nreduce the sting of a nasty cold."
}
] |
E_fAWuj7DDI
|
The real reason polio is so dangerous
|
Explore what makes polio so dangerous, what is causing the 21st century resurgence of cases, and how we can eradicate the disease.
--
In 1952, polio was everywhere: killing or paralyzing roughly half a million people annually. Yet just 10 years later, paralytic polio cases in the US dropped by 96% and we were on track to get rid of polio for good. But in recent years, the virus started striking back. So, what’s behind these recent spikes? Explore the dangers of poliovirus and the possibility of eradicating this deadly disease.
Directed by Anton Bogaty.
This video made possible in collaboration with Gates Ventures
Learn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartner
A special thanks to Ananda Bandyopadhyay, Amber Zeddies, and Kathleen O'Reilly who provided information and insights for the development of this video.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
----------------------------------------------
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----------------------------------------------
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----------------------------------------------
Keep Learning
----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-real-reason-polio-is-so-dangerous
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-real-reason-polio-is-so-dangerous/digdeeper
Animator's website: https://antonbogaty.com
Music: https://www.wonderboyaudio.com
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Katie McDowell, Allen, Mahina Knuckles, Charmaine Hanson, Thawsitt, Jezabel, Abdullah Abdulaziz, Xiao Yu, Melissa Suarez, Brian A. Dunn, Francisco Amaya, Daisuke Goto, Matt Switzler, Peng, Tzu-Hsiang, Bethany Connor, Jeremy Shimanek, Mark Byers, Avinash Amarnath, Xuebicoco, Rayo, Po Foon Kwong, Boffin, Jesse Jurman, Scott Markley, Elija Peterson, Ovidiu Mrd, paul g mohney, Steven Razey, Nathan Giusti, Helen Lee, Anthony Benedict, Karthik Balsubramanian, Annastasshia Ames, Amy Lopez, Vinh-Thuy Nguyen, Liz Candee, Ugur Doga Sezgin, Karmi Nguyen, John C. Vesey, Yelena Baykova, Nick Johnson, Carlos H. Costa, Jennifer Kurkoski, Ryan B Harvey, Akinola Emmanuel, Jose Arcadio Valdes Franco, Sebastiaan Vleugels, Karl Laius, JY Kang and Abhishek Goel.
|
2024-11-05T16:01:35Z
|
[
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 7.295,
"text": "Throughout the 1800s,\nin saloons across the West,"
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 10.59,
"text": "you could find cowboys\nlocked in tense standoffs."
},
{
"duration": 1.5430000000000001,
"start": 14.594,
"text": "But these weren’t shootouts."
},
{
"duration": 1.835,
"start": 16.137,
"text": "They were simply playing cards—"
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 17.972,
"text": "for a mountain of chips\nworth their weight in gold."
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 22.018,
"text": "Most men wore loaded pistols\nin case a player was caught cheating."
},
{
"duration": 2.21,
"start": 26.189,
"text": "When they prepared to make\ntheir bets, however,"
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 28.399,
"text": "these cowboys weren’t focused\non their holsters or their cards,"
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 32.153,
"text": "but rather on their opponent’s face."
},
{
"duration": 4.588,
"start": 34.822,
"text": "Because not even a bullet could protect\nthem from a well-executed bluff."
},
{
"duration": 4.838,
"start": 41.287,
"text": "From its earliest incarnations,\npoker has always been a battle of nerves."
},
{
"duration": 4.755,
"start": 46.292,
"text": "The game first emerged around 1800\nin the melting pot of New Orleans."
},
{
"duration": 3.212,
"start": 51.13,
"text": "At this time, two games\nruled the card tables:"
},
{
"duration": 6.799,
"start": 54.425,
"text": "French poque played with a 20-card deck,\nand English Brag which used 52-cards."
},
{
"duration": 5.13,
"start": 61.557,
"text": "Both these games saw players being dealt\nfive cards from a four-suit deck,"
},
{
"duration": 4.755,
"start": 66.687,
"text": "and then trying to make the best hand\npossible according to a simple hierarchy."
},
{
"duration": 3.461,
"start": 72.11,
"text": "They would then wager on whether\nor not they had the best hand—"
},
{
"duration": 1.835,
"start": 75.571,
"text": "either adding more money to the pot"
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 77.406,
"text": "or folding and forfeiting\ntheir chance to win it."
},
{
"duration": 4.17,
"start": 80.535,
"text": "But since each player's cards were only\nrevealed at the end of the hand,"
},
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 84.705,
"text": "someone with bad cards could always bluff—"
},
{
"duration": 3.254,
"start": 87.708,
"text": "betting enough to scare\nhis opponents into folding."
},
{
"duration": 4.755,
"start": 91.879,
"text": "Both games had slightly different hand\ncombinations, but most importantly,"
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 96.676,
"text": "Brag allowed players to discard\nand draw new cards,"
},
{
"duration": 4.714,
"start": 100.429,
"text": "making better hands more likely and\nallowing for another round of betting."
},
{
"duration": 2.9619999999999997,
"start": 108.437,
"text": "Eventually, the Southerners merged\nthe two games"
},
{
"duration": 3.503,
"start": 111.399,
"text": "into a new version of poque—\nwhich they pronounced pokuh—"
},
{
"duration": 4.838,
"start": 114.986,
"text": "that created bigger pots and\nopportunities for more complex bluffing."
},
{
"duration": 4.546,
"start": 120.95,
"text": "This winning combination of guile, guts,\nand gambling caught on quickly."
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 125.663,
"text": "But its popularity skyrocketed\nafter the invention of the steamboat,"
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 130.084,
"text": "which carried livestock, goods,\nand card games"
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 133.129,
"text": "up the Mississippi, Ohio,\nand Missouri rivers."
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 137.008,
"text": "By Abraham Lincoln’s election in 1860,"
},
{
"duration": 5.463,
"start": 140.178,
"text": "Americans in every state and territory\nwere playing the newfangled bluffing game."
},
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 145.975,
"text": "And while many played\nfor low, friendly stakes,"
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 148.728,
"text": "some gamblers put their homes\nand livelihoods on the line."
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 152.94,
"text": "These life-changing bets even found\ntheir way into popular novels"
},
{
"duration": 1.377,
"start": 156.819,
"text": "like “Gone with the Wind,”"
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 158.196,
"text": "where Scarlett O’Hara’s father wins\nan entire plantation"
},
{
"duration": 1.7930000000000001,
"start": 161.616,
"text": "in a single hand of poker."
},
{
"duration": 3.628,
"start": 164.911,
"text": "But as pots became bigger, \nso did the temptation to cheat."
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 168.664,
"text": "Some players enlisted an accomplice\nto spy on opponents"
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 172.376,
"text": "and used props to communicate their hands."
},
{
"duration": 4.754,
"start": 175.338,
"text": "Others marked important cards with nicks,\ndents, or invisible ink."
},
{
"duration": 5.171,
"start": 180.635,
"text": "But perhaps the most common method was\nsneaking a cold deck into the game."
},
{
"duration": 4.379,
"start": 186.015,
"text": "Cold decks were pre-sequenced\nto give victims powerful hands"
},
{
"duration": 1.9609999999999999,
"start": 190.394,
"text": "that encouraged them to bet big,"
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 192.355,
"text": "while giving the cheater\nan even better one."
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 198.486,
"text": "However, even cheaters had to keep\nup with the game’s constant changes."
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 202.865,
"text": "As poker moved west with the Gold Rush,\nnew variants emerged."
},
{
"duration": 2.46,
"start": 207.078,
"text": "Five-card Stud became the game of choice"
},
{
"duration": 5.256,
"start": 209.538,
"text": "among notorious gunmen like Doc Holliday,\nWyatt Earp, and Wild Bill Hickok."
},
{
"duration": 1.835,
"start": 215.336,
"text": "With four rounds of betting,"
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 217.171,
"text": "Five-card Stud produced\neven more lucrative pots,"
},
{
"duration": 5.714,
"start": 221.05,
"text": "encouraging so much cheating that\nCalifornia outlawed the game in 1885."
},
{
"duration": 3.336,
"start": 230.226,
"text": "Meanwhile, back in Texas,\nanother variant emerged"
},
{
"duration": 4.88,
"start": 233.562,
"text": "to solve the common problem of having\ntoo many players and not enough cards."
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 238.943,
"text": "This game, known as Texas Hold'em,"
},
{
"duration": 4.379,
"start": 241.404,
"text": "became a favorite because its low ratio\nof private, hidden cards"
},
{
"duration": 2.085,
"start": 245.783,
"text": "to shared, exposed cards"
},
{
"duration": 3.6710000000000003,
"start": 247.868,
"text": "allowed for plenty of deductions\nand tactical maneuvering."
},
{
"duration": 5.255,
"start": 251.998,
"text": "Even more exciting was no-limit Hold’em,\nwhich allowed players to go all in,"
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 257.253,
"text": "betting everything they had\nat any point in the hand."
},
{
"duration": 4.213,
"start": 262.174,
"text": "In 1928, Hungarian polymath\nJohn von Neumann"
},
{
"duration": 4.963,
"start": 266.387,
"text": "sought to explain the nuances of betting\nand bluffing in mathematical terms."
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 271.559,
"text": "His work became the foundation\nfor a whole new branch of mathematics"
},
{
"duration": 1.5430000000000001,
"start": 275.813,
"text": "called game theory,"
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 277.356,
"text": "which has grown to be vitally important\nnot only in high-stakes poker,"
},
{
"duration": 2.794,
"start": 281.444,
"text": "but in economics and military strategy."
},
{
"duration": 3.211,
"start": 284.697,
"text": "In the late 20th century,\ngame theory became essential"
},
{
"duration": 4.463,
"start": 287.908,
"text": "for navigating the geopolitical bluffing\ngame of nuclear warfare."
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 294.415,
"text": "Today, America’s card game\nis an international affair,"
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 298.377,
"text": "attracting players\nfrom over a hundred countries"
},
{
"duration": 2.669,
"start": 301.255,
"text": "to the annual World Series of Poker."
},
{
"duration": 5.047,
"start": 304.383,
"text": "Fortunes are made and lost every\nday on casino floors, poker websites,"
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 309.43,
"text": "and in thousands of live\nand online tournaments."
},
{
"duration": 3.628,
"start": 312.892,
"text": "So while a single game's outcome\nwill never be certain,"
},
{
"duration": 2.628,
"start": 316.52,
"text": "poker is definitely here to stay."
}
] |
DcdufLc3QSA
|
The curse of the monkey's paw - Iseult Gillespie
|
Dig into W.W. Jacobs’ horror story, “The Monkey’s Paw,” about an artifact that grants wishes — with great consequences.
--
Sergeant-Major Morris regaled his friends with epic tales from faraway lands— until one asked about an artifact the Sergeant had alluded to. Slowly, he produced the object: a mummified monkey’s paw. He explained that a holy man had imbued the paw with the power to grant three wishes to three men. But each wish comes with chilling consequences. Iseult Gillespie shares the tale of the monkey’s paw.
Lesson by Iseult Gillespie, directed by Kayu Leung.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
----------------------------------------------
Support us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon
Check out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop
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----------------------------------------------
Sign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter
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Keep Learning
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View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-curse-of-the-monkeys-paw-iseult-gillespie
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-curse-of-the-monkeys-paw-iseult-gillespie/digdeeper
Animator's website: https://linktr.ee/kayu.caillou.leung
Music: https://linktr.ee/redstems
Sound design: https://soundgoods.tv
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Igor Stavchanskiy, James R DeVries, Grace Huo, Diana Huang, Chau Hong Diem, Orlellys Torre, Corheu, Thomas Mee, Maryann H McCrory, Blas Borde, John Hellmann, Poompak Meephian, Chuck Wofford, Adam Pagan, Wes Winn, Conder Shou, ntiger, Noname, Hansan Hu, David D, Mac Hyney, Keith Ellison, robin valero walters, Lynne Truesdale, Gatsby Dkdc, Matthew Neal, Denis Chon, Julian Oberhofer, Monte Carroll, Eddy, Jay M, Constantino Victor Delgado, Andrea Galvagni, Andrew Tweddle, Laurel-Ann Rice, Fernando A. Endo, Helen Lee, pam morgan, sarim haq, Gerardo Castro, Michel-Ange Hortegat, Enes Kirimi, Amaury BISIAUX, ND, Samyogita Hardikar, Vanessa Graulich, Vandana Gunwani, Abdulmohsin Almadi, AJ Lyon and Geoffrey Bultitude.
|
2024-10-31T15:01:24Z
|
[
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 6.961,
"text": "In Jerusalem, on April 11th, 1961,"
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 10.131,
"text": "Adolf Eichmann stood trial\nfor crimes against humanity."
},
{
"duration": 3.795,
"start": 14.01,
"text": "Eichmann had been a Nazi official\ntasked with organizing the transport"
},
{
"duration": 4.797,
"start": 17.805,
"text": "of over 1.5 million European Jews\nto ghettos and concentration camps."
},
{
"duration": 3.087,
"start": 22.977,
"text": "He was popularly described\nas an evil mastermind"
},
{
"duration": 3.211,
"start": 26.064,
"text": "who orchestrated atrocities\nfrom a cushy German office,"
},
{
"duration": 4.463,
"start": 29.275,
"text": "and many were eager to see the so-called\n“desk murderer” tried for his crimes."
},
{
"duration": 3.7960000000000003,
"start": 34.113,
"text": "But the squeamish man who took the stand\nseemed more like a dull bureaucrat"
},
{
"duration": 1.502,
"start": 37.992,
"text": "than a sadistic killer."
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 39.911,
"text": "The disparity between Eichmann’s nature\nand his actions"
},
{
"duration": 1.919,
"start": 43.164,
"text": "was unsettling for many viewers,"
},
{
"duration": 2.503,
"start": 45.249,
"text": "but for philosopher Hannah Arendt,"
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 47.752,
"text": "this contradiction inspired\na disturbing revelation."
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 51.631,
"text": "Arendt was a German Jew who fled\nher homeland in 1933"
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 55.343,
"text": "after being briefly imprisoned\nby the German secret police."
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 59.263,
"text": "As a refugee in France\nand then the United States,"
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 62.433,
"text": "she dedicated herself to understanding\nhow the Nazi regime came to power,"
},
{
"duration": 3.7960000000000003,
"start": 66.729,
"text": "and more specifically,\nhow it inspired so many atrocities."
},
{
"duration": 4.671,
"start": 71.109,
"text": "A common opinion at the time was that\nthe Third Reich was a historical oddity;"
},
{
"duration": 2.628,
"start": 75.988,
"text": "a perfect storm of uniquely evil leaders"
},
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 78.616,
"text": "supported by German citizens\nlooking for revenge"
},
{
"duration": 2.169,
"start": 81.369,
"text": "after their defeat in World War I."
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 83.913,
"text": "But Arendt believed the true conditions\nbehind this unprecedented rise"
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 87.667,
"text": "of totalitarianism\nweren’t specific to Germany."
},
{
"duration": 3.92,
"start": 91.504,
"text": "Throughout the 1950s, Arendt developed\na theory of the human condition"
},
{
"duration": 2.336,
"start": 95.424,
"text": "that divided life into three facets:"
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 97.76,
"text": "labor— in which we satisfy\nour material needs and desires;"
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 102.098,
"text": "work— in which we build the world’s\nphysical and cultural infrastructure;"
},
{
"duration": 3.7960000000000003,
"start": 106.435,
"text": "and action— in which we publicly\narticulate our values"
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 110.231,
"text": "to collectively shape the world around us."
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 113.109,
"text": "It was this last facet,\nthe life of action,"
},
{
"duration": 2.169,
"start": 116.112,
"text": "that Arendt believed was under attack,"
},
{
"duration": 3.628,
"start": 118.281,
"text": "both in Germany and many other\nindustrialized societies."
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 122.118,
"text": "She saw modernity as an age\nruled by labor,"
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 125.163,
"text": "where individuals mainly appear\nin the social world"
},
{
"duration": 2.669,
"start": 127.707,
"text": "to produce and consume goods and services"
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 130.376,
"text": "rather than share ideas\nand shape communities."
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 133.921,
"text": "Arendt believed this had fostered\nsocieties and ideologies"
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 137.383,
"text": "where individuals were seen only\nfor their economic value,"
},
{
"duration": 2.795,
"start": 140.511,
"text": "rather than their moral\nand political capacities."
},
{
"duration": 4.087,
"start": 143.431,
"text": "She believed this isolated people from\ntheir neighbors and their sense of self."
},
{
"duration": 4.088,
"start": 147.643,
"text": "And in her 1951 book,\n“The Origins of Totalitarianism,”"
},
{
"duration": 4.838,
"start": 151.731,
"text": "Arendt argued these conditions provided\nfertile ground for totalitarian regimes,"
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 156.694,
"text": "which use fear and violence\nto increase isolation"
},
{
"duration": 4.087,
"start": 160.448,
"text": "and make it dangerous to publicly engage\nas freethinking political agents."
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 164.827,
"text": "In this lonely state,\nparticipating in the regime"
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 167.705,
"text": "becomes the only way to recover\na sense of identity and community."
},
{
"duration": 2.502,
"start": 171.918,
"text": "Arendt believed it was this\nkind of environment"
},
{
"duration": 1.794,
"start": 174.42,
"text": "where Eichmann committed his crimes."
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 176.589,
"text": "Most people expected\nthe Jewish German philosopher"
},
{
"duration": 2.127,
"start": 179.175,
"text": "to judge the ex-Nazi harshly."
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 181.302,
"text": "But while she condemned\nhis monstrous actions,"
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 183.846,
"text": "Arendt saw no evidence that Eichmann\nhimself was uniquely evil."
},
{
"duration": 5.005,
"start": 188.059,
"text": "She saw him as a distinctly ordinary man\nwho considered diligent obedience"
},
{
"duration": 2.043,
"start": 193.064,
"text": "the highest form of civic duty."
},
{
"duration": 4.463,
"start": 195.691,
"text": "And for Arendt, it was exactly this\nordinariness that was most terrifying."
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 200.363,
"text": "Her point wasn't just that anyone\ncould do what Eichmann did,"
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 203.532,
"text": "but that his story suggested\nordinary people"
},
{
"duration": 2.503,
"start": 206.118,
"text": "could willingly accept\ntheir societal role—"
},
{
"duration": 2.377,
"start": 208.621,
"text": "even when it contributed to genocide."
},
{
"duration": 3.086,
"start": 211.374,
"text": "Arendt called this phenomenon\n“the banality of evil,”"
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 214.627,
"text": "and warned that it can emerge whenever\nsociety inhibits our ability to think;"
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 219.131,
"text": "or more specifically,\nto question our beliefs and actions"
},
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 222.718,
"text": "in a self-reflective internal dialogue."
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 225.93,
"text": "Arendt believed this kind of thinking is\nthe only way to confront moral problems,"
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 230.184,
"text": "and that our responsibility\nto self-reflect is especially important"
},
{
"duration": 2.169,
"start": 234.146,
"text": "when independent thought is threatened."
},
{
"duration": 3.044,
"start": 236.399,
"text": "She acknowledged that critical thinking\nin oppressive spaces"
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 239.443,
"text": "is a defiant act that requires\npersonal courage."
},
{
"duration": 1.96,
"start": 242.905,
"text": "But it must be done regardless,"
},
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 244.865,
"text": "which is why Arendt still held\nEichmann accountable."
},
{
"duration": 2.627,
"start": 247.952,
"text": "This thread runs throughout Arendt's work,"
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 250.705,
"text": "where she continually insisted\nthat thinking was our greatest weapon"
},
{
"duration": 2.002,
"start": 254.375,
"text": "against the threats of modernity."
},
{
"duration": 4.505,
"start": 256.585,
"text": "Namely, a relentless drive for economic\nand technological development"
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 261.09,
"text": "which would increase social alienation\nand inhibit human freedom."
},
{
"duration": 2.086,
"start": 265.177,
"text": "To foster this essential value,"
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 267.263,
"text": "Arendt believed we need to create\nformal and informal forums"
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 270.641,
"text": "that allowed for open conversations\nabout shaping our collective future."
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 274.937,
"text": "These might include townhall meetings,\nself-governing workplaces,"
},
{
"duration": 1.418,
"start": 278.649,
"text": "or student unions."
},
{
"duration": 1.626,
"start": 280.276,
"text": "But whatever shape they take,"
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 281.902,
"text": "what’s most important to Arendt\nis that they value open dialogue"
},
{
"duration": 2.127,
"start": 285.531,
"text": "and critical self-reflection."
}
] |
wr6fQ4KpbRM
|
How does extreme heat affect your body? - Carolyn Beans
|
Explore how heat waves affect the body, what levels of extreme heat we can survive, and what you can do to manage high temperatures.
--
In many parts of the world heat waves are happening more often with greater intensity and for longer durations. By 2050, Earth’s mid-latitudes could be experiencing extreme heat between 90 and 180 days a year, with tropical regions enduring even more. So how hot is too hot, and what can people do to handle the heat? Carolyn Beans digs into how heat waves affect your body.
Lesson by Carolyn Beans, directed by Reza Riahi.
This video made possible in collaboration with Speed & Scale
Learn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartner
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
----------------------------------------------
Support us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon
Check out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop
----------------------------------------------
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----------------------------------------------
Sign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter
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Find us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter
Peep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram
----------------------------------------------
Keep Learning
----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-do-heat-waves-affect-your-body-carolyn-beans
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-do-heat-waves-affect-your-body-carolyn-beans/digdeeper
Animator's website: https://www.rezariahi.com
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Dawn Jordan, Prasanth Mathialagan, Samuel Doerle, David Rosario, Dominik Kugelmann - they-them, Siamak Hajizadeh, Ryohky Araya, Mayank Kaul, Christophe Dessalles, Heather Slater, Sandra Tersluisen, Zhexi Shan, Bárbara Nazaré, Andrea Feliz, Victor E Karhel, Sydney Evans, Latora, Noel Situ, emily lam, Sid, Niccolò Frassetto, Mana, I'm here because of Knowledge Fight Facebook group., Linda Freedman, Edgardo Cuellar, Jaspar Carmichael-Jack, Michael Burton, VIVIANA A GARCIA BESNE, The Vernon's, Olha Bahatiuk, Jesús Bíquez Talayero, Chels Raknrl, Sai Pranavi Jonnalagadda, Stuart Rice, Jing Chen, Vector-Dopamine math, Jasper Song, Giorgio Bugnatelli, Chardon, Eddy Trochez, OnlineBookClub.org, Eric Shear, Leith Salem, Omar Hicham, Adrian Rotaru, Brad Sullivan, Karen Ho, Niklas Frimberger, Hunter Manhart and Nathan Nguyen.
|
2024-10-29T15:01:11Z
|
[
{
"duration": 4.838,
"start": 7.045,
"text": "Billions of people deal with a nail-biting\nhabit at some point in their lives."
},
{
"duration": 2.21,
"start": 12.008,
"text": "Many will go to great lengths\nto try to stop,"
},
{
"duration": 3.6710000000000003,
"start": 14.218,
"text": "employing strategies like rubbing\nchili peppers on their cuticles,"
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 17.889,
"text": "wearing gloves all day,\ndipping their hands in salt,"
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 20.725,
"text": "and envisioning bacteria crawling\non their fingers."
},
{
"duration": 2.293,
"start": 25.063,
"text": "And while not all of us are nail-biters,"
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 27.356,
"text": "most of us do have a habit\nwe'd like to kick."
},
{
"duration": 1.877,
"start": 30.943,
"text": "So what's the best way to break one?"
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 33.237,
"text": "Scientists define habits as behaviors\nthat are performed regularly,"
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 37.366,
"text": "and cued subconsciously in response\nto certain environments,"
},
{
"duration": 3.9210000000000003,
"start": 41.12,
"text": "whether it be a location, time of day,\nor even an emotional state."
},
{
"duration": 3.504,
"start": 45.249,
"text": "They can include simple actions\nlike picking your hair when stressed,"
},
{
"duration": 4.546,
"start": 48.753,
"text": "but also more complex practices ingrained\nin daily routines,"
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 53.299,
"text": "like staying up late\nor brewing your coffee in the morning."
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 56.844,
"text": "If you do something frequently,\nwithout much deliberation,"
},
{
"duration": 1.71,
"start": 60.264,
"text": "then it’s likely a habit."
},
{
"duration": 6.048,
"start": 62.266,
"text": "They form because at some point your brain\nlearns that the behavior is beneficial."
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 68.314,
"text": "Let's say after opening a stressful email,\nyou bite your nails."
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 71.734,
"text": "This is rewarding,\nas it’s enough to focus your attention,"
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 74.987,
"text": "curbing your email fueled anxiety."
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 78.032,
"text": "Within your brain, positive experiences\ncan trigger the release of dopamine,"
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 82.453,
"text": "a neurotransmitter that mediates\nfeelings of pleasure."
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 86.582,
"text": "Dopamine is also a driver\nof neuroplasticity,"
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 90.419,
"text": "meaning it can change\nhow your neurons wire and fire."
},
{
"duration": 4.671,
"start": 94.799,
"text": "Your brain builds connections\nthat link the reward with the behavior,"
},
{
"duration": 1.835,
"start": 99.47,
"text": "driving you to repeat it."
},
{
"duration": 4.838,
"start": 101.514,
"text": "It also starts associating the behavior\nwith other cues, like your environment."
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 106.394,
"text": "Eventually, all it takes is the context\nof sitting at your desk"
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 110.815,
"text": "to subconsciously trigger\na nail-biting habit—"
},
{
"duration": 3.086,
"start": 113.943,
"text": "no stressful email\nor sense of relief required."
},
{
"duration": 5.923,
"start": 117.738,
"text": "Once established,\nthese cue-behavior-reward loops work fast,"
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 123.661,
"text": "outpacing the decision-making process."
},
{
"duration": 2.127,
"start": 126.289,
"text": "You may find yourself\nengaging in a habit"
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 128.416,
"text": "before you have the chance\nto notice and stop."
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 131.627,
"text": "But this can be a good thing\nbecause not all habits are bad."
},
{
"duration": 3.169,
"start": 135.882,
"text": "They’re stored memories\nof what’s worked in the past,"
},
{
"duration": 3.753,
"start": 139.177,
"text": "which allow you to take swift\naction in the present."
},
{
"duration": 2.168,
"start": 143.181,
"text": "One study estimated that on average,"
},
{
"duration": 4.964,
"start": 145.349,
"text": "people spend more than 40% of their days\nperforming regularly repeated behaviors"
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 150.313,
"text": "while their minds are occupied\nwith other thoughts."
},
{
"duration": 2.92,
"start": 153.274,
"text": "A seemingly automated morning routine,\nfor example,"
},
{
"duration": 3.294,
"start": 156.194,
"text": "saves you both time\nand precious mental energy."
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 159.947,
"text": "Still, many people have habits\nthat no longer serve them."
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 163.576,
"text": "Yet research shows that intentions alone\noften fail"
},
{
"duration": 2.502,
"start": 167.205,
"text": "to lead to long-term behavior change."
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 169.916,
"text": "This isn’t to say you can’t break a habit."
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 172.627,
"text": "Rather, by understanding\nthe basis of habits,"
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 175.755,
"text": "you can create better plans\nfor changing them."
},
{
"duration": 5.088,
"start": 179.3,
"text": "For example, we know habits are often\ncued by environments and routines."
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 184.388,
"text": "Lying in bed may cause you to endlessly\nscroll through your phone,"
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 188.434,
"text": "or watching TV on the couch may lead\nyou to grab a sugary snack."
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 192.48,
"text": "One of the most effective ways\nto manage behavior"
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 195.441,
"text": "is to identify these locations\nor times of day."
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 199.153,
"text": "Then try to modify them\nby changing your routine"
},
{
"duration": 3.9210000000000003,
"start": 202.323,
"text": "or creating obstacles that make\nit more difficult to perform the habit"
},
{
"duration": 1.376,
"start": 206.244,
"text": "in that space."
},
{
"duration": 3.628,
"start": 207.954,
"text": "Moving, switching jobs,\nor even starting a new schedule,"
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 211.582,
"text": "are particularly great times\nto break a habit or build a new one."
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 216.212,
"text": "One 2005 study tracked university\nstudents’ exercising,"
},
{
"duration": 4.629,
"start": 220.216,
"text": "reading, and TV watching habits\nbefore and after they transferred schools."
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 224.887,
"text": "When students were no longer around\nold environments and routines,"
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 228.891,
"text": "their habits, even the strong ones,\nsignificantly changed."
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 232.895,
"text": "For behaviors like nail-biting \nor hair-pulling,"
},
{
"duration": 3.6710000000000003,
"start": 235.856,
"text": "a practice called habit reversal training\ncan be helpful."
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 239.568,
"text": "Developed by psychologists in the 1970s,"
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 242.571,
"text": "the aim is to change a habit\nby replacing it with another one"
},
{
"duration": 1.752,
"start": 246.325,
"text": "that’s less detrimental."
},
{
"duration": 4.463,
"start": 248.327,
"text": "The training requires you to analyze\nand understand your habit cues,"
},
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 252.79,
"text": "so you can effectively intervene\nat the right times."
},
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 255.626,
"text": "For example, if you tend to bite\nyour nails at work,"
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 258.379,
"text": "preemptively keep a fidget toy\nat your desk."
},
{
"duration": 2.085,
"start": 261.132,
"text": "Then, if a stressful email comes in,"
},
{
"duration": 3.212,
"start": 263.217,
"text": "use the toy when you feel\nthe urge to bite your nails."
},
{
"duration": 1.877,
"start": 266.971,
"text": "Breaking a habit takes time,"
},
{
"duration": 3.92,
"start": 268.848,
"text": "so remember to give yourself grace\nand have patience through the process."
},
{
"duration": 2.128,
"start": 272.893,
"text": "And while many focus on their bad habits,"
},
{
"duration": 2.335,
"start": 275.021,
"text": "it’s also worth celebrating the good ones"
},
{
"duration": 4.338,
"start": 277.356,
"text": "that help us move swiftly and successfully\nthrough our daily routines."
}
] |
ALWp-RMMP5k
|
3 reasons why medications are so expensive in the US - Kiah Williams
|
Take a look at the US supply chain to explore the three main reasons why medications like insulin are so expensive.
--
A century after its discovery, insulin remain essential in treating diabetes, and has a relatively low production cost, with a vial generally costing less than $6 to make. But those in the US pay on average 10 times more than those in other countries— leading some patients to take less than prescribed. Kiah Williams takes a look at the US supply chain to explore why medications are so expensive.
Lesson by Kiah Williams, directed by Tolga Yıldız, Serin İnan, Kozmonot Animation Studio.
Learn more about how SIRUM is reimagining health care access for those in need: https://sirum.org
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
----------------------------------------------
Support us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon
Check out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop
----------------------------------------------
Connect With Us
----------------------------------------------
Sign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter
Follow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook
Find us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter
Peep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram
----------------------------------------------
Keep Learning
----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/3-reasons-why-medications-are-so-expensive-in-the-us-kiah-williams
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/3-reasons-why-medications-are-so-expensive-in-the-us-kiah-williams/digdeeper
Animator's website: https://www.kozmonot.tv
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Rohan Gupta, Begum Tutuncu, Brian Richards, Jørgen Østerpart, Tyron Jung, Carsten Tobehn, Katie Dean, Ezgi Yersu, Gerald Onyango, alessandra tasso, Doreen Reynolds-Consolati, Manognya Chakrapani, Ayala Ron, Eunsun Kim, Phyllis Dubrow, Ophelia Gibson Best, Paul Schneider, Joichiro Yamada, Henrique Cassús, Karthik Cherala, Clarence E. Harper Jr., Vignan Velivela, Ana Maria, Exal Enrique Cisneros Tuch, Tejas Dc, Khalifa Alhulail, Martin Stephen, Jose Henrique Leopoldo e Silva, Mandeep Singh, Abhijit Kiran Valluri, Morgan Williams, Devin Harris, Pavel Zalevskiy, Karen Goepen-Wee, Filip Dabrowski, Barbara Smalley, Megan Douglas, Tim Leistikow, Ka-Hei Law, Hiroshi Uchiyama, Mark Morris, Misaki Sato, EdoKun, SookKwan Loong, Bev Millar, Lex Azevedo, Michael Aquilina, Jason A Saslow, Yansong Li and Cristóbal Moenne.
|
2024-10-24T15:01:02Z
|
[
{
"duration": 1.645,
"start": 0.32,
"text": "Hello, my name is Alex Rosenthal,"
},
{
"duration": 3.359,
"start": 1.9649999999999999,
"text": "and this is a game that I've been \ncreating: Pandora's Legacy."
},
{
"duration": 5.589,
"start": 5.324,
"text": "It is a hybrid jigsaw/escape room/\nlegacy board game."
},
{
"duration": 2.771,
"start": 10.913,
"text": "There's nothing quite like it\nthat's ever been made,"
},
{
"duration": 2.646,
"start": 13.684,
"text": "which is part of why I'm really excited\nto put it out into the world."
},
{
"duration": 4.41,
"start": 16.33,
"text": "TED-Ed's hit riddle and mythology\nseries had a baby"
},
{
"duration": 1.5939999999999999,
"start": 20.74,
"text": "and it is Pandora's Legacy."
},
{
"duration": 3.94,
"start": 22.334,
"text": "Our riddle series is a series\nabout math and logic problems"
},
{
"duration": 1.681,
"start": 26.274,
"text": "told through a narrative lens."
},
{
"duration": 1.677,
"start": 27.955,
"text": "Ever since we first created it,"
},
{
"duration": 3.46,
"start": 29.632,
"text": "we wanted to create something\nthat was actually interactive "
},
{
"duration": 2.6870000000000003,
"start": 33.092,
"text": "not just sitting back\nand watching a video,"
},
{
"duration": 1.321,
"start": 35.779,
"text": "but something that you could\nactually play."
},
{
"duration": 3.832,
"start": 37.1,
"text": "Everything we do is about\nfostering curiosity."
},
{
"duration": 1.432,
"start": 41.137,
"text": "All the animations we make,"
},
{
"duration": 4.161,
"start": 42.569,
"text": "we want to use those as jumping off\npoints for people to want to learn—"
},
{
"duration": 3.738,
"start": 46.73,
"text": "about whatever it is, whether it's\nmythology or history or science."
},
{
"duration": 6.182,
"start": 50.468,
"text": "And so a game that is all about curiosity\nand mystery and something unfolding "
},
{
"duration": 4.218,
"start": 56.65,
"text": "where you're getting deeper and deeper,\nyou're exploring layer after layer,"
},
{
"duration": 5.12,
"start": 60.868,
"text": "couldn't be closer to what we try to do and\nwhat our mission is for TED-Ed as a whole."
},
{
"duration": 3.107,
"start": 65.988,
"text": "We've designed Pandora's Legacy\nto be fun first and foremost,"
},
{
"duration": 4.317,
"start": 69.095,
"text": "but being TED-Ed there are many\ndeep educational layers to this."
},
{
"duration": 3.289,
"start": 73.412,
"text": "There is the Greek mythology,"
},
{
"duration": 3.41,
"start": 76.701,
"text": "and the various characters and figures\nand tropes from it."
},
{
"duration": 4.042,
"start": 80.754,
"text": "Then there's also just the act of\nplaying the game and solving the puzzle"
},
{
"duration": 3.7030000000000003,
"start": 84.796,
"text": " is an exercise in critical thinking\nand deductive reasoning"
},
{
"duration": 2.958,
"start": 88.499,
"text": "and thinking outside the box\nand also communication."
},
{
"duration": 3.052,
"start": 91.776,
"text": "So much of the joy of puzzle solving\nis in working with others"
},
{
"duration": 3.5060000000000002,
"start": 94.828,
"text": "and articulating your ideas\nand sharing insights."
},
{
"duration": 6.183,
"start": 98.334,
"text": "To do that well, solvers have to be able\nto communicate what they're thinking."
},
{
"duration": 3.014,
"start": 104.613,
"text": "And it's one of the things that I love\nthe most about puzzles;"
},
{
"duration": 5.777,
"start": 107.627,
"text": "that when you're solving puzzles, you are\nbuilding your own knowledge base,"
},
{
"duration": 3.505,
"start": 113.404,
"text": "and your own skills at being\na collaborator,"
},
{
"duration": 4.318,
"start": 116.909,
"text": "and then also just approaching problem\nsolving from many dimensions."
},
{
"duration": 3.7039999999999997,
"start": 121.227,
"text": "Puzzles are full of delightful failure—"
},
{
"duration": 2.435,
"start": 124.931,
"text": "where you try something out\nand it doesn't work."
},
{
"duration": 3.083,
"start": 127.366,
"text": "And so you try something else and\nthen when things do click into place,"
},
{
"duration": 1.9649999999999999,
"start": 130.449,
"text": "it's a beautiful \"aha!\" moment."
},
{
"duration": 1.325,
"start": 132.498,
"text": "And it's all about fostering that."
},
{
"duration": 4.345,
"start": 133.823,
"text": "And that is a skill that is very readily\ntransferable to many, many settings,"
},
{
"duration": 2.25,
"start": 138.168,
"text": "whether it be school,\nor professional lives,"
},
{
"duration": 4.165,
"start": 140.418,
"text": "or just wanting to solve\nthe world's problems."
}
] |
1sOgYNgq88E
|
The dungeon master's riddle - Alex Rosenthal
|
A group of adventurers has broken into your lair. Can you figure out who the cleric is before they start casting spells?
--
Yet another party of adventurers has broken into your lair to slay your minions and steal your treasures. Judging by the trail of destruction, you’re up against a fighter, a rogue, and a cleric. The first two won’t be a problem for a powerful necromancer like you— but the clerics' spells are trouble. Can you figure out which adventurer is the cleric before it’s too late? Alex Rosenthal shows how.
Lesson by Alex Rosenthal, directed by Igor Ćorić, Artrake Studio.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
----------------------------------------------
Support us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon
Check out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop
----------------------------------------------
Connect With Us
----------------------------------------------
Sign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter
Follow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook
Find us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter
Peep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram
----------------------------------------------
Keep Learning
----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-dungeon-master-s-riddle-alex-rosenthal
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-dungeon-master-s-riddle-alex-rosenthal/digdeeper
Animator's website: https://www.artrake.com
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Liz Candee, Ugur Doga Sezgin, Karmi Nguyen, John C. Vesey, Yelena Baykova, Nick Johnson, Carlos H. Costa, Jennifer Kurkoski, Ryan B Harvey, Akinola Emmanuel, Jose Arcadio Valdes Franco, Sebastiaan Vleugels, Karl Laius, JY Kang, Abhishek Goel, Heidi Stolt, Nicole Sund, Karlee Finch, Mario Mejia, Denise A Pitts, Doug Henry, Keven Webb, Mihai Sandu, Deepak Iyer, Javid Gozalov, Kyanta Yap, Rebecca Reineke, William Biersdorf, Patricia Alves Panagides, Yvette Mocete, Cyrus Garay, Samuel Barbas, LadyGeek, Marin Kovachev, Penelope Misquitta, Hans Peng, Gaurav Mathur, Erik Biemans, Tony, Michelle, Katie and Josh Pedretti, Hoai Nam Tran, Kack-Kyun Kim, Michael Braun-Boghos, zjweele13, Anna-Pitschna Kunz, Edla Paniguel, Thomas Mungavan, Jaron Blackburn, Venkat Venkatakrishnan, ReuniteKorea and Aaron Henson.
|
2024-10-22T15:00:39Z
|
[
{
"duration": 4.213,
"start": 7.336,
"text": "Once you've found an idea that you're\nexcited to share with an audience,"
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 11.549,
"text": "you're ready to start\nputting together a talk."
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 14.969,
"text": "Deciding on a clear throughline is\nan essential part"
},
{
"duration": 1.96,
"start": 17.847,
"text": "of developing a strong talk."
},
{
"duration": 4.255,
"start": 19.932,
"text": "Another important piece, though,\nis picking a presentation plan."
},
{
"duration": 2.795,
"start": 24.395,
"text": "There are many ways\nto prepare for and deliver a talk,"
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 27.19,
"text": "and it's important to find\none that's right for you."
},
{
"duration": 2.211,
"start": 29.942,
"text": "One of the first key decisions\nyou need to make"
},
{
"duration": 4.212,
"start": 32.153,
"text": "is whether you will, A) write out the talk\nin full as a complete script"
},
{
"duration": 2.9619999999999997,
"start": 36.365,
"text": "to be read, memorized,\nor a combination of the two."
},
{
"duration": 4.963,
"start": 39.702,
"text": "Or, B) come up with a clear plan\nfor your talk without scripting it,"
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 44.665,
"text": "so you can speak to each of your points\nin the moment when you present."
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 48.503,
"text": "For most speakers, the best way\nto say what you really want to say,"
},
{
"duration": 3.086,
"start": 51.881,
"text": "in the most powerful way,\nis to write a script."
},
{
"duration": 4.338,
"start": 55.301,
"text": "Then get to know the script so well\nthat it becomes part of you."
},
{
"duration": 1.877,
"start": 59.764,
"text": "This takes a lot of work."
},
{
"duration": 2.92,
"start": 62.183,
"text": "Imagine you get to watch a friend trying\nto memorize his talk"
},
{
"duration": 1.334,
"start": 65.103,
"text": "over the course of a week."
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 66.521,
"text": "Let’s say that you ask him every day\nto give the best version of the talk"
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 70.108,
"text": "he can give just from memory,\nwithout using any notes."
},
{
"duration": 1.9609999999999999,
"start": 73.694,
"text": "You will notice something odd."
},
{
"duration": 4.088,
"start": 76.155,
"text": "Early on in the week, your friend will\nbe very exciting to listen to."
},
{
"duration": 2.336,
"start": 80.284,
"text": "His talk may seem a little disorganized,"
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 82.62,
"text": "because he doesn’t actually know\nany of it by heart yet."
},
{
"duration": 3.087,
"start": 85.873,
"text": "He simply does his best to give\nyou the information he knows"
},
{
"duration": 2.335,
"start": 88.96,
"text": "in approximately the order he's planned."
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 91.462,
"text": "But his passion about\nhis idea comes through."
},
{
"duration": 2.92,
"start": 94.882,
"text": "A few days later,\nyou will notice a change."
},
{
"duration": 3.963,
"start": 98.01,
"text": "He will have reached the point where\nhe knows quite a bit of the talk by heart."
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 102.098,
"text": "But you won’t feel the same\nexcitement you felt from him"
},
{
"duration": 1.46,
"start": 105.101,
"text": "at the beginning of the week."
},
{
"duration": 2.253,
"start": 106.602,
"text": "You might feel his stress instead."
},
{
"duration": 1.6680000000000001,
"start": 108.98,
"text": "You hear him saying things like,"
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 110.731,
"text": "“Let’s see,” “Just a minute,”\nor “Let me start that again.”"
},
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 114.902,
"text": "He might even sound a bit like a robot—"
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 117.78,
"text": "as though he's not actually\nthinking about the things he's saying."
},
{
"duration": 5.463,
"start": 121.284,
"text": "These are clues that the talk is being\nrecited rather than spoken with meaning."
},
{
"duration": 4.088,
"start": 126.914,
"text": "It's hard for an audience to connect\nto a speaker who presents in this way."
},
{
"duration": 3.504,
"start": 131.21,
"text": "But, if your friend keeps working\non memorizing his script,"
},
{
"duration": 4.671,
"start": 134.797,
"text": "you will notice a thrilling change\nby the sixth or seventh day."
},
{
"duration": 2.9619999999999997,
"start": 139.635,
"text": "Suddenly, he really knows his talk."
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 142.763,
"text": "He knows it so well that remembering\nthe words is a snap."
},
{
"duration": 3.503,
"start": 146.601,
"text": "He can concentrate on the meaning\nof what he’s saying again."
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 150.605,
"text": "He has the passion he had on day one,"
},
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 153.149,
"text": "and now he knows his script\nby heart as well."
},
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 156.402,
"text": "Remember this if you decide\nto memorize your talk."
},
{
"duration": 1.7930000000000001,
"start": 159.447,
"text": "Choosing to memorize is great!"
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 161.49,
"text": "You're giving yourself an excellent\nchance for a huge hit."
},
{
"duration": 2.92,
"start": 164.827,
"text": "But it’s important that you\nkeep working on memorizing"
},
{
"duration": 4.88,
"start": 167.747,
"text": "until you’ve passed this stage\nwhere the talk sounds recited."
},
{
"duration": 4.463,
"start": 172.835,
"text": "You have to know the words so well,\nthey seem like they’re part of you."
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 177.715,
"text": "You must keep practicing\npast the robot stage"
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 180.718,
"text": "to the stage where\nthe words flow out freely."
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 184.889,
"text": "Another thing to ask yourself if you plan\nto write a script for your talk is:"
},
{
"duration": 2.794,
"start": 188.893,
"text": "what kind of language\ndo you want to use?"
},
{
"duration": 2.628,
"start": 191.979,
"text": "Spoken language or written language?"
},
{
"duration": 3.212,
"start": 195.024,
"text": "The language we use in everyday\nspeech is different"
},
{
"duration": 2.127,
"start": 198.236,
"text": "from the language writers use."
},
{
"duration": 2.628,
"start": 200.738,
"text": "Harvard professor Dan Gilbert\ntells his students"
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 203.366,
"text": "to speak their talks into a recorder\nbefore writing them down."
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 207.328,
"text": "The students then use the words\nfrom the recording as the first draft"
},
{
"duration": 1.376,
"start": 210.915,
"text": "of their written script."
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 212.625,
"text": "This helps them make sure the language\nthey choose sounds natural"
},
{
"duration": 1.501,
"start": 216.504,
"text": "when said out loud."
},
{
"duration": 2.252,
"start": 218.381,
"text": "But, again, every talk is different."
},
{
"duration": 5.005,
"start": 220.8,
"text": "For some speakers, using elegant language\nlike that you might find in a book"
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 225.972,
"text": "is the perfect way of expressing\ntheir idea."
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 229.35,
"text": "Take a look at this memorable\nmoment from Amanda C. Gorman"
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 232.603,
"text": "at a TED-Ed Student Talks event in 2018."
},
{
"duration": 3.7960000000000003,
"start": 236.023,
"text": "“Most of my life, I was particularly\nterrified of speaking up"
},
{
"duration": 1.626,
"start": 239.819,
"text": "because I had a speech impediment"
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 241.529,
"text": "which made it difficult to pronounce\ncertain letters, sounds,"
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 245.074,
"text": "and I felt like I was fine\nwriting on the page."
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 247.785,
"text": "But once I got on stage, I was worried\nmy words might jumble and stumble."
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 251.247,
"text": "What was the point in trying not\nto mumble these thoughts in my head"
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 254.542,
"text": "if everything’s already been said before?"
},
{
"duration": 3.9210000000000003,
"start": 257.92,
"text": "But finally, I had a moment\nof realization where I thought,"
},
{
"duration": 2.794,
"start": 261.841,
"text": "if I choose not to speak out of fear,"
},
{
"duration": 3.129,
"start": 264.885,
"text": "then there’s no one\nthat my silence is standing for.”"
},
{
"duration": 4.63,
"start": 268.18,
"text": "This is a powerful piece of writing,\nand it’s meant to be heard that way."
},
{
"duration": 2.545,
"start": 272.893,
"text": "Even though the language is not\nlike everyday speech,"
},
{
"duration": 5.13,
"start": 275.438,
"text": "Amanda’s powerful poetry makes us feel\nwe are in the hands of a masterful writer."
},
{
"duration": 2.669,
"start": 280.693,
"text": "It's the perfect language for this talk."
},
{
"duration": 1.335,
"start": 284.071,
"text": "For some scripted talks,"
},
{
"duration": 3.9210000000000003,
"start": 285.406,
"text": "the speaker chooses to bring their script\non stage with them to read from."
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 289.368,
"text": "This can be a perfectly\nwonderful way to present."
},
{
"duration": 1.919,
"start": 292.204,
"text": "But if you choose to go this route,"
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 294.123,
"text": "it's important to know your script\nwell enough that you can still"
},
{
"duration": 3.628,
"start": 297.293,
"text": "give your audience the sense\nthat you are with them in the moment."
},
{
"duration": 2.503,
"start": 301.63,
"text": "Mean every sentence as you read it."
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 304.133,
"text": "Look up from the page as often as you can,"
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 306.594,
"text": "and make eye contact\nwith your audience members."
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 309.43,
"text": "It might even be a powerful choice\nto let go of your script"
},
{
"duration": 1.418,
"start": 313.392,
"text": "toward the end of your talk,"
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 314.81,
"text": "and speak the conclusion\ndirectly from the heart."
},
{
"duration": 3.503,
"start": 318.439,
"text": "Some speakers choose to give\nunscripted talks."
},
{
"duration": 2.211,
"start": 322.109,
"text": "There are many kinds of unscripted talks."
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 324.403,
"text": "What they all have in common is that\nthe speaker is not trying to recall"
},
{
"duration": 2.92,
"start": 328.574,
"text": "a specific, pre-written script\nwhile on stage."
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 331.619,
"text": "Instead, they are thinking\nabout the subject matter"
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 334.497,
"text": "and looking for the best words\nto communicate their points in the moment."
},
{
"duration": 5.673,
"start": 339.251,
"text": "Some speakers doing unscripted\ntalks use a set of notes to guide them."
},
{
"duration": 2.627,
"start": 345.091,
"text": "Some choose not to have any notes at all."
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 347.927,
"text": "There are many wonderful benefits\nto unscripted talks."
},
{
"duration": 5.422,
"start": 351.305,
"text": "They often sound fresh and alive, like\nthe speaker is really thinking out loud."
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 356.852,
"text": "If this is a comfortable style\nof speaking for you,"
},
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 359.688,
"text": "and your talk is about something\nyou know very well,"
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 362.441,
"text": "an unscripted talk\ncould be your best choice."
},
{
"duration": 4.546,
"start": 365.444,
"text": "But it's important to know the difference\nbetween unscripted and unprepared."
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 370.533,
"text": "There is no excuse for not preparing\nfor an important talk,"
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 374.537,
"text": "whether you choose\nto write a script or not."
},
{
"duration": 3.211,
"start": 377.248,
"text": "So how do you prepare\nfor an unscripted talk?"
},
{
"duration": 4.88,
"start": 380.751,
"text": "A lot will depend on what type of journey\nyou plan to take the audience on."
},
{
"duration": 3.9210000000000003,
"start": 386.048,
"text": "A talk built around a single\nstory will be a lot easier"
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 389.969,
"text": "than one where you’re trying\nto explain complicated research."
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 393.639,
"text": "But the key is to go back to the\nmetaphor of a talk as a journey."
},
{
"duration": 3.211,
"start": 398.436,
"text": "Ask yourself what each step\nof the journey looks like."
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 402.022,
"text": "It can be helpful to create\na label for each step—"
},
{
"duration": 3.795,
"start": 405.443,
"text": "a mental note that will help you\nremember how to get from one piece"
},
{
"duration": 1.6680000000000001,
"start": 409.238,
"text": "of the talk to the next."
},
{
"duration": 4.88,
"start": 411.323,
"text": "TED speakers have very different\nopinions on whether a memorized script"
},
{
"duration": 3.254,
"start": 416.203,
"text": "or an unscripted talk\nis the better way to go."
},
{
"duration": 2.795,
"start": 419.79,
"text": "But the majority of TED speakers do,\nin fact,"
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 422.585,
"text": "script their whole talk and memorize it."
},
{
"duration": 3.169,
"start": 425.463,
"text": "And they do their best to avoid\nletting it sound recited."
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 429.008,
"text": "If you have time to do that,\nit will probably give you the best shot"
},
{
"duration": 3.9210000000000003,
"start": 432.261,
"text": "at delivering a powerful talk\nthat says everything you want it to say"
},
{
"duration": 2.043,
"start": 436.182,
"text": "without sounding robotic."
},
{
"duration": 3.212,
"start": 438.517,
"text": "If you don't have time to truly\nlearn a script by heart,"
},
{
"duration": 3.503,
"start": 441.729,
"text": "or if you already know that's\njust not the best thing for you,"
},
{
"duration": 1.335,
"start": 445.566,
"text": "then don't go this route."
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 447.318,
"text": "The key is to pick a presentation\nplan that you feel confident about,"
},
{
"duration": 1.376,
"start": 451.572,
"text": "and commit to that."
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 453.699,
"text": "Whether you choose to memorize a script,\nor read from one,"
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 456.994,
"text": "or use a few notes,\nor go without notes entirely,"
},
{
"duration": 1.627,
"start": 460.414,
"text": "you will still end up with a talk"
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 462.041,
"text": "that is well prepared\nand passionately delivered."
},
{
"duration": 2.252,
"start": 465.169,
"text": "So long as you put in the time."
}
] |
II5h6uJPvvs
|
What are those colors you see when you rub your eyes? - Paul CJ Taylor
|
Explore the science of afterimages, which are the visual illusions that appear in the eyes after exposure to an image or bright light.
--
In the 1600s, Isaac Newton conducted a series of experiments to better understand the lights and colors that sometimes appear when your eyes are closed. If you’ve ever sat around an evening campfire or unintentionally glanced at the Sun, you may have noticed illuminated patterns briefly dance along your vision. So how do these visual illusions form? Paul Taylor explores the science of afterimages.
Lesson by Paul Taylor, directed by Sofia Pashaei.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
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Support us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon
Check out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop
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Connect With Us
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Sign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter
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Peep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram
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Keep Learning
----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-are-those-colors-you-see-when-you-rub-your-eyes-paul-cj-taylor
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-are-those-colors-you-see-when-you-rub-your-eyes-paul-cj-taylor/digdeeper
Animator's website: https://www.instagram.com/sofiapashaei
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Nathan Milford, Tomas Beckett, Alice Ice, Eric Berman, Kurt Paolo Sevillano, Jennifer Heald, Megulo Abebe, isolwi, Kate Sem, Ujjwal Dasu, Angel Alberici, Minh Quan Dinh, Sylvain, Terran Gimpel, Talia Sari, Katie McDowell, Allen, Mahina Knuckles, Charmaine Hanson, Thawsitt, Jezabel, Abdullah Abdulaziz, Xiao Yu, Melissa Suarez, Brian A. Dunn, Francisco Amaya, Daisuke Goto, Matt Switzler, Peng, Tzu-Hsiang, Bethany Connor, Jeremy Shimanek, Mark Byers, Avinash Amarnath, Xuebicoco, Rayo, Po Foon Kwong, Boffin, Jesse Jurman, Scott Markley, Elija Peterson, Ovidiu Mrd, paul g mohney, Steven Razey, Nathan Giusti, Helen Lee, Anthony Benedict, Karthik Balsubramanian, Annastasshia Ames, Amy Lopez and Vinh-Thuy Nguyen.
|
2024-10-17T15:00:31Z
|
[
{
"duration": 4.921,
"start": 7.045,
"text": "You've always aspired to be\na professional artist."
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 12.3,
"text": "At last, this dream may become a reality,"
},
{
"duration": 4.17,
"start": 15.178,
"text": "and you're creating a portfolio\nto submit to art programs."
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 19.682,
"text": "But as the application deadline looms,"
},
{
"duration": 6.131,
"start": 22.81,
"text": "you suddenly find yourself unmotivated,\nand avoiding the canvas altogether."
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 29.859,
"text": "Why does motivation seem so fickle?"
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 33.446,
"text": "And what even is it in the first place?"
},
{
"duration": 4.463,
"start": 37.283,
"text": "Psychologists define motivation\nas the desire or impetus"
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 41.746,
"text": "to initiate and maintain\na particular behavior."
},
{
"duration": 4.88,
"start": 46.375,
"text": "In other words, it's the energy\nthat drives you to do something."
},
{
"duration": 4.088,
"start": 51.714,
"text": "And knowing the source of that drive\nis particularly important"
},
{
"duration": 3.753,
"start": 55.802,
"text": "when it comes to understanding\nhow to maintain it."
},
{
"duration": 4.713,
"start": 59.764,
"text": "These motivational forces\ngenerally fall into two broad categories:"
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 64.769,
"text": "intrinsic and extrinsic."
},
{
"duration": 4.213,
"start": 68.397,
"text": "Intrinsic motivation is involved\nwhen you experience an activity"
},
{
"duration": 1.627,
"start": 72.61,
"text": "as an end in itself."
},
{
"duration": 2.42,
"start": 74.695,
"text": "Take a hobby,\nlike playing video games."
},
{
"duration": 3.503,
"start": 77.115,
"text": "The experience largely explains\nthe desire to do it."
},
{
"duration": 2.794,
"start": 80.618,
"text": "Performing tasks that feel right\nin the moment—"
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 83.538,
"text": "or that you find a meaningful,\ninteresting, or satisfying—"
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 86.791,
"text": "are driven by intrinsic motivation."
},
{
"duration": 2.628,
"start": 90.419,
"text": "Extrinsic motivation, on the other hand,"
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 93.047,
"text": "refers to pursuing a task\nas a means to an end."
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 97.051,
"text": "While few would consider going\nto the dentist as an enjoyable activity,"
},
{
"duration": 4.087,
"start": 101.222,
"text": "you're often motivated by the outcome\nof having clean, healthy teeth."
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 105.434,
"text": "Other examples of extrinsic motivation\ninclude completing a task"
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 109.73,
"text": "to receive some sort of reward,\nwhether it's praise, power, or money."
},
{
"duration": 3.212,
"start": 114.026,
"text": "Notably, these rewards tend to come later,"
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 117.238,
"text": "like receiving a bonus\nat the end of a quarter,"
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 119.824,
"text": "or winning a competition\nafter months of training."
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 122.952,
"text": "While extrinsic rewards,\nlike getting paid,"
},
{
"duration": 1.626,
"start": 125.413,
"text": "may seem appealing,"
},
{
"duration": 3.129,
"start": 127.039,
"text": "their effectiveness can be\nsurprisingly short-lived."
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 130.626,
"text": "For example, a 2017 study found that\nthose who were highly focused"
},
{
"duration": 2.8369999999999997,
"start": 134.755,
"text": "on the outcomes of\ntheir New Year's resolutions—"
},
{
"duration": 3.212,
"start": 137.758,
"text": "or driven by extrinsic motivation—"
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 141.262,
"text": "weren't the most likely to stick to them."
},
{
"duration": 2.502,
"start": 144.182,
"text": "What did predict persistence, however,"
},
{
"duration": 3.9210000000000003,
"start": 146.684,
"text": "was how much a person\nenjoyed pursuing their goals."
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 150.897,
"text": "In other words, you're more likely\nto maintain an exercise routine"
},
{
"duration": 1.835,
"start": 155.151,
"text": "if you take classes you enjoy,"
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 157.069,
"text": "rather than just those\nthat build your biceps."
},
{
"duration": 5.797,
"start": 160.448,
"text": "Years of psychology research have shown\nthat high levels of intrinsic motivation—"
},
{
"duration": 2.794,
"start": 166.329,
"text": "for school, a job, or an exercise class—"
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 169.123,
"text": "are more likely to keep you engaged\nin the long run."
},
{
"duration": 4.213,
"start": 172.96,
"text": "Day-to-day actions, though,\nare rarely either exclusively"
},
{
"duration": 2.919,
"start": 177.173,
"text": "intrinsically or extrinsically motivated."
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 180.301,
"text": "Studying for a history exam, for example,\ncan be intrinsically motivated"
},
{
"duration": 3.211,
"start": 184.472,
"text": "If you're curious about\nthe culture of ancient Egypt."
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 187.85,
"text": "But extrinsic motivators may\nalso be at play,"
},
{
"duration": 2.168,
"start": 191.646,
"text": "as you aim to get a good grade"
},
{
"duration": 3.6710000000000003,
"start": 193.814,
"text": "or feel pressure from family members\nto do well in school."
},
{
"duration": 3.795,
"start": 198.069,
"text": "But having multiple motivators\nisn't always better."
},
{
"duration": 3.254,
"start": 202.531,
"text": "One study of military cadets found\nthat those who were driven"
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 205.785,
"text": "both by intrinsic motivators,\nlike self-improvement,"
},
{
"duration": 4.588,
"start": 209.413,
"text": "and extrinsic motivators,\nlike the outcome of getting a good job,"
},
{
"duration": 6.257,
"start": 214.126,
"text": "were overall less motivated than cadets\ndriven by just one of these factors."
},
{
"duration": 5.005,
"start": 220.508,
"text": "As a result, these cadets performed worse\nand were less likely to graduate."
},
{
"duration": 4.672,
"start": 225.846,
"text": "Psychologists call this phenomenon\nthe overjustification effect—"
},
{
"duration": 4.839,
"start": 230.851,
"text": "the idea that additional extrinsic\nmotivators can actually muddy the waters"
},
{
"duration": 3.753,
"start": 235.69,
"text": "when you already have\nthe intrinsic drive to do something."
},
{
"duration": 3.9210000000000003,
"start": 239.777,
"text": "But this is only a problem\nif you already find a task motivating."
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 243.906,
"text": "When you're faced with an activity\nyou find tedious or uninteresting,"
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 248.077,
"text": "adding extrinsic rewards\ncan be beneficial."
},
{
"duration": 5.046,
"start": 251.289,
"text": "In this way, extrinsic motivators\ncan provide sufficient justification."
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 256.877,
"text": "While you may never enjoy\ndoing the laundry,"
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 259.463,
"text": "it may feel less daunting\nif you get praise from a loved one,"
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 263.634,
"text": "or even promise yourself that\nyou'll watch your favorite TV show"
},
{
"duration": 1.293,
"start": 267.054,
"text": "when you're done folding."
},
{
"duration": 2.46,
"start": 269.307,
"text": "Motivation is complicated."
},
{
"duration": 4.17,
"start": 272.018,
"text": "And sometimes, no matter how passionate\nyou are about a goal or hobby,"
},
{
"duration": 4.379,
"start": 276.23,
"text": "finding the motivation\nto actually do it can be difficult."
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 281.36,
"text": "But there are things you can do\nto increase your drive,"
},
{
"duration": 2.377,
"start": 284.989,
"text": "even when it feels impossible."
},
{
"duration": 6.84,
"start": 287.742,
"text": "Focus on building intrinsic motivation\nby making the task more fun in the moment."
},
{
"duration": 1.752,
"start": 294.915,
"text": "Asking a friend to join you"
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 296.667,
"text": "or simply putting\non your favorite playlist"
},
{
"duration": 2.253,
"start": 299.211,
"text": "can give you the boost to get started—"
},
{
"duration": 3.795,
"start": 301.464,
"text": "and stick with your goals\nfor the long haul."
}
] |
-4YCwyHdC58
|
The real tale of the Monkey King in Heaven - Ji Hao
|
Follow Sun Wukong, the Monkey King, on his journey to Heaven and the trouble he causes the Jade Emperor during his stay.
--
While his disciples loved their roguish leader, Sun Wukong’s misadventures had spread chaos throughout the land. The Jade Emperor, watching from his throne in Heaven, decided he would no longer stand by as this monkey wreaked havoc across his domain. The Emperor decided the best way to maintain order was to keep a close eye on Sun Wukong. Ji Hao follows the Monkey King's exploits in Heaven.
Lesson by Ji Hao, directed by Mohammad Babakoohi, Yijia Cao.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
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----------------------------------------------
Keep Learning
----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-real-tale-of-the-monkey-king-in-heaven-ji-hao
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-real-tale-of-the-monkey-king-in-heaven-ji-hao/digdeeper
Animator's website: https://mohammadbabakoohi.com
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Fernando A. Endo, Helen Lee, pam morgan, sarim haq, Gerardo Castro, Michel-Ange Hortegat, Enes Kirimi, Amaury BISIAUX, ND, Samyogita Hardikar, Vanessa Graulich, Vandana Gunwani, Abdulmohsin Almadi, AJ Lyon, Geoffrey Bultitude, Mi Mi, Thomas Rothert, Brian Elieson, Oge O, Weronika Falkowska, Nevin Spoljaric, Sid Chanpuriya, Anoop Varghese, David Yastremski, Noah Webb, Roberto Chena, Oliver Koo, Luke Pisano, Andrea Gordon, Aleksandar Donev, Nicole Klau Ibarra, Jesse Lira, Ezekiel Raui, Petr Vacek, Dennis, Olivia Fu, Kari Teffeau, Cindy Lai, Rajath Durgada Manjunath, Dan Nguyen, Chin Beng Tan, Tom Boman, Karen Warner, Iryna Panasiuk, Aaron Torres, Eric Braun, Sonja Worzewski, Michael Clement, Adam Berry and Ghaith Tarawneh.
|
2024-10-15T15:00:22Z
|
[
{
"duration": 1.9180000000000001,
"start": 7.045,
"text": "Like so many winged insects,"
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 8.963,
"text": "the world’s roughly 4,000 mayfly species\ntake to the skies"
},
{
"duration": 2.378,
"start": 13.384,
"text": "for their annual reproductive ritual."
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 15.97,
"text": "These flights happen above every kind\nof freshwater body on Earth,"
},
{
"duration": 3.087,
"start": 20.099,
"text": "barring Antarctica\nand a few remote islands."
},
{
"duration": 4.213,
"start": 23.269,
"text": "But whether the breeding mayflies\nare large Hexagenia limbata,"
},
{
"duration": 4.921,
"start": 27.607,
"text": "tiny Paracloeodes minutus,\nor the thousands of species in between,"
},
{
"duration": 2.336,
"start": 32.528,
"text": "their time on the wing will be brief."
},
{
"duration": 1.167,
"start": 35.198,
"text": "Very brief."
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 37.325,
"text": "For most mayflies,\nadulthood lasts roughly one day."
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 41.329,
"text": "And for some species,\nit’s only a matter of minutes."
},
{
"duration": 2.795,
"start": 44.707,
"text": "This isn’t because they’re all\neaten up by predators—"
},
{
"duration": 4.921,
"start": 47.502,
"text": "though they are a favorite food\nof many fish, birds, and larger insects."
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 52.548,
"text": "Rather, this abridged adulthood is\na natural part of their life cycle."
},
{
"duration": 4.796,
"start": 57.22,
"text": "A close look at these insects reveals\nthey've ditched functional mouths"
},
{
"duration": 1.794,
"start": 62.016,
"text": "and digestive systems."
},
{
"duration": 5.047,
"start": 64.185,
"text": "Without these innards taking up space,\nmayfly bodies can store more eggs,"
},
{
"duration": 4.17,
"start": 69.232,
"text": "with some species producing\nup to 12,000 per individual."
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 73.653,
"text": "This adaptation is essential\nto mayfly survival"
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 76.781,
"text": "since relatively few of these unborn flies\nare likely to reach adulthood,"
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 81.285,
"text": "and even fewer will successfully\nreproduce themselves."
},
{
"duration": 4.462,
"start": 84.956,
"text": "In most of these flights,\nmale mayflies form dancing swarms,"
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 89.418,
"text": "which female mayflies move\nthrough until a male grasps them"
},
{
"duration": 1.669,
"start": 93.297,
"text": "for some mid-air mating."
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 95.258,
"text": "Some all-female populations can\nreproduce without joining in the dance,"
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 99.762,
"text": "using a process called parthenogenesis\nto produce viable offspring"
},
{
"duration": 1.585,
"start": 104.183,
"text": "without the help of a male."
},
{
"duration": 6.006,
"start": 105.977,
"text": "And recent research suggests some mayfly\npopulations may even switch back and forth"
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 111.983,
"text": "between these two forms of reproduction."
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 114.819,
"text": "But regardless of how the eggs\nare made ready,"
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 117.405,
"text": "the female will deposit them\non or under the water,"
},
{
"duration": 1.71,
"start": 121.117,
"text": "and promptly perish."
},
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 123.327,
"text": "This might sound like a tragically\nbrief existence."
},
{
"duration": 2.377,
"start": 126.164,
"text": "And even mayflies’ scientific name,"
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 128.541,
"text": "Ephemeroptera, refers to their\nstunningly short lifespan."
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 132.837,
"text": "But for centuries, fishermen suspected\nthat mayflies live much longer"
},
{
"duration": 1.293,
"start": 136.966,
"text": "than this short flight."
},
{
"duration": 5.088,
"start": 138.426,
"text": "And in 1681, scientists finally caught\nup to their fishing friends"
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 143.639,
"text": "with a published account\nof the full mayfly life cycle."
},
{
"duration": 2.627,
"start": 147.852,
"text": "When the time is right,\nthese eggs will hatch."
},
{
"duration": 1.626,
"start": 150.605,
"text": "Depending on the kind of mayfly,"
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 152.231,
"text": "this can happen as late as several months\nafter the egg is laid,"
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 156.11,
"text": "or even before it’s completely left\nthe mother’s body."
},
{
"duration": 2.002,
"start": 160.698,
"text": "But whenever their egg opens up,"
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 162.7,
"text": "the mayfly inside quickly finds\nits way into fresh water,"
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 167.288,
"text": "and it’s in this aquatic, nymph stage"
},
{
"duration": 2.795,
"start": 169.832,
"text": "that mayflies spend\nthe majority of their lives."
},
{
"duration": 3.795,
"start": 172.627,
"text": "Inhabiting rivers, small streams,\nponds, lakes,"
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 176.422,
"text": "and other places with clean fresh water,"
},
{
"duration": 5.13,
"start": 179.05,
"text": "most mayfly species stay in this\nnymph stage and feed underwater"
},
{
"duration": 2.377,
"start": 184.18,
"text": "for nearly an entire year."
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 186.682,
"text": "In fact, some species live as nymphs\nfor up to two years"
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 190.561,
"text": "before they metamorphose\ninto their winged adult state."
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 194.315,
"text": "A year is a long time for such\na small creature to stay alive."
},
{
"duration": 4.672,
"start": 198.569,
"text": "So to survive and thrive, mayfly species\nhave a wide variety of habits"
},
{
"duration": 2.502,
"start": 203.241,
"text": "and corresponding body forms."
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 206.452,
"text": "Sprawlers are flat enough to stick\nto surfaces"
},
{
"duration": 1.9180000000000001,
"start": 209.622,
"text": "despite the strength of a current,"
},
{
"duration": 4.672,
"start": 211.54,
"text": "while clingers accomplish the same feat\nwith suckers and claws."
},
{
"duration": 4.087,
"start": 216.337,
"text": "Other species are swimmers,\ncrawlers, or borers."
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 220.925,
"text": "One of the most noticeable groups\nare the burrowing mayflies;"
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 224.512,
"text": "sizable specimens which use\ntheir legs, tusks,"
},
{
"duration": 4.087,
"start": 227.807,
"text": "and a scoop on their heads\nto dig U-shaped tunnels."
},
{
"duration": 4.045,
"start": 231.978,
"text": "In these muddy dwellings,\nthe nymphs use their abdominal gills"
},
{
"duration": 5.339,
"start": 236.023,
"text": "to accelerate water through their burrow,\nfiltering it for food along the way."
},
{
"duration": 3.795,
"start": 241.654,
"text": "After they metamorphose,\nadult swarms can get so large"
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 245.449,
"text": "they appear on weather radars like rain."
},
{
"duration": 1.877,
"start": 249.036,
"text": "Regardless of how they've adapted,"
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 250.913,
"text": "each unique species plays\nan essential role in their ecosystem."
},
{
"duration": 5.089,
"start": 255.209,
"text": "Plus, nearly all mayflies are a staple\nof freshwater fish diets,"
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 260.298,
"text": "and since they ingest the smallest\nparticulate matter in their environment,"
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 264.51,
"text": "mayflies are also very sensitive\nto water pollution."
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 268.306,
"text": "In fact, scientists can tell a lot\nabout a water body’s health"
},
{
"duration": 2.669,
"start": 272.018,
"text": "based on which mayfly species they find."
},
{
"duration": 2.002,
"start": 274.895,
"text": "If they don't find mayflies at all,"
},
{
"duration": 2.9619999999999997,
"start": 276.897,
"text": "it's usually an indication\nthat something is wrong."
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 280.276,
"text": "So the next time you see a swarm\nof mayflies over a pond, bridge,"
},
{
"duration": 1.084,
"start": 284.53,
"text": "or park fountain,"
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 285.781,
"text": "remember that their short aerial dance"
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 288.367,
"text": "means a healthy world exists\nbelow the surface."
}
] |
7i2bd5F1BXM
|
This mushroom will kill you before you know what’s happening - Michael Beug
|
Explore the toxicity of death cap mushrooms, and find out what makes this one species so dangerous to humans.
--
Humans have known about the toxicity of death cap mushrooms for millennia. Yet they continue to pose a significant threat to unsuspecting foragers and mushroom hunters throughout the world. Today, death caps are responsible for more than 90% of all mushroom related deaths, killing upwards of 100 people each year. So, what makes this one species of mushroom so dangerous? Michael Beug investigates.
Lesson by Michael Beug, directed by Denys Spolitak.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
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View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/this-mushroom-will-kill-you-before-you-know-what-s-happening-michael-beug
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/this-mushroom-will-kill-you-before-you-know-what-s-happening-michael-beug/digdeeper
Animator's website: https://vimeo.com/user50965180
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Vector-Dopamine math, Jasper Song, Giorgio Bugnatelli, Chardon, Eddy Trochez, OnlineBookClub.org, Eric Shear, Leith Salem, Omar Hicham, Adrian Rotaru, Brad Sullivan, Karen Ho, Niklas Frimberger, Hunter Manhart, Nathan Nguyen, Igor Stavchanskiy, James R DeVries, Grace Huo, Diana Huang, Chau Hong Diem, Orlellys Torre, Corheu, Thomas Mee, Maryann H McCrory, Blas Borde, John Hellmann, Poompak Meephian, Chuck Wofford, Adam Pagan, Wes Winn, Conder Shou, ntiger, Noname, Hansan Hu, David D, Mac Hyney, Keith Ellison, robin valero walters, Lynne Truesdale, Gatsby Dkdc, Matthew Neal, Denis Chon, Julian Oberhofer, Monte Carroll, Eddy, Jay M, Constantino Victor Delgado, Andrea Galvagni, Andrew Tweddle and Laurel-Ann Rice.
|
2024-10-10T15:01:45Z
|
[
{
"duration": 3.086,
"start": 7.295,
"text": "For almost two millennia,\nthe Pope has been a figure"
},
{
"duration": 4.546,
"start": 10.381,
"text": "of supreme spiritual authority\nfor Catholics around the world."
},
{
"duration": 3.503,
"start": 15.887,
"text": "But in the late 14th century, \nCatholics found themselves"
},
{
"duration": 4.588,
"start": 19.39,
"text": "with not one, not two, but three popes."
},
{
"duration": 2.919,
"start": 24.312,
"text": "Where did this plethora of popes\ncome from?"
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 27.648,
"text": "And who among them was\nthe genuine article?"
},
{
"duration": 4.797,
"start": 31.819,
"text": "The origins of this papal predicament\nbegan in 1296,"
},
{
"duration": 5.046,
"start": 36.616,
"text": "when France’s King Philip IV decided\nto raise taxes on the Church."
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 42.246,
"text": "Given the clergy’s political power,"
},
{
"duration": 5.881,
"start": 44.832,
"text": "this offended Pope Boniface VIII,\nleading him to write the “Unam Sanctam”:"
},
{
"duration": 5.589,
"start": 51.005,
"text": "a radical decree asserting the Pope’s\ntotal supremacy over earthly rulers."
},
{
"duration": 2.252,
"start": 57.512,
"text": "But King Philip struck back."
},
{
"duration": 5.297,
"start": 59.972,
"text": "He declared Boniface a heretic and tried\nto have him arrested in a violent raid."
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 65.853,
"text": "Boniface survived the assault,\nbut died soon after."
},
{
"duration": 6.047,
"start": 70.233,
"text": "And following a short-lived successor,\nPope Clement V was elected in 1305."
},
{
"duration": 4.797,
"start": 78.157,
"text": "A French diplomat seeking peace in the war\nbetween England and his homeland,"
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 83.162,
"text": "Clement wanted to stay close\nto the conflict"
},
{
"duration": 2.086,
"start": 85.998,
"text": "and escape the demands of Rome."
},
{
"duration": 4.672,
"start": 88.584,
"text": "So in 1309, he moved the seat \nof the papacy to Avignon—"
},
{
"duration": 4.38,
"start": 93.464,
"text": "a city close to France but owned\nby a vassal of the Church."
},
{
"duration": 3.5460000000000003,
"start": 98.719,
"text": "The papacy remained here \nfor the terms of seven popes"
},
{
"duration": 5.255,
"start": 102.265,
"text": "until the reigning Pope finally returned\nto Italy in 1376."
},
{
"duration": 4.505,
"start": 107.895,
"text": "But just several months after his arrival,\nhe suddenly died."
},
{
"duration": 4.546,
"start": 114.569,
"text": "This shocking development meant a new\npope had to be elected immediately—"
},
{
"duration": 4.796,
"start": 120.158,
"text": "and in Rome, where there hadn’t been\na papal election in over 70 years."
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 125.705,
"text": "The Romans were determined \nto elect one of their own"
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 128.916,
"text": "and restore Rome as the seat\nof Western Christendom."
},
{
"duration": 4.796,
"start": 133.546,
"text": "Local officials pressured cardinals\nto choose an Italian pope,"
},
{
"duration": 5.673,
"start": 138.342,
"text": "while rowdy mobs raided the conclave\nand plundered the papal wine cellar."
},
{
"duration": 5.588,
"start": 145.183,
"text": "Amidst this chaos, the cardinals elected\nthe Neapolitan Archbishop of Bari"
},
{
"duration": 2.46,
"start": 151.022,
"text": "to become Pope Urban VI."
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 154.108,
"text": "Initially, Urban was seen \nas a safe choice."
},
{
"duration": 5.381,
"start": 157.528,
"text": "But he quickly proved to be a reformer who\nsought to limit the cardinal’s finances."
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 163.659,
"text": "Desperate to maintain \ntheir luxurious lifestyles,"
},
{
"duration": 3.504,
"start": 166.954,
"text": "the cardinals declared \nthe recent election illegitimate,"
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 170.458,
"text": "since it was decided under pressure\nfrom the Roman mob."
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 175.129,
"text": "They denounced Urban as a usurper"
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 178.007,
"text": "and held a new conclave \nto elect Pope Clement VII."
},
{
"duration": 3.169,
"start": 183.638,
"text": "Clement attempted to excommunicate Urban,"
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 186.807,
"text": "but he refused to recognize\nthe authority of Clement"
},
{
"duration": 1.9609999999999999,
"start": 189.685,
"text": "or his greedy cardinals."
},
{
"duration": 5.005,
"start": 192.855,
"text": "Urban named new cardinals to his court \nand entrenched himself in Rome"
},
{
"duration": 3.92,
"start": 198.069,
"text": "while Clement and his supporters \nreturned to Avignon."
},
{
"duration": 2.67,
"start": 202.573,
"text": "The schism had officially begun."
},
{
"duration": 5.88,
"start": 206.661,
"text": "Western Christendom now had two capitals,\nAvignon and Rome,"
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 213.042,
"text": "each with their own Pope\nand court of cardinals."
},
{
"duration": 5.089,
"start": 216.837,
"text": "As popes from each line died, \ntheir cardinals appointed successors,"
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 222.093,
"text": "continuing the crisis for decades."
},
{
"duration": 5.047,
"start": 225.721,
"text": "This strange situation didn't impact\nmost ordinary Catholics,"
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 230.768,
"text": "as there were no significant\ndoctrinal splits."
},
{
"duration": 4.463,
"start": 234.897,
"text": "Instead, the drama played \nout in the diplomatic realm."
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 239.735,
"text": "European rulers were forced \nto choose sides,"
},
{
"duration": 4.755,
"start": 243.447,
"text": "as both popes vied \nfor spiritual and political supremacy."
},
{
"duration": 3.7960000000000003,
"start": 249.62,
"text": "Only a pope had the authority \nto call a general council"
},
{
"duration": 2.127,
"start": 253.416,
"text": "to officially resolve the issue,"
},
{
"duration": 3.336,
"start": 255.543,
"text": "and both sides refused to take this step."
},
{
"duration": 5.505,
"start": 259.13,
"text": "So in 1409, a group of cardinals \nfrom France and Rome"
},
{
"duration": 2.211,
"start": 264.635,
"text": "took matters into their own hands."
},
{
"duration": 3.086,
"start": 267.263,
"text": "They claimed that since both\npopes were disputed,"
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 270.349,
"text": "cardinals did have the right\nto call a council."
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 274.77,
"text": "And at their gathering these cardinals\ndeposed the pretenders"
},
{
"duration": 1.71,
"start": 278.941,
"text": "and elected a new Pope."
},
{
"duration": 4.838,
"start": 281.527,
"text": "Unfortunately, both Avignon’s Pope \nand Rome’s Pope"
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 286.365,
"text": "refused to recognize this council."
},
{
"duration": 4.755,
"start": 289.994,
"text": "So instead of solving the crisis, \nthe number of popes rose to three."
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 295.166,
"text": "This unusual arrangement \nlasted five more years,"
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 298.836,
"text": "until the Council of Constance in 1417."
},
{
"duration": 6.006,
"start": 303.799,
"text": "Here, the popes from the Roman line\nand recently created third line resigned"
},
{
"duration": 3.379,
"start": 309.805,
"text": "and agreed to unite the church\nunder a new Pope—"
},
{
"duration": 1.293,
"start": 314.31,
"text": "Martin V."
},
{
"duration": 6.006,
"start": 316.27,
"text": "Undisputed, Martin swiftly excommunicated\nthe only person still against him—"
},
{
"duration": 1.459,
"start": 322.36,
"text": "the Pope of Avignon—"
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 324.278,
"text": "and finally ended the schism\nafter 39 years."
},
{
"duration": 4.045,
"start": 333.371,
"text": "Today, the church’s official records\nsay the Roman Line"
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 337.416,
"text": "was always the true papal power."
},
{
"duration": 2.795,
"start": 341.128,
"text": "But regardless of how the schism ended,"
},
{
"duration": 4.588,
"start": 344.006,
"text": "its existence proves that even those \nwho are supposed to be pious"
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 348.594,
"text": "are prone to petty power struggles."
}
] |
NKgXBjkKI_E
|
Greek mythology’s greatest warrior - Iseult Gillespie
|
Dig into the Greek myth of Achilles, and follow the infamous warrior during the Trojan War and see what leads to his downfall.
--
Born to a sea nymph and a king, and trained by the legendary centaur Chiron, Achilles was a demigod destined for greatness. When Greece declared war on Troy, Achilles knew the war was written into his destiny. With horses born from the west wind and a spear wrought from a mountain peak, he readied himself for battle. Iseult Gillespie tells the tale of the infamous warrior and his heel.
Lesson by Iseult Gillespie, directed by Luis Torres, Mr. Flama.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
----------------------------------------------
Support us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon
Check out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop
----------------------------------------------
Connect With Us
----------------------------------------------
Sign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter
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----------------------------------------------
Keep Learning
----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/greek-mythology-s-greatest-warrior-iseult-gillespie
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/greek-mythology-s-greatest-warrior-iseult-gillespie/digdeeper
Animator's website: https://mrflama.com
Music: https://soundcloud.com/aim-music
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Barbara Smalley, Megan Douglas, Tim Leistikow, Ka-Hei Law, Hiroshi Uchiyama, Mark Morris, Misaki Sato, EdoKun, SookKwan Loong, Bev Millar, Lex Azevedo, Michael Aquilina, Jason A Saslow, Yansong Li, Cristóbal Moenne, Dawn Jordan, Prasanth Mathialagan, Samuel Doerle, David Rosario, Dominik Kugelmann - they-them, Siamak Hajizadeh, Ryohky Araya, Mayank Kaul, Christophe Dessalles, Heather Slater, Sandra Tersluisen, Zhexi Shan, Bárbara Nazaré, Andrea Feliz, Victor E Karhel, Sydney Evans, Latora, Noel Situ, emily lam, Sid, Niccolò Frassetto, Mana, I'm here because of Knowledge Fight Facebook group., Linda Freedman, Edgardo Cuellar, Jaspar Carmichael-Jack, Michael Burton, VIVIANA A GARCIA BESNE, The Vernon's, Olha Bahatiuk, Jesús Bíquez Talayero, Chels Raknrl, Sai Pranavi Jonnalagadda, Stuart Rice and Jing Chen.
|
2024-10-08T15:00:55Z
|
[
{
"duration": 2.21,
"start": 7.128,
"text": "Avocados may seem innocent,"
},
{
"duration": 5.172,
"start": 9.38,
"text": "but these oblong fruits sent almost\n9,000 people to US emergency rooms"
},
{
"duration": 1.46,
"start": 14.552,
"text": "in 2018 alone."
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 16.012,
"text": "Injuries sustained by hacking at the pit\nor slicing while holding the fruit"
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 20.141,
"text": "have become so common,\ndoctors have dubbed them avocado hand."
},
{
"duration": 2.669,
"start": 24.27,
"text": "Of course, there is a safer way\nto cut avocados."
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 26.981,
"text": "But knives are just one of the hazards\nkitchens harbor."
},
{
"duration": 2.9619999999999997,
"start": 30.359,
"text": "In the US, between 2011 and 2022, "
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 33.404,
"text": "the deadliest kitchen appliances\nwere ovens and ranges—"
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 37.158,
"text": "appliances that are stoves\nand ovens in one."
},
{
"duration": 3.92,
"start": 40.036,
"text": "They took lives by causing fires\nand leaking carbon monoxide,"
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 43.956,
"text": "a gas that can cause suffocation\nat high concentrations."
},
{
"duration": 4.13,
"start": 47.376,
"text": "These kinds of sudden, catastrophic\nfatalities are thankfully rare."
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 51.672,
"text": "But the kitchen dangers that\ncause the most casualties"
},
{
"duration": 2.795,
"start": 54.258,
"text": "may actually be less immediate\nand more gradual—"
},
{
"duration": 3.795,
"start": 57.053,
"text": "involving constant exposures,\nlike stuff in the air we breathe."
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 61.349,
"text": "Ovens and stoves remain\na major culprit here."
},
{
"duration": 4.629,
"start": 64.227,
"text": "Indeed, the fourth leading cause of years\nof life lost globally is air pollution."
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 68.856,
"text": "This includes indoor air pollution,\nmost of which comes from cooking."
},
{
"duration": 4.671,
"start": 73.194,
"text": "Over 2 billion people cook using a solid\nfuel, like charcoal and wood."
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 77.865,
"text": "As it burns, fire and oxygen can’t reach\nall of the fuel source,"
},
{
"duration": 1.9609999999999999,
"start": 81.702,
"text": "leading to incomplete combustion."
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 83.704,
"text": "This produces pollutants like soot,\ncarbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides,"
},
{
"duration": 2.044,
"start": 87.875,
"text": "and lots of particulate matter—"
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 89.919,
"text": "that is, solid and liquid particles\nthat have become airborne"
},
{
"duration": 1.626,
"start": 93.089,
"text": "and small enough to inhale."
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 94.715,
"text": "A single particle can contain\nmany different chemicals."
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 97.301,
"text": "And especially tiny particles can\npenetrate deep into the lungs,"
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 100.721,
"text": "enter the bloodstream,\nand irritate tissues,"
},
{
"duration": 3.5460000000000003,
"start": 103.307,
"text": "cause inflammation,\nand bring about more systemic problems."
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 107.395,
"text": "It’s estimated that about 3 million people\ndie prematurely each year"
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 111.524,
"text": "from illnesses caused by burning\nsolid fuels."
},
{
"duration": 4.338,
"start": 114.235,
"text": "Stoves and ovens that don’t use solid\nfuels produce far less pollution—"
},
{
"duration": 1.71,
"start": 118.573,
"text": "but still a considerable amount. "
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 120.283,
"text": "There are two basic types:\ngas and electric."
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 123.536,
"text": "Gas stoves primarily burn methane\nto create an open flame for cooking."
},
{
"duration": 3.753,
"start": 127.999,
"text": "Traditional electric stoves use metal\nelements that radiate heat"
},
{
"duration": 2.503,
"start": 131.752,
"text": "when an electrical current\nis forced through them."
},
{
"duration": 2.795,
"start": 134.63,
"text": "They’re different from modern\ninduction electric stoves,"
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 137.425,
"text": "which use electromagnetic waves\nto induce currents"
},
{
"duration": 2.752,
"start": 140.011,
"text": "that heat iron and steel\ncookware directly."
},
{
"duration": 2.46,
"start": 142.889,
"text": "Gas stoves pollute more\nthan electric ones."
},
{
"duration": 4.88,
"start": 145.349,
"text": "That's because natural gas combustion\nproduces byproducts like carbon monoxide,"
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 150.229,
"text": "nitrogen oxides, and formaldehyde."
},
{
"duration": 3.6710000000000003,
"start": 152.94,
"text": "Unravelling the causes of chronic diseases\nis incredibly difficult,"
},
{
"duration": 4.588,
"start": 156.611,
"text": "but accumulating evidence suggests that\ngas stoves exacerbate asthma symptoms"
},
{
"duration": 3.461,
"start": 161.199,
"text": "and put children at increased risk\nof developing the condition."
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 164.911,
"text": "Electric ranges are cleaner than gas ones,"
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 167.33,
"text": "but they’re still not totally\npollution-free— no ranges are."
},
{
"duration": 3.795,
"start": 170.875,
"text": "At least some air pollution is inevitable\nfrom the cooking process,"
},
{
"duration": 1.418,
"start": 174.67,
"text": "no matter the fuel type. "
},
{
"duration": 2.627,
"start": 176.339,
"text": "High-heat cooking generally releases\nmore pollutants"
},
{
"duration": 1.335,
"start": 178.966,
"text": "than lower heat methods;"
},
{
"duration": 4.504,
"start": 180.301,
"text": "after all, charring a steak isn’t all that\ndifferent from burning a solid fuel."
},
{
"duration": 2.67,
"start": 184.972,
"text": "And substances like oil and dust\ncan accumulate"
},
{
"duration": 1.96,
"start": 187.642,
"text": "and release pollutants when heated."
},
{
"duration": 4.587,
"start": 189.936,
"text": "Transitioning away from solid fuels is\ncritical to improving indoor air quality—"
},
{
"duration": 2.336,
"start": 194.523,
"text": "and consequently,\nextending people’s lives."
},
{
"duration": 1.585,
"start": 196.984,
"text": "Cooking with proper ventilation—"
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 198.569,
"text": "ideally, from a powerful range hood\nthat vents to the outdoors—"
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 202.031,
"text": "and switching from gas to electric\nwill also go a long way."
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 205.701,
"text": "Electric appliances are less dangerous\nby another significant metric:"
},
{
"duration": 1.46,
"start": 209.872,
"text": "the global climate."
},
{
"duration": 2.044,
"start": 211.707,
"text": "Burning fossil fuels like natural gas "
},
{
"duration": 2.794,
"start": 213.751,
"text": "releases atmosphere-warming\ncarbon dioxide,"
},
{
"duration": 4.797,
"start": 216.545,
"text": "and gas ranges can also leak methane,\nan even more potent greenhouse gas."
},
{
"duration": 1.502,
"start": 222.009,
"text": "Electric appliances, meanwhile,"
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 223.511,
"text": "should only become more and\nmore climate-compatible"
},
{
"duration": 3.211,
"start": 225.972,
"text": "as grids transition to renewable\nenergy sources."
},
{
"duration": 2.92,
"start": 229.183,
"text": "In addition to being better\nfor the climate and public health,"
},
{
"duration": 4.087,
"start": 232.103,
"text": "electric induction stoves tend to rival\nor outperform all other stove types—"
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 236.19,
"text": "electric and gas— when it comes to cooking\nefficiency and ease of cleaning."
},
{
"duration": 2.085,
"start": 240.361,
"text": "Induction stovetops also only heat things"
},
{
"duration": 2.336,
"start": 242.446,
"text": "that respond strongly\nto their magnetic fields,"
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 244.782,
"text": "so you can’t burn yourself\non them directly."
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 247.451,
"text": "Given the considerable health and\nclimate concerns around gas appliances,"
},
{
"duration": 2.628,
"start": 251.08,
"text": "some governments have banned\nthem from new developments"
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 253.708,
"text": "and many are helping subsidize\nthe transition from gas to electric."
},
{
"duration": 2.293,
"start": 257.295,
"text": "Knives will probably be staying\nthe same, though,"
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 259.588,
"text": "so please stop stabbing at avocados\nwhile they’re in your hand."
}
] |
d3RlT7qzAUE
|
Are there any places on Earth with no bugs? - Charles Wallace
|
Travel to some of the most extreme environments on Earth and see how insects are able to employ their skills to survive.
--
Insects are the world’s most numerous and diverse animals. Even where you’d least expect them in some of Earth’s most extreme environments, there they are. From a scalding volcano, parched desert, to a frigid glacier, insects are living life on the edge. So, how do they do it? Charles Wallace illuminates the incredible survival skills of insects living in some of Earth's harshest ecosystems.
Lesson by Charles Wallace, directed by Raghav Arumugam, Jagriti Khirwar.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
----------------------------------------------
Support us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon
Check out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop
----------------------------------------------
Connect With Us
----------------------------------------------
Sign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter
Follow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook
Find us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter
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Keep Learning
----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/are-there-any-places-on-earth-with-no-bugs-charles-wallace
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/are-there-any-places-on-earth-with-no-bugs-charles-wallace/digdeeper
Animator's website: https://www.raghavarumugam.com & https://www.jagritikhirwar.com
Music: https://www.campstudio.co
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Hans Peng, Gaurav Mathur, Erik Biemans, Tony, Michelle, Katie and Josh Pedretti, Hoai Nam Tran, Kack-Kyun Kim, Michael Braun-Boghos, zjweele13, Anna-Pitschna Kunz, Edla Paniguel, Thomas Mungavan, Jaron Blackburn, Venkat Venkatakrishnan, ReuniteKorea, Aaron Henson, Rohan Gupta, Begum Tutuncu, Brian Richards, Jørgen Østerpart, Tyron Jung, Carsten Tobehn, Katie Dean, Ezgi Yersu, Gerald Onyango, alessandra tasso, Doreen Reynolds-Consolati, Manognya Chakrapani, Ayala Ron, Eunsun Kim, Phyllis Dubrow, Ophelia Gibson Best, Paul Schneider, Joichiro Yamada, Henrique Cassús, Karthik Cherala, Clarence E. Harper Jr., Vignan Velivela, Ana Maria, Exal Enrique Cisneros Tuch, Tejas Dc, Khalifa Alhulail, Martin Stephen, Jose Henrique Leopoldo e Silva, Mandeep Singh, Abhijit Kiran Valluri, Morgan Williams, Devin Harris, Pavel Zalevskiy, Karen Goepen-Wee and Filip Dabrowski.
|
2024-10-03T15:01:27Z
|
[
{
"duration": 1.376,
"start": 0.997,
"text": "Hi, I’m Ada."
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 2.373,
"text": "In this series, I tackle some of life’s\npressing existential questions,"
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 5.96,
"text": "like “what’s the best way\nto survive the apocalypse?”"
},
{
"duration": 2.92,
"start": 16.554,
"text": "Do you ever look around and think,"
},
{
"duration": 2.919,
"start": 19.891,
"text": "how is everyone just going\nabout their business"
},
{
"duration": 2.67,
"start": 22.81,
"text": "when there are so many ways\nthe world could end?"
},
{
"duration": 1.585,
"start": 25.605,
"text": "I want to shake them."
},
{
"duration": 1.877,
"start": 27.982,
"text": "Not that they'd listen to me."
},
{
"duration": 1.459,
"start": 31.194,
"text": "Not yet at least."
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 49.128,
"text": "Oh! Good morning."
},
{
"duration": 2.086,
"start": 54.717,
"text": "Oh, sorry."
},
{
"duration": 2.794,
"start": 57.595,
"text": "You must be Ada,\nour new clerical assistant."
},
{
"duration": 1.001,
"start": 60.89,
"text": "You’re late."
},
{
"duration": 1.71,
"start": 62.058,
"text": "Three minutes."
},
{
"duration": 2.335,
"start": 66.062,
"text": "Let me show you around."
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 71.651,
"text": "Um, I, uh, this library is amazing."
},
{
"duration": 3.503,
"start": 77.365,
"text": "Um, you know, I basically\nlived in a library"
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 80.868,
"text": "when I was writing my philosophy\nthesis on—"
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 83.704,
"text": "You’ll sit at reception and help patrons\nwith the Wi-Fi password"
},
{
"duration": 2.378,
"start": 86.749,
"text": "or returning a book, things like that. "
},
{
"duration": 2.377,
"start": 89.127,
"text": "Anything more complicated,\nyou come get me."
},
{
"duration": 3.92,
"start": 91.796,
"text": "And when there are no patrons,\nthere’s plenty to keep you busy."
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 101.472,
"text": "Every minute that passes,\nyou could spend doing something."
},
{
"duration": 3.212,
"start": 105.643,
"text": "Something important,\nor more important than this, at least."
},
{
"duration": 3.169,
"start": 109.856,
"text": "But you also have to work, and eat,\nand sleep, and pair socks,"
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 113.025,
"text": "and make other tiny attempts to exert\norder on the chaos of the universe."
},
{
"duration": 2.877,
"start": 119.574,
"text": "Excuse me, could you help\nme find these books?"
},
{
"duration": 4.88,
"start": 123.786,
"text": "Hmm. Biochemistry,\nSaccharomyces cerevisiae life cycle."
},
{
"duration": 1.418,
"start": 129.041,
"text": "You must be a scientist."
},
{
"duration": 3.379,
"start": 130.626,
"text": "A former scientist.\nI was a nuclear physicist."
},
{
"duration": 1.794,
"start": 134.213,
"text": "Now I brew craft beer."
},
{
"duration": 1.418,
"start": 136.591,
"text": "But why?"
},
{
"duration": 2.92,
"start": 138.467,
"text": "Brewing beer is the perfect\nblend of art and science."
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 141.512,
"text": "And after years tucked away in a lab,\nI wanted to do something real,"
},
{
"duration": 1.502,
"start": 145.224,
"text": "something tangible."
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 146.726,
"text": "I love being able to see the joy on\nsomeone’s face when they taste my beer."
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 152.607,
"text": "Ah, okay, I’m just gonna say it."
},
{
"duration": 4.713,
"start": 155.818,
"text": "We— I mean we, humanity— always seem to be\njust around the corner from catastrophe,"
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 160.531,
"text": "and you had the chance to actually do\nsomething about that and chose not to."
},
{
"duration": 1.251,
"start": 164.702,
"text": "I’m... I’m sorry?"
},
{
"duration": 2.211,
"start": 165.953,
"text": "How much joy do you think\ncraft beer will bring"
},
{
"duration": 2.085,
"start": 168.164,
"text": "when we’re trying to survive\nthe apocalypse?"
},
{
"duration": 5.797,
"start": 173.044,
"text": "Um, well, I’m not sure I’d want to survive\nthe apocalypse, as you put it. "
},
{
"duration": 4.63,
"start": 179.55,
"text": "I mean, think for a second what it would\nactually be like to lose almost everyone"
},
{
"duration": 2.085,
"start": 184.18,
"text": "and everything you care about."
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 187.35,
"text": "But it wouldn't necessarily be like that."
},
{
"duration": 1.627,
"start": 190.394,
"text": "Yes, you would lose a lot."
},
{
"duration": 2.252,
"start": 192.021,
"text": "But even in a truly global catastrophe,"
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 194.273,
"text": "there would almost certainly be places\nwhere most people"
},
{
"duration": 1.293,
"start": 196.984,
"text": "and infrastructure survive."
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 198.277,
"text": "And have what kind of life, though?"
},
{
"duration": 2.378,
"start": 200.988,
"text": "So, say our town survives."
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 205.326,
"text": "We have a lot of luxuries—\nbars, and coffee shops,"
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 208.621,
"text": "and souvenir stores selling\nmagic crystals."
},
{
"duration": 3.753,
"start": 212.25,
"text": "Hey, sounds like I'll need protection\nfrom negative energy more than ever."
},
{
"duration": 1.043,
"start": 216.045,
"text": "Mhm."
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 220.174,
"text": "Without the interconnected global\nsystems we relied on,"
},
{
"duration": 5.63,
"start": 223.219,
"text": "we’ll have to find ways to produce food,\nmedicines, electricity, fuel,"
},
{
"duration": 1.626,
"start": 229.517,
"text": "and clean water locally."
},
{
"duration": 1.876,
"start": 231.269,
"text": "Our best bet to survive in the long run"
},
{
"duration": 3.087,
"start": 233.145,
"text": "is to collaborate—\nwithin our town, of course—"
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 236.357,
"text": "but also with whatever other\nsurvivors we can contact."
},
{
"duration": 6.924,
"start": 244.156,
"text": "Hey! Everyone! We need to ration our food\nuntil we can call for help— hey!"
},
{
"duration": 3.7960000000000003,
"start": 252.039,
"text": "She wants to invite outsiders\nin to take our food!"
},
{
"duration": 3.087,
"start": 256.21,
"text": "No, that’s not what I said—"
},
{
"duration": 2.293,
"start": 259.297,
"text": "(Crowd booing)"
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 265.261,
"text": "Look around. People are desperate."
},
{
"duration": 3.795,
"start": 267.805,
"text": "Even if other survivors don’t raid us,\nI doubt they’ll help."
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 271.726,
"text": "Especially when we have nothing\nto give in return."
},
{
"duration": 2.502,
"start": 276.689,
"text": "Electricity, then. Let's work on that."
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 279.483,
"text": "Getting the nearest power plant back\nup and running will be a massive effort."
},
{
"duration": 4.755,
"start": 283.946,
"text": "Hey, people, listen to me!\nEveryone listen, I—"
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 288.701,
"text": "(Crowd booing)"
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 293.372,
"text": "Guys, electricity will make\nthings so much better."
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 297.001,
"text": "We’ll do it for ourselves.\nNot to contact other people."
},
{
"duration": 1.001,
"start": 301.213,
"text": "Right?"
},
{
"duration": 2.043,
"start": 306.761,
"text": "Ugh, it runs on coal."
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 308.971,
"text": "Actually, fossil fuels are easier to use\nthan more advanced technologies."
},
{
"duration": 3.503,
"start": 313.142,
"text": "So you’re proposing mining for coal?"
},
{
"duration": 1.501,
"start": 316.771,
"text": "That doesn't sound easy."
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 318.314,
"text": "No, but there are other things\nwe can burn in a coal plant."
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 322.151,
"text": "We've got lots of wood which we\ncan use to make charcoal,"
},
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 324.862,
"text": "which is more compact and burns\nway hotter than wood."
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 328.074,
"text": "It’s not as efficient as coal,\nbut it’s the best option we have."
},
{
"duration": 2.627,
"start": 332.62,
"text": " To fuel the power plant and\nget the local grid back on,"
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 335.247,
"text": "we’re going to need a lot of charcoal."
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 339.627,
"text": "No one will get any electricity unless\neveryone works together."
},
{
"duration": 5.714,
"start": 350.137,
"text": "Okay, okay. There are ways to get a little\nelectricity with a lot less fuel."
},
{
"duration": 1.835,
"start": 358.646,
"text": "They’ll thank me later."
},
{
"duration": 1.377,
"start": 364.276,
"text": "The internet?"
},
{
"duration": 1.502,
"start": 367.863,
"text": "Cellular data? "
},
{
"duration": 3.92,
"start": 369.949,
"text": "Ugh. Even landlines\nrely on physical infrastructure"
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 373.869,
"text": "that seems like it’s all\nbeen disrupted."
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 377.206,
"text": "Hmm. Okay, so how can I get a message out?"
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 381.836,
"text": "Well, radios pick up signals in the air."
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 385.631,
"text": "You can make a simple radio that doesn't\neven need electricity pretty easily."
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 390.052,
"text": "In World War Two, prisoners of war\nscavenged the materials to make them."
},
{
"duration": 3.628,
"start": 396.142,
"text": "Any old wire will work as an aerial."
},
{
"duration": 3.92,
"start": 400.146,
"text": "It’ll pick up the electromagnetic fields\nof passing radio waves."
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 415.661,
"text": "Lots of common substances\ncan complete the receiver"
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 418.247,
"text": "and make messages\nintelligible, including..."
},
{
"duration": 1.96,
"start": 422.585,
"text": "a number of crystals."
},
{
"duration": 1.293,
"start": 431.594,
"text": "It's for the best."
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 440.686,
"text": "(Radio static)"
},
{
"duration": 3.795,
"start": 443.022,
"text": "The Svalbard Seed Vault has\nhundreds of millions of seeds..."
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 447.318,
"text": "on an island in the Arctic Circle."
},
{
"duration": 2.67,
"start": 451.947,
"text": "Apparently, seaweed is a good food source,"
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 455.493,
"text": "but we’re nowhere near the sea."
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 459.455,
"text": "Whoa! Paper mills can be retrofitted\nto process wood into food."
},
{
"duration": 2.127,
"start": 463.584,
"text": "They break down wood in big vats."
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 466.17,
"text": "Then, instead of making the pulp\ninto cardboard or paper,"
},
{
"duration": 3.795,
"start": 469.757,
"text": "they use enzymes to convert the cellulose\ninto edible sugar."
},
{
"duration": 1.752,
"start": 474.97,
"text": "Okay, focus."
},
{
"duration": 4.504,
"start": 477.181,
"text": "We don’t have a paper mill,\nbut we have plenty of wood."
},
{
"duration": 5.505,
"start": 484.522,
"text": "Hello? Can you hear me?\nWe can trade wood for— hey!"
},
{
"duration": 3.628,
"start": 491.237,
"text": "We don’t want outsiders\nflocking to our town!"
},
{
"duration": 4.462,
"start": 498.953,
"text": "I'll find out who stole my stolen\ngenerator and steal it back."
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 513.759,
"text": "We're distilling alcohol to use\nfor antiseptic and fuel."
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 518.305,
"text": "A big vat for grinding things up."
},
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 522.643,
"text": "It’s not a paper mill, but it’s similar."
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 526.188,
"text": "We retrofit every one of these breweries\nin town for the hottest new trend."
},
{
"duration": 3.169,
"start": 529.984,
"text": "Converting wood and cardboard \ninto lignocellulosic sugar"
},
{
"duration": 3.504,
"start": 533.153,
"text": "for a sweet flavor with notes\nof avoiding death by starvation."
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 537.157,
"text": "You know, with some additional equipment,"
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 539.618,
"text": "these breweries could produce electricity\nfrom their byproducts."
},
{
"duration": 2.628,
"start": 543.372,
"text": "And who will manufacture that equipment?"
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 546,
"text": "We need a wider range of skills\nthan people in this town have."
},
{
"duration": 2.92,
"start": 549.336,
"text": "Other survivors are probably afraid\nto make contact, too."
},
{
"duration": 1.752,
"start": 552.548,
"text": "Someone has to go first."
},
{
"duration": 2.503,
"start": 556.051,
"text": "What was that about needing\ndifferent skill sets?"
},
{
"duration": 5.422,
"start": 559.346,
"text": "Fine. Yes, I admit it— a brewer could help\npeople after a global catastrophe."
},
{
"duration": 2.795,
"start": 564.935,
"text": "But that doesn’t mean it’s better\nto become a craft brewer"
},
{
"duration": 1.501,
"start": 567.73,
"text": "than a nuclear physicist."
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 569.982,
"text": "Maybe not, but in this scenario\nyou’re imagining,"
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 573.319,
"text": "it might be more useful to be\na car mechanic or a library assistant"
},
{
"duration": 1.584,
"start": 577.323,
"text": " than a nuclear physicist."
},
{
"duration": 1.585,
"start": 579.241,
"text": "You don’t really know, do you?"
},
{
"duration": 1.209,
"start": 581.619,
"text": "No, I don’t."
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 582.828,
"text": "But I do know that everything we talked\nabout would be even more useful"
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 586.165,
"text": "if we worked on it now,\nbefore a catastrophe."
},
{
"duration": 2.211,
"start": 589.918,
"text": "We could keep fossil fuels in the ground."
},
{
"duration": 3.6710000000000003,
"start": 592.212,
"text": "We could set up long range radio systems\nthat don't rely on infrastructure."
},
{
"duration": 4.546,
"start": 596.008,
"text": "Make power grids more robust,\nand work on technologies to feed people."
},
{
"duration": 3.212,
"start": 600.971,
"text": "We could even make practical\nknowledge manuals and,"
},
{
"duration": 2.752,
"start": 604.183,
"text": "I don’t know, put them in libraries."
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 607.519,
"text": "Ada, isn’t this something else\nyou should be doing?"
},
{
"duration": 4.087,
"start": 610.773,
"text": "Yes, that’s what I’m saying!\nThe question is what, exactly?"
},
{
"duration": 3.878,
"start": 616.362,
"text": "The books, Ada!\nGet him the books."
},
{
"duration": 2.211,
"start": 622.284,
"text": "I apologize for the holdup."
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 624.828,
"text": "Oh, I don't mind. I've learned\nto cherish every moment."
},
{
"duration": 1.168,
"start": 634.338,
"text": "See you tomorrow."
},
{
"duration": 1.585,
"start": 640.26,
"text": "Something to aspire to."
}
] |
eY3_ZkQx5T4
|
You'll travel 1 trillion kilometers through space - Fabio Pacucci and Lindsay DeMarchi
|
Learn more at https://brilliant.org/TedEd
--
Your granddaughter created a surprise for your birthday: a holographic map displaying everywhere you’ve traveled— not just on Earth, but through the universe. Considering you’re living on a spinning rock hurtling around a sun whizzing through a galaxy, you’ve made some real progress. But, how much, exactly? Fabio Pacucci and Lindsay DeMarchi explore how far you travel over the course of your life.
Lesson by Fabio Pacucci and Lindsay DeMarchi, directed by Vicente Numpaque, Hernando Bahamon, Globizco Studios.
This video made possible in collaboration with Brilliant
Learn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartners
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
----------------------------------------------
Support us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon
Check out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop
----------------------------------------------
Connect With Us
----------------------------------------------
Sign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter
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Peep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram
----------------------------------------------
Keep Learning
----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-far-have-you-traveled-in-your-lifetime-fabio-pacucci-and-lindsay-demarchi
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-far-have-you-traveled-in-your-lifetime-fabio-pacucci-and-lindsay-demarchi/digdeeper
Animator's website: http://globizcostudios.com
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Po Foon Kwong, Boffin, Jesse Jurman, Scott Markley, Elija Peterson, Ovidiu Mrd, paul g mohney, Steven Razey, Nathan Giusti, Helen Lee, Anthony Benedict, Karthik Balsubramanian, Annastasshia Ames, Amy Lopez, Vinh-Thuy Nguyen, Liz Candee, Ugur Doga Sezgin, Karmi Nguyen, John C. Vesey, Yelena Baykova, Nick Johnson, Carlos H. Costa, Jennifer Kurkoski, Ryan B Harvey, Akinola Emmanuel, Jose Arcadio Valdes Franco, Sebastiaan Vleugels, Karl Laius, JY Kang, Abhishek Goel, Heidi Stolt, Nicole Sund, Karlee Finch, Mario Mejia, Denise A Pitts, Doug Henry, Keven Webb, Mihai Sandu, Deepak Iyer, Javid Gozalov, Kyanta Yap, Rebecca Reineke, William Biersdorf, Patricia Alves Panagides, Yvette Mocete, Cyrus Garay, Samuel Barbas, LadyGeek, Marin Kovachev and Penelope Misquitta.
|
2024-10-01T15:00:53Z
|
[
{
"duration": 5.213,
"start": 7.17,
"text": "Over the past two decades, jellyfish\nhave begun to overwhelm our oceans."
},
{
"duration": 4.588,
"start": 12.8,
"text": "In New Zealand, divers swat off millions\nof stinging jellyfish"
},
{
"duration": 2.92,
"start": 17.388,
"text": "each no larger than a grain of pepper."
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 21.309,
"text": "In Sweden, a massive cluster\nof moon jellyfish"
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 25.188,
"text": "shut down one of the world’s largest\nnuclear reactors"
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 28.733,
"text": "by clogging the plant’s essential pipes."
},
{
"duration": 5.464,
"start": 32.028,
"text": "And in the Sea of Japan, thousands\nof 200 kilogram Nomura’s jellyfish"
},
{
"duration": 4.17,
"start": 37.492,
"text": "with bells two meters in diameter\nswarm fishermen,"
},
{
"duration": 2.9619999999999997,
"start": 41.662,
"text": "snapping nets and devouring local fish."
},
{
"duration": 4.963,
"start": 45.083,
"text": "Around the world, these animals\nvoraciously consume fish eggs and larvae,"
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 50.046,
"text": "routinely undermine\nmarine farming efforts,"
},
{
"duration": 5.089,
"start": 53.007,
"text": "and outcompete adult fish by consuming\nthe resources they need to survive."
},
{
"duration": 2.545,
"start": 58.679,
"text": "If things stay on their\ncurrent trajectory,"
},
{
"duration": 5.422,
"start": 61.224,
"text": "we could be headed for a future where\nthe entire ocean is thick with jellyfish."
},
{
"duration": 4.671,
"start": 67.063,
"text": "So, is there anything that can keep these\ngelatinous creatures under control?"
},
{
"duration": 2.503,
"start": 72.61,
"text": "Enter, the humble sea turtle."
},
{
"duration": 3.92,
"start": 75.113,
"text": "There are a wide range of marine animals\nthat feed on jellyfish,"
},
{
"duration": 3.504,
"start": 79.033,
"text": "but sea turtles are among\ntheir most ancient predators."
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 82.537,
"text": "And while every known species\nof sea turtle preys on jellyfish"
},
{
"duration": 1.9180000000000001,
"start": 86.249,
"text": "at some point in their lives,"
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 88.167,
"text": "none consume quite as many\nas the leatherback."
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 91.462,
"text": "Leatherbacks are the largest species\nof sea turtle,"
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 94.882,
"text": "and they eat jellyfish almost exclusively,"
},
{
"duration": 6.423,
"start": 98.302,
"text": "devouring well over 1,000 metric tons of\nthem over their roughly 50-year lifespans."
},
{
"duration": 4.797,
"start": 105.059,
"text": "This is particularly remarkable\nbecause jellyfish are 95% water"
},
{
"duration": 1.9180000000000001,
"start": 109.856,
"text": "and very low in calories,"
},
{
"duration": 1.752,
"start": 111.774,
"text": "so to maintain a healthy weight,"
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 113.526,
"text": "the average 500 kilogram leatherback"
},
{
"duration": 5.005,
"start": 116.237,
"text": "needs to eat roughly 400 kilograms\nof jellyfish every day."
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 121.367,
"text": "That’s roughly the same weight\nas a grand piano."
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 124.745,
"text": "And while some sea turtle species\nhave been documented"
},
{
"duration": 3.6710000000000003,
"start": 127.748,
"text": "selectively eating their preys’\nprotein-rich gonads,"
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 131.544,
"text": "leatherbacks eat jellyfish whole—"
},
{
"duration": 4.212,
"start": 134.589,
"text": "mowing down huge swaths\nof unsuspecting jellies."
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 139.302,
"text": "Normally, jellyfish aren't\nquite this defenseless."
},
{
"duration": 4.796,
"start": 142.555,
"text": "Most species have tentacles covered\nin cells called cnidocytes,"
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 147.56,
"text": "which contain venomous harpoons\ncoiled and ready to launch."
},
{
"duration": 3.503,
"start": 151.731,
"text": "These barbed structures, \nknown as nematocysts,"
},
{
"duration": 2.002,
"start": 155.234,
"text": "are released on contact."
},
{
"duration": 4.671,
"start": 157.278,
"text": "Jellyfish frequently use this sting\nto paralyze and kill their food,"
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 161.949,
"text": "and it can also irritate the skin\nof would-be intruders."
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 166.704,
"text": "But it's completely useless\nagainst sea turtles."
},
{
"duration": 4.379,
"start": 170.583,
"text": "Most of these reptiles have thick\nscales covered in keratin—"
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 174.962,
"text": "the same material that makes\nup nails and claws."
},
{
"duration": 3.129,
"start": 178.507,
"text": "This leathery armor protects\ntheir skin while they hunt,"
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 181.636,
"text": "and any captured prey that tries\nto escape is impaled"
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 185.348,
"text": "on the keratinized spikes\nlining the leatherback’s esophagus."
},
{
"duration": 5.13,
"start": 190.353,
"text": "For most sea turtles, these adaptations\nmake individual jellyfish easy prey."
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 195.608,
"text": "However, a jelly population’s\ntrue defense mechanism"
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 199.028,
"text": "is in how quickly they can reproduce."
},
{
"duration": 5.839,
"start": 201.614,
"text": "Almost all jellyfish species have evolved\nto reproduce both sexually and asexually,"
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 207.453,
"text": "allowing them to increase their numbers\nwith or without a partner."
},
{
"duration": 1.501,
"start": 211.332,
"text": "In tropical environments,"
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 212.833,
"text": "jellyfish reproduce constantly\nthroughout the year."
},
{
"duration": 1.71,
"start": 215.836,
"text": "But in more temperate climates,"
},
{
"duration": 4.255,
"start": 217.546,
"text": "species often reproduce all at once\nin a massive bloom,"
},
{
"duration": 2.794,
"start": 221.801,
"text": "where jellies multiply at alarming rates."
},
{
"duration": 4.463,
"start": 225.221,
"text": "And humanity is making these blooms\nmuch more frequent."
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 229.85,
"text": "Fertilizer runoff from farms\nintroduces chemicals"
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 233.729,
"text": "that simultaneously kill other fish\nand prompt blooms."
},
{
"duration": 2.794,
"start": 238.234,
"text": "High water temperatures\ncaused by climate change"
},
{
"duration": 4.63,
"start": 241.028,
"text": "speed up jellyfish reproduction\nand extend the reproductive season."
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 245.783,
"text": "Meanwhile, both marine\nconstruction and pollution"
},
{
"duration": 4.045,
"start": 249.12,
"text": "dramatically increase the surface area\nfor jellyfish polyps"
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 253.165,
"text": "to attach, grow, and mature."
},
{
"duration": 4.755,
"start": 255.751,
"text": "All these issues require a wide range\nof policy-based solutions."
},
{
"duration": 4.546,
"start": 260.506,
"text": "But one major way to prevent jellyfish\npopulations from getting out of hand"
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 265.052,
"text": "is to protect their natural predators—"
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 267.68,
"text": "many of whom are currently under threat."
},
{
"duration": 4.504,
"start": 270.308,
"text": "Small-scale fisheries that are essential\nto communities in Mexico and Peru"
},
{
"duration": 1.6680000000000001,
"start": 274.812,
"text": "often use gillnets,"
},
{
"duration": 4.797,
"start": 276.48,
"text": "which unintentionally capture and kill\nhundreds of sea turtles each year."
},
{
"duration": 4.546,
"start": 281.944,
"text": "In the Eastern Pacific, these practices\ncould drive leatherbacks to extinction"
},
{
"duration": 1.669,
"start": 286.49,
"text": "in the next 60 years."
},
{
"duration": 4.754,
"start": 288.743,
"text": "Fortunately, some researchers have already\ndeveloped inexpensive tools"
},
{
"duration": 1.627,
"start": 293.497,
"text": "to minimize these risks."
},
{
"duration": 4.38,
"start": 295.207,
"text": "Attaching green LED lights to gillnets\nhas proven useful"
},
{
"duration": 4.671,
"start": 299.587,
"text": "for allowing sea turtles, dolphins,\nand even seabirds to avoid fishing gear."
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 304.467,
"text": "Solutions like this should \nallow small-scale fishers"
},
{
"duration": 1.418,
"start": 307.72,
"text": "to support their communities"
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 309.138,
"text": "while minimizing their impact\non our leathery ocean defenders."
}
] |
Xu-QfE_1ksk
|
Why did it take so long to find giant squids? - Anna Rothschild
|
Dive into the deep sea to find giant squids, and explore what scientists have learned about these mysterious creatures.
--
In 1873, fishermen glimpsed what they thought was a shipwreck. But when they probed the mass, it moved— and huge, serpentine appendages soon besieged their boat. One fisherman took an axe to the animal, and it disappeared in a cloud of ink, leaving behind definitive evidence that giant squids were more than mythical monsters. So, what do we know about these creatures? Anna Rothschild investigates.
Lesson by Anna Rothschild, directed by Vitalii Nebelskyi, and action creative agency.
This video made possible in collaboration with OceanX Education. To learn more about the mysteries of the deep and educational opportunities with @OceanX, visit https://oceanx.org/education
Learn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartners
A special thanks to Mike Vecchion who provided information and insights for the development of this video.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
----------------------------------------------
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----------------------------------------------
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----------------------------------------------
Keep Learning
----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/why-did-it-take-so-long-to-find-giant-squid-anna-rothschild
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/why-did-it-take-so-long-to-find-giant-squid-anna-rothschild/digdeeper
Animator's website: https://www.and-action.net
Music: https://www.campstudio.co
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Olivia Fu, Kari Teffeau, Cindy Lai, Rajath Durgada Manjunath, Dan Nguyen, Chin Beng Tan, Tom Boman, Karen Warner, Iryna Panasiuk, Aaron Torres, Eric Braun, Sonja Worzewski, Michael Clement, Adam Berry, Ghaith Tarawneh, Nathan Milford, Tomas Beckett, Alice Ice, Eric Berman, Kurt Paolo Sevillano, Jennifer Heald, Megulo Abebe, isolwi, Kate Sem, Ujjwal Dasu, Angel Alberici, Minh Quan Dinh, Sylvain, Terran Gimpel, Talia Sari, Katie McDowell, Allen, Mahina Knuckles, Charmaine Hanson, Thawsitt, Jezabel, Abdullah Abdulaziz, Xiao Yu, Melissa Suarez, Brian A. Dunn, Francisco Amaya, Daisuke Goto, Matt Switzler, Peng, Tzu-Hsiang, Bethany Connor, Jeremy Shimanek, Mark Byers, Avinash Amarnath, Xuebicoco and Rayo.
|
2024-09-26T15:01:18Z
|
[
{
"duration": 2.67,
"start": 7.336,
"text": "Isn’t it odd that, when something’s funny,"
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 10.006,
"text": "you might show your teeth,\nchange your breathing,"
},
{
"duration": 4.379,
"start": 13.176,
"text": "become weak and achy in some places,\nand maybe even cry?"
},
{
"duration": 5.047,
"start": 18.264,
"text": "In other words, why do we do\nthis bizarre thing that is laughter?"
},
{
"duration": 3.9210000000000003,
"start": 24.52,
"text": "When you laugh, your abdominal muscles\ncontract rapidly."
},
{
"duration": 1.835,
"start": 28.566,
"text": "This alters your breathing patterns,"
},
{
"duration": 4.088,
"start": 30.401,
"text": "increasing the pressure in your\nchest cavity, and pushing air out,"
},
{
"duration": 4.796,
"start": 34.489,
"text": "which might audibly emerge as a snort,\nwheeze, or vocalization."
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 40.161,
"text": "Because you’re exerting your abdominal\nmuscles much more"
},
{
"duration": 2.21,
"start": 43.039,
"text": "than you usually would while talking,"
},
{
"duration": 1.627,
"start": 45.249,
"text": "they may start to hurt."
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 47.335,
"text": "Laughter also inhibits your reflexes\nand muscle control,"
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 51.214,
"text": "causing sensations like leg weakness."
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 54.425,
"text": "So, where does this funny phenomenon\ncome from?"
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 58.638,
"text": "Because there’s no archaeological\nrecord of laughter,"
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 61.808,
"text": "it’s impossible to say exactly how and why\nit evolved,"
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 66.229,
"text": "but scientists have some theories."
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 68.898,
"text": "Importantly, humans are not\nthe only animals today"
},
{
"duration": 2.002,
"start": 73.194,
"text": "that do something like laughter."
},
{
"duration": 2.211,
"start": 75.613,
"text": "Using ultrasonic recorders,"
},
{
"duration": 5.756,
"start": 77.907,
"text": "researchers in the late 90s realized\nthat rats were basically giggling"
},
{
"duration": 1.418,
"start": 83.663,
"text": "while being tickled."
},
{
"duration": 5.464,
"start": 85.456,
"text": "Scientists have since compiled evidence\nof at least 65 species—"
},
{
"duration": 5.506,
"start": 91.045,
"text": "mostly mammals, but also some birds—\nthat vocalize during social play."
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 96.759,
"text": "Some, unsurprisingly,\nare our closest relatives."
},
{
"duration": 3.086,
"start": 101.139,
"text": "By recording and analyzing the sounds\nprimates make"
},
{
"duration": 1.96,
"start": 104.225,
"text": "while playing and being tickled,"
},
{
"duration": 4.672,
"start": 106.185,
"text": "researchers grew more convinced that\nthe ancient ancestor of all great apes"
},
{
"duration": 1.876,
"start": 110.857,
"text": "did something like laughter."
},
{
"duration": 4.672,
"start": 112.733,
"text": "And, because other apes make laughter-like\nsounds during rough-and-tumble play,"
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 117.53,
"text": "they think laughter may have originally\ndeveloped to clearly signal"
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 121.784,
"text": "friendly, non-aggressive intent."
},
{
"duration": 4.838,
"start": 124.954,
"text": "But of course, humans don’t just laugh\nwhen we’re wrestling,"
},
{
"duration": 5.964,
"start": 130.126,
"text": "but also when we’re amused,\nand even surprised, confused, or nervous."
},
{
"duration": 3.6710000000000003,
"start": 136.34,
"text": "Some scientists think laughter took\non expanded functions"
},
{
"duration": 2.46,
"start": 140.011,
"text": "after humans split from other great apes"
},
{
"duration": 4.255,
"start": 142.471,
"text": "and developed large social groups\nand more complex language abilities."
},
{
"duration": 3.753,
"start": 147.018,
"text": "They hypothesize that laughter gradually\nbecame something we could use"
},
{
"duration": 4.964,
"start": 150.771,
"text": "not just during play but within speech\nto convey subtle meanings"
},
{
"duration": 3.92,
"start": 155.735,
"text": "and a range of contexts\nto show our emotions."
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 161.032,
"text": "This is thought to be one of the reasons\nthat laughter is contagious:"
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 165.286,
"text": "it’s like an invitation to share\nin someone’s emotional state."
},
{
"duration": 4.963,
"start": 169.582,
"text": "Just hearing clips of laughter can\nactivate key regions in your brain,"
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 174.67,
"text": "triggering you to smile or laugh yourself."
},
{
"duration": 3.504,
"start": 178.132,
"text": "And, when participants in one study\nwatched a funny video,"
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 181.636,
"text": "they laughed significantly longer\nand more often"
},
{
"duration": 1.7930000000000001,
"start": 184.931,
"text": "when another person was present—"
},
{
"duration": 3.92,
"start": 186.933,
"text": "even though they reported feeling\nthe same level of amusement."
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 191.52,
"text": "Human laughter is also generally louder"
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 194.815,
"text": "than the play vocalizations\nof most animals."
},
{
"duration": 4.463,
"start": 198.194,
"text": "Some scientists speculate that this\nis because our laughter functions"
},
{
"duration": 6.131,
"start": 202.657,
"text": "not only as a signal between individuals,\nbut a broadcast to everyone around."
},
{
"duration": 5.755,
"start": 209.372,
"text": "Studies found that observers across the\nworld and as young as 5 months old"
},
{
"duration": 4.337,
"start": 215.211,
"text": "could reliably tell the difference\nbetween close friends and acquaintances"
},
{
"duration": 2.9619999999999997,
"start": 219.715,
"text": "just from brief clips of them laughing."
},
{
"duration": 6.215,
"start": 223.01,
"text": "Similarly, we can tell whether a laugh\nis real or fake based just on the sound."
},
{
"duration": 2.252,
"start": 229.642,
"text": "Fake, or volitional, laughter is produced"
},
{
"duration": 2.795,
"start": 231.894,
"text": "in entirely different networks\nin the brain,"
},
{
"duration": 2.46,
"start": 234.689,
"text": "relying on speech-like pathways."
},
{
"duration": 5.046,
"start": 237.275,
"text": "Meanwhile, spontaneous laughter arises\nfrom older networks"
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 242.321,
"text": "that other animals also use\nfor their vocalizations."
},
{
"duration": 2.919,
"start": 246.659,
"text": "And laughter is not just\nsocially important;"
},
{
"duration": 2.502,
"start": 249.704,
"text": "it’s also thought to be good for us."
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 252.373,
"text": "When we laugh, our brains release\nfeel-good neurotransmitters"
},
{
"duration": 1.293,
"start": 256.419,
"text": "like endorphins,"
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 257.712,
"text": "and decrease levels of stress hormones\nlike cortisol."
},
{
"duration": 3.628,
"start": 261.841,
"text": "Some research even suggests that people\nwho laugh more"
},
{
"duration": 4.797,
"start": 265.469,
"text": "can cope with stress more effectively\nand have better cardiovascular health."
},
{
"duration": 3.086,
"start": 271.434,
"text": "Laughter is a universal human behavior."
},
{
"duration": 2.669,
"start": 274.854,
"text": "Babies can laugh before they can speak."
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 277.857,
"text": "Whether it's the best medicine\ndepends on your ailment."
},
{
"duration": 2.669,
"start": 281.694,
"text": "But as something that makes\nlife more tolerable,"
},
{
"duration": 4.588,
"start": 284.363,
"text": "strengthens bonds, and potentially\nimproves aspects of your health,"
},
{
"duration": 2.46,
"start": 289.16,
"text": "you can’t go wrong with a good laugh."
},
{
"duration": 2.503,
"start": 292.079,
"text": "Unless you have a broken rib or something."
},
{
"duration": 2.085,
"start": 294.582,
"text": "Then it’s no laughing matter."
},
{
"duration": 3.212,
"start": 296.792,
"text": "Certainly nothing to crack up about."
}
] |
3uTmcG7CgdI
|
What is hysteria, and why were so many women diagnosed with it? - Mark S. Micale
|
Download a free audiobook version of “City of Girls” and support TED-Ed's nonprofit mission: https://www.audible.com/ted-ed
--
Do you ever feel tired? Overwhelmed? Depressed? Do you have headaches, dizziness, cramps, difficulty breathing? From 300 BCE to the 1900s, if you answered yes to any of these questions and you had a uterus, a doctor would likely diagnose you with hysteria. So, where did this medical diagnosis come from? And why did it persist for so long? Mark S. Micale traces the history of the catch-all term.
Lesson by Mark S. Micale, directed by Laura Jayne Hodkin.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
----------------------------------------------
Support us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon
Check out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop
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Connect With Us
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Sign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter
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View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-is-hysteria-and-why-were-so-many-women-diagnosed-with-it-mark-s-micale
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-is-hysteria-and-why-were-so-many-women-diagnosed-with-it-mark-s-micale/digdeeper
Check out our full book recommendation: https://shop.ed.ted.com/collections/ted-ed-book-recommendations/products/1984-copy
Animator's website: https://laurajaynehodkin.com
Music: https://www.philbrookes.com
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Mac Hyney, Keith Ellison, robin valero walters, Lynne Truesdale, Gatsby Dkdc, Matthew Neal, Denis Chon, Julian Oberhofer, Monte Carroll, Eddy, Jay M, Constantino Victor Delgado, Andrea Galvagni, Andrew Tweddle, Laurel-Ann Rice, Fernando A. Endo, Helen Lee, pam morgan, sarim haq, Gerardo Castro, Michel-Ange Hortegat, Enes Kirimi, Amaury BISIAUX, ND, Samyogita Hardikar, Vanessa Graulich, Vandana Gunwani, Abdulmohsin Almadi, AJ Lyon, Geoffrey Bultitude, Mi Mi, Thomas Rothert, Brian Elieson, Oge O, Weronika Falkowska, Nevin Spoljaric, Sid Chanpuriya, Anoop Varghese, David Yastremski, Noah Webb, Roberto Chena, Oliver Koo, Luke Pisano, Andrea Gordon, Aleksandar Donev, Nicole Klau Ibarra, Jesse Lira, Ezekiel Raui, Petr Vacek and Dennis.
|
2024-09-24T15:01:34Z
|
[
{
"duration": 4.922,
"start": 6.961,
"text": "For some animals, losing a limb\nis a decidedly permanent affair."
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 12.467,
"text": "But for salamanders,\nparticularly axolotls,"
},
{
"duration": 3.379,
"start": 15.803,
"text": "amputation is just a temporary affliction."
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 19.348,
"text": "Not only can they grow back entire limbs\nin as little as six weeks,"
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 23.102,
"text": "they can also regenerate heart\nand even brain tissue."
},
{
"duration": 3.753,
"start": 27.774,
"text": "So how does this astonishing\nadaptation work?"
},
{
"duration": 2.043,
"start": 32.07,
"text": "Regardless of regeneration,"
},
{
"duration": 4.38,
"start": 34.113,
"text": "every limbed creature had to grow\ntheir arms and legs at some point."
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 38.701,
"text": "And whether that process starts\nin the womb or the world,"
},
{
"duration": 4.797,
"start": 42.121,
"text": "it almost always begins\nwith little bumps called limb buds."
},
{
"duration": 2.795,
"start": 47.126,
"text": "These buds are full of progenitor cells—"
},
{
"duration": 4.838,
"start": 50.004,
"text": "a cornucopia of cell types that can\ndifferentiate into various tissues,"
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 55.009,
"text": "including muscles, cartilage, ligaments,\nand tendons."
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 58.846,
"text": "Some of these progenitors are stem cells,"
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 61.724,
"text": "capable of developing into a range\nof specialized cells and tissues,"
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 66.145,
"text": "while others are merely derived\nfrom stem cells."
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 69.816,
"text": "But in either case, the progenitors\ndifferentiate and multiply rapidly"
},
{
"duration": 1.9180000000000001,
"start": 74.237,
"text": "as the limb bud develops."
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 76.405,
"text": "Nerves grow into the limb\nfrom nearby cell bodies"
},
{
"duration": 4.63,
"start": 79.408,
"text": "and a network of blood vessels form\nwhich fuel the process with oxygen."
},
{
"duration": 5.13,
"start": 84.497,
"text": "Eventually, that tiny bud grows\ninto a full infant limb."
},
{
"duration": 5.047,
"start": 90.461,
"text": "Most salamanders, including axolotls,\ndevelop their limbs in the same way."
},
{
"duration": 5.631,
"start": 95.758,
"text": "But unlike other animals, they can also\nstart this process all over again"
},
{
"duration": 1.126,
"start": 101.389,
"text": "if they need to. "
},
{
"duration": 1.71,
"start": 102.849,
"text": "When salamanders lose a limb,"
},
{
"duration": 3.878,
"start": 104.559,
"text": "surrounding skin cells\nquickly surge across the wound’s surface."
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 108.646,
"text": "This new layer of skin is called\nthe wound epidermis,"
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 112.733,
"text": "and once established, it signals cells\nin the underlying limb stump"
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 116.946,
"text": "to undergo something\ncalled dedifferentiation."
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 120.616,
"text": "This process reverts nearby cells\nfrom fully developed limb tissues"
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 124.662,
"text": "back into earlier, less specialized\nprogenitor cells."
},
{
"duration": 4.337,
"start": 128.875,
"text": "At the same time, the peripheral nervous\nsystem fires up stem cells"
},
{
"duration": 2.086,
"start": 133.212,
"text": "throughout the salamander’s body."
},
{
"duration": 3.254,
"start": 135.464,
"text": "This would be impossible\nfor most multicellular organisms,"
},
{
"duration": 4.505,
"start": 138.801,
"text": "whose stem cells typically lose their\nregenerative capacity with age."
},
{
"duration": 3.92,
"start": 143.598,
"text": "But when salamander stem cells\nnear the injury get the right signal,"
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 147.643,
"text": "they reactivate and start multiplying."
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 151.564,
"text": "Researchers don’t know what ratio\nof stem cells"
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 154.4,
"text": "and dedifferentiated progenitor cells\nregeneration requires."
},
{
"duration": 2.628,
"start": 158.279,
"text": "But we do know these cells come together"
},
{
"duration": 4.504,
"start": 160.907,
"text": "to form the most important part\nof the process: the blastema."
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 166.037,
"text": "This structure is almost identical\nto a limb bud—"
},
{
"duration": 4.379,
"start": 169.29,
"text": "the primary difference is that it’s\nmade of recycled, repurposed cells,"
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 173.753,
"text": "and potentially reserved cells,\nrather than completely new ones."
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 178.09,
"text": "Beyond that, blastemas and limb buds\nhave the same mission:"
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 182.053,
"text": "to make thousands of new cells\nand organize them"
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 185.056,
"text": "into the muscle, bone, skin,\nand nerve tissue"
},
{
"duration": 2.044,
"start": 188.184,
"text": "required for a functional limb."
},
{
"duration": 5.172,
"start": 190.686,
"text": "As this process unfolds, nerves and\nblood vessels spanning the injury site"
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 196.025,
"text": "transmit nutrition and oxygen."
},
{
"duration": 2.794,
"start": 198.611,
"text": "Over several weeks,\nthe stump will steadily grow"
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 201.405,
"text": "a miniature limb with translucent skin."
},
{
"duration": 1.752,
"start": 204.825,
"text": "And when the process is complete,"
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 206.577,
"text": "not only will the limb match\nthe rest of the salamander,"
},
{
"duration": 2.21,
"start": 210.206,
"text": "there won't even be a scar."
},
{
"duration": 3.212,
"start": 213.042,
"text": "The relationship between scarring\nand regeneration"
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 216.254,
"text": "is just one of this processes’\nmany mysteries."
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 219.632,
"text": "Scientists are still tracking\nsalamander cells on the molecular level"
},
{
"duration": 4.755,
"start": 224.053,
"text": "to determine how they revert from a\nmature stage into a regenerative one."
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 229.267,
"text": "And research into transplanting\nblastema cells investigates"
},
{
"duration": 4.337,
"start": 232.228,
"text": "how other animals might replicate\nthis reconstructive wizardry."
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 237.066,
"text": "We also don’t understand how\nsalamanders’ bodies know"
},
{
"duration": 4.504,
"start": 240.069,
"text": "what part of the limb has been lost\nor how much needs to be regrown."
},
{
"duration": 4.671,
"start": 245.199,
"text": "One theory is that blastema cells have\na form of positional memory,"
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 250.079,
"text": "allowing them to determine how much\nto grow in relation to one another."
},
{
"duration": 4.588,
"start": 254.709,
"text": "And it’s equally important to understand\nhow these limbs know when to stop growing"
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 259.422,
"text": "to prevent overdevelopment,\nlike in cancerous tumors."
},
{
"duration": 4.338,
"start": 263.467,
"text": "But one of regenerations essential\ningredients doesn’t belong solely"
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 267.805,
"text": "to salamanders:\nthe blastema."
},
{
"duration": 4.338,
"start": 270.891,
"text": "Deer antlers use a similar healing\ntissue to regenerate each year,"
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 275.521,
"text": "even though their skin scars like ours."
},
{
"duration": 6.173,
"start": 278.983,
"text": "Spiny mice can also restore skin, hair,\nand some other appendages scar-free."
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 285.656,
"text": "And even humans can regenerate\nthe tips of our fingers and toes"
},
{
"duration": 2.128,
"start": 289.91,
"text": "in a surprisingly similar manner."
},
{
"duration": 2.669,
"start": 292.455,
"text": "We still don’t know whether\nthis ability is tied"
},
{
"duration": 2.377,
"start": 295.124,
"text": "to our shared ancestry with salamanders"
},
{
"duration": 3.129,
"start": 297.626,
"text": "or fueled by distinct\nbiological mechanisms."
},
{
"duration": 1.9609999999999999,
"start": 300.921,
"text": "But with time and research,"
},
{
"duration": 4.087,
"start": 302.882,
"text": "who knows what evolutionary knowledge\nwe might grow back."
}
] |
vOBjtotp-Gw
|
The birth of the galaxy in 60 seconds - Scott Hershberger
|
Explore the ever-evolving structure of the Milky Way galaxy, and find out how it got its spiral shape.
--
Thirteen billion years ago, the gas and dust particles that eventually became our Milky Way were whizzing around in every direction. Despite the wild motion of its parts, the galaxy as a whole was rotating about an axis. So why did the Milky Way, like most galaxies, become flat, and not spherical like stars and planets? Scott Hershberger explores the ever-evolving structure of our galaxy.
Lesson by Scott Hershberger, directed by Josh O'Caoimh, Mikai Geronimo.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
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----------------------------------------------
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----------------------------------------------
Keep Learning
----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-did-the-milky-way-get-its-shape-scott-hershberger
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-did-the-milky-way-get-its-shape-scott-hershberger/digdeeper
Animator's website: https://redhand.pictures
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Niccolò Frassetto, Mana, I'm here because of Knowledge Fight Facebook group., Linda Freedman, Edgardo Cuellar, Jaspar Carmichael-Jack, Michael Burton, VIVIANA A GARCIA BESNE, The Vernon's, Olha Bahatiuk, Jesús Bíquez Talayero, Chels Raknrl, Sai Pranavi Jonnalagadda, Stuart Rice, Jing Chen, Vector-Dopamine math, Jasper Song, Giorgio Bugnatelli, Chardon, Eddy Trochez, OnlineBookClub.org, Eric Shear, Leith Salem, Omar Hicham, Adrian Rotaru, Brad Sullivan, Karen Ho, Niklas Frimberger, Hunter Manhart, Nathan Nguyen, Igor Stavchanskiy, James R DeVries, Grace Huo, Diana Huang, Chau Hong Diem, Orlellys Torre, Corheu, Thomas Mee, Maryann H McCrory, Blas Borde, John Hellmann, Poompak Meephian, Chuck Wofford, Adam Pagan, Wes Winn, Conder Shou, ntiger, Noname, Hansan Hu and David D.
|
2024-09-19T15:01:32Z
|
[
{
"duration": 5.172,
"start": 7.336,
"text": "Across 2023 and 2024, one\ninternationally renowned musician"
},
{
"duration": 6.84,
"start": 12.508,
"text": "flew their private jet 396 times\nin 365 days."
},
{
"duration": 4.796,
"start": 19.599,
"text": "And one of those trips was just\nsix minutes long."
},
{
"duration": 4.045,
"start": 25.313,
"text": "Figures like this aren’t uncommon\namong the world’s richest jet-setters—"
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 29.609,
"text": "in fact, this frequent flyer probably\nisn’t even the celebrity"
},
{
"duration": 1.293,
"start": 34.03,
"text": "you’re thinking of."
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 35.656,
"text": "So what's the price tag\nfor this high flying lifestyle?"
},
{
"duration": 3.211,
"start": 39.786,
"text": "The majority of private flying\nhappens in the US,"
},
{
"duration": 4.671,
"start": 43.289,
"text": "where even a relatively short trip\nis incredibly expensive."
},
{
"duration": 2.628,
"start": 48.252,
"text": "If you want to fly private,\nyou have two options:"
},
{
"duration": 2.502,
"start": 50.88,
"text": "buying a jet or renting one."
},
{
"duration": 5.756,
"start": 53.591,
"text": "Jet rentals can run from roughly\n$7,500 an hour for domestic flights"
},
{
"duration": 4.588,
"start": 59.347,
"text": "to roughly $17,000 an hour\nfor international ones."
},
{
"duration": 6.298,
"start": 64.185,
"text": "For context, that’s over $40,000\nto fly from LA to New York,"
},
{
"duration": 5.005,
"start": 70.483,
"text": "and over $120,000 to fly\nfrom New York to London."
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 75.905,
"text": "And that's before paying an additional\nseveral thousand dollars for the crew,"
},
{
"duration": 3.9210000000000003,
"start": 80.326,
"text": "the fuel, landing fees for the airport,\nand federal taxes."
},
{
"duration": 3.503,
"start": 84.539,
"text": "That said, these rental costs are still\nmuch cheaper"
},
{
"duration": 2.669,
"start": 88.042,
"text": "than actually buying a plane."
},
{
"duration": 6.256,
"start": 90.92,
"text": "Depending on their size, new jets run \nanywhere from $2 to $65 million."
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 97.385,
"text": "Then, in addition to the usual\noperational costs for each flight,"
},
{
"duration": 3.044,
"start": 101.389,
"text": "jet owners still have to pay\nfor a hangar to park in"
},
{
"duration": 4.922,
"start": 104.433,
"text": "and up to $1 million a year for\nroutine inspections and maintenance."
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 109.856,
"text": "This is already absurdly expensive."
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 113.151,
"text": "But private flying also has\na major environmental cost."
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 116.946,
"text": "While both private and commercial\nplanes emit a lot of CO2,"
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 120.658,
"text": "commercial planes do so\nto move a lot of people."
},
{
"duration": 6.423,
"start": 124.162,
"text": "For example, in 2022, commercial airplanes\nemitted roughly 800 megatons of CO2"
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 130.668,
"text": "moving about 853 million passengers."
},
{
"duration": 4.213,
"start": 134.797,
"text": "That’s a little less than one ton of CO2\nper person per flight."
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 139.343,
"text": "On average, most people\nemit four tons of CO2 a year—"
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 143.556,
"text": "so taking two round trip flights\nwould double their emissions."
},
{
"duration": 5.922,
"start": 147.31,
"text": "This math already isn’t great,\nbut private jets make it so much worse."
},
{
"duration": 2.086,
"start": 153.649,
"text": "With only a handful of people onboard,"
},
{
"duration": 5.714,
"start": 155.943,
"text": "private flights emit 10 to 20 times more\nemissions per passenger on average."
},
{
"duration": 2.877,
"start": 161.908,
"text": "And since their passengers tend\nto be frequent flyers,"
},
{
"duration": 3.087,
"start": 164.785,
"text": "their individual emissions\nare astronomical."
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 168.289,
"text": "In 2023 alone, the top ten\nUS private fliers"
},
{
"duration": 4.838,
"start": 172.251,
"text": "produced more combined emissions\nthan 6,500 people."
},
{
"duration": 1.585,
"start": 177.173,
"text": "And for the past few years,"
},
{
"duration": 6.84,
"start": 178.966,
"text": "roughly 1% of fliers have been responsible\nfor almost half of aviation emissions."
},
{
"duration": 2.377,
"start": 186.224,
"text": "This discrepancy is huge,"
},
{
"duration": 4.379,
"start": 188.601,
"text": "and it will likely continue growing\nas the private aviation industry expands."
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 193.147,
"text": "However, while we probably can’t\nconvince celebrities and CEOs"
},
{
"duration": 1.418,
"start": 196.776,
"text": "to fly commercial,"
},
{
"duration": 3.086,
"start": 198.236,
"text": "one promising approach\nfor reducing plane emissions"
},
{
"duration": 6.006,
"start": 201.322,
"text": "is swapping existing jet fuel for\nSustainable Aviation Fuels, or SAF."
},
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 207.495,
"text": "Traditional jet fuel is made\nfrom fossil fuels"
},
{
"duration": 2.877,
"start": 210.248,
"text": "and releases carbon into the\natmosphere when burned."
},
{
"duration": 1.251,
"start": 213.459,
"text": "SAFs, on the other hand,"
},
{
"duration": 2.92,
"start": 214.71,
"text": "are made from waste materials\nlike used cooking oil,"
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 217.63,
"text": "and renewable crops like corn and algae."
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 220.8,
"text": "These biomaterials still emit\ncarbon when burned,"
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 223.886,
"text": "but growing these crops pulls\nenough CO2 out of the atmosphere"
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 227.765,
"text": "to offset those emissions by up to 86%."
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 231.894,
"text": "If the entire jet fuel pipeline\nshifted to SAFs,"
},
{
"duration": 4.672,
"start": 236.023,
"text": "it could reduce aviation emissions\nby up to 94%."
},
{
"duration": 4.505,
"start": 240.903,
"text": "But for this to happen, SAF producers\nneed to overcome two obstacles."
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 245.574,
"text": "First, there aren't enough crops\nto produce biofuels on a large scale."
},
{
"duration": 3.9210000000000003,
"start": 249.787,
"text": "Researchers are developing\nsynthetic SAFs that don’t require crops,"
},
{
"duration": 1.8359999999999999,
"start": 253.874,
"text": "but they’re still being rolled out."
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 256.252,
"text": "Second, current SAF production\nis relatively small scale,"
},
{
"duration": 1.919,
"start": 260.089,
"text": "which makes it extremely expensive."
},
{
"duration": 2.086,
"start": 262.174,
"text": "At three times the cost of normal fuel,"
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 264.302,
"text": "most airlines won’t even consider\nmaking the switch,"
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 267.513,
"text": "and if they did it would cause\nairfare to skyrocket."
},
{
"duration": 3.795,
"start": 271.1,
"text": "Governments in Singapore, Japan,\nand most notably the EU"
},
{
"duration": 1.502,
"start": 274.895,
"text": "have already started programs"
},
{
"duration": 3.795,
"start": 276.397,
"text": "to support widespread SAF adoption\nand fund their development."
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 280.401,
"text": "But this is where private fliers\ncould actually help the environment."
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 285.072,
"text": "Most jet owners already spend hundreds\nof thousands of dollars a year"
},
{
"duration": 1.377,
"start": 289.076,
"text": "on private flights,"
},
{
"duration": 4.547,
"start": 290.494,
"text": "and it would only cost them a few thousand\nmore per flight to use synthetic SAFs."
},
{
"duration": 5.088,
"start": 295.333,
"text": "This boom in usage would fund both SAF\ndevelopment and large-scale production."
},
{
"duration": 3.963,
"start": 300.504,
"text": "And those advances would make\nsustainable fuel cheaper for everyone—"
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 304.633,
"text": "both the people flying private\nand those privately wishing they were."
}
] |
jxPtx0cQvqo
|
What’s the best way to treat the common cold?
|
Explore the 4 common categories of cold medicines, and how to choose the right one based on your symptoms.
--
From incantations in ancient Egypt, bloodletting in 18th century Europe, to President Coolidge inhaling poisonous chlorine gas in 1924, the common cold has inspired a variety of creative treatments. Today pharmacies are filled with an endless assortment of cold remedies. But how do these products work? And are they effective? Explore the most common categories of cold medicines and their purposes.
Directed by Lippy.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
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Support us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon
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Sign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter
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Keep Learning
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View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-s-the-best-way-to-treat-the-common-cold
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-s-the-best-way-to-treat-the-common-cold/digdeeper
Animator's website: https://lippy.com
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Clarence E. Harper Jr., Vignan Velivela, Ana Maria, Exal Enrique Cisneros Tuch, Tejas Dc, Khalifa Alhulail, Martin Stephen, Jose Henrique Leopoldo e Silva, Mandeep Singh, Abhijit Kiran Valluri, Morgan Williams, Devin Harris, Pavel Zalevskiy, Karen Goepen-Wee, Filip Dabrowski, Barbara Smalley, Megan Douglas, Tim Leistikow, Ka-Hei Law, Hiroshi Uchiyama, Mark Morris, Misaki Sato, EdoKun, SookKwan Loong, Bev Millar, Lex Azevedo, Michael Aquilina, Jason A Saslow, Yansong Li, Cristóbal Moenne, Dawn Jordan, Prasanth Mathialagan, Samuel Doerle, David Rosario, Dominik Kugelmann - they-them, Siamak Hajizadeh, Ryohky Araya, Mayank Kaul, Christophe Dessalles, Heather Slater, Sandra Tersluisen, Zhexi Shan, Bárbara Nazaré, Andrea Feliz, Victor E Karhel, Sydney Evans, Latora, Noel Situ, emily lam and Sid.
|
2024-09-17T15:01:33Z
|
[
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 7.128,
"text": "Medical science has a problem—\nit’s missing something."
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 10.506,
"text": "Something that means \nthat not only is it harder to find"
},
{
"duration": 1.9609999999999999,
"start": 13.217,
"text": "the causes of some diseases—"
},
{
"duration": 2.002,
"start": 15.178,
"text": "and effective ways to treat them—"
},
{
"duration": 3.461,
"start": 17.18,
"text": "some diseases are getting\noverlooked entirely."
},
{
"duration": 3.504,
"start": 20.975,
"text": "It turns out what it’s missing \ncould be you—"
},
{
"duration": 1.626,
"start": 24.479,
"text": "but I’ll get to that in a bit."
},
{
"duration": 2.002,
"start": 26.314,
"text": "Because first, a story."
},
{
"duration": 2.919,
"start": 28.316,
"text": "Or 8 billion stories, to be precise."
},
{
"duration": 3.838,
"start": 31.235,
"text": "See, our DNA is our body's\ninstruction manual, sure."
},
{
"duration": 5.046,
"start": 35.073,
"text": "But it’s also a history book that records\nour own, unique genetic story."
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 40.286,
"text": "All our stories begin\naround 300,000 years ago"
},
{
"duration": 1.919,
"start": 43.414,
"text": "when humans arose in Africa."
},
{
"duration": 4.045,
"start": 45.333,
"text": "Some genetic stories tell of leaving \na couple of hundred thousand years later,"
},
{
"duration": 3.087,
"start": 49.378,
"text": "journeying into Europe, East Asia,\nor the Americas."
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 52.799,
"text": "Some genetic stories \nspeak of expanding empires."
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 56.969,
"text": "Others the diseases we evolved\nto ward off,"
},
{
"duration": 4.713,
"start": 60.264,
"text": "and some the simple act of settling down, \nraising cattle, and drinking their milk."
},
{
"duration": 2.669,
"start": 65.103,
"text": "Each of our genetic stories are different,"
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 67.772,
"text": "but maybe not as different\nas you might expect."
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 70.983,
"text": "We share 99.9% of our DNA with each other."
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 75.029,
"text": "Our stories are 99.9% identical,"
},
{
"duration": 4.255,
"start": 78.699,
"text": "but that 0.1% difference \nis incredibly powerful."
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 83.037,
"text": "In that tiny difference \nbetween our genetic stories"
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 85.873,
"text": "is where we have the potential to develop \nbetter treatments for diseases—"
},
{
"duration": 2.211,
"start": 89.627,
"text": "treatments that work for everyone."
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 91.921,
"text": "But medical science isn’t currently\nreading all those stories."
},
{
"duration": 4.337,
"start": 97.135,
"text": "To explain let me tell you how researchers\nwork out the causes of diseases,"
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 101.472,
"text": "and develop and test the effectiveness \nand safety of new treatments."
},
{
"duration": 2.628,
"start": 105.351,
"text": "To find out the causes \nof a particular disease,"
},
{
"duration": 3.044,
"start": 107.979,
"text": "researchers find lots of people\nwho have that condition"
},
{
"duration": 2.253,
"start": 111.023,
"text": "and comb through their genetic stories."
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 113.276,
"text": "They look for little variations \nthey share—"
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 115.695,
"text": "little bits of their DNA stories\nthat are spelt differently."
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 119.365,
"text": "If they find some, then they try all sorts\nof different ways"
},
{
"duration": 1.877,
"start": 122.326,
"text": "of dealing with the effect of them."
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 124.203,
"text": "And if that uncovers\nsomething that looks promising,"
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 126.747,
"text": "they then run a clinical trial to see\nif it actually is."
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 130.585,
"text": "In phase one, a small group of volunteers\ntry the treatment."
},
{
"duration": 2.253,
"start": 134.338,
"text": "Well, often only half of them do,"
},
{
"duration": 3.92,
"start": 136.591,
"text": "with the other half getting a placebo\nthat does absolutely nothing."
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 140.511,
"text": "If there aren’t any notable side effects\nat the target dose,"
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 143.472,
"text": "the treatment is cleared to move on\nto the next stage of the clinical trial."
},
{
"duration": 3.086,
"start": 147.727,
"text": "Phase two, this time with a bigger group\nof participants"
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 150.813,
"text": "who all have the condition the researchers\nhope the drug will treat."
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 154.15,
"text": "If the drug appears effective,\nit moves on to phase three,"
},
{
"duration": 3.211,
"start": 158.321,
"text": "with more participants trying\nit for even longer."
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 161.699,
"text": "Only after all this is the new treatment \nthen reviewed"
},
{
"duration": 5.589,
"start": 165.286,
"text": "and— hopefully— approved for use by us,\nthe general population."
},
{
"duration": 1.752,
"start": 171.834,
"text": "But there's a problem with it."
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 173.586,
"text": "Here is the ethnicity of lots and lots\nof people used to recently find"
},
{
"duration": 2.086,
"start": 177.548,
"text": "the causes of various diseases."
},
{
"duration": 3.044,
"start": 179.634,
"text": "And here is how that compares \nto the ethnic diversity"
},
{
"duration": 2.002,
"start": 182.678,
"text": "of the world’s population."
},
{
"duration": 1.334,
"start": 184.764,
"text": "Spot the difference?"
},
{
"duration": 4.13,
"start": 186.098,
"text": "The genetic stories that researchers are\ncombing through are heavily biased"
},
{
"duration": 2.669,
"start": 190.228,
"text": "to those of people from European descent."
},
{
"duration": 1.752,
"start": 192.897,
"text": "Which means that if you’re searching"
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 194.649,
"text": "for those disease-causing bits of DNA\nto target new drugs against,"
},
{
"duration": 3.628,
"start": 198.486,
"text": "and you're mainly reading the stories\nof people of European descent,"
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 202.114,
"text": "you might completely overlook \nkey bits in the stories"
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 205.451,
"text": "of other diverse groups that tell of, say,"
},
{
"duration": 4.797,
"start": 207.995,
"text": "a changed risk of disease or even \nshed light on how a disease occurs—"
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 212.792,
"text": "for example, scientists may not have\nfound the mutation"
},
{
"duration": 1.96,
"start": 215.378,
"text": "that causes sickle cell disorder"
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 217.338,
"text": "if we’d only looked in the stories\nof people of European descent."
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 221.592,
"text": "And the thing is, what medical science\nis missing doesn't end there."
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 225.304,
"text": "When new treatments or medical devices\nare being tested,"
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 228.182,
"text": "they need to be tested on everyone\nthat may use them."
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 231.519,
"text": "If the genetic stories involved\ndon’t reflect the breadth of stories"
},
{
"duration": 4.379,
"start": 235.189,
"text": "in our worldwide library then, again,\nsomething might be missed."
},
{
"duration": 3.9210000000000003,
"start": 239.568,
"text": "Take, for example, the medicine Warfarin;\nused to prevent blood clots."
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 243.489,
"text": "Researchers have found that, \nto produce the same effect,"
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 246.2,
"text": "most people of East Asian descent \nneed a lower dose"
},
{
"duration": 2.252,
"start": 248.911,
"text": "than some people of European descent,"
},
{
"duration": 3.5460000000000003,
"start": 251.163,
"text": "and most people of African ethnicity\nneed a larger dose."
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 254.709,
"text": "Which means the dose that works \nbest for someone"
},
{
"duration": 2.46,
"start": 257.295,
"text": "may vary according to their ethnicity."
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 259.755,
"text": "It’s this kind of important information\nthat can be missed if clinical trials"
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 263.634,
"text": "don’t include people from across a range\nof ethnicities."
},
{
"duration": 1.835,
"start": 267.722,
"text": "So what’s the solution?"
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 269.932,
"text": "Well, it’s quite simple... in theory."
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 272.81,
"text": "In order to develop treatments \nthat work better for everyone,"
},
{
"duration": 3.6710000000000003,
"start": 276.063,
"text": "we need to involve everyone’s stories \nin medical research—"
},
{
"duration": 3.461,
"start": 279.734,
"text": "in the early stage research, \nin the drug development process,"
},
{
"duration": 2.336,
"start": 283.195,
"text": "and right through the clinical trial."
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 285.531,
"text": "The good news is that more and more\npeople are thinking about this."
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 289.285,
"text": "For example, cancer researchers \nat University College London"
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 292.413,
"text": "researching genetic markers for cancer \nwant to analyze tissue samples"
},
{
"duration": 4.504,
"start": 296.167,
"text": "from a wide range of ethnicities so that\nthe biomarkers of cancer they identify"
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 300.671,
"text": "will be relevant for people from as many\nethnicities as possible."
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 304.3,
"text": "Bottom line: medical science \nneeds to ensure"
},
{
"duration": 2.336,
"start": 306.844,
"text": "it’s got the best library it can have—"
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 309.18,
"text": "the one with the widest collection\nof genetic stories possible,"
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 312.85,
"text": "so that everyone’s story \ncan be considered—"
},
{
"duration": 1.502,
"start": 315.811,
"text": "including yours."
},
{
"duration": 3.503,
"start": 317.313,
"text": "That is the only way to ensure\neveryone, everywhere"
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 320.816,
"text": "can get the best medical treatment\nthey possibly can."
}
] |
m4Ics03xzUQ
|
The deadliest thing in your kitchen - George Zaidan
|
Dig into the dangers of common kitchen appliances, and find out which could be the most hazardous to your health.
--
Between 2011 and 2022, the deadliest kitchen appliances in the US were ovens and ranges; taking lives by causing fires and leaking carbon monoxide. These kinds of sudden, catastrophic fatalities are thankfully rare. But the kitchen dangers that cause the most casualties may actually be less immediate, and more gradual. George Zaidan explores the safety of common kitchen appliances.
Lesson by George Zaidan, directed by Anastasiia Falileieva, Studio Plastic Bag.
This video made possible in collaboration with Speed & Scale
Learn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartner
A special thanks to Jeff Siegel and Ashlinn Quinn who provided information and insights for the development of this video.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
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----------------------------------------------
Keep Learning
----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-thing-in-your-kitchen-most-likely-to-kill-you-george-zaidan
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-thing-in-your-kitchen-most-likely-to-kill-you-george-zaidan/digdeeper
Animator's website: https://www.instagram.com/kazadirizza
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Doug Henry, Keven Webb, Mihai Sandu, Deepak Iyer, Javid Gozalov, Kyanta Yap, Rebecca Reineke, William Biersdorf, Patricia Alves Panagides, Yvette Mocete, Cyrus Garay, Samuel Barbas, LadyGeek, Marin Kovachev, Penelope Misquitta, Hans Peng, Gaurav Mathur, Erik Biemans, Tony, Michelle, Katie and Josh Pedretti, Hoai Nam Tran, Kack-Kyun Kim, Michael Braun-Boghos, zjweele13, Anna-Pitschna Kunz, Edla Paniguel, Thomas Mungavan, Jaron Blackburn, Venkat Venkatakrishnan, ReuniteKorea, Aaron Henson, Rohan Gupta, Begum Tutuncu, Brian Richards, Jørgen Østerpart, Tyron Jung, Carsten Tobehn, Katie Dean, Ezgi Yersu, Gerald Onyango, alessandra tasso, Doreen Reynolds-Consolati, Manognya Chakrapani, Ayala Ron, Eunsun Kim, Phyllis Dubrow, Ophelia Gibson Best, Paul Schneider, Joichiro Yamada, Henrique Cassús and Karthik Cherala.
|
2024-09-12T15:02:13Z
|
[
{
"duration": 1.377,
"start": 7.086,
"text": "What would make you happy?"
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 8.463,
"text": "Can you imagine a milestone, a win,\nor even a material possession"
},
{
"duration": 1.6680000000000001,
"start": 12.425,
"text": "that would unlock this feeling?"
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 14.093,
"text": "In this animated version of\nDavid Steindl-Rast’s popular TED Talk,"
},
{
"duration": 3.504,
"start": 18.389,
"text": "Brother David explains how a simple\nadjustment in how you move"
},
{
"duration": 2.627,
"start": 21.893,
"text": "through the world might just change\nwhat you see,"
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 24.52,
"text": "how you feel, and how you act."
},
{
"duration": 3.211,
"start": 31.611,
"text": "Now my topic is gratefulness."
},
{
"duration": 5.088,
"start": 35.156,
"text": "What is the connection\nbetween happiness and gratefulness?"
},
{
"duration": 2.9619999999999997,
"start": 40.369,
"text": "Many people would say, well,\nthat’s very easy."
},
{
"duration": 2.628,
"start": 43.456,
"text": "When you are happy, you’re grateful."
},
{
"duration": 1.418,
"start": 46.334,
"text": "But think again."
},
{
"duration": 4.295,
"start": 48.086,
"text": "Is it really the happy people\nthat are grateful?"
},
{
"duration": 5.005,
"start": 53.132,
"text": "We all know quite a number of people\nwho have everything"
},
{
"duration": 2.086,
"start": 58.137,
"text": "that it would take to be happy,"
},
{
"duration": 3.628,
"start": 60.223,
"text": "and they are not happy,\nbecause they want something else,"
},
{
"duration": 1.919,
"start": 63.851,
"text": "or they want more of the same."
},
{
"duration": 4.88,
"start": 65.978,
"text": "And we all know people\nwho have lots of misfortune,"
},
{
"duration": 3.212,
"start": 71.15,
"text": "misfortune that we ourselves\nwould not want to have,"
},
{
"duration": 2.252,
"start": 74.654,
"text": "and they are deeply happy."
},
{
"duration": 1.877,
"start": 77.24,
"text": "They radiate happiness."
},
{
"duration": 1.501,
"start": 79.117,
"text": "You are surprised."
},
{
"duration": 2.503,
"start": 80.743,
"text": "Why? Because they are grateful."
},
{
"duration": 6.131,
"start": 83.913,
"text": "Now, we can ask, what really do we mean \nby gratefulness?"
},
{
"duration": 1.96,
"start": 90.044,
"text": "And how does it work?"
},
{
"duration": 4.087,
"start": 92.338,
"text": "Something’s given to us\nthat’s valuable to us."
},
{
"duration": 1.835,
"start": 96.634,
"text": "And it’s really given."
},
{
"duration": 2.378,
"start": 98.469,
"text": "These two things have to come together."
},
{
"duration": 3.628,
"start": 100.847,
"text": "It has to be something valuable,\nand it's a real gift."
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 104.767,
"text": "And when these two things come together,"
},
{
"duration": 4.379,
"start": 107.061,
"text": "then gratefulness spontaneously\nrises in my heart,"
},
{
"duration": 3.838,
"start": 111.44,
"text": "happiness spontaneously rises in my heart."
},
{
"duration": 2.377,
"start": 115.361,
"text": "That’s how gratefulness happens."
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 117.822,
"text": "Now, the key to all this"
},
{
"duration": 5.881,
"start": 121.659,
"text": "is that we cannot only experience this\nonce in a while."
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 127.665,
"text": "We can be people who live gratefully."
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 131.21,
"text": "And how can we live gratefully?"
},
{
"duration": 2.127,
"start": 134.172,
"text": "By experiencing,"
},
{
"duration": 6.464,
"start": 136.299,
"text": "by becoming aware that every moment\nis a given moment, as we say."
},
{
"duration": 1.127,
"start": 142.763,
"text": "It’s a gift."
},
{
"duration": 4.963,
"start": 143.89,
"text": "You have no way of assuring that there\nwill be another moment given to you,"
},
{
"duration": 5.046,
"start": 149.02,
"text": "and yet, that’s the most valuable thing\nthat can ever be given to us,"
},
{
"duration": 5.339,
"start": 154.233,
"text": "this moment,\nwith all the opportunity that it contains."
},
{
"duration": 4.463,
"start": 159.947,
"text": "Does that mean that we can be grateful\nfor everything?"
},
{
"duration": 1.794,
"start": 164.41,
"text": "Certainly not."
},
{
"duration": 6.924,
"start": 166.412,
"text": "We cannot be grateful for violence,\nfor war, for oppression, for exploitation."
},
{
"duration": 1.251,
"start": 173.628,
"text": "On the personal level,"
},
{
"duration": 4.629,
"start": 174.879,
"text": "we cannot be grateful for the loss\nof a friend, for unfaithfulness,"
},
{
"duration": 1.585,
"start": 179.884,
"text": "for bereavement."
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 181.594,
"text": "But I didn’t say we can be grateful\nfor everything."
},
{
"duration": 5.673,
"start": 185.556,
"text": "I said we can be grateful in every\ngiven moment for the opportunity,"
},
{
"duration": 6.298,
"start": 191.354,
"text": "and even when we are confronted\nwith something that is terribly difficult,"
},
{
"duration": 2.502,
"start": 197.902,
"text": "we can rise to this occasion"
},
{
"duration": 4.255,
"start": 200.404,
"text": "and respond to the opportunity\nthat is given to us."
},
{
"duration": 5.964,
"start": 205.076,
"text": "So how can each one of us find\na method for living gratefully,"
},
{
"duration": 4.546,
"start": 211.04,
"text": "not just once in a while being grateful,\nbut moment by moment to be grateful?"
},
{
"duration": 1.209,
"start": 215.628,
"text": "How can we do it?"
},
{
"duration": 5.756,
"start": 216.837,
"text": "It’s a very simple method:\nStop. Look. Go."
},
{
"duration": 1.043,
"start": 222.927,
"text": "That’s all."
},
{
"duration": 2.503,
"start": 224.595,
"text": "But how often do we stop?"
},
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 227.431,
"text": "We rush through life; we don’t stop."
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 230.268,
"text": "We miss the opportunity\nbecause we don’t stop."
},
{
"duration": 2.127,
"start": 234.355,
"text": "We have to stop."
},
{
"duration": 1.877,
"start": 236.649,
"text": "We have to get quiet."
},
{
"duration": 4.796,
"start": 238.818,
"text": "And we have to build stop signs\ninto our lives."
},
{
"duration": 3.6710000000000003,
"start": 243.864,
"text": "And when you stop, then the next thing\nis to look."
},
{
"duration": 4.714,
"start": 247.576,
"text": "You look. You open your eyes.\nYou open your ears. You open your nose."
},
{
"duration": 5.714,
"start": 252.29,
"text": "You open all your senses for this\nwonderful richness that is given to us."
},
{
"duration": 3.503,
"start": 258.129,
"text": "There is no end to it,\nand that is what life is all about,"
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 261.632,
"text": "to enjoy, to enjoy what is given to us."
},
{
"duration": 5.172,
"start": 265.469,
"text": "And then we can also open our hearts,\nour hearts for the opportunities,"
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 271.058,
"text": "for the opportunities also to help others,\nto make others happy,"
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 275.354,
"text": "because nothing makes us more happy\nthan when all of us are happy."
},
{
"duration": 4.379,
"start": 279.4,
"text": "And when we open our hearts\nto the opportunities,"
},
{
"duration": 3.5460000000000003,
"start": 283.779,
"text": "the opportunities invite us\nto do something,"
},
{
"duration": 1.209,
"start": 287.325,
"text": "and that is the third."
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 288.534,
"text": "Stop, look, and then go,\nand really do something."
},
{
"duration": 6.507,
"start": 293.08,
"text": "And what we can do is whatever life offers\nto you in that present moment."
},
{
"duration": 1.877,
"start": 299.837,
"text": "There is a wave of gratefulness"
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 301.714,
"text": "because people are becoming aware\nhow important this is"
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 305.468,
"text": "and how this can change our world,"
},
{
"duration": 3.504,
"start": 308.512,
"text": "because if you’re grateful,\nyou’re not fearful."
},
{
"duration": 3.212,
"start": 312.266,
"text": "If you're not fearful, you're not violent."
},
{
"duration": 4.088,
"start": 315.644,
"text": "If you’re grateful, you act\nout of a sense of enough"
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 319.732,
"text": "and not of a sense of scarcity,\nand you’re willing to share."
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 323.819,
"text": "If you're grateful, you are enjoying\nthe differences between people"
},
{
"duration": 2.378,
"start": 328.115,
"text": "and you are respectful to everybody."
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 330.493,
"text": "And that changes this power pyramid\nunder which we live."
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 334.705,
"text": "What we need is a networking\nof smaller groups,"
},
{
"duration": 3.254,
"start": 339.126,
"text": "smaller and smaller groups\nwho know one another,"
},
{
"duration": 2.335,
"start": 342.38,
"text": "who interact with one another,"
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 344.715,
"text": "and that is a grateful world."
}
] |
Qxby1J5bnPQ
|
How do animals regrow their limbs? And why can't humans do it? - Jessica Whited
|
Explore the incredible regenerative capacity of salamanders, and see how they’re able to regrow limbs, hearts, and even brain tissue.
--
For some animals, losing a limb is a decidedly permanent affair. But for salamanders, particularly axolotls, amputation is just a temporary affliction. Not only can they grow back entire limbs in as little as six weeks, they can also regenerate heart and even brain tissue. So, how does this astonishing adaptation work? Jessica Whited explores the incredible regenerative capacity of salamanders.
Lesson by Jessica Whited, directed by Anton Bogaty.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
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Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-do-animals-regrow-their-limbs-and-why-can-t-humans-do-it-jessica-whited/digdeeper
Animator's website: https://antonbogaty.com
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Jezabel, Abdullah Abdulaziz, Xiao Yu, Melissa Suarez, Brian A. Dunn, Francisco Amaya, Daisuke Goto, Matt Switzler, Peng, Tzu-Hsiang, Bethany Connor, Jeremy Shimanek, Mark Byers, Avinash Amarnath, Xuebicoco, Rayo, Po Foon Kwong, Boffin, Jesse Jurman, Scott Markley, Elija Peterson, Ovidiu Mrd, paul g mohney, Steven Razey, Nathan Giusti, Helen Lee, Anthony Benedict, Karthik Balsubramanian, Annastasshia Ames, Amy Lopez, Vinh-Thuy Nguyen, Liz Candee, Ugur Doga Sezgin, Karmi Nguyen, John C. Vesey, Yelena Baykova, Nick Johnson, Carlos H. Costa, Jennifer Kurkoski, Ryan B Harvey, Akinola Emmanuel, Jose Arcadio Valdes Franco, Sebastiaan Vleugels, Karl Laius, JY Kang, Abhishek Goel, Heidi Stolt, Nicole Sund, Karlee Finch, Mario Mejia and Denise A Pitts.
|
2024-09-10T15:00:42Z
|
[
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 14.135,
"text": "You’re traveling down the Amazon\nwhen suddenly you spot a flash of pink."
},
{
"duration": 2.211,
"start": 19.098,
"text": "It's a male Amazon river dolphin."
},
{
"duration": 1.7930000000000001,
"start": 21.476,
"text": "It's thought that the pinker he is,"
},
{
"duration": 2.503,
"start": 23.269,
"text": "the more attractive he’ll be\nto a potential mate."
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 26.23,
"text": "This unique dolphin species\nis native to the Amazon,"
},
{
"duration": 1.794,
"start": 29.275,
"text": "and its future is in peril."
},
{
"duration": 4.838,
"start": 31.319,
"text": "As of 2022, humans have deforested\n17% of the Amazon."
},
{
"duration": 3.211,
"start": 36.324,
"text": "And scientists warn that we may be\napproaching a tipping point—"
},
{
"duration": 4.797,
"start": 39.535,
"text": "when enough of the forest is lost\nthat large swaths of the ecosystem die."
},
{
"duration": 2.211,
"start": 44.832,
"text": "It’s like removing bricks from a house."
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 47.21,
"text": "Take one or two and the house\nwill keep standing."
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 49.962,
"text": "But remove too many and the whole thing\nwill start to cave in."
},
{
"duration": 2.919,
"start": 54.342,
"text": "What happens in the Amazon affects\nthe rest of the planet."
},
{
"duration": 1.627,
"start": 57.428,
"text": "To explore this relationship,"
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 59.055,
"text": "let’s examine what would happen\nif the entire Amazon disappeared."
},
{
"duration": 2.919,
"start": 63.351,
"text": "The Amazon is sometimes called\nEarth's air conditioner."
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 66.521,
"text": "Each day, the Sun beats down\non its 390 billion trees."
},
{
"duration": 5.005,
"start": 71.15,
"text": "The plants photosynthesize, opening their\npores, and losing water to evaporation."
},
{
"duration": 2.378,
"start": 76.697,
"text": "This process, known as transpiration,"
},
{
"duration": 2.335,
"start": 79.117,
"text": "cools both the plant\nand the surrounding air,"
},
{
"duration": 2.503,
"start": 81.452,
"text": "and helps form clouds\nthat move over the forest."
},
{
"duration": 4.797,
"start": 84.33,
"text": "Through this, the Amazon cycles around\n20 trillion liters of water daily."
},
{
"duration": 1.585,
"start": 89.919,
"text": "If the rainforest disappeared,"
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 91.504,
"text": "there would be little transpiration\nto feed the rain clouds."
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 94.34,
"text": "The heat from the Sun would radiate\nback into the atmosphere,"
},
{
"duration": 2.169,
"start": 97.385,
"text": "forming chimneys of hot, dry air."
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 99.72,
"text": "The local temperature would increase\nby several degrees"
},
{
"duration": 2.253,
"start": 102.431,
"text": "and rainfall in the region would drop."
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 104.892,
"text": "Crops and animals would die as the area—"
},
{
"duration": 5.047,
"start": 107.728,
"text": "home to 10% of the world’s known species\nand 30 million people— transforms."
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 112.984,
"text": "Villages would be stranded\nas rivers dry up."
},
{
"duration": 2.503,
"start": 115.903,
"text": "Dead fish would contaminate\nthe drinking water."
},
{
"duration": 2.877,
"start": 118.865,
"text": "Air quality would plummet\nas wildfires spread."
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 122.076,
"text": "In fact, we’ve already started to see this\nduring recent droughts."
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 126.289,
"text": "And effects would stretch\nfar beyond the Amazon."
},
{
"duration": 2.044,
"start": 129.083,
"text": "Air circulates around the planet,"
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 131.127,
"text": "so any change in temperature or pressure\nin one region"
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 134.589,
"text": "can influence currents and winds\nthousands of kilometers away."
},
{
"duration": 1.794,
"start": 138.467,
"text": "These effects are hard to predict."
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 140.303,
"text": "Some models estimate that\nlosing just 40% of the Amazon"
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 144.14,
"text": "would reduce rainfall\nin the agricultural center of Argentina"
},
{
"duration": 2.044,
"start": 147.518,
"text": "over 3,000 kilometers away."
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 149.729,
"text": "The complete disappearance\nof the rainforest and its water cycle"
},
{
"duration": 3.795,
"start": 153.149,
"text": "could cause 50% of the snowpack\nto melt in the Sierra Nevadas,"
},
{
"duration": 4.547,
"start": 157.069,
"text": "and a 20% reduction in rainfall\nin the coastal northwest United States."
},
{
"duration": 3.6710000000000003,
"start": 161.782,
"text": "California’s Central Valley,\nwhich grows a quarter of the US’s food,"
},
{
"duration": 1.9180000000000001,
"start": 165.453,
"text": "could face dwindling water supplies."
},
{
"duration": 3.212,
"start": 167.538,
"text": "We’d lose one of the world’s largest\nnatural carbon sinks."
},
{
"duration": 5.464,
"start": 170.791,
"text": "Some scientists estimate that temperatures\nworldwide would rise an additional 0.25°C"
},
{
"duration": 1.752,
"start": 176.255,
"text": "above current climate predictions."
},
{
"duration": 1.6680000000000001,
"start": 178.049,
"text": "And while that might sound small,"
},
{
"duration": 3.795,
"start": 179.884,
"text": "even a slight rise in global temperature\ncan increase severe weather events"
},
{
"duration": 1.46,
"start": 183.679,
"text": "and habitat loss."
},
{
"duration": 3.5460000000000003,
"start": 185.389,
"text": "It’s a tragic irony that part of what\nmakes the Amazon so valuable"
},
{
"duration": 2.168,
"start": 188.935,
"text": "is also the source of its destruction."
},
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 191.27,
"text": "By some estimates,\nexploiting the Brazilian Amazon"
},
{
"duration": 2.628,
"start": 194.023,
"text": "for farming, cattle ranching, and more"
},
{
"duration": 4.17,
"start": 196.651,
"text": "generates the equivalent of up to\n98 billion USD annually."
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 200.988,
"text": "Yet by stopping deforestation\nand practicing fire management"
},
{
"duration": 1.71,
"start": 204.575,
"text": "and sustainable agriculture,"
},
{
"duration": 3.212,
"start": 206.285,
"text": "some researchers predict the region\ncould generate even more wealth"
},
{
"duration": 1.418,
"start": 209.497,
"text": "than it currently does."
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 211.582,
"text": "So how close are we to reaching\na tipping point?"
},
{
"duration": 2.46,
"start": 214.669,
"text": "We probably won't know\nuntil it's too late."
},
{
"duration": 2.794,
"start": 217.255,
"text": "So far, the Amazon has remained resilient."
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 220.049,
"text": "But its very existence relies\non transpiration from trees"
},
{
"duration": 1.752,
"start": 223.302,
"text": "to keep water cycling through it."
},
{
"duration": 4.755,
"start": 225.471,
"text": "Removing living trees in one location\nleaves the surrounding area dehydrated—"
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 230.226,
"text": "and more vulnerable to drought\nand wildfires."
},
{
"duration": 1.96,
"start": 233.604,
"text": "But there are steps we can take today."
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 235.94,
"text": "First, we can choose to buy products\nfrom companies"
},
{
"duration": 2.669,
"start": 238.901,
"text": "that refuse to procure from deforesters."
},
{
"duration": 4.379,
"start": 241.696,
"text": "Studies have shown that planting new trees\ncan help restore the forest’s water cycle—"
},
{
"duration": 2.92,
"start": 246.075,
"text": "though it takes a long time for them\nto capture as much carbon"
},
{
"duration": 1.626,
"start": 248.995,
"text": "as an old growth tree."
},
{
"duration": 2.545,
"start": 250.746,
"text": "And native stewardship can\nhave a huge impact."
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 253.749,
"text": "There are over 1.5 million Indigenous\npeople living in the Amazon."
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 258.004,
"text": "From 2001 to 2021, portions of the\nrainforest that weren’t managed"
},
{
"duration": 4.921,
"start": 262.258,
"text": "by native people emitted 270 million\nmetric tons of carbon to the atmosphere"
},
{
"duration": 2.086,
"start": 267.179,
"text": "thanks to deforestation and burning."
},
{
"duration": 1.71,
"start": 269.348,
"text": "Yet during that same period,"
},
{
"duration": 4.796,
"start": 271.142,
"text": "portions managed by Indigenous people\nremoved well over 300 million metric tons."
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 276.439,
"text": "The rewards of protecting the Amazon\nbenefit all of us—"
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 279.65,
"text": "but the impact of destroying it\nis already being felt"
},
{
"duration": 1.752,
"start": 282.361,
"text": "by those living there today."
}
] |
nzOdAVgyi0U
|
What does appendix pain feel like? - David R. Flum
|
Explore what we know about the function of the appendix, what leads to appendicitis, and why the organ is so prone to bursting.
--
In 1961, an Antarctic expedition took a harrowing turn: Dr. Leonid Rogozov began feeling feverish, with an excruciating pain in his right side. It soon became clear that he had appendicitis. While Rogozov’s predicament was extreme, appendicitis is not uncommon; affecting roughly one in 12 people. So, what causes appendicitis? And why is this organ so prone to bursting? David R. Flum investigates.
Lesson by David R. Flum, directed by Igor Ćorić, Artrake Studio.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
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Keep Learning
----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-does-appendix-pain-feel-like-david-r-flum
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-does-appendix-pain-feel-like-david-r-flum/digdeeper
Animator's website: https://www.artrake.com
Music: https://www.campstudio.co
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Nevin Spoljaric, Sid Chanpuriya, Anoop Varghese, David Yastremski, Noah Webb, Roberto Chena, Oliver Koo, Luke Pisano, Andrea Gordon, Aleksandar Donev, Nicole Klau Ibarra, Jesse Lira, Ezekiel Raui, Petr Vacek, Dennis, Olivia Fu, Kari Teffeau, Cindy Lai, Rajath Durgada Manjunath, Dan Nguyen, Chin Beng Tan, Tom Boman, Karen Warner, Iryna Panasiuk, Aaron Torres, Eric Braun, Sonja Worzewski, Michael Clement, Adam Berry, Ghaith Tarawneh, Nathan Milford, Tomas Beckett, Alice Ice, Eric Berman, Kurt Paolo Sevillano, Jennifer Heald, Megulo Abebe, isolwi, Kate Sem, Ujjwal Dasu, Angel Alberici, Minh Quan Dinh, Sylvain, Terran Gimpel, Talia Sari, Katie McDowell, Allen, Mahina Knuckles, Charmaine Hanson and Thawsitt.
|
2024-09-05T15:01:06Z
|
[
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 6.7940000000000005,
"text": "Language builds our world."
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 9.547,
"text": "Our ideas make us who we are."
},
{
"duration": 5.005,
"start": 12.592,
"text": "And speakers who have figured out how\nto spread their ideas into others’ minds"
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 17.68,
"text": "have the power to make\nan incredible impact."
},
{
"duration": 5.005,
"start": 20.85,
"text": "Now ask yourself: do you have ideas\nthat deserve a wider audience?"
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 27.023,
"text": "That can be a difficult\nquestion to answer."
},
{
"duration": 4.546,
"start": 29.859,
"text": "Many people don't realize just\nhow many valuable ideas they have."
},
{
"duration": 5.756,
"start": 34.822,
"text": "You are the only you that's existed\nin all of human history."
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 40.87,
"text": "Your experiences are yours\nand yours alone."
},
{
"duration": 2.252,
"start": 44.582,
"text": "Some of those experiences have taught\nyou things"
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 46.834,
"text": "that are absolutely worth sharing\nwith an audience."
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 50.129,
"text": "You just have to figure out\nwhich experiences those are."
},
{
"duration": 2.92,
"start": 54.884,
"text": "You may feel that you haven't\ndone anything exciting enough"
},
{
"duration": 1.209,
"start": 57.804,
"text": "to give a talk about."
},
{
"duration": 5.297,
"start": 59.222,
"text": "Maybe you tell yourself, “I’m not\nvery creative” or, “I’m not very smart.”"
},
{
"duration": 3.5460000000000003,
"start": 64.56,
"text": "Maybe you can't think of anything\nyou feel passionate about right now."
},
{
"duration": 2.21,
"start": 68.356,
"text": "Well, that's a tricky place to start."
},
{
"duration": 1.6680000000000001,
"start": 70.942,
"text": "But you don’t need to worry."
},
{
"duration": 5.464,
"start": 72.652,
"text": "Because, the truth is, everyone\nhas a great talk idea inside of them."
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 78.324,
"text": "Sometimes it just takes\na little digging to find it."
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 82.078,
"text": "One reason you may not\nrecognize your great ideas"
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 85.498,
"text": "is that you have always been you."
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 88.96,
"text": "You only see yourself from the inside."
},
{
"duration": 4.546,
"start": 91.879,
"text": "You may not notice the things that other\npeople find remarkable about you."
},
{
"duration": 3.92,
"start": 96.801,
"text": "That’s why one good way to uncover\nyour talk-worthy ideas"
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 100.721,
"text": "is to have conversations\nwith the people who know you best."
},
{
"duration": 2.169,
"start": 104.684,
"text": "They might be able to see\nthings about you"
},
{
"duration": 2.502,
"start": 106.853,
"text": "that you aren’t able to see\nabout yourself—"
},
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 109.522,
"text": "things that would be worth sharing\nwith an audience."
},
{
"duration": 4.212,
"start": 112.525,
"text": "There is one thing you have\nthat no one else in the world has,"
},
{
"duration": 2.043,
"start": 116.863,
"text": "and that is your experience."
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 119.157,
"text": "So another way to uncover\nyour great ideas"
},
{
"duration": 2.877,
"start": 122.16,
"text": "is to ask yourself questions\nabout your life."
},
{
"duration": 4.63,
"start": 125.371,
"text": "What was the last thing you were\nreally excited by? Or angered by?"
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 130.293,
"text": "What are some of the things\nthat bring you joy?"
},
{
"duration": 1.377,
"start": 132.628,
"text": "What annoys you?"
},
{
"duration": 1.794,
"start": 134.338,
"text": "What's something you're proud of?"
},
{
"duration": 1.9609999999999999,
"start": 136.465,
"text": "Is there something you know\na lot about?"
},
{
"duration": 2.67,
"start": 138.467,
"text": "A subject you could talk about for hours?"
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 141.262,
"text": "Is there anything your community\ncould teach other communities?"
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 145.224,
"text": "What's a change you would like\nto see in the world?"
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 148.895,
"text": "If you could wave a magic wand,"
},
{
"duration": 5.296,
"start": 151.189,
"text": "what's the one idea you'd most love\nto spread to other people's minds?"
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 156.736,
"text": "Spend some time walking around\nopen to the possibility"
},
{
"duration": 4.63,
"start": 160.281,
"text": "that some part of your unique journey\ncould be interesting and helpful"
},
{
"duration": 1.7930000000000001,
"start": 164.911,
"text": "for an audience to learn about."
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 166.871,
"text": "Many wonderful talks are based\non a personal story"
},
{
"duration": 2.919,
"start": 170.458,
"text": "and a simple lesson the speaker\ntook away from it."
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 173.753,
"text": "Your idea could even be a question\nyou're curious about."
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 177.548,
"text": "The search for an answer to your question\ncould be the basis for your talk."
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 181.969,
"text": "What are the issues that matter\nmost to you?"
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 184.263,
"text": "What are the riddles that people\ndon't yet have good answers for?"
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 187.975,
"text": "If you have a subject\nyou’d like to talk about,"
},
{
"duration": 2.795,
"start": 190.269,
"text": "but aren't sure you\nreally know enough yet,"
},
{
"duration": 4.212,
"start": 193.314,
"text": "why not use your public speaking\nopportunity as a way to find out more?"
},
{
"duration": 2.8369999999999997,
"start": 197.526,
"text": "In other words, you don’t need\nto have the perfect knowledge"
},
{
"duration": 1.376,
"start": 200.363,
"text": "in your head today."
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 201.989,
"text": "You could use your talk as the reason\nto discover more"
},
{
"duration": 2.169,
"start": 205.034,
"text": "about something that interests you."
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 207.411,
"text": "The only thing that truly matters\nin public speaking is not confidence,"
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 211.29,
"text": "stage presence, or smooth talking."
},
{
"duration": 2.169,
"start": 213.834,
"text": "It's having something worth saying."
}
] |
eU2Efwlbm8s
|
The surprising reason zebras have stripes - Cella Wright
|
Dig into the scientific theories of why zebras have stripes, and why this unique patterning sets them apart from their equine relatives.
--
Zebras belong to the same equine family as horses and donkeys. After their lineage entered Africa, they evolved into three zebra species, lived in social herds, grazed on grasses, and evaded fierce predators. One mystery that has perplexed prominent scientists for decades is the matter of their coats: why are they striped? Cella Wright digs into the common theories about the unique patterning.
Lesson by Cella Wright, directed by Sharon Colman.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
----------------------------------------------
Support us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon
Check out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop
----------------------------------------------
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----------------------------------------------
Sign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter
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----------------------------------------------
Keep Learning
----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-surprising-reason-zebras-have-stripes-cella-wright
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-surprising-reason-zebras-have-stripes-cella-wright/digdeeper
Animator's website: https://www.sharoncolman.com
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Orlellys Torre, Corheu, Thomas Mee, Maryann H McCrory, Blas Borde, John Hellmann, Poompak Meephian, Chuck Wofford, Adam Pagan, Wes Winn, Conder Shou, ntiger, Noname, Hansan Hu, David D, Mac Hyney, Keith Ellison, robin valero walters, Lynne Truesdale, Gatsby Dkdc, Matthew Neal, Denis Chon, Julian Oberhofer, Monte Carroll, Eddy, Jay M, Constantino Victor Delgado, Andrea Galvagni, Andrew Tweddle, Laurel-Ann Rice, Fernando A. Endo, Helen Lee, pam morgan, sarim haq, Gerardo Castro, Michel-Ange Hortegat, Enes Kirimi, Amaury BISIAUX, ND, Samyogita Hardikar, Vanessa Graulich, Vandana Gunwani, Abdulmohsin Almadi, AJ Lyon, Geoffrey Bultitude, Mi Mi, Thomas Rothert, Brian Elieson, Oge O and Weronika Falkowska.
|
2024-09-03T15:00:39Z
|
[
{
"duration": 4.63,
"start": 7.67,
"text": "It's 5000 BCE in the verdant\nswamps of North America,"
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 12.3,
"text": "and this young deer has\nno idea it’s being hunted."
},
{
"duration": 5.463,
"start": 15.762,
"text": "Suddenly, an alligator hurtles out of the\nwater at almost 50 kilometers an hour,"
},
{
"duration": 2.086,
"start": 21.225,
"text": "locking its jaws around its prey"
},
{
"duration": 4.713,
"start": 23.311,
"text": "and swinging wildly in a signature move\nknown as the death roll."
},
{
"duration": 1.919,
"start": 28.232,
"text": "This deer never stood a chance,"
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 30.151,
"text": "but then, nothing in this region can\ncompete with this apex predator."
},
{
"duration": 4.88,
"start": 34.405,
"text": "These alligators easily devour\nthe birds, turtles, and small fish"
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 39.285,
"text": "living in what’s known today\nas Everglades National Park."
},
{
"duration": 2.627,
"start": 43.206,
"text": "But despite ruling the swamp\nfor millennia,"
},
{
"duration": 3.7960000000000003,
"start": 45.833,
"text": "the last 500 years have brought\ndeadly new predators"
},
{
"duration": 2.043,
"start": 49.629,
"text": "that challenge the alligators’ reign."
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 51.714,
"text": "And the origins of these international\ninvaders are just as unexpected"
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 56.135,
"text": "as their impact on the Everglades."
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 58.763,
"text": "We tend to think of swamps\nas hostile landscapes"
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 62.016,
"text": "since they’re overflowing\nwith plant and animal life."
},
{
"duration": 5.13,
"start": 65.645,
"text": "But all this biodiversity makes these\nenvironments vital to regional food webs."
},
{
"duration": 2.336,
"start": 70.775,
"text": "And the Everglades are no exception."
},
{
"duration": 4.379,
"start": 73.194,
"text": "The park's subtropical climate can support\nspecies from around the world,"
},
{
"duration": 5.714,
"start": 77.573,
"text": "and its borders are full of ecotones—\ntransition areas between habitats—"
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 83.454,
"text": "that connect the region’s\nfreshwater prairies,"
},
{
"duration": 3.504,
"start": 86.165,
"text": "rocky pinelands, mangrove forests,\nand more."
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 90.128,
"text": "Human activity has made the region\neven more biodiverse,"
},
{
"duration": 2.669,
"start": 94.132,
"text": "developing Florida into a major port"
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 96.801,
"text": "that welcomes countless human\nand non-human migrants."
},
{
"duration": 4.922,
"start": 100.763,
"text": "In the 1500s, Spanish colonizers\nbrought wild boar to the area,"
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 105.685,
"text": "which quickly multiplied\nand uprooted the wetlands."
},
{
"duration": 4.922,
"start": 108.896,
"text": "They devoured alligator eggs and spread\nEuropean parasites to local panthers."
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 113.943,
"text": "Then, in the 1800s,\nFlorida’s shipping industry exploded,"
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 118.197,
"text": "bringing all manner\nof new invasive species."
},
{
"duration": 5.172,
"start": 121.742,
"text": "Brazilian peppertrees blocked out the sun,\nwater hyacinths clogged the rivers,"
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 126.914,
"text": "and brown anole lizards\nupset the food chain."
},
{
"duration": 3.628,
"start": 130.835,
"text": "Alligator populations mostly\nendured this onslaught,"
},
{
"duration": 1.8359999999999999,
"start": 134.463,
"text": "but in the late 19th century,"
},
{
"duration": 2.627,
"start": 136.299,
"text": "human intervention kicked\nthings up a notch."
},
{
"duration": 4.671,
"start": 139.01,
"text": "Government and business officials wanted\nto turn the Everglades into farmland"
},
{
"duration": 2.794,
"start": 143.681,
"text": "and began building canals\nto drain the swamp."
},
{
"duration": 3.92,
"start": 146.559,
"text": "They also planted non-native trees\nwhich crowded out the plants"
},
{
"duration": 2.9619999999999997,
"start": 150.479,
"text": "local birds relied on for\nfood and shelter,"
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 153.691,
"text": "which in turn limited\nthe alligators’ supply of prey."
},
{
"duration": 4.755,
"start": 157.403,
"text": "Interventions like this wreaked havoc\non the Everglades for decades,"
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 162.158,
"text": "until a conservationist named \nMarjory Stoneman Douglas"
},
{
"duration": 1.752,
"start": 166.412,
"text": "finally came to their defense."
},
{
"duration": 5.381,
"start": 168.247,
"text": "In 1947, Douglas published a landmark book\nexplaining that the Everglades"
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 173.628,
"text": "were not only a unique\nand precious ecosystem,"
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 176.881,
"text": "but that the region’s most fearsome\nresidents were actually vital"
},
{
"duration": 1.001,
"start": 180.635,
"text": "to sustaining it."
},
{
"duration": 1.251,
"start": 181.928,
"text": "During the wet season,"
},
{
"duration": 3.628,
"start": 183.179,
"text": "alligators are constantly shaping\nthe muddy landscape,"
},
{
"duration": 1.877,
"start": 186.807,
"text": "drawing lines with their bodies"
},
{
"duration": 3.9210000000000003,
"start": 188.684,
"text": "and digging holes\nwith their snouts, claws, and tails."
},
{
"duration": 1.335,
"start": 193.105,
"text": "In the dry season,"
},
{
"duration": 5.13,
"start": 194.44,
"text": "these indentations become essential\nwatering holes and firebreaks,"
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 199.57,
"text": "maintaining and protecting\nthe swamp’s other residents."
},
{
"duration": 4.504,
"start": 203.616,
"text": "In the wake of Douglas’ book,\nEverglades National Park was established"
},
{
"duration": 4.672,
"start": 208.12,
"text": "to formally begin protecting\nthe landscape and its scaly stewards."
},
{
"duration": 1.168,
"start": 213,
"text": "But outside the park,"
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 214.168,
"text": "conditions were brewing\nfor the most dangerous invasion yet."
},
{
"duration": 3.795,
"start": 217.922,
"text": "Over the next 40 years,\nthe exotic pet trade"
},
{
"duration": 4.964,
"start": 221.717,
"text": "brought parakeets, iguanas,\nand relatives of piranhas to the region."
},
{
"duration": 5.839,
"start": 227.014,
"text": "In the 1990s, Burmese pythons became\na cheap, popular pet for many Floridians."
},
{
"duration": 4.963,
"start": 232.937,
"text": "Some snake owners released their pets\ninto the wild when they grew too large."
},
{
"duration": 4.38,
"start": 237.9,
"text": "But the python population\nreally exploded in 1992"
},
{
"duration": 3.169,
"start": 242.28,
"text": "when a hurricane destroyed\na breeding facility"
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 245.449,
"text": "and released countless snakes\ninto the wild."
},
{
"duration": 4.379,
"start": 248.661,
"text": "Since then, pythons have been\nconnected to a 90% decrease"
},
{
"duration": 2.503,
"start": 253.04,
"text": "in some local mammal populations,"
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 255.543,
"text": "decimating the alligators’ food supply."
},
{
"duration": 4.713,
"start": 258.17,
"text": "And with help from other invasive\nreptiles like black and white tegus—"
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 262.883,
"text": "giant lizards who devour alligator eggs—"
},
{
"duration": 4.797,
"start": 265.886,
"text": "these snakes have made a serious play\nfor the top of the local food chain."
},
{
"duration": 4.671,
"start": 271.434,
"text": "Today, Florida ranks among the regions\nwith the most invasive species"
},
{
"duration": 1.293,
"start": 276.105,
"text": "in the world."
},
{
"duration": 3.212,
"start": 277.481,
"text": "Some researchers suggest\nhunting these invaders down,"
},
{
"duration": 4.671,
"start": 280.693,
"text": "while others recommend bringing in yet\nmore creatures to balance the scales,"
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 285.364,
"text": "such as releasing insects\nto eat invasive plants."
},
{
"duration": 4.88,
"start": 289.41,
"text": "It might seem absurd to try solving\nthis problem with more foreign fauna."
},
{
"duration": 4.547,
"start": 294.498,
"text": "But perhaps a new arrival could\nfight invaders and feed the alligators—"
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 299.045,
"text": "giving them the boost they need\nto reclaim their ancient home."
}
] |
g-Ff2A4B358
|
Are you more likely to explode or freeze in space? - Tejal Gala
|
Download a free audiobook version of “Red Rising” and support TED-Ed's nonprofit mission: https://www.audible.com/ted-ed
--
Imagine a scientist who has teleported to space. His spacesuit’s pressurized air protects his bodily fluids from vaporization, its oxygen tank keeps him breathing, and the insulation prevents him from freezing. But although these features thwart an immediate tragedy, space is still an incredibly dangerous place. So, what does a prolonged stay in space do to the human body? Tejal Gala investigates.
Lesson by Tejal Gala, directed by Henrique Barone.
This video made possible in collaboration with Audible
Learn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartners
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
----------------------------------------------
Support us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon
Check out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop
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----------------------------------------------
Keep Learning
----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-space-changes-an-astronaut-s-body-tejal-gala
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-space-changes-an-astronaut-s-body-tejal-gala/digdeeper
Check out our full book recommendation: https://shop.ed.ted.com/collections/ted-ed-book-recommendations/products/red-rising
Animator's website: https://www.henriquebarone.com
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Siamak Hajizadeh, Ryohky Araya, Mayank Kaul, Christophe Dessalles, Heather Slater, Sandra Tersluisen, Zhexi Shan, Bárbara Nazaré, Andrea Feliz, Victor E Karhel, Sydney Evans, Latora, Noel Situ, emily lam, Sid, Niccolò Frassetto, Mana, I'm here because of Knowledge Fight Facebook group., Linda Freedman, Edgardo Cuellar, Jaspar Carmichael-Jack, Michael Burton, VIVIANA A GARCIA BESNE, The Vernon's, Olha Bahatiuk, Jesús Bíquez Talayero, Chels Raknrl, Sai Pranavi Jonnalagadda, Stuart Rice, Jing Chen, Vector-Dopamine math, Jasper Song, Giorgio Bugnatelli, Chardon, Eddy Trochez, OnlineBookClub.org, Eric Shear, Leith Salem, Omar Hicham, Adrian Rotaru, Brad Sullivan, Karen Ho, Niklas Frimberger, Hunter Manhart, Nathan Nguyen, Igor Stavchanskiy, James R DeVries, Grace Huo, Diana Huang and Chau Hong Diem.
|
2024-08-29T15:01:31Z
|
[
{
"duration": 18.47,
"start": 0.26,
"text": "[Music]"
},
{
"duration": 5.599,
"start": 20.48,
"text": "Heat. Heat."
},
{
"duration": 3.119,
"start": 22.96,
"text": "[Music]"
},
{
"duration": 10.089,
"start": 30.73,
"text": "[Music]"
},
{
"duration": 15.931000000000001,
"start": 40.879,
"text": "Everybody."
},
{
"duration": 13.85,
"start": 42.96,
"text": "[Music]"
}
] |
fMsmCxIEQr4
|
The tale of the boy who tricked a tyrant - Paschal Kyiiripuo Kyoore
|
Get to know the Dagara tale of Yagangnaa, a boy who defied a tyrannical chief, and witness their ensuing battle of wits.
--
Shock seized the West African Dagara village as word travelled of a new decree. Completely disregarding time-honored naming rituals, the tyrannical chief declared that he alone would name the village’s children. But soon an unlikely challenger appeared: Yagangnaa, the boy who named himself. Paschal Kyiiripuo Kyoore shares the tale of the defiant boy and his battle of wits with the chief.
Lesson by Paschal Kyiiripuo Kyoore, directed by Lesego Vorster, The Hidden Hand Studios.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
----------------------------------------------
Support us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon
Check out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop
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----------------------------------------------
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View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-tale-of-the-boy-who-tricked-a-tyrant-paschal-kyiiripuo-kyoore
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-tale-of-the-boy-who-tricked-a-tyrant-paschal-kyiiripuo-kyoore/digdeeper
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Carsten Tobehn, Katie Dean, Ezgi Yersu, Gerald Onyango, alessandra tasso, Doreen Reynolds-Consolati, Manognya Chakrapani, Ayala Ron, Eunsun Kim, Phyllis Dubrow, Ophelia Gibson Best, Paul Schneider, Joichiro Yamada, Henrique Cassús, Karthik Cherala, Clarence E. Harper Jr., Vignan Velivela, Ana Maria, Exal Enrique Cisneros Tuch, Tejas Dc, Khalifa Alhulail, Martin Stephen, Jose Henrique Leopoldo e Silva, Mandeep Singh, Abhijit Kiran Valluri, Morgan Williams, Devin Harris, Pavel Zalevskiy, Karen Goepen-Wee, Filip Dabrowski, Barbara Smalley, Megan Douglas, Tim Leistikow, Ka-Hei Law, Hiroshi Uchiyama, Mark Morris, Misaki Sato, EdoKun, SookKwan Loong, Bev Millar, Lex Azevedo, Michael Aquilina, Jason A Saslow, Yansong Li, Cristóbal Moenne, Dawn Jordan, Prasanth Mathialagan, Samuel Doerle, David Rosario and Dominik Kugelmann - they-them.
|
2024-08-27T15:00:36Z
|
[
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 6.961,
"text": "It’s 1526 in what is now Northern India,"
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 10.673,
"text": "and Sultan Ibrahim Lodhi is\nabout to face off against a prince"
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 14.802,
"text": "from Central Asia, \nZahiruddin Muhammad Babur."
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 19.015,
"text": "To quash the threat, the Sultan brings \nhis war elephants to battle."
},
{
"duration": 4.045,
"start": 23.311,
"text": "But it’s said that the explosions \nof Babur’s cannons and muskets"
},
{
"duration": 4.13,
"start": 27.356,
"text": "startled the elephants and they trampled\nthe Sultan’s own army."
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 32.028,
"text": "Babur had long harbored ambitions\nof building his own empire."
},
{
"duration": 3.9210000000000003,
"start": 35.698,
"text": "Though he was descended from some\nof the world’s most successful conquerors,"
},
{
"duration": 1.6680000000000001,
"start": 39.619,
"text": "he struggled to gain a foothold"
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 41.287,
"text": "among the many ambitious princes\nin Central Asia."
},
{
"duration": 2.21,
"start": 45.208,
"text": "So he turned his attention to India,"
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 47.418,
"text": "where his descendants stayed \nand built the Mughal Empire,"
},
{
"duration": 4.337,
"start": 51.214,
"text": "one of the wealthiest and most powerful\nstates in the early modern world"
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 55.551,
"text": "and home to nearly a quarter\nof the global population."
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 59.43,
"text": "Babur died just four years \nafter that fateful battle,"
},
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 62.892,
"text": "but his own memoirs and the work \nof his descendants"
},
{
"duration": 2.669,
"start": 65.645,
"text": "immortalized him in colorful fashion."
},
{
"duration": 4.13,
"start": 68.689,
"text": "His daughter, Gulbadan, recalled\nin her own memoir how Babur—"
},
{
"duration": 2.002,
"start": 72.819,
"text": "having recently given up drinking—"
},
{
"duration": 4.546,
"start": 74.821,
"text": "filled a newly-constructed pool \nwith lemonade rather than wine."
},
{
"duration": 3.6710000000000003,
"start": 79.7,
"text": "His grandson, Akbar, commissioned \nexquisite miniature paintings"
},
{
"duration": 1.585,
"start": 83.371,
"text": "of Babur’s stories—"
},
{
"duration": 3.503,
"start": 84.956,
"text": "one depicted the empire’s\nfounder riding through his camp,"
},
{
"duration": 2.044,
"start": 88.459,
"text": "drunkenly slumped over his horse."
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 90.503,
"text": "It was Akbar who consolidated \nMughal power."
},
{
"duration": 2.211,
"start": 93.464,
"text": "He established protections for peasants—"
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 95.675,
"text": "which in turn increased their productivity\nand generated more tax revenue—"
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 99.512,
"text": "and embarked on military campaigns \nto expand Mughal territory."
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 104.183,
"text": "Princes who swore allegiance to him \nwere rewarded,"
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 107.353,
"text": "while he made brutal examples \nof those who resisted,"
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 110.606,
"text": "killing them and many of their subjects."
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 113.568,
"text": "His conquests opened access \nto port cities on the Indian Ocean,"
},
{
"duration": 4.963,
"start": 117.405,
"text": "which connected the Mughals to Arab,\nChinese, Ottoman, and European traders,"
},
{
"duration": 2.127,
"start": 122.535,
"text": "bringing in incalculable wealth,"
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 124.662,
"text": "including silver and new crops\nfrom the Americas."
},
{
"duration": 3.503,
"start": 128.875,
"text": "As the Muslim ruler of a diverse,\nmultiethnic empire,"
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 132.378,
"text": "Akbar worked to create internal cohesion\nby appointing members"
},
{
"duration": 3.212,
"start": 135.965,
"text": "of the Hindu majority to high positions\nin his government,"
},
{
"duration": 1.5430000000000001,
"start": 139.177,
"text": "marrying a Hindu bride,"
},
{
"duration": 3.503,
"start": 140.72,
"text": "and distributing translated copies \nof the “Mahabharata,”"
},
{
"duration": 3.504,
"start": 144.223,
"text": "an ancient Indian epic poem,\nto his Muslim nobles."
},
{
"duration": 5.088,
"start": 148.019,
"text": "Akbar also hosted lively religious debates\nwhere Sunni and Shia Muslims,"
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 153.107,
"text": "Hindus, Jains, Zoroastrians,"
},
{
"duration": 3.212,
"start": 155.943,
"text": "and the newly arrived \nPortuguese Jesuit missionaries"
},
{
"duration": 2.627,
"start": 159.155,
"text": "defended the merits \nof their respective faiths."
},
{
"duration": 3.379,
"start": 161.782,
"text": "While most participants viewed this\nas an intellectual exercise,"
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 165.161,
"text": "Portuguese missionaries were disappointed\nby their failure to convert Akbar."
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 170.249,
"text": "The Mughals built \narchitectural masterpieces"
},
{
"duration": 2.378,
"start": 173.377,
"text": "such as the Taj Mahal and the Red Fort,"
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 175.755,
"text": "a palace three kilometers around,\nthat housed 50,000 people"
},
{
"duration": 4.463,
"start": 179.884,
"text": "and contained the magnificent gold\nand jewel-encrusted Peacock Throne."
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 184.388,
"text": "Just the throne took \nseven years to construct."
},
{
"duration": 4.629,
"start": 187.767,
"text": "During its first 180 years,\nthe Mughals had only six rulers,"
},
{
"duration": 2.503,
"start": 192.396,
"text": "which contributed \nto the empire’s stability."
},
{
"duration": 2.002,
"start": 195.608,
"text": "When the fourth emperor, Jahangir,"
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 197.61,
"text": "struggled with alcohol \nand opioid addiction,"
},
{
"duration": 3.503,
"start": 200.321,
"text": "his wife, Nur Jahan, \ntook the reins as co-ruler."
},
{
"duration": 3.7960000000000003,
"start": 204.116,
"text": "When a traitorous general captured \nher husband in an attempted coup,"
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 207.912,
"text": "she negotiated his release and rallied\nthe army to stop the rebellion."
},
{
"duration": 4.713,
"start": 212.625,
"text": "She once led a hunting party to track down\na tiger that was terrorizing a village,"
},
{
"duration": 1.752,
"start": 217.713,
"text": "leading one poet to write:"
},
{
"duration": 5.964,
"start": 219.924,
"text": "“Though Nur Jahan be in form of a woman/\nIn the ranks of men she’s a tiger-slayer.”"
},
{
"duration": 4.588,
"start": 226.389,
"text": "Following the death of the sixth emperor,\nAurangzeb, in 1707,"
},
{
"duration": 4.045,
"start": 230.977,
"text": "seven emperors took the throne\nover the next 21 years."
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 235.022,
"text": "These frequent transitions \nof power reflected"
},
{
"duration": 4.255,
"start": 237.441,
"text": "the larger political, economic, \nsocial, and environmental crises"
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 241.696,
"text": "that plagued the empire \nthroughout the 18th century."
},
{
"duration": 1.919,
"start": 246.075,
"text": "In response to this turmoil,"
},
{
"duration": 5.338,
"start": 247.994,
"text": "regional leaders started refusing to pay\ntaxes and broke away from Mughal control."
},
{
"duration": 4.547,
"start": 253.582,
"text": "The British East India Company offered\nmilitary support to these regional rulers,"
},
{
"duration": 3.044,
"start": 258.129,
"text": "which in turn increased the company's\npolitical influence,"
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 261.173,
"text": "enabling it to eventually take\ndirect control of Bengal,"
},
{
"duration": 2.336,
"start": 264.927,
"text": "one of the wealthiest regions in India."
},
{
"duration": 4.713,
"start": 267.43,
"text": "By the 19th century, the East India\nCompany had massive political influence"
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 272.143,
"text": "and a large standing army, \nwhich included Indian troops."
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 276.355,
"text": "When these troops revolted in 1857,"
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 279.525,
"text": "aiming to force out the British\nand restore Mughal influence,"
},
{
"duration": 1.96,
"start": 282.987,
"text": "the British government intervened,"
},
{
"duration": 3.379,
"start": 284.947,
"text": "replacing company rule \nwith direct colonial rule,"
},
{
"duration": 4.337,
"start": 288.326,
"text": "deposing the last Mughal emperor\nand sending him into exile."
},
{
"duration": 3.212,
"start": 292.788,
"text": "And so, over three centuries \nafter its founding,"
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 296.208,
"text": "the Mughal Empire came to an end."
}
] |
8CUEPNcGtWs
|
The tragedy of the one guy who was right about the Trojan Horse - Noah Charney
|
Explore the famous depictions of the tale of Laocoön, who the gods punished for warning the Trojans about the Greeks' wooden horse.
--
Laocoön, a seer and priest, was deeply suspicious of the enormous wooden horse that the Greeks left in Troy and cautioned the Trojans not to accept this strange offering. But their fate was already sealed — the gods granted the Greeks victory and punished the priest for threatening their success. Noah Charney explores how Laocoön’s tragic tale inspired countless artists across the ancient world.
Lesson by Noah Charney, directed by Michael Kalopaidis, Zedem Media.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
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----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-tragic-tale-of-poseidon-s-punishment-noah-charney
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-tragic-tale-of-poseidon-s-punishment-noah-charney/digdeeper
Animator's website: https://www.zedemanimations.com
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Nick Johnson, Carlos H. Costa, Jennifer Kurkoski, Ryan B Harvey, Akinola Emmanuel, Jose Arcadio Valdes Franco, Sebastiaan Vleugels, Karl Laius, JY Kang, Abhishek Goel, Heidi Stolt, Nicole Sund, Karlee Finch, Mario Mejia, Denise A Pitts, Doug Henry, Keven Webb, Mihai Sandu, Deepak Iyer, Javid Gozalov, Kyanta Yap, Rebecca Reineke, William Biersdorf, Patricia Alves Panagides, Yvette Mocete, Cyrus Garay, Samuel Barbas, LadyGeek, Marin Kovachev, Penelope Misquitta, Hans Peng, Gaurav Mathur, Erik Biemans, Tony, Michelle, Katie and Josh Pedretti, Hoai Nam Tran, Kack-Kyun Kim, Michael Braun-Boghos, zjweele13, Anna-Pitschna Kunz, Edla Paniguel, Thomas Mungavan, Jaron Blackburn, Venkat Venkatakrishnan, ReuniteKorea, Aaron Henson, Rohan Gupta, Begum Tutuncu, Brian Richards, Jørgen Østerpart and Tyron Jung.
|
2024-08-22T15:01:18Z
|
[
{
"duration": 6.798,
"start": 7.003,
"text": "In April 1961, the Sixth Soviet Antarctic\nExpedition took a harrowing turn."
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 14.385,
"text": "Doctor Leonid Rogozov,\nthe team’s only physician,"
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 18.514,
"text": "began feeling weak and feverish,"
},
{
"duration": 3.379,
"start": 21.35,
"text": "with an excruciating pain\nin his right side."
},
{
"duration": 4.671,
"start": 25.98,
"text": "After a few days, it became clear\nthat he had appendicitis,"
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 30.651,
"text": "an infection that can cause\nthe appendix to burst."
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 34.906,
"text": "And Rogozov knew that if his appendix\ndid rupture,"
},
{
"duration": 1.835,
"start": 38.785,
"text": "it would likely kill him."
},
{
"duration": 2.252,
"start": 40.87,
"text": "Outside a blizzard raged,"
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 43.122,
"text": "making it dangerous for him\nto leave the station,"
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 45.833,
"text": "or to have anyone else travel in."
},
{
"duration": 6.673,
"start": 49.003,
"text": "So Rogozov faced a gut-wrenching choice:\nwait for help that may never come,"
},
{
"duration": 4.921,
"start": 55.802,
"text": "or cut open his own abdomen\nand remove the appendix himself."
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 61.39,
"text": "While Rogozov’s predicament may\nhave been extreme,"
},
{
"duration": 2.795,
"start": 65.144,
"text": "appendicitis is not uncommon."
},
{
"duration": 2.794,
"start": 68.106,
"text": "It affects roughly 1 in 12 people."
},
{
"duration": 3.211,
"start": 71.192,
"text": "So, what causes appendicitis?"
},
{
"duration": 3.92,
"start": 74.487,
"text": "And why is this organ\nso prone to bursting?"
},
{
"duration": 5.756,
"start": 78.699,
"text": "The appendix is a small, worm-shaped pouch\nattached to the large intestine"
},
{
"duration": 3.379,
"start": 84.455,
"text": "that houses a diversity of gut microbes."
},
{
"duration": 4.838,
"start": 88.209,
"text": "Scientists long speculated that it was\na useless artifact of evolution."
},
{
"duration": 4.087,
"start": 93.506,
"text": "Recent evidence shows that this organ\nindependently evolved "
},
{
"duration": 1.877,
"start": 97.593,
"text": "in many different mammals."
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 99.637,
"text": "This suggests that it\nprobably has some function,"
},
{
"duration": 1.6680000000000001,
"start": 103.099,
"text": "though it's likely subtle."
},
{
"duration": 3.753,
"start": 105.268,
"text": "One possibility is that the appendix\nserves as a reservoir"
},
{
"duration": 2.128,
"start": 109.021,
"text": "for healthy gut bacteria, "
},
{
"duration": 4.462,
"start": 111.149,
"text": "or it may play a role\nin mounting immune responses."
},
{
"duration": 5.38,
"start": 115.987,
"text": "What we do know is this puzzling organ\ncan cause serious complications."
},
{
"duration": 4.755,
"start": 121.617,
"text": "Most cases of appendicitis start\nwith some sort of obstruction."
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 126.372,
"text": "For example, a small, dried piece\nof stool,"
},
{
"duration": 1.8359999999999999,
"start": 130.042,
"text": "called an appendicolith,"
},
{
"duration": 2.794,
"start": 131.878,
"text": "can lodge itself in the organ’s entrance."
},
{
"duration": 5.964,
"start": 134.964,
"text": "Other times, pathogens like viruses or\nparasites activate the immune system,"
},
{
"duration": 1.585,
"start": 140.928,
"text": "causing inflammation. "
},
{
"duration": 2.92,
"start": 142.68,
"text": "This immune response may\neven be triggered"
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 145.6,
"text": "by one of hundreds of species of bacteria"
},
{
"duration": 2.335,
"start": 148.436,
"text": "that normally reside in your gut."
},
{
"duration": 3.294,
"start": 151.189,
"text": "As a result, nearby lymph nodes swell,"
},
{
"duration": 3.504,
"start": 154.483,
"text": "effectively closing off\nthe appendix’s opening."
},
{
"duration": 5.506,
"start": 158.362,
"text": "Because the appendix is a closed loop,\nwhen it's sealed, pressure builds quickly."
},
{
"duration": 5.422,
"start": 163.951,
"text": "This creates the perfect environment\nfor bacteria to colonize and overgrow."
},
{
"duration": 3.878,
"start": 169.624,
"text": "As the inflamed appendix bloats,\ndiscomfort sets in."
},
{
"duration": 3.461,
"start": 173.628,
"text": "And this pain is different\nfrom your everyday stomach ache."
},
{
"duration": 2.628,
"start": 177.506,
"text": "It typically starts near the belly button"
},
{
"duration": 4.963,
"start": 180.134,
"text": "and then migrates to the lower right\nabdomen and intensifies."
},
{
"duration": 3.92,
"start": 185.348,
"text": "If left untreated,\nthe appendix can continue to stretch,"
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 189.268,
"text": "hindering blood flow\nand weakening the organ walls."
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 192.772,
"text": "Eventually, this can cause\nthe appendix to rupture,"
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 196.025,
"text": "allowing the infection to spread\nwithin the abdomen,"
},
{
"duration": 2.794,
"start": 199.195,
"text": "where it can pose fatal consequences."
},
{
"duration": 4.546,
"start": 202.281,
"text": "Thankfully, not all cases of appendicitis\nwill lead to a rupture,"
},
{
"duration": 3.628,
"start": 206.911,
"text": "but it's impossible to know\nexactly when or if"
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 210.539,
"text": "the appendix will burst\nfrom symptoms alone."
},
{
"duration": 4.796,
"start": 213.751,
"text": "So, it’s recommended that all people\nwith severe abdominal pain"
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 218.547,
"text": "seek immediate medical attention. "
},
{
"duration": 4.546,
"start": 221.05,
"text": "Since doctors first identified\nappendicitis in the late 1800s,"
},
{
"duration": 4.255,
"start": 225.721,
"text": "an appendectomy, or the surgical removal\nof the appendix,"
},
{
"duration": 1.835,
"start": 229.976,
"text": "has been the standard treatment."
},
{
"duration": 4.38,
"start": 232.561,
"text": "It’s normally performed quickly,\nwithin 24 hours of diagnosis."
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 237.358,
"text": "Doctors remove the inflamed organ,\nwhich can double in size,"
},
{
"duration": 2.169,
"start": 241.654,
"text": "either through one large incision,"
},
{
"duration": 4.921,
"start": 243.823,
"text": "or through several smaller incisions\nusing a camera and small instruments."
},
{
"duration": 1.9609999999999999,
"start": 248.869,
"text": "Recovery is typically quick,"
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 250.83,
"text": "and most patients are discharged\nwithin a day or two."
},
{
"duration": 4.796,
"start": 254.292,
"text": "Though, if the appendix has burst,\nsurgery can be more extensive"
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 259.088,
"text": "as any bacteria and pus need to be\nthoroughly cleaned"
},
{
"duration": 1.71,
"start": 263.342,
"text": "from the abdominal cavity."
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 265.761,
"text": "In the long term,\nliving without an appendix"
},
{
"duration": 3.087,
"start": 268.597,
"text": "is unlikely to lead to any health issues."
},
{
"duration": 5.506,
"start": 271.934,
"text": "Today, thanks to medical advances,\nmany patients avoid surgery altogether."
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 277.565,
"text": "Doctors have learned that appendicitis\ncan often be treated"
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 280.985,
"text": "with a simple course of antibiotics,"
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 283.571,
"text": "started in the emergency room\nand continued at home."
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 287.199,
"text": "No matter the chosen course of treatment,"
},
{
"duration": 3.838,
"start": 289.618,
"text": "it’s likely to be less distressing\nthan Rogozov’s,"
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 293.456,
"text": "who, after giving himself\nlocal anesthesia,"
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 296.751,
"text": "removed his own appendix,\nstitched himself up,"
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 300.421,
"text": "and resumed his regular duties\njust two weeks later."
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 304.675,
"text": "Nevertheless, thanks to his story,"
},
{
"duration": 5.505,
"start": 307.345,
"text": "doctors on remote stations in Antarctica\nnow know to bring plenty of antibiotics"
},
{
"duration": 1.585,
"start": 312.85,
"text": "to treat appendicitis, "
},
{
"duration": 1.334,
"start": 314.477,
"text": "just in case."
}
] |
sbXie768ZZQ
|
Is this the most valuable thing in the ocean? - David Biello
|
Dig into what makes whale poop so vitally important to ocean health, and how it helps support countless other marine life forms.
--
Whales frequently surface to take in air and let out massive plumes of waste. And while this slurry might seem disgusting, whale poop is much more desirable than it may seem. In fact, it may be one of the most important substances in the ocean — and the world. So, what makes whale poop so vital to our ecosystems? David Biello shares the surprising benefits of whale excrement.
Lesson by David Biello, directed by Joseph Clark, Oh Studio.
This video made possible in collaboration with Speed & Scale
Learn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartner
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
----------------------------------------------
Support us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon
Check out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop
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----------------------------------------------
Sign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter
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Keep Learning
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View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/is-this-the-most-valuable-thing-in-the-ocean-david-biello
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/is-this-the-most-valuable-thing-in-the-ocean-david-biello/digdeeper
Animator's website: https://www.ohstudio.co.uk
Music: https://soundgoods.tv
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Jennifer Heald, Megulo Abebe, isolwi, Kate Sem, Ujjwal Dasu, Angel Alberici, Minh Quan Dinh, Sylvain, Terran Gimpel, Talia Sari, Katie McDowell, Allen, Mahina Knuckles, Charmaine Hanson, Thawsitt, Jezabel, Abdullah Abdulaziz, Xiao Yu, Melissa Suarez, Brian A. Dunn, Francisco Amaya, Daisuke Goto, Matt Switzler, Peng, Tzu-Hsiang, Bethany Connor, Jeremy Shimanek, Mark Byers, Avinash Amarnath, Xuebicoco, Rayo, Po Foon Kwong, Boffin, Jesse Jurman, Scott Markley, Elija Peterson, Ovidiu Mrd, paul g mohney, Steven Razey, Nathan Giusti, Helen Lee, Anthony Benedict, Karthik Balsubramanian, Annastasshia Ames, Amy Lopez, Vinh-Thuy Nguyen, Liz Candee, Ugur Doga Sezgin, Karmi Nguyen, John C. Vesey and Yelena Baykova.
|
2024-08-20T15:01:06Z
|
[
{
"duration": 2.253,
"start": 6.9190000000000005,
"text": "In the Netherlands,\nthere’s an ambitious company"
},
{
"duration": 4.087,
"start": 9.172,
"text": "that builds one of the most advanced\nand expensive tools in the world:"
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 13.259,
"text": "a single unit costs hundreds\nof millions of dollars."
},
{
"duration": 1.376,
"start": 16.554,
"text": "And when companies buy one,"
},
{
"duration": 5.798,
"start": 17.93,
"text": "they also need 250 engineers to install\nthe 165-ton device"
},
{
"duration": 3.211,
"start": 23.77,
"text": "in a process that typically\ntakes half a year."
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 27.106,
"text": "But despite this steep cost\nin time and money,"
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 29.817,
"text": "many microchip makers desperately\nwant one of these machines."
},
{
"duration": 3.212,
"start": 33.863,
"text": "The hundred-million-dollar question\nis: why?"
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 37.283,
"text": "The answer has to do with something\ncalled Moore’s Law."
},
{
"duration": 3.379,
"start": 40.703,
"text": "First coined by Intel co-founder\nGordon Moore,"
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 44.082,
"text": "this law states that every 1 to 2 years"
},
{
"duration": 4.671,
"start": 46.626,
"text": "the number of transistors that can fit on\na given size computer chip will double."
},
{
"duration": 4.63,
"start": 51.38,
"text": "And by extension, the rough number of\ncalculations that chip can do per second"
},
{
"duration": 1.627,
"start": 56.01,
"text": "will also double."
},
{
"duration": 2.92,
"start": 57.887,
"text": "Now, this law isn't\na physical law like gravity."
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 60.848,
"text": "It’s just a trend Moore observed\nduring the early 1960s."
},
{
"duration": 3.6710000000000003,
"start": 64.977,
"text": "But chipmakers turned that trend\ninto a goal, and in turn,"
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 68.648,
"text": "consumers learn to expect\ncomputing progress to continue"
},
{
"duration": 2.335,
"start": 72.11,
"text": "at this exponentially fast pace."
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 74.57,
"text": "And the amazing thing is, for six decades,\nit pretty much has."
},
{
"duration": 3.504,
"start": 78.407,
"text": "Thanks to Moore’s Law, chips have\ngotten smaller, faster,"
},
{
"duration": 1.96,
"start": 81.911,
"text": "more efficient, and cheaper."
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 83.955,
"text": "But today, there are four key problems\nthat trip up this trend,"
},
{
"duration": 1.96,
"start": 87.333,
"text": "potentially ending Moore’s Law"
},
{
"duration": 3.6710000000000003,
"start": 89.293,
"text": "and fundamentally changing how\nwe make progress in computing."
},
{
"duration": 2.127,
"start": 93.172,
"text": "The first is transistor size."
},
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 95.341,
"text": "Transistors are basically on/off switches,"
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 98.094,
"text": "and these building blocks of digital\ncomputing have been shrinking"
},
{
"duration": 1.752,
"start": 101.931,
"text": "since the 1960s."
},
{
"duration": 2.336,
"start": 103.808,
"text": "But recently they’ve gotten so small,"
},
{
"duration": 3.211,
"start": 106.144,
"text": "quantum physics has begun to interfere\nwith their functions."
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 109.48,
"text": "When a transistor’s switch, or gate,\nis less than 20 nanometers,"
},
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 113.484,
"text": "electrons will tunnel\nalong it continuously,"
},
{
"duration": 4.17,
"start": 116.279,
"text": "turning a crisp on/off switch\ninto a hazy dimmer."
},
{
"duration": 1.7930000000000001,
"start": 120.7,
"text": "The second problem is heat."
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 122.493,
"text": "As chipmakers make components\nsmaller and more complex,"
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 126.038,
"text": "the copper lines that run between them\nneed to be thinner and longer."
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 129.959,
"text": "This increases their electrical resistance\nand generates high heat"
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 133.838,
"text": "that impairs chip performance\nand can’t be easily dissipated."
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 137.884,
"text": "Today’s chips can already run\nhot enough to cook an egg,"
},
{
"duration": 4.797,
"start": 141.387,
"text": "and temperatures are only predicted\nto increase without new innovations."
},
{
"duration": 4.213,
"start": 146.35,
"text": "While both these issues represent limits\nin the fundamental physics of chipmaking,"
},
{
"duration": 2.377,
"start": 150.563,
"text": "researchers haven't stopped\ntrying to solve them."
},
{
"duration": 4.462,
"start": 153.191,
"text": "Unfortunately, their solutions often\nexacerbate the third major problem:"
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 157.653,
"text": "chipmaking’s environmental impact."
},
{
"duration": 3.504,
"start": 160.239,
"text": "For example, swapping copper lines\nfor ruthenium"
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 163.743,
"text": "could help pack transistors more tightly\nand keep chips smaller—"
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 167.997,
"text": "but that metal is far scarcer than copper"
},
{
"duration": 2.669,
"start": 170.75,
"text": "and would require new\nmining infrastructure."
},
{
"duration": 4.338,
"start": 173.586,
"text": "Similarly, the technology currently used\nto make today’s smallest transistors"
},
{
"duration": 3.044,
"start": 177.924,
"text": "requires huge amounts\nof energy and chemicals"
},
{
"duration": 5.464,
"start": 180.968,
"text": "called perfluoroalkyl\nand polyfluoroalkyl substances,"
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 186.432,
"text": "which can take thousands of years\nto break down in the environment."
},
{
"duration": 4.588,
"start": 190.311,
"text": "Managing these first three problems\ncontributes to the final issue: cost."
},
{
"duration": 1.9609999999999999,
"start": 194.982,
"text": "To keep achieving Moore’s Law,"
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 196.943,
"text": "chipmakers have to make individual\nchip components smaller."
},
{
"duration": 4.796,
"start": 200.78,
"text": "And this is where that costly\n$400 million machine comes in."
},
{
"duration": 4.463,
"start": 205.576,
"text": "This marvel of chip-making science shoots\na stream of tin droplets"
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 210.039,
"text": "into a vacuum chamber before blasting them\nwith a high-energy laser"
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 214.21,
"text": "that vaporizes the tin to create plasma."
},
{
"duration": 6.34,
"start": 217.421,
"text": "In turn, the plasma emits a 13.5 nanometer\nwavelength of ultraviolet light"
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 223.803,
"text": "that can be used to produce\nincredibly small transistors."
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 227.473,
"text": "This remarkable feat of engineering\nhas helped chipmakers"
},
{
"duration": 1.835,
"start": 230.726,
"text": "keep up with Moore’s Law."
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 232.687,
"text": "But as chips keep getting denser,"
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 234.981,
"text": "intricate manufacturing plants\nkeep getting more expensive."
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 238.734,
"text": "This trend has been so consistent,\nit’s actually earned the nickname"
},
{
"duration": 2.086,
"start": 242.571,
"text": "Moore’s Second Law."
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 244.991,
"text": "Obviously, all these trajectories\nare unsustainable."
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 248.452,
"text": "Manufacturing plants can’t\nkeep increasing in price,"
},
{
"duration": 3.7960000000000003,
"start": 251.455,
"text": "our ecosystems can’t endure endless\nmining and pollution,"
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 255.376,
"text": "and the laws of physics are unlikely\nto change anytime soon."
},
{
"duration": 2.502,
"start": 259.13,
"text": "Fortunately, Moore's Law is flexible,"
},
{
"duration": 2.92,
"start": 261.757,
"text": "and there’s no reason we can’t\nintroduce new goals"
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 264.677,
"text": "to keep making\ncomputing progress responsibly."
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 267.763,
"text": " Perhaps we could introduce\na new Sustainability Law?"
},
{
"duration": 4.88,
"start": 271.517,
"text": "Smaller transistors already use less\nmaterial and produce less e-waste,"
},
{
"duration": 3.254,
"start": 276.48,
"text": "and advancements\nin electronic-photonic integration"
},
{
"duration": 3.753,
"start": 279.734,
"text": "are allowing chips to use less energy\nand generate less heat."
},
{
"duration": 4.463,
"start": 283.571,
"text": "So perhaps chips should be made twice\nas sustainable every several years?"
},
{
"duration": 1.96,
"start": 288.117,
"text": "Whatever the answer is,"
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 290.119,
"text": "we make the laws,\nso the future is up to us."
}
] |
bbxmH_Kj7fk
|
How do bulletproof vests work? - Max G. Levy
|
Explore the chemistry behind what makes kevlar so strong, and how this essential synthetic fiber was invented.
--
By 1975, Richard Davis had been shot at close range 192 times. But not only was he completely healthy, each of those bullets were part of a demonstration to sell his new product: the bulletproof vest. So, how does such a light, flexible piece of clothing stop a bullet? The secret was a synthetic fiber material invented a decade earlier. Max G. Levy explores the incredible strength of kevlar.
Lesson by Max G. Levy, directed by Vitalii Nebelskyi, and action creative agency.
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----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-do-bulletproof-vests-work-max-g-levy
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-do-bulletproof-vests-work-max-g-levy/digdeeper
Animator's website: https://www.and-action.net
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Michel-Ange Hortegat, Enes Kirimi, Amaury BISIAUX, ND, Samyogita Hardikar, Vanessa Graulich, Vandana Gunwani, Abdulmohsin Almadi, AJ Lyon, Geoffrey Bultitude, Mi Mi, Thomas Rothert, Brian Elieson, Oge O, Weronika Falkowska, Nevin Spoljaric, Sid Chanpuriya, Anoop Varghese, David Yastremski, Noah Webb, Roberto Chena, Oliver Koo, Luke Pisano, Andrea Gordon, Aleksandar Donev, Nicole Klau Ibarra, Jesse Lira, Ezekiel Raui, Petr Vacek, Dennis, Olivia Fu, Kari Teffeau, Cindy Lai, Rajath Durgada Manjunath, Dan Nguyen, Chin Beng Tan, Tom Boman, Karen Warner, Iryna Panasiuk, Aaron Torres, Eric Braun, Sonja Worzewski, Michael Clement, Adam Berry, Ghaith Tarawneh, Nathan Milford, Tomas Beckett, Alice Ice, Eric Berman and Kurt Paolo Sevillano.
|
2024-08-15T15:00:59Z
|
[
{
"duration": 1.9180000000000001,
"start": 7.295,
"text": "In the fight to curb climate change,"
},
{
"duration": 5.714,
"start": 9.213,
"text": "there are few solutions more discussed\nthan planting lots and lots of trees."
},
{
"duration": 4.13,
"start": 15.928,
"text": "It sounds simple enough— trees absorb\nCO2 from the atmosphere to grow,"
},
{
"duration": 3.795,
"start": 20.058,
"text": "so planting more of them should help\neliminate greenhouse gases."
},
{
"duration": 5.339,
"start": 24.27,
"text": "The trouble is, tree planting efforts\ndon't always work as planned."
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 30.276,
"text": "For example, between 1974 and 2012,"
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 33.613,
"text": "the Chilean government helped\nfund the planting"
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 35.907,
"text": "of over a million hectares of new trees."
},
{
"duration": 4.212,
"start": 40.078,
"text": "Yet a recent analysis suggests\nthis multi-million dollar effort"
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 44.29,
"text": "resulted in no major carbon storage gains."
},
{
"duration": 2.085,
"start": 47.919,
"text": "What went wrong?"
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 51.089,
"text": "Chile focused on afforestation:"
},
{
"duration": 5.589,
"start": 53.925,
"text": "the planting of trees in places long\ndevoid of— or never home to— any forest,"
},
{
"duration": 2.46,
"start": 59.514,
"text": "as opposed to reforestation,"
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 61.974,
"text": "the practice of restoring recently\ndegraded forests."
},
{
"duration": 4.505,
"start": 66.729,
"text": "Many governments and international\norganizations champion afforestation"
},
{
"duration": 2.919,
"start": 71.234,
"text": "in their efforts to meet\nlofty tree planting goals"
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 74.153,
"text": "that require massive amounts of land."
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 77.698,
"text": "The Bonn Challenge, launched in 2011\nby the German government"
},
{
"duration": 3.504,
"start": 81.869,
"text": "and the International Union\nfor Conservation of Nature,"
},
{
"duration": 4.629,
"start": 85.54,
"text": "aims to restore 350 million hectares\nof degraded land"
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 90.169,
"text": "across the globe by 2030,"
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 92.713,
"text": "in part through afforestation."
},
{
"duration": 4.546,
"start": 95.883,
"text": "Many companies have also seized\non tree planting to offset emissions"
},
{
"duration": 5.297,
"start": 100.429,
"text": "and, in some cases, negative PR from their\ncontributions to the climate emergency."
},
{
"duration": 5.506,
"start": 106.602,
"text": "A 2021 Oxfam analysis found that the area\nneeded to match the tree planting goals"
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 112.108,
"text": "set by four of the largest\noil and gas producers"
},
{
"duration": 3.628,
"start": 115.57,
"text": "would require land twice the size\nof the UK."
},
{
"duration": 2.503,
"start": 120.199,
"text": "Here's where things get complicated."
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 123.703,
"text": "In order to be a long-term carbon sink,"
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 126.956,
"text": "trees need to grow to maturity\nand stay put."
},
{
"duration": 5.297,
"start": 130.96,
"text": "Most of Chile's afforestation funding went\nto the commercial forestry industry,"
},
{
"duration": 4.504,
"start": 136.257,
"text": "which drastically expanded plantations\nof mostly non-native trees—"
},
{
"duration": 4.462,
"start": 141.179,
"text": "in some cases even by plowing\ninto native forests."
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 146.225,
"text": "According to one study, on average,"
},
{
"duration": 4.963,
"start": 148.519,
"text": "natural forests are 40 times better\nat carbon storage than plantations."
},
{
"duration": 5.964,
"start": 154.108,
"text": "A mature tree can absorb up to\n22 kilograms of carbon dioxide each year."
},
{
"duration": 2.92,
"start": 160.072,
"text": "But plantation trees are harvested."
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 163.701,
"text": "Further, pine and eucalyptus—\ntwo commonly grown plantation trees—"
},
{
"duration": 1.626,
"start": 167.747,
"text": "are highly flammable,"
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 169.373,
"text": "so gains in carbon storage\ncan quickly go up in smoke."
},
{
"duration": 2.502,
"start": 174.295,
"text": "And not all land should be forested."
},
{
"duration": 4.964,
"start": 176.964,
"text": "In 2019, researchers estimated that,\nof the 100 million hectares of land"
},
{
"duration": 2.794,
"start": 181.928,
"text": "targeted for a tree planting initiative\nin Africa,"
},
{
"duration": 1.919,
"start": 184.847,
"text": "most is savanna."
},
{
"duration": 3.503,
"start": 187.183,
"text": "Dropping trees into Africa’s savannas\nthreatens wildlife"
},
{
"duration": 3.212,
"start": 190.686,
"text": "that thrive in sunlight and open spaces."
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 194.148,
"text": "And wildfires,\nnot to mention a passing elephant,"
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 197.818,
"text": "can quickly stomp out years\nof tree growth."
},
{
"duration": 4.713,
"start": 201.405,
"text": "Meanwhile, a savanna’s natural vegetation\ntucks most of its carbon"
},
{
"duration": 2.128,
"start": 206.118,
"text": "safely away below ground,"
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 208.496,
"text": "where it’s protected\nfrom fire and hungry herbivores."
},
{
"duration": 2.919,
"start": 213.376,
"text": "Planting trees can also have\nunintended consequences"
},
{
"duration": 2.169,
"start": 216.295,
"text": "in places that naturally reflect sunlight"
},
{
"duration": 2.377,
"start": 218.464,
"text": "like drylands or snowy terrain."
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 221.175,
"text": "Trees in these regions could absorb\nmore of the Sun’s rays,"
},
{
"duration": 2.336,
"start": 225.012,
"text": "contributing to a warmer planet."
},
{
"duration": 2.794,
"start": 227.765,
"text": "It’s not that we shouldn’t\nplant more trees."
},
{
"duration": 1.752,
"start": 230.559,
"text": "But for the best chance of success,"
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 232.311,
"text": "programs should consider which\nspecies to plant, which lands to forest,"
},
{
"duration": 2.628,
"start": 236.315,
"text": "and how to protect the land long-term."
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 239.36,
"text": "Today, Chile is prioritizing planting\nnative trees"
},
{
"duration": 2.086,
"start": 243.197,
"text": "rather than timber plantations."
},
{
"duration": 4.338,
"start": 245.574,
"text": "Some researchers argue that a more\nefficient way to re-green the planet"
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 249.912,
"text": "is to protect forests\nand let nature do the work."
},
{
"duration": 2.252,
"start": 253.791,
"text": "On recently deforested land,"
},
{
"duration": 4.38,
"start": 256.043,
"text": "seeds wait in soil and new sprouts grow\nfrom old stumps."
},
{
"duration": 4.963,
"start": 260.631,
"text": "As time passes, birds and winds\ndeliver seeds from forests nearby."
},
{
"duration": 5.13,
"start": 265.928,
"text": "Others support programs that practice\nassisted natural regeneration—"
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 271.142,
"text": "helping nature along by removing grasses\nthat compete with saplings,"
},
{
"duration": 4.504,
"start": 275.271,
"text": "preventing grazing,\nand even planting trees in small patches."
},
{
"duration": 2.794,
"start": 280.693,
"text": "So when is it bad to plant trees?"
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 283.696,
"text": "When programs put the wrong trees\nin the wrong places."
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 287.366,
"text": "It’s bad when it’s mistakenly used\nas a catch-all solution,"
},
{
"duration": 3.963,
"start": 290.786,
"text": "rather than addressing more\ncomplex issues like carbon emissions"
},
{
"duration": 2.085,
"start": 294.749,
"text": "and active deforestation."
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 297.293,
"text": "It’s also bad to plant trees when it\nallows companies and governments"
},
{
"duration": 1.794,
"start": 300.963,
"text": "to practice greenwashing,"
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 303.215,
"text": "throwing money at initiatives that\nhave no real chance of achieving"
},
{
"duration": 2.169,
"start": 306.635,
"text": "the carbon offsets they promise."
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 309.472,
"text": "The best investments in a greener future\nare to cut carbon emissions,"
},
{
"duration": 4.379,
"start": 313.893,
"text": "while protecting these forests from being\ndestroyed in the first place."
}
] |
YTAmyCgmrZE
|
Why is it so dangerous to step on a rusty nail? - Louise Thwaites
|
Explore how a toxin-producing bacterium causes tetanus, and how to identify its common symptoms and best prevention practices.
--
In the 5th century, a ship master was suffering from a nasty infection that caused his jaws to press together, his teeth to lock up, and the muscles in his neck and spine to spasm. Today we know this account to be one the first recorded cases of tetanus. So, what causes this peculiar infection? Louise Thwaites explores how tetanus affects our bodies, and how we can prevent it.
Lesson by Louise Thwaites, directed by Andrew Foerster, Rewfoe.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
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Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/why-is-it-so-dangerous-to-step-on-a-rusty-nail-louise-thwaites/digdeeper
Animator's website: https://rewfoe.com
Music: https://www.jasonstam.com
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! OnlineBookClub.org, Eric Shear, Leith Salem, Omar Hicham, Adrian Rotaru, Brad Sullivan, Karen Ho, Niklas Frimberger, Hunter Manhart, Nathan Nguyen, Igor Stavchanskiy, James R DeVries, Grace Huo, Diana Huang, Chau Hong Diem, Orlellys Torre, Corheu, Thomas Mee, Maryann H McCrory, Blas Borde, John Hellmann, Poompak Meephian, Chuck Wofford, Adam Pagan, Wes Winn, Conder Shou, ntiger, Noname, Hansan Hu, David D, Mac Hyney, Keith Ellison, robin valero walters, Lynne Truesdale, Gatsby Dkdc, Matthew Neal, Denis Chon, Julian Oberhofer, Monte Carroll, Eddy, Jay M, Constantino Victor Delgado, Andrea Galvagni, Andrew Tweddle, Laurel-Ann Rice, Fernando A. Endo, Helen Lee, pam morgan, sarim haq and Gerardo Castro.
|
2024-08-13T15:01:18Z
|
[
{
"duration": 5.422,
"start": 6.961,
"text": "In 2021, a survey of over 1,000 Americans\nfound that nearly two-thirds"
},
{
"duration": 3.7960000000000003,
"start": 12.383,
"text": "had eaten plant-based meat alternatives\nin the past year."
},
{
"duration": 2.919,
"start": 16.429,
"text": "Many cited potential health\nand environmental benefits"
},
{
"duration": 1.293,
"start": 19.348,
"text": "as their motivation."
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 20.808,
"text": "But are these alternative meats actually\nbetter for us and the planet?"
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 25.313,
"text": "First, let’s introduce the contenders."
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 28.316,
"text": "Meat from butchered animals,\nwhich we’ll call farmed meat,"
},
{
"duration": 4.546,
"start": 31.778,
"text": "is a complex structure of muscle fibers,\nconnective tissues, and fat."
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 36.824,
"text": "You may recognize meat\nfrom its role in the human diet,"
},
{
"duration": 3.504,
"start": 40.119,
"text": "stretching back to our species’\nvery beginnings."
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 44.54,
"text": "Our next challenger, \nthe plant-based meat alternative,"
},
{
"duration": 1.71,
"start": 47.835,
"text": "may look and taste like meat,"
},
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 49.545,
"text": "but it’s built with proteins,\ncarbohydrates, fats,"
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 52.298,
"text": "and other molecules from plants."
},
{
"duration": 3.838,
"start": 54.967,
"text": "Transforming plant molecules\ninto something that resembles meat"
},
{
"duration": 1.334,
"start": 58.805,
"text": "takes effort."
},
{
"duration": 5.088,
"start": 60.348,
"text": "Meat’s fibrous texture is created\nby long rod-like proteins."
},
{
"duration": 2.044,
"start": 65.603,
"text": "To replicate this structure,"
},
{
"duration": 5.213,
"start": 67.647,
"text": "a plant’s ball-shaped proteins can be\npushed through an extruder device"
},
{
"duration": 4.755,
"start": 72.86,
"text": "which forces them to unwind\nand join into long filaments."
},
{
"duration": 5.63,
"start": 77.824,
"text": "To mimic animal fat, companies mix\nin fats and oils extracted from plants."
},
{
"duration": 3.212,
"start": 83.996,
"text": "One popular brand adds\na beet juice pigment"
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 87.208,
"text": "that changes the patty’s color\nas it cooks."
},
{
"duration": 3.9210000000000003,
"start": 90.002,
"text": "Another adds an iron-containing molecule\ncalled heme,"
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 94.298,
"text": "which their team says\nis key to its meaty flavor."
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 98.219,
"text": "The resulting products come in many forms."
},
{
"duration": 4.338,
"start": 102.014,
"text": "Finally, our last entrant:\nlab-grown meat."
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 106.686,
"text": "Also known as cell-based meat\nand cultured meat,"
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 110.064,
"text": "these products begin as animal stem cells"
},
{
"duration": 4.504,
"start": 113.109,
"text": "that researchers coax to multiply\nand form into muscle."
},
{
"duration": 4.796,
"start": 118.239,
"text": "It’s worth noting that lab-grown meats\nare largely still in development,"
},
{
"duration": 3.211,
"start": 123.411,
"text": "so the exact process may change\nwhen they’re produced"
},
{
"duration": 1.669,
"start": 126.622,
"text": "at greater commercial scale."
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 128.708,
"text": "So which meat or lookalike\nis best for your health?"
},
{
"duration": 4.212,
"start": 132.42,
"text": "Farmed meat is a vital source of protein\nand nutrients for many people."
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 136.632,
"text": "But researchers have also found links\nbetween diets"
},
{
"duration": 2.253,
"start": 139.635,
"text": "high in red and processed meats"
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 141.888,
"text": "and health concerns like\ntype 2 diabetes and heart disease."
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 146.35,
"text": "One 2012 study concluded\nthat swapping red meat"
},
{
"duration": 4.838,
"start": 149.687,
"text": "for other options like chicken, nuts,\nor legumes for one meal a day"
},
{
"duration": 4.672,
"start": 154.525,
"text": "can potentially reduce mortality risk\nby 7 to 19%."
},
{
"duration": 3.212,
"start": 159.405,
"text": "There is not enough data to know\nwhether replacing red meat"
},
{
"duration": 3.211,
"start": 162.617,
"text": "with a plant-based patty\nwould have the same effect."
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 166.162,
"text": "Plant-based meats, while containing\njust as much protein, calories, and iron"
},
{
"duration": 1.168,
"start": 170.041,
"text": "as farmed meat,"
},
{
"duration": 3.336,
"start": 171.209,
"text": "are highly processed and, therefore,\nhigh in sodium."
},
{
"duration": 4.087,
"start": 174.712,
"text": "And many contain coconut oil,\nwhich has a lot of saturated fat,"
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 178.883,
"text": "and, like red meat,\nmay elevate heart disease risk."
},
{
"duration": 2.002,
"start": 182.386,
"text": "Lab-grown meat, meanwhile,"
},
{
"duration": 4.463,
"start": 184.388,
"text": "has the potential to offer the same\nnutritional qualities and health risks"
},
{
"duration": 1.293,
"start": 188.851,
"text": "as farmed meat."
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 190.186,
"text": "But we won’t know for sure until\nproduct development is further along."
},
{
"duration": 2.669,
"start": 195.149,
"text": "So which contender is better\nfor the environment?"
},
{
"duration": 4.588,
"start": 197.86,
"text": "Animal agriculture generates\nan estimated 14.5%"
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 202.448,
"text": "of human-caused greenhouse gas emissions."
},
{
"duration": 4.338,
"start": 205.284,
"text": "Researchers estimate that producing\nplant-based meat substitutes"
},
{
"duration": 4.88,
"start": 209.622,
"text": "results in, on average, around 90% less\ngreenhouse gas emissions"
},
{
"duration": 2.335,
"start": 214.502,
"text": "than an equivalent amount of beef,"
},
{
"duration": 5.339,
"start": 216.837,
"text": "63% less than pork,\nand 51% less than poultry."
},
{
"duration": 4.88,
"start": 222.468,
"text": "Plant-based meat alternatives also tend\nto require far less land and water"
},
{
"duration": 1.293,
"start": 227.348,
"text": "than farmed meat."
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 229.35,
"text": "And their production results in much lower\nlevels of pollutants running off farms"
},
{
"duration": 1.752,
"start": 233.521,
"text": "and entering waterways—"
},
{
"duration": 3.169,
"start": 235.273,
"text": "which threaten both the environment\nand public health."
},
{
"duration": 1.335,
"start": 238.859,
"text": "As for lab-grown meat,"
},
{
"duration": 2.92,
"start": 240.194,
"text": "today the industry largely takes\nits stem cells"
},
{
"duration": 2.377,
"start": 243.114,
"text": "from the muscle tissue of livestock."
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 245.491,
"text": "But how many animals will be required\nfor these biopsies"
},
{
"duration": 1.96,
"start": 249.078,
"text": "once production scales up?"
},
{
"duration": 2.502,
"start": 251.998,
"text": "It also isn’t clear to what degree\nalternative meats"
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 254.5,
"text": "will reduce the environmental impact\nof the farmed meats industry."
},
{
"duration": 2.919,
"start": 258.713,
"text": "What if, instead of replacing\nmeat with alternatives,"
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 261.632,
"text": "people continue to consume\nthe same amount of farmed meat"
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 264.969,
"text": "while also eating newer options?"
},
{
"duration": 4.213,
"start": 269.181,
"text": "While the verdict is still out on which\nmeat is nutritionally superior,"
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 273.394,
"text": "if you care about your personal\nimpact on animal welfare,"
},
{
"duration": 2.002,
"start": 276.439,
"text": "public health, and the environment,"
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 278.524,
"text": "plant-based meat tends to come out on top."
},
{
"duration": 4.213,
"start": 281.944,
"text": "And switching to meat alternatives doesn’t\nhave to be an all-or-nothing decision."
},
{
"duration": 6.048,
"start": 286.365,
"text": "In fact, a 2022 study estimated that\nforgoing red meat at just one meal a day"
},
{
"duration": 5.38,
"start": 292.413,
"text": "can decrease your personal dietary\ncarbon emissions by as much as 48%."
}
] |
BJM2uk3mZV0
|
What are warts — and how do you get rid of them? - Cella Wright
|
Explore the science of how certain HPVs can cause warts, and what you should do if you get one of these bumpy skin growths.
--
Throughout history, people have attributed warts to contact with things like sea foam, boiled egg water, and, of course, toads. Fortunately, we now know that warts are not caused by toads, but are actually caused by human papillomaviruses, or HPVs. So, how exactly do HPVs lead to warts? And what should you do if you get one? Cella Wright explores the science of these bumpy skin growths.
Lesson by Cella Wright, directed by Anton Bogaty.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
----------------------------------------------
Support us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon
Check out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop
----------------------------------------------
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----------------------------------------------
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Find us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter
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----------------------------------------------
Keep Learning
----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-are-warts-and-how-do-you-get-rid-of-them-cella-wright
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-are-warts-and-how-do-you-get-rid-of-them-cella-wright/digdeeper
Animator's website: https://antonbogaty.com
Music: https://soundgoods.tv
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Mark Morris, Misaki Sato, EdoKun, SookKwan Loong, Bev Millar, Lex Azevedo, Michael Aquilina, Jason A Saslow, Yansong Li, Cristóbal Moenne, Dawn Jordan, Prasanth Mathialagan, Samuel Doerle, David Rosario, Dominik Kugelmann - they-them, Siamak Hajizadeh, Ryohky Araya, Mayank Kaul, Christophe Dessalles, Heather Slater, Sandra Tersluisen, Zhexi Shan, Bárbara Nazaré, Andrea Feliz, Victor E Karhel, Sydney Evans, Latora, Noel Situ, emily lam, Sid, Niccolò Frassetto, Mana, I'm here because of Knowledge Fight Facebook group., Linda Freedman, Edgardo Cuellar, Jaspar Carmichael-Jack, Michael Burton, VIVIANA A GARCIA BESNE, The Vernon's, Olha Bahatiuk, Jesús Bíquez Talayero, Chels Raknrl, Sai Pranavi Jonnalagadda, Stuart Rice, Jing Chen, Vector-Dopamine math, Jasper Song, Giorgio Bugnatelli, Chardon and Eddy Trochez.
|
2024-08-08T15:00:30Z
|
[
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 10.506,
"text": "You might think of gas masks as\nclunky, spooky, military-looking devices"
},
{
"duration": 3.212,
"start": 14.802,
"text": "only found in spy movies\nor World War I museums."
},
{
"duration": 4.922,
"start": 18.139,
"text": "But you probably already own a mask\nthat uses remarkably similar technology."
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 23.061,
"text": "And in the near future, we may\nneed to rely on these filters"
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 25.897,
"text": "as part of our everyday lives."
},
{
"duration": 1.96,
"start": 28.399,
"text": "In addition to emerging diseases,"
},
{
"duration": 4.964,
"start": 30.359,
"text": "wildfire frequency has more than tripled\nfrom 1996 to 2021."
},
{
"duration": 5.13,
"start": 35.531,
"text": "As fires burn longer and cover more land,\ntheir smoke affects more people each year."
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 40.828,
"text": "Climate change is also causing\nmore hot, sunny days,"
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 44.29,
"text": "which accelerates the production\nof toxic ground level ozone."
},
{
"duration": 1.376,
"start": 48.044,
"text": "So, how do these masks work,"
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 49.42,
"text": "and can they protect us from new\nand old airborne threats?"
},
{
"duration": 3.254,
"start": 52.965,
"text": "Well, the first rule of filters is\nmaking sure you have a tight seal."
},
{
"duration": 3.503,
"start": 56.219,
"text": "Without that, even the best mask\nin the world is useless."
},
{
"duration": 1.876,
"start": 59.806,
"text": "So assuming your mask is on tight,"
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 61.682,
"text": "this technology can capture pollutants\nin one of two ways:"
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 65.269,
"text": "filtering them out by size or\nattracting specific chemical compounds."
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 69.816,
"text": "For an example of the first approach,\nlet’s look at wildfire smoke."
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 73.402,
"text": "When forests burn, they generate\na wide variety of chemicals."
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 77.031,
"text": "At close range, there are so many\ndifferent pollutants"
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 79.575,
"text": "at such high concentrations\nthat no filter could help you—"
},
{
"duration": 3.087,
"start": 82.411,
"text": "this is why firefighters travel\nwith their own air supply."
},
{
"duration": 2.502,
"start": 85.832,
"text": "But further away,\nthe situation is different."
},
{
"duration": 1.96,
"start": 88.334,
"text": "While there's still a range of chemicals,"
},
{
"duration": 4.088,
"start": 90.294,
"text": "they’ve mostly aggregated into tiny solid\nor liquid particles"
},
{
"duration": 2.627,
"start": 94.382,
"text": "smaller than 2.5 microns in diameter."
},
{
"duration": 3.9210000000000003,
"start": 97.176,
"text": "This particulate matter is much of what\nyou're seeing and smelling in smoke,"
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 101.097,
"text": "and it's especially dangerous\nfor children, the elderly,"
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 104.058,
"text": "and those with respiratory\nor cardiovascular diseases."
},
{
"duration": 3.129,
"start": 107.436,
"text": "Luckily, the majority of these\nparticulates are still large enough"
},
{
"duration": 2.502,
"start": 110.565,
"text": "to be captured by the most basic filters,"
},
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 113.067,
"text": "which are made of polypropylene \nor glass strands"
},
{
"duration": 2.794,
"start": 115.82,
"text": "roughly 1/10 the width of a human hair."
},
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 118.739,
"text": "Under a microscope,\nthey look like a thick forest,"
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 121.492,
"text": "and at this scale, these branches\nhave a special property."
},
{
"duration": 1.585,
"start": 125.746,
"text": "Typically, when you use a sieve,"
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 127.331,
"text": "you’re filtering out objects\nlarger than the sieve’s holes."
},
{
"duration": 4.379,
"start": 131.252,
"text": "But these polypropylene branches\ncan catch particles much smaller"
},
{
"duration": 1.544,
"start": 135.631,
"text": "than the gaps between them."
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 137.175,
"text": "That’s because, when a particle\ncollides with a thread,"
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 139.886,
"text": "van der Waals forces cause it to stick\nas if it were made of Velcro."
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 144.265,
"text": "Plus, size-based filters can use\nelectrically charged fibers"
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 148.269,
"text": "that attract particles not already\non a collision course."
},
{
"duration": 6.09,
"start": 152.064,
"text": "This is how even a simple N95 mask can\ncatch at least 95% of particulate matter."
},
{
"duration": 1.794,
"start": 158.237,
"text": "And why an N100 mask"
},
{
"duration": 3.211,
"start": 160.031,
"text": "or an air purifier with a high efficiency\nparticulate air filter"
},
{
"duration": 4.38,
"start": 163.242,
"text": "can catch at least 99.97% of particulates."
},
{
"duration": 1.084,
"start": 167.997,
"text": "With a tight seal,"
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 169.081,
"text": "this level of protection will\nfilter out most airborne pollution."
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 173.127,
"text": "Unfortunately, some pollutants are still\ntoo small for this approach,"
},
{
"duration": 1.877,
"start": 176.881,
"text": "including ozone molecules."
},
{
"duration": 3.379,
"start": 178.841,
"text": "These are barely bigger than the oxygen\nthat we need to breathe"
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 182.22,
"text": "and exposure is associated with asthma,\nrespiratory conditions,"
},
{
"duration": 1.876,
"start": 185.64,
"text": "and even premature death."
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 188.059,
"text": "Our best chance to filter them\nare activated carbon masks."
},
{
"duration": 5.088,
"start": 191.771,
"text": "At the microscopic level, activated carbon\nlooks like a vast black honeycomb,"
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 196.901,
"text": "and it's highly microporous structure\ncan trap tiny ozone molecules."
},
{
"duration": 2.919,
"start": 201.489,
"text": "But this material still needs help\nto capture other pollutants"
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 204.408,
"text": "like hydrogen sulfide, chlorine,\nand ammonia."
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 207.745,
"text": "For these threats, we need to combine\nthe activated carbon"
},
{
"duration": 1.627,
"start": 210.748,
"text": "with some simple chemistry."
},
{
"duration": 4.546,
"start": 212.375,
"text": "If the pollutant is acidic, we can infuse\nthe filter with a basic chemical."
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 217.004,
"text": "Then when the two meet, they react,\nand the gas is trapped."
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 220.591,
"text": "Similarly, we can use acids\nto trap basic pollutants."
},
{
"duration": 3.753,
"start": 224.679,
"text": "Even with the right mask, it's still smart\nto check air quality indicators"
},
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 228.432,
"text": "and to stay indoors\nwhen the threat level is high."
},
{
"duration": 3.461,
"start": 231.686,
"text": "And just like a mask, you'll want to make\nsure your house is well sealed."
},
{
"duration": 3.7960000000000003,
"start": 235.147,
"text": "You can do this by closing windows,\nturning off fans that vent outside,"
},
{
"duration": 2.628,
"start": 239.026,
"text": "and using HEPA filter equipped\nair purifiers"
},
{
"duration": 4.338,
"start": 241.654,
"text": "or their cheaper, DIY cousin,\nthe Corsi-Rosenthal box."
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 246.617,
"text": "Following these guidelines can help\nus breathe easy"
},
{
"duration": 3.379,
"start": 249.036,
"text": "as we work on preventing these pollutants\nin the first place."
}
] |
mGugp5qs6Vg
|
The most dangerous elements on the periodic table - Shannon Odell
|
Learn more at https://brilliant.org/TedEd
--
Within the periodic table loom many potential hazardous elements. Some elements are dangerous due to their toxicity. Others are dangerous because of how they respond, react, or even explode in the outside environment. And perhaps the most threatening elements are those that silently emit energy. So, which substances on the periodic table are the most dangerous? Shannon Odell investigates.
Lesson by Shannon Odell, directed by Anton Bogaty.
This video made possible in collaboration with Brilliant
Learn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartners
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
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Support us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon
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Keep Learning
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View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-most-dangerous-elements-on-the-periodic-table-shannon-odell
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-most-dangerous-elements-on-the-periodic-table-shannon-odell/digdeeper
Animator's website: https://antonbogaty.com
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Kack-Kyun Kim, Michael Braun-Boghos, zjweele13, Anna-Pitschna Kunz, Edla Paniguel, Thomas Mungavan, Jaron Blackburn, Venkat Venkatakrishnan, ReuniteKorea, Aaron Henson, Rohan Gupta, Begum Tutuncu, Brian Richards, Jørgen Østerpart, Tyron Jung, Carsten Tobehn, Katie Dean, Ezgi Yersu, Gerald Onyango, alessandra tasso, Doreen Reynolds-Consolati, Manognya Chakrapani, Ayala Ron, Eunsun Kim, Phyllis Dubrow, Ophelia Gibson Best, Paul Schneider, Joichiro Yamada, Henrique Cassús, Karthik Cherala, Clarence E. Harper Jr., Vignan Velivela, Ana Maria, Exal Enrique Cisneros Tuch, Tejas Dc, Khalifa Alhulail, Martin Stephen, Jose Henrique Leopoldo e Silva, Mandeep Singh, Abhijit Kiran Valluri, Morgan Williams, Devin Harris, Pavel Zalevskiy, Karen Goepen-Wee, Filip Dabrowski, Barbara Smalley, Megan Douglas, Tim Leistikow, Ka-Hei Law and Hiroshi Uchiyama.
|
2024-08-06T15:02:13Z
|
[
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 7.128,
"text": "Exploring how to use your voice\nand body on stage"
},
{
"duration": 4.546,
"start": 10.59,
"text": "will help you tackle the most important\npiece of giving a powerful talk:"
},
{
"duration": 1.9609999999999999,
"start": 15.511,
"text": "connecting with your audience."
},
{
"duration": 1.585,
"start": 17.847,
"text": "People aren't computers."
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 19.682,
"text": "They're social creatures\nwith all kinds of unique traits."
},
{
"duration": 6.298,
"start": 23.77,
"text": "Your first job as a speaker is to build a\ntrusting human bond with your audience."
},
{
"duration": 1.502,
"start": 30.276,
"text": "There are many ways to do that."
},
{
"duration": 2.086,
"start": 31.944,
"text": "Here are five suggestions:"
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 34.28,
"text": "1. Make eye contact."
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 36.866,
"text": "Make eye contact with members of your\naudience right from the start of your talk"
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 40.703,
"text": "and continue making\neye contact throughout."
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 44.832,
"text": "Humans learn a lot about one another\nthrough eye contact."
},
{
"duration": 4.338,
"start": 48.252,
"text": "Our brains can detect the tiniest\nmuscle movements in someone else's eyes."
},
{
"duration": 3.6710000000000003,
"start": 52.965,
"text": "We use that information to figure\nout all sorts of things—"
},
{
"duration": 4.338,
"start": 56.761,
"text": "like how that person is feeling\nand whether or not we can trust them."
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 61.766,
"text": "And while we’re doing that, they’re\nfiguring out the same things about us."
},
{
"duration": 4.213,
"start": 65.895,
"text": "Scientists have even shown that when\ntwo people stare at one another,"
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 70.274,
"text": "their brains start to adopt\nthe same emotional state."
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 74.278,
"text": "So when we make eye contact,\nour minds link up."
},
{
"duration": 2.502,
"start": 80.243,
"text": "2. Show vulnerability."
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 82.912,
"text": "One of the best ways to put an audience\nat ease"
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 85.873,
"text": "is to reveal your own vulnerability."
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 88.918,
"text": "It’s like a tough cowboy walking\ninto a saloon"
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 91.629,
"text": "and opening his coat to show\nhe's not carrying any weapons."
},
{
"duration": 1.71,
"start": 95.341,
"text": "Everyone relaxes."
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 97.635,
"text": "Take this example from Ethan Lisi,"
},
{
"duration": 3.795,
"start": 99.971,
"text": "who spoke at a TED-Ed Student Talks\nevent in 2020."
},
{
"duration": 5.047,
"start": 104.725,
"text": "“Another common stereotype\nthat is often associated with autism"
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 109.856,
"text": "is that autistic people lack empathy."
},
{
"duration": 2.002,
"start": 113.359,
"text": "And again, this is not true."
},
{
"duration": 2.086,
"start": 116.028,
"text": "I actually have lots of empathy."
},
{
"duration": 2.169,
"start": 118.489,
"text": "I’m just not really good at showing it."
},
{
"duration": 2.127,
"start": 121.909,
"text": "Whenever a friend is trying to tell me"
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 124.036,
"text": "some of the struggles\nthat they’re going through,"
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 126.747,
"text": "I often don’t know how\nto express my reply."
},
{
"duration": 4.838,
"start": 130.126,
"text": "And that is why I don't show as much\nempathy as my non-autistic friends do."
},
{
"duration": 5.338,
"start": 138.176,
"text": "Emotional expression, however much\nor however little, is difficult for me."
},
{
"duration": 2.794,
"start": 144.557,
"text": "And that is because I am bursting inside"
},
{
"duration": 3.838,
"start": 147.351,
"text": "with every single emotion\none feels at all times."
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 152.106,
"text": "Though, of course,\nI cannot express it that way."
},
{
"duration": 4.213,
"start": 155.401,
"text": "Otherwise, let’s say happiness,\nfor example,"
},
{
"duration": 4.379,
"start": 159.989,
"text": "would come out as a huge burst\nof gleeful wheezing, hand flapping,"
},
{
"duration": 2.378,
"start": 164.368,
"text": "and loud vocal ‘woohoo!’"
},
{
"duration": 1.71,
"start": 168.998,
"text": "Whereas you may just smile.”"
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 172.543,
"text": "Ethan's willingness to open\nup about something vulnerable"
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 175.63,
"text": "helps the audience open up as well;"
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 178.132,
"text": "allowing them to see him, and perhaps\nthe world, from a new perspective."
},
{
"duration": 1.419,
"start": 182.803,
"text": "We feel connected."
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 184.222,
"text": "We're ready and eager to learn more."
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 187.35,
"text": "Sharing something vulnerable\nis a powerful tool"
},
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 190.478,
"text": "a speaker can use to connect\nto an audience."
},
{
"duration": 3.504,
"start": 193.272,
"text": "But, as with anything powerful,\nit should be handled with care."
},
{
"duration": 3.628,
"start": 197.068,
"text": "It is possible to share too much\npersonal information in a talk,"
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 200.78,
"text": "in a way that makes the audience\nfeel uncomfortable."
},
{
"duration": 2.502,
"start": 204.033,
"text": "Make sure any vulnerable moments\nyou include"
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 206.535,
"text": "are there to help support the message\nyou are trying to deliver."
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 210.331,
"text": "If they aren't doing that,\nit's probably best to leave them out."
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 214.335,
"text": "Vulnerability related\nto your message is powerful."
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 217.797,
"text": "Sharing something personal\njust for the sake of it is not."
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 221.926,
"text": "If you're not sure whether or not\na vulnerable moment is appropriate,"
},
{
"duration": 2.877,
"start": 226.264,
"text": "try your talk out on an honest friend."
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 229.85,
"text": "3. Make them laugh, but not squirm."
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 233.187,
"text": "Concentrating on a talk\ncan be hard work for an audience."
},
{
"duration": 3.503,
"start": 236.649,
"text": "Humor is a wonderful way\nto keep everyone with you."
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 240.486,
"text": "Remember Sophie Scott’s\ntalk from Lesson One?"
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 243.614,
"text": "If Sophie is right,\npart of the reason laughter exists"
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 247.451,
"text": "is that it helps humans form bonds."
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 250.204,
"text": "When you laugh with someone,\nyou both feel you're on the same side."
},
{
"duration": 3.254,
"start": 254.166,
"text": "It's a fantastic tool\nfor building a connection."
},
{
"duration": 2.002,
"start": 257.545,
"text": "Some of the very best speakers\nin the world"
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 259.547,
"text": "spend a lot of time building\nthis connection in their talks."
},
{
"duration": 1.71,
"start": 263.05,
"text": "However, take caution."
},
{
"duration": 2.127,
"start": 264.927,
"text": "Spending a lot of time on funny stories,"
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 267.179,
"text": "while still delivering a meaningful\nmessage, is difficult."
},
{
"duration": 2.086,
"start": 270.599,
"text": "It's not recommended for most talks."
},
{
"duration": 3.753,
"start": 272.852,
"text": "But, if you can find just one short story\nthat makes people smile,"
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 276.731,
"text": "it may unlock the rest\nof what you have to say."
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 281.61,
"text": "4. Park your ego."
},
{
"duration": 4.588,
"start": 284.739,
"text": "Would you want to listen to someone who\nseems completely full of themselves?"
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 289.66,
"text": "Nothing hurts a talk more than the sense\nthat the speaker is showing off."
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 294.29,
"text": "If an audience gets that impression\nearly on in a talk, look out."
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 298.377,
"text": "They will likely stop listening."
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 300.921,
"text": "TED Speaker Salman Khan\nput it beautifully,"
},
{
"duration": 1.293,
"start": 304.175,
"text": "“Be yourself."
},
{
"duration": 3.92,
"start": 305.468,
"text": "The worst talks are the ones where someone\nis trying to be someone they aren’t."
},
{
"duration": 2.669,
"start": 309.555,
"text": "If you are generally goofy, then be goofy."
},
{
"duration": 2.628,
"start": 312.391,
"text": "If you are emotional, then be emotional."
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 315.561,
"text": "The one exception to that is if\nyou are arrogant and self-centered,"
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 319.774,
"text": "then you should definitely pretend\nto be someone else.”"
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 322.568,
"text": "Ego can show up in a lot of ways\nthe speaker may not even be aware of,"
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 326.614,
"text": "such as: name dropping,\ntelling stories just to show off,"
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 331.118,
"text": "boasting about your achievements,\nor making the talk all about you."
},
{
"duration": 4.17,
"start": 335.081,
"text": "Remember that the purpose\nof your talk is to gift an idea,"
},
{
"duration": 2.085,
"start": 339.335,
"text": "not tell everyone how great you are."
},
{
"duration": 3.087,
"start": 341.962,
"text": "Still, these things can be hard\nto catch yourself on."
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 345.216,
"text": "Every leader needs someone\nshe can count on for honest feedback."
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 348.636,
"text": "Someone who's not afraid to tell her the\ntruth about how she's coming across,"
},
{
"duration": 1.627,
"start": 352.723,
"text": "even if that's difficult to hear."
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 354.475,
"text": "A good way to know whether or not\nyour talk seems boastful"
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 357.937,
"text": "is to read it for that trusted person."
},
{
"duration": 1.627,
"start": 360.606,
"text": "Give them the chance to say,"
},
{
"duration": 2.335,
"start": 362.233,
"text": "“That was great in parts, but honestly,"
},
{
"duration": 2.336,
"start": 364.568,
"text": "you came across a little full\nof yourself.”"
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 368.948,
"text": "5. Tell a story."
},
{
"duration": 2.628,
"start": 371.7,
"text": "We’re born to love stories. "
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 374.495,
"text": "They create interest, empathy,\nemotion, and a sense of mystery."
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 378.707,
"text": "They can help an audience understand\nwhy a topic matters to you,"
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 382.878,
"text": "and encourage them to care\nabout that topic, too."
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 386.507,
"text": "Powerful stories can be great\nat any stage of a talk."
},
{
"duration": 3.795,
"start": 389.802,
"text": "A great way to open, a great way\nto make your point in the middle,"
},
{
"duration": 3.504,
"start": 393.597,
"text": "and sometimes (though less often)\na great way to end."
},
{
"duration": 2.628,
"start": 397.309,
"text": "The stories that work best\nto connect with the audience"
},
{
"duration": 4.213,
"start": 399.937,
"text": "are the stories about you personally,\nor about the people close to you."
},
{
"duration": 4.88,
"start": 404.358,
"text": "Tales of failure, awkwardness,\nbad luck, danger or disaster,"
},
{
"duration": 3.504,
"start": 409.363,
"text": "when told honestly,\ncan really hook an audience."
},
{
"duration": 2.002,
"start": 412.95,
"text": "They start really listening."
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 415.119,
"text": "They start to share some of your emotions."
},
{
"duration": 1.585,
"start": 417.663,
"text": "They start to care about you."
},
{
"duration": 2.211,
"start": 419.331,
"text": "They start to like you."
},
{
"duration": 1.251,
"start": 421.834,
"text": "But be careful."
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 423.169,
"text": "The stories you tell must be\nauthentic to you."
},
{
"duration": 3.963,
"start": 426.046,
"text": "Again, stories that seem boastful\nwill push an audience away."
},
{
"duration": 3.6710000000000003,
"start": 430.509,
"text": "Ask yourself: is it the real\nme telling this story?"
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 434.346,
"text": "A good test is to imagine whether or not\nyou would tell the story"
},
{
"duration": 1.585,
"start": 437.683,
"text": "to a group of friends."
},
{
"duration": 1.7930000000000001,
"start": 439.435,
"text": "If so, how would you tell it?"
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 441.395,
"text": "Friends are good at knowing when you’re\ntrying to be someone other than you."
},
{
"duration": 2.67,
"start": 445.232,
"text": "And so are audiences."
},
{
"duration": 2.502,
"start": 448.027,
"text": "Be yourself and you won't go wrong."
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 451.155,
"text": "The suggestions and tools in this lesson\nshould all be used"
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 454.909,
"text": "as part of a real desire\nto connect to your audience."
},
{
"duration": 2.752,
"start": 459.038,
"text": "It's that connection that's important."
},
{
"duration": 3.628,
"start": 462.458,
"text": "You’re a human, and your\nlisteners are humans."
},
{
"duration": 4.505,
"start": 466.545,
"text": "Think of them as friends\nand reach out with your gift."
}
] |
WRfZf43dnj8
|
Why did people wear powdered wigs? - Stephanie Honchell Smith
|
Trace the rise and fall of the powdered wig fashion craze, from King Louis XIII to the French Revolution in the 18th century.
--
Wigs date at least as far back as ancient Egypt, where well-regarded hairdressers crafted them into intricate styles. And under certain ancient Roman dynasties, women’s wigs became particularly ornate. Yet it wasn’t until Louis XIII unveiled a magnificent mane in the 17th century that big wigs truly began booming. Stephanie Honchell Smith details the rise and fall of the bewigged fashion craze.
Lesson by Stephanie Honchell Smith, directed by Patrick Smith.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
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----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/why-did-people-wear-powdered-wigs-stephanie-honchell-smith
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Animator's website: http://www.blendfilms.com
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Ovidiu Mrd, paul g mohney, Steven Razey, Nathan Giusti, Helen Lee, Anthony Benedict, Karthik Balsubramanian, Annastasshia Ames, Amy Lopez, Vinh-Thuy Nguyen, Liz Candee, Ugur Doga Sezgin, Karmi Nguyen, John C. Vesey, Yelena Baykova, Nick Johnson, Carlos H. Costa, Jennifer Kurkoski, Ryan B Harvey, Akinola Emmanuel, Jose Arcadio Valdes Franco, Sebastiaan Vleugels, Karl Laius, JY Kang, Abhishek Goel, Heidi Stolt, Nicole Sund, Karlee Finch, Mario Mejia, Denise A Pitts, Doug Henry, Keven Webb, Mihai Sandu, Deepak Iyer, Javid Gozalov, Kyanta Yap, Rebecca Reineke, William Biersdorf, Patricia Alves Panagides, Yvette Mocete, Cyrus Garay, Samuel Barbas, LadyGeek, Marin Kovachev, Penelope Misquitta, Hans Peng, Gaurav Mathur, Erik Biemans, Tony, Michelle, Katie and Josh Pedretti and Hoai Nam Tran.
|
2024-08-01T14:01:33Z
|
[
{
"duration": 5.798,
"start": 6.7940000000000005,
"text": "In 2023, a US grocer recalled over 10,000\ncases of broccoli cheddar soup"
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 12.592,
"text": "over concerns they contained too much\nof an unintended ingredient."
},
{
"duration": 2.336,
"start": 16.387,
"text": "That ingredient? Bugs."
},
{
"duration": 3.044,
"start": 19.307,
"text": "We know insects regularly come\ninto contact with our food—"
},
{
"duration": 4.964,
"start": 22.351,
"text": "but how many are you actually eating?\nAnd is it okay?"
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 27.982,
"text": "Let’s start with an extreme example:"
},
{
"duration": 4.671,
"start": 30.485,
"text": "figs and their conspicuously\nclose bond with certain bugs."
},
{
"duration": 3.795,
"start": 35.323,
"text": "Around 80 million years ago,\nwasps started pollinating figs."
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 39.243,
"text": "And today, each of the approximately\n750 fig tree species"
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 43.664,
"text": "depends on at least one unique species\nof tiny wasps."
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 47.543,
"text": "Pollinator-plant relationships\ncan get hyper-specific."
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 51.214,
"text": "And figs guard their flowers\nespecially tight for fig wasps."
},
{
"duration": 2.002,
"start": 55.51,
"text": "Technically, a fig isn't a fruit,"
},
{
"duration": 2.752,
"start": 57.512,
"text": "but a fleshy bundle derived\nfrom stem tissues"
},
{
"duration": 4.38,
"start": 60.264,
"text": "that holds hundreds of internal flowers—\nlike a hidden garden."
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 65.186,
"text": "Humans typically harvest one species:\nthe common fig."
},
{
"duration": 2.377,
"start": 69.19,
"text": "Its breeding system, called gynodioecy,"
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 71.609,
"text": "is seen in less than 1%\nof flowering plants."
},
{
"duration": 4.587,
"start": 75.113,
"text": "It works with some common fig trees\nhaving seed-producing female parts,"
},
{
"duration": 2.002,
"start": 79.7,
"text": "while others, called caprifigs,"
},
{
"duration": 4.922,
"start": 81.702,
"text": "have both female seed-producing\nand male pollen-producing parts."
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 86.916,
"text": "Wasps get involved when a female fig wasp\nfull of eggs"
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 90.211,
"text": "follows odor cues to a common fig tree"
},
{
"duration": 4.755,
"start": 92.755,
"text": "and thrusts herself into the minuscule\nhole at a developing fig’s base."
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 97.635,
"text": "From there, depending on whether\nit's a caprifig or a female fig,"
},
{
"duration": 2.044,
"start": 101.305,
"text": "things go one of two ways,"
},
{
"duration": 4.338,
"start": 103.349,
"text": "the outcome being either\nmore wasps or more figs."
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 108.187,
"text": "If it’s a caprifig, the wasp deposits\nher eggs into the flowers’ ovaries,"
},
{
"duration": 1.126,
"start": 112.567,
"text": "then dies."
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 113.901,
"text": "Instead of developing seeds,\nthose flower ovaries turn into galls"
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 118.322,
"text": "that nurture the wasp’s\ndeveloping offspring."
},
{
"duration": 4.088,
"start": 121.617,
"text": "Wingless and blind, the males hatch first,\nopen the remaining galls,"
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 125.705,
"text": "and fertilize the developing females—"
},
{
"duration": 5.422,
"start": 128.291,
"text": "yes, oftentimes their sisters,\nunless another wasp laid eggs here."
},
{
"duration": 4.213,
"start": 134.38,
"text": "Next, the males dig exit pathways\nthey never use themselves"
},
{
"duration": 2.503,
"start": 138.634,
"text": "because they die before leaving the fig."
},
{
"duration": 2.9619999999999997,
"start": 141.47,
"text": "Finally, the already-fertilized\nfemales hatch,"
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 144.599,
"text": "exit through the male-made holes,\ngetting coated with pollen on the way,"
},
{
"duration": 2.169,
"start": 148.477,
"text": "and fly off to other figs."
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 151.105,
"text": "If a wasp winds up\nin a female fig, however,"
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 153.983,
"text": "she can’t lay her eggs because\nthe flowers are structured differently."
},
{
"duration": 2.085,
"start": 157.904,
"text": "So, she dies without offspring—"
},
{
"duration": 4.671,
"start": 160.114,
"text": "but she did pollinate the fig’s flowers,\nso the tree can reproduce."
},
{
"duration": 3.212,
"start": 164.994,
"text": "Female wasps don’t know which kind\nof fig they’re entering—"
},
{
"duration": 4.504,
"start": 168.206,
"text": "and whether it’ll give her offspring\nor use her to make its own—"
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 172.835,
"text": "because fig trees smell the same,\nregardless of sex."
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 176.672,
"text": "This ensures that a good portion\nof common figs can also reproduce"
},
{
"duration": 2.253,
"start": 180.801,
"text": "and not just further wasp-kind."
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 183.596,
"text": "That was how things went—\nuntil humans intervened."
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 187.85,
"text": "Archaeological records suggest that people\nin the Jordan Valley"
},
{
"duration": 3.5460000000000003,
"start": 191.103,
"text": "grew figs some 11,400 years ago,"
},
{
"duration": 3.169,
"start": 194.649,
"text": "possibly making them\nthe first domesticated crop."
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 198.069,
"text": "When a genetic mutation emerged\nthat allowed the tree’s fruit to ripen"
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 201.489,
"text": "without being pollinated,\npeople began propagating it with cuttings."
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 205.91,
"text": "And suddenly the common\nfig wasn’t beholden to wasps;"
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 209.664,
"text": "it had a new partner to multiply with."
},
{
"duration": 1.9609999999999999,
"start": 212.416,
"text": "The crop spread far and wide,"
},
{
"duration": 4.88,
"start": 214.377,
"text": "and today we harvest more than 1.3 million\ntons of figs annually."
},
{
"duration": 1.96,
"start": 219.966,
"text": "So how many wasps are we eating?"
},
{
"duration": 1.752,
"start": 222.134,
"text": "Well, store-bought fresh figs"
},
{
"duration": 4.588,
"start": 223.886,
"text": "are typically of the common fig varieties\nthat ripen without pollinators,"
},
{
"duration": 1.377,
"start": 228.557,
"text": "so they’re wasp-free."
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 230.268,
"text": "Many that are sold dried, however,\nstill require pollination."
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 234.605,
"text": "But, of these, we usually don’t eat\ncaprifig fruits,"
},
{
"duration": 2.669,
"start": 238.651,
"text": "where the mother wasp\nand her male offspring die."
},
{
"duration": 3.087,
"start": 241.445,
"text": "Instead, we eat dried figs\nfrom female trees,"
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 244.532,
"text": "which may contain a female wasp\nthat attempted—and failed—"
},
{
"duration": 1.293,
"start": 248.369,
"text": "to lay her eggs in it."
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 250.204,
"text": "However, it’s also possible\nthat the moisture and enzymes"
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 253.207,
"text": "figs naturally release\nbreak her body down."
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 256.46,
"text": "Big picture, though, bugs are often\nharvested with our produce"
},
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 260.047,
"text": "or attracted to food\nprocessing facilities."
},
{
"duration": 2.335,
"start": 262.842,
"text": "Eating them is kind of inevitable."
},
{
"duration": 3.504,
"start": 265.344,
"text": "The US Food and Drug Administration\nactually permits certain amounts"
},
{
"duration": 2.627,
"start": 268.848,
"text": "of bug bits in different food products."
},
{
"duration": 5.047,
"start": 271.475,
"text": "For example, no more than 30 insect\nfragments per 100 grams of peanut butter,"
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 276.772,
"text": "or over 2,500 aphids in 10 grams of hops."
},
{
"duration": 4.754,
"start": 281.152,
"text": "Some estimates hold that Americans eat\naround a kilogram of insects annually—"
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 285.948,
"text": "without incident,\nand maybe even a little added nutrition."
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 290.077,
"text": "After all, insects feature in over\n2 billion people's traditional diets"
},
{
"duration": 1.71,
"start": 294.498,
"text": "and are relatively sustainable."
},
{
"duration": 2.127,
"start": 296.292,
"text": "So, maybe chew on that."
}
] |
00Ar2_irvJk
|
Why is Alzheimer’s disease so difficult to treat? - Krishna Sudhir
|
Dig into how Alzheimer’s disease affects your brain and cognitive abilities, and what makes the disorder so hard to treat.
--
Around the world, millions of people have Alzheimer’s disease, a debilitating brain disorder that gradually destroys a person’s memory and other cognitive abilities. While doctors have studied Alzheimer’s for decades, conducting hundreds of clinical trials, there is still no effective preventive treatment or cure. So, why is Alzheimer’s disease so difficult to treat? Krishna Sudhir investigates.
Lesson by Krishna Sudhir, directed by Rowena Sheehan.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
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View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/can-you-prevent-alzheimer-s-disease-krishna-sudhir
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/can-you-prevent-alzheimer-s-disease-krishna-sudhir/digdeeper
Animator's website: https://www.rowenasheehan.com
Music: https://soundcloud.com/aim-music
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Chin Beng Tan, Tom Boman, Karen Warner, Iryna Panasiuk, Aaron Torres, Eric Braun, Sonja Worzewski, Michael Clement, Adam Berry, Ghaith Tarawneh, Nathan Milford, Tomas Beckett, Alice Ice, Eric Berman, Kurt Paolo Sevillano, Jennifer Heald, Megulo Abebe, isolwi, Kate Sem, Ujjwal Dasu, Angel Alberici, Minh Quan Dinh, Sylvain, Terran Gimpel, Talia Sari, Katie McDowell, Allen, Mahina Knuckles, Charmaine Hanson, Thawsitt, Jezabel, Abdullah Abdulaziz, Xiao Yu, Melissa Suarez, Brian A. Dunn, Francisco Amaya, Daisuke Goto, Matt Switzler, Peng, Tzu-Hsiang, Bethany Connor, Jeremy Shimanek, Mark Byers, Avinash Amarnath, Xuebicoco, Rayo, Po Foon Kwong, Boffin, Jesse Jurman, Scott Markley and Elija Peterson.
|
2024-07-30T15:02:13Z
|
[
{
"duration": 1.9180000000000001,
"start": 7.295,
"text": "In the mid-1800s,"
},
{
"duration": 4.88,
"start": 9.213,
"text": "soon after American whaling ships\nbegan operating in the North Pacific,"
},
{
"duration": 2.086,
"start": 14.093,
"text": "an interesting trend emerged."
},
{
"duration": 6.548,
"start": 16.304,
"text": "Whalers saw a 58% drop in their successful\nstrikes within just a few years."
},
{
"duration": 4.713,
"start": 22.977,
"text": "Sperm whales in the region had\nsuddenly become much harder to kill."
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 27.94,
"text": "Generally, when predators\nlike orcas are nearby,"
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 31.11,
"text": "sperm whales protect their most vulnerable"
},
{
"duration": 3.087,
"start": 33.529,
"text": "by forming defensive circles\nat the surface."
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 37.116,
"text": "But this behavior made them\nsusceptible to whaling ships."
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 40.87,
"text": "It seems that sperm whales\nin the North Pacific"
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 43.748,
"text": "were somehow able to quickly\nadapt to this reality."
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 47.752,
"text": "Groups that likely hadn’t yet experienced\nhuman attacks"
},
{
"duration": 3.503,
"start": 51.464,
"text": "began escaping whaling boats\non fast currents"
},
{
"duration": 2.211,
"start": 54.967,
"text": "instead of forming defensive circles."
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 57.261,
"text": "And, based on what we’re starting\nto understand about sperm whales,"
},
{
"duration": 4.672,
"start": 60.848,
"text": "it seems possible they were actually\nbroadcasting survival strategies"
},
{
"duration": 1.126,
"start": 65.52,
"text": "to one another."
},
{
"duration": 2.503,
"start": 67.855,
"text": "Indeed, unbeknownst to whalers,"
},
{
"duration": 2.794,
"start": 70.358,
"text": "spermaceti, the material they killed for,"
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 73.152,
"text": "is an essential part of the sperm whale’s\nsophisticated communication"
},
{
"duration": 1.71,
"start": 77.448,
"text": "and echolocation system."
},
{
"duration": 3.92,
"start": 79.367,
"text": "This waxy substance fills a cavity\nin the sperm whale’s head."
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 83.371,
"text": "And their head is mostly comprised\nof an expanded nose"
},
{
"duration": 3.795,
"start": 87.25,
"text": "that serves as a highly calibrated\nsonar system."
},
{
"duration": 4.713,
"start": 91.295,
"text": "Sperm whales generate some of the loudest\nbiological noises on record,"
},
{
"duration": 4.671,
"start": 96.134,
"text": "communicate copiously using\nan array of complex vocalization styles,"
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 100.805,
"text": "and have the largest brains on Earth."
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 104.1,
"text": "They spend most of their time searching\nthe ocean's depths for prey."
},
{
"duration": 5.964,
"start": 108.354,
"text": "They can stay submerged for over an hour,\nand dive deeper than 1,200 meters,"
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 114.318,
"text": "far beyond sunlight’s reach,\nwhere they’re guided by sound."
},
{
"duration": 5.088,
"start": 119.574,
"text": "The loudest noise recorded underwater\nis around 270 decibels."
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 124.954,
"text": "Sperm whale-generated sounds\ncan reach 230."
},
{
"duration": 4.713,
"start": 129.083,
"text": "And they frequently fix\ntheir high-intensity echolocation clicks"
},
{
"duration": 1.168,
"start": 133.796,
"text": "on squid."
},
{
"duration": 4.337,
"start": 136.007,
"text": "Some of the air they inhale through their\nblowhole is routed into their lungs,"
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 140.344,
"text": "while the rest enters a complex,\nsound-producing system."
},
{
"duration": 5.089,
"start": 144.765,
"text": "There, air is funneled through lip-like\nappendages at the front of their heads."
},
{
"duration": 4.838,
"start": 149.937,
"text": "This generates a sound that travels\nbackwards through their spermaceti organ,"
},
{
"duration": 4.671,
"start": 154.859,
"text": "bounces off an air sac,\nthen traverses another waxy organ,"
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 159.53,
"text": "which amplifies and directs the sound."
},
{
"duration": 5.13,
"start": 162.2,
"text": "The click exits the sperm whale’s head\na powerful, focused beam."
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 167.58,
"text": "It’s suspected that\nthe returning vibrations"
},
{
"duration": 4.63,
"start": 170.541,
"text": "are received by the whale’s lower jaw\nand directed into the ears."
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 175.254,
"text": "Then, their brain’s expanded\nauditory processing region"
},
{
"duration": 4.797,
"start": 178.966,
"text": "analyzes the quality of the echoes\nto map their surroundings in the darkness."
},
{
"duration": 5.339,
"start": 184.013,
"text": "With this mechanism, sperm whales\ncan locate squid 300 meters away."
},
{
"duration": 4.38,
"start": 189.518,
"text": "Scientists think squid don’t hear\nthese high-frequency clicks—"
},
{
"duration": 5.005,
"start": 193.898,
"text": "even as they turn into rapid buzzes\nand creaks as the whale closes in."
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 199.153,
"text": "Sperm whales can eat more than a ton\nof squid every day."
},
{
"duration": 5.047,
"start": 203.199,
"text": "Their stomachs and feces are usually\nfull of indigestible squid beaks,"
},
{
"duration": 3.461,
"start": 208.246,
"text": "and their skin often scarred\nby squid tentacles."
},
{
"duration": 1.7930000000000001,
"start": 211.958,
"text": "When they're not hunting, however,"
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 213.751,
"text": "sperm whales use an entirely\ndifferent vocal repertoire."
},
{
"duration": 2.795,
"start": 217.129,
"text": "Mature males make clang noises,"
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 219.924,
"text": "which scientists suspect play a role\nin mating."
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 222.969,
"text": "And most other sperm whales live\nin social family groups."
},
{
"duration": 3.628,
"start": 226.973,
"text": "Though their communication might get\ninterrupted when predators are near"
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 230.601,
"text": "or human-generated noises dominate,"
},
{
"duration": 3.503,
"start": 233.062,
"text": "they generally chatter at length\nat the water’s surface."
},
{
"duration": 5.047,
"start": 236.857,
"text": "Sperm whales do this using patterned click\nsequences akin to Morse code,"
},
{
"duration": 1.5430000000000001,
"start": 241.904,
"text": "called codas,"
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 243.447,
"text": "which are thought to function\nas social identity markers."
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 247.493,
"text": "Researchers have identified dozens\nof distinct types of codas,"
},
{
"duration": 4.964,
"start": 251.455,
"text": "according to patterns in the numbers\nof clicks used and their rhythm and tempo."
},
{
"duration": 2.002,
"start": 263.092,
"text": "Some codas are more ubiquitous,"
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 265.094,
"text": "while others vary greatly according\nto family groups and individuals."
},
{
"duration": 1.96,
"start": 269.515,
"text": "All families in a given region"
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 271.475,
"text": "that consistently use some of the same\ncharacteristic coda patterns"
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 275.771,
"text": "share a dialect\nand belong to the same vocal clan."
},
{
"duration": 4.963,
"start": 279.817,
"text": "Each sperm whale calf goes\nthrough a multi-year period of babbling,"
},
{
"duration": 2.378,
"start": 284.78,
"text": "where they experiment\nwith different sounds"
},
{
"duration": 3.503,
"start": 287.158,
"text": "before becoming fluent\nin their clan’s coda dialect."
},
{
"duration": 3.461,
"start": 291.162,
"text": "How and what exactly sperm whales\ncommunicate to each other"
},
{
"duration": 1.502,
"start": 294.623,
"text": "is currently unknown,"
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 296.125,
"text": "but there are indications that the\ninformation can be sophisticated."
},
{
"duration": 4.213,
"start": 300.129,
"text": "Biologists, roboticists, linguists,\ncryptographers,"
},
{
"duration": 2.168,
"start": 304.342,
"text": "and artificial intelligence experts"
},
{
"duration": 4.38,
"start": 306.51,
"text": "are collaborating to monitor and analyze\nsperm whale vocalizations."
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 311.599,
"text": "The aim is to finally decipher\nwhat they're saying."
}
] |
YYpy0cM-GSE
|
What the oil industry doesn’t want you to know - Stephanie Honchell Smith
|
Uncover the oil industry’s decades-long campaign to discredit climate change science regarding the danger of fossil fuels.
--
Throughout the 1980s, oil industry reps discussed the dangers of burning fossil fuels, acknowledging the risk their product posed to the future of humanity. However, instead of warning the public or pivoting towards renewable energy sources, they doubled down on oil — and launched a decades-long campaign to discredit climate change science. Stephanie Honchell Smith digs into Big Oil's tactics.
Lesson by Stephanie Honchell Smith, directed by Sofia Pashaei.
This video made possible in collaboration with Speed & Scale
Learn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartner
Data and graph shown at 5:43 by Statista: https://www.statista.com/chart/11673/the-soaring-costs-of-climate-change
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
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Music: https://www.campstudio.co
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Jaspar Carmichael-Jack, Michael Burton, VIVIANA A GARCIA BESNE, The Vernon's, Olha Bahatiuk, Jesús Bíquez Talayero, Chels Raknrl, Sai Pranavi Jonnalagadda, Stuart Rice, Jing Chen, Vector-Dopamine math, Jasper Song, Giorgio Bugnatelli, Chardon, Eddy Trochez, OnlineBookClub.org, Eric Shear, Leith Salem, Omar Hicham, Adrian Rotaru, Brad Sullivan, Karen Ho, Niklas Frimberger, Hunter Manhart, Nathan Nguyen, Igor Stavchanskiy, James R DeVries, Grace Huo, Diana Huang, Chau Hong Diem, Orlellys Torre, Corheu, Thomas Mee, Maryann H McCrory, Blas Borde, John Hellmann, Poompak Meephian, Chuck Wofford, Adam Pagan, Wes Winn, Conder Shou, ntiger, Noname, Hansan Hu, David D, Mac Hyney, Keith Ellison, robin valero walters, Lynne Truesdale and Gatsby Dkdc.
|
2024-07-25T15:00:40Z
|
[
{
"duration": 4.63,
"start": 7.795,
"text": "In the 2022 World Cup,\nwhile Argentina took home the title,"
},
{
"duration": 3.503,
"start": 12.467,
"text": "there was another clear winner:\nthe gambling industry."
},
{
"duration": 5.464,
"start": 16.596,
"text": "Spectators around the globe\nwagered an estimated $35 billion,"
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 22.143,
"text": "making it one of the most bet-on\nevents in sports history."
},
{
"duration": 5.756,
"start": 26.689,
"text": "Over the past decade, sports gambling\nhas become more popular than ever."
},
{
"duration": 5.214,
"start": 32.695,
"text": "Mobile apps make it easier\nto place bets anywhere or anytime,"
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 38.034,
"text": "especially for young people\nin their early 20s,"
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 41.412,
"text": "who make up the fastest-growing\ngambling demographic."
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 45.541,
"text": "The industry's success,\nhowever, is no coincidence."
},
{
"duration": 5.714,
"start": 49.045,
"text": "In fact, sports betting apps work just\nlike the games you'd find in a casino."
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 54.926,
"text": "They’re strategically designed in ways\nthat are known"
},
{
"duration": 2.169,
"start": 58.054,
"text": "to keep you playing and paying—"
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 60.306,
"text": "ensuring that, in the end,\nthe house always wins."
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 64.477,
"text": "So, what exactly are the tricks\nthese apps use?"
},
{
"duration": 7.007,
"start": 68.648,
"text": "It’s estimated that Americans lost\n$60 billion gambling online and in casinos"
},
{
"duration": 2.169,
"start": 75.696,
"text": "in 2022 alone."
},
{
"duration": 2.794,
"start": 77.949,
"text": "While losing might seem like a deterrent,"
},
{
"duration": 5.881,
"start": 80.993,
"text": "infrequent wins are actually a key reason\ngambling can feel so enticing."
},
{
"duration": 3.087,
"start": 86.999,
"text": "One of the best ways to motivate\nany behavior—"
},
{
"duration": 4.755,
"start": 90.086,
"text": "whether posting on social media,\nswiping on a dating app, or placing a bet—"
},
{
"duration": 5.463,
"start": 94.966,
"text": "is to grant a reward at random\nand unpredictable intervals."
},
{
"duration": 5.506,
"start": 100.721,
"text": "The reason for this likely lies\nin uncertainty’s effect on the brain."
},
{
"duration": 4.255,
"start": 106.602,
"text": "Dopamine is a neurotransmitter\nthat mediates feelings of pleasure"
},
{
"duration": 5.172,
"start": 110.982,
"text": "and is released when we do things we enjoy\nand when we receive rewards."
},
{
"duration": 4.379,
"start": 116.654,
"text": "Its release is what motivates us\nto seek out the sensation again."
},
{
"duration": 4.212,
"start": 121.284,
"text": "In certain brain areas,\nthis dopamine release is highest,"
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 125.496,
"text": "not when the rewards are the biggest,"
},
{
"duration": 4.505,
"start": 127.79,
"text": "but rather when you're unsure\nwhether you'll even receive them."
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 132.628,
"text": "This draw to unpredictability\ncan be a good thing."
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 136.299,
"text": "Evolutionarily, it may have been\nbeneficial for our ancestors"
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 140.261,
"text": "to seek out situations\nwith uncertain rewards,"
},
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 143.639,
"text": "like investigating new locations for food."
},
{
"duration": 4.755,
"start": 146.517,
"text": "But when it comes to something like\na casino game or a sports betting app,"
},
{
"duration": 4.38,
"start": 151.772,
"text": "this behavior can create\na vicious and expensive cycle."
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 156.861,
"text": "Another feature these games\nmanipulate is timing."
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 160.406,
"text": "Slot machines, for example,\nare notoriously mesmerizing,"
},
{
"duration": 4.963,
"start": 164.744,
"text": "thanks in part to how quickly you move\nfrom placing a bet to seeing the result"
},
{
"duration": 1.627,
"start": 169.707,
"text": "to placing your next one."
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 171.542,
"text": "This frequency, paired with uncertainty,"
},
{
"duration": 4.588,
"start": 174.378,
"text": "is thought to induce what\nresearchers call dark flow."
},
{
"duration": 4.505,
"start": 179.383,
"text": "You may feel as if you are in the zone,\ncompletely absorbed in the game."
},
{
"duration": 5.547,
"start": 184.055,
"text": "Yet a key characteristic of any flow state\nis that it often feels more difficult"
},
{
"duration": 2.21,
"start": 189.602,
"text": "to stop than to keep going."
},
{
"duration": 5.589,
"start": 192.438,
"text": "To capitalize on this, sports betting apps\nhave introduced in-play bets,"
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 198.027,
"text": "which are wagers that users can place\nduring the game"
},
{
"duration": 2.377,
"start": 201.239,
"text": "on moment-to-moment events."
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 204.283,
"text": "Finally, near-misses can feel\nparticularly thrilling."
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 208.746,
"text": "This is when, for example,\na slot machine reveals"
},
{
"duration": 3.044,
"start": 212.083,
"text": "a cherry... a cherry... and then a seven."
},
{
"duration": 5.923,
"start": 215.711,
"text": "Brain imaging studies show that the\nanticipation built up in that last reveal"
},
{
"duration": 3.92,
"start": 221.676,
"text": "activates the same brain regions\nas winning does."
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 225.93,
"text": "So even though near-misses\nare ultimately losses,"
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 230.226,
"text": "they actually increase our desire\nto continue playing."
},
{
"duration": 3.379,
"start": 234.605,
"text": "That’s why some slot machines\nare actually designed"
},
{
"duration": 3.086,
"start": 237.984,
"text": "to hit near-misses more\noften than they should."
},
{
"duration": 3.7960000000000003,
"start": 241.487,
"text": "Sports can naturally lead\nto near-miss situations,"
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 245.408,
"text": "yet gambling apps have found ways\nto exploit them further."
},
{
"duration": 1.5430000000000001,
"start": 250.204,
"text": "Parlays, for example,"
},
{
"duration": 5.297,
"start": 251.789,
"text": "are when bets on multiple events\nor outcomes are tied into the same wager."
},
{
"duration": 4.713,
"start": 257.295,
"text": "If any single bet loses,\nthen the entire wager is lost,"
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 262.216,
"text": "easily creating a near-miss situation."
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 266.053,
"text": "While these tactics work\non brains of all ages,"
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 269.598,
"text": "young people may be especially at risk."
},
{
"duration": 1.334,
"start": 273.269,
"text": "During adolescence, "
},
{
"duration": 4.922,
"start": 274.603,
"text": "dopamine-related reward regions\nof the brain mature rapidly,"
},
{
"duration": 4.213,
"start": 279.65,
"text": "making teens more vulnerable\nto developing gambling problems."
},
{
"duration": 4.796,
"start": 284.155,
"text": "And while 18 is the legal age limit\nfor gambling in most countries,"
},
{
"duration": 5.13,
"start": 289.035,
"text": "these same psychological tactics\nare now increasingly found in games"
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 294.165,
"text": "marketed directly to teens and children."
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 297.376,
"text": "For example, many games\ncontain loot boxes,"
},
{
"duration": 4.713,
"start": 300.838,
"text": "where players can spend real money\nto gain unpredictable prizes."
},
{
"duration": 5.047,
"start": 305.926,
"text": "The global gambling industry racks\nin hundreds of billions of dollars"
},
{
"duration": 1.001,
"start": 310.973,
"text": "every year."
},
{
"duration": 5.297,
"start": 311.974,
"text": "Yet it’s estimated that anywhere\nfrom 15 to 50% of that revenue"
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 317.271,
"text": "comes from people with gambling problems."
},
{
"duration": 3.7960000000000003,
"start": 320.941,
"text": "We can’t change that our brains\nare drawn to gambling tactics."
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 325.029,
"text": "The industry clearly\nknows this and is cashing in."
}
] |
li1kO3hg4iE
|
Why does hitting your funny bone feel so horrible? - Cella Wright
|
Explore the complex anatomy of the elbow, and find out why hitting your funny bone causes such an odd and painful sensation.
--
It's something we've all experienced: the back of your elbow smacks against a hard surface and the impact sends a sensation so distinctly disquieting shooting down your arm that it takes several moments to regain composure. So, why does hitting this spot on your elbow— commonly known as the funny bone— feel so weird? Cella Wright explains one of the most complicated joints in the body.
Lesson by Cella Wright, directed by Anton Bogaty.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
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View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/why-does-hitting-your-funny-bone-feel-so-horrible-cella-wright
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/why-does-hitting-your-funny-bone-feel-so-horrible-cella-wright/digdeeper
Animator's website: https://antonbogaty.com
Music: https://www.campstudio.co
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Matthew Neal, Denis Chon, Julian Oberhofer, Monte Carroll, Eddy, Jay M, Constantino Victor Delgado, Andrea Galvagni, Andrew Tweddle, Laurel-Ann Rice, Fernando A. Endo, Helen Lee, pam morgan, sarim haq, Gerardo Castro, Michel-Ange Hortegat, Enes Kirimi, Amaury BISIAUX, ND, Samyogita Hardikar, Vanessa Graulich, Vandana Gunwani, Abdulmohsin Almadi, AJ Lyon, Geoffrey Bultitude, Mi Mi, Thomas Rothert, Brian Elieson, Oge O, Weronika Falkowska, Nevin Spoljaric, Sid Chanpuriya, Anoop Varghese, David Yastremski, Noah Webb, Roberto Chena, Oliver Koo, Luke Pisano, Andrea Gordon, Aleksandar Donev, Nicole Klau Ibarra, Jesse Lira, Ezekiel Raui, Petr Vacek, Dennis, Olivia Fu, Kari Teffeau, Cindy Lai, Rajath Durgada Manjunath and Dan Nguyen.
|
2024-07-23T15:00:49Z
|
[
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 6.961,
"text": "All these ancient skulls have\nperfectly straight teeth,"
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 10.965,
"text": "despite almost certainly\nnever sporting braces."
},
{
"duration": 2.252,
"start": 14.01,
"text": "And this isn't some strange sample."
},
{
"duration": 1.752,
"start": 16.262,
"text": "According to the fossil record,"
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 18.014,
"text": "ancient humans usually had straight teeth,"
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 21.059,
"text": "complete with third molars—\nor wisdom teeth."
},
{
"duration": 4.213,
"start": 24.353,
"text": "In fact, the dental dilemmas\nthat fuel the demand for braces"
},
{
"duration": 5.172,
"start": 28.566,
"text": "and wisdom teeth extractions today\nappear to be recent developments."
},
{
"duration": 1.5430000000000001,
"start": 34.03,
"text": "So what happened?"
},
{
"duration": 2.795,
"start": 35.656,
"text": "While it’s nearly impossible\nto know for sure,"
},
{
"duration": 2.169,
"start": 38.451,
"text": "scientists have a hypothesis."
},
{
"duration": 1.7930000000000001,
"start": 41.204,
"text": "A couple million years ago,"
},
{
"duration": 4.63,
"start": 42.997,
"text": "the ancestors of modern humans lived\na subsistence lifestyle."
},
{
"duration": 4.922,
"start": 47.71,
"text": "Their teeth and jaws had to work hard\nto make the food they ate digestible."
},
{
"duration": 5.506,
"start": 52.715,
"text": "Indeed, the surfaces of many of their \nteeth show extensive wear and flattening."
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 58.221,
"text": "They also had larger jaws\nand teeth overall."
},
{
"duration": 5.63,
"start": 61.641,
"text": "At some point, they began using tools\nand fire to cook and prepare food,"
},
{
"duration": 1.502,
"start": 67.271,
"text": "which helped break it down."
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 69.44,
"text": "A lot more time passed and,\naround 12,000 years ago,"
},
{
"duration": 4.922,
"start": 73.569,
"text": "some humans started farming\nand domesticating animals and plants."
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 78.783,
"text": "Over the course of several thousand years,"
},
{
"duration": 4.087,
"start": 81.494,
"text": "it became more common for people\nto process and refine their food."
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 85.873,
"text": "Milling technologies helped remove\nthe tougher parts of grains,"
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 89.919,
"text": "like the germ and bran\nfrom rice and wheat."
},
{
"duration": 2.336,
"start": 93.714,
"text": "Fast forward to the industrial Revolution,"
},
{
"duration": 5.089,
"start": 96.05,
"text": "and technological innovations dramatically\naccelerated these processes."
},
{
"duration": 1.8359999999999999,
"start": 101.305,
"text": "In a relatively short time,"
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 103.141,
"text": "many human mouths were relieved\nof a great deal"
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 106.269,
"text": "of their grinding, crushing, \nand pulverizing duties."
},
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 109.897,
"text": "And interestingly, it was around this time"
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 112.65,
"text": "that tooth crookedness\nappears to have become more common."
},
{
"duration": 3.9210000000000003,
"start": 117.446,
"text": "Examining fossils\nspanning millions of years of evolution,"
},
{
"duration": 4.963,
"start": 121.367,
"text": "researchers have observed\na gradual decrease in tooth and jaw size"
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 126.33,
"text": "in humans and our ancestors."
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 129.083,
"text": "Many think that, \nfor most of human history,"
},
{
"duration": 4.797,
"start": 131.919,
"text": "dietary shifts— like the introduction\nof meat and the advent of cooking—"
},
{
"duration": 1.209,
"start": 136.716,
"text": "were gradual,"
},
{
"duration": 5.047,
"start": 137.925,
"text": "and that changes in tooth and jaw size\nbasically kept pace with one another."
},
{
"duration": 5.464,
"start": 142.972,
"text": "But with the more recent revolutions\nin agricultural and culinary habits,"
},
{
"duration": 1.9180000000000001,
"start": 148.436,
"text": "that relationship changed."
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 150.479,
"text": "As the theory goes, \nover a relatively short period,"
},
{
"duration": 4.588,
"start": 154.066,
"text": "some human populations saw\na decrease in jawbone size,"
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 158.696,
"text": "while teeth stayed roughly the same size,"
},
{
"duration": 2.795,
"start": 161.949,
"text": "meaning they're left vying\nfor limited space."
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 164.869,
"text": "When they do grow in,\nthey may displace others"
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 167.83,
"text": "and get jostled into some\neccentric positions."
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 171.167,
"text": "And then wisdom teeth, which are usually\nthe last to make their debut,"
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 175.129,
"text": "seem to only complicate things further."
},
{
"duration": 3.92,
"start": 178.049,
"text": "In many cases, they have little\nor no space to emerge."
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 182.011,
"text": "This can lead to impacted wisdom teeth,"
},
{
"duration": 4.462,
"start": 185.223,
"text": "which may cause discomfort and infections\nif not surgically removed."
},
{
"duration": 5.214,
"start": 190.102,
"text": "So larger jaws appear to be associated\nwith greater chewing demands."
},
{
"duration": 4.88,
"start": 195.316,
"text": "And many scientists think that as people's\ndiets have become less chewy,"
},
{
"duration": 5.63,
"start": 200.196,
"text": "their jaws have gotten smaller—\nand that this has led to dental crowding,"
},
{
"duration": 3.963,
"start": 205.826,
"text": "resulting in dental crookedness\nand impacted wisdom teeth."
},
{
"duration": 4.504,
"start": 210.081,
"text": "This hypothesis has been supported\nby some preliminary experimental data."
},
{
"duration": 5.005,
"start": 214.71,
"text": "In a 1983 study, researchers\nraised 43 squirrel monkeys"
},
{
"duration": 4.838,
"start": 219.715,
"text": "on diets of either naturally tough\nor artificially soft food."
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 225.179,
"text": "Those fed softer food had \nmore crowded premolars,"
},
{
"duration": 4.797,
"start": 229.141,
"text": "rotated or displaced teeth, \nand narrower dental arches."
},
{
"duration": 6.673,
"start": 234.272,
"text": "And a 2004 study similarly observed\nthat hyraxes raised on cooked foods"
},
{
"duration": 6.214,
"start": 240.945,
"text": "experienced roughly 10% less growth\nin facial areas involved in chewing"
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 247.159,
"text": "compared to those given raw \nand dried foods."
},
{
"duration": 4.338,
"start": 250.871,
"text": "In other words, the issue at large\nseems to be environmental—"
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 255.209,
"text": "or one of lifestyle—\ninstead of a genetic one,"
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 258.337,
"text": "though heritable factors may be at play\nin some instances."
},
{
"duration": 4.671,
"start": 263.009,
"text": "It’s estimated that somewhere \nbetween 30 to 60% of people today"
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 267.68,
"text": "experience some level of tooth crowding."
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 270.725,
"text": "But this trend varies \nacross global populations."
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 274.228,
"text": "Some people naturally \nnever have wisdom teeth."
},
{
"duration": 3.6710000000000003,
"start": 277.189,
"text": "And some don’t experience \ntooth crowding or crookedness"
},
{
"duration": 2.752,
"start": 280.86,
"text": "and still get their wisdom teeth\nwithout a hitch."
},
{
"duration": 4.505,
"start": 283.612,
"text": "This seems to coincide with diets\nthat are less processed."
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 288.409,
"text": "So how can we prevent \ntooth crowding early,"
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 291.579,
"text": "using lifestyle changes and orthodontics?"
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 294.415,
"text": "Well, it’s certainly\nsomething to chew over."
}
] |
EixIyh1gshM
|
Why are scientists shooting mushrooms into space? - Shannon Odell
|
Explore the unique characteristics that make fungi so resilient, and find out why they may be the key to future space travel.
--
Astronauts aboard the space station Mir made a frightening discovery: several species of Earth-derived fungi were found growing throughout the shuttle, blanketing air conditioners and corroding control panels, putting both the station’s integrity and their lives at risk. How had the fungi survived the journey to space? Shannon Odell shares why fungi may be the key to our future on other planets.
Lesson by Shannon Odell, directed by Denys Spolitak.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
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Keep Learning
----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/why-are-scientists-shooting-mushrooms-into-space-shannon-odell
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/why-are-scientists-shooting-mushrooms-into-space-shannon-odell/digdeeper
Animator's website: https://vimeo.com/user50965180
Music: http://www.wonderboyaudio.com
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Khalifa Alhulail, Martin Stephen, Jose Henrique Leopoldo e Silva, Mandeep Singh, Abhijit Kiran Valluri, Morgan Williams, Devin Harris, Pavel Zalevskiy, Karen Goepen-Wee, Filip Dabrowski, Barbara Smalley, Megan Douglas, Tim Leistikow, Ka-Hei Law, Hiroshi Uchiyama, Mark Morris, Misaki Sato, EdoKun, SookKwan Loong, Bev Millar, Lex Azevedo, Michael Aquilina, Jason A Saslow, Yansong Li, Cristóbal Moenne, Dawn Jordan, Prasanth Mathialagan, Samuel Doerle, David Rosario, Dominik Kugelmann - they-them, Siamak Hajizadeh, Ryohky Araya, Mayank Kaul, Christophe Dessalles, Heather Slater, Sandra Tersluisen, Zhexi Shan, Bárbara Nazaré, Andrea Feliz, Victor E Karhel, Sydney Evans, Latora, Noel Situ, emily lam, Sid, Niccolò Frassetto, Mana, I'm here because of Knowledge Fight Facebook group, Linda Freedman and Edgardo Cuellar.
|
2024-07-18T15:00:41Z
|
[
{
"duration": 5.088,
"start": 6.753,
"text": "In 1968, the American Heart Association\nmade an announcement"
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 11.841,
"text": "that would influence people’s diets\nfor decades:"
},
{
"duration": 5.589,
"start": 15.511,
"text": "they recommended that people avoid eating\nmore than three eggs a week."
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 21.434,
"text": "Their reasoning was that the cholesterol\npacked into egg yolks"
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 25.396,
"text": "could increase cardiovascular\ndisease risk."
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 29.233,
"text": "But it turns out that the reality\nis more complicated."
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 32.737,
"text": "Let's delve into digestion\nto understand why."
},
{
"duration": 5.673,
"start": 36.949,
"text": "As your body processes a meal,\nit emulsifies fats into lipid droplets"
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 42.622,
"text": "that can then get absorbed\nin your small intestine."
},
{
"duration": 3.92,
"start": 46.334,
"text": "These lipid droplets make\ntheir way to various tissues,"
},
{
"duration": 1.377,
"start": 50.254,
"text": "including your liver. "
},
{
"duration": 4.338,
"start": 52.006,
"text": "There, specialized cells unpack\nand reassemble them"
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 56.344,
"text": "into lipid-protein packages,\ncalled lipoproteins,"
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 60.473,
"text": "that are optimized to flow\nthrough your bloodstream."
},
{
"duration": 5.172,
"start": 64.435,
"text": "Lipoproteins are composed of different\nratios of protein and fat,"
},
{
"duration": 2.044,
"start": 69.69,
"text": "so their density varies."
},
{
"duration": 4.754,
"start": 72.527,
"text": "VLDL, or very low-density lipoprotein,"
},
{
"duration": 6.339,
"start": 77.365,
"text": "is mostly packed with fatty molecules,\nincluding triglycerides and cholesterol."
},
{
"duration": 4.13,
"start": 84.413,
"text": "VLDL delivers lipids\nto your muscle and fat cells"
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 88.543,
"text": "to be stored and used for energy."
},
{
"duration": 5.881,
"start": 91.295,
"text": "Afterwards, it’s converted into LDL,\nor low-density lipoprotein."
},
{
"duration": 4.63,
"start": 97.927,
"text": "LDL is informally known\nas “bad cholesterol”"
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 102.64,
"text": "because it’s associated\nwith cardiovascular diseases."
},
{
"duration": 6.006,
"start": 107.228,
"text": "This is because LDL is more prone\nto accumulating on blood vessel walls,"
},
{
"duration": 1.919,
"start": 113.234,
"text": "which can cause inflammation."
},
{
"duration": 5.672,
"start": 115.862,
"text": "The inflammation attracts specialized\nwhite blood cells, called macrophages,"
},
{
"duration": 2.127,
"start": 121.534,
"text": "to remove the LDL buildup."
},
{
"duration": 4.463,
"start": 123.911,
"text": "But absorbing too many lipids\ncan compromise macrophages,"
},
{
"duration": 4.714,
"start": 128.457,
"text": "causing more inflammation and\ntriggering more macrophage recruitment."
},
{
"duration": 5.339,
"start": 133.671,
"text": "As the cells clump together,\nthey form a fibrous, scab-like cap,"
},
{
"duration": 2.503,
"start": 139.218,
"text": "effectively narrowing the artery."
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 142.138,
"text": "This can interfere with blood flow\nand weaken vessel walls,"
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 146.1,
"text": "making clots and ruptures more likely."
},
{
"duration": 4.546,
"start": 150.271,
"text": "High-density lipoprotein. or HDL,\non the other hand,"
},
{
"duration": 1.585,
"start": 154.984,
"text": "packs more protein."
},
{
"duration": 5.255,
"start": 156.694,
"text": "It picks up excess LDL in the blood\nand brings it back to the liver,"
},
{
"duration": 1.794,
"start": 161.949,
"text": "where it can be excreted. "
},
{
"duration": 5.714,
"start": 164.368,
"text": "Because HDL is anti-inflammatory\nand keeps LDL in check,"
},
{
"duration": 2.752,
"start": 170.208,
"text": "it’s commonly called “good cholesterol.”"
},
{
"duration": 3.087,
"start": 173.836,
"text": "Doctors order lipid panels to understand"
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 176.923,
"text": "the concentrations of different\nkinds of lipoproteins"
},
{
"duration": 2.377,
"start": 180.635,
"text": "and their building blocks in your blood."
},
{
"duration": 3.6710000000000003,
"start": 183.971,
"text": "All lipoproteins are essential\nto your body’s functioning—"
},
{
"duration": 4.63,
"start": 187.808,
"text": "but it can become a problem if the\ndifferent kinds get out of balance."
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 193.105,
"text": "Some people are simply predisposed\nto having higher cholesterol."
},
{
"duration": 6.423,
"start": 197.61,
"text": "For example, certain gene variants cause\nLDL receptors to behave abnormally,"
},
{
"duration": 2.628,
"start": 204.116,
"text": "leaving more LDL circulating."
},
{
"duration": 5.423,
"start": 207.828,
"text": "Otherwise, different lifestyle factors\ncan influence blood lipid levels."
},
{
"duration": 1.6680000000000001,
"start": 213.376,
"text": "And food is one of them."
},
{
"duration": 2.377,
"start": 215.253,
"text": "So, what’s the deal with eggs?"
},
{
"duration": 2.919,
"start": 217.964,
"text": "Their yolks are indeed\nhigh in cholesterol,"
},
{
"duration": 4.504,
"start": 220.925,
"text": "which prompted the American Heart\nAssociation’s three egg weekly limit"
},
{
"duration": 1.627,
"start": 225.429,
"text": "in 1968."
},
{
"duration": 3.628,
"start": 227.682,
"text": " But while some of the cholesterol\nin your blood comes directly"
},
{
"duration": 1.9609999999999999,
"start": 231.31,
"text": "from cholesterol found in food,"
},
{
"duration": 6.048,
"start": 233.437,
"text": "your body actually makes a vast majority\nof it from the different fats you consume."
},
{
"duration": 5.255,
"start": 239.777,
"text": "Saturated and trans fats, found in\nanimal, palm, and coconut products"
},
{
"duration": 5.38,
"start": 245.116,
"text": "can drive your liver to create\nmore VLDL and LDL packages."
},
{
"duration": 5.797,
"start": 250.83,
"text": "Unsaturated fats, meanwhile, are abundant\nin foods like fish, nuts, and seeds,"
},
{
"duration": 5.381,
"start": 256.752,
"text": "and have anti-inflammatory properties\nthat help counteract LDL buildup."
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 262.758,
"text": "A food’s fat composition\nhas a greater effect"
},
{
"duration": 3.9210000000000003,
"start": 266.095,
"text": "on blood lipid concentrations\nthan its cholesterol levels."
},
{
"duration": 6.381,
"start": 270.266,
"text": "So the high cholesterol found in egg yolks\nisn’t actually of too much concern."
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 277.023,
"text": "Egg yolks contain some saturated fat,\nbut not too much—"
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 280.985,
"text": "and they also contain unsaturated fats."
},
{
"duration": 3.504,
"start": 284.613,
"text": "Generally, an egg a day\nis considered nutritious."
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 288.409,
"text": "But it's not just what fats you eat,\nbut what you eat them with."
},
{
"duration": 5.839,
"start": 293.039,
"text": "Fibrous fruits, vegetables,\nand whole grains help lower LDL levels"
},
{
"duration": 4.087,
"start": 298.878,
"text": "by affecting how fats are absorbed\nin the digestive tract."
},
{
"duration": 4.588,
"start": 303.632,
"text": "Overall, getting plenty\nof unsaturated fats and fiber"
},
{
"duration": 3.087,
"start": 308.22,
"text": "seems to help keep LDL in check."
},
{
"duration": 3.795,
"start": 311.766,
"text": "And other activities can also\nimpact lipid levels."
},
{
"duration": 2.002,
"start": 315.561,
"text": "It's not yet totally clear why,"
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 317.73,
"text": "but resistance training\nand aerobic exercise"
},
{
"duration": 3.795,
"start": 321.359,
"text": "can lower LDL and increase HDL."
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 325.946,
"text": "This might be because they use more\nblood lipids for energy"
},
{
"duration": 4.337,
"start": 329.784,
"text": "and boost the activity\nof HDL-producing enzymes."
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 334.455,
"text": "Meanwhile, smoking increases LDL buildup,"
},
{
"duration": 4.379,
"start": 338.334,
"text": "perhaps by unleashing unstable\nfree radical molecules"
},
{
"duration": 3.087,
"start": 342.713,
"text": "that damage lipids and vessel walls."
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 346.217,
"text": "But when lifestyle changes don’t help\nto manage cholesterol levels,"
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 350.221,
"text": "as can be the case when\ngenetics are at play,"
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 352.932,
"text": "we luckily have some pretty\neffective therapies."
},
{
"duration": 5.714,
"start": 357.061,
"text": "Statins are drugs that block a liver\nenzyme required to produce LDL."
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 363.067,
"text": "Other cholesterol medications increase\nthe production of enzymes"
},
{
"duration": 4.921,
"start": 366.779,
"text": "that break down triglycerides\nand promote LDL receptor activity,"
},
{
"duration": 2.21,
"start": 371.784,
"text": "helping clear it from the bloodstream."
},
{
"duration": 2.086,
"start": 374.745,
"text": "When it comes to cholesterol health,"
},
{
"duration": 5.13,
"start": 376.831,
"text": "it’s important to keep the whole picture\nin mind— on and off the plate—"
},
{
"duration": 3.878,
"start": 382.128,
"text": "so things don't get all,\nyou know, scrambled."
}
] |
ulHWR0Dp6Rk
|
The weirdest (and coolest) tongues in the animal kingdom - Cella Wright
|
Explore the incredible variety of tongues in the animal kingdom, and find out how different species utilize the appendage to survive.
--
An alligator snapping turtle lures its prey using a blood-engorged tongue that resembles a wriggling worm. And it’s far from the only animal doing tongue trickery. Tongues in the animal kingdom vary widely — from texture and length, to shape and dexterity. So, what's the point of having so many different kinds of tongues? Cella Wright explores how different species use the appendage to survive.
Lesson by Cella Wright, directed by Igor Ćorić, Artrake Studio.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
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----------------------------------------------
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----------------------------------------------
Keep Learning
----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/why-do-snakes-have-forked-tongues-cella-wright
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/why-do-snakes-have-forked-tongues-cella-wright/digdeeper
Animator's website: https://www.artrake.com
Music: https://www.workplaywork.com
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Kyanta Yap, Rebecca Reineke, William Biersdorf, Patricia Alves Panagides, Yvette Mocete, Cyrus Garay, Samuel Barbas, LadyGeek, Marin Kovachev, Penelope Misquitta, Hans Peng, Gaurav Mathur, Erik Biemans, Tony, Michelle, Katie and Josh Pedretti, Hoai Nam Tran, Kack-Kyun Kim, Michael Braun-Boghos, zjweele13, Anna-Pitschna Kunz, Edla Paniguel, Thomas Mungavan, Jaron Blackburn, Venkat Venkatakrishnan, ReuniteKorea, Aaron Henson, Rohan Gupta, Begum Tutuncu, Brian Richards, Jørgen Østerpart, Tyron Jung, Carsten Tobehn, Katie Dean, Ezgi Yersu, Gerald Onyango, alessandra tasso, Doreen Reynolds-Consolati, Manognya Chakrapani, Ayala Ron, Eunsun Kim, Phyllis Dubrow, Ophelia Gibson Best, Paul Schneider, Joichiro Yamada, Henrique Cassús, Karthik Cherala, Clarence E. Harper Jr., Vignan Velivela, Ana Maria, Exal Enrique Cisneros Tuch and Tejas Dc.
|
2024-07-16T15:00:31Z
|
[
{
"duration": 4.713,
"start": 7.128,
"text": "During an important calendrical\ncelebration in 889 CE,"
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 11.841,
"text": "Lord K’ak’ Upakal may have sat\natop his ornate palace"
},
{
"duration": 4.505,
"start": 15.678,
"text": "and observed the bustling hub\nhe’d helped Chichen Itza become."
},
{
"duration": 4.922,
"start": 20.349,
"text": "The Maya city’s golden age would outlast\nK’ak’ Upakal’s own life,"
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 25.271,
"text": "but he couldn’t have known\nthe crises that lay ahead."
},
{
"duration": 4.88,
"start": 29.358,
"text": "A century before, warfare and failing\nagriculture forced Maya people"
},
{
"duration": 3.087,
"start": 34.238,
"text": "to abandon numerous\nCentral American settlements."
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 37.325,
"text": "This shifted the center\nof their civilization north,"
},
{
"duration": 2.211,
"start": 40.286,
"text": "to hotter, drier Yucatan."
},
{
"duration": 2.086,
"start": 42.663,
"text": "During the early 800s,"
},
{
"duration": 5.047,
"start": 44.749,
"text": "cities like Chichen Itza, Izamal,\nand Uxmal expanded."
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 49.796,
"text": "But Yucatan presented its own challenges."
},
{
"duration": 1.5430000000000001,
"start": 52.215,
"text": "Surface water was scarce"
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 53.758,
"text": "and the region’s limestone bedrock\nrapidly absorbed rain."
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 57.22,
"text": "This forced many Yucatecan cities\nto collect rainwater in cisterns."
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 61.641,
"text": "But the land surrounding Chichen Itza\nis pocked with sinkholes,"
},
{
"duration": 4.879,
"start": 65.812,
"text": "where collapsed bedrock reveals an\nabundant supply of fresh groundwater."
},
{
"duration": 5.505,
"start": 70.817,
"text": "Because of this freshwater access, when\ndrought seized Yucatan in the early 900s,"
},
{
"duration": 4.338,
"start": 76.322,
"text": "Chichen Itza survived to become\nthe most powerful Maya city."
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 81.035,
"text": "People immigrated from hundreds\nof kilometers away,"
},
{
"duration": 5.464,
"start": 84.163,
"text": "and, at its height, Chichen Itza’s\npopulation possibly reached 50,000."
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 89.71,
"text": "The city came to reflect a diverse\ninternational culture"
},
{
"duration": 1.835,
"start": 93.464,
"text": "in all spheres of life."
},
{
"duration": 3.9210000000000003,
"start": 95.424,
"text": "Its challenge then became sustaining\na large population"
},
{
"duration": 2.377,
"start": 99.345,
"text": "in an unpredictable environment."
},
{
"duration": 3.5460000000000003,
"start": 102.014,
"text": "During the 10th century,\nfollowing K’ak’ Upakal’s death,"
},
{
"duration": 4.212,
"start": 105.56,
"text": "Chichen Itza’s government shifted\nfrom a focus solely on the king"
},
{
"duration": 1.585,
"start": 109.772,
"text": "to a more flexible system"
},
{
"duration": 3.504,
"start": 111.357,
"text": "that also included ruling councils\nof the city’s elite."
},
{
"duration": 1.96,
"start": 114.861,
"text": "Unlike traditional Maya kings,"
},
{
"duration": 4.713,
"start": 116.821,
"text": "who reinforced their legitimacy with\ndestructive wars and costly monuments,"
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 121.534,
"text": "the new rulers focused largely\non economic growth."
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 124.829,
"text": "They channeled the city’s military might\ninto establishing long-distance trade"
},
{
"duration": 1.5430000000000001,
"start": 129.25,
"text": "and political dominance."
},
{
"duration": 4.546,
"start": 130.793,
"text": "Merchant-warriors traveled from\ncoastal ports and captured valuable goods."
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 135.339,
"text": "Using obsidian, gold, copper,\nturquoise, and jade"
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 139.218,
"text": "from various parts\nof Central and North America,"
},
{
"duration": 4.963,
"start": 142.263,
"text": "Chichen Itza’s inhabitants crafted\nsharp tools and precious ornaments."
},
{
"duration": 3.9210000000000003,
"start": 147.226,
"text": "They traded food, textiles, feathers,\nminerals, and metals,"
},
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 151.147,
"text": "sometimes using cacao beans as currency."
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 153.9,
"text": "And they transported seafood\nfrom the coast"
},
{
"duration": 3.628,
"start": 156.319,
"text": "to supplement the city’s locally grown\nstaple crops."
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 159.989,
"text": "Farming was essential\nto Chichen Itza’s survival."
},
{
"duration": 3.9210000000000003,
"start": 163.367,
"text": "The city’s architecture and religious\npractices reflected this importance"
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 167.288,
"text": "by keeping track of time,\nthe transit of celestial bodies,"
},
{
"duration": 2.085,
"start": 171.167,
"text": "and agricultural cycles."
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 173.419,
"text": "As the city grew, its citizens built\na vast platform"
},
{
"duration": 4.797,
"start": 177.089,
"text": "to support new temples, pyramids, altars,\nballcourts, and colonnades."
},
{
"duration": 5.255,
"start": 181.928,
"text": "Builders carefully aligned a round temple\nto mark solstices, equinoxes,"
},
{
"duration": 2.21,
"start": 187.183,
"text": "and the passing of the planet Venus,"
},
{
"duration": 3.838,
"start": 189.393,
"text": "an avatar of K’uk’ulkan,\nthe feathered serpent god."
},
{
"duration": 3.753,
"start": 193.648,
"text": "K’uk’ulkan became Chichen Itza’s\ncentral deity,"
},
{
"duration": 4.63,
"start": 197.401,
"text": "and his worship transformed the city\ninto a center of religious pilgrimage."
},
{
"duration": 4.963,
"start": 202.156,
"text": "Architects designed a stepped pyramid\nand temple dedicated to K’uk’ulkan"
},
{
"duration": 2.086,
"start": 207.286,
"text": "that towers 30 meters high,"
},
{
"duration": 5.088,
"start": 209.372,
"text": "and features four stairs\nwith a total of 365 steps,"
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 214.46,
"text": "each representing a day in the solar year."
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 217.38,
"text": "It’s oriented so that,\naround each equinox,"
},
{
"duration": 5.463,
"start": 220.383,
"text": "the setting sun creates snake-like shadows\nthat slither down the balustrades,"
},
{
"duration": 1.9609999999999999,
"start": 225.846,
"text": "evoking the serpent god."
},
{
"duration": 4.087,
"start": 227.932,
"text": "Several buildings feature representations\nof Flower Mountain,"
},
{
"duration": 4.672,
"start": 232.019,
"text": "the sacred paradise realm inhabited\nby gods and ancestors."
},
{
"duration": 2.336,
"start": 236.774,
"text": "And rulers from far and wide"
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 239.11,
"text": "were inaugurated\nat Chichen Itza’s Great Ballcourt"
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 242.78,
"text": "under the auspices of K’uk’ulkan"
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 245.241,
"text": "and in the presence\nof thousands of spectators."
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 248.16,
"text": "However, Chichen Itza’s\ngolden age wouldn’t last forever."
},
{
"duration": 5.923,
"start": 252.581,
"text": "Around 1020 CE, an intense drought hit\nand lasted nearly a century."
},
{
"duration": 1.752,
"start": 258.504,
"text": "In an effort to end the disaster,"
},
{
"duration": 4.463,
"start": 260.256,
"text": "people made offerings to rain deities\nin nearby caves and sinkholes,"
},
{
"duration": 4.796,
"start": 264.719,
"text": "which were seen as entrances to the\nwatery underworld realm of the gods."
},
{
"duration": 4.63,
"start": 269.682,
"text": "Despite Chichen Itza’s natural advantages\nand the ingenuity of its people,"
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 274.312,
"text": "the city couldn't support itself\nthrough this extended drought."
},
{
"duration": 2.67,
"start": 277.773,
"text": "Population plummeted\nduring the 11th century,"
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 280.443,
"text": "and many people resettled on the coast."
},
{
"duration": 1.293,
"start": 282.987,
"text": "At the end of the drought,"
},
{
"duration": 2.627,
"start": 284.28,
"text": "the new city of Mayapan emerged"
},
{
"duration": 3.7960000000000003,
"start": 286.907,
"text": "and replaced Chichen Itza\nas the principal city of Yucatan."
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 290.745,
"text": "Yet, Chichen Itza was never fully\nabandoned or forgotten."
},
{
"duration": 2.628,
"start": 294.79,
"text": "When the Spanish arrived centuries later,"
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 297.418,
"text": "it was still a small, local capital\nof a Maya province."
},
{
"duration": 3.211,
"start": 301.464,
"text": "Chichen Itza’s original name\nwas preserved,"
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 304.759,
"text": "and its ancient stone constructions\nwere still standing,"
},
{
"duration": 2.169,
"start": 308.721,
"text": "as they do to this day."
}
] |
QJB0nmEjbDY
|
The fall of the House of Cadmus - Iseult Gillespie
|
Get to know the Greek myth of Cadmus, who unknowingly killed Ares’ serpent and faced the wrath and retribution of the gods.
--
When Cadmus walked the Earth, just a few generations separated him from his divine ancestors. From atop Mount Olympus, they scrutinized and meddled with mortals like himself. Cadmus was a skilled warrior and heir to the Phoenician throne, but he wouldn’t stay in the gods’ favor for long— a critical mistake would seal his tragic fate. Iseult Gillespie details the Greek myth of the serpent’s curse.
Lesson by Iseult Gillespie, directed by Adriana Monteforte Lahera.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
----------------------------------------------
Support us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon
Check out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop
----------------------------------------------
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----------------------------------------------
Sign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter
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Keep Learning
----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-myth-of-the-serpent-s-curse-iseult-gillespie
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-myth-of-the-serpent-s-curse-iseult-gillespie/digdeeper
Animator's website: https://adrianamonteforte.myportfolio.com
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Francisco Amaya, Daisuke Goto, Matt Switzler, Peng, Tzu-Hsiang, Bethany Connor, Jeremy Shimanek, Mark Byers, Avinash Amarnath, Xuebicoco, Rayo, Po Foon Kwong, Boffin, Jesse Jurman, Scott Markley, Elija Peterson, Ovidiu Mrd, paul g mohney, Steven Razey, Nathan Giusti, Helen Lee, Anthony Benedict, Karthik Balsubramanian, Annastasshia Ames, Amy Lopez, Vinh-Thuy Nguyen, Liz Candee, Ugur Doga Sezgin, Karmi Nguyen, John C. Vesey, Yelena Baykova, Nick Johnson, Carlos H. Costa, Jennifer Kurkoski, Ryan B Harvey, Akinola Emmanuel, Jose Arcadio Valdes Franco, Sebastiaan Vleugels, Karl Laius, JY Kang, Abhishek Goel, Heidi Stolt, Nicole Sund, Karlee Finch, Mario Mejia, Denise A Pitts, Doug Henry, Keven Webb, Mihai Sandu, Deepak Iyer and Javid Gozalov.
|
2024-07-11T15:00:39Z
|
[
{
"duration": 5.255,
"start": 7.045,
"text": "When an English aristocrat rode\nthrough London in a zebra-drawn carriage,"
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 12.3,
"text": "he embodied a dream decades in the making,"
},
{
"duration": 4.338,
"start": 15.136,
"text": "borne from European efforts to dominate\nthe African continent."
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 20.016,
"text": "But 19th century European colonists\nfaced big problems"
},
{
"duration": 4.797,
"start": 24.27,
"text": "as they tried to control the sprawling\nAfrican territories they’d claimed,"
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 29.15,
"text": "one of which was biting flies."
},
{
"duration": 4.963,
"start": 32.195,
"text": "These pests could extract half a liter\nof horse blood daily"
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 37.158,
"text": "while transmitting fatal diseases\nthat devastated domestic horses,"
},
{
"duration": 5.839,
"start": 41.537,
"text": "leaving colonial powers reliant\non thousands of humans to transport goods."
},
{
"duration": 5.088,
"start": 48.044,
"text": "Zebras, however, appeared immune\nto the same pitfalls as horses."
},
{
"duration": 5.589,
"start": 53.424,
"text": "The German Empire deemed them “predestined\nfor the use of military needs,”"
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 59.097,
"text": "and undertook the task\nof domesticating them."
},
{
"duration": 7.007,
"start": 62.433,
"text": "Around 1900, former German colonial army\nofficer Fritz Bronsart von Schellendorff"
},
{
"duration": 2.503,
"start": 69.565,
"text": "placed himself at the mission’s helm."
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 72.443,
"text": "But he severely underestimated\nthe project."
},
{
"duration": 1.126,
"start": 75.53,
"text": "And soon enough,"
},
{
"duration": 4.588,
"start": 76.656,
"text": "the question of why domesticating zebras\nwas proving so difficult"
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 81.244,
"text": "joined another longstanding mystery:"
},
{
"duration": 4.921,
"start": 84.247,
"text": "namely, why zebras had such\nconspicuously striped coats—"
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 89.293,
"text": "a matter that perplexed\nprominent scientists—"
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 92.421,
"text": "and went on to fuel decades of debate."
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 95.925,
"text": "To understand zebras’ more\ndistinctive qualities,"
},
{
"duration": 1.96,
"start": 98.928,
"text": "we should start with the big picture."
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 101.013,
"text": "Zebras belong to the same family\nas horses and donkeys."
},
{
"duration": 2.42,
"start": 105.726,
"text": "After their lineage entered Africa,"
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 108.146,
"text": "they evolved into the three zebra\nspecies that exist today,"
},
{
"duration": 4.212,
"start": 112.15,
"text": "living in social herds in eastern\nand southern Africa,"
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 116.779,
"text": "grazing on grasses\nand evading fierce predators."
},
{
"duration": 4.213,
"start": 120.616,
"text": "Scientists have speculated extensively\nabout zebra striping,"
},
{
"duration": 2.21,
"start": 124.829,
"text": "but not all theories have held up."
},
{
"duration": 1.001,
"start": 127.165,
"text": "For example, "
},
{
"duration": 5.505,
"start": 128.166,
"text": "the hypothesis that striping has a social\nfunction seems unlikely because,"
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 133.671,
"text": "while every zebra does\nhave unique patterning,"
},
{
"duration": 5.464,
"start": 136.841,
"text": "other equids have no trouble identifying\nindividuals in their herd without it."
},
{
"duration": 4.921,
"start": 142.597,
"text": "Some have theorized that the pattern helps\nzebras stay cool in direct sunlight,"
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 147.643,
"text": "with the heat differential\nbetween their black and white stripes"
},
{
"duration": 2.628,
"start": 151.355,
"text": "generating cooling air currents."
},
{
"duration": 4.796,
"start": 154.15,
"text": "But when scientists tracked the air\nmovements around sunlit zebra hides,"
},
{
"duration": 1.877,
"start": 159.03,
"text": "they saw no such effect. "
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 161.324,
"text": "Many have also wondered if the patterning\nworks as camouflage"
},
{
"duration": 3.586,
"start": 165.203,
"text": "or somehow confuses or dazzles predators—"
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 168.789,
"text": "perhaps evoking a tangle of tree trunks"
},
{
"duration": 5.089,
"start": 171.5,
"text": "or creating uncertainty around where\nthe zebra’s body starts and ends."
},
{
"duration": 5.881,
"start": 176.964,
"text": "But hyenas and lions probably see zebras\nas gray until they're in close range,"
},
{
"duration": 2.503,
"start": 182.845,
"text": "where they can also hear and smell them."
},
{
"duration": 4.88,
"start": 185.765,
"text": "Lions can likely also identify their\noutlines just as easily as they can"
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 190.645,
"text": "other, less flamboyantly patterned prey."
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 193.856,
"text": "And given how frequently\nlions capture zebras,"
},
{
"duration": 2.336,
"start": 197.109,
"text": "it doesn't seem like they're\nall that confused."
},
{
"duration": 3.087,
"start": 200.112,
"text": "One hypothesis that does\npack a lot of promise"
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 203.199,
"text": "concerns those biting flies\nthat horses couldn’t handle."
},
{
"duration": 4.087,
"start": 207.62,
"text": "Zebras have shorter hair than other\ngrazers in their regions,"
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 211.916,
"text": "possibly making them more vulnerable\nto the flies’ probing proboscises."
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 216.629,
"text": "So, perhaps striping somehow\nacts protectively."
},
{
"duration": 1.6680000000000001,
"start": 220.508,
"text": "Testing this hypothesis,"
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 222.176,
"text": "one experiment found that a certain kind\nof biting fly"
},
{
"duration": 4.338,
"start": 225.846,
"text": "avoided horses covered in striped\nand checked rugs,"
},
{
"duration": 2.377,
"start": 230.184,
"text": "compared to those in solid grey."
},
{
"duration": 4.797,
"start": 233.187,
"text": "Another documented biting flies\ncircling horses, zebras,"
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 237.984,
"text": "and horses clad in zebra print equally—"
},
{
"duration": 4.546,
"start": 241.529,
"text": "but landing on zebra-y areas\nonly about a quarter as much."
},
{
"duration": 4.755,
"start": 246.742,
"text": "Biting flies also generally approached\nzebras at higher speeds"
},
{
"duration": 2.503,
"start": 251.497,
"text": "and didn't decelerate as usual, "
},
{
"duration": 3.753,
"start": 254,
"text": "causing clumsy overshoots\nand crash landings."
},
{
"duration": 3.9210000000000003,
"start": 258.17,
"text": "It seems that zebra stripes—\nand other graphic patterns—"
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 262.091,
"text": "interfere with how biting flies\nprocess visual information"
},
{
"duration": 2.211,
"start": 266.053,
"text": "to position themselves when landing,"
},
{
"duration": 4.379,
"start": 268.306,
"text": "limiting their blood-sucking\nand disease-transmitting opportunities."
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 273.185,
"text": "But zebras aren't just good at keeping\nbiting flies off their backs."
},
{
"duration": 5.798,
"start": 277.231,
"text": "Around 1900, Bronsart founded an\nexperimental ranch near Mount Kilimanjaro"
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 283.112,
"text": "to capture and cross-breed zebras\nwith other equids."
},
{
"duration": 1.752,
"start": 287.199,
"text": "Things didn’t go as planned—"
},
{
"duration": 6.215,
"start": 288.951,
"text": "in part because zebras have a robust set\nof defensive fight and flight adaptations."
},
{
"duration": 3.336,
"start": 295.583,
"text": "Most are capable of running\nwithin an hour of birth,"
},
{
"duration": 4.755,
"start": 298.919,
"text": "and they’re equipped with fierce bites\nand kicks strong enough to kill a lion."
},
{
"duration": 4.087,
"start": 304.3,
"text": "Bronsart’s operation was also unprepared\nto meet zebras’ needs."
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 308.512,
"text": "Those Bronsart did gather, which he\npaid Indigenous people to wrangle,"
},
{
"duration": 2.752,
"start": 312.767,
"text": "couldn’t produce enough milk\nfor their calves."
},
{
"duration": 3.9210000000000003,
"start": 315.686,
"text": "Within a single year, Bronsart had burned\nthrough a five year budget"
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 319.607,
"text": "and dozens of the zebras he held\nin captivity were dead."
},
{
"duration": 3.211,
"start": 324.028,
"text": "Attempts at zebra domestication\nhad failed miserably,"
},
{
"duration": 5.589,
"start": 327.49,
"text": "leaving those rare instances of zebra\ntaming largely to black-and-white history."
}
] |
mRa0Gi_mRjs
|
Why fish are better at breathing than you are - Dan Kwartler
|
Explore how fish use their gills to breathe, and how these processes make them some of the most efficient breathers on Earth.
--
Recent studies found that elite runners can take in twice as much oxygen as non-runners. And it’s likely that this superhuman ability played a role in breaking the two-hour marathon barrier in 2019. But when it comes to breathing efficiently, not even the best runners can compete with the average fish. What makes fish some of the best breathers on Earth? Dan Kwartler explores the science of gills.
Lesson by Dan Kwartler, directed by Denys Spolitak.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
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----------------------------------------------
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----------------------------------------------
Keep Learning
----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/why-fish-are-better-at-breathing-than-you-are-dan-kwartler
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/why-fish-are-better-at-breathing-than-you-are-dan-kwartler/digdeeper
Animator's website: https://vimeo.com/denysspolitak
Music: https://www.campstudio.co
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Roberto Chena, Oliver Koo, Luke Pisano, Andrea Gordon, Aleksandar Donev, Nicole Klau Ibarra, Jesse Lira, Ezekiel Raui, Petr Vacek, Dennis, Olivia Fu, Kari Teffeau, Cindy Lai, Rajath Durgada Manjunath, Dan Nguyen, Chin Beng Tan, Tom Boman, Karen Warner, Iryna Panasiuk, Aaron Torres, Eric Braun, Sonja Worzewski, Michael Clement, Adam Berry, Ghaith Tarawneh, Nathan Milford, Tomas Beckett, Alice Ice, Eric Berman, Kurt Paolo Sevillano, Jennifer Heald, Megulo Abebe, isolwi, Kate Sem, Ujjwal Dasu, Angel Alberici, Minh Quan Dinh, Sylvain, Terran Gimpel, Talia Sari, Katie McDowell, Allen, Mahina Knuckles, Charmaine Hanson, Thawsitt, Jezabel, Abdullah Abdulaziz, Xiao Yu, Melissa Suarez and Brian A. Dunn.
|
2024-07-09T15:01:00Z
|
[
{
"duration": 5.464,
"start": 6.9190000000000005,
"text": "On September 19th, 1991,\ntwo hikers traversing the Ötzal Alps"
},
{
"duration": 4.922,
"start": 12.383,
"text": "on the border of Austria and Italy\ndiscovered a corpse emerging from the ice."
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 17.43,
"text": "Researchers soon realized they weren’t\nlooking at the victim"
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 20.266,
"text": "of a recent climbing accident,\nas initially assumed,"
},
{
"duration": 6.215,
"start": 23.269,
"text": "but the mummified body of a man\nwho’d lived about 5,300 years ago,"
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 29.484,
"text": "who they came to call Ötzi the Iceman."
},
{
"duration": 5.256,
"start": 35.823,
"text": "One early theory for Ötzi’s alpine death\nwas that he was a local shepherd or hunter"
},
{
"duration": 2.669,
"start": 41.079,
"text": "who got caught in bad weather and froze."
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 43.873,
"text": "However, a shocking discovery eventually\nrevealed his true cause of death"
},
{
"duration": 1.794,
"start": 48.294,
"text": "and upended his story."
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 50.129,
"text": "So, what do we know about Ötzi?"
},
{
"duration": 1.502,
"start": 53.132,
"text": "And how did he die?"
},
{
"duration": 4.629,
"start": 55.051,
"text": "Over the millennia, the Alpine cold \nand sun protected Ötzi’s body"
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 59.68,
"text": "from decomposition, \nfreezing and drying it out in cycles,"
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 63.434,
"text": "and leaving critical clues\nfor researchers."
},
{
"duration": 5.256,
"start": 66.395,
"text": "Ötzi was about 160 centimeters tall,\nweighed some 50 kilograms,"
},
{
"duration": 2.919,
"start": 71.651,
"text": "and died between 40- and 50-years-old."
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 75.029,
"text": "He led an active life but had\na strong genetic predisposition"
},
{
"duration": 2.044,
"start": 78.908,
"text": "for cardiovascular diseases."
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 80.952,
"text": "His intestines were also parasitized\nby whipworms"
},
{
"duration": 2.795,
"start": 84.33,
"text": "and his stomach contained\nulcer-causing bacteria,"
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 87.125,
"text": "all of which might have caused\nsome unpleasant symptoms."
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 91.379,
"text": "He died hundreds of years before\nStonehenge and the Great Pyramid"
},
{
"duration": 4.838,
"start": 94.966,
"text": "were constructed, around 3350 BCE."
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 99.929,
"text": "Ötzi lived during the late\nNeolithic Copper Age,"
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 103.391,
"text": "when metal extraction\nand crafting practices"
},
{
"duration": 1.877,
"start": 105.81,
"text": "were spreading throughout Eurasia."
},
{
"duration": 3.044,
"start": 107.687,
"text": "Indeed, along with stone arrowheads\nand knives,"
},
{
"duration": 4.13,
"start": 110.731,
"text": "Ötzi carried an axe made of copper\nfrom what is now Tuscany."
},
{
"duration": 3.086,
"start": 115.361,
"text": "Swaths of his clothing were made\nof sheep and goat leather,"
},
{
"duration": 2.503,
"start": 118.447,
"text": "and his diet included cultivated grains,"
},
{
"duration": 4.88,
"start": 120.95,
"text": "all of which suggested that Ötzi’s people\nrelied on certain domesticated animals"
},
{
"duration": 1.043,
"start": 125.83,
"text": "and crops."
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 127.123,
"text": "And when researchers \ninspected Ötzi’s skin"
},
{
"duration": 2.794,
"start": 129.667,
"text": "with light ranging from infrared to UV,"
},
{
"duration": 3.212,
"start": 132.753,
"text": "they found a total of 61 tattoos."
},
{
"duration": 3.503,
"start": 136.132,
"text": "Interestingly, the markings corresponded\nwith areas of Ötzi’s body"
},
{
"duration": 2.211,
"start": 139.635,
"text": "where he probably experienced pain,"
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 141.846,
"text": "like from degeneration observed\nin his knees, ankles, and spine."
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 146.475,
"text": "Researchers think that the tattoos\nmight have been intended as treatment—"
},
{
"duration": 2.92,
"start": 150.229,
"text": "perhaps an early form of acupuncture."
},
{
"duration": 4.338,
"start": 153.566,
"text": "Close scrutiny also clarified\nthe circumstances of Ötzi’s death—"
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 157.904,
"text": "and led to a tantalizing prehistoric\nmurder mystery."
},
{
"duration": 5.005,
"start": 161.49,
"text": "A decade into studying Ötzi,\na CT scan picked up a crucial detail:"
},
{
"duration": 4.213,
"start": 166.495,
"text": "there was a flint arrowhead lodged\nin Ötzi’s left shoulder."
},
{
"duration": 4.754,
"start": 170.75,
"text": "Soon enough, researchers started piecing\nÖtzi’s final days together."
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 176.047,
"text": "A deep cut wound on Ötzi’s hand\nshowed initial signs of healing"
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 180.301,
"text": "and must have occurred\njust days before his death."
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 183.179,
"text": "It was likely a defensive wound\nwhich indicated that Ötzi was attacked"
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 186.891,
"text": "with a sharp blade\nbut fought back and survived."
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 190.603,
"text": "Ötzi may have dressed\nthe wound with bog moss,"
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 193.147,
"text": "which has antiseptic properties\nand was found with his remains."
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 197.109,
"text": "Meanwhile, the types and location\nof pollen in Ötzi’s digestive tract"
},
{
"duration": 2.7119999999999997,
"start": 201.53,
"text": "indicated that it was spring\nor early summer"
},
{
"duration": 2.669,
"start": 204.242,
"text": "and that his last three days were hectic."
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 207.161,
"text": "Ötzi seemed to be fleeing something."
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 210.498,
"text": "About 33 hours before his death,"
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 213.042,
"text": "Ötzi was at an altitude\nof around 2,500 meters,"
},
{
"duration": 1.126,
"start": 216.921,
"text": "near the timber line."
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 218.047,
"text": "Then, approximately 24 hours later,"
},
{
"duration": 5.839,
"start": 220.925,
"text": "he descended to at least 1,200 meters,\nto a zone of warmth-loving trees."
},
{
"duration": 4.755,
"start": 226.931,
"text": "In his final hours, Ötzi reached\nan altitude of around 3,000 meters"
},
{
"duration": 3.878,
"start": 231.686,
"text": "where grasses, sedges,\nand certain wildflowers dominated."
},
{
"duration": 6.381,
"start": 235.982,
"text": "His last meal included a large helping\nof dried wild ibex, roe deer, and grains."
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 242.78,
"text": "Then, despite Ötzi’s apparent efforts\nto escape the conflict,"
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 246.409,
"text": "someone at a distant vantage\nshot him from behind."
},
{
"duration": 4.547,
"start": 250.454,
"text": "The arrow pierced a major artery\nand embedded itself in his left shoulder,"
},
{
"duration": 2.168,
"start": 255.001,
"text": "causing extensive blood loss."
},
{
"duration": 2.043,
"start": 257.42,
"text": "Ötzi probably died soon after,"
},
{
"duration": 4.964,
"start": 259.463,
"text": "his remains and all his belongings left\nundisturbed in the glacier for millennia."
},
{
"duration": 6.715,
"start": 264.927,
"text": "This 5,300-year-old cold case has offered\ninvaluable glimpses into the distant past."
},
{
"duration": 4.212,
"start": 271.726,
"text": "But the mystery of who exactly Ötzi was\nand why he was killed"
},
{
"duration": 2.002,
"start": 275.938,
"text": "will probably never be solved—"
},
{
"duration": 4.213,
"start": 277.94,
"text": "the tangible evidence for the act\ndegraded and carried away,"
},
{
"duration": 3.461,
"start": 282.153,
"text": "lost to snow drifts long ago."
}
] |
wpWm87SfASQ
|
What happens in your body during a miscarriage? - Nassim Assefi and Emily M. Godfrey
|
Explore what happens in the body during miscarriage, and learn about three common treatment options for pregnancy loss.
--
Globally, around 23 million pregnancies end in miscarriage each year. Despite how common it is, miscarriage can still feel isolating, and for some, emotionally traumatizing. And myths about miscarriage add to the stigma, leading many to blame themselves for the loss. So what happens in the body during miscarriage? Nassim Assefi & Emily M. Godfrey take a closer look at pregnancy loss and treatment.
Lesson by Nassim Assefi and Emily M. Godfrey, directed by Lené van Heerden, We Are Batch TV.
A special thanks to the World Health Organization who provided information and insights for the development of this video.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
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----------------------------------------------
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View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-happens-in-your-body-during-a-miscarriage-nassim-assefi-and-emily-m-godfrey
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-happens-in-your-body-during-a-miscarriage-nassim-assefi-and-emily-m-godfrey/digdeeper
Animator's website: https://www.wearebatch.tv
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! John Hellmann, Poompak Meephian, Chuck Wofford, Adam Pagan, Wes Winn, Conder Shou, ntiger, Noname, Hansan Hu, David D, Mac Hyney, Keith Ellison, robin valero walters, Lynne Truesdale, Gatsby Dkdc, Matthew Neal, Denis Chon, Julian Oberhofer, Monte Carroll, Eddy, Jay M, Constantino Victor Delgado, Andrea Galvagni, Andrew Tweddle, Laurel-Ann Rice, Fernando A. Endo, Helen Lee, pam morgan, sarim haq, Gerardo Castro, Michel-Ange Hortegat, Enes Kirimi, Amaury BISIAUX, ND, Samyogita Hardikar, Vanessa Graulich, Vandana Gunwani, Abdulmohsin Almadi, AJ Lyon, Geoffrey Bultitude, Mi Mi, Thomas Rothert, Brian Elieson, Oge O, Weronika Falkowska, Nevin Spoljaric, Sid Chanpuriya, Anoop Varghese, David Yastremski and Noah Webb.
|
2024-07-02T15:00:26Z
|
[
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 7.086,
"text": "After a long day helping patients\nin the emergency room,"
},
{
"duration": 3.211,
"start": 11.007,
"text": "Priya is prepping dinner\nwhen her knife slips"
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 14.218,
"text": "and neatly severs her finger."
},
{
"duration": 4.921,
"start": 17.013,
"text": "Fortunately, being an ER doctor,\nshe knows exactly what to do."
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 22.435,
"text": "First, she cleans the wound\nwith a wet paper towel"
},
{
"duration": 1.752,
"start": 25.688,
"text": "and bandages her finger—"
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 27.565,
"text": "careful not to wrap the wound\ntoo tightly."
},
{
"duration": 1.334,
"start": 30.777,
"text": "To manage the pain."
},
{
"duration": 2.336,
"start": 32.111,
"text": "she knows not to take ibuprofen,"
},
{
"duration": 2.169,
"start": 34.572,
"text": "which would prevent\nthe wound from clotting,"
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 36.741,
"text": "and instead opts for acetaminophen."
},
{
"duration": 5.589,
"start": 39.911,
"text": "Then she rinses off the severed finger,\nwraps it in a clean, moist towel,"
},
{
"duration": 4.754,
"start": 45.5,
"text": "and puts it in a cooler\nwhile avoiding direct contact with ice."
},
{
"duration": 2.336,
"start": 51.297,
"text": "Finally, she rushes to the hospital,"
},
{
"duration": 3.795,
"start": 53.633,
"text": "where luckily,\na skilled hand surgeon is on staff."
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 58.012,
"text": "Thanks to the clean cut\nand Priya's rapid response,"
},
{
"duration": 1.71,
"start": 61.682,
"text": "the surgeon can get to work."
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 63.684,
"text": "They set the bones\nand fix them in place with wires"
},
{
"duration": 6.09,
"start": 67.271,
"text": "before repairing the tendons, nerves,\nblood vessels, and finally, the skin."
},
{
"duration": 3.586,
"start": 73.82,
"text": "The entire incident is finished\nin about eight hours,"
},
{
"duration": 2.8369999999999997,
"start": 77.406,
"text": "and after a few months\n of occupational therapy,"
},
{
"duration": 2.336,
"start": 80.284,
"text": "Priya's hand is back in action."
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 83.246,
"text": "This is the ideal outcome\nfor reattaching a body part."
},
{
"duration": 3.9210000000000003,
"start": 87.416,
"text": "Unfortunately, it’s also\nincredibly unlikely—"
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 91.504,
"text": "and not just because most people\naren’t as prepared as Priya."
},
{
"duration": 2.92,
"start": 95.758,
"text": "In reality,\nthere are countless complications"
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 98.678,
"text": "that come up with most\naccidental amputations."
},
{
"duration": 2.002,
"start": 102.306,
"text": "First, there's the accident."
},
{
"duration": 2.21,
"start": 104.559,
"text": "Unlike Priya's clean cut,"
},
{
"duration": 6.215,
"start": 106.769,
"text": "most traumatic amputations occur\nin car crashes or industrial accidents"
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 113.067,
"text": "that cause extensive, uneven tissue damage"
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 116.529,
"text": "and dirty the wound in a way\nthat prevents reattachment."
},
{
"duration": 4.672,
"start": 120.616,
"text": "Plus, more than half of all\nlimb amputations in the United States"
},
{
"duration": 1.751,
"start": 125.288,
"text": "are due to disease,"
},
{
"duration": 5.381,
"start": 127.039,
"text": "and limbs removed for medical reasons\nobviously aren’t safe to reattach."
},
{
"duration": 2.127,
"start": 132.712,
"text": "Then, there’s preserving the limb."
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 134.964,
"text": "When a body part is severed,\nits blood circulation is cut off,"
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 139.51,
"text": "stopping the influx of oxygen\nand other nutrients."
},
{
"duration": 4.629,
"start": 144.015,
"text": "Surprisingly, severed tissues\ncan survive for a few hours"
},
{
"duration": 1.544,
"start": 148.644,
"text": "without these resources."
},
{
"duration": 4.379,
"start": 150.313,
"text": "And keeping them cool further slows\nthe rate of tissue death,"
},
{
"duration": 5.047,
"start": 154.775,
"text": "generally giving surgeons\na 6-to-12-hour window for reattachment."
},
{
"duration": 1.96,
"start": 159.906,
"text": "But once the tissues die,"
},
{
"duration": 3.086,
"start": 161.866,
"text": "reconnecting them\nwon’t bring them back to life."
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 165.203,
"text": "This tight timeline is especially\nchallenging for surgeons."
},
{
"duration": 2.503,
"start": 169.707,
"text": "Due to the issues we’ve already mentioned,"
},
{
"duration": 3.628,
"start": 172.21,
"text": "reattachment operations\nare fairly uncommon."
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 175.838,
"text": "So most hospitals don’t have\nthe tools and expertise"
},
{
"duration": 3.461,
"start": 180.051,
"text": "required to tackle these\ntime-sensitive procedures."
},
{
"duration": 4.338,
"start": 183.554,
"text": "And even if they do,\nnerve repair is extremely tricky."
},
{
"duration": 2.043,
"start": 188.351,
"text": "With perfectly clean cuts,"
},
{
"duration": 3.9210000000000003,
"start": 190.436,
"text": "surgeons can attempt to stitch nerves\nback together directly."
},
{
"duration": 4.629,
"start": 194.482,
"text": "And when a cut is ragged,\nthey may try to create nerve conduits—"
},
{
"duration": 5.213,
"start": 199.195,
"text": "tunnels between nerve ends that can\nallow the nerves to reconnect over time."
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 204.742,
"text": "But neither these,\nnor any other surgical options,"
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 208.663,
"text": "reliably restore movement and sensation. "
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 212.792,
"text": "All these obstacles make it\nhighly unlikely"
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 215.795,
"text": "that a lost limb can be reattached."
},
{
"duration": 2.086,
"start": 218.547,
"text": "However, medical technology"
},
{
"duration": 3.92,
"start": 220.633,
"text": "has developed another dependable solution\nfor amputation:"
},
{
"duration": 1.084,
"start": 224.804,
"text": "prosthetics."
},
{
"duration": 5.755,
"start": 226.264,
"text": "Today, prostheses come in countless forms\nto replace numerous body parts."
},
{
"duration": 3.838,
"start": 232.144,
"text": "Prosthetic legs are excellent\nfor walking and running."
},
{
"duration": 3.5460000000000003,
"start": 236.148,
"text": "Prosthetic arms have historically\nstruggled to replicate"
},
{
"duration": 2.168,
"start": 239.694,
"text": "our hands’ fine motor movements."
},
{
"duration": 5.464,
"start": 241.862,
"text": "However, new myoelectric prostheses \ncan detect electrical activity"
},
{
"duration": 1.669,
"start": 247.326,
"text": "in nearby muscles"
},
{
"duration": 4.671,
"start": 248.995,
"text": "and then translate those signals\ninto relatively precise movements."
},
{
"duration": 4.463,
"start": 253.958,
"text": "But perhaps the most dramatic development\nin prosthetic technology"
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 258.421,
"text": "is transcutaneous osseointegration."
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 262.216,
"text": "First successfully performed in 1990,"
},
{
"duration": 3.6710000000000003,
"start": 265.636,
"text": "this procedure surgically anchors\na metal implant"
},
{
"duration": 2.628,
"start": 269.39,
"text": "into the bone of the remaining limb."
},
{
"duration": 3.461,
"start": 272.435,
"text": "The bone then grows\ninto the crevices of the metal,"
},
{
"duration": 2.335,
"start": 276.022,
"text": "creating a permanent connection."
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 278.774,
"text": "These implants extend\nthrough a portal in the skin,"
},
{
"duration": 2.795,
"start": 282.486,
"text": "and can be attached to any prosthesis,"
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 285.406,
"text": "which solves a handful\nof common prosthetic issues."
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 289.076,
"text": "Where traditional prosthetics\ncan be heavy,"
},
{
"duration": 4.713,
"start": 291.704,
"text": "providing a direct skeletal connection\nmakes their weight feel more natural."
},
{
"duration": 4.963,
"start": 297.001,
"text": "Osseointegrated prosthetics are also\nless likely to irritate the skin"
},
{
"duration": 1.251,
"start": 301.964,
"text": "where they attach,"
},
{
"duration": 2.378,
"start": 303.215,
"text": "and they can offer more sensation"
},
{
"duration": 5.297,
"start": 305.593,
"text": "by transmitting forces like vibration\nthrough the implant to the bone."
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 311.349,
"text": "Even with all these new technologies,"
},
{
"duration": 4.212,
"start": 314.06,
"text": "not everyone wants to replace or reattach\na lost limb."
},
{
"duration": 4.964,
"start": 318.397,
"text": "After an amputation, some people opt\nto rely on their remaining limbs,"
},
{
"duration": 5.255,
"start": 323.486,
"text": "with or without the help of mobility aids\n and other adaptive equipment."
}
] |
Pw40-IoL5kY
|
How close are we to powering the world with nuclear fusion? - George Zaidan
|
Explore the possibility of nuclear fusion technology to create limitless, on-demand energy with almost no emissions.
--
Stars have cores hot and dense enough to force atomic nuclei together, forming larger, heavier nuclei in a process known as fusion. In this process, the mass of the end products is slightly less than the mass of the initial atoms. But that “lost” mass doesn’t disappear — it’s converted to energy ... a lot of energy. So, can we harness this energy to power the world? George Zaidan investigates.
Lesson by George Zaidan, directed by Igor Ćorić, Artrake Studio.
This video made possible in collaboration with Speed & Scale
Learn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartner
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
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Keep Learning
----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/could-we-build-a-miniature-sun-on-earth-george-zaidan
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/could-we-build-a-miniature-sun-on-earth-george-zaidan/digdeeper
Animator's website: https://www.artrake.com
Music: https://www.workplaywork.com
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Sandra Tersluisen, Zhexi Shan, Bárbara Nazaré, Andrea Feliz, Victor E Karhel, Sydney Evans, Latora, Noel Situ, emily lam, Sid, Niccolò Frassetto, Mana, I'm here because of Knowledge Fight Facebook group., Linda Freedman, Edgardo Cuellar, Jaspar Carmichael-Jack, Michael Burton, VIVIANA A GARCIA BESNE, The Vernon's, Olha Bahatiuk, Jesús Bíquez Talayero, Chels Raknrl, Sai Pranavi Jonnalagadda, Stuart Rice, Jing Chen, Vector-Dopamine math, Jasper Song, Giorgio Bugnatelli, Chardon, Eddy Trochez, OnlineBookClub.org, Eric Shear, Leith Salem, Omar Hicham, Adrian Rotaru, Brad Sullivan, Karen Ho, Niklas Frimberger, Hunter Manhart, Nathan Nguyen, Igor Stavchanskiy, James R DeVries, Grace Huo, Diana Huang, Chau Hong Diem, Orlellys Torre, Corheu, Thomas Mee, Maryann H McCrory and Blas Borde.
|
2024-06-27T15:00:53Z
|
[
{
"duration": 4.48,
"start": 0.32,
"text": "[Music]"
},
{
"duration": 3,
"start": 1.8,
"text": "foreign"
},
{
"duration": 4,
"start": 10.42,
"text": "[Music]"
},
{
"duration": 9.429,
"start": 23.07,
"text": "[Music]"
},
{
"duration": 11.32,
"start": 35.68,
"text": "[Music]"
},
{
"duration": 3.06,
"start": 43.94,
"text": "thank you"
},
{
"duration": 12.289,
"start": 48.39,
"text": "[Music]"
}
] |
tm6VSkm_ko8
|
How do doctors determine what stage of cancer you have? - Hyunsoo Joshua No and Trudy Wu
|
Explore the three variables that inform a cancer’s stage number, and how different types of cancer can impact the staging.
--
Each year, approximately 20 million people receive a cancer diagnosis. At that time, a patient usually learns their cancer’s stage, which is typically a number ranging from one to four. While staging is designed, in part, to help patients better understand what they’re facing, the number can be confusing. So, what do cancer stages actually mean? Hyunsoo Joshua No and Trudy Wu explain.
Lesson by Hyunsoo Joshua No and Trudy Wu, directed by Jess Mountfield.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
----------------------------------------------
Support us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon
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----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-do-cancer-stages-actually-mean-hyunsoo-joshua-no-and-trudy-wu
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-do-cancer-stages-actually-mean-hyunsoo-joshua-no-and-trudy-wu/digdeeper
Animator's website: https://www.jessmountfield.com
Music: https://www.workplaywork.com
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Doreen Reynolds-Consolati, Manognya Chakrapani, Ayala Ron, Eunsun Kim, Phyllis Dubrow, Ophelia Gibson Best, Paul Schneider, Joichiro Yamada, Henrique Cassús, Karthik Cherala, Clarence E. Harper Jr., Vignan Velivela, Ana Maria, Exal Enrique Cisneros Tuch, Tejas Dc, Khalifa Alhulail, Martin Stephen, Jose Henrique Leopoldo e Silva, Mandeep Singh, Abhijit Kiran Valluri, Morgan Williams, Devin Harris, Pavel Zalevskiy, Karen Goepen-Wee, Filip Dabrowski, Barbara Smalley, Megan Douglas, Tim Leistikow, Ka-Hei Law, Hiroshi Uchiyama, Mark Morris, Misaki Sato, EdoKun, SookKwan Loong, Bev Millar, Lex Azevedo, Michael Aquilina, Jason A Saslow, Yansong Li, Cristóbal Moenne, Dawn Jordan, Prasanth Mathialagan, Samuel Doerle, David Rosario, Dominik Kugelmann - they-them, Siamak Hajizadeh, Ryohky Araya, Mayank Kaul, Christophe Dessalles and Heather Slater.
|
2024-06-25T15:01:07Z
|
[
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 7.17,
"text": "The largest rainforest in the world, \nthe Amazon,"
},
{
"duration": 3.461,
"start": 10.173,
"text": "exists between two rivers—\nbut not in the way you might think."
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 13.76,
"text": "At ground level, the Amazon River\nand its tributaries weave their path."
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 17.972,
"text": "But above the canopy,\nbigger waterways are on the move."
},
{
"duration": 4.212,
"start": 21.434,
"text": "These flying rivers are almost invisible,\nbut are essential to life on Earth."
},
{
"duration": 1.835,
"start": 26.022,
"text": "As rain seeps into the soil,"
},
{
"duration": 2.502,
"start": 27.857,
"text": "trees draw water\nback up through their roots"
},
{
"duration": 2.336,
"start": 30.359,
"text": "and pump it through their trunks\nfor nourishment."
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 32.737,
"text": "The leaves and stems transpire,\nor release,"
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 35.865,
"text": "excess water in the form of vapor."
},
{
"duration": 1.167,
"start": 38.785,
"text": "In the Amazon,"
},
{
"duration": 5.214,
"start": 39.952,
"text": "a fully grown tree transpires between 200\nand 1,000 liters of water a day."
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 45.416,
"text": "This collective release creates\na startling phenomenon:"
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 48.294,
"text": "huge jets of rapid, humid air\nthat constantly flow above the canopy."
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 53.216,
"text": "Dubbed “flying rivers”\nby a Brazilian climatologist,"
},
{
"duration": 3.503,
"start": 56.511,
"text": "these aerial waterways carry\nabout 20 billion tons of water"
},
{
"duration": 1.6680000000000001,
"start": 60.014,
"text": "through the air per day."
},
{
"duration": 3.7960000000000003,
"start": 61.682,
"text": "This is more than the Amazon River’s\ndaily output into the ocean."
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 65.728,
"text": "Along the equator,\nthe trade winds blow from east to west."
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 69.19,
"text": "Caught in these winds, flying rivers flow\nin the same direction"
},
{
"duration": 1.585,
"start": 72.568,
"text": "before encountering the Andes."
},
{
"duration": 2.127,
"start": 74.278,
"text": "The mountains act like a giant barrier,"
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 76.405,
"text": "causing the winds and rivers\nto redirect southwards."
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 80.076,
"text": "When flying rivers meet\nthe masses of cold air,"
},
{
"duration": 2.669,
"start": 82.662,
"text": "they grow heavier and release\ntorrents of water."
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 85.54,
"text": "In this way, they bring rain,\ncooler temperatures,"
},
{
"duration": 2.502,
"start": 88.835,
"text": "and humidity to much of South America."
},
{
"duration": 2.002,
"start": 91.546,
"text": "But these waterways are under threat."
},
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 93.714,
"text": "Clearing the Amazon\nfor agriculture and industry"
},
{
"duration": 2.503,
"start": 96.467,
"text": "is already causing flying rivers \nto dry up,"
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 98.97,
"text": "leading to drought and hotter temperatures\nacross South America."
},
{
"duration": 1.585,
"start": 102.557,
"text": "If this pattern continues,"
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 104.142,
"text": "swaths of the continent may be reduced\nto desert in a matter of decades."
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 109.188,
"text": "In response, a radical movement is working\nintensely to keep the rainforest—"
},
{
"duration": 2.127,
"start": 113.484,
"text": "and the flying rivers— alive."
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 115.945,
"text": "The northwest of the Peruvian Amazon\nis the territory of the Wampís Nation,"
},
{
"duration": 2.252,
"start": 120.241,
"text": "a community of over 15,000 people"
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 122.493,
"text": "who manage over 130,000 square kilometers\nof land."
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 126.664,
"text": "These Indigenous people have lived\nin the rainforest for thousands of years,"
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 130.418,
"text": "practicing sustainable hunting,\nfishing, and agriculture."
},
{
"duration": 1.043,
"start": 134.463,
"text": "For the Wampís,"
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 135.506,
"text": "protecting the rainforest has long meant\nfighting invaders."
},
{
"duration": 2.336,
"start": 138.384,
"text": "Between the 15th and 17th centuries,"
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 140.72,
"text": "Wampís people resisted\nand expelled the Incas"
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 143.556,
"text": "and later the Spanish colonists\nwho exploited the rainforest."
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 146.934,
"text": "Today, the Wampís Nation are still\nbattling extractive industries—"
},
{
"duration": 1.7930000000000001,
"start": 150.98,
"text": "and the policies that sanction them."
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 153.149,
"text": "For instance, since the 1960s,"
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 155.735,
"text": "the Peruvian government has been\nlicensing the Wampís’ territory"
},
{
"duration": 3.086,
"start": 159.03,
"text": "to corporations for gold mining\nand oil extraction."
},
{
"duration": 3.503,
"start": 162.867,
"text": "These activities poison the rivers,\nclear thousands of trees,"
},
{
"duration": 1.9609999999999999,
"start": 166.37,
"text": "and threaten the Wampís way of life."
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 168.873,
"text": "In 2015, after years of protests\nand negotiations,"
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 172.71,
"text": "the community formed the\nAutonomous Territorial Government"
},
{
"duration": 1.46,
"start": 175.713,
"text": "of the Wampís Nation."
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 177.423,
"text": "While the Wampís people remain\nPeruvian citizens,"
},
{
"duration": 1.7930000000000001,
"start": 180.009,
"text": "they seek recognition as a government"
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 181.802,
"text": "responsible for their own lands, forests,\nand internal affairs."
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 185.765,
"text": "In its policies, the Wampís Nation\nprioritizes collective land ownership,"
},
{
"duration": 3.628,
"start": 190.061,
"text": "cultural preservation,\nand conservation of animals, plants,"
},
{
"duration": 2.92,
"start": 193.689,
"text": "and natural cycles\nthat protect the rainforest."
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 197.193,
"text": "This is the foundation of their\nphilosophy of Tarimat Pujut,"
},
{
"duration": 2.127,
"start": 200.238,
"text": "or living in harmony with nature"
},
{
"duration": 3.044,
"start": 202.365,
"text": "to ensure food, friendships,\nand quality of life."
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 205.785,
"text": "The high, humid forest\nof the Wampís Nation"
},
{
"duration": 2.21,
"start": 208.329,
"text": "is crucial to the flying river cycle,"
},
{
"duration": 3.379,
"start": 210.539,
"text": "transpiring over 34 million liters\nof water a day"
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 213.918,
"text": "that flow to Peru, Ecuador, and Colombia."
},
{
"duration": 4.755,
"start": 216.921,
"text": "To track this output, Wampís scientists\nmeasure rainfall, monitor the wind,"
},
{
"duration": 2.669,
"start": 221.676,
"text": "and weigh water levels in leaves and soil."
},
{
"duration": 3.7960000000000003,
"start": 224.47,
"text": "One of their climate goals is to defend\nthis and other natural systems,"
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 228.266,
"text": "including native soil\nthat acts as a carbon sink"
},
{
"duration": 2.502,
"start": 231.227,
"text": "and the forest itself as a fire barrier."
},
{
"duration": 4.504,
"start": 233.938,
"text": "The Wampís Nation constantly battles\ncorporations that threaten these systems."
},
{
"duration": 2.545,
"start": 238.567,
"text": "Between 2016 and 2018,"
},
{
"duration": 3.628,
"start": 241.112,
"text": "the community fought illegal gold mining\nalong the Santiago River."
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 244.907,
"text": "They organized protests,\nuncovered mercury pollution,"
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 248.327,
"text": "guarded the area,\nand attacked illegal machinery for months,"
},
{
"duration": 1.919,
"start": 251.622,
"text": "eventually expelling the miners."
},
{
"duration": 3.9210000000000003,
"start": 253.582,
"text": "And in 2017, the Wampís Nation\nsuccessfully petitioned a court"
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 257.503,
"text": "to bar a private oil company\nfrom their land."
},
{
"duration": 1.919,
"start": 261.173,
"text": "While these are significant victories,"
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 263.092,
"text": "the Wampís Nation and other Indigenous\ngroups need more recognition and support."
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 267.305,
"text": "Indigenous people and local communities\nlive in and manage"
},
{
"duration": 1.96,
"start": 271.142,
"text": "more than a quarter of the world’s land,"
},
{
"duration": 3.086,
"start": 273.102,
"text": "but only have legal ownership\nto a small percentage of it."
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 276.314,
"text": "And less than 1% of international climate\nand forest funds"
},
{
"duration": 2.502,
"start": 279.984,
"text": "go to their crucial conservation efforts."
},
{
"duration": 3.713,
"start": 282.611,
"text": "This is despite the fact that forests\nmanaged by Indigenous people"
},
{
"duration": 1.626,
"start": 286.324,
"text": "have better survival rates."
},
{
"duration": 4.13,
"start": 288.2,
"text": "The Amazon is often described with\nlanguage evocative of a giant organism—"
},
{
"duration": 5.13,
"start": 292.33,
"text": "one that grows, dies, breathes\nin carbon dioxide and exhales oxygen."
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 297.626,
"text": "The processes that sustain it\nweave together in a complex"
},
{
"duration": 4.922,
"start": 301.088,
"text": "and often invisible web of water, air,\nsoil, and human activity—"
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 306.01,
"text": "both destructive and protective."
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 308.721,
"text": "We are far from understanding it\nin its entirety,"
},
{
"duration": 2.211,
"start": 312.975,
"text": "but some are closer than others."
}
] |
puWumt39nak
|
The secret behind how Chinese characters work - Gina Marie Elia
|
Trace the history of Chinese characters, and find out how this writing system has changed and evolved over thousands of years.
--
According to legend, in the 27th century BCE, the Yellow Emperor of China charged his historian, Cangjie, to develop a system of writing. Sitting alongside a riverbank, Cangjie noted the imagery that surrounded him. From this, he created the first Chinese characters. So, how has Chinese evolved in the last 3,000 years? Gina Marie Elia explores the history of one of the earliest written languages.
Lesson by Gina Marie Elia, directed by PeiHsin Cho.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
----------------------------------------------
Support us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon
Check out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop
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----------------------------------------------
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Find us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter
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Keep Learning
----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-secret-behind-how-chinese-characters-work-gina-marie-elia
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-secret-behind-how-chinese-characters-work-gina-marie-elia/digdeeper
Animator's website: https://www.peihsincho.com
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Jose Arcadio Valdes Franco, Sebastiaan Vleugels, Karl Laius, JY Kang, Abhishek Goel, Heidi Stolt, Nicole Sund, Karlee Finch, Mario Mejia, Denise A Pitts, Doug Henry, Keven Webb, Mihai Sandu, Deepak Iyer, Javid Gozalov, Kyanta Yap, Rebecca Reineke, William Biersdorf, Patricia Alves Panagides, Yvette Mocete, Cyrus Garay, Samuel Barbas, LadyGeek, Marin Kovachev, Penelope Misquitta, Hans Peng, Gaurav Mathur, Erik Biemans, Tony, Michelle, Katie and Josh Pedretti, Hoai Nam Tran, Kack-Kyun Kim, Michael Braun-Boghos, zjweele13, Anna-Pitschna Kunz, Edla Paniguel, Thomas Mungavan, Jaron Blackburn, Venkat Venkatakrishnan, ReuniteKorea, Aaron Henson, Rohan Gupta, Begum Tutuncu, Brian Richards, Jørgen Østerpart, Tyron Jung, Carsten Tobehn, Katie Dean, Ezgi Yersu, Gerald Onyango and alessandra tasso.
|
2024-06-20T15:00:38Z
|
[
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 7.003,
"text": "On a grey London day in 1851,"
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 10.173,
"text": "a captivated crowd gathered\naround a makeshift stage."
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 14.01,
"text": "At the center stood a man\nadorned in a top hat,"
},
{
"duration": 3.504,
"start": 17.221,
"text": "leather sash, and a swarm of rats."
},
{
"duration": 3.795,
"start": 21.768,
"text": "This showman, Jack Black,\nhad risen to fame"
},
{
"duration": 3.9210000000000003,
"start": 25.563,
"text": "claiming to be Queen Victoria’s\nauthorized rat catcher."
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 29.859,
"text": "And between tricks, he lectured\nthe crowd on his poisons"
},
{
"duration": 5.422,
"start": 33.696,
"text": "and unique ability to capture hundreds\nof vermin with just his bare hands."
},
{
"duration": 5.047,
"start": 39.452,
"text": "This is just one of many junctures\nin the long entangled history"
},
{
"duration": 1.835,
"start": 44.499,
"text": "of human and rat."
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 46.876,
"text": "The two most common species of rat,\nbrown and black,"
},
{
"duration": 5.756,
"start": 50.838,
"text": "both scurried onto the scene roughly\n1 to 3 million years ago in Asia."
},
{
"duration": 4.504,
"start": 57.053,
"text": "There, they craftily survived\nEarth’s most recent ice age,"
},
{
"duration": 4.547,
"start": 61.557,
"text": "and eventually, began living\naround and with humans."
},
{
"duration": 5.047,
"start": 66.437,
"text": "Their constant presence even earned\nthem a spot in the Chinese zodiac,"
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 71.567,
"text": "where they symbolize new beginnings. "
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 75.238,
"text": "Brown and black rats are generalists—"
},
{
"duration": 6.632,
"start": 78.199,
"text": "a biological badge ascribed to species\nwho can brave diverse climates and diets."
},
{
"duration": 4.213,
"start": 85.289,
"text": "So when trade routes opened\nbetween East Asia and the West,"
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 89.502,
"text": "rats naturally tagged along."
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 92.046,
"text": "Black rats were the first to venture out,"
},
{
"duration": 5.839,
"start": 94.632,
"text": "sneaking aboard ships from India to Egypt\nan estimated 5,000 years ago."
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 101.055,
"text": "Some believe that this rodent influx\ninto Egypt"
},
{
"duration": 3.5460000000000003,
"start": 104.6,
"text": "fueled their ancient spiritual reverence\nof cats."
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 108.437,
"text": " After all, they were top-of-the-line\nrat catchers."
},
{
"duration": 4.629,
"start": 111.983,
"text": "Trade between Egypt and the Romans\nbrought black rats to Europe."
},
{
"duration": 1.919,
"start": 116.779,
"text": "And by 300 CE, "
},
{
"duration": 5.172,
"start": 118.739,
"text": "these stowaways claimed lands\nas far as the Anglo-Celtic Isles—"
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 123.911,
"text": "earning notoriety along the way."
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 126.414,
"text": "Beyond pilfering and reproducing\nlike there's no tomorrow,"
},
{
"duration": 4.629,
"start": 130.418,
"text": "black rats brought bacterial\nand viral infections,"
},
{
"duration": 3.7960000000000003,
"start": 135.047,
"text": "which they spread to humans\nthrough their droppings and urine."
},
{
"duration": 5.296,
"start": 139.177,
"text": "In the late 1340s, history's most infamous\nplague, the Black Death,"
},
{
"duration": 5.589,
"start": 144.473,
"text": "killed tens of millions of people,\nor around half of Europe’s population."
},
{
"duration": 2.919,
"start": 150.313,
"text": "To this day, many lay the blame on rats."
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 153.274,
"text": "However, the real story\nis more complicated."
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 156.903,
"text": "Black rats don’t directly spread\nthe plague to humans;"
},
{
"duration": 5.923,
"start": 160.656,
"text": "though they can carry the fleas that\ntransmit the bacterium responsible."
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 166.913,
"text": "And brown rats, which hadn't\nyet set foot in Europe,"
},
{
"duration": 2.627,
"start": 170.458,
"text": "don't have any blood on their paws."
},
{
"duration": 4.63,
"start": 173.544,
"text": "Back in Japan, these brown rats were\nreceiving a warmer welcome"
},
{
"duration": 2.92,
"start": 178.257,
"text": "as pet rats grew in popularity."
},
{
"duration": 5.548,
"start": 181.802,
"text": "250-year-old guidebooks detail tips\non rodent domestication,"
},
{
"duration": 3.503,
"start": 187.475,
"text": "and how to breed\nthe most affectionate rats"
},
{
"duration": 2.9619999999999997,
"start": 190.978,
"text": "in various coat colors and patterns."
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 194.398,
"text": "Wild brown rats finally entered Europe"
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 197.401,
"text": "sometime between the 13th\nand 18th century,"
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 200.988,
"text": "by ship and perhaps,\nsometimes, by treading water."
},
{
"duration": 7.007,
"start": 205.451,
"text": "Some say a particularly violent earthquake\nin 1727 led hordes of brown rats"
},
{
"duration": 4.213,
"start": 212.583,
"text": "to swim across the Volga River\ninto Russia."
},
{
"duration": 5.13,
"start": 217.088,
"text": "Eventually, the larger and more adaptable\nbrown rats displaced the black rats"
},
{
"duration": 3.92,
"start": 222.218,
"text": "in homes and cities\nacross Europe and North America"
},
{
"duration": 2.795,
"start": 226.305,
"text": " by outcompeting them for resources."
},
{
"duration": 5.506,
"start": 229.433,
"text": "The Industrial Revolution only bolstered\nthe lives of industrious brown rats."
},
{
"duration": 1.502,
"start": 235.147,
"text": "As cities expanded,"
},
{
"duration": 5.422,
"start": 236.649,
"text": "rats thrived by making homes of our sewers\nand buffets of our trash."
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 242.905,
"text": "They even evolved resistance\nto our poisons,"
},
{
"duration": 4.713,
"start": 246.033,
"text": "to the dismay of exterminators\nwho inherited Jack Black’s mission."
},
{
"duration": 5.088,
"start": 251.539,
"text": "But the human-rat race took\na monumental turn in 1906,"
},
{
"duration": 6.215,
"start": 256.627,
"text": "when the Wistar Institute in Philadelphia\nbred the first standard rat strain"
},
{
"duration": 1.7930000000000001,
"start": 262.967,
"text": "for scientific research."
},
{
"duration": 3.044,
"start": 265.011,
"text": "Rats are unrivaled lab animals."
},
{
"duration": 4.88,
"start": 268.18,
"text": "Their bodies function and respond\nto disease similarly to humans,"
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 273.06,
"text": "and we share much of the same genome."
},
{
"duration": 4.504,
"start": 275.73,
"text": "Plus, they’re smart, which has made them\nindispensable to neuroscience"
},
{
"duration": 1.752,
"start": 280.234,
"text": "and psychology research."
},
{
"duration": 2.044,
"start": 282.236,
"text": "In the 1960s, for example,"
},
{
"duration": 4.546,
"start": 284.28,
"text": "scientists observed that rats\nraised with toys and companions"
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 288.826,
"text": "had thicker cortical brain tissue\nthan those who didn’t."
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 292.663,
"text": "This helped establish the concept\nof neuroplasticity,"
},
{
"duration": 4.213,
"start": 296.625,
"text": "which explains how our environments\nand learning shape our minds."
},
{
"duration": 4.797,
"start": 301.255,
"text": "Today, rats are often regarded as the\nmost successful invasive species "
},
{
"duration": 1.042,
"start": 306.052,
"text": "in the world."
},
{
"duration": 1.502,
"start": 307.094,
"text": "And this comes at a price—"
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 308.721,
"text": "they often live at the mercy\nof human priorities."
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 312.808,
"text": "In cities like New York,\nthey’re reviled enough to warrant"
},
{
"duration": 3.5460000000000003,
"start": 316.645,
"text": "multi-million-dollar\nextermination efforts."
},
{
"duration": 2.086,
"start": 320.232,
"text": "But if history is any indication,"
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 322.568,
"text": "no amount of money,\nnor skill of rat catcher,"
},
{
"duration": 4.338,
"start": 326.113,
"text": "will ever fully rid us\nof our rodent shadows."
}
] |
uuc6bXxgvh8
|
What really happened to Oedipus? - Stephen Esposito
|
Dig into the tragic tale of Oedipus, who unknowingly fulfills a prophecy that he would kill his father and marry his mother.
--
When Queen Jocasta of Thebes gave birth to Oedipus, a grim air seized the occasion. Her husband, King Laius, had received a prophecy from Apollo's oracle foretelling that he would die at the hands of his own son. Determined to escape this fate, Laius abandoned the newborn on Mount Cithaeron. But divine prophecies can be quite stubborn. Stephen Esposito shares the tragic Greek tale of Oedipus.
Lesson by Stephen Esposito, directed by Yael Reisfeld.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
----------------------------------------------
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----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-really-happened-to-oedipus-stephen-esposito
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-really-happened-to-oedipus-stephen-esposito/digdeeper
Animator's website: https://www.yaelreisfeld.com
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Angel Alberici, Minh Quan Dinh, Sylvain, Terran Gimpel, Talia Sari, Katie McDowell, Allen, Mahina Knuckles, Charmaine Hanson, Thawsitt, Jezabel, Abdullah Abdulaziz, Xiao Yu, Melissa Suarez, Brian A. Dunn, Francisco Amaya, Daisuke Goto, Matt Switzler, Peng, Tzu-Hsiang, Bethany Connor, Jeremy Shimanek, Mark Byers, Avinash Amarnath, Xuebicoco, Rayo, Po Foon Kwong, Boffin, Jesse Jurman, Scott Markley, Elija Peterson, Ovidiu Mrd, paul g mohney, Steven Razey, Nathan Giusti, Helen Lee, Anthony Benedict, Karthik Balsubramanian, Annastasshia Ames, Amy Lopez, Vinh-Thuy Nguyen, Liz Candee, Ugur Doga Sezgin, Karmi Nguyen, John C. Vesey, Yelena Baykova, Nick Johnson, Carlos H. Costa, Jennifer Kurkoski, Ryan B Harvey and Akinola Emmanuel.
|
2024-06-18T15:00:55Z
|
[
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 7.003,
"text": "Due to an unfortunate\nteleportation malfunction,"
},
{
"duration": 4.504,
"start": 10.757,
"text": "this mad scientist has just found himself\nin the vacuum of space."
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 15.511,
"text": "With no oxygen, he might be tempted\nto hold his breath,"
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 18.973,
"text": "but this would only accelerate his demise."
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 22.435,
"text": "The air in his lungs is\ndesperate to expand,"
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 25.688,
"text": "so if he doesn't release it right away,\nhis lungs will rupture."
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 30.151,
"text": "Our poor professor quickly exhales,"
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 32.612,
"text": "and his skin’s tensile strength prevents\nthe rest of his body from bursting,"
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 37.033,
"text": "but things are still looking grim."
},
{
"duration": 1.8359999999999999,
"start": 39.952,
"text": "Without surrounding air pressure,"
},
{
"duration": 4.587,
"start": 41.788,
"text": "his bodily fluids begin to vaporize\nin a process called ebullism."
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 46.459,
"text": "His skin swells, moist surfaces\nlike his eyes start to boil,"
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 50.755,
"text": "and bubbles form within his vessels,\nobstructing blood flow."
},
{
"duration": 2.502,
"start": 55.51,
"text": "This is all exceptionally painful,"
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 58.012,
"text": "but while these nightmarish effects\nwill take roughly 90 seconds"
},
{
"duration": 2.086,
"start": 61.682,
"text": "to reach their deadly conclusion,"
},
{
"duration": 2.919,
"start": 63.768,
"text": "he’ll mercifully pass out\nfrom lack of oxygen"
},
{
"duration": 2.628,
"start": 66.687,
"text": "within about 15 seconds of arriving."
},
{
"duration": 3.878,
"start": 69.524,
"text": "And even though space is barely\nabove the temperature of absolute zero,"
},
{
"duration": 2.503,
"start": 73.402,
"text": "our scientist won’t die by freezing."
},
{
"duration": 3.628,
"start": 76.072,
"text": "Because unlike on Earth, where body\nheat can transfer to molecules"
},
{
"duration": 1.127,
"start": 79.7,
"text": "in the environment, "
},
{
"duration": 4.045,
"start": 80.827,
"text": "in space it can only leave\nby slowly radiating away."
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 85.414,
"text": "It'll take hours before our professor\nbecomes a human popsicle,"
},
{
"duration": 3.504,
"start": 89.46,
"text": "and by then, he’ll have perished\na long time ago."
},
{
"duration": 4.588,
"start": 93.548,
"text": "Now, had our scientist planned\nhis teleportation to space,"
},
{
"duration": 2.502,
"start": 98.136,
"text": "he certainly would have dressed\nfor the occasion."
},
{
"duration": 3.129,
"start": 101.013,
"text": "Let's imagine he arrived\nin a spacesuit instead."
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 104.35,
"text": "The suit’s pressurized air protects\nhis body from ebullism,"
},
{
"duration": 2.211,
"start": 108.187,
"text": "its oxygen tank keeps him breathing,"
},
{
"duration": 2.627,
"start": 110.398,
"text": "and the insulation prevents\nhim from freezing."
},
{
"duration": 3.504,
"start": 113.317,
"text": "But although these features thwart\nan immediate tragedy,"
},
{
"duration": 3.503,
"start": 116.821,
"text": "space is still an incredibly\ndangerous place."
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 120.616,
"text": "Outside the shield of Earth's atmosphere\nand magnetosphere,"
},
{
"duration": 3.7960000000000003,
"start": 124.078,
"text": "our scientist is bombarded\nby galactic cosmic rays—"
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 127.874,
"text": "a form of radiation believed\nto come from distant supernovas."
},
{
"duration": 2.002,
"start": 131.961,
"text": "If he's exceptionally unlucky,"
},
{
"duration": 4.504,
"start": 133.963,
"text": "he might be hit by solar energetic\nparticles expelled from the Sun."
},
{
"duration": 2.794,
"start": 138.593,
"text": "Both these forms of ionizing radiation"
},
{
"duration": 2.628,
"start": 141.387,
"text": "effortlessly pass\nthrough the scientist’s suit,"
},
{
"duration": 3.753,
"start": 144.015,
"text": " damaging his DNA\nand increasing his risk of cancer. "
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 148.269,
"text": "But let's say our mad scientist\nisn't so mad at all."
},
{
"duration": 2.794,
"start": 152.148,
"text": "He’s planned a month-long\nresearch expedition,"
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 154.942,
"text": "complete with a cutting-edge\nspacecraft to live in."
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 157.987,
"text": "This structure protects him from low\nair pressure and temperature,"
},
{
"duration": 2.794,
"start": 161.324,
"text": "as well as some of the radiation\nbouncing around space."
},
{
"duration": 3.044,
"start": 164.202,
"text": "But even here, he's vulnerable\nto certain changes."
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 167.288,
"text": "In addition to experiencing motion\nsickness and sleep disturbances,"
},
{
"duration": 5.339,
"start": 171.292,
"text": "microgravity changes the distribution\nof his blood and cerebrospinal fluid,"
},
{
"duration": 4.38,
"start": 176.839,
"text": "shifting roughly half a gallon\nof internal fluids to his upper body."
},
{
"duration": 5.422,
"start": 181.427,
"text": "As the weeks pass, his brain engorges\nand the sheath of his optic nerve swells."
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 186.974,
"text": "This not only compresses his pituitary\ngland, but flattens the back of his eyes,"
},
{
"duration": 2.378,
"start": 191.395,
"text": "impairing close distance vision."
},
{
"duration": 4.338,
"start": 194.148,
"text": "Having very little gravity to work\nagainst also causes muscles and bones"
},
{
"duration": 3.086,
"start": 198.486,
"text": "all over his body\nto gradually lose mass."
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 201.614,
"text": "And when bones break down,\nthey release minerals like calcium."
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 205.576,
"text": "So our professor might get\nkidney stones too."
},
{
"duration": 4.588,
"start": 208.913,
"text": "Diet and exercise can help reduce the\ndeterioration of his bones and muscles,"
},
{
"duration": 3.503,
"start": 213.501,
"text": "but it’s harder to address the\npotential damage to his mental health"
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 217.004,
"text": "that comes from being confined\nto a tiny spacecraft,"
},
{
"duration": 2.085,
"start": 220.633,
"text": "far away from his loved ones."
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 223.094,
"text": "Thankfully, this isn’t a one-way trip,\nand after a month in space,"
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 227.265,
"text": "our adventurer happily teleports home."
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 229.892,
"text": "However, his journey has left him\nwith some lasting effects."
},
{
"duration": 4.713,
"start": 234.272,
"text": "Back under Earth’s gravity, it’s initially\nhard to stand without fainting."
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 239.151,
"text": "It takes a few days for his fluids\nto redistribute back to normal,"
},
{
"duration": 4.088,
"start": 242.863,
"text": "and it'll be months before his muscles\ncompletely regain their strength."
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 247.285,
"text": "Meanwhile, full restoration of bone\ndensity will take at least a year."
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 251.831,
"text": "His vision might take several\nyears to recover,"
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 254.667,
"text": "and it may never return to normal."
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 257.92,
"text": "There’s still a lot waiting to be\ndiscovered about how space travel"
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 261.757,
"text": "impacts human health\nin the short and long term."
},
{
"duration": 5.13,
"start": 265.261,
"text": "So for now, our scientist is content\nto use his teleporter for its original—"
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 270.391,
"text": "and much safer— intended purpose."
}
] |
seugK4PrW48
|
Can you solve the basketball riddle? - Dan Katz
|
Practice more problem-solving at https://brilliant.org/TedEd
--
You’ve spent months creating a basketball-playing robot, the Dunk-O-Matic, and you’re excited to demonstrate its capabilities. Until you read an advertisement: “See the Dunk-O-Matic face human players and automatically adjust its skill to create a fair game for every opponent!” That’s not what you were told to create. Can you recalibrate your robot to make it a fair match? Dan Katz shows how.
Lesson by Dan Katz, directed by Igor Ćorić, Artrake Studio.
This video made possible in collaboration with Brilliant
Learn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartner
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
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Support us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon
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View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/can-you-solve-the-basketball-robot-riddle-dan-katz
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/can-you-solve-the-basketball-robot-riddle-dan-katz/digdeeper
Animator's website: https://www.artrake.com
Music: https://www.workplaywork.com
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Vanessa Graulich, Vandana Gunwani, Abdulmohsin Almadi, AJ Lyon, Geoffrey Bultitude, Mi Mi, Thomas Rothert, Brian Elieson, Oge O, Weronika Falkowska, Nevin Spoljaric, Sid Chanpuriya, Anoop Varghese, David Yastremski, Noah Webb, Roberto Chena, Oliver Koo, Luke Pisano, Andrea Gordon, Aleksandar Donev, Nicole Klau Ibarra, Jesse Lira, Ezekiel Raui, Petr Vacek, Dennis, Olivia Fu, Kari Teffeau, Cindy Lai, Rajath Durgada Manjunath, Dan Nguyen, Chin Beng Tan, Tom Boman, Karen Warner, Iryna Panasiuk, Aaron Torres, Eric Braun, Sonja Worzewski, Michael Clement, Adam Berry, Ghaith Tarawneh, Nathan Milford, Tomas Beckett, Alice Ice, Eric Berman, Kurt Paolo Sevillano, Jennifer Heald, Megulo Abebe, isolwi, Kate Sem and Ujjwal Dasu.
|
2024-06-13T15:00:29Z
|
[
{
"duration": 1.71,
"start": 6.961,
"text": "Consider this mathematician,"
},
{
"duration": 4.463,
"start": 8.671,
"text": "with her standard-issue infinitely sharp\nknife and a perfect ball."
},
{
"duration": 5.422,
"start": 13.259,
"text": "She frantically slices and distributes\nthe ball into an infinite number of boxes."
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 18.765,
"text": "She then recombines the parts\ninto five precise sections."
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 22.852,
"text": "Gently moving and rotating\nthese sections around,"
},
{
"duration": 5.964,
"start": 25.855,
"text": "seemingly impossibly, she recombines them\nto form two identical, flawless,"
},
{
"duration": 3.087,
"start": 31.819,
"text": "and complete copies\nof the original ball."
},
{
"duration": 4.755,
"start": 35.031,
"text": "This is a result known in mathematics\nas the Banach-Tarski paradox."
},
{
"duration": 3.086,
"start": 39.911,
"text": "The paradox here is not\nin the logic or the proof—"
},
{
"duration": 1.877,
"start": 42.997,
"text": "which are, like the balls, flawless—"
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 44.874,
"text": "but instead in the tension\nbetween mathematics"
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 47.835,
"text": "and our own experience of reality."
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 50.713,
"text": "And in this tension lives some beautiful\nand fundamental truths"
},
{
"duration": 2.67,
"start": 54.425,
"text": "about what mathematics actually is."
},
{
"duration": 2.335,
"start": 57.095,
"text": "We’ll come back to that in a moment,\nbut first,"
},
{
"duration": 4.838,
"start": 59.43,
"text": "we need to examine the foundation\nof every mathematical system: axioms."
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 65.019,
"text": "Every mathematical system\nis built and advanced"
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 67.73,
"text": "by using logic to reach new conclusions."
},
{
"duration": 2.9619999999999997,
"start": 70.983,
"text": "But logic can’t be applied to nothing;"
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 74.028,
"text": "we have to start with some basic\nstatements, called axioms,"
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 77.698,
"text": "that we declare to be true,\nand make deductions from there."
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 81.661,
"text": "Often these match our intuition\nfor how the world works—"
},
{
"duration": 4.963,
"start": 85.331,
"text": "for instance, that adding zero to a number\nhas no effect is an axiom."
},
{
"duration": 5.047,
"start": 90.586,
"text": "If the goal of mathematics is to build\na house, axioms form its foundation—"
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 95.758,
"text": "the first thing that’s laid down,\nthat supports everything else."
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 99.47,
"text": "Where things get interesting is that\nby laying a slightly different foundation,"
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 103.641,
"text": "you can get a vastly different\nbut equally sound structure."
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 107.645,
"text": "For example, when Euclid laid\nhis foundations for geometry,"
},
{
"duration": 4.921,
"start": 111.691,
"text": "one of his axioms implied that given\na line and a point off the line,"
},
{
"duration": 4.338,
"start": 116.612,
"text": "only one parallel line exists\ngoing through that point."
},
{
"duration": 1.71,
"start": 121.159,
"text": "But later mathematicians,"
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 122.869,
"text": "wanting to see if geometry was\nstill possible without this axiom,"
},
{
"duration": 3.169,
"start": 127.29,
"text": "produced spherical\nand hyperbolic geometry."
},
{
"duration": 4.422,
"start": 130.459,
"text": "Each valid, logically sound,\nand useful in different contexts."
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 135.131,
"text": "One axiom common in modern mathematics\nis the Axiom of Choice."
},
{
"duration": 5.047,
"start": 139.635,
"text": "It typically comes into play in proofs\nthat require choosing elements from sets—"
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 144.807,
"text": "which we’ll grossly simplify\nto marbles in boxes."
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 148.811,
"text": "For our choices to be valid,\nthey need to be consistent,"
},
{
"duration": 2.92,
"start": 152.064,
"text": "meaning if we approach a box,\nchoose a marble,"
},
{
"duration": 5.005,
"start": 154.984,
"text": "and then go back in time and choose again,\nwe'd know how to find the same marble."
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 160.072,
"text": "If we have a finite number of boxes,\nthat’s easy."
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 163.034,
"text": "It’s even straightforward\nwhen there are infinite boxes"
},
{
"duration": 4.379,
"start": 166.162,
"text": "if each contains a marble that’s readily\ndistinguishable from the others."
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 170.708,
"text": "It’s when there are infinite boxes\nwith indistinguishable marbles"
},
{
"duration": 1.043,
"start": 174.879,
"text": "that we have trouble."
},
{
"duration": 1.334,
"start": 175.922,
"text": "But in these scenarios,"
},
{
"duration": 4.63,
"start": 177.256,
"text": "the Axiom of Choice lets us summon\na mysterious omniscient chooser"
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 181.886,
"text": "that will always select the same marbles—"
},
{
"duration": 3.503,
"start": 184.347,
"text": "without us having to know anything\nabout how those choices are made."
},
{
"duration": 4.212,
"start": 187.934,
"text": "Our stab-happy mathematician,\nfollowing Banach and Tarski’s proof,"
},
{
"duration": 2.92,
"start": 192.146,
"text": "reaches a step in constructing\nthe five sections"
},
{
"duration": 5.005,
"start": 195.066,
"text": "where she has infinitely many boxes\nfilled with indistinguishable parts."
},
{
"duration": 4.963,
"start": 200.196,
"text": "So she needs the Axiom of Choice\nto make their construction possible."
},
{
"duration": 4.505,
"start": 205.409,
"text": "If the Axiom of Choice can lead\nto such a counterintuitive result,"
},
{
"duration": 1.626,
"start": 209.914,
"text": "should we just reject it?"
},
{
"duration": 2.043,
"start": 211.666,
"text": "Mathematicians today say no,"
},
{
"duration": 4.463,
"start": 213.709,
"text": "because it’s load-bearing for a lot\nof important results in mathematics."
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 218.422,
"text": "Fields like measure theory\nand functional analysis,"
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 221.842,
"text": "which are crucial\nfor statistics and physics,"
},
{
"duration": 2.253,
"start": 224.72,
"text": "are built upon the Axiom of Choice."
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 226.973,
"text": "While it leads to some\nimpractical results,"
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 229.976,
"text": "it also leads to extremely practical ones."
},
{
"duration": 5.38,
"start": 233.646,
"text": "Fortunately, just as Euclidean geometry\nexists alongside hyperbolic geometry,"
},
{
"duration": 5.047,
"start": 239.026,
"text": "mathematics with the Axiom of Choice\ncoexists with mathematics without it."
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 244.49,
"text": "The question for many mathematicians\nisn’t whether the Axiom of Choice,"
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 248.494,
"text": "or for that matter any given axiom,\nis right or not,"
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 252.164,
"text": "but whether it’s right\nfor what you’re trying to do."
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 255.668,
"text": "The fate of the Banach-Tarski paradox\nlies in this choice."
},
{
"duration": 2.503,
"start": 260.172,
"text": "This is the freedom mathematics gives us."
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 262.675,
"text": "Not only is it a way to model\nour physical universe"
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 266.053,
"text": "using the axioms we intuit\nfrom our daily experiences,"
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 269.64,
"text": "but a way to venture into abstract\nmathematical universes"
},
{
"duration": 6.34,
"start": 273.644,
"text": "and explore arcane geometries and laws\nunlike anything we can ever experience."
},
{
"duration": 5.339,
"start": 280.484,
"text": "If we ever meet aliens, axioms which seem\nabsurd and incomprehensible to us"
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 285.823,
"text": "might be everyday common sense to them."
},
{
"duration": 4.337,
"start": 289.16,
"text": "To investigate, we might start by handing\nthem an infinitely sharp knife"
},
{
"duration": 1.544,
"start": 293.497,
"text": "and a perfect ball,"
},
{
"duration": 1.293,
"start": 295.041,
"text": "and see what they do."
}
] |
vtjHHnu_IB0
|
These animals can hear everything - Jakob Christensen-Dalsgaard
|
Explore the extraordinary auditory adaptations in the animal kingdom, and find out which creature has the best hearing.
--
The world is always abuzz with sounds, many of which human ears simply can’t hear. However, other species have extraordinary adaptations that grant them access to realms of sonic extremes. And some of them don’t even have ears— at least, not like we typically imagine. So, which is the best listener? Jakob Christensen-Dalsgaard explores the auditory capabilities of the animal kingdom.
Lesson by Jakob Christensen-Dalsgaard, directed by Joseph Clark.
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----------------------------------------------
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Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-has-no-ears-but-can-still-hear-jakob-christensen-dalsgaard/digdeeper
Music: https://soundgoods.tv
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Brad Sullivan, Karen Ho, Niklas Frimberger, Hunter Manhart, Nathan Nguyen, Igor Stavchanskiy, James R DeVries, Grace Huo, Diana Huang, Chau Hong Diem, Orlellys Torre, Corheu, Thomas Mee, Maryann H McCrory, Blas Borde, John Hellmann, Poompak Meephian, Chuck Wofford, Adam Pagan, Wes Winn, Conder Shou, ntiger, Noname, Hansan Hu, David D, Mac Hyney, Keith Ellison, robin valero walters, Lynne Truesdale, Gatsby Dkdc, Matthew Neal, Denis Chon, Julian Oberhofer, Monte Carroll, Eddy, Jay M, Constantino Victor Delgado, Andrea Galvagni, Andrew Tweddle, Laurel-Ann Rice, Fernando A. Endo, Helen Lee, pam morgan, sarim haq, Gerardo Castro, Michel-Ange Hortegat, Enes Kirimi, Amaury BISIAUX, ND and Samyogita Hardikar.
|
2024-06-11T15:01:16Z
|
[
{
"duration": 4.922,
"start": 6.961,
"text": "Shock seized the West African Dagara\nvillage as word traveled of a new decree."
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 11.966,
"text": "Completely disregarding\ntime-honored naming rituals,"
},
{
"duration": 2.92,
"start": 15.094,
"text": "the tyrannical chief declared that,\ngoing forward,"
},
{
"duration": 2.335,
"start": 18.014,
"text": "he alone would name\nthe village’s children."
},
{
"duration": 2.919,
"start": 20.433,
"text": "But an unlikely challenger\neventually appeared..."
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 23.77,
"text": "One day, a mother was taking her newborn\nto the chief’s house to be named"
},
{
"duration": 3.044,
"start": 27.774,
"text": "when her baby asked where they were\ngoing from his crib."
},
{
"duration": 3.9210000000000003,
"start": 30.818,
"text": "She told him, and he responded\nthat they could return home"
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 34.739,
"text": "because he already had a name\nand it was Yagangnaa,"
},
{
"duration": 1.835,
"start": 37.992,
"text": "meaning “wiser than the chief.”"
},
{
"duration": 2.253,
"start": 39.952,
"text": "So, they did just that."
},
{
"duration": 3.294,
"start": 43.081,
"text": "Years later, while hunting lizards\nnear the chief's house,"
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 46.459,
"text": "a friend called Yagangnaa’s name,\nwhich caught the chief’s attention."
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 50.797,
"text": "He knew he hadn't given any child a name\nthat insulted his own authority."
},
{
"duration": 4.963,
"start": 54.759,
"text": "When he asked Yagangnaa who named him,\nand the boy replied that he named himself"
},
{
"duration": 1.752,
"start": 59.847,
"text": "the chief grew furious."
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 61.891,
"text": "He committed himself\nto proving his superiority—"
},
{
"duration": 2.669,
"start": 64.936,
"text": "and punishing Yagangnaa’s family."
},
{
"duration": 5.214,
"start": 68.439,
"text": "First, he called on Yagangnaa and gave him\na huge basket full of millet and pebbles."
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 73.736,
"text": "He told Yagangnaa to have his mother brew\n“pito,” or millet beer,"
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 77.99,
"text": "by the end of the day, so the chief\ncould entertain his farm workers."
},
{
"duration": 3.504,
"start": 81.744,
"text": "Upon hearing the chief’s orders,\nYagangnaa’s mother wept."
},
{
"duration": 2.92,
"start": 85.414,
"text": "It was impossible to separate\nthe millet from the pebbles."
},
{
"duration": 2.67,
"start": 88.417,
"text": "And everyone knew it took\nweeks to make pito:"
},
{
"duration": 4.462,
"start": 91.129,
"text": "the millet had to be soaked, dried,\nground, boiled, then fermented"
},
{
"duration": 1.502,
"start": 95.591,
"text": "in days-long stages."
},
{
"duration": 4.672,
"start": 97.426,
"text": "So, Yagangnaa decided to retaliate\nwith another insurmountable task."
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 102.265,
"text": "He sent the chief gourd seeds\nand asked him to prepare calabash cups"
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 106.561,
"text": "that same day to hold the pito\nhis mother was making."
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 109.897,
"text": "The chief would have to wait\nfor the seeds to germinate"
},
{
"duration": 4.088,
"start": 112.483,
"text": "and the plants to bear fruit, then\nharvest, carve, and dry them—"
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 116.612,
"text": "the work of an entire farming season\nall in one day."
},
{
"duration": 4.045,
"start": 120.283,
"text": "Realizing Yagangnaa was onto him—\nand one step ahead—"
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 124.537,
"text": "the chief ordered him\nto return the millet."
},
{
"duration": 3.503,
"start": 127.582,
"text": "Next, he instructed Yagangnaa to look\nafter his bull"
},
{
"duration": 2.795,
"start": 131.085,
"text": "until it produced enough cattle\nto fill his kraal"
},
{
"duration": 1.9180000000000001,
"start": 133.88,
"text": "and pay his sons’ bridewealths."
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 136.007,
"text": "Without protesting that he’d need a cow,\nnot a bull, to do this,"
},
{
"duration": 1.6680000000000001,
"start": 139.719,
"text": "Yagangnaa agreed."
},
{
"duration": 3.379,
"start": 141.512,
"text": "The next day, he began cutting dry\nwood near the chief's house."
},
{
"duration": 2.252,
"start": 145.099,
"text": "When the chief asked what he was doing,"
},
{
"duration": 3.5460000000000003,
"start": 147.351,
"text": "Yagangnaa said he needed wood\nto cook and warm his house"
},
{
"duration": 2.21,
"start": 150.897,
"text": "because his father had\njust delivered a baby."
},
{
"duration": 2.46,
"start": 153.316,
"text": "The chief laughed and said\nthat was impossible,"
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 155.818,
"text": "to which Yagangnaa asked why\nit should be impossible"
},
{
"duration": 1.752,
"start": 159.405,
"text": "for his father to deliver a child"
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 161.157,
"text": "if the chief thought his bull\nwas going to produce cattle."
},
{
"duration": 4.338,
"start": 164.535,
"text": "One-upped once again, the chief ordered\nYagangnaa to return the bull—"
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 168.873,
"text": "and decided to take extreme measures."
},
{
"duration": 3.336,
"start": 172.21,
"text": "He told Yagangnaa to accompany his son\non an errand"
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 175.546,
"text": "and provided him a beautiful horse\nand expensive clothes."
},
{
"duration": 4.713,
"start": 178.758,
"text": "Meanwhile, the chief's own son wore\ntattered clothing and rode a weak horse."
},
{
"duration": 2.085,
"start": 183.596,
"text": "Sensing the chief's new trick brewing,"
},
{
"duration": 3.963,
"start": 185.681,
"text": "Yagangnaa offered to trade\nwith the chief’s son, who agreed."
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 189.977,
"text": "But the chief had given\nhis men grisly orders."
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 192.939,
"text": "And moments later, a poisoned arrow flew\ntowards the well-dressed boy"
},
{
"duration": 1.501,
"start": 196.776,
"text": "on the beautiful white horse,"
},
{
"duration": 4.463,
"start": 198.277,
"text": "striking and killing the chief’s son\nwhile Yagangnaa escaped."
},
{
"duration": 4.505,
"start": 203.532,
"text": "Ever fixated on eliminating Yagangnaa,\nthe defiant boy who named himself,"
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 208.037,
"text": "the chief invited him over for\na pito drinking spree."
},
{
"duration": 2.336,
"start": 211.29,
"text": "He dug a well and covered it\nwith a cowskin"
},
{
"duration": 2.127,
"start": 213.626,
"text": "to create a deceitfully decorative seat."
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 215.92,
"text": "But, by now, Yagangnaa knew\nthe chief’s plans,"
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 219.757,
"text": "and dug a tunnel connecting his house\nwith the chief’s well."
},
{
"duration": 3.795,
"start": 223.261,
"text": "Later, when Yagangnaa arrived\nand graciously took his seat,"
},
{
"duration": 1.21,
"start": 227.056,
"text": "he fell into the pit. "
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 228.516,
"text": "The chief ordered his wives\nto pour hot pito into the hole."
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 232.186,
"text": "But Yagangnaa swiftly escaped\nthrough the tunnel"
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 234.605,
"text": "and asked his mother to collect\nthe pito that soon followed."
},
{
"duration": 2.252,
"start": 238.067,
"text": "The chief thought he’d finally succeeded—"
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 240.319,
"text": "until receiving a message from Yagangnaa\nthe next day"
},
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 243.906,
"text": "asking to reciprocate the\nchief’s generosity,"
},
{
"duration": 2.169,
"start": 246.659,
"text": "inviting him for pito."
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 249.495,
"text": "Realizing that Yagangnaa had\noutwitted him again,"
},
{
"duration": 1.252,
"start": 252.456,
"text": "the chief conceded."
},
{
"duration": 2.46,
"start": 253.708,
"text": "And finally he abolished his decree"
},
{
"duration": 2.9619999999999997,
"start": 256.168,
"text": "and returned the power of naming\nback to his people,"
},
{
"duration": 1.459,
"start": 259.13,
"text": "where it belonged."
}
] |
7u98x3_r4_A
|
How to love, according to Rumi - Stephanie Honchell Smith
|
Explore the life and works of Rumi, who became one of the world’s most celebrated poets and mystical philosophers.
--
According to legend, the renowned scholar Jalaluddin Muhammad Rumi was giving a lecture when a disheveled man approached and asked him the meaning of his academic books. Rumi didn’t know it yet, but this question and this man would change his life. So, who was this mysterious figure, and how did he influence Rumi’s worldview? Stephanie Honchell Smith details the life of the celebrated poet.
Lesson by Stephanie Honchell Smith, directed by Reza Riahi.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
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Animator's website: https://www.rezariahi.com
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Lex Azevedo, Michael Aquilina, Jason A Saslow, Yansong Li, Cristóbal Moenne, Dawn Jordan, Prasanth Mathialagan, Samuel Doerle, David Rosario, Dominik Kugelmann - they-them, Siamak Hajizadeh, Ryohky Araya, Mayank Kaul, Christophe Dessalles, Heather Slater, Sandra Tersluisen, Zhexi Shan, Bárbara Nazaré, Andrea Feliz, Victor E Karhel, Sydney Evans, Latora, Noel Situ, emily lam, Sid, Niccolò Frassetto, Mana, I'm here because of Knowledge Fight Facebook group., Linda Freedman, Edgardo Cuellar, Jaspar Carmichael-Jack, Michael Burton, VIVIANA A GARCIA BESNE, The Vernon's, Olha Bahatiuk, Jesús Bíquez Talayero, Chels Raknrl, Sai Pranavi Jonnalagadda, Stuart Rice, Jing Chen, Vector-Dopamine math, Jasper Song, Giorgio Bugnatelli, Chardon, Eddy Trochez, OnlineBookClub.org, Eric Shear, Leith Salem, Omar Hicham and Adrian Rotaru.
|
2024-06-06T15:01:34Z
|
[
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 7.045,
"text": "One night in 2013, a man\nin Northern Ireland"
},
{
"duration": 5.755,
"start": 10.882,
"text": "was shocked to discover something bizarre\nprotruding from the mouth of the sea bass"
},
{
"duration": 1.877,
"start": 16.637,
"text": "he was preparing for dinner."
},
{
"duration": 2.9619999999999997,
"start": 18.806,
"text": "Peering closer, he came face-to-face"
},
{
"duration": 3.461,
"start": 21.768,
"text": "with none other than the\ninfamous “tongue biter,”"
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 25.396,
"text": "also known as the tongue-eating louse."
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 29.776,
"text": "This species, Cymothoa exigua,"
},
{
"duration": 4.671,
"start": 33.488,
"text": "is one of nearly 400 belonging to a family\nof fish parasites"
},
{
"duration": 2.002,
"start": 38.159,
"text": "called cymothoids."
},
{
"duration": 4.588,
"start": 40.453,
"text": "They’re crustaceans,\nand more specifically, isopods,"
},
{
"duration": 1.835,
"start": 45.041,
"text": "like pill bugs."
},
{
"duration": 5.548,
"start": 47.376,
"text": "Some latch onto their host's head,\nothers suck blood from fish gills,"
},
{
"duration": 3.461,
"start": 53.091,
"text": "and still others burrow into fish flesh"
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 56.594,
"text": "and form sac-like membranes\naround themselves."
},
{
"duration": 5.046,
"start": 61.099,
"text": "Clearly, there are many delightful ways\nto be a cymothoid,"
},
{
"duration": 6.631,
"start": 67.063,
"text": "but Cymothoa exigua and others\ngo specifically for fish tongues—"
},
{
"duration": 3.753,
"start": 73.82,
"text": "or at least what pass\nas tongues among fish."
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 78.032,
"text": "Because instead of what\nwe think of as a tongue,"
},
{
"duration": 4.588,
"start": 81.911,
"text": "fish have a bony structure\ncalled a basihyal,"
},
{
"duration": 2.67,
"start": 86.874,
"text": "protruding from the floor\nof their mouths,"
},
{
"duration": 4.879,
"start": 89.544,
"text": "which they use to move oxygen-rich\nwater towards their gills"
},
{
"duration": 1.752,
"start": 94.423,
"text": "and to swallow food."
},
{
"duration": 4.755,
"start": 96.592,
"text": "Tongue biters start out looking\nfor a fish to call home for life,"
},
{
"duration": 2.669,
"start": 101.347,
"text": "which can be up to around three years."
},
{
"duration": 5.505,
"start": 104.142,
"text": "They may swim for days,\nsurviving off stored yolk reserves—"
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 109.689,
"text": "until finally, they sense\na change in the light"
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 113.109,
"text": "and pick up on a nearby fish’s\nchemical cues."
},
{
"duration": 4.587,
"start": 117.155,
"text": "They burst into action,\nhook onto the fish’s gills"
},
{
"duration": 6.048,
"start": 121.742,
"text": "using the sharp, curved tips\nof their limbs, and crawl on in."
},
{
"duration": 1.752,
"start": 128.082,
"text": "There, they molt,"
},
{
"duration": 3.212,
"start": 130.042,
"text": "and since they won’t be living\nindependently again,"
},
{
"duration": 5.672,
"start": 133.254,
"text": "their eyes recede and their limbs lose\ntheir hair-like swimming structures."
},
{
"duration": 6.131,
"start": 139.135,
"text": "Meanwhile, their sperm producing\nand transporting organs also mature."
},
{
"duration": 5.505,
"start": 145.558,
"text": "If they’ve moved into a fish that doesn’t\nalready have a tongue biter at the helm,"
},
{
"duration": 5.256,
"start": 151.063,
"text": "they’ll speed right through this\nmale phase and develop into a female."
},
{
"duration": 1.794,
"start": 156.485,
"text": "They grow much larger,"
},
{
"duration": 3.9210000000000003,
"start": 158.279,
"text": "their testes shrink,\ntheir ovaries become active,"
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 162.325,
"text": "they form a kangaroo-like brood pouch,"
},
{
"duration": 5.422,
"start": 165.453,
"text": "and they enter their host’s mouth\nand clamp down on its basihyal."
},
{
"duration": 2.669,
"start": 171.584,
"text": "Here, they’re thought to suck blood"
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 174.253,
"text": "from the fleshier part\nof the fish’s tongue-like structure."
},
{
"duration": 6.464,
"start": 178.633,
"text": "Over time, the isopod’s habits can cause\nthe fish’s basihyal to wither away,"
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 185.181,
"text": "leaving the fish\nwith a parasitic crustacean"
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 188.351,
"text": "acting as a tongue-like appendage."
},
{
"duration": 1.251,
"start": 191.562,
"text": "In this form,"
},
{
"duration": 5.673,
"start": 192.813,
"text": "the tongue biter is suspected\nto functionally replace the basihyal,"
},
{
"duration": 4.338,
"start": 198.694,
"text": "moving food and water\nthrough the fish’s mouth."
},
{
"duration": 5.714,
"start": 203.366,
"text": "Only mature female tongue biters\ntake hold of the basihyal,"
},
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 209.163,
"text": "and only one at a time gets a taste."
},
{
"duration": 4.462,
"start": 212.083,
"text": "In the event that a few tongue biters\nshare the same lucky fish"
},
{
"duration": 2.044,
"start": 216.545,
"text": "and the tongue is already taken,"
},
{
"duration": 4.755,
"start": 218.589,
"text": "the others will remain male till\nthe opportunity to switch arises."
},
{
"duration": 4.504,
"start": 223.511,
"text": "If the female dies, a nearby male\ncan develop into a female"
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 228.015,
"text": "and fill the recently vacated position."
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 231.143,
"text": "Otherwise, males mostly remain\nin the gills,"
},
{
"duration": 2.794,
"start": 234.939,
"text": "though they may climb into the mouth\nto mate."
},
{
"duration": 5.214,
"start": 237.858,
"text": "And when that happens, a female can\nproduce hundreds of tiny tongue biters,"
},
{
"duration": 4.713,
"start": 243.155,
"text": "carrying them inside a special pouch\nuntil they’re ready to swim off"
},
{
"duration": 3.838,
"start": 247.868,
"text": "and find fish of their own\nto make home sweet home."
},
{
"duration": 5.214,
"start": 252.081,
"text": "Fish can survive years\nparasitized by cymothoids,"
},
{
"duration": 4.213,
"start": 257.503,
"text": "but it may come as no surprise\nthat having a blood-sucking isopod"
},
{
"duration": 2.46,
"start": 261.716,
"text": "for a tongue isn't ideal."
},
{
"duration": 5.797,
"start": 264.427,
"text": "While some seem largely unaffected\naside from the obvious, localized damage,"
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 270.349,
"text": "others grow slower, become anemic,"
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 273.185,
"text": "and are more susceptible\nto environmental stressors."
},
{
"duration": 6.548,
"start": 277.565,
"text": "Parasitism rates can get surprisingly high\namong cymothoids’ preferred hosts,"
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 284.113,
"text": "which includes snappers, trout,\nand croakers—"
},
{
"duration": 2.919,
"start": 287.867,
"text": "also commonly consumed by people."
},
{
"duration": 3.92,
"start": 291.037,
"text": "Surveys of Mediterranean\nstriped sea breams"
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 294.957,
"text": "and South African largespot pompanos"
},
{
"duration": 5.214,
"start": 298.21,
"text": " found that nearly half the fish\ncarried cymothoids in their mouths."
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 303.549,
"text": "And the number can climb\neven higher in fish farms."
},
{
"duration": 1.835,
"start": 307.595,
"text": "They’re normally removed,"
},
{
"duration": 5.046,
"start": 309.472,
"text": "but they've occasionally made their way\ninto grocery stores and home kitchens."
},
{
"duration": 4.963,
"start": 314.852,
"text": "And while theoretically eating a tongue\nbiter doesn't pose any health risks,"
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 319.857,
"text": "it might not be the most\npleasant surprise."
},
{
"duration": 2.628,
"start": 323.944,
"text": "What? Louse got your tongue?"
}
] |
SYia4zqcE4g
|
Can you transplant a head to another body? - Max G. Levy
|
Follow a neurosurgeon's attempts to perform a head transplant, and dig into the ethical and biological questions the procedure raises.
--
In 1970, neurosurgeon Robert White and his team carted two monkeys into an operating room to conduct an ambitious experiment. The objective was to connect the head of Monkey A to the body of Monkey B, in what he considered a whole-body transplant, with the ultimate goal of one day performing this surgery on humans. Is such a feat even medically possible? And is it ethical? Max G. Levy investigates.
Lesson by Max G. Levy, directed by Anton Bogaty.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
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----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/can-you-transplant-a-head-to-another-body-max-levy
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----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Thomas Mungavan, Jaron Blackburn, Venkat Venkatakrishnan, ReuniteKorea, Aaron Henson, Rohan Gupta, Begum Tutuncu, Brian Richards, Jørgen Østerpart, Tyron Jung, Carsten Tobehn, Katie Dean, Ezgi Yersu, Gerald Onyango, alessandra tasso, Doreen Reynolds-Consolati, Manognya Chakrapani, Ayala Ron, Eunsun Kim, Phyllis Dubrow, Ophelia Gibson Best, Paul Schneider, Joichiro Yamada, Henrique Cassús, Karthik Cherala, Clarence E. Harper Jr., Vignan Velivela, Ana Maria, Exal Enrique Cisneros Tuch, Tejas Dc, Khalifa Alhulail, Martin Stephen, Jose Henrique Leopoldo e Silva, Mandeep Singh, Abhijit Kiran Valluri, Morgan Williams, Devin Harris, Pavel Zalevskiy, Karen Goepen-Wee, Filip Dabrowski, Barbara Smalley, Megan Douglas, Tim Leistikow, Ka-Hei Law, Hiroshi Uchiyama, Mark Morris, Misaki Sato, EdoKun, SookKwan Loong and Bev Millar.
|
2024-06-04T15:01:06Z
|
[
{
"duration": 5.714,
"start": 7.003,
"text": "In 2003, Singapore’s national water agency\nlaunched an unprecedented program."
},
{
"duration": 1.835,
"start": 12.8,
"text": "Using two new facilities,"
},
{
"duration": 3.963,
"start": 14.635,
"text": "they planned to provide more than 50%\nof their nation’s water supply"
},
{
"duration": 1.96,
"start": 18.598,
"text": "by recycling wastewater."
},
{
"duration": 2.795,
"start": 20.808,
"text": "And yes, we do mean that wastewater."
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 24.02,
"text": "While this might seem\nlike a desperate decision,"
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 27.148,
"text": "this program had been\nplanned for decades"
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 29.692,
"text": "to ensure the island nation\nnever ran out of clean water."
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 33.821,
"text": "And today, as climate change\nincreases the frequency and duration"
},
{
"duration": 1.752,
"start": 37.658,
"text": "of droughts worldwide,"
},
{
"duration": 2.67,
"start": 39.41,
"text": "more and more regions\nare facing this problem."
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 42.288,
"text": "But is it really safe to reuse anything\nwe flush down the toilet?"
},
{
"duration": 1.085,
"start": 46.667,
"text": "To answer this,"
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 47.752,
"text": "we have to understand exactly\nwhat’s inside this cloudy cocktail."
},
{
"duration": 2.92,
"start": 51.964,
"text": "Wastewater is classified\ninto several types,"
},
{
"duration": 1.877,
"start": 54.884,
"text": "but the primary three are:"
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 56.761,
"text": "gray water used\nin sinks, bathing, and laundry;"
},
{
"duration": 2.335,
"start": 60.098,
"text": "yellow water containing just urine;"
},
{
"duration": 3.6710000000000003,
"start": 62.433,
"text": "and black water which has\ncome into contact with feces."
},
{
"duration": 2.377,
"start": 66.521,
"text": "Globally, we generate enough wastewater"
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 68.898,
"text": "to fill about 400,000 Olympic-sized\nswimming pools every day."
},
{
"duration": 2.336,
"start": 73.611,
"text": "In cities and towns with sewage systems,"
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 75.947,
"text": "this wastewater combines\nin underground pipes,"
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 78.783,
"text": "which actually aren’t filled with feces."
},
{
"duration": 2.378,
"start": 81.452,
"text": "The average 4,000 liters\nof sewage"
},
{
"duration": 3.586,
"start": 83.83,
"text": "contains only a single liter\nof solid fecal material."
},
{
"duration": 3.129,
"start": 87.416,
"text": "But sewage is still rife\nwith dangerous contaminants,"
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 90.711,
"text": "including billions of pathogens\nand microorganisms,"
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 94.006,
"text": "trace chemicals,\nand excess inorganic nutrients"
},
{
"duration": 2.002,
"start": 97.635,
"text": "that can pollute rivers and lakes."
},
{
"duration": 2.877,
"start": 100.138,
"text": "So even if we aren’t planning\nto drink this concoction,"
},
{
"duration": 1.46,
"start": 103.015,
"text": "we still need to clean it;"
},
{
"duration": 4.213,
"start": 104.475,
"text": "which is why sewer systems typically\nrun to wastewater treatment plants."
},
{
"duration": 2.335,
"start": 108.688,
"text": "Most plants remove major contaminants"
},
{
"duration": 3.379,
"start": 111.023,
"text": "such as feces, pathogens,\nand excess nitrogen"
},
{
"duration": 2.127,
"start": 114.402,
"text": "from all the water they process."
},
{
"duration": 5.214,
"start": 116.737,
"text": "And this involves a ton of biological,\nchemical, and physical interventions."
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 122.118,
"text": "Some of the most important include\nsettling tanks to remove large particles,"
},
{
"duration": 4.796,
"start": 126.539,
"text": "biological reaction tanks where microbes\neat unwanted materials,"
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 131.335,
"text": "and chemical disinfection processes\nthat kill pathogens."
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 135.84,
"text": "After these procedures,\ntypical treated wastewater in the US"
},
{
"duration": 3.086,
"start": 139.844,
"text": "is already cleaner than most\nnatural bodies of water,"
},
{
"duration": 2.9619999999999997,
"start": 142.93,
"text": "making it safe to discharge\ninto rivers and lakes."
},
{
"duration": 3.504,
"start": 146.225,
"text": "If we plan on reusing the water\nfor non-potable purposes,"
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 149.729,
"text": "such as irrigation or washing cars,"
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 152.148,
"text": "it gets even further disinfected \nto prevent bacteria from growing"
},
{
"duration": 1.293,
"start": 156.11,
"text": "during storage."
},
{
"duration": 2.169,
"start": 157.653,
"text": "But if we want it clean enough to drink,"
},
{
"duration": 2.211,
"start": 159.822,
"text": "there's much more treatment to be done."
},
{
"duration": 3.503,
"start": 162.158,
"text": "One common process\nincludes microfiltration,"
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 165.661,
"text": "where membranes with pores\none millionth of a meter across"
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 169.582,
"text": "filter out small particles\nand larger microorganisms."
},
{
"duration": 5.13,
"start": 173.544,
"text": "Next, the water passes through an even\nfiner reverse osmosis membrane,"
},
{
"duration": 4.588,
"start": 178.674,
"text": "which can remove particles as small\nas a tenth of a billionth of a meter."
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 183.429,
"text": "This membrane is semi-permeable,\nallowing water to pass through,"
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 187.558,
"text": "but stopping things like salt, viruses,\nor unwanted chemicals."
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 192.063,
"text": "After this stage, UV lamps are\nplunged into the water,"
},
{
"duration": 2.752,
"start": 195.942,
"text": "emitting radiation that\npermanently damages"
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 198.694,
"text": "the genetic material\nof any lingering life forms."
},
{
"duration": 5.422,
"start": 202.49,
"text": "Sometimes UV disinfection is then combined\nwith further disinfection processes"
},
{
"duration": 2.794,
"start": 207.912,
"text": "that use chemicals like hydrogen peroxide"
},
{
"duration": 4.797,
"start": 210.706,
"text": "to handle a wide range\nof microorganisms and micropollutants."
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 216.087,
"text": "At this point, the treated wastewater\nis tested rigorously."
},
{
"duration": 4.629,
"start": 219.674,
"text": "And if it passes, it can safely enter\nthe typical pipeline for drinking water,"
},
{
"duration": 2.211,
"start": 224.303,
"text": "going through the standard\ntreatment procedures"
},
{
"duration": 2.085,
"start": 226.514,
"text": "before joining the municipal supply."
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 228.933,
"text": "This approach is called\ndirect potable reuse,"
},
{
"duration": 2.044,
"start": 232.311,
"text": "but even though it’s perfectly healthy,"
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 234.355,
"text": "there’s still some concern\nwith such a direct system."
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 237.275,
"text": "Instead, most places opt\nfor indirect potable reuse,"
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 241.237,
"text": "where the treated wastewater is discharged\nto an environmental buffer,"
},
{
"duration": 4.462,
"start": 245.408,
"text": "such as a reservoir, lake, wetland,\nor groundwater aquifer."
},
{
"duration": 2.044,
"start": 250.162,
"text": "After some time in this environment,"
},
{
"duration": 2.628,
"start": 252.206,
"text": "any lingering chemicals\nfrom the treatment process"
},
{
"duration": 1.751,
"start": 254.834,
"text": "will diffuse and degrade."
},
{
"duration": 4.213,
"start": 256.752,
"text": "Then, the water can be extracted\nand enter the drinking water pipeline."
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 261.215,
"text": "Indirect potable reuse is the\nprocess used in Singapore,"
},
{
"duration": 5.005,
"start": 265.511,
"text": "and it's become an increasingly common\nlifeline for arid regions in the US."
},
{
"duration": 4.755,
"start": 270.516,
"text": "But this system is only feasible in places\nwith centralized sewer systems"
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 275.271,
"text": "and infrastructure for pumping\nwater into people's homes."
},
{
"duration": 1.9609999999999999,
"start": 278.899,
"text": "This means it can’t help communities"
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 280.86,
"text": "dealing with the most serious\nsanitation issues,"
},
{
"duration": 3.086,
"start": 283.571,
"text": "where access to clean water\nis a daily struggle."
},
{
"duration": 4.713,
"start": 286.907,
"text": "Researchers are investigating smaller\nscale technologies to recycle sewage"
},
{
"duration": 1.919,
"start": 291.62,
"text": "into potable water on site."
},
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 293.664,
"text": "But helping these communities\nin the long term"
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 296.417,
"text": "will require us to take a closer look\nat all the water we’ve been wasting."
}
] |
wyHLLzmNje0
|
How did ancient civilizations make ice cream? - Vivian Jiang
|
Trace the history of ice cream, from the first accounts of cold desserts in the 1st century to the cream-based treat we know today.
--
Ice cream has a unique role in our world’s history, culture, and cravings. The first accounts of cold desserts date back to the first century, in civilizations including ancient Rome, Mughal India, and Tang Dynasty China. Yet the cream-based delicacy we know today made a much later debut. So, how did the delicious sweet treat come to be? Vivian Jiang shares the scoop on the history of ice cream.
Lesson by Vivian Jiang, directed by Masayoshi Nakamura, Good General.
Music and sound design by Zak Engel.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
----------------------------------------------
Support us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon
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----------------------------------------------
Sign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter
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Keep Learning
----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-did-ancient-civilizations-make-ice-cream-vivian-jiang
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-did-ancient-civilizations-make-ice-cream-vivian-jiang/digdeeper
Animator's website: https://goodgeneral.com
Music and sound design: https://www.zakengel.com
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Anthony Benedict, Karthik Balsubramanian, Annastasshia Ames, Amy Lopez, Vinh-Thuy Nguyen, Liz Candee, Ugur Doga Sezgin, Karmi Nguyen, John C. Vesey, Yelena Baykova, Nick Johnson, Carlos H. Costa, Jennifer Kurkoski, Ryan B Harvey, Akinola Emmanuel, Jose Arcadio Valdes Franco, Sebastiaan Vleugels, Karl Laius, JY Kang, Abhishek Goel, Heidi Stolt, Nicole Sund, Karlee Finch, Mario Mejia, Denise A Pitts, Doug Henry, Keven Webb, Mihai Sandu, Deepak Iyer, Javid Gozalov, Kyanta Yap, Rebecca Reineke, William Biersdorf, Patricia Alves Panagides, Yvette Mocete, Cyrus Garay, Samuel Barbas, LadyGeek, Marin Kovachev, Penelope Misquitta, Hans Peng, Gaurav Mathur, Erik Biemans, Tony, Michelle, Katie and Josh Pedretti, Hoai Nam Tran, Kack-Kyun Kim, Michael Braun-Boghos, zjweele13, Anna-Pitschna Kunz and Edla Paniguel.
|
2024-05-30T15:00:59Z
|
[
{
"duration": 5.589,
"start": 6.878,
"text": "You and a group of strangers have been\ngathered to design a just society."
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 12.675,
"text": "And to ensure none of you rig the system\nto benefit yourself,"
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 16.929,
"text": "you’ve all been placed\nunder a “veil of ignorance.”"
},
{
"duration": 4.588,
"start": 21.017,
"text": "Under this veil, you’re blind to certain\ninformation about each other"
},
{
"duration": 1.418,
"start": 25.605,
"text": "and yourselves."
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 27.231,
"text": "You don’t know your age or sex,"
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 29.692,
"text": "your profession or natural talents,\nhow much wealth you have,"
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 33.446,
"text": "or your religious\nor philosophical beliefs."
},
{
"duration": 3.628,
"start": 37.033,
"text": "So, according to political philosopher\nJohn Rawls,"
},
{
"duration": 3.5460000000000003,
"start": 40.661,
"text": "you should be motivated to consider\nwhat’s most fair"
},
{
"duration": 2.46,
"start": 44.207,
"text": "for all your society's citizens."
},
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 47.585,
"text": "When Rawls published this\nthought experiment—"
},
{
"duration": 5.964,
"start": 50.338,
"text": "known as “the original position”—\nin his 1971 opus “A Theory of Justice,”"
},
{
"duration": 5.213,
"start": 56.344,
"text": "he was trying to identify principles\nto support a realistic utopia."
},
{
"duration": 4.505,
"start": 62.141,
"text": "This visionary society would ensure\neveryone had the resources"
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 66.646,
"text": "and opportunities required\nto freely pursue their goals."
},
{
"duration": 4.921,
"start": 71.484,
"text": "Rawls was confident these principles could\nonly be realized in a democracy."
},
{
"duration": 4.796,
"start": 76.823,
"text": "But he felt existing social structures\nweren’t the right path forward."
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 81.953,
"text": "He believed free market philosophies\nand welfare capitalism"
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 85.957,
"text": "led to unjust accumulations\nof wealth and power."
},
{
"duration": 2.919,
"start": 89.836,
"text": "And he saw models inspired by Marxism"
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 92.755,
"text": "as extreme reactions\nto capitalism’s flaws,"
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 96.05,
"text": "with unrealistic assumptions\nabout economies and human nature."
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 100.179,
"text": "So Rawls proposed a new kind of democracy."
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 103.474,
"text": "One where no person was considered\nless valuable than another"
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 107.228,
"text": "and all citizens could live\naccording to their own wills."
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 110.898,
"text": "And while the details of this vision\ncan seem radical,"
},
{
"duration": 3.254,
"start": 113.901,
"text": "Rawls believed that,\nunder the veil of ignorance,"
},
{
"duration": 4.671,
"start": 117.155,
"text": "free and equal people would\nunanimously agree to his fair society."
},
{
"duration": 2.502,
"start": 122.118,
"text": "So, let’s play out this\nthought experiment."
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 125.204,
"text": "The first step in designing our society\nis deciding how to distribute"
},
{
"duration": 2.628,
"start": 129.458,
"text": "what Rawls called primary goods."
},
{
"duration": 3.6710000000000003,
"start": 132.211,
"text": "These include the basic liberties,\nopportunities, and wealth"
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 135.882,
"text": "necessary for pursuing most goals."
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 139.051,
"text": "Rawls believed our justice-architects\nwould agree"
},
{
"duration": 3.9210000000000003,
"start": 142.388,
"text": "to an “equal scheme\nof basic liberties” for all,"
},
{
"duration": 1.6680000000000001,
"start": 146.309,
"text": "including freedom of speech"
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 147.977,
"text": "and the freedom to associate\nwith whoever they choose."
},
{
"duration": 3.169,
"start": 151.189,
"text": "After all, without the freedom\nto pursue one's goals,"
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 154.358,
"text": "resources like wealth\nand job opportunities lose their value."
},
{
"duration": 5.005,
"start": 158.321,
"text": "Citizens would also have equal political\nliberties to vote and run for office."
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 163.534,
"text": "Next, Rawls believes the architects\nwould establish what he calls"
},
{
"duration": 2.169,
"start": 167.538,
"text": "“fair equality of opportunity.”"
},
{
"duration": 5.047,
"start": 169.957,
"text": "This means society must be arranged\nso no one is unfairly deprived"
},
{
"duration": 4.796,
"start": 175.004,
"text": "of the resources necessary to compete\nfor valued jobs and other positions."
},
{
"duration": 4.338,
"start": 180.134,
"text": "However, after agreeing upon equality\nof liberty and opportunity,"
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 184.472,
"text": "Rawls believes our justice-architects\nwould see the benefits"
},
{
"duration": 2.669,
"start": 188.476,
"text": "of allowing for some wealth inequalities."
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 191.52,
"text": "For example, greater profits\ncan incentivize innovation,"
},
{
"duration": 2.044,
"start": 195.274,
"text": "productivity, and investment."
},
{
"duration": 4.839,
"start": 197.401,
"text": "But Rawls also believes our designers\nwould want to limit differences in wealth"
},
{
"duration": 2.335,
"start": 202.24,
"text": "with what he calls\n“the difference principle.”"
},
{
"duration": 3.503,
"start": 204.784,
"text": "This states that wealth inequalities\nare only acceptable"
},
{
"duration": 2.92,
"start": 208.287,
"text": "when they benefit\nthe least advantaged citizens,"
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 211.207,
"text": "making them better off than they’d be\nunder conditions of strict equality."
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 216.087,
"text": "These tenets form the foundation\nof Rawls’ just society,"
},
{
"duration": 3.086,
"start": 220.049,
"text": "and he believed they could be achieved\nthrough what he called"
},
{
"duration": 1.835,
"start": 223.177,
"text": "“property owning democracy.”"
},
{
"duration": 4.38,
"start": 225.304,
"text": "This model would guarantee equal access\nto education and healthcare"
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 229.684,
"text": "and rely on government regulation\nto ensure a just distribution"
},
{
"duration": 1.6680000000000001,
"start": 233.98,
"text": "of property and wealth."
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 236.232,
"text": "Rawls knew fully adopting this approach\nwould require major changes"
},
{
"duration": 1.585,
"start": 240.403,
"text": "for existing democracies."
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 242.196,
"text": "But he believed his principles\ncould at least inspire"
},
{
"duration": 1.752,
"start": 245.157,
"text": "some immediate improvements."
},
{
"duration": 4.13,
"start": 247.159,
"text": "For example, Rawls advocated for limits\non campaign spending"
},
{
"duration": 1.7930000000000001,
"start": 251.289,
"text": "and political contributions"
},
{
"duration": 2.794,
"start": 253.082,
"text": "to reduce the influence\nof wealth on politics."
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 256.377,
"text": "He also endorsed policies\nfighting discrimination"
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 259.422,
"text": "and generous social safety nets\nlike unemployment benefits"
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 263.092,
"text": "to ensure a good situation\nfor the worst-off."
},
{
"duration": 2.794,
"start": 266.554,
"text": "Some philosophers have\ncritiqued Rawls’ work."
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 269.348,
"text": "Ronald Dworkin argues that\nthe difference principle"
},
{
"duration": 4.338,
"start": 272.393,
"text": "unfairly tethers society’s progress\nto the status of the worst-off,"
},
{
"duration": 2.919,
"start": 276.731,
"text": "even if they’re in that position\nbecause of their own choices."
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 279.984,
"text": "Meanwhile, Martha Nussbaum believes\nRawls’ thought experiment"
},
{
"duration": 2.127,
"start": 283.654,
"text": "overlooks real-life particulars."
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 285.948,
"text": "For example, the special needs\nof a person with disabilities"
},
{
"duration": 4.38,
"start": 289.493,
"text": "might not be satisfied by the\nstandard distribution of primary goods."
},
{
"duration": 1.334,
"start": 294.165,
"text": "And more generally,"
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 295.499,
"text": "some argue the architects in Rawls’\nharmonious thought experiment"
},
{
"duration": 3.212,
"start": 299.545,
"text": "are simply too different\nfrom the competing interests"
},
{
"duration": 1.626,
"start": 302.757,
"text": "building real societies."
},
{
"duration": 1.794,
"start": 304.633,
"text": "But since its publication,"
},
{
"duration": 4.087,
"start": 306.427,
"text": "this thought experiment has inspired\nsome very real consequences."
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 310.514,
"text": "Rawls’ rallying cry for social\nand political equality"
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 313.934,
"text": "and a more justly regulated form\nof capitalism"
},
{
"duration": 5.255,
"start": 316.979,
"text": "has impacted countless political\nphilosophers, activists, and policymakers."
},
{
"duration": 4.588,
"start": 322.943,
"text": "And this new school of thought about\njustice continues to challenge people"
},
{
"duration": 5.631,
"start": 327.531,
"text": "to look past their biases and consider\nwhat a fair society might truly look like."
}
] |
oPGVGckn7kQ
|
How does an air conditioner actually work? - Anna Rothschild
|
Dig into the science of how heat pumps both heat and cool a home, and find out the benefits and drawbacks of this technology.
--
Typically, with any piece of technology, you pump one unit of energy in and you get about one out. That’s just the first law of thermodynamics: energy has to be conserved. But there’s a piece of technology called a heat pump, where for every bit of energy you put in, you get three to five times as much heat out. What wizardry is this? Anna Rothschild investigates the science of heat pumps.
Lesson by Anna Rothschild, directed by Kevin Herrmann, AIM Creative Studios.
This video made possible in collaboration with Speed & Scale
Learn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartner
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
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Keep Learning
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View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-tech-that-seems-to-break-the-laws-of-physics-anna-rothschild
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-tech-that-seems-to-break-the-laws-of-physics-anna-rothschild/digdeeper
Animator's website: https://aimcreativestudios.com
Music: https://soundcloud.com/aim-music
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Eric Braun, Sonja Worzewski, Michael Clement, Adam Berry, Ghaith Tarawneh, Nathan Milford, Tomas Beckett, Alice Ice, Eric Berman, Kurt Paolo Sevillano, Jennifer Heald, Megulo Abebe, isolwi, Kate Sem, Ujjwal Dasu, Angel Alberici, Minh Quan Dinh, Sylvain, Terran Gimpel, Talia Sari, Katie McDowell, Allen, Mahina Knuckles, Charmaine Hanson, Thawsitt, Jezabel, Abdullah Abdulaziz, Xiao Yu, Melissa Suarez, Brian A. Dunn, Francisco Amaya, Daisuke Goto, Matt Switzler, Peng, Tzu-Hsiang, Bethany Connor, Jeremy Shimanek, Mark Byers, Avinash Amarnath, Xuebicoco, Rayo, Po Foon Kwong, Boffin, Jesse Jurman, Scott Markley, Elija Peterson, Ovidiu Mrd, paul g mohney, Steven Razey, Nathan Giusti and Helen Lee.
|
2024-05-28T15:00:56Z
|
[
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 7.045,
"text": "In 2009, five Kenyan people\ntook a petition"
},
{
"duration": 1.876,
"start": 10.048,
"text": "to the British Prime Minister’s office."
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 12.008,
"text": "They claimed they endured\nhuman rights abuses in the 1950s,"
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 15.636,
"text": "while Kenya was under British colonial\nrule and demanded reparations."
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 19.974,
"text": "They had vivid accounts and physical scars\nfrom their experiences—"
},
{
"duration": 2.086,
"start": 23.352,
"text": "but their testimonies were undermined."
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 25.646,
"text": "They had no documentary evidence that\nBritain sanctioned systems of torture"
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 29.4,
"text": "against Kenyans—\nat least, not yet."
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 32.862,
"text": "Thousands of secret files were\nwaiting to be discovered."
},
{
"duration": 4.045,
"start": 36.074,
"text": "In 2010, a historian joined \nthe trial as an expert witness"
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 40.119,
"text": "and attested to having seen references\nto missing documents."
},
{
"duration": 4.338,
"start": 43.456,
"text": "They noted that Kenya had repeatedly\nrequested the return of stolen papers,"
},
{
"duration": 2.127,
"start": 47.794,
"text": "which the British government had refused."
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 50.046,
"text": "In fact, many historians suspected\nthere were gaps in the archives."
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 54.092,
"text": "As a result, the court ordered the release\nof any relevant documents."
},
{
"duration": 4.379,
"start": 58.096,
"text": "And, days later, British officials\nacknowledged that 1,500 pertinent files"
},
{
"duration": 2.21,
"start": 62.475,
"text": "were being held \nin a high-security archive."
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 64.977,
"text": "It soon became clear that these \nwere just a small sample"
},
{
"duration": 3.5460000000000003,
"start": 67.688,
"text": "of documents Britain hid\nbetween the 1950s and 70s,"
},
{
"duration": 2.335,
"start": 71.234,
"text": "while former colonies \ndeclared independence,"
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 73.569,
"text": "as part of a widespread colonial British \npolicy called Operation Legacy."
},
{
"duration": 3.753,
"start": 78.533,
"text": "The policy was for British colonial\nofficers to destroy or remove"
},
{
"duration": 2.503,
"start": 82.286,
"text": "documentation that \nmight incriminate Britain"
},
{
"duration": 2.627,
"start": 84.789,
"text": "and be of strategic value\nto the new governments."
},
{
"duration": 2.336,
"start": 87.75,
"text": "They were instructed to destroy, alter,"
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 90.086,
"text": "or secretly transport\nthese papers to the UK."
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 93.172,
"text": "Documents slated for destruction\nwere to be burnt to ashes"
},
{
"duration": 2.7119999999999997,
"start": 96.425,
"text": "or sunk in weighted crates far from shore."
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 99.679,
"text": "During the trial, between 2010 and 2013,"
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 103.057,
"text": "an independent historian revealed \nthey had located"
},
{
"duration": 3.7960000000000003,
"start": 106.018,
"text": "more than 20,000 previously hidden \nOperation Legacy files"
},
{
"duration": 1.9180000000000001,
"start": 109.814,
"text": "from 37 former colonies."
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 112.233,
"text": "Finally, an estimated 1.2 million \ncolonial files,"
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 116.07,
"text": "sprawling kilometers in the archive’s \nso-called “Special Collections,”"
},
{
"duration": 1.46,
"start": 119.824,
"text": "were also exposed."
},
{
"duration": 3.086,
"start": 121.659,
"text": "And these were only the documents\nthat British forces kept."
},
{
"duration": 3.087,
"start": 125.079,
"text": "How many were destroyed— \nand what information they contained—"
},
{
"duration": 1.209,
"start": 128.166,
"text": "remains unknown."
},
{
"duration": 5.088,
"start": 129.876,
"text": "About 3.5 tons of colonial documents \nwere slated for incineration in Kenya."
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 135.214,
"text": "Ultimately, Operation Legacy’s objective\nwas to obscure critical aspects"
},
{
"duration": 1.043,
"start": 139.093,
"text": "of the truth."
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 140.136,
"text": "In the words of Britain’s\nattorney-general in Kenya,"
},
{
"duration": 2.502,
"start": 142.597,
"text": "“If we are going to sin, \nwe must sin quietly.”"
},
{
"duration": 2.628,
"start": 145.349,
"text": "So, what really happened in Kenya?"
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 148.227,
"text": "Beginning in 1895, the British\nadministration forcibly removed people"
},
{
"duration": 1.544,
"start": 152.356,
"text": "from their traditional lands,"
},
{
"duration": 4.63,
"start": 154.066,
"text": "giving the most fertile areas to European\nsettlers to establish large-scale farms."
},
{
"duration": 2.253,
"start": 158.946,
"text": "They mandated forced labor systems,"
},
{
"duration": 2.877,
"start": 161.199,
"text": "implemented reservations \nfor Indigenous African peoples,"
},
{
"duration": 1.46,
"start": 164.076,
"text": "and restricted their movement."
},
{
"duration": 3.044,
"start": 165.62,
"text": "Kenyan people resisted \nthese incursions from the start"
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 168.664,
"text": "and grew increasingly organized over time."
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 171.083,
"text": "One movement, \nthe Kenya Land and Freedom Army,"
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 173.544,
"text": "aimed to forcibly remove white settlers\nand overthrow the colonial government."
},
{
"duration": 3.461,
"start": 178.049,
"text": "When the British declared \na state of emergency in 1952,"
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 181.51,
"text": "they were giving themselves permission \nto take otherwise illegal special measures"
},
{
"duration": 1.252,
"start": 185.681,
"text": "to regain control."
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 187.391,
"text": "The newly revealed \nOperation Legacy documents"
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 189.852,
"text": "confirmed that people suspected \nof participating in the resistance"
},
{
"duration": 2.044,
"start": 193.022,
"text": "were subjected to horrible abuses."
},
{
"duration": 2.669,
"start": 195.191,
"text": "Between 1952 and 1959,"
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 197.86,
"text": "the British imprisoned \nover 80,000 people without trial,"
},
{
"duration": 4.13,
"start": 201.53,
"text": "sentenced over 1,000 people convicted\nas terrorists to death,"
},
{
"duration": 3.628,
"start": 205.66,
"text": "and imposed extreme surveillance\nand interrogation tactics."
},
{
"duration": 1.7109999999999999,
"start": 209.538,
"text": "Some people were beaten to death."
},
{
"duration": 2.169,
"start": 211.499,
"text": "Others were raped or castrated."
},
{
"duration": 2.503,
"start": 213.709,
"text": "Many were shackled at the wrist for years."
},
{
"duration": 1.293,
"start": 216.337,
"text": "Children were killed."
},
{
"duration": 1.835,
"start": 217.672,
"text": "One person was burnt alive."
},
{
"duration": 4.379,
"start": 219.632,
"text": "Ndiku Mutwiwa Mutua testified \nto being castrated while handcuffed"
},
{
"duration": 1.126,
"start": 224.011,
"text": "and blindfolded."
},
{
"duration": 4.338,
"start": 225.638,
"text": "Wambugu Wa Nyingi said he was\nsuspended upside-down, beaten,"
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 229.976,
"text": "and had water thrown on his face\nuntil he could barely breathe."
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 233.646,
"text": "Jane Muthoni Mara said she was \nsexually violated with a hot bottle,"
},
{
"duration": 2.044,
"start": 237.65,
"text": "and imprisoned for years without cause."
},
{
"duration": 1.7930000000000001,
"start": 240.111,
"text": "In response to the new evidence,"
},
{
"duration": 2.336,
"start": 241.904,
"text": "the British government issued\na formal apology,"
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 244.24,
"text": "and made an out-of-court \nfinancial settlement"
},
{
"duration": 4.629,
"start": 246.534,
"text": "with the 5,228 Kenyan claimants \nultimately involved in the case."
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 251.622,
"text": "The original five claimants \nhad made history—"
},
{
"duration": 2.795,
"start": 254.041,
"text": "and paved the way for it \nto be rightfully rewritten."
},
{
"duration": 4.546,
"start": 257.128,
"text": "The uncovered files challenge fundamental\nmyths about British colonialism"
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 261.674,
"text": "as a benevolent institution that brought\nfreedom and democracy to its subjects,"
},
{
"duration": 2.336,
"start": 265.97,
"text": "then graciously gave them independence."
},
{
"duration": 4.713,
"start": 268.472,
"text": "Instead, the newly exposed evidence\nconfirms what many people knew to be true,"
},
{
"duration": 1.085,
"start": 273.185,
"text": "because they lived it—"
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 274.27,
"text": "and survived to rescue history\nfrom the ashes."
}
] |
sTW3dvuDmBE
|
Why is English so confusing? - Arika Okrent
|
Explore the evolution of English spelling conventions throughout history, and find out why it's such an inconsistent language.
--
Spelling reformers have been advocating for changes to make English spelling more intuitive and less irregular. One example of its messiness: take the “g-h” sound from “enough,” the “o” sound from “women” and the “t-i” sound from “action,” and you could argue that “g-h-o-t-i” spells “fish.” So, how did English get like this? Arika Okrent explores the complexity of English spelling conventions.
Lesson by Arika Okrent, directed by Emily Howells, Aaron Brady.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
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----------------------------------------------
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----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/why-don-t-tough-and-dough-rhyme-arika-okrent
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/why-don-t-tough-and-dough-rhyme-arika-okrent/digdeeper
Animator's website: https://www.emilyhowells.com and https://aaronbrady.uk
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Jay M, Constantino Victor Delgado, Andrea Galvagni, Andrew Tweddle, Laurel-Ann Rice, Fernando A. Endo, Helen Lee, pam morgan, sarim haq, Gerardo Castro, Michel-Ange Hortegat, Enes Kirimi, Amaury BISIAUX, ND, Samyogita Hardikar, Vanessa Graulich, Vandana Gunwani, Abdulmohsin Almadi, AJ Lyon, Geoffrey Bultitude, Mi Mi, Thomas Rothert, Brian Elieson, Oge O, Weronika Falkowska, Nevin Spoljaric, Sid Chanpuriya, Anoop Varghese, David Yastremski, Noah Webb, Roberto Chena, Oliver Koo, Luke Pisano, Andrea Gordon, Aleksandar Donev, Nicole Klau Ibarra, Jesse Lira, Ezekiel Raui, Petr Vacek, Dennis, Olivia Fu, Kari Teffeau, Cindy Lai, Rajath Durgada Manjunath, Dan Nguyen, Chin Beng Tan, Tom Boman, Karen Warner, Iryna Panasiuk and Aaron Torres.
|
2024-05-23T14:00:17Z
|
[
{
"duration": 5.589,
"start": 7.086,
"text": "Since 2015, an unprecedented movement has\nbeen sweeping courts around the world."
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 12.925,
"text": "Groups of young plaintiffs,\nsome as young as 7,"
},
{
"duration": 4.713,
"start": 16.512,
"text": "are suing their governments for their\ninaction on tackling climate change."
},
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 21.434,
"text": "For example, in the winter of 2018,"
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 24.187,
"text": "25 young Colombians,\nincluding Indigenous youths,"
},
{
"duration": 4.337,
"start": 28.191,
"text": "sued their government for failing\nto reduce deforestation in the Amazon"
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 32.528,
"text": "and falling short on climate promises."
},
{
"duration": 1.919,
"start": 35.406,
"text": "This suit, as well as others,"
},
{
"duration": 3.086,
"start": 37.325,
"text": "argued that destructive\nenvironmental policies"
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 40.411,
"text": "put the plaintiffs’ current and future\nlives at risk."
},
{
"duration": 3.212,
"start": 44.373,
"text": "Climate inaction violates\ntheir basic human rights—"
},
{
"duration": 5.214,
"start": 47.585,
"text": "specifically the right to a healthy\nenvironment, health, food, and water."
},
{
"duration": 2.9619999999999997,
"start": 53.549,
"text": "But what do human rights\nhave to do with the environment?"
},
{
"duration": 2.335,
"start": 56.636,
"text": "Do you have the right\nto breathe clean air?"
},
{
"duration": 4.922,
"start": 59.305,
"text": "To live in a world with white rhinos,\npolar bears, and lemur leaf frogs?"
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 64.811,
"text": "What about the right to mangroves\nand coral reefs?"
},
{
"duration": 3.379,
"start": 68.272,
"text": "The first international document\nto outline human rights"
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 71.651,
"text": "was adopted by the newly-formed\nUnited Nations in 1948,"
},
{
"duration": 4.797,
"start": 76.28,
"text": "against the backdrop of two world wars\nmarked by countless atrocities"
},
{
"duration": 1.585,
"start": 81.077,
"text": "and barbaric acts."
},
{
"duration": 3.795,
"start": 83.246,
"text": "This document, known as\nthe Universal Declaration of Human Rights,"
},
{
"duration": 1.752,
"start": 87.041,
"text": "or UDHR,"
},
{
"duration": 3.379,
"start": 88.876,
"text": "describes the inherent freedoms\nthat belong to all people,"
},
{
"duration": 5.171,
"start": 92.255,
"text": "no matter who they are or where they live,\nand which can't be granted or revoked."
},
{
"duration": 2.503,
"start": 97.635,
"text": "It establishes rights\nlike freedom of thought,"
},
{
"duration": 2.752,
"start": 100.138,
"text": "political liberties\nlike the right to a fair trial,"
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 102.89,
"text": "and socioeconomic and cultural rights,"
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 105.601,
"text": "like the right to adequate housing\nand healthcare."
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 109.355,
"text": "While the UDHR itself is non-binding,"
},
{
"duration": 3.963,
"start": 112.316,
"text": "its formation gave people an\ninternationally recognized set"
},
{
"duration": 1.835,
"start": 116.279,
"text": "of ethics and standards,"
},
{
"duration": 2.669,
"start": 118.114,
"text": "and laid the foundation\nfor human rights law."
},
{
"duration": 5.047,
"start": 121.325,
"text": "And since 1948, these liberties have been\nwoven into international treaties,"
},
{
"duration": 2.044,
"start": 126.372,
"text": "constitutions, and laws,"
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 128.416,
"text": "meaning that countries have opted\nto uphold and protect them."
},
{
"duration": 4.087,
"start": 132.962,
"text": "As a result, countless individual\nhuman rights struggles and movements"
},
{
"duration": 4.588,
"start": 137.049,
"text": "have been granted legitimacy\nand a legal basis for pursuing justice."
},
{
"duration": 4.963,
"start": 141.846,
"text": "The UDHR makes no mention\nof nature, biodiversity, or climate."
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 146.976,
"text": "These rights, instead, first took hold\nat the national level."
},
{
"duration": 2.168,
"start": 150.605,
"text": "Many countries within the Global South,"
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 152.773,
"text": "often influenced by Indigenous laws\nand worldviews,"
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 156.36,
"text": "incorporated the right to a healthy\nenvironment into their constitutions"
},
{
"duration": 1.502,
"start": 160.406,
"text": "and regional treaties."
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 162.074,
"text": "Soon, human rights advocates were calling\non the rest of the world"
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 165.786,
"text": "and the United Nations to recognize\nthis right as well."
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 169.749,
"text": "Many argued that the very principles\nof the UDHR"
},
{
"duration": 2.919,
"start": 173.586,
"text": "depend on access to healthy ecosystems."
},
{
"duration": 4.505,
"start": 176.797,
"text": "Each year, millions of people die\nfrom air and water pollution."
},
{
"duration": 4.088,
"start": 181.552,
"text": "Declining pollinator populations\nthreaten basic food security."
},
{
"duration": 5.381,
"start": 185.681,
"text": "And the loss of coastal habitats has left\nmillions exposed to greater risks"
},
{
"duration": 2.669,
"start": 191.062,
"text": "from destructive floods and hurricanes."
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 194.273,
"text": "Protecting this right is more urgent\nnow than ever before."
},
{
"duration": 3.963,
"start": 197.985,
"text": "Climate change is causing\nmore frequent heatwaves, longer droughts,"
},
{
"duration": 1.96,
"start": 201.948,
"text": "and more destructive wildfires."
},
{
"duration": 4.922,
"start": 204.033,
"text": "Without rapid and significant change,\nthe planet is at risk of mass extinction,"
},
{
"duration": 4.963,
"start": 209.038,
"text": "which could wipe out a quarter\nof the world’s biodiversity by 2100."
},
{
"duration": 5.714,
"start": 214.669,
"text": "Such losses to natural ecosystems would\nlikely have disastrous knockoff effects,"
},
{
"duration": 3.421,
"start": 220.549,
"text": "further threatening food supplies,\ndestroying livelihoods,"
},
{
"duration": 3.169,
"start": 223.97,
"text": "and leaving humanity\nmore vulnerable to disease."
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 227.932,
"text": "Thankfully, momentum is building."
},
{
"duration": 3.503,
"start": 230.226,
"text": "Today, over 150 countries\nand jurisdictions"
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 233.729,
"text": "have enshrined the right to a healthy\nenvironment into national legislation."
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 238.484,
"text": "On April 5th, 2018,"
},
{
"duration": 4.379,
"start": 240.778,
"text": "the Colombian Supreme Court\nruled in favor of the young plaintiffs,"
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 245.283,
"text": "finding that the government was\nlegally obliged to reduce deforestation"
},
{
"duration": 1.835,
"start": 249.704,
"text": "and greenhouse gas emissions"
},
{
"duration": 3.628,
"start": 251.539,
"text": "in order to protect the rights\nof present and future generations."
},
{
"duration": 3.086,
"start": 255.71,
"text": "This case and similar historic wins\nby young people"
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 258.796,
"text": "in the courts of the Netherlands,\nGermany, and the US"
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 262.133,
"text": "has inspired others to take up the cause."
},
{
"duration": 2.336,
"start": 265.052,
"text": "As of the summer of 2023,"
},
{
"duration": 4.963,
"start": 267.388,
"text": "a wave of more than 2,000\nhuman rights-based environmental cases"
},
{
"duration": 2.002,
"start": 272.351,
"text": "have been filed across the globe."
},
{
"duration": 2.253,
"start": 274.478,
"text": "And this number is likely to grow."
},
{
"duration": 6.256,
"start": 276.939,
"text": "In 2022, an overwhelming majority of\nUN General Assembly states came together"
},
{
"duration": 3.379,
"start": 283.195,
"text": "to keep human rights aligned\nto a changing world"
},
{
"duration": 4.921,
"start": 286.574,
"text": "by recognizing the right to a clean,\nhealthy, and sustainable environment."
},
{
"duration": 2.503,
"start": 291.662,
"text": "It will take unprecedented\nglobal cooperation"
},
{
"duration": 3.503,
"start": 294.165,
"text": "to reduce greenhouse gas emissions,\nstop deforestation,"
},
{
"duration": 1.794,
"start": 297.668,
"text": "and keep our waterways clean."
},
{
"duration": 5.088,
"start": 299.545,
"text": "These court cases are a powerful first\nstep to hold governments accountable"
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 304.675,
"text": "and to give future generations\na better chance to breathe clean air,"
},
{
"duration": 4.713,
"start": 308.012,
"text": "and live in a world with white rhinos,\npolar bears, and coral reefs"
},
{
"duration": 1.335,
"start": 312.725,
"text": "for years to come."
}
] |
LGpEbF4aZzs
|
Can AI predict someone's breakup? - Thomas Hofweber
|
Explore one of the main issues of AI-based predictive models and how it affects user decision-making and accountability.
--
A couple has been considering getting engaged, but they’re worried about divorce statistics. An AI-based model was just released that can predict your likelihood of divorce with 95% accuracy. The only catch is the model doesn’t offer any reasons for its results. So, should they decide whether or not to get married based on this AI’s prediction? Thomas Hofweber explores AI’s transparency problem.
Lesson by Thomas Hofweber, directed by Hannah Lau-Walker.
This video was produced in collaboration with the Parr Center for Ethics, housed within the renowned Philosophy Department at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. The Parr Center is committed to integrating abstract work in ethical theory with the informed discussion of practical ethical issues, and prides itself on the development of innovative and inclusive approaches to moral and civic education.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
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----------------------------------------------
Sign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter
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----------------------------------------------
Keep Learning
----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/would-you-use-a-machine-that-predicts-your-future-thomas-hofweber
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/would-you-use-a-machine-that-predicts-your-future-thomas-hofweber/digdeeper
Animator's website: https://www.hannahlauwalker.com
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Jesús Bíquez Talayero, Chels Raknrl, Sai Pranavi Jonnalagadda, Stuart Rice, Jing Chen, Vector-Dopamine math, Jasper Song, Giorgio Bugnatelli, Chardon, Eddy Trochez, OnlineBookClub.org, Eric Shear, Leith Salem, Omar Hicham, Adrian Rotaru, Brad Sullivan, Karen Ho, Niklas Frimberger, Hunter Manhart, Nathan Nguyen, Igor Stavchanskiy, James R DeVries, Grace Huo, Diana Huang, Chau Hong Diem, Orlellys Torre, Corheu, Thomas Mee, Maryann H McCrory, Blas Borde, John Hellmann, Poompak Meephian, Chuck Wofford, Adam Pagan, Wes Winn, Conder Shou, ntiger, Noname, Hansan Hu, David D, Mac Hyney, Keith Ellison, robin valero walters, Lynne Truesdale, Gatsby Dkdc, Matthew Neal, Denis Chon, Julian Oberhofer, Monte Carroll and Eddy.
|
2024-05-21T15:00:55Z
|
[
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 7.003,
"text": "Since the launch of the first\nartificial satellite in 1957,"
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 11.257,
"text": "governments, companies,\nand research institutions"
},
{
"duration": 2.627,
"start": 14.302,
"text": "have been planting flags among the stars."
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 16.929,
"text": "But while it might seem like there's\nplenty of room in this vast expanse,"
},
{
"duration": 4.38,
"start": 20.641,
"text": "some pieces of celestial real estate\nare more valuable than others."
},
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 25.396,
"text": "Each of these dots is a Lagrange point,"
},
{
"duration": 3.503,
"start": 28.149,
"text": "and as far as human space exploration\nis concerned,"
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 31.652,
"text": "they may be the most important places\nin our solar system."
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 35.74,
"text": "Named after the 18th century mathematician\nwho deduced their positions,"
},
{
"duration": 3.212,
"start": 39.869,
"text": "Lagrange points are rare places\nof equilibrium"
},
{
"duration": 1.96,
"start": 43.081,
"text": "in our constantly shifting universe."
},
{
"duration": 4.672,
"start": 45.374,
"text": "All celestial bodies exert\na gravitational force on nearby objects,"
},
{
"duration": 2.502,
"start": 50.046,
"text": "pulling them in and out of orbits."
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 52.757,
"text": "And gravity acts alongside several\napparent forces"
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 56.636,
"text": "to determine what those orbits look like."
},
{
"duration": 5.046,
"start": 59.097,
"text": "However, Lagrange points are places\nwhere all these forces balance out."
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 64.477,
"text": "So if we place a relatively\nlow mass object here,"
},
{
"duration": 4.546,
"start": 68.147,
"text": "it will maintain a constant distance\nfrom the massive bodies pulling on it."
},
{
"duration": 4.088,
"start": 73.277,
"text": "Essentially, Lagrange points are\ncelestial parking spaces—"
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 77.365,
"text": "once an object is there, it requires\nlittle to no energy to stay put."
},
{
"duration": 4.588,
"start": 81.786,
"text": "So whenever humans want to keep\nan object in one place for a long time"
},
{
"duration": 1.9180000000000001,
"start": 86.374,
"text": "without using tons of fuel,"
},
{
"duration": 2.92,
"start": 88.459,
"text": "it needs to be orbiting a Lagrange point."
},
{
"duration": 3.461,
"start": 91.838,
"text": "However, there are only so many\nof these parking spots."
},
{
"duration": 2.8369999999999997,
"start": 95.299,
"text": "Pairs of massive bodies\nin our solar system"
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 98.136,
"text": "generate sets of five Lagrange points."
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 101.514,
"text": "This means our Sun has\nfive points with every planet,"
},
{
"duration": 3.586,
"start": 105.143,
"text": "and our planets have five points\nwith each of their moons."
},
{
"duration": 4.838,
"start": 109.147,
"text": "Adding these up, there are over 1,000\nLagrange points in our solar system—"
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 113.985,
"text": "but only a few are useful\nfor human purposes."
},
{
"duration": 2.795,
"start": 117.196,
"text": "Many are in locations that are\ntoo difficult to reach"
},
{
"duration": 1.7930000000000001,
"start": 119.991,
"text": "or simply not very useful."
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 121.784,
"text": "And for reasons we'll explain in a bit,\nmany others are unstable."
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 126.33,
"text": "Currently, only two of these points\nare heavily used by humans."
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 130.626,
"text": "But we’ll likely use many\nmore in the future—"
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 133.629,
"text": "making these limited points\nexclusive real estate."
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 136.841,
"text": "Which begs the question:\nwhat exactly should we park in them?"
},
{
"duration": 3.211,
"start": 141.012,
"text": "That answer depends\non where each point is."
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 144.265,
"text": "Consider the five Lagrange points\ngenerated by the Sun and the Earth."
},
{
"duration": 3.503,
"start": 148.436,
"text": "L1 is located inside Earth's orbit,"
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 151.939,
"text": "about 1.5 million kilometers\naway from the planet."
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 155.985,
"text": "With this panoramic view of the Sun,\nunobstructed by Earth’s shadow,"
},
{
"duration": 4.713,
"start": 160.114,
"text": "L1 is the perfect place\nfor solar-observing satellites."
},
{
"duration": 4.504,
"start": 164.911,
"text": "L2 is at the same distance from Earth\nbut outside its orbit"
},
{
"duration": 1.627,
"start": 169.415,
"text": "and shielded from the Sun,"
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 171.042,
"text": "making it the perfect spot\nto observe outer space."
},
{
"duration": 5.38,
"start": 174.42,
"text": "In 2022, the James Webb Space Telescope\nwent online here,"
},
{
"duration": 4.963,
"start": 180.009,
"text": "in a spot where the Sun and Earth\nonly occupy a tiny fraction of the sky."
},
{
"duration": 3.461,
"start": 185.348,
"text": "L3 is in a particularly\nmysterious location"
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 188.809,
"text": "that can never be directly observed\nfrom Earth’s surface."
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 192.188,
"text": "This has made L3 a frequent locale\nin science fiction,"
},
{
"duration": 3.044,
"start": 196.234,
"text": "though it hasn’t offered much use\nto scientists yet."
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 199.528,
"text": "L4 and L5, however, are a bit different\nfrom their siblings."
},
{
"duration": 5.506,
"start": 203.991,
"text": "In every set of five, the first three\nLagrange points are slightly unstable."
},
{
"duration": 2.919,
"start": 209.664,
"text": "This means objects will slowly drift\naway from them,"
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 212.583,
"text": "though keeping what we’ve parked there\nin place is still energetically cheap."
},
{
"duration": 4.797,
"start": 217.421,
"text": "The stability of L4 and L5, however,\nvaries from set to set."
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 222.385,
"text": "If the heavier of the two bodies\ngenerating the points"
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 225.638,
"text": "has less than 25 times the mass\nof the lighter body,"
},
{
"duration": 3.086,
"start": 229.517,
"text": "these points are too unstable\nto park things in."
},
{
"duration": 5.922,
"start": 232.645,
"text": "However, if the heavier body is massive\nenough— like it is in Sun-Earth set—"
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 238.693,
"text": "then the relevant forces will always\nreturn objects"
},
{
"duration": 1.7930000000000001,
"start": 242.28,
"text": "to these equilibrium points,"
},
{
"duration": 2.92,
"start": 244.073,
"text": "making them our most stable parking spots."
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 247.201,
"text": "That’s why points like these\nnaturally accumulate space objects,"
},
{
"duration": 6.09,
"start": 251.622,
"text": "such as the Sun-Jupiter set’s L4 and L5,\nwhich host thousands of asteroids."
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 258.379,
"text": "Every Lagrange point in our solar system\nhas its quirks."
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 261.841,
"text": "Some might be perfect for scavenging\nconstruction materials"
},
{
"duration": 1.626,
"start": 264.969,
"text": "from drifting asteroids."
},
{
"duration": 4.463,
"start": 266.846,
"text": "Others might make ideal gas stations\nfor ships headed to deep space,"
},
{
"duration": 3.044,
"start": 271.309,
"text": "or even host entire human colonies."
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 274.562,
"text": "These points are already home\nto advanced technological achievements,"
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 278.691,
"text": "but soon, they could become\nour stepping stones to the stars."
}
] |
w3d2DlLX7xw
|
Has there ever been a good dictator? - Stephanie Honchell Smith
|
Examine the myth of the benevolent dictator, which is a leader who holds absolute power yet only uses it for the common good.
--
Under certain conditions, the idea of a dictator can sound appealing, like when a democracy isn’t functioning as it should due to corruption or political polarization. People may believe the solution is a "benevolent dictator"— a leader who only uses their absolute power for the common good. But can such a leader actually exist in today’s world? Stephanie Honchell Smith examines this common myth.
Lesson by Stephanie Honchell Smith, directed by Avi Ofer.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
----------------------------------------------
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----------------------------------------------
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----------------------------------------------
Keep Learning
----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-happened-when-these-6-dictators-took-over-stephanie-honchell-smith
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-happened-when-these-6-dictators-took-over-stephanie-honchell-smith/digdeeper
Animator's website: https://aviofer.com
Music: https://soundcloud.com/aim-music
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Morgan Williams, Devin Harris, Pavel Zalevskiy, Karen Goepen-Wee, Filip Dabrowski, Barbara Smalley, Megan Douglas, Tim Leistikow, Ka-Hei Law, Hiroshi Uchiyama, Mark Morris, Misaki Sato, EdoKun, SookKwan Loong, Bev Millar, Lex Azevedo, Michael Aquilina, Jason A Saslow, Yansong Li, Cristóbal Moenne, Dawn Jordan, Prasanth Mathialagan, Samuel Doerle, David Rosario, Dominik Kugelmann - they-them, Siamak Hajizadeh, Ryohky Araya, Mayank Kaul, Christophe Dessalles, Heather Slater, Sandra Tersluisen, Zhexi Shan, Bárbara Nazaré, Andrea Feliz, Victor E Karhel, Sydney Evans, Latora, Noel Situ, emily lam, Sid, Niccolò Frassetto, Mana, I'm here because of Knowledge Fight Facebook group., Linda Freedman, Edgardo Cuellar, Jaspar Carmichael-Jack, Michael Burton, VIVIANA A GARCIA BESNE, The Vernons and Olha Bahatiuk.
|
2024-05-16T15:01:19Z
|
[
{
"duration": 5.297,
"start": 6.878,
"text": "In 1935, neurophysiologist\nJohn Farquhar Fulton"
},
{
"duration": 2.502,
"start": 12.175,
"text": "presented some shocking new research."
},
{
"duration": 3.504,
"start": 15.094,
"text": "After removing the frontal lobes\nof two chimps,"
},
{
"duration": 4.963,
"start": 18.723,
"text": "he found they no longer experienced\nfrustration or anxiety."
},
{
"duration": 5.63,
"start": 24.062,
"text": "As his research associate noted, it was\nas if they’d joined a “happiness cult.”"
},
{
"duration": 5.338,
"start": 30.193,
"text": "Admittedly, the surgery had cost Fulton’s\nchimps some cognitive functions."
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 35.74,
"text": "But to Portuguese neurologist Egas Moniz,"
},
{
"duration": 5.338,
"start": 39.077,
"text": "this was a small sacrifice for what\nseemed to be eternal happiness."
},
{
"duration": 3.878,
"start": 44.791,
"text": "Moniz believed that replicating this\nprocedure in humans"
},
{
"duration": 1.919,
"start": 48.669,
"text": "could cure mental illness."
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 50.671,
"text": "And it was this therapeutic intention"
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 53.382,
"text": "that led to one of the most\ncontroversial and destructive"
},
{
"duration": 2.795,
"start": 56.844,
"text": "medical treatments of the 20th century:"
},
{
"duration": 1.126,
"start": 59.639,
"text": "the lobotomy."
},
{
"duration": 6.256,
"start": 61.432,
"text": "Today, we know mental illness comes in\nmany forms and emerges for many reasons."
},
{
"duration": 2.127,
"start": 67.855,
"text": "But in the early 20th century,"
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 69.982,
"text": "these complex conditions weren't\nclearly delineated,"
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 74.028,
"text": "and researchers had various theories\nabout their origins."
},
{
"duration": 6.673,
"start": 78.366,
"text": "Moniz believed the symptoms of what we now\ncall depression, OCD, and bipolar disorder"
},
{
"duration": 5.172,
"start": 85.206,
"text": "stemmed from negative ideas\ngetting fixed in the neural fibers"
},
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 90.378,
"text": "which connect different parts\nof the brain."
},
{
"duration": 3.504,
"start": 93.297,
"text": "Specifically the thalamus\nand frontal lobes,"
},
{
"duration": 2.795,
"start": 96.884,
"text": "which regulate emotion and sensation."
},
{
"duration": 5.714,
"start": 100.179,
"text": "He proposed that severing these fibers\ncould eliminate the associated conditions,"
},
{
"duration": 3.628,
"start": 105.977,
"text": "which led him to invent\nthe prefrontal lobotomy."
},
{
"duration": 5.84,
"start": 110.022,
"text": "In this procedure, a surgeon would drill\ninto the skull and cut the white matter"
},
{
"duration": 3.878,
"start": 115.862,
"text": "connecting the prefrontal cortex\nto the rest of the brain."
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 120.116,
"text": "Initially, his peers were skeptical."
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 123.161,
"text": "Moniz’s fundamental theory\nwas already controversial."
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 127.29,
"text": "And psychiatrists advocating\nfor treatments like psychoanalysis"
},
{
"duration": 3.044,
"start": 131.586,
"text": "criticized this invasive\nsurgical solution."
},
{
"duration": 2.002,
"start": 134.922,
"text": "But Moniz was undeterred."
},
{
"duration": 5.172,
"start": 136.966,
"text": "He lobotomized 38 individuals\nwith conditions including anxiety,"
},
{
"duration": 2.377,
"start": 142.138,
"text": "schizophrenia, and depression."
},
{
"duration": 4.755,
"start": 144.849,
"text": "And his hastily written results reported\nthat two-thirds of these patients"
},
{
"duration": 4.838,
"start": 149.604,
"text": "had become tranquil, amicable, and\nfree from distressing hallucinations."
},
{
"duration": 5.506,
"start": 154.775,
"text": "At the time, psychiatrists saw calm\nbehavior as a sign of recovery,"
},
{
"duration": 3.838,
"start": 160.364,
"text": "so when Moniz brashly declared the\ntreatment a success, "
},
{
"duration": 1.5430000000000001,
"start": 164.202,
"text": "his peers agreed."
},
{
"duration": 2.211,
"start": 166.537,
"text": "Newspapers celebrated the surgery;"
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 168.789,
"text": "Moniz was awarded the Nobel Prize;"
},
{
"duration": 3.7960000000000003,
"start": 171.25,
"text": "and his procedure became\nespecially popular in the US"
},
{
"duration": 4.838,
"start": 175.129,
"text": "thanks to neurologist Walter Freeman\nand neurosurgeon James Watts."
},
{
"duration": 4.337,
"start": 180.343,
"text": "As a country that had institutionalized\nnearly half a million people"
},
{
"duration": 1.585,
"start": 184.68,
"text": "for mental health reasons,"
},
{
"duration": 3.9210000000000003,
"start": 186.265,
"text": "many hoped the new treatment would allow\nthis population"
},
{
"duration": 2.21,
"start": 190.186,
"text": "to live relatively normal lives."
},
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 192.73,
"text": "But from the beginning\nthere were problems."
},
{
"duration": 2.795,
"start": 195.983,
"text": "First, the notion of a “normal life” "
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 198.778,
"text": "was determined by this period’s\nrestrictive social mores,"
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 202.74,
"text": "which had led huge numbers\nof people to be institutionalized"
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 206.702,
"text": "simply because they didn’t conform."
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 209.247,
"text": "So, while many people in these facilities\ndid need medical help,"
},
{
"duration": 4.379,
"start": 213.376,
"text": "some lobotomy recipients had\nno mental illness whatsoever."
},
{
"duration": 4.38,
"start": 218.13,
"text": "Second, the details and timeline\nof the surgeries’ results"
},
{
"duration": 2.794,
"start": 222.51,
"text": "were unpredictable and inconsistent."
},
{
"duration": 5.381,
"start": 225.721,
"text": "In 1941, when future US President\nJohn F. Kennedy’s sister Rosemary"
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 231.185,
"text": "underwent a prefrontal lobotomy, "
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 233.771,
"text": "it permanently impaired her ability\nto speak and walk."
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 238.067,
"text": "And even when the surgery did help\npatients manage"
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 241.028,
"text": "overwhelming emotions and hallucinations,"
},
{
"duration": 3.087,
"start": 243.572,
"text": "they often experienced\nsignificant side effects."
},
{
"duration": 5.797,
"start": 246.826,
"text": "These included apathy, abrupt personality\nchanges, and cognitive impairment."
},
{
"duration": 4.755,
"start": 253.207,
"text": "Tragically, the stigma around mental\nillness kept people from discussing"
},
{
"duration": 1.877,
"start": 257.962,
"text": "their negative experiences,"
},
{
"duration": 2.085,
"start": 259.839,
"text": "so the procedure kept happening."
},
{
"duration": 5.548,
"start": 262.174,
"text": "But prefrontal lobotomies required a team\nof surgeons and specialized equipment,"
},
{
"duration": 2.628,
"start": 267.93,
"text": " making them out of reach\nfor most patients."
},
{
"duration": 2.794,
"start": 270.683,
"text": "At least until 1945,"
},
{
"duration": 4.38,
"start": 273.477,
"text": "when Freeman began developing\na simpler and cheaper alternative."
},
{
"duration": 2.628,
"start": 278.107,
"text": "In his new transorbital lobotomy,"
},
{
"duration": 4.629,
"start": 280.86,
"text": "the patient was first rendered unconscious\nvia electroshock therapy."
},
{
"duration": 2.627,
"start": 285.573,
"text": "Then, an ice pick-like instrument"
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 288.284,
"text": "was pushed through the thin bone\nof their eye socket"
},
{
"duration": 2.795,
"start": 291.662,
"text": "and manipulated to sever the fibers"
},
{
"duration": 2.377,
"start": 294.457,
"text": "between the thalamus\nand frontal lobes."
},
{
"duration": 4.379,
"start": 297.168,
"text": "Transorbital lobotomy was intended to be\nperformed by physicians"
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 301.547,
"text": "without surgical training\nin under ten minutes."
},
{
"duration": 4.338,
"start": 305.384,
"text": "And Freeman proved his procedure’s\nefficiency during a hospital visit,"
},
{
"duration": 6.006,
"start": 309.847,
"text": "where he performed the surgery\n228 times in just 12 days."
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 316.437,
"text": "Transorbital lobotomy was\nimmediately controversial."
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 320.441,
"text": "Even Freeman’s long-time collaborator\nJames Watts"
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 323.986,
"text": "was against making such\na consequential surgery"
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 326.989,
"text": "quick, dirty, and accessible to amateurs."
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 330.034,
"text": "But the procedure remained popular\nthroughout the Western world"
},
{
"duration": 1.585,
"start": 333.496,
"text": "until the 1950s,"
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 335.247,
"text": "when tranquilizers began offering\na less permanent"
},
{
"duration": 2.002,
"start": 338.834,
"text": "and more predictable alternative."
},
{
"duration": 5.839,
"start": 341.42,
"text": "By the mid-60s, lobotomies were most often\nfound in science fiction and horror films,"
},
{
"duration": 2.085,
"start": 347.385,
"text": "where they became a potent metaphor"
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 349.47,
"text": "for brutally controlling those\nwho don't fit the norm."
},
{
"duration": 5.213,
"start": 353.474,
"text": "Today, lobotomy serves as a chilling\nreminder that scientific progress"
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 358.687,
"text": "requires transparency\nand clear ethical standards."
},
{
"duration": 2.085,
"start": 362.4,
"text": "Because without honest reflection,"
},
{
"duration": 5.297,
"start": 364.485,
"text": "even efforts to alleviate human suffering\ncan cause serious harm."
}
] |
vRyoEoyXCEU
|
Scientists are obsessed with this lake - Nicola Storelli and Daniele Zanzi
|
Explore the depths of Lake Cadagno, a meromictic lake that is considered a model for Earth before the Great Oxidation Event.
--
In the millions of years since oxygen began saturating Earth’s oceans and atmosphere, most organisms have evolved to rely on this gas. However, there are some places where oxygen-averse microorganisms like those from Earth’s earliest days have re-emerged. And one such place is hidden high in the Swiss Alp’s Piora Valley. Nicola Storelli and Daniele Zanzi dive into the depths of Lake Cadagno.
Lesson by Nicola Storelli and Daniele Zanzi, directed by Ivana Volda, Thomas Johnson Volda.
A special thanks to Francesco Di Nezio, Bruno Giussani, Raffaele Peduzzi, Sandro Peduzzi, Samuele Roman, and Mauro Tonolla who provided information and insights for the development of this video.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
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Keep Learning
----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/scientists-are-obsessed-with-this-lake-nicola-storelli-and-daniele-zanzi
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/scientists-are-obsessed-with-this-lake-nicola-storelli-and-daniele-zanzi/digdeeper
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Cyrus Garay, Samuel Barbas, LadyGeek, Marin Kovachev, Penelope Misquitta, Hans Peng, Gaurav Mathur, Erik Biemans, Tony, Michelle, Katie and Josh Pedretti, Hoai Nam Tran, Kack-Kyun Kim, Michael Braun-Boghos, zjweele13, Anna-Pitschna Kunz, Edla Paniguel, Thomas Mungavan, Jaron Blackburn, Venkat Venkatakrishnan, ReuniteKorea, Aaron Henson, Rohan Gupta, Begum Tutuncu, Brian Richards, Jørgen Østerpart, Tyron Jung, Carsten Tobehn, Katie Dean, Ezgi Yersu, Gerald Onyango, alessandra tasso, Doreen Reynolds-Consolati, Manognya Chakrapani, Ayala Ron, Eunsun Kim, Phyllis Dubrow, Ophelia Gibson Best, Paul Schneider, Joichiro Yamada, Henrique Cassús, Karthik Cherala, Clarence E. Harper Jr., Vignan Velivela, Ana Maria, Exal Enrique Cisneros Tuch, Tejas Dc, Khalifa Alhulail, Martin Stephen, Jose Henrique Leopoldo e Silva, Mandeep Singh and Abhijit Kiran Valluri.
|
2024-05-14T15:01:22Z
|
[
{
"duration": 5.422,
"start": 7.17,
"text": "While Istanbul slept in the early hours\nof April 27th, 1909,"
},
{
"duration": 4.63,
"start": 12.675,
"text": "Sultan Abdulhamid II boarded\na westbound train."
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 17.597,
"text": "Under cover of darkness,\nhe left the imperial capital—"
},
{
"duration": 2.127,
"start": 21.434,
"text": "bringing an end to his reign."
},
{
"duration": 5.547,
"start": 23.853,
"text": "For almost six centuries,\nhis family had ruled the Ottoman Empire,"
},
{
"duration": 5.047,
"start": 29.4,
"text": "spanning regions in North Africa,\nsoutheastern Europe, and the Middle East."
},
{
"duration": 4.379,
"start": 34.614,
"text": "But the end of this powerful dynasty\nhad been brewing for years."
},
{
"duration": 1.627,
"start": 39.16,
"text": "In the late 18th century,"
},
{
"duration": 5.297,
"start": 40.787,
"text": "the Ottomans’ once-feared faction\nof elite warriors called the Janissaries"
},
{
"duration": 2.669,
"start": 46.084,
"text": "had become inefficient and greedy."
},
{
"duration": 3.211,
"start": 49.045,
"text": "Their numbers swelled\nwith poorly trained fighters,"
},
{
"duration": 4.755,
"start": 52.34,
"text": "and their outdated weapons led to a series\nof embarrassing defeats"
},
{
"duration": 3.878,
"start": 57.095,
"text": "that coincided with several\neconomic crises."
},
{
"duration": 5.756,
"start": 61.432,
"text": "To survive, Sultan Selim III sought\nto curb the Janissaries’ influence"
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 67.23,
"text": "and modernize the empire\nwith widespread reforms."
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 71.484,
"text": "The warriors rebelled\nand assassinated Selim,"
},
{
"duration": 3.628,
"start": 75.071,
"text": "but his successor would not be\nso easily beaten."
},
{
"duration": 6.298,
"start": 79.2,
"text": "Mahmud II subdued the Janissaries in a\nmassacre known as the Auspicious Event,"
},
{
"duration": 5.297,
"start": 85.748,
"text": "and swiftly replaced the outmoded warriors\nwith a European-style army."
},
{
"duration": 4.212,
"start": 91.129,
"text": "This was one of many far-reaching efforts\nto modernize the empire,"
},
{
"duration": 2.9619999999999997,
"start": 95.424,
"text": "which were continued\nby Mahmud’s successor."
},
{
"duration": 6.089,
"start": 98.511,
"text": "Sultan Abdulmejid ushered in an era\nof reforms known as the Tanzimat,"
},
{
"duration": 1.5430000000000001,
"start": 104.642,
"text": "or “reordering,”"
},
{
"duration": 3.7960000000000003,
"start": 106.185,
"text": "where economic and administrative\nsystems were overhauled,"
},
{
"duration": 4.63,
"start": 110.022,
"text": "and subjects from all backgrounds were\nrecruited to work for the government."
},
{
"duration": 5.089,
"start": 114.777,
"text": "The Tanzimat was hindered by\nforeign debt and political upheavals."
},
{
"duration": 4.212,
"start": 119.991,
"text": "But perhaps the era’s biggest challenge\nwas the dynasty’s initiative"
},
{
"duration": 2.378,
"start": 124.203,
"text": "to unite their diverse subjects."
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 126.789,
"text": "The Ottoman Empire\nspanned three continents"
},
{
"duration": 3.087,
"start": 129.917,
"text": "containing numerous religious\nand ethnic groups,"
},
{
"duration": 6.506,
"start": 133.004,
"text": "including Arabs, Turks, Kurds, Greeks,\nArmenians, Jews, and more."
},
{
"duration": 4.379,
"start": 139.844,
"text": "These minority groups were free\nto choose their language, religion,"
},
{
"duration": 1.627,
"start": 144.223,
"text": "and cultural practices,"
},
{
"duration": 4.504,
"start": 145.85,
"text": "yet most of them were deprived\nof the full rights of Muslim citizens."
},
{
"duration": 1.835,
"start": 150.438,
"text": "They had to pay extra taxes"
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 152.273,
"text": "and were prevented from participating\nin serving in the military."
},
{
"duration": 1.794,
"start": 156.235,
"text": "By the mid-19th century,"
},
{
"duration": 5.088,
"start": 158.029,
"text": "this divide was met with pressure\nfrom inside and outside the empire"
},
{
"duration": 1.168,
"start": 163.117,
"text": "for reform."
},
{
"duration": 3.211,
"start": 164.911,
"text": "So Ottoman leaders tried to resolve it"
},
{
"duration": 4.88,
"start": 168.122,
"text": "by introducing an all-inclusive\nOttoman national identity."
},
{
"duration": 3.504,
"start": 173.252,
"text": "This reform signaled\na drastic societal shift"
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 176.756,
"text": "and emphasized legal equality\nfor all subjects,"
},
{
"duration": 5.297,
"start": 180.718,
"text": "alongside new laws concerning citizenship,\nproperty, and taxation."
},
{
"duration": 5.38,
"start": 186.432,
"text": "The newly accorded privileges and reforms\nwere sometimes met with resistance"
},
{
"duration": 2.795,
"start": 191.812,
"text": "by some members of the ruling classes."
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 194.815,
"text": "Many minority groups formed\nseparatist movements,"
},
{
"duration": 4.671,
"start": 198.152,
"text": "and European empires,\nincluding Russia, France, and Britain,"
},
{
"duration": 6.132,
"start": 202.823,
"text": "further undermined attempts at unity\nby fueling ethno-nationalist sentiments."
},
{
"duration": 4.088,
"start": 209.121,
"text": "This discord contributed to the empire\nlosing territories"
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 213.209,
"text": "in North Africa and the Balkans,"
},
{
"duration": 4.921,
"start": 215.67,
"text": "where large scale ethnic cleansing\nof local Muslims often followed."
},
{
"duration": 4.713,
"start": 220.841,
"text": "And efforts to promote pan-Ottoman\nidentity in the remaining provinces"
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 225.554,
"text": "were met with lukewarm success—"
},
{
"duration": 4.463,
"start": 228.015,
"text": "especially after Sultan Abdulhamid II\ntook the throne."
},
{
"duration": 5.255,
"start": 233.062,
"text": "While Abdulhamid shared his predecessors’\ninterest in modernizing reforms,"
},
{
"duration": 3.6710000000000003,
"start": 238.317,
"text": "extensive building projects,\nand expanding education,"
},
{
"duration": 3.6710000000000003,
"start": 242.029,
"text": "he also ruled as an absolute monarch."
},
{
"duration": 1.209,
"start": 245.825,
"text": "During his reign,"
},
{
"duration": 4.588,
"start": 247.034,
"text": "he suspended the constitution,\nand supported widespread censorship."
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 251.789,
"text": "Political oppression and violence\nbecame regular tools of the state,"
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 256.21,
"text": "including anti-Armenian massacres\nin Anatolia"
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 260.631,
"text": "that came to be known\nas the Hamidian massacres."
},
{
"duration": 5.756,
"start": 264.218,
"text": "In 1908, a coup by army officers known\nas the Young Turk Revolution"
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 269.974,
"text": "curtailed his power\nand restored the constitution."
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 273.728,
"text": "But while his successor\nMehmed IV took the throne,"
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 277.148,
"text": "the Young Turks political party\ntook hold of the power."
},
{
"duration": 4.755,
"start": 281.193,
"text": "The Committee for Union and Progress\nencouraged democratic reforms,"
},
{
"duration": 4.921,
"start": 286.032,
"text": "however they also pushed for a new brand\nof Ottoman nationalism"
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 290.953,
"text": "centered on Turkish identity."
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 293.539,
"text": "This change further alienated\nnon-Turkish Ottomans,"
},
{
"duration": 2.9619999999999997,
"start": 297.501,
"text": "adding fuel to numerous\nopposition movements."
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 300.588,
"text": "Yet just as this political\ninfighting was heating up,"
},
{
"duration": 4.713,
"start": 304.133,
"text": "European powers initiated\nan even larger conflict."
},
{
"duration": 2.127,
"start": 309.18,
"text": "At the dawn of World War I,"
},
{
"duration": 5.797,
"start": 311.307,
"text": "the CUP-controlled government sided\nwith their longtime allies in Germany."
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 317.313,
"text": "But following early victories,\nthe war turned disastrous."
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 321.567,
"text": "The Ottomans suffered severe losses"
},
{
"duration": 4.797,
"start": 323.986,
"text": "and the highest number of deaths\nper capita in any warring nation."
},
{
"duration": 1.001,
"start": 329.075,
"text": "All the while, "
},
{
"duration": 5.171,
"start": 330.076,
"text": "Brits and Russians were supporting\nthe empire’s anti-Ottoman movements,"
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 335.247,
"text": "including several Armenian organizations."
},
{
"duration": 6.881,
"start": 338.793,
"text": "In 1915, the CUP responded by issuing\nthe Temporary Law of Deportation,"
},
{
"duration": 5.339,
"start": 345.841,
"text": "effectively authorizing the ethnic\ncleansing of the Armenian population."
},
{
"duration": 3.212,
"start": 352.264,
"text": "This policy was carried out\nwith such brutality"
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 355.476,
"text": "that an estimated 1 million\nArmenians perished"
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 358.938,
"text": "in what is now known\nas the Armenian Genocide."
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 362.9,
"text": "By the end of 1918,\nWorld War I was over."
},
{
"duration": 1.7930000000000001,
"start": 366.821,
"text": "The Ottoman’s side had lost,"
},
{
"duration": 4.88,
"start": 368.614,
"text": "and the victors began hastily carving\nup what remained of the empire"
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 373.494,
"text": "into new nation-states\nthat suited their interests."
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 377.706,
"text": "The British promised some ruling\nfamilies what would become"
},
{
"duration": 2.9619999999999997,
"start": 381.46,
"text": "Saudi Arabia, Iraq, and Jordan."
},
{
"duration": 3.379,
"start": 384.588,
"text": "The remaining Arab-majority territories\nwere split"
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 387.967,
"text": "into Syria, Lebanon, and Palestine,"
},
{
"duration": 3.503,
"start": 391.22,
"text": "all of which were divided\nbetween the French and British."
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 394.932,
"text": "The allies had further plans\nfor Istanbul and Anatolia,"
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 399.061,
"text": "but the Turkish War of Independence\nforced a renegotiation."
},
{
"duration": 4.546,
"start": 403.649,
"text": "Eventually, this led to the creation\nof the independent Republic of Turkey"
},
{
"duration": 1.585,
"start": 408.195,
"text": "in 1923,"
},
{
"duration": 4.922,
"start": 409.905,
"text": "and the formal end to over six centuries\nof Ottoman rule."
}
] |
OiKQjezOKXc
|
How could so many people support Hitler? - Joseph Lacey
|
Explore the philosophy of Hannah Arendt, and get to know her strategies to combat the threat of totalitarianism and oppression.
--
Philosopher Hannah Arendt was a German Jew who dedicated herself to understanding how the Nazi regime came to power, and more specifically, how it inspired so many atrocities. She believed the true conditions behind the unprecedented rise of totalitarianism weren’t specific to Germany, and developed theories on how to best combat such threats. Joseph Lacey explores the work of Hannah Arendt.
Lesson by Joseph Lacey, directed by Sarah Saidan.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
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----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-could-so-many-people-support-hitler-joseph-lacey
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-could-so-many-people-support-hitler-joseph-lacey/digdeeper
Music: https://soundcloud.com/aim-music
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Jeremy Shimanek, Mark Byers, Avinash Amarnath, Xuebicoco, Rayo, Po Foon Kwong, Boffin, Jesse Jurman, Scott Markley, Elija Peterson, Ovidiu Mrd, paul g mohney, Steven Razey, Nathan Giusti, Helen Lee, Anthony Benedict, Karthik Balsubramanian, Annastasshia Ames, Amy Lopez, Vinh-Thuy Nguyen, Liz Candee, Ugur Doga Sezgin, Karmi Nguyen, John C. Vesey, Yelena Baykova, Nick Johnson, Carlos H. Costa, Jennifer Kurkoski, Ryan B Harvey, Akinola Emmanuel, Jose Arcadio Valdes Franco, Sebastiaan Vleugels, Karl Laius, JY Kang, Abhishek Goel, Heidi Stolt, Nicole Sund, Karlee Finch, Mario Mejia, Denise A Pitts, Doug Henry, Keven Webb, Mihai Sandu, Deepak Iyer, Javid Gozalov, Kyanta Yap, Rebecca Reineke, William Biersdorf, Patricia Alves Panagides and Yvette Mocete.
|
2024-05-09T15:01:51Z
|
[
{
"duration": 5.046,
"start": 6.878,
"text": "In May of 1945, the Third Reich\nwas in chaos."
},
{
"duration": 4.295,
"start": 12.05,
"text": "Adolf Hitler was dead,\nGerman surrender was imminent,"
},
{
"duration": 5.422,
"start": 16.721,
"text": "and Allied troops had already begun\ndivvying up German territory."
},
{
"duration": 5.756,
"start": 22.643,
"text": "But high-ranking Nazi engineer\nWernher von Braun wasn’t worried."
},
{
"duration": 3.086,
"start": 28.733,
"text": "In fact, he approached\nthe US government directly—"
},
{
"duration": 4.713,
"start": 32.111,
"text": "informing them of his location\nand waiting calmly for their arrival."
},
{
"duration": 4.588,
"start": 37.95,
"text": "As the brain behind the world’s first\nlong-range ballistic missile,"
},
{
"duration": 6.006,
"start": 42.538,
"text": "von Braun knew his expertise made him\na highly valuable military asset."
},
{
"duration": 6.506,
"start": 48.753,
"text": "And sure enough, his so-called captors\ngave him a decidedly warm welcome."
},
{
"duration": 5.13,
"start": 55.802,
"text": "Von Braun wasn't the only Nazi scientist\nreceiving this treatment."
},
{
"duration": 4.755,
"start": 61.599,
"text": "While World War II was almost over,\na new war was brewing."
},
{
"duration": 4.546,
"start": 66.521,
"text": "And the US was eager to recruit\nthe smartest minds in Germany"
},
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 71.067,
"text": "before the Soviets got the chance."
},
{
"duration": 3.461,
"start": 74.112,
"text": "This became known as Operation Paperclip—"
},
{
"duration": 6.59,
"start": 77.782,
"text": "a clandestine campaign that brought\nover 1,500 German scientists to the US"
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 84.455,
"text": "between 1945 and 1962."
},
{
"duration": 4.879,
"start": 88.543,
"text": "The program was named for the paperclips\nattached to the files of early recruits—"
},
{
"duration": 5.047,
"start": 93.422,
"text": "indicating that incriminating information\nlike Nazi affiliations"
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 98.469,
"text": "or suspected war crimes\ncould be disregarded."
},
{
"duration": 4.338,
"start": 102.89,
"text": "Von Braun, for example,\nhad overseen an SS project"
},
{
"duration": 5.422,
"start": 107.228,
"text": "that relied on forced labor from thousands\nof concentration camp prisoners."
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 113.192,
"text": "While von Braun approached\nthe US directly,"
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 116.487,
"text": "other scientists had to be\nidentified and located."
},
{
"duration": 2.21,
"start": 120.867,
"text": "One important asset in this effort"
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 123.077,
"text": "was a Nazi-compiled list\nof Germany’s top scientists,"
},
{
"duration": 5.255,
"start": 127.206,
"text": "which someone had unsuccessfully tried\nto dispose of by flushing down a toilet."
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 133.087,
"text": "But the US was just one player\nin this scramble."
},
{
"duration": 3.92,
"start": 136.549,
"text": "The Soviets were also competing\nto seize German brainpower,"
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 140.636,
"text": "resorting to bribery\nand forced relocation."
},
{
"duration": 4.754,
"start": 145.016,
"text": "The French and British lacked the money\nto lure the best German brains,"
},
{
"duration": 4.671,
"start": 150.021,
"text": "but that didn't stop them from kidnapping\nthe occasional scientist."
},
{
"duration": 5.631,
"start": 155.109,
"text": "They also stole patents and dismantled\nfactories to learn what they could."
},
{
"duration": 5.047,
"start": 161.657,
"text": "The US approach, however, featured\na different and particularly tempting"
},
{
"duration": 1.835,
"start": 166.704,
"text": "brand of coercion:"
},
{
"duration": 6.465,
"start": 168.831,
"text": "the promise to relocate entire German\nfamilies and grant them citizenship."
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 175.63,
"text": "This controversial offer\nwas one of the reasons"
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 178.758,
"text": "Paperclip was initially shrouded\nin secrecy."
},
{
"duration": 5.13,
"start": 182.929,
"text": "But the project became difficult to hide\nwhen Germans started popping up"
},
{
"duration": 1.6680000000000001,
"start": 188.309,
"text": "all over the US."
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 190.728,
"text": "The military tried to get\nahead of any controversy"
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 193.773,
"text": "by revealing the operation to the press\nin late 1946."
},
{
"duration": 5.506,
"start": 198.861,
"text": "But the news immediately attracted\ncriticism from many prominent voices,"
},
{
"duration": 6.381,
"start": 204.367,
"text": "including Albert Einstein,\nEleanor Roosevelt, and the NAACP,"
},
{
"duration": 3.086,
"start": 210.915,
"text": "as well as many veteran’s organizations."
},
{
"duration": 4.796,
"start": 214.502,
"text": "These parties opposed granting\nGerman scientists citizenship"
},
{
"duration": 5.631,
"start": 219.298,
"text": "while millions of displaced persons,\nincluding survivors of Nazi atrocities,"
},
{
"duration": 2.628,
"start": 225.137,
"text": "had no chance of coming to America."
},
{
"duration": 4.505,
"start": 228.432,
"text": "Most Americans were also against employing\nformer Nazis"
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 232.937,
"text": "in sensitive national security positions."
},
{
"duration": 2.628,
"start": 236.732,
"text": "But as the Cold War ramped up,"
},
{
"duration": 4.338,
"start": 239.36,
"text": "the military argument for keeping these\nscientists out of Soviet hands"
},
{
"duration": 2.794,
"start": 243.698,
"text": "overpowered popular objections."
},
{
"duration": 3.795,
"start": 247.243,
"text": "With his Nazi past largely hidden\nfrom the public,"
},
{
"duration": 4.379,
"start": 251.08,
"text": "von Braun became one of the US’s\nmost important engineers"
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 255.501,
"text": "at the height of the Space Race."
},
{
"duration": 5.131,
"start": 258.17,
"text": "In 1958, his team responded\nto the Soviet launch of Sputnik"
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 263.301,
"text": "with the US’s own successful\nsatellite launch."
},
{
"duration": 5.171,
"start": 267.722,
"text": "And in the 60s, he was the chief architect\nof Saturn V,"
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 273.102,
"text": "the rocket that brought Americans\nto the moon."
},
{
"duration": 4.755,
"start": 276.48,
"text": "Other Paperclip recruits contributed\nto the development of chemical weapons"
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 281.235,
"text": "such as Agent Orange,\npharmaceutical research,"
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 285.364,
"text": "and the development of modern airplanes."
},
{
"duration": 5.089,
"start": 288.909,
"text": "These contributions helped the US\ngovernment present Paperclip as a success."
},
{
"duration": 5.923,
"start": 294.665,
"text": "But, in hindsight, it’s hard to gauge\nhow helpful the program really was."
},
{
"duration": 5.005,
"start": 301.005,
"text": "While von Braun saved the US years\nof rocketry experimentation,"
},
{
"duration": 3.628,
"start": 306.177,
"text": "there's no reason to think American\nscientists couldn't have developed"
},
{
"duration": 2.503,
"start": 309.805,
"text": "the same technology without him."
},
{
"duration": 6.257,
"start": 312.808,
"text": "Furthermore, very few Paperclippers\nwere as exceptional as von Braun."
},
{
"duration": 4.463,
"start": 319.815,
"text": "Many were average scientists\nwho either completed their contracts"
},
{
"duration": 1.919,
"start": 324.278,
"text": "and returned to Germany,"
},
{
"duration": 4.838,
"start": 326.197,
"text": "or took jobs alongside Americans\nwith equivalent expertise."
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 331.41,
"text": "But ultimately,\nthe issue of Paperclip’s success"
},
{
"duration": 4.588,
"start": 334.83,
"text": "is just one of many questions raised\nby its contentious approach"
},
{
"duration": 3.7960000000000003,
"start": 339.418,
"text": "to science, ethics, and national security."
},
{
"duration": 4.588,
"start": 343.506,
"text": "Can scientists working on military\ntechnology be apolitical,"
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 348.302,
"text": "or are they responsible\nfor their creations?"
},
{
"duration": 6.215,
"start": 351.847,
"text": "Can pressing political and military\nconcerns justify overlooking war crimes?"
},
{
"duration": 5.798,
"start": 358.312,
"text": "In many ways, von Braun’s obituary\nsums up the operation’s murkiness:"
},
{
"duration": 6.298,
"start": 364.61,
"text": "“A kind of Faustian shadow may be\ndiscerned in [...] the fascinating career"
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 371.283,
"text": "of Wernher von Braun:"
},
{
"duration": 3.838,
"start": 374.286,
"text": "a man so possessed\nof [...] intellectual hunger,"
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 378.457,
"text": "that any accommodation may be justified.”"
}
] |
_ZmTQIFA9fY
|
Why do bugs swarm over water? - Luke M. Jacobus
|
Trace the life cycle of mayflies, and explore why these swarming insects are a sign of healthy aquatic ecosystems.
--
For most of the world’s 4,000 mayfly species, adulthood lasts roughly one day. And for some species, it’s only a matter of minutes. This isn’t because they’re all eaten up by predators. Rather, this abridged adulthood is a natural part of their life cycle. So, what role do these bugs play in their ecosystems? Luke M. Jacobus explores the stunningly short life span of the winged insects.
Lesson by Luke M. Jacobus, directed by Denys Spolitak.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
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Animator's website: https://vimeo.com/denysspolitak
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Nicole Klau Ibarra, Jesse Lira, Ezekiel Raui, Petr Vacek, Dennis, Olivia Fu, Kari Teffeau, Cindy Lai, Rajath Durgada Manjunath, Dan Nguyen, Chin Beng Tan, Tom Boman, Karen Warner, Iryna Panasiuk, Aaron Torres, Eric Braun, Sonja Worzewski, Michael Clement, Adam Berry, Ghaith Tarawneh, Nathan Milford, Tomas Beckett, Alice Ice, Eric Berman, Kurt Paolo Sevillano, Jennifer Heald, Megulo Abebe, isolwi, Kate Sem, Ujjwal Dasu, Angel Alberici, Minh Quan Dinh, Sylvain, Terran Gimpel, Talia Sari, Katie McDowell, Allen, Mahina Knuckles, Charmaine Hanson, Thawsitt, Jezabel, Abdullah Abdulaziz, Xiao Yu, Melissa Suarez, Brian A. Dunn, Francisco Amaya, Daisuke Goto, Matt Switzler, Peng, Tzu-Hsiang and Bethany Connor.
|
2024-05-07T15:00:49Z
|
[
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 7.336,
"text": "For ten grueling years,\nthe Greeks laid siege to Troy,"
},
{
"duration": 3.795,
"start": 11.466,
"text": "scattering ships and encampments\nacross the city's shores."
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 15.845,
"text": "But as the Trojans awoke\nfor another day of battle,"
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 18.973,
"text": "they found their enemies\nhad vanished overnight—"
},
{
"duration": 3.6710000000000003,
"start": 22.518,
"text": "leaving behind only\nan enormous wooden horse."
},
{
"duration": 2.92,
"start": 26.647,
"text": "Seeing this as a symbol\nof the Greek’s surrender,"
},
{
"duration": 4.63,
"start": 29.65,
"text": "the soldiers dragged their prize\ninto the city and began to celebrate."
},
{
"duration": 2.086,
"start": 34.697,
"text": "But one Trojan wasn't happy."
},
{
"duration": 5.714,
"start": 36.949,
"text": "Laocoön, a seer and priest,\nwas deeply suspicious of the Greek gift."
},
{
"duration": 4.213,
"start": 42.955,
"text": "He reminded his fellow Trojans\nof their enemy’s reputation for trickery,"
},
{
"duration": 3.92,
"start": 47.46,
"text": "and cautioned them not to accept\nthis strange offering."
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 52.006,
"text": "The crowd jeered at his warning,\nbut Laocoön was undeterred."
},
{
"duration": 5.047,
"start": 56.177,
"text": "He forced his way to the wooden beast\nand thrust his sword into its belly."
},
{
"duration": 2.127,
"start": 61.349,
"text": "Yet his blade drew no blood."
},
{
"duration": 2.211,
"start": 63.726,
"text": "And if there were men shifting inside,"
},
{
"duration": 3.086,
"start": 66.104,
"text": "Laocoön couldn't hear them over the crowd."
},
{
"duration": 3.9210000000000003,
"start": 69.69,
"text": "Still grim with foreboding,\nLaocoön retreated home"
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 73.611,
"text": "and enlisted his sons in preparing\na sacrifice to the gods."
},
{
"duration": 4.63,
"start": 77.99,
"text": "But his fate— and that of his\nfellow Trojans— was already sealed."
},
{
"duration": 2.794,
"start": 83.788,
"text": "The gods had decided to grant\nthe Greeks victory"
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 86.582,
"text": "by ensuring the success of their scheme\nto infiltrate Troy."
},
{
"duration": 4.379,
"start": 90.67,
"text": "And Poseidon sought to punish\nthe priest for threatening that plan."
},
{
"duration": 4.088,
"start": 95.424,
"text": "Two great serpents emerged\nfrom the sea’s rolling waves"
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 99.512,
"text": "and descended on Laocoön and his sons."
},
{
"duration": 4.38,
"start": 102.765,
"text": "The seer’s violent death went unnoticed\namidst the celebrations."
},
{
"duration": 2.545,
"start": 107.436,
"text": "But, that night, when tragedy struck, "
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 110.106,
"text": "the Trojans finally remembered\nthe old priest’s warning."
},
{
"duration": 5.547,
"start": 114.402,
"text": "Laocoön's tragic tale inspired countless\nretellings across the ancient world."
},
{
"duration": 4.796,
"start": 120.575,
"text": "Virgil describes the seer’s demise\nin his epic poem “The Aeneid,”"
},
{
"duration": 4.921,
"start": 125.538,
"text": "and Sophocles composed an entire play\nabout the ill-fated priest."
},
{
"duration": 3.5460000000000003,
"start": 130.751,
"text": "However, his most famous\nand influential depiction"
},
{
"duration": 4.17,
"start": 134.297,
"text": "is a marble statue called\n“Laocoön and His Sons.”"
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 138.801,
"text": "Likely carved by a trio\nof artists from Rhodes,"
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 142.597,
"text": "the exact origins of this piece\nremain mysterious,"
},
{
"duration": 6.84,
"start": 146.184,
"text": "with current theories dating its creation\nanywhere from 200 BCE to 68 CE."
},
{
"duration": 1.418,
"start": 153.608,
"text": "Whenever it was made,"
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 155.026,
"text": "this sculpture remains the epitome\nof the Hellenistic Baroque style."
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 159.53,
"text": "But even within a tradition known\nfor its dramatic facial expressions"
},
{
"duration": 1.794,
"start": 163.409,
"text": "and contorted figures, "
},
{
"duration": 4.504,
"start": 165.203,
"text": "no other piece in this style comes\nclose to the intensity"
},
{
"duration": 2.002,
"start": 169.832,
"text": "of “Laocoön and His Sons.”"
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 172.418,
"text": "The nearly life-sized figures\nare writhing in agony,"
},
{
"duration": 3.795,
"start": 176.631,
"text": "straining to untangle massive snakes\nfrom their limbs."
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 180.676,
"text": "Their faces are packed\nwith desperation and hopelessness,"
},
{
"duration": 4.63,
"start": 184.513,
"text": "yet Laocoön’s expression is\nfiercely determined to resist."
},
{
"duration": 2.627,
"start": 189.644,
"text": "The scene is also uniquely brutal—"
},
{
"duration": 4.672,
"start": 192.396,
"text": "paused precisely as the serpent’s\nvenomous jaws are about to bite down."
},
{
"duration": 5.339,
"start": 197.401,
"text": "Displayed as the centerpiece of\nEmperor Nero’s Domus Aurea palace complex,"
},
{
"duration": 4.921,
"start": 202.949,
"text": "this gruesome sculpture was one of the\nmost talked about artworks of its time."
},
{
"duration": 4.672,
"start": 208.579,
"text": "Renowned Roman writer Pliny the Elder\neven went so far as to call it"
},
{
"duration": 5.839,
"start": 213.292,
"text": "“preferable to any other production\nof the art of painting or of statuary.”"
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 219.59,
"text": "Unfortunately, the statue was lost "
},
{
"duration": 5.047,
"start": 222.176,
"text": "when Domus Aurea\nwas consumed by fire in 109 CE."
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 227.598,
"text": "But Laocoön's tale was far from finished."
},
{
"duration": 6.132,
"start": 230.851,
"text": "In 1506, Michelangelo Buonarotti—\nthen the most famous sculptor in Rome—"
},
{
"duration": 5.714,
"start": 237.108,
"text": "received a message that Pope Julius II\nhad unearthed something marvelous."
},
{
"duration": 5.881,
"start": 243.656,
"text": "Even caked with dirt, “Laocoön\nand His Sons” astonished Michelangelo."
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 249.954,
"text": "The dramatic musculature was over-the-top,"
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 252.832,
"text": "but all the more powerful\nfor being so extreme."
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 256.127,
"text": "And the curving shapes of its serpent\nand human figures"
},
{
"duration": 2.627,
"start": 260.131,
"text": "drew his eyes in constant motion."
},
{
"duration": 3.586,
"start": 263.301,
"text": "Pope Julius prominently displayed\nthe piece at the Vatican,"
},
{
"duration": 4.546,
"start": 266.971,
"text": "but its influence on Michelangelo is\nwhat made the statue truly famous."
},
{
"duration": 4.88,
"start": 271.934,
"text": "The sculpture's emotive, exaggerated\nelements transformed his approach"
},
{
"duration": 1.7930000000000001,
"start": 276.814,
"text": "to representing the human body."
},
{
"duration": 4.379,
"start": 279.4,
"text": "His paintings and sculptures began\nto feature contorted poses,"
},
{
"duration": 5.548,
"start": 283.779,
"text": "referred to as “figura serpentinata,”\nmeaning snake-like shapes."
},
{
"duration": 2.919,
"start": 289.577,
"text": "And his celebrated work\nin the Sistine Chapel"
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 292.496,
"text": "centered on muscular,\nhyperextended figures."
},
{
"duration": 5.131,
"start": 296.208,
"text": "Soon, Michelangelo’s new style sparked\nan entire artistic movement"
},
{
"duration": 1.501,
"start": 301.589,
"text": "called Mannerism—"
},
{
"duration": 5.797,
"start": 303.466,
"text": "influencing artists throughout the 1500s\nto exaggerate and twist human bodies"
},
{
"duration": 1.502,
"start": 309.388,
"text": "for dramatic effect."
},
{
"duration": 5.505,
"start": 311.432,
"text": "Since artists of the Renaissance revered\nancient Greco-Roman art above all else,"
},
{
"duration": 5.38,
"start": 317.021,
"text": "perhaps it’s not surprising that “Laocoön\nand His Sons” made such a large impact."
},
{
"duration": 4.713,
"start": 322.735,
"text": "But not even the real Laocoön could have\npredicted that his likeness"
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 327.448,
"text": "would become one of the most influential\nsculptures ever made."
}
] |
Xj5nH5JtJAQ
|
How to increase your happiness
|
Dig into the benefits of practicing gratitude in your everyday life, and discover how being thankful can impact your happiness.
--
Many people would say the connection between happiness and gratefulness is very simple: when you are happy, you are grateful. But think again. Is it really the happy people that are grateful? Quite a number of people have everything that it would take to be happy, and they are not happy. So, how does gratefulness work? Explore the key components to living gratefully.
Directed by Avi Ofer.
Grab a copy of Chris Anderson’s book “Infectious Generosity” here: https://bit.ly/TEDEdInfectiousGenerosity
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
----------------------------------------------
Support us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon
Check out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop
----------------------------------------------
Connect With Us
----------------------------------------------
Sign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter
Follow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook
Find us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter
Peep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram
----------------------------------------------
Keep Learning
----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-to-increase-your-happiness
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-to-increase-your-happiness/digdeeper
Animator's website: https://aviofer.com
Music: https://www.wonderboyaudio.com
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Conder Shou, ntiger, Noname, Hansan Hu, David D, Mac Hyney, Keith Ellison, robin valero walters, Lynne Truesdale, Gatsby Dkdc, Matthew Neal, Denis Chon, Julian Oberhofer, Monte Carroll, Eddy, Jay M, Constantino Victor Delgado, Andrea Galvagni, Andrew Tweddle, Laurel-Ann Rice, Fernando A. Endo, Helen Lee, pam morgan, sarim haq, Gerardo Castro, Michel-Ange Hortegat, Enes Kirimi, Amaury BISIAUX, ND, Samyogita Hardikar, Vanessa Graulich, Vandana Gunwani, Abdulmohsin Almadi, AJ Lyon, Geoffrey Bultitude, Mi Mi, Thomas Rothert, Brian Elieson, Oge O, Weronika Falkowska, Nevin Spoljaric, Sid Chanpuriya, Anoop Varghese, David Yastremski, Noah Webb, Roberto Chena, Oliver Koo, Luke Pisano, Andrea Gordon and Aleksandar Donev.
|
2024-05-02T15:01:00Z
|
[
{
"duration": 5.089,
"start": 7.086,
"text": "For thousands of years, native Takhi \nhorses roamed the steppes of Central Asia."
},
{
"duration": 4.045,
"start": 12.175,
"text": "But by the late 1960s, \nthey’d become extinct in the wild—"
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 16.22,
"text": "the last herds struggling \nin meager habitats"
},
{
"duration": 3.254,
"start": 19.348,
"text": "against hunters and competition \nfrom local livestock."
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 22.935,
"text": "Some small groups of Takhi\nsurvived in European zoos,"
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 26.981,
"text": "but their extinction \nstill seemed inevitable."
},
{
"duration": 1.6680000000000001,
"start": 29.692,
"text": "To prevent this terrible fate,"
},
{
"duration": 3.504,
"start": 31.36,
"text": "a coalition of scientists and zoos\npulled together"
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 34.864,
"text": "to start an international \nTakhi breeding program."
},
{
"duration": 3.9210000000000003,
"start": 38.367,
"text": "By the 1990s, these collaborators\nin Europe and the US"
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 42.288,
"text": "began releasing new generations \nof Asia’s ancient wild horse"
},
{
"duration": 1.752,
"start": 46.292,
"text": "back into their native habitat."
},
{
"duration": 3.7960000000000003,
"start": 48.294,
"text": "This Takhi revival was a world-famous\nconservation victory,"
},
{
"duration": 3.795,
"start": 52.09,
"text": "but the full story is much more\ncomplicated than it first appears."
},
{
"duration": 4.63,
"start": 56.135,
"text": "And its twists and turns raise serious\nquestions about the role of zoos"
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 60.765,
"text": "and what conservation even means."
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 63.226,
"text": "To get the whole story, \nwe need to start in the late 1800s"
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 66.896,
"text": "when Russian explorer Nikolay Przhevalsky\nwas gifted"
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 70.316,
"text": "the remains of one of these wild horses."
},
{
"duration": 3.379,
"start": 73.402,
"text": "Though the Takhi had long been\nknown to local Mongolians,"
},
{
"duration": 3.211,
"start": 76.781,
"text": "European scientists were intrigued\nby the remains,"
},
{
"duration": 4.922,
"start": 79.992,
"text": "which looked more like those of a donkey\nor zebra than any known domestic horse."
},
{
"duration": 3.212,
"start": 85.331,
"text": "They concluded the species was a sort\nof missing link"
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 88.543,
"text": "between wild asses and modern horses."
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 91.546,
"text": "And as reports of the newly dubbed \nPrzhevalsky’s horse"
},
{
"duration": 2.336,
"start": 95.216,
"text": "circulated through Europe and America,"
},
{
"duration": 4.879,
"start": 97.552,
"text": "zoo proprietors became eager to acquire\nthe previously unknown species."
},
{
"duration": 5.505,
"start": 102.682,
"text": "At this time, zoos were focused primarily\non drawing visitors with exotic animals,"
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 108.187,
"text": "and their exhibitions were more concerned\nwith entertainment than animal welfare."
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 112.525,
"text": "But in the early 1900s, the near\nextinction of the American bison"
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 116.946,
"text": "and the total extinction of other species\nlike the passenger pigeon"
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 120.992,
"text": "inspired zoos to rebrand \nas centers for conservation."
},
{
"duration": 4.755,
"start": 125.037,
"text": "And as it became clear that Przhevalsky’s\nhorse might be headed for a similar fate,"
},
{
"duration": 4.463,
"start": 129.792,
"text": "zoos began breeding programs to sustain\nthe captive population."
},
{
"duration": 5.756,
"start": 134.672,
"text": "However, the individuals behind these\nprograms came to an interesting conclusion"
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 140.428,
"text": "about how the horses should be bred."
},
{
"duration": 4.338,
"start": 143.055,
"text": "Like their colleagues, they believed\nthe species represented a missing link"
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 147.393,
"text": "between modern domestic horses \nand their more primitive ancestors."
},
{
"duration": 4.755,
"start": 151.647,
"text": "They also knew that some of the horses in\ntheir collections weren’t purebred Takhi,"
},
{
"duration": 3.504,
"start": 156.485,
"text": "and many didn’t even resemble \nthe species’ standard description."
},
{
"duration": 4.337,
"start": 160.448,
"text": "So breeders felt it was up to them\nto determine what a wild Takhi"
},
{
"duration": 1.21,
"start": 164.785,
"text": "should look like,"
},
{
"duration": 1.5430000000000001,
"start": 165.995,
"text": "and breed them accordingly."
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 167.83,
"text": "Basing their work on just a few specimens\nand broad beliefs"
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 171.375,
"text": "about what a primitive horse \nmight look like,"
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 173.794,
"text": "they created a rigorous model \nfor the ideal Takhi."
},
{
"duration": 1.6680000000000001,
"start": 177.84,
"text": "And over the 20th century,"
},
{
"duration": 2.9619999999999997,
"start": 179.508,
"text": "breeders in western zoos \nand private collections"
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 182.47,
"text": "created a population \nof thousands of horses"
},
{
"duration": 4.213,
"start": 185.556,
"text": "all carefully bred to share the same\nphysical characteristics."
},
{
"duration": 2.128,
"start": 191.812,
"text": "Of course, in their native habitat,"
},
{
"duration": 4.879,
"start": 193.94,
"text": "wild Takhi had regularly interbred \nwith domesticated horses for millennia,"
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 198.819,
"text": "producing a population with much\nmore diverse appearances."
},
{
"duration": 3.713,
"start": 202.531,
"text": "So when it was time to introduce \nthe Takhi to their ancestral home,"
},
{
"duration": 2.252,
"start": 206.244,
"text": "they were quite different from the horses"
},
{
"duration": 2.919,
"start": 208.496,
"text": "who’d been taken from those steppes\na century earlier."
},
{
"duration": 1.877,
"start": 211.582,
"text": "Complicating things even further,"
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 213.459,
"text": "while these new Takhi herds were\nno longer in zoos,"
},
{
"duration": 3.504,
"start": 216.879,
"text": "to this day, almost all \nremain closely monitored"
},
{
"duration": 2.377,
"start": 220.383,
"text": "and controlled for their own protection."
},
{
"duration": 5.005,
"start": 223.135,
"text": "So in a strange way, it’s hard to say \nif these animals are actually in the wild"
},
{
"duration": 2.253,
"start": 228.14,
"text": "or even if they’re truly Takhi."
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 231.269,
"text": "The story of the Takhi horse \nis not unique."
},
{
"duration": 2.169,
"start": 234.063,
"text": "In many of our conservation victories,"
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 236.232,
"text": "it’s difficult to say exactly\nwhat was saved,"
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 239.193,
"text": "and the role that zoos play \nin conservation can be very complicated."
},
{
"duration": 4.505,
"start": 243.322,
"text": "It's clear that zoos have been and can\ncontinue to be significant forces"
},
{
"duration": 1.501,
"start": 247.827,
"text": "for animal preservation,"
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 249.328,
"text": "especially efforts to save \ncharismatic animals from extinction."
},
{
"duration": 3.6710000000000003,
"start": 253.04,
"text": "But today, the most direct\ncause of animal extinctions"
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 256.711,
"text": "are humanity’s impacts on animal habitats\nand Earth’s climate."
},
{
"duration": 4.754,
"start": 261.132,
"text": "So if zoos truly want to help protect the\ndiversity of animal life on this planet,"
},
{
"duration": 2.21,
"start": 266.012,
"text": "perhaps they should redirect their efforts"
},
{
"duration": 4.379,
"start": 268.222,
"text": "to preserving the natural habitats\nthese animals so desperately need."
}
] |
ke4kVFycpYY
|
How do gas masks actually work? - George Zaidan
|
Explore the science behind how gas masks work, and how the technology protects us from airborne threats and pollutants.
--
You might think of gas masks as clunky military-looking devices. But in the near future, we may need to rely on these filters as part of our everyday lives. In addition to emerging diseases, wildfire frequency has more than tripled, and climate change has increased toxic ground level ozone. So how do these masks work, and can they protect us from airborne threats? George Zaidan investigates.
Lesson by George Zaidan, directed by Michael Kalopaidis, Zedem Media.
This video made possible in collaboration with Speed & Scale
Learn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartner
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
----------------------------------------------
Support us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon
Check out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop
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----------------------------------------------
Sign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter
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Find us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter
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----------------------------------------------
Keep Learning
----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-do-gas-masks-actually-work-george-zaidan
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-do-gas-masks-actually-work-george-zaidan/digdeeper
Animator's website: https://www.zedemanimations.com
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Sydney Evans, Latora, Noel Situ, emily lam, Sid, Niccolò Frassetto, Mana, I'm here because of Knowledge Fight Facebook group., Linda Freedman, Edgardo Cuellar, Jaspar Carmichael-Jack, Michael Burton, VIVIANA A GARCIA BESNE, The Vernon's, Olha Bahatiuk, Jesús Bíquez Talayero, Chels Raknrl, Sai Pranavi Jonnalagadda, Stuart Rice, Jing Chen, Vector-Dopamine math, Jasper Song, Giorgio Bugnatelli, Chardon, Eddy Trochez, OnlineBookClub.org, Eric Shear, Leith Salem, Omar Hicham, Adrian Rotaru, Brad Sullivan, Karen Ho, Niklas Frimberger, Hunter Manhart, Nathan Nguyen, Igor Stavchanskiy, James R DeVries, Grace Huo, Diana Huang, Chau Hong Diem, Orlellys Torre, Corheu, Thomas Mee, Maryann H McCrory, Blas Borde, John Hellmann, Poompak Meephian, Chuck Wofford, Adam Pagan and Wes Winn.
|
2024-04-30T15:00:56Z
|
[
{
"duration": 3.169,
"start": 7.045,
"text": "On June 16th 1976,"
},
{
"duration": 5.047,
"start": 10.798,
"text": "over 10,000 student protesters flooded\nthe streets of Soweto, South Africa."
},
{
"duration": 4.255,
"start": 16.22,
"text": "For 28 years, South Africans\nhad been living under Apartheid,"
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 20.6,
"text": "a strict policy of segregation that\nbarred the country’s Black majority"
},
{
"duration": 4.921,
"start": 24.896,
"text": "from skilled, high-paying jobs,\nquality education, and much more."
},
{
"duration": 4.796,
"start": 30.026,
"text": "And in 1974, the government announced\nschools would be forced to teach"
},
{
"duration": 2.002,
"start": 34.822,
"text": "many subjects in Afrikaans—"
},
{
"duration": 4.38,
"start": 36.824,
"text": "a language used primarily\nby the nation’s white ruling elites."
},
{
"duration": 3.087,
"start": 41.412,
"text": "But when protesters rose\nup to fight this injustice,"
},
{
"duration": 2.168,
"start": 44.499,
"text": "the government's response was swift."
},
{
"duration": 3.504,
"start": 47.418,
"text": "Armed police officers turned\ntheir weapons onto the crowd,"
},
{
"duration": 4.212,
"start": 50.922,
"text": "and over the following days\nthey killed over 150 students,"
},
{
"duration": 2.545,
"start": 55.551,
"text": "including victims as young as 13."
},
{
"duration": 4.796,
"start": 59.18,
"text": "Even before Apartheid, South Africa’s\nlong history of racial violence"
},
{
"duration": 5.214,
"start": 63.976,
"text": "had already cost countless Black Africans\ntheir jobs, homes, and lives."
},
{
"duration": 2.252,
"start": 69.482,
"text": "Beginning in the 1600s,"
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 71.734,
"text": "first Dutch and later British settlers\ncolonized the nation,"
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 75.738,
"text": "displacing local populations\nfrom their ancestral lands."
},
{
"duration": 1.71,
"start": 81.202,
"text": "Over the following centuries,"
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 82.912,
"text": "Black Africans were segregated\nonto so-called native reserves;"
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 87.75,
"text": "and by the 20th century,\nthat meant 70% of the population"
},
{
"duration": 3.6710000000000003,
"start": 92.004,
"text": "was living on roughly 13%\nof the country’s land."
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 95.925,
"text": "Deprived of their traditional livelihoods"
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 98.344,
"text": "and seeking to escape these\noverpopulated regions,"
},
{
"duration": 3.795,
"start": 101.639,
"text": "Black Africans began migrating\nto white-controlled areas."
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 106.811,
"text": "There, they worked for low wages\non white-owned farms and mines,"
},
{
"duration": 3.628,
"start": 110.982,
"text": "alongside the descendants of enslaved\nand indentured workers"
},
{
"duration": 2.127,
"start": 114.61,
"text": "from across Africa and Asia."
},
{
"duration": 4.755,
"start": 117.113,
"text": "By 1948, this exploited labor force\nwas a primary driver"
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 121.868,
"text": "of South Africa’s booming economy."
},
{
"duration": 4.838,
"start": 124.203,
"text": "But economists argued that continued\ngrowth required a stable, educated,"
},
{
"duration": 2.545,
"start": 129.041,
"text": "and urbanized African labor force."
},
{
"duration": 2.877,
"start": 131.878,
"text": "The ruling United Party\naccepted this logic,"
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 134.755,
"text": "but the rival National Party argued\nsuch a workforce"
},
{
"duration": 2.086,
"start": 138.217,
"text": "would threaten the white ruling class."
},
{
"duration": 4.588,
"start": 140.303,
"text": "Naming their campaign Apartheid,\nthe Afrikaans word for “separateness,”"
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 144.891,
"text": "the National Party won the 1948 elections."
},
{
"duration": 4.504,
"start": 148.436,
"text": "And once in power, they began\nforcibly relocating millions of Africans"
},
{
"duration": 1.502,
"start": 152.94,
"text": "back to the reserves."
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 154.65,
"text": "Under Apartheid, Black workers were\nconsidered temporary visitors"
},
{
"duration": 1.293,
"start": 158.779,
"text": "in white areas."
},
{
"duration": 2.252,
"start": 160.156,
"text": "They were restricted to specific zones,"
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 162.408,
"text": "and their trade unions received\nno official recognition."
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 166.704,
"text": "The government also abolished\nmixed race universities,"
},
{
"duration": 4.63,
"start": 170.416,
"text": "outlawed mixed marriages,\nsegregated recreational spaces,"
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 175.046,
"text": "and purged the non-white population\nfrom the voters’ roll."
},
{
"duration": 2.002,
"start": 178.799,
"text": "Within parliament at this time,"
},
{
"duration": 3.963,
"start": 180.801,
"text": "Apartheid only had a small group\nof outspoken opponents."
},
{
"duration": 1.669,
"start": 184.805,
"text": "But outside the government,"
},
{
"duration": 4.463,
"start": 186.474,
"text": "three political groups were leading a\npopular resistance against the regime:"
},
{
"duration": 4.17,
"start": 190.937,
"text": "the Communist Party,\nwhich was then legally banned in 1950,"
},
{
"duration": 2.795,
"start": 195.107,
"text": "their allies\nin the African National Congress,"
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 197.902,
"text": "and later, a splinter group called\nthe Pan-Africanist Congress."
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 201.948,
"text": "Despite some ideological differences,"
},
{
"duration": 2.669,
"start": 204.659,
"text": "all three groups worked\nto mobilize the masses"
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 207.328,
"text": "against Apartheid\nby non-violent methods."
},
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 210.623,
"text": "But the National Party\nwasn’t as restrained."
},
{
"duration": 6.381,
"start": 213.376,
"text": "On March 21st, 1960, policemen massacred\ndemonstrators at a PAC rally,"
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 220.883,
"text": "and within weeks,\nthe ANC and PAC were outlawed."
},
{
"duration": 3.379,
"start": 225.304,
"text": "These events radicalized\nanti-Apartheid leaders,"
},
{
"duration": 2.377,
"start": 228.683,
"text": "and in December of 1961,"
},
{
"duration": 4.379,
"start": 231.06,
"text": "Nelson Mandela and other ANC \nand Communist Party activists"
},
{
"duration": 2.9619999999999997,
"start": 235.439,
"text": "established the resistance’s armed wing."
},
{
"duration": 2.67,
"start": 239.318,
"text": "While the conflict grew\nincreasingly violent,"
},
{
"duration": 4.462,
"start": 241.988,
"text": "the 1960s saw consistent economic\ngrowth throughout South Africa."
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 246.784,
"text": "The National Party attributed this\nto the success of Apartheid,"
},
{
"duration": 2.794,
"start": 250.413,
"text": "but it was actually due\nto further exploitation."
},
{
"duration": 3.086,
"start": 253.708,
"text": "Employers were illegally\nhiring Black laborers"
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 256.794,
"text": "for positions affluent white workers\ndidn’t want to fill."
},
{
"duration": 3.044,
"start": 260.423,
"text": "And since this prosperity\nwas flowing disproportionately"
},
{
"duration": 1.919,
"start": 263.467,
"text": "to the ruling white minority,"
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 265.386,
"text": "the government happily turned a blind eye."
},
{
"duration": 4.713,
"start": 268.431,
"text": "Meanwhile, the National Party leveraged\nglobal anti-communist sentiment"
},
{
"duration": 2.043,
"start": 273.144,
"text": "to demonize its adversaries."
},
{
"duration": 5.548,
"start": 275.479,
"text": "In 1963, they tried Mandela and ten others\nfor advancing communism"
},
{
"duration": 2.794,
"start": 281.027,
"text": "and training recruits\nin guerrilla warfare."
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 284.697,
"text": "Eight of the defendants were sentenced\nto life in prison,"
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 287.825,
"text": "and many remaining anti-Apartheid leaders\nwere forced into exile."
},
{
"duration": 1.502,
"start": 291.787,
"text": "Over the next decade,"
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 293.289,
"text": "a generation of student activists\nrose up to continue the fight,"
},
{
"duration": 4.588,
"start": 297.251,
"text": "led in part by Steve Biko and the\nSouth African Students Organization."
},
{
"duration": 4.338,
"start": 301.839,
"text": "Following the Soweto Massacre,\nstudent protesters spread nationwide."
},
{
"duration": 3.129,
"start": 306.218,
"text": "But police violently smothered\nthese demonstrations,"
},
{
"duration": 4.504,
"start": 309.347,
"text": "killing over 600 protesters by early 1977."
},
{
"duration": 3.795,
"start": 314.31,
"text": "That same year,\nBiko was taken into police custody"
},
{
"duration": 2.086,
"start": 318.105,
"text": "and killed in a brutal assault."
},
{
"duration": 1.96,
"start": 321.776,
"text": "In response to this violence,"
},
{
"duration": 4.338,
"start": 323.736,
"text": "the international community finally\ncalled for an end to Apartheid,"
},
{
"duration": 3.92,
"start": 328.074,
"text": "with some countries enacting\ntrade embargoes against South Africa."
},
{
"duration": 3.211,
"start": 332.37,
"text": "The state attempted to launch\na reform process,"
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 335.581,
"text": "creating separate parliaments\nfor the country's white,"
},
{
"duration": 2.795,
"start": 338.584,
"text": "non-white, and Indian populations."
},
{
"duration": 4.546,
"start": 341.629,
"text": "But the exclusion of the African majority\nled to more nationwide rioting."
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 346.425,
"text": "So when F.W. de Klerk,\na long-time supporter of Apartheid,"
},
{
"duration": 2.503,
"start": 350.846,
"text": "came to power in 1989,"
},
{
"duration": 4.838,
"start": 353.349,
"text": "he concluded the only way to ensure\nwhite survival was to end the policy."
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 358.479,
"text": "On February 2nd, 1990,"
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 361.19,
"text": "de Klerk shocked the world\nby unbanning the ANC,"
},
{
"duration": 1.585,
"start": 365.319,
"text": "releasing Mandela,"
},
{
"duration": 3.086,
"start": 366.904,
"text": "and calling for\nconstitutional negotiations."
},
{
"duration": 4.963,
"start": 370.324,
"text": "Four years later, in the nation’s\ninaugural all-inclusive elections,"
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 375.83,
"text": "Mandela became South Africa’s\nfirst Black president."
},
{
"duration": 5.63,
"start": 379.667,
"text": "But today, the national trauma\nof Apartheid can still be keenly felt,"
},
{
"duration": 4.088,
"start": 385.464,
"text": "and many wounds from this period\nhave yet to fully heal."
}
] |
qH0tUg4Enn0
|
The rise and fall of the Maya Empire’s most powerful city - Geoffrey E. Braswell
|
Trace the rise and fall of the Maya city Chichen Itza, and how Yucatán’s unpredictable environment contributed to its demise.
--
During the 8th century CE, warfare and failing agriculture forced Maya people to move north, to hotter, drier Yucatán. Because of its freshwater access, Chichen Itza became the most powerful Maya city, with nearly 50,000 citizens at its height. But the region presented its own challenges and the city's golden age wouldn’t last forever. Geoffrey E. Braswell traces the city's rise and fall.
Lesson by Geoffrey E. Braswell, directed by Hernando Bahamon, Globizco Studios.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
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View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-rise-and-fall-of-the-maya-empire-s-most-powerful-city-geoffrey-e-braswell
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Animator's website: https://www.globizcostudios.com
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Ophelia Gibson Best, Paul Schneider, Joichiro Yamada, Henrique Cassús, Karthik Cherala, Clarence E. Harper Jr., Vignan Velivela, Ana Maria, Exal Enrique Cisneros Tuch, Tejas Dc, Khalifa Alhulail, Martin Stephen, Jose Henrique Leopoldo e Silva, Mandeep Singh, Abhijit Kiran Valluri, Morgan Williams, Devin Harris, Pavel Zalevskiy, Karen Goepen-Wee, Filip Dabrowski, Barbara Smalley, Megan Douglas, Tim Leistikow, Ka-Hei Law, Hiroshi Uchiyama, Mark Morris, Misaki Sato, EdoKun, SookKwan Loong, Bev Millar, Lex Azevedo, Michael Aquilina, Jason A Saslow, Yansong Li, Cristóbal Moenne, Dawn Jordan, Prasanth Mathialagan, Samuel Doerle, David Rosario, Dominik Kugelmann - they-them, Siamak Hajizadeh, Ryohky Araya, Mayank Kaul, Christophe Dessalles, Heather Slater, Sandra Tersluisen, Zhexi Shan, Bárbara Nazaré, Andrea Feliz and Victor E Karhel.
|
2024-04-25T15:00:01Z
|
[
{
"duration": 5.922,
"start": 7.17,
"text": "It was 120 BCE, and Mithridates’ father,\nthe ruler of Pontus,"
},
{
"duration": 1.9609999999999999,
"start": 13.092,
"text": "had been poisoned by enemies."
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 15.261,
"text": "Fearing that his mother might poison\nhim to usurp the throne,"
},
{
"duration": 1.96,
"start": 19.057,
"text": "Mithridates went into hiding."
},
{
"duration": 4.796,
"start": 21.184,
"text": "When he reappeared, he committed himself\nto building his tolerance to poison,"
},
{
"duration": 3.963,
"start": 26.105,
"text": "allegedly micro-dosing various\ntoxins each day."
},
{
"duration": 4.087,
"start": 30.318,
"text": "He reached his 70s,\nand chose to die by sword,"
},
{
"duration": 1.293,
"start": 34.405,
"text": "evading capture."
},
{
"duration": 6.548,
"start": 35.907,
"text": "No substance has perhaps been as constant\nan ally to insidious scheming as arsenic,"
},
{
"duration": 2.502,
"start": 42.622,
"text": "the so-called “king of poisons.”"
},
{
"duration": 4.087,
"start": 45.458,
"text": "It’s a naturally occurring,\nwidely distributed metallic element."
},
{
"duration": 1.919,
"start": 49.712,
"text": "In its chemically pure form,"
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 51.631,
"text": "it isn’t much of a threat because\nour bodies don’t absorb it well;"
},
{
"duration": 4.796,
"start": 55.593,
"text": "it’s when arsenic combines with other\nelements that things get dangerous."
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 60.765,
"text": "When arsenic reacts with oxygen,"
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 63.184,
"text": "it may assume its most common\npoisonous form:"
},
{
"duration": 5.839,
"start": 66.771,
"text": "white arsenic, a powder that can be\nimmediately lethal or kill over time."
},
{
"duration": 3.92,
"start": 72.944,
"text": "At the molecular level,\nwhite arsenic resembles phosphate,"
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 76.864,
"text": "which is essential to the body's\nbasic cellular reactions."
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 80.785,
"text": "When white arsenic enters the body,\nit replaces phosphates,"
},
{
"duration": 4.588,
"start": 85.206,
"text": "compromising critical processes\nlike cellular energy production."
},
{
"duration": 5.338,
"start": 90.128,
"text": "The symptoms of arsenic poisoning overlap\nwith common illnesses in history."
},
{
"duration": 4.797,
"start": 95.591,
"text": "And white arsenic is inconspicuously\nodorless and tasteless."
},
{
"duration": 3.6710000000000003,
"start": 100.596,
"text": "These characteristics made it\na choice murder weapon."
},
{
"duration": 2.085,
"start": 104.517,
"text": "In ancient Egypt and Greece,"
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 106.602,
"text": "people encountered arsenic while\nmining and smelting metals,"
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 110.648,
"text": "and came to recognize its powers."
},
{
"duration": 3.212,
"start": 113.609,
"text": "The first preparation of white arsenic\non record"
},
{
"duration": 4.588,
"start": 116.821,
"text": "is attributed to Islamic Golden Age\nalchemist Jabir ibn Hayyan,"
},
{
"duration": 1.877,
"start": 121.409,
"text": "around the 8th century. "
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 123.995,
"text": "Poisoning became prevalent\nin Renaissance Italy,"
},
{
"duration": 4.88,
"start": 127.123,
"text": "where elites like the Venetian Council\nof Ten decided who to assassinate"
},
{
"duration": 3.503,
"start": 132.128,
"text": "and enlisted alchemists, pharmacists,\nand doctors"
},
{
"duration": 2.169,
"start": 135.631,
"text": "to prepare the appropriate poison."
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 138.134,
"text": "The House of Borgia mastered\nthe murderous art,"
},
{
"duration": 4.63,
"start": 141.262,
"text": "reportedly wielding an arsenic-laced\npowder called Cantarella"
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 145.892,
"text": "that they’d sprinkle\ninto special guests’ goblets."
},
{
"duration": 3.169,
"start": 149.604,
"text": "And during French King Louis XIV's reign,"
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 152.773,
"text": "arsenic ran rampant among\nParisian high society,"
},
{
"duration": 3.254,
"start": 156.777,
"text": "earning it the moniker\nof “inheritance powder.”"
},
{
"duration": 5.297,
"start": 160.865,
"text": "In 1675, the five-year\nAffair of the Poisons kicked off"
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 166.162,
"text": "with a noblewoman confessing to murdering\nher father and brothers—"
},
{
"duration": 4.671,
"start": 170.583,
"text": "and revealing that Paris harbored\nan extensive underground network"
},
{
"duration": 1.794,
"start": 175.254,
"text": "of poison peddling."
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 177.423,
"text": "One of its central figures\nwas Catherine Monvoisin."
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 180.968,
"text": "In addition to performing divinations\nand black masses,"
},
{
"duration": 5.172,
"start": 184.555,
"text": "she formulated so-called love potions\nas well as more ghastly concoctions"
},
{
"duration": 3.504,
"start": 189.727,
"text": "containing aconite, belladonna,\nand arsenic."
},
{
"duration": 3.212,
"start": 193.439,
"text": "One of her clients was a member\nof the royal court"
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 196.651,
"text": "whose husband died\nunder mysterious circumstances;"
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 200.071,
"text": "another was the king’s very own mistress."
},
{
"duration": 4.838,
"start": 203.324,
"text": "Arsenic became a more widespread weapon\nduring the Industrial Revolution."
},
{
"duration": 3.6710000000000003,
"start": 208.287,
"text": "Demand for metals, like iron, skyrocketed."
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 212.124,
"text": "And as people melted impure ores\nin furnaces,"
},
{
"duration": 4.63,
"start": 216.003,
"text": "some byproducts became airborne\nand accumulated on chimneys—"
},
{
"duration": 2.252,
"start": 220.633,
"text": "including white arsenic."
},
{
"duration": 5.213,
"start": 223.219,
"text": "The powder was scraped off in abundance\nand sold cheap to city-dwellers,"
},
{
"duration": 4.672,
"start": 228.432,
"text": "who channeled its powers against pests—\nand sometimes, people."
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 233.521,
"text": "Arsenic also found its way\ninto ubiquitous goods."
},
{
"duration": 4.755,
"start": 237.149,
"text": "In 1775, Swedish chemist\nCarl Wilhelm Scheele"
},
{
"duration": 5.255,
"start": 241.904,
"text": "created a copper-arsenic mixture\nthat yielded a brilliant green hue."
},
{
"duration": 6.924,
"start": 247.618,
"text": "Scheele’s green soon pigmented paint,\ntextiles, toys, soaps, cosmetics,"
},
{
"duration": 1.71,
"start": 254.625,
"text": "and food coloring. "
},
{
"duration": 5.297,
"start": 256.419,
"text": "By the late 1800s, 80% of English\nwallpaper contained arsenic."
},
{
"duration": 2.21,
"start": 261.966,
"text": "But its lethality loomed."
},
{
"duration": 4.838,
"start": 264.302,
"text": "Several children were said to have died\nfrom inadvertently ingesting arsenic,"
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 269.223,
"text": "and a public campaign finally had\nit banned from households."
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 273.686,
"text": "Meanwhile, deliberate arsenic\npoisoning persisted."
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 277.398,
"text": "And because forensic arsenic tests\nremained rudimentary,"
},
{
"duration": 1.919,
"start": 281.068,
"text": "people kept getting away with it."
},
{
"duration": 5.047,
"start": 283.529,
"text": "In 1832, chemist James Marsh consulted\non a homicide case"
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 288.576,
"text": "where a man was accused of arsenic-lacing\nhis grandfather’s coffee."
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 293.456,
"text": "Marsh ran the standard test,\nwhich yielded a yellowy deposit,"
},
{
"duration": 3.211,
"start": 297.71,
"text": "confirming the sample was\npositive for arsenic."
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 301.088,
"text": "But the result was chemically unstable."
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 303.674,
"text": "And by the time Marsh presented\nit in court,"
},
{
"duration": 4.38,
"start": 306.218,
"text": "the color had deteriorated,\nand the jury acquitted the accused."
},
{
"duration": 2.877,
"start": 311.057,
"text": "So, Marsh created a new test,"
},
{
"duration": 4.963,
"start": 313.976,
"text": "whereby an arsenic-containing sample\nwould react with zinc and acid"
},
{
"duration": 2.211,
"start": 318.939,
"text": "to produce arsine gas."
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 321.359,
"text": "Once ignited, it would reveal\na solid arsenic deposit."
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 325.446,
"text": "It was the first truly reliable\narsenic test."
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 329.325,
"text": "Newer tests later took its place\nand antidotes became available,"
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 333.579,
"text": "but history remains laced\nwith arsenic’s perverse power—"
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 337.958,
"text": "sprinkled with scandal\nand dashed with deceit."
}
] |
iKYHf22qVdM
|
Does math have a major flaw? - Jacqueline Doan and Alex Kazachek
|
Practice more problem-solving at https://brilliant.org/teded
--
A mathematician with a knife and ball begins slicing and distributing the ball into an infinite number of boxes. She then recombines the parts into five precise sections. Moving and rotating these sections around, she recombines them to form two identical, flawless, and complete copies of the original ball. How is this possible? Jacqueline Doan and Alex Kazachek explore the Banach-Tarski paradox.
Lesson by Jacqueline Doan and Alex Kazachek, directed by Mads Lundgård.
This video made possible in collaboration with Brilliant
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View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/does-math-have-a-major-flaw-jacqueline-doan-and-alex-kazachek
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/does-math-have-a-major-flaw-jacqueline-doan-and-alex-kazachek/digdeeper
Animator's website: https://www.uptree.dk
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Heidi Stolt, Nicole Sund, Karlee Finch, Mario Mejia, Denise A Pitts, Doug Henry, Keven Webb, Mihai Sandu, Deepak Iyer, Javid Gozalov, Kyanta Yap, Rebecca Reineke, William Biersdorf, Patricia Alves Panagides, Yvette Mocete, Cyrus Garay, Samuel Barbas, LadyGeek, Marin Kovachev, Penelope Misquitta, Hans Peng, Gaurav Mathur, Erik Biemans, Tony, Michelle, Katie and Josh Pedretti, Hoai Nam Tran, Kack-Kyun Kim, Michael Braun-Boghos, zjweele13, Anna-Pitschna Kunz, Edla Paniguel, Thomas Mungavan, Jaron Blackburn, Venkat Venkatakrishnan, ReuniteKorea, Aaron Henson, Rohan Gupta, Begum Tutuncu, Brian Richards, Jørgen Østerpart, Tyron Jung, Carsten Tobehn, Katie Dean, Ezgi Yersu, Gerald Onyango, alessandra tasso, Doreen Reynolds-Consolati, Manognya Chakrapani, Ayala Ron, Eunsun Kim and Phyllis Dubrow.
|
2024-04-23T15:01:21Z
|
[
{
"duration": 5.005,
"start": 6.836,
"text": "Right now, invisible signals are flying\nthrough the air all around you."
},
{
"duration": 2.67,
"start": 11.924,
"text": "Beyond the spectrum of light\nyour eyes can see,"
},
{
"duration": 3.086,
"start": 14.594,
"text": "massive radio waves as wide as houses"
},
{
"duration": 5.631,
"start": 17.68,
"text": "carry information between computers,\nGPS systems, cell phones, and more."
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 23.394,
"text": "In fact, the signal your phone broadcasts\nis so strong,"
},
{
"duration": 2.503,
"start": 27.69,
"text": "if your eyes could see radio waves,"
},
{
"duration": 2.627,
"start": 30.193,
"text": "your phone would be visible from Jupiter."
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 32.945,
"text": "At least your special eyes would be able\nto see this if the sky"
},
{
"duration": 4.922,
"start": 36.657,
"text": "wasn’t flooded with interference\nfrom routers, satellites, and, of course,"
},
{
"duration": 4.087,
"start": 41.579,
"text": "people flying who haven't put their\nphones on airplane mode."
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 46.084,
"text": "You see, this setting isn't\nto protect your flight,"
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 49.045,
"text": "it's to protect everyone else\nin your flight path."
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 52.548,
"text": "Cell phones connect to networks\nby emitting information"
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 55.885,
"text": "in the form of electromagnetic waves;"
},
{
"duration": 2.127,
"start": 58.471,
"text": "specifically, radio waves,"
},
{
"duration": 3.9210000000000003,
"start": 60.598,
"text": "which occupy this band of the\nelectromagnetic spectrum."
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 64.727,
"text": "These radio waves come\nin a range of wavelengths,"
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 67.855,
"text": "and let’s imagine your special eyes\nsee the various wavelengths"
},
{
"duration": 1.502,
"start": 72.026,
"text": "as different colors."
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 73.569,
"text": "When you make a call,\nyour phone generates a radio wave signal"
},
{
"duration": 2.669,
"start": 77.615,
"text": "which it throws to the nearest cell tower."
},
{
"duration": 1.794,
"start": 80.409,
"text": "If you're far from service,"
},
{
"duration": 4.88,
"start": 82.203,
"text": "your phone will expend more battery power\nto send a higher amplitude signal"
},
{
"duration": 1.835,
"start": 87.083,
"text": "in an effort to make a connection."
},
{
"duration": 3.9210000000000003,
"start": 88.918,
"text": "Once connected, this signal is relayed\nbetween cell towers"
},
{
"duration": 2.043,
"start": 92.839,
"text": "all the way to your call’s recipient."
},
{
"duration": 3.212,
"start": 95.049,
"text": "Since your call isn’t the only\nsignal out here,"
},
{
"duration": 5.213,
"start": 98.261,
"text": "cell towers managing the calls assign\neach phones involved their own wavelength."
},
{
"duration": 4.504,
"start": 103.683,
"text": "This specific color ensures you’re not\npicking up other people’s calls."
},
{
"duration": 2.752,
"start": 108.271,
"text": "It’s even slightly different\nfrom the wavelength"
},
{
"duration": 2.67,
"start": 111.023,
"text": "your phone is receiving information on,"
},
{
"duration": 3.503,
"start": 113.943,
"text": "so as not to interfere\nwith that incoming signal."
},
{
"duration": 2.752,
"start": 117.697,
"text": "But there are only so many\ncolors to choose from."
},
{
"duration": 2.086,
"start": 120.449,
"text": "And since the advent of Wi-Fi,"
},
{
"duration": 5.005,
"start": 122.535,
"text": "the demand for ownership of these\nwavelengths has increased dramatically."
},
{
"duration": 4.546,
"start": 127.54,
"text": "With all these signals in the air and\na limited number of colors to assign,"
},
{
"duration": 2.795,
"start": 132.086,
"text": "avoiding interference is\nincreasingly difficult."
},
{
"duration": 4.796,
"start": 134.964,
"text": "Especially when cell towers receive\ntoo many signals at once,"
},
{
"duration": 4.88,
"start": 139.76,
"text": "such as during regional emergencies, when\neveryone's trying to use their phones."
},
{
"duration": 3.212,
"start": 144.807,
"text": "But other sources of interference\nare more preventable,"
},
{
"duration": 4.588,
"start": 148.019,
"text": "like phones searching for signals\nfrom thousands of meters in the sky."
},
{
"duration": 3.336,
"start": 153.149,
"text": "Phones on planes are very\nfar from cell towers,"
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 156.485,
"text": "so they work overtime to send\nthe loudest signals they can"
},
{
"duration": 1.46,
"start": 160.114,
"text": "in search of service."
},
{
"duration": 2.502,
"start": 161.574,
"text": "But since planes travel so quickly,"
},
{
"duration": 4.547,
"start": 164.076,
"text": "the phones might find themselves much\ncloser to a cell tower than expected—"
},
{
"duration": 4.13,
"start": 168.789,
"text": "blasting it with a massive signal\nthat drowns out those on the ground."
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 173.294,
"text": "So when you fly without\nusing airplane mode,"
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 176.339,
"text": "you’re essentially acting\nas a military radio jammer—"
},
{
"duration": 4.337,
"start": 179.634,
"text": "sending out giant radio waves \nthat interfere with nearby signals."
},
{
"duration": 5.297,
"start": 183.971,
"text": "Even on the ground, almost all our\nelectronics emit rogue radio waves,"
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 189.268,
"text": "slowing down our internet\nand making our calls choppy."
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 192.897,
"text": "This leads consumers to pay\nfor more bandwidth,"
},
{
"duration": 3.628,
"start": 195.9,
"text": "pushing service providers to take\nover more of the radio spectrum,"
},
{
"duration": 3.5460000000000003,
"start": 199.528,
"text": "and eventually, send more satellites\ninto the sky—"
},
{
"duration": 3.9210000000000003,
"start": 203.282,
"text": "creating a vicious cycle that could\neventually blot out the stars."
},
{
"duration": 2.086,
"start": 207.286,
"text": "Though, even without these satellites,"
},
{
"duration": 3.753,
"start": 209.372,
"text": "this system is threatening\nour relationship with the cosmos."
},
{
"duration": 2.545,
"start": 213.125,
"text": "Radio telescopes used for astronomy"
},
{
"duration": 4.212,
"start": 215.67,
"text": "rely on a specific band of wavelengths\nto see deep into space."
},
{
"duration": 3.086,
"start": 220.049,
"text": "However, while this range\nis supposedly protected,"
},
{
"duration": 1.877,
"start": 223.135,
"text": "the cutoffs aren’t enforced."
},
{
"duration": 5.38,
"start": 225.346,
"text": "For example, the Very Large Array can see\nsignals throughout our solar system"
},
{
"duration": 2.169,
"start": 230.726,
"text": "from 1 to 50 GHz."
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 233.062,
"text": "But if it tries looking for signals\nbelow 5 GHz,"
},
{
"duration": 4.463,
"start": 236.816,
"text": "its search could be drowned\nout by a sea of phones on 5G networks."
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 241.445,
"text": "Today, nowhere on Earth\nis truly radio quiet."
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 245.783,
"text": "Satellites relaying signals\naround the globe"
},
{
"duration": 2.794,
"start": 248.661,
"text": "have blanketed the planet in radio waves."
},
{
"duration": 3.421,
"start": 251.872,
"text": "But there are a few places\nwith less crowded skies,"
},
{
"duration": 3.211,
"start": 255.293,
"text": "where radio telescopes\ncan look deep into space."
},
{
"duration": 3.7960000000000003,
"start": 258.754,
"text": "Here, we can see the black hole\nat the center of the Milky Way,"
},
{
"duration": 5.297,
"start": 262.55,
"text": "and uncover the secrets of galaxies\nup to 96 billion light years away."
},
{
"duration": 2.752,
"start": 268.139,
"text": "Well, so long as we’re\nnot blinded by phones"
},
{
"duration": 2.378,
"start": 270.891,
"text": "sending signals from first class."
}
] |
V8Bn0UPpGCw
|
Picture a perfect society. What does it look like? - Joseph Lacey
|
Dig into political philosopher John Rawls’ classic thought experiment about what principles we need to design a fair society.
--
A group of strangers have gathered to design a just society. To ensure none of them rig the system, they’ve been placed under a veil of ignorance. Under this veil, they’re blind to information about age, sex, profession, wealth, religion, and so on. Can they build a fair society where everyone has the resources they need? Joseph Lacey details John Rawls' classic thought experiment.
Lesson by Joseph Lacey, directed by Eoin Duffy.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
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----------------------------------------------
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Keep Learning
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View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/3-easy-steps-to-build-a-real-utopia-joseph-lacey
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/3-easy-steps-to-build-a-real-utopia-joseph-lacey/think
Animator's website: https://eoinduffy.me
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Katie McDowell, Allen, Mahina Knuckles, Charmaine Hanson, Thawsitt, Jezabel, Abdullah Abdulaziz, Xiao Yu, Melissa Suarez, Brian A. Dunn, Francisco Amaya, Daisuke Goto, Matt Switzler, Peng, Tzu-Hsiang, Bethany Connor, Jeremy Shimanek, Mark Byers, Avinash Amarnath, Xuebicoco, Rayo, Po Foon Kwong, Boffin, Jesse Jurman, Scott Markley, Elija Peterson, Ovidiu Mrd, paul g mohney, Steven Razey, Nathan Giusti, Helen Lee, Anthony Benedict, Karthik Balsubramanian, Annastasshia Ames, Amy Lopez, Vinh-Thuy Nguyen, Liz Candee, Ugur Doga Sezgin, Karmi Nguyen, John C. Vesey, Yelena Baykova, Nick Johnson, Carlos H. Costa, Jennifer Kurkoski, Ryan B Harvey, Akinola Emmanuel, Jose Arcadio Valdes Franco, Sebastiaan Vleugels, Karl Laius, JY Kang and Abhishek Goel.
|
2024-04-18T15:00:59Z
|
[
{
"duration": 5.422,
"start": 7.045,
"text": "In 1891, newspapers reported\nthe story of James Bartley,"
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 12.508,
"text": "a whaler who was swallowed\nwhole by his prey."
},
{
"duration": 5.797,
"start": 16.179,
"text": "Supposedly, Bartley spent as long\nas 36 hours in the belly of the beast"
},
{
"duration": 3.7960000000000003,
"start": 21.976,
"text": "before his crew caught the whale\nand rescued their crewmate."
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 25.813,
"text": "And this tale is far from unique."
},
{
"duration": 6.215,
"start": 28.566,
"text": "Various novels, myths, and religious texts\ndepict figures swallowed at sea—"
},
{
"duration": 3.044,
"start": 34.906,
"text": "with some even making a home\nfor themselves"
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 37.95,
"text": "in the creatures’ cavernous mouths."
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 40.828,
"text": "Unfortunately, if someone actually\nwere swallowed by a whale,"
},
{
"duration": 1.835,
"start": 45.124,
"text": "they would likely be crushed."
},
{
"duration": 2.336,
"start": 46.959,
"text": "But if they somehow survived,"
},
{
"duration": 4.922,
"start": 49.42,
"text": "they might have a chance to escape\nduring their captor’s bathroom break."
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 55.009,
"text": "Whales frequently surface to take in air"
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 58.387,
"text": "and let out massive plumes of waste."
},
{
"duration": 3.461,
"start": 62.517,
"text": "And while swimming in this slurry\nmight seem more disgusting"
},
{
"duration": 1.919,
"start": 65.978,
"text": "than living in these creatures,"
},
{
"duration": 4.338,
"start": 68.147,
"text": "whale poop is much more\ndesirable than it may seem."
},
{
"duration": 4.796,
"start": 72.819,
"text": "In fact, it may be one of the most\nimportant substances in the ocean—"
},
{
"duration": 1.418,
"start": 77.865,
"text": "and the world. "
},
{
"duration": 1.46,
"start": 80.284,
"text": "To understand why,"
},
{
"duration": 5.631,
"start": 81.744,
"text": "we need to look at some of the ocean’s\nmost ubiquitous organisms: phytoplankton."
},
{
"duration": 4.213,
"start": 87.75,
"text": "These creatures survive off sunlight,\ncarbon dioxide,"
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 91.963,
"text": " and nutrients like\nphosphates, nitrogen, and iron."
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 96.467,
"text": "And since the ocean’s surface waters\ngenerally have an abundance"
},
{
"duration": 1.627,
"start": 100.221,
"text": "of these resources,"
},
{
"duration": 2.252,
"start": 101.848,
"text": "phytoplankton are everywhere."
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 104.308,
"text": "A single drop of seawater can contain\nthousands of these creatures"
},
{
"duration": 4.505,
"start": 108.354,
"text": "and phytoplankton blooms are large\nenough to be seen from space."
},
{
"duration": 4.963,
"start": 112.984,
"text": "These phytoplankton then become food\nfor countless microscopic grazers,"
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 118.072,
"text": "including copepods and krill,"
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 120.533,
"text": "which in turn feed\na huge swath of marine life."
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 124.328,
"text": "In this way, these surface-dwellers\nare the base of a food chain"
},
{
"duration": 2.795,
"start": 128.749,
"text": "supporting countless marine life forms."
},
{
"duration": 5.464,
"start": 131.961,
"text": "But when phytoplankton die, their bodies\ncan sink far below the surface,"
},
{
"duration": 5.798,
"start": 137.633,
"text": "taking with them the carbon and iron\ntheir living peers need to survive."
},
{
"duration": 2.377,
"start": 143.556,
"text": "And this is where whales come in."
},
{
"duration": 1.626,
"start": 146.142,
"text": "Hunting at these depths,"
},
{
"duration": 4.505,
"start": 147.768,
"text": "whales consume huge amounts\nof these phytoplankton predators."
},
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 152.398,
"text": "For example, species like the blue whale"
},
{
"duration": 4.63,
"start": 155.276,
"text": "can consume up to 16 tons\nof krill every day,"
},
{
"duration": 6.715,
"start": 160.239,
"text": "leading them to regularly surface and\nrelease a slick of feces red with iron."
},
{
"duration": 1.419,
"start": 167.496,
"text": "Through this cycle,"
},
{
"duration": 6.631,
"start": 168.915,
"text": "whales act as a living pump to bring iron\nfrom deeper waters back to the surface."
},
{
"duration": 3.5460000000000003,
"start": 175.671,
"text": "However, if we take whales\nout of the equation—"
},
{
"duration": 2.877,
"start": 179.217,
"text": "much as centuries\nof commercial whaling did—"
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 182.303,
"text": "this natural system starts to break down."
},
{
"duration": 1.418,
"start": 185.765,
"text": "Over enough time,"
},
{
"duration": 5.13,
"start": 187.183,
"text": "this broken cycle could lead to surface\nwaters completely devoid of life"
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 192.313,
"text": "and similarly major problems\nfor us land dwellers."
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 196.484,
"text": "Phytoplankton’s massive\nphotosynthetic blooms"
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 199.654,
"text": "produce as much as half of Earth’s oxygen."
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 203.449,
"text": "And in addition to taking in iron,"
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 205.868,
"text": "phytoplankton helps sequester\nhuge amounts of carbon—"
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 209.33,
"text": "an element we need to extract from the air\nto address climate change."
},
{
"duration": 5.38,
"start": 214.168,
"text": "According to one report, phytoplankton\nare estimated to capture four times"
},
{
"duration": 4.213,
"start": 219.548,
"text": "the amount of carbon contained\nin the plant life of the Amazon."
},
{
"duration": 1.418,
"start": 224.136,
"text": "From these calculations,"
},
{
"duration": 4.088,
"start": 225.554,
"text": "every 1% increase\nin phytoplankton population"
},
{
"duration": 5.088,
"start": 229.642,
"text": "is the carbon capture equivalent\nof 2 billion fully grown trees"
},
{
"duration": 2.127,
"start": 234.73,
"text": "springing into existence."
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 237.066,
"text": "While there’s still debate about exactly\nhow much of this carbon"
},
{
"duration": 2.169,
"start": 240.444,
"text": "stays in the ocean long term,"
},
{
"duration": 4.087,
"start": 242.78,
"text": "researchers are working to increase\nphytoplankton populations"
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 246.993,
"text": "and bury as much carbon as possible."
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 250.663,
"text": "Some groups are doing this simply\nby sprinkling iron in the ocean."
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 254.792,
"text": "However, this approach is\nmuch less impactful"
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 257.837,
"text": "than supporting the ocean’s\nnatural phytoplankton farmers."
},
{
"duration": 5.84,
"start": 262.466,
"text": "Whale poop’s complex matrix of nutrients\nis the result of millennia of co-evolution"
},
{
"duration": 1.459,
"start": 268.306,
"text": "among these creatures,"
},
{
"duration": 4.255,
"start": 269.765,
"text": "making it vastly superior to cheap,\nman-made supplements."
},
{
"duration": 4.796,
"start": 274.562,
"text": "Right now, whale populations are still\nrecovering from industrial whaling."
},
{
"duration": 4.338,
"start": 279.483,
"text": "But if we can help these species rebound\nthrough whaling moratoriums,"
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 283.821,
"text": "safer fishing and shipping practices,\nand cleaning up pollution,"
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 288.117,
"text": "it would do wonders for restoring\nthis nutrient cycle."
},
{
"duration": 4.212,
"start": 291.704,
"text": "And even when these newly protected\nwhales die natural deaths,"
},
{
"duration": 2.253,
"start": 295.916,
"text": "they'll still be fighting climate change."
},
{
"duration": 4.379,
"start": 298.252,
"text": "Not only can a whale’s body sequester\nup to 33 tons of carbon"
},
{
"duration": 1.7109999999999999,
"start": 302.631,
"text": "at the bottom of the ocean,"
},
{
"duration": 4.379,
"start": 304.342,
"text": "but their remains can also\nbecome an entire ecosystem—"
},
{
"duration": 5.589,
"start": 308.888,
"text": "continuing to support life both\nabove and below the surface."
}
] |
gn4S7lQ111M
|
The Nazis recruited to win the Cold War - Brian Crim
|
Dig into Operation Paperclip, a secret intelligence program which brought scientists from Nazi Germany to the US after WWII.
--
In May of 1945 the Third Reich was in chaos. Adolf Hitler was dead and German surrender was imminent. But while World War II was almost over, a new war was brewing. And the US was eager to recruit the smartest minds in Germany before the Soviets got the chance— regardless of their affiliation with the Nazis. This became known as Operation Paperclip. Brian Crim digs into the clandestine campaign.
Lesson by Brian Crim, directed by Jeff Le Bars, JetPropulsion.space.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
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Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-program-that-brought-nazis-to-america-brian-crim/digdeeper
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----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Mi Mi, Thomas Rothert, Brian Elieson, Oge O, Weronika Falkowska, Nevin Spoljaric, Sid Chanpuriya, Anoop Varghese, David Yastremski, Noah Webb, Roberto Chena, Oliver Koo, Luke Pisano, Andrea Gordon, Aleksandar Donev, Nicole Klau Ibarra, Jesse Lira, Ezekiel Raui, Petr Vacek, Dennis, Olivia Fu, Kari Teffeau, Cindy Lai, Rajath Durgada Manjunath, Dan Nguyen, Chin Beng Tan, Tom Boman, Karen Warner, Iryna Panasiuk, Aaron Torres, Eric Braun, Sonja Worzewski, Michael Clement, Adam Berry, Ghaith Tarawneh, Nathan Milford, Tomas Beckett, Alice Ice, Eric Berman, Kurt Paolo Sevillano, Jennifer Heald, Megulo Abebe, isolwi, Kate Sem, Ujjwal Dasu, Angel Alberici, Minh Quan Dinh, Sylvain, Terran Gimpel and Talia Sari.
|
2024-04-16T15:00:39Z
|
[
{
"duration": 6.381,
"start": 6.878,
"text": "On October 23, 2015, Mcebisi Jonas,\nSouth Africa’s deputy finance minister,"
},
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 13.259,
"text": "faced a harrowing, yet enticing, decision."
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 16.137,
"text": "He had thought he was attending\na normal business meeting"
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 19.098,
"text": "but ended up in the home\nof the powerful Gupta family,"
},
{
"duration": 4.838,
"start": 22.393,
"text": "sitting with the Gupta brothers\nand the president, Jacob Zuma’s, son."
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 27.732,
"text": "Jonas was offered a promotion\nand $45 million."
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 31.861,
"text": "In return, he would be expected\nto use his position"
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 35.323,
"text": "to advance the Gupta’s\nmany business interests."
},
{
"duration": 3.5460000000000003,
"start": 38.367,
"text": "This included firing officials\nwho opposed the construction"
},
{
"duration": 1.585,
"start": 41.913,
"text": "of new power plants,"
},
{
"duration": 4.088,
"start": 43.539,
"text": "which were slated to run on fuel\nfrom Gupta-owned mines."
},
{
"duration": 3.086,
"start": 47.877,
"text": "The deal was simple—\nbut would Jonas accept?"
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 51.589,
"text": "This kind of corruption in politics\nis nothing new."
},
{
"duration": 1.9180000000000001,
"start": 54.926,
"text": "It plagued the ancient world—"
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 57.095,
"text": "the “Arthasastra,”\nan Indian political treatise"
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 60.223,
"text": "that dates back to the 3rd century BCE,"
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 63.559,
"text": "lists 40 types of embezzlement alone."
},
{
"duration": 4.671,
"start": 66.813,
"text": "So, what exactly is corruption,\nand what can we do to combat it?"
},
{
"duration": 5.255,
"start": 71.818,
"text": "Corruption is often defined as a misuse\nof a position of power for personal gain."
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 77.24,
"text": "For example, this could be a city clerk\naccepting bribes"
},
{
"duration": 2.127,
"start": 80.91,
"text": "in exchange for issuing permits;"
},
{
"duration": 4.588,
"start": 83.162,
"text": "or a mayor appointing a campaign donor\nto an influential position."
},
{
"duration": 3.087,
"start": 88.584,
"text": "But corruption isn’t limited\nto the political sphere;"
},
{
"duration": 4.964,
"start": 91.712,
"text": "it can happen in schools, sports,\nbusinesses, or religious institutions."
},
{
"duration": 3.795,
"start": 96.926,
"text": "In ancient Greece,\nthe power-hungry Alcmaeonid family"
},
{
"duration": 5.756,
"start": 100.721,
"text": "notoriously bribed the priestesses\nat Delphi to deliver false prophecies,"
},
{
"duration": 3.379,
"start": 106.477,
"text": "like telling the Spartans\nthey should invade Athens."
},
{
"duration": 3.379,
"start": 110.189,
"text": "It may seem like all corruption\nis driven by greed,"
},
{
"duration": 3.211,
"start": 113.568,
"text": "but individual motives are often complex."
},
{
"duration": 1.877,
"start": 116.904,
"text": "There can be economic drivers,"
},
{
"duration": 3.504,
"start": 118.781,
"text": "like family pressure\non an underpaid civil servant"
},
{
"duration": 3.628,
"start": 122.285,
"text": "who exaggerates his expenses\nto get more money back."
},
{
"duration": 4.379,
"start": 126.122,
"text": "This might not seem like a big problem,\nbut corruption can snowball."
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 130.71,
"text": "If anti-corruption laws aren’t enforced,"
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 133.421,
"text": "or if loopholes are\ncontinuously exploited,"
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 136.424,
"text": "a larger culture of corruption can emerge."
},
{
"duration": 5.088,
"start": 139.427,
"text": "For example, in 2009,\nnumerous British MPs were exposed"
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 144.515,
"text": "for using taxpayer money\nto cover personal expenses,"
},
{
"duration": 5.505,
"start": 148.144,
"text": "from home renovations to luxury purchases,\nand even having a moat cleaned."
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 153.858,
"text": "And corruption isn't always\ndirectly about money."
},
{
"duration": 5.338,
"start": 157.32,
"text": "In 2016, a Department of Justice\ninvestigation found widespread patterns"
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 162.658,
"text": "of unconstitutional policing,\nabuse, and corruption"
},
{
"duration": 2.21,
"start": 166.579,
"text": "within the Baltimore Police Department."
},
{
"duration": 5.339,
"start": 168.873,
"text": "In just one elite task force,\neight officers were convicted of crimes,"
},
{
"duration": 4.587,
"start": 174.212,
"text": "including planting evidence\nand robbing citizens during traffic stops."
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 179.133,
"text": "Corruption like this causes people\nto lose faith in government"
},
{
"duration": 2.628,
"start": 182.678,
"text": "and can deplete much needed resources."
},
{
"duration": 3.211,
"start": 185.598,
"text": "The more taxpayer money\nthat goes into people’s pockets,"
},
{
"duration": 3.6710000000000003,
"start": 188.809,
"text": "the less there is to spend on services\nthat benefit the community—"
},
{
"duration": 4.338,
"start": 192.563,
"text": "like repairing roads, building schools,\nor providing healthcare."
},
{
"duration": 1.71,
"start": 197.443,
"text": "In the case of South Africa,"
},
{
"duration": 4.338,
"start": 199.153,
"text": "the Gupta family plundered billions\nof dollars from the country’s funds"
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 203.491,
"text": "through their wide-ranging\ncorruption schemes,"
},
{
"duration": 2.085,
"start": 206.077,
"text": "devastating the nation's economy."
},
{
"duration": 5.63,
"start": 208.496,
"text": "In Baltimore, the police department cost\ntaxpayers more than $22 million"
},
{
"duration": 3.838,
"start": 214.126,
"text": "in court settlements\nand gravely eroded public trust."
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 218.172,
"text": "So, how can we prevent corruption?"
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 220.758,
"text": "While it’s important that laws set\na high price for corrupt behavior,"
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 224.887,
"text": "punishment is only one piece\nof the puzzle."
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 227.556,
"text": "Transparency in terms of budget\nand paper trails"
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 231.143,
"text": "and support for freedom of the press\nare hugely important."
},
{
"duration": 3.254,
"start": 235.147,
"text": "In Botswana, the government\nhas built public trust"
},
{
"duration": 3.169,
"start": 238.401,
"text": "through their ongoing commitment\nto respond to corruption"
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 241.57,
"text": "openly, quickly, and decisively."
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 244.365,
"text": "In Denmark, government ministers must\npublish monthly reports"
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 248.411,
"text": "cataloging their spending\non entertainment,"
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 250.997,
"text": "official travel,\nand any gifts they’ve received."
},
{
"duration": 3.795,
"start": 254.959,
"text": "As citizens, we can vote out those\nwho engage in corruption"
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 258.754,
"text": "and question officials who push\nback against transparency measures."
},
{
"duration": 3.044,
"start": 262.717,
"text": "And we can stand up against corruption\nwhen we see it."
},
{
"duration": 3.628,
"start": 265.97,
"text": "In South Africa,\nJonas refused the Guptas’ offer,"
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 269.724,
"text": "and despite threats against his life,\nspoke out,"
},
{
"duration": 4.88,
"start": 272.685,
"text": "exposing a sprawling web of corruption\nthat toppled Zuma’s regime,"
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 277.565,
"text": "and sent the Gupta family into exile."
},
{
"duration": 3.087,
"start": 280.651,
"text": "But it wasn’t just Jonas’ revelation\nthat mattered."
},
{
"duration": 2.627,
"start": 283.863,
"text": "Once the scale of corruption\nwas unearthed,"
},
{
"duration": 2.8369999999999997,
"start": 286.49,
"text": "everyday South Africans\ntook to the streets,"
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 289.327,
"text": "insisting that “Zuma must fall.”"
},
{
"duration": 1.752,
"start": 292.788,
"text": "By using our civic voices,"
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 294.54,
"text": "we can fight back to ensure\nthat tax dollars don’t line pockets,"
},
{
"duration": 2.127,
"start": 298.669,
"text": "but instead benefit everyone."
}
] |
X7j8F16eSqs
|
How to prevent political corruption - Stephanie Honchell Smith
|
Explore common types of corruption and find out what we can do to combat it and promote transparency in our institutions.
--
Corruption is often defined as misuse of a position of power for personal gain. And while corruption in politics is nothing new, it isn’t limited to the political sphere; it can happen in schools, sports, businesses, or religious institutions. So, what exactly is corruption, and what can we do to combat it? Stephanie Honchell Smith explores the importance of transparency in building public trust.
Lesson by Stephanie Honchell Smith, directed by Jeff Le Bars, JetPropulsion.space.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
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View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/is-political-corruption-inevitable-stephanie-honchell-smith
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Animator's website: https://jetpropulsion.space
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Igor Stavchanskiy, James R DeVries, Grace Huo, Diana Huang, Chau Hong Diem, Orlellys Torre, Corheu, Thomas Mee, Maryann H McCrory, Blas Borde, John Hellmann, Poompak Meephian, Chuck Wofford, Adam Pagan, Wes Winn, Conder Shou, ntiger, Noname, Hansan Hu, David D, Mac Hyney, Keith Ellison, robin valero walters, Lynne Truesdale, Gatsby Dkdc, Matthew Neal, Denis Chon, Julian Oberhofer, Monte Carroll, Eddy, Jay M, Constantino Victor Delgado, Andrea Galvagni, Andrew Tweddle, Laurel-Ann Rice, Fernando A. Endo, Helen Lee, pam morgan, sarim haq, Gerardo Castro, Michel-Ange Hortegat, Enes Kirimi, Amaury BISIAUX, ND, Samyogita Hardikar, Vanessa Graulich, Vandana Gunwani, Abdulmohsin Almadi, AJ Lyon and Geoffrey Bultitude.
|
2024-04-11T15:01:11Z
|
[
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 8.379,
"text": "In a 2011 study, researchers followed\na group of judges"
},
{
"duration": 4.797,
"start": 12.633,
"text": "deciding whether or not to offer\nimprisoned individuals a chance at parole."
},
{
"duration": 4.379,
"start": 18.556,
"text": "Logically, one might expect things\nlike an imprisoned person’s crime,"
},
{
"duration": 4.839,
"start": 22.935,
"text": "existing sentence, and current behavior\nto be the primary considerations."
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 27.899,
"text": "But while those details\nwere duly examined,"
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 30.86,
"text": "one variable had\na remarkably large impact:"
},
{
"duration": 1.418,
"start": 35.156,
"text": "the time of day."
},
{
"duration": 3.044,
"start": 38.326,
"text": "Imprisoned people who met\nwith the board in the morning"
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 41.37,
"text": "were far more likely to receive parole"
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 43.831,
"text": "than those whose cases\nwere reviewed in the afternoon,"
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 47.46,
"text": "even if their crimes and sentences\nwere practically identical."
},
{
"duration": 4.546,
"start": 51.839,
"text": "This finding might seem strange, but the\nresearchers’ explanation was simple:"
},
{
"duration": 3.7960000000000003,
"start": 57.011,
"text": "in the afternoon,\nthe judges were likely exhausted."
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 61.057,
"text": "Specifically, they were experiencing\ndecision fatigue."
},
{
"duration": 5.422,
"start": 65.144,
"text": "This kind of cognitive exhaustion occurs\nafter a period of extended decision making"
},
{
"duration": 4.422,
"start": 70.691,
"text": "and it can make people more impulsive\nand less confident while making choices."
},
{
"duration": 5.297,
"start": 75.863,
"text": "The dangers of decision fatigue are clear\nin high-stakes scenarios like this study,"
},
{
"duration": 3.963,
"start": 81.16,
"text": "but it can have a serious impact\non our day-to-day lives as well."
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 85.498,
"text": "So what kinds of choices\nlead us to this state,"
},
{
"duration": 2.21,
"start": 88.543,
"text": "and what can we do to fight fatigue?"
},
{
"duration": 5.005,
"start": 92.922,
"text": "Everything our bodies do—\nwhether physical or mental— uses energy."
},
{
"duration": 2.377,
"start": 98.344,
"text": "But while it’s unclear\nexactly what resources"
},
{
"duration": 2.169,
"start": 100.721,
"text": "are depleted during mental strain,"
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 102.89,
"text": "studies have found many individuals\nseem to have a daily threshold"
},
{
"duration": 1.5430000000000001,
"start": 107.061,
"text": "for making decisions."
},
{
"duration": 2.002,
"start": 109.063,
"text": "And once that threshold is met,"
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 111.065,
"text": "most people make the conscious choice\nto “take it easy”"
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 114.777,
"text": "and save serious thinking\nabout any new decisions for another day."
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 118.99,
"text": "How quickly you reach this threshold\ndepends on several variables,"
},
{
"duration": 4.671,
"start": 123.161,
"text": "including the frequency, complexity, and\nnovelty of the decisions you have to make."
},
{
"duration": 3.963,
"start": 128.207,
"text": "For example, choosing what to eat\nfor breakfast isn't very taxing."
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 132.42,
"text": "Not only is this decision limited\nby what's available,"
},
{
"duration": 4.88,
"start": 135.506,
"text": "it's also a choice you expect to make\nonce a day with fairly low stakes."
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 140.678,
"text": "And even when you’re not quite sure\nwhat to eat,"
},
{
"duration": 3.92,
"start": 143.556,
"text": "the time between this minor decision\nand the next one"
},
{
"duration": 4.714,
"start": 147.476,
"text": "should give you ample room to recover\nwhatever cognitive energy you expend."
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 152.356,
"text": "But let’s imagine\nsomething much trickier."
},
{
"duration": 2.795,
"start": 155.067,
"text": "For example, your car\nsuddenly breaks down"
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 157.862,
"text": "and you need to replace it right away."
},
{
"duration": 4.963,
"start": 160.74,
"text": "This is an unexpected, complicated\ndecision with serious consequences."
},
{
"duration": 4.087,
"start": 166.204,
"text": "In this case, there are countless options\nto choose from,"
},
{
"duration": 2.794,
"start": 170.291,
"text": "and you won't find them all in one place."
},
{
"duration": 1.627,
"start": 173.419,
"text": "To make the optimal choice,"
},
{
"duration": 3.044,
"start": 175.046,
"text": "you’ll need to do hours\nof thoughtful research"
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 178.09,
"text": "to consider the various pros and cons."
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 181.135,
"text": "And since this is a decision\nyou don’t often make,"
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 183.721,
"text": "you’ll also have to identify\nwhat considerations are most important."
},
{
"duration": 2.502,
"start": 188.017,
"text": "The time pressure can\nadd additional stress"
},
{
"duration": 3.713,
"start": 190.519,
"text": "both during the decision-making process\nand afterward,"
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 194.398,
"text": "as you expend more energy wondering\nif you would have made"
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 197.568,
"text": "a different decision with more time."
},
{
"duration": 3.211,
"start": 202.49,
"text": "After just a single decision\nof this magnitude,"
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 205.701,
"text": "most people would have already reached\ntheir decision-making threshold."
},
{
"duration": 4.755,
"start": 209.455,
"text": "But in professions where individuals need\nto make multiple high-stakes decisions"
},
{
"duration": 1.293,
"start": 214.21,
"text": "every day,"
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 215.503,
"text": "decision fatigue can\nbe much more dangerous."
},
{
"duration": 2.9619999999999997,
"start": 219.423,
"text": "Judges, like those in the 2011 study,"
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 222.385,
"text": "often encounter difficult decisions\nback-to-back,"
},
{
"duration": 1.835,
"start": 225.805,
"text": "with no time to recover."
},
{
"duration": 5.422,
"start": 228.015,
"text": "Many researchers are especially concerned\nabout decision fatigue in medicine."
},
{
"duration": 4.379,
"start": 233.771,
"text": "Doctors often work long shifts\nfull of life-or-death decisions,"
},
{
"duration": 2.252,
"start": 238.276,
"text": "and some studies have found that medical\nworkers"
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 240.528,
"text": "are much more likely\nto make critical mistakes"
},
{
"duration": 2.168,
"start": 243.406,
"text": "when working extended shifts."
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 246.033,
"text": "Addressing these issues requires\ninstitutional changes,"
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 249.954,
"text": "but there are much more direct ways most\nof us can avoid fatigue"
},
{
"duration": 1.334,
"start": 252.999,
"text": "in our daily lives."
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 254.959,
"text": "One simple strategy is to make\nfewer daily decisions,"
},
{
"duration": 2.92,
"start": 258.879,
"text": "tackling your to-do list\nover multiple days,"
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 261.799,
"text": "or even removing some rote decisions\nfrom your day altogether."
},
{
"duration": 5.088,
"start": 265.72,
"text": "It’s also typically less draining\nto offer advice on a hard decision"
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 270.808,
"text": "than it is to make that choice yourself."
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 273.811,
"text": "So it can be helpful to imagine\nyour decisions as someone else’s"
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 277.773,
"text": "before considering how the consequences\nimpact you specifically."
},
{
"duration": 5.13,
"start": 281.819,
"text": "Finally, it's essential to remember that\nnot every choice is equally important,"
},
{
"duration": 4.588,
"start": 287.074,
"text": "and learning how to relax about the\nsmall stuff can help you save energy"
},
{
"duration": 2.669,
"start": 291.746,
"text": "for the decisions that truly matter."
}
] |
HsaSaYcnTKg
|
The true story behind the legend of the 47 Rōnin - Adam Clulow
|
Dig into one of Japan’s most infamous stories about the 47 samurai who take revenge for the loss of their leader.
--
Asano Naganori, lord of Akō domain, fixed his gaze on Kira Yoshinaka, a senior master of ceremony. Asano extended his short sword, charged through the castle, and struck Kira. While the wound wasn’t fatal, its consequences would be. What brought about this violent quarrel? And what would come of Asano and his samurai? Adam Clulow shares the legend of the 47 Rōnin and their quest for revenge.
Lesson by Adam Clulow, directed by Arvind Singh Jeena, Anantha Krishnan, Totem Creative.
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----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-true-story-behind-the-legend-of-the-47-ronin-adam-clulow
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-true-story-behind-the-legend-of-the-47-ronin-adam-clulow/digdeeper
Animator's website: https://www.totemcreative.in
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Dawn Jordan, Prasanth Mathialagan, Samuel Doerle, David Rosario, Dominik Kugelmann - they-them, Siamak Hajizadeh, Ryohky Araya, Mayank Kaul, Christophe Dessalles, Heather Slater, Sandra Tersluisen, Zhexi Shan, Bárbara Nazaré, Andrea Feliz, Victor E Karhel, Sydney Evans, Latora, Noel Situ, emily lam, Sid, Niccolò Frassetto, Mana, I'm here because of Knowledge Fight Facebook group., Linda Freedman, Edgardo Cuellar, Jaspar Carmichael-Jack, Michael Burton, VIVIANA A GARCIA BESNE, The Vernon's, Olha Bahatiuk, Jesús Bíquez Talayero, Chels Raknrl, Sai Pranavi Jonnalagadda, Stuart Rice, Jing Chen, Vector-Dopamine math, Jasper Song, Giorgio Bugnatelli, Chardon, Eddy Trochez, OnlineBookClub.org, Eric Shear, Leith Salem, Omar Hicham, Adrian Rotaru, Brad Sullivan, Karen Ho, Niklas Frimberger, Hunter Manhart, Nathan Nguyen and Igor Stavchanskiy.
|
2024-04-09T15:00:44Z
|
[
{
"duration": 6.34,
"start": 7.128,
"text": "By 1975, Richard Davis had been shot\nin the chest at close range 192 times."
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 13.634,
"text": "But not only was he completely healthy,"
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 15.928,
"text": "each of these bullets had been shot\nby Davis himself"
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 19.557,
"text": "as part of a demonstration\nto sell his new product:"
},
{
"duration": 1.669,
"start": 22.81,
"text": "the bulletproof vest."
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 25.104,
"text": "Playing with firearms\nis always a bad idea,"
},
{
"duration": 2.92,
"start": 28.274,
"text": "but after testing his design\non empty vests,"
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 31.194,
"text": "Davis became convinced that taking\na bullet himself was the only way"
},
{
"duration": 2.043,
"start": 35.615,
"text": "to prove the vest’s efficacy."
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 38.159,
"text": "And when people saw Davis walk away\nwith just some stinging pain"
},
{
"duration": 1.21,
"start": 41.829,
"text": "a minor cut, "
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 43.039,
"text": "they may have stopped\nquestioning his sanity"
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 45.625,
"text": "and started wondering how such\na light, flexible piece of clothing"
},
{
"duration": 1.626,
"start": 49.921,
"text": "could stop a bullet."
},
{
"duration": 2.086,
"start": 52.256,
"text": "The secret was in the material:"
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 54.425,
"text": "a synthetic fiber invented\na decade earlier"
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 57.845,
"text": "by a material chemist\nnamed Stephanie Kwolek."
},
{
"duration": 4.338,
"start": 61.682,
"text": "Her employers at DuPont had found\nhuge success with nylon,"
},
{
"duration": 2.252,
"start": 66.02,
"text": "the world's first synthetic fiber,"
},
{
"duration": 3.379,
"start": 68.272,
"text": "and they wanted Kwolek to create\nsomething even stronger"
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 71.651,
"text": "they could use to mass produce\ndurable, lightweight tires."
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 76.364,
"text": "Like all synthetic fibers,\nnylon is a polymer:"
},
{
"duration": 3.628,
"start": 79.534,
"text": "a long chain of repeating molecules,\nor monomers."
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 83.579,
"text": "While some polymers repeat\nthe same monomer over and over,"
},
{
"duration": 3.379,
"start": 86.999,
"text": "others chain multiple monomers\nin a steady pattern."
},
{
"duration": 1.752,
"start": 90.461,
"text": "It’s these two variables—"
},
{
"duration": 3.503,
"start": 92.213,
"text": "which molecules are involved\nand how they bond to one another—"
},
{
"duration": 2.9619999999999997,
"start": 95.716,
"text": "that give each polymer\nits unique properties."
},
{
"duration": 3.087,
"start": 99.178,
"text": "So, seeking to build on the\nstrengths of nylon,"
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 102.265,
"text": "Kwolek began a lengthy process\nof trial and error,"
},
{
"duration": 2.92,
"start": 105.768,
"text": "combining various monomers in novel ways."
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 108.688,
"text": "And one of these resulting polymers was\nimmediately very weird."
},
{
"duration": 5.255,
"start": 113.276,
"text": "Named Kevlar, this alternating blend\nof 1,4-phenylene-diamine"
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 118.614,
"text": "and terephthaloyl chloride combine\nat the molecular level"
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 122.618,
"text": "to form a series of parallel chains."
},
{
"duration": 3.628,
"start": 125.872,
"text": "At rest, these chains align\nin strict rows,"
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 129.625,
"text": "giving the polymer order\nand crystalline strength."
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 132.92,
"text": "But when pressure is applied,\nthe chains wriggle around,"
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 136.465,
"text": "allowing the material to flow\nlike a liquid."
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 140.011,
"text": "This so-called liquid crystal polymer\nwas unprecedented,"
},
{
"duration": 3.963,
"start": 144.056,
"text": "and when Kwolek’s team spun\nthe viscous fluid into a fiber,"
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 148.019,
"text": "the results were better than\nthey could have hoped."
},
{
"duration": 3.92,
"start": 150.563,
"text": "Not only were the fibers flexible\nand resistant to heat, acid,"
},
{
"duration": 1.502,
"start": 154.483,
"text": "and various chemicals, "
},
{
"duration": 4.504,
"start": 155.985,
"text": "when woven together,\nthey were also stronger than steel."
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 160.74,
"text": "Metals are incredibly sturdy because\nof their unique atomic bonds."
},
{
"duration": 3.461,
"start": 164.619,
"text": "Where non-metal molecules are typically\nheld together by the attraction"
},
{
"duration": 3.212,
"start": 168.08,
"text": "between a nucleus and a set number\nof electrons,"
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 171.417,
"text": "metal nuclei are surrounded\nby a sea of shared electrons."
},
{
"duration": 4.63,
"start": 175.838,
"text": "It takes a ton of energy to overcome\nthe strength and resiliency"
},
{
"duration": 1.71,
"start": 180.468,
"text": " of these countless bonds."
},
{
"duration": 2.21,
"start": 182.595,
"text": "So when a bullet hits a steel plate,"
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 184.805,
"text": "the material can usually absorb\nall the impact’s energy"
},
{
"duration": 1.919,
"start": 188.392,
"text": "before the metal is pierced. "
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 190.311,
"text": "Compare this to a bullet hitting wood."
},
{
"duration": 3.7960000000000003,
"start": 193.147,
"text": "The bonds holding wood together require\nmuch less energy to break,"
},
{
"duration": 3.503,
"start": 197.068,
"text": "which is why bullets can travel much\nfurther through wood than metal."
},
{
"duration": 3.504,
"start": 200.821,
"text": "Kevlar’s atomic bonds are also weaker\nthan metal’s."
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 204.492,
"text": "But it compensates with a huge number\nof hydrogen bonds."
},
{
"duration": 3.504,
"start": 208.996,
"text": "While not as strong as the atomic bonds\nwithin molecules,"
},
{
"duration": 5.38,
"start": 212.5,
"text": "the attraction of hydrogen atoms\nand oxygen atoms between molecules"
},
{
"duration": 3.504,
"start": 218.005,
"text": "also requires a huge amount of energy\nto overcome."
},
{
"duration": 4.588,
"start": 221.801,
"text": "And when threads of Kevlar’s polymer\nchains are woven into fabric,"
},
{
"duration": 2.168,
"start": 226.389,
"text": "this strength is multiplied."
},
{
"duration": 5.339,
"start": 228.933,
"text": "When a bullet hits Kevlar, the mesh\nof highly aligned, liquid-like chains"
},
{
"duration": 1.9180000000000001,
"start": 234.272,
"text": "absorb huge amounts of energy,"
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 236.399,
"text": "wiggling wildly while still clinging\nto their neighboring chains"
},
{
"duration": 1.7930000000000001,
"start": 240.236,
"text": "via hydrogen bonds. "
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 242.446,
"text": "And even if a bullet does have enough\nenergy to penetrate the Kevlar,"
},
{
"duration": 4.755,
"start": 246.575,
"text": "it would be moving considerably slower\nwith much less destructive force."
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 251.664,
"text": "Of course, Kevlar is not\nimmune to everything."
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 254.917,
"text": "Strong forces can still be felt\nthrough the fabric,"
},
{
"duration": 4.088,
"start": 257.92,
"text": "and its fibers gradually lose strength\nunder ultraviolet light."
},
{
"duration": 4.713,
"start": 262.133,
"text": "Additionally, new liquid crystal fibers\nhold up better against acid."
},
{
"duration": 3.044,
"start": 267.013,
"text": "But Kwolek’s invention remains\none of the most versatile"
},
{
"duration": 2.628,
"start": 270.057,
"text": "and widely used materials on Earth."
},
{
"duration": 4.38,
"start": 272.893,
"text": "Today, companies rely on Kevlar’s\nlightweight impact resistance"
},
{
"duration": 5.171,
"start": 277.315,
"text": "and durability in helmets, kayaks,\nspacecraft, and automobiles."
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 282.653,
"text": "Speakers sometimes use Kevlar because\nit can push air efficiently"
},
{
"duration": 3.421,
"start": 286.907,
"text": "and quickly come to a dead stop\nwhen you pause your music."
},
{
"duration": 3.504,
"start": 290.661,
"text": "And yes, it also makes excellent tires."
}
] |
O18-FA83BaM
|
Why is "The Scream" screaming? - Noah Charney
|
Explore Edvard Munch’s masterpiece “The Scream,” and find out why this artwork became one of the world’s most famous paintings.
--
An undulating sky melds into the landscape, two silhouettes move along a balustraded walkway, and a ghostly figure’s features extend in agony. Since Norwegian artist Edvard Munch created "The Scream" in 1893, it’s become one of the world’s most famous artworks. But why has its cry traveled so far and endured so long? Noah Charney shares the inspiration behind the dramatic and haunting masterpiece.
Lesson by Noah Charney, directed by Martina Meštrović.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
----------------------------------------------
Support us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon
Check out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop
----------------------------------------------
Connect With Us
----------------------------------------------
Sign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter
Follow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook
Find us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter
Peep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram
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Keep Learning
----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/this-person-isn-t-actually-screaming-noah-charney
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/this-person-isn-t-actually-screaming-noah-charney/digdeeper
Animator's website: https://vimeo.com/martinamestrovic
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Rohan Gupta, Begum Tutuncu, Brian Richards, Jørgen Østerpart, Tyron Jung, Carsten Tobehn, Katie Dean, Ezgi Yersu, Gerald Onyango, alessandra tasso, Doreen Reynolds-Consolati, Manognya Chakrapani, Ayala Ron, Eunsun Kim, Phyllis Dubrow, Ophelia Gibson Best, Paul Schneider, Joichiro Yamada, Henrique Cassús, Karthik Cherala, Clarence E. Harper Jr., Vignan Velivela, Ana Maria, Exal Enrique Cisneros Tuch, Tejas Dc, Khalifa Alhulail, Martin Stephen, Jose Henrique Leopoldo e Silva, Mandeep Singh, Abhijit Kiran Valluri, Morgan Williams, Devin Harris, Pavel Zalevskiy, Karen Goepen-Wee, Filip Dabrowski, Barbara Smalley, Megan Douglas, Tim Leistikow, Ka-Hei Law, Hiroshi Uchiyama, Mark Morris, Misaki Sato, EdoKun, SookKwan Loong, Bev Millar, Lex Azevedo, Michael Aquilina, Jason A Saslow, Yansong Li and Cristóbal Moenne.
|
2024-04-04T15:00:42Z
|
[
{
"duration": 3.087,
"start": 6.9190000000000005,
"text": "Before, her hair was a\nwrithing nest of snakes"
},
{
"duration": 2.252,
"start": 10.131,
"text": "and her eyes had the power to petrify,"
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 12.592,
"text": "Medusa was a young woman who\nworshipped at the temple of Athena,"
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 16.512,
"text": "the goddess of wisdom and war."
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 19.265,
"text": "But all the while, as Medusa tended\nto Athena’s shrine,"
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 23.728,
"text": "Poseidon, god of the seas and horses,\nwas watching her."
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 28.357,
"text": "And one night, he crept into the temple\nas Medusa prayed,"
},
{
"duration": 1.5430000000000001,
"start": 33.696,
"text": "and assaulted her."
},
{
"duration": 3.628,
"start": 35.782,
"text": "Athena reacted swiftly\nto the desecration of her shrine."
},
{
"duration": 4.88,
"start": 40.119,
"text": "But instead of punishing Poseidon,\nshe focused her wrath on Medusa."
},
{
"duration": 4.838,
"start": 45.416,
"text": "The young woman felt her body transform\nuntil she was a monstrous Gorgon,"
},
{
"duration": 3.169,
"start": 50.505,
"text": "her face framed by coils\nof hissing snakes."
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 53.841,
"text": "No man could freely look upon her again,\nfor if they met her eyes,"
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 58.429,
"text": "they'd instantly turn to stone."
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 62.6,
"text": "Medusa sought refuge in a hidden cave"
},
{
"duration": 5.714,
"start": 65.478,
"text": "inhabited by the world’s two other\nGorgons, Stheno and Euryale."
},
{
"duration": 4.504,
"start": 71.776,
"text": "However, unlike Stheno and Euryale,\nwho could never die,"
},
{
"duration": 2.002,
"start": 76.781,
"text": "Medusa remained mortal."
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 79.992,
"text": "Time passed and would-be heroes\njourneyed to the cave"
},
{
"duration": 5.005,
"start": 83.788,
"text": "to make their names by murdering Medusa—\nbut fell to her gaze every time."
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 89.752,
"text": "This was the way of things until another\nyoung man, named Perseus,"
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 94.006,
"text": "began his quest for glory—\nMedusa his intended trophy."
},
{
"duration": 3.503,
"start": 99.387,
"text": "Perseus was born of the mortal\nprincess Danae"
},
{
"duration": 4.463,
"start": 103.057,
"text": "after Zeus impregnated her\nin the form of golden rain."
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 108.02,
"text": "However, Danae’s father had\nreceived a prophecy"
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 112.15,
"text": "foretelling that her son would kill him,"
},
{
"duration": 5.464,
"start": 114.819,
"text": "so he locked Danae and Perseus\nin a chest and threw it into the sea."
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 120.825,
"text": "Safeguarded by the gods, they survived."
},
{
"duration": 4.63,
"start": 124.37,
"text": "But the king of their new land,\nPolydektes, lusted after Danae."
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 129.292,
"text": "She tried turning King Polydektes\naway to no avail,"
},
{
"duration": 2.127,
"start": 133.004,
"text": "and Perseus grew protective."
},
{
"duration": 5.881,
"start": 135.798,
"text": "To distract Perseus, Polydektes feigned\nthat he’d finally given up on Danae"
},
{
"duration": 1.7930000000000001,
"start": 141.679,
"text": "and would be wedding another."
},
{
"duration": 4.087,
"start": 143.89,
"text": "When Perseus offered Polydektes\nwhatever wedding gift he desired,"
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 147.977,
"text": "Polydektes saw the opportunity\nto be rid of Perseus,"
},
{
"duration": 5.297,
"start": 151.939,
"text": "and suggested that he prove his manhood\nby fetching a Gorgon's head."
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 158.905,
"text": "Perseus accepted the foolhardy mission,\ngathered a crew,"
},
{
"duration": 4.213,
"start": 163.075,
"text": "and set sail towards Graeae,\nthree ancient sisters."
},
{
"duration": 4.588,
"start": 167.413,
"text": "They shared a single eye and tooth\nand harbored numerous secrets."
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 172.126,
"text": "As one sister passed their eye to another,"
},
{
"duration": 3.9210000000000003,
"start": 175.004,
"text": "Perseus grabbed it and forced them\nto reveal the locations"
},
{
"duration": 4.17,
"start": 178.925,
"text": "of the nymphs of the River Styx\nand the cave of the Gorgons."
},
{
"duration": 3.504,
"start": 184.388,
"text": "With the nymphs’ help,\nhe obtained Hermes’ winged sandals,"
},
{
"duration": 3.753,
"start": 188.059,
"text": "Hades’ cap of invisibility,\nand a special satchel."
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 192.063,
"text": "And he accepted a gleaming sickle\nfrom Hermes,"
},
{
"duration": 4.338,
"start": 195.441,
"text": "and a shield that shone like a mirror\nfrom Athena herself,"
},
{
"duration": 4.755,
"start": 200.154,
"text": "the goddess who'd cursed Medusa\nwith her monstrous form to begin with."
},
{
"duration": 4.588,
"start": 205.66,
"text": "Then, one night, Perseus approached\nand Medusa fell asleep."
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 211.29,
"text": "Perseus entered, crept towards\nthe Gorgons’ slumbering forms,"
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 215.92,
"text": " guiding his way with the reflections\non Athena’s shield."
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 219.548,
"text": "When he came upon Medusa\nresting peacefully,"
},
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 222.551,
"text": "he bore his sword down upon her neck."
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 225.513,
"text": "From the wound sprung Medusa\nand Poseidon’s hybrid offspring:"
},
{
"duration": 4.797,
"start": 230.017,
"text": "a winged horse named Pegasus\nand a warrior called Chrysaor."
},
{
"duration": 3.212,
"start": 235.564,
"text": "As Perseus stuffed\nMedusa's head in his satchel,"
},
{
"duration": 4.463,
"start": 239.068,
"text": "Stheno and Euryale awoke\nto the horrific scene and attacked."
},
{
"duration": 3.795,
"start": 243.781,
"text": "But donning the cap of invisibility\nand winged sandals,"
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 247.785,
"text": "Perseus escaped unscathed,"
},
{
"duration": 5.089,
"start": 250.579,
"text": "reached only by Euryale’s pained cry\nof despair echoing through the cave."
},
{
"duration": 2.67,
"start": 256.752,
"text": "Perseus was met by his crew’s adulation."
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 259.422,
"text": "And because death had failed to dim\nthe power of Medusa’s gaze,"
},
{
"duration": 4.379,
"start": 263.259,
"text": "Perseus used her severed head\nto kill Polydektes,"
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 267.68,
"text": "then gave it to Athena,\nwho placed it on her shield."
},
{
"duration": 4.463,
"start": 272.226,
"text": "But Athena’s wasn’t the only shield\nemblazoned with Medusa’s face."
},
{
"duration": 4.754,
"start": 276.731,
"text": "Ancient Greek and Roman artists\ncommitted Medusa’s image to everything"
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 281.485,
"text": "from armor and paintings\nto ceramics and mosaic floors."
},
{
"duration": 4.672,
"start": 286.365,
"text": "And while it was customary for ancient\nGreek subjects to appear in profile,"
},
{
"duration": 4.379,
"start": 291.287,
"text": "Medusa was almost always facing\ndirectly outwards."
},
{
"duration": 6.465,
"start": 295.833,
"text": "She was an apotropaic symbol, one that\nimbued both fear and protection at once."
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 302.798,
"text": "Her story reverberated through time."
},
{
"duration": 4.629,
"start": 305.76,
"text": "In many versions, including the earliest,\nshe was always a Gorgon;"
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 310.598,
"text": "in others, like the ancient Roman\npoet Ovid’s,"
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 313.934,
"text": "she had a sympathetic, human backstory—"
},
{
"duration": 4.088,
"start": 316.937,
"text": "as a woman who’d experienced\ncruelty and injustice,"
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 321.567,
"text": "not just a simple monster to slay."
}
] |
HEpJBuPIb4o
|
What is earwax — and should you get rid of it? - Henry C. Ou
|
Explore why earwax forms, its purpose in our health, and whether or not we should be trying to get rid of it.
--
Grooming paraphernalia has been found in numerous archeological sites, many of which have included earwax removal tools. And earwax evacuation remains a popular hygienic habit today. But what is earwax? And are the efforts to eliminate it actually good for us? Henry C. Ou explores the important role earwax plays in our health.
Lesson by Henry C. Ou, directed by Yuriy Polyashko, Max Zaglotskyi, Darvideo Animation Studio.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
----------------------------------------------
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----------------------------------------------
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----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-is-earwax-and-should-you-get-rid-of-it-henry-c-ou
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-is-earwax-and-should-you-get-rid-of-it-henry-c-ou/digdeeper
Animator's website: https://darvideo.tv
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Liz Candee, Ugur Doga Sezgin, Karmi Nguyen, John C. Vesey, Yelena Baykova, Nick Johnson, Carlos H. Costa, Jennifer Kurkoski, Ryan B Harvey, Akinola Emmanuel, Jose Arcadio Valdes Franco, Sebastiaan Vleugels, Karl Laius, JY Kang, Abhishek Goel, Heidi Stolt, Nicole Sund, Karlee Finch, Mario Mejia, Denise A Pitts, Doug Henry, Keven Webb, Mihai Sandu, Deepak Iyer, Javid Gozalov, Kyanta Yap, Rebecca Reineke, William Biersdorf, Patricia Alves Panagides, Yvette Mocete, Cyrus Garay, Samuel Barbas, LadyGeek, Marin Kovachev, Penelope Misquitta, Hans Peng, Gaurav Mathur, Erik Biemans, Tony, Michelle, Katie and Josh Pedretti, Hoai Nam Tran, Kack-Kyun Kim, Michael Braun-Boghos, zjweele13, Anna-Pitschna Kunz, Edla Paniguel, Thomas Mungavan, Jaron Blackburn, Venkat Venkatakrishnan, ReuniteKorea and Aaron Henson.
|
2024-04-02T15:01:13Z
|
[
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 7.712,
"text": "At dawn one morning in 1030 CE,"
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 10.715,
"text": "Chu Hong wakes to the sound\nof fast-approaching footsteps."
},
{
"duration": 3.212,
"start": 14.343,
"text": "His best friend, Liang Gao, rushes to him."
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 17.597,
"text": "The local magistrate has been spotted\nholding a surprise archery competition"
},
{
"duration": 3.212,
"start": 21.851,
"text": "in a nearby town and will arrive\nat their village soon."
},
{
"duration": 2.46,
"start": 25.188,
"text": "This is Hong’s chance\nto showcase his talents—"
},
{
"duration": 2.67,
"start": 27.648,
"text": "and secure some much-needed money\nfor his family,"
},
{
"duration": 2.502,
"start": 30.318,
"text": " which is still reeling\nfrom the loss of his father."
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 33.905,
"text": "The news clouds Hong’s mind\nas he tends his family’s millet field."
},
{
"duration": 5.422,
"start": 38.493,
"text": "When he returns home, his sister, Zhi,\nand mother, Lihua, have already heard."
},
{
"duration": 1.502,
"start": 44.415,
"text": "Lihua serves breakfast,"
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 45.917,
"text": "then returns to the task that kept\nher up last night: her silkworms."
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 50.296,
"text": "There’s little money left\nfrom her husband’s farm work,"
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 53.007,
"text": "which she's meagerly supplemented\nwith her weavings,"
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 56.177,
"text": "and the silk she painstakingly harvests\nwith Zhi."
},
{
"duration": 2.086,
"start": 59.388,
"text": "Silkworms are finicky creatures."
},
{
"duration": 2.377,
"start": 61.474,
"text": "Lihua and Zhi to keep the house warm"
},
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 63.851,
"text": "and feed the caterpillar\nmulberry leaves constantly"
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 66.604,
"text": "before they unravel the silken cocoons"
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 69.19,
"text": "and sell them to be made into fine cloths\nthey’ll never wear themselves."
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 73.694,
"text": "The family is struggling\nto survive long-term,"
},
{
"duration": 3.087,
"start": 76.405,
"text": "and Hong wants to give his mother\nand sister some hope."
},
{
"duration": 2.585,
"start": 80.118,
"text": "He heads off to train\nwith his martial arts teacher."
},
{
"duration": 4.213,
"start": 82.703,
"text": "Li Qiangbiang had been an imperial soldier\nuntil he injured himself"
},
{
"duration": 3.503,
"start": 86.916,
"text": "and returned to his home village\nand devoted himself to teaching."
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 90.503,
"text": "Like many towns on China's\nnorthern border,"
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 92.797,
"text": "they stay vigilant to raids from the north\nand roving bandits."
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 96.551,
"text": "The border has been fairly\nquiet since 1005,"
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 99.804,
"text": "when China established a peace treaty\nwith the Liao dynasty,"
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 103.266,
"text": "which encompasses the nomadic and\npastoral groups of the northern steppe."
},
{
"duration": 5.046,
"start": 107.854,
"text": "But the village maintains an active,\nlocal militia of conscripted townspeople."
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 113.192,
"text": "Hong's father was his first\nmartial arts teacher."
},
{
"duration": 3.628,
"start": 116.404,
"text": "Together they practiced\nspear fighting, wrestling,"
},
{
"duration": 2.92,
"start": 120.032,
"text": "and the most important\nmartial skill: archery."
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 123.244,
"text": "Hong has since become Qiangbing’s\nmost committed student."
},
{
"duration": 2.044,
"start": 126.789,
"text": "Now, Qiangbing tests his strength."
},
{
"duration": 2.545,
"start": 129.041,
"text": "Hong successfully draws a heavily\nweighted bow"
},
{
"duration": 1.876,
"start": 131.586,
"text": "while standing and on horseback,"
},
{
"duration": 3.461,
"start": 133.88,
"text": "then fires it,\nsurpassing his personal record."
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 137.508,
"text": "Hearing the commotion accompanying\nthe magistrate's arrival,"
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 140.803,
"text": "Hong and Qiangbing share a glance,\nthen march to the village center,"
},
{
"duration": 1.627,
"start": 144.807,
"text": "Gao joining them on the way."
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 146.434,
"text": "Confucius himself emphasized\nthe importance of archery"
},
{
"duration": 1.627,
"start": 149.562,
"text": " in fostering social harmony."
},
{
"duration": 3.9210000000000003,
"start": 151.272,
"text": "And the Song dynasty uses archery\ncompetitions to recruit talent"
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 155.193,
"text": "and ensure that villagers\nare practicing defense."
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 158.446,
"text": "Spectators gather and the magistrate\narranges a target,"
},
{
"duration": 1.626,
"start": 161.908,
"text": "places a piece of silver on it,"
},
{
"duration": 3.504,
"start": 163.534,
"text": "and announces that anyone whose\narrow hits it can keep it."
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 167.288,
"text": "One by one, young men dance\ninto position and take aim."
},
{
"duration": 3.795,
"start": 171.042,
"text": "Some get close, including Gao,\nbut no one is successful."
},
{
"duration": 2.086,
"start": 175.254,
"text": "Hong finally raises his bow and arrow,"
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 177.34,
"text": "and the composure he learned\nfrom his father washes over him."
},
{
"duration": 2.627,
"start": 180.927,
"text": "He strikes the target\nand the crowd cheers."
},
{
"duration": 4.546,
"start": 183.638,
"text": "The magistrate sets up another silver\npiece and Hong hits it again— and again."
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 188.309,
"text": "This much silver could support\nhis family for an entire year."
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 191.812,
"text": "But then the magistrate offers something\neven greater:"
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 194.941,
"text": "a position in the provincial army\nwith a regular salary."
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 198.486,
"text": "This would allow Hong\nto take care of his family"
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 200.78,
"text": "and provide his sister a dowry\nfor a good marriage match."
},
{
"duration": 2.168,
"start": 203.95,
"text": "He accepts without hesitation."
},
{
"duration": 1.501,
"start": 206.494,
"text": "As Hong and Gao walk home,"
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 207.995,
"text": "it sinks in that they won't be\ntaking this journey together."
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 210.998,
"text": "They relish each other’s company\nthen part at the usual fork in the road."
},
{
"duration": 3.044,
"start": 215.253,
"text": "Gao will continue farming to make\na living for his family"
},
{
"duration": 2.628,
"start": 218.422,
"text": "while Hong will begin advanced\nmartial arts training."
},
{
"duration": 2.92,
"start": 221.133,
"text": "If he excels, he could\nenter the imperial army"
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 224.053,
"text": "and his family could join him\nin the capital city of Kaifeng,"
},
{
"duration": 1.835,
"start": 227.306,
"text": "home to over a million people."
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 229.725,
"text": "Maybe one day, Hong could even pass\nthe military exams"
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 232.895,
"text": "and join the Bureau of Military Affairs."
},
{
"duration": 2.627,
"start": 235.815,
"text": "The Chu family sits\nfor a celebratory dinner,"
},
{
"duration": 4.672,
"start": 238.442,
"text": "and Hong’s emotions stir as he considers\nthe secure future ahead for his family—"
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 243.322,
"text": "and all he wishes he could bring\nalong with him."
}
] |
vc8UBSp1tz0
|
What Earth in 2050 could look like - Shannon Odell
|
What could our future world look like if we continue to do nothing about climate change? Take a look at the possibilities.
--
While we’re already feeling the devastating effects of human-caused climate change, governments continue to fall short on making and executing emissions pledges that would help thwart further warming. So, what will our world look like in the next 30 to 80 years, if we continue on the current path? Shannon Odell offers a glimpse at Earth's possible future.
Lesson by Shannon Odell, directed by Sofia Pashaei.
This video made possible in collaboration with Speed & Scale
Learn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartner
A special thanks to Mark Maslin who provided information and insights for the development of this video.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
----------------------------------------------
Support us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon
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Keep Learning
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View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-earth-in-2050-could-look-like-shannon-odell
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-earth-in-2050-could-look-like-shannon-odell/digdeeper
Music: https://www.wonderboyaudio.com
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Nathan Milford, Tomas Beckett, Alice Ice, Eric Berman, Kurt Paolo Sevillano, Jennifer Heald, Megulo Abebe, isolwi, Kate Sem, Ujjwal Dasu, Angel Alberici, Minh Quan Dinh, Sylvain, Terran Gimpel, Talia Sari, Katie McDowell, Allen, Mahina Knuckles, Charmaine Hanson, Thawsitt, Jezabel, Abdullah Abdulaziz, Xiao Yu, Melissa Suarez, Brian A. Dunn, Francisco Amaya, Daisuke Goto, Matt Switzler, Peng, Tzu-Hsiang, Bethany Connor, Jeremy Shimanek, Mark Byers, Avinash Amarnath, Xuebicoco, Rayo, Po Foon Kwong, Boffin, Jesse Jurman, Scott Markley, Elija Peterson, Ovidiu Mrd, paul g mohney, Steven Razey, Nathan Giusti, Helen Lee, Anthony Benedict, Karthik Balsubramanian, Annastasshia Ames, Amy Lopez and Vinh-Thuy Nguyen.
|
2024-03-28T15:01:38Z
|
[
{
"duration": 4.671,
"start": 7.587,
"text": "A drop of gasoline, a match,\nand a battery, all store energy—"
},
{
"duration": 4.796,
"start": 12.425,
"text": "but, after each expends its energy,\nonly the battery is recyclable."
},
{
"duration": 1.7930000000000001,
"start": 17.472,
"text": "That's because, chemically speaking,"
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 19.265,
"text": "a dead battery is actually not\nthat different from a fresh one."
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 23.227,
"text": "Most of the batteries we use\ntoday take advantage"
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 25.646,
"text": "of the fact that some metals like\nto release electrons"
},
{
"duration": 2.336,
"start": 28.941,
"text": "and others like to accept them."
},
{
"duration": 2.92,
"start": 31.527,
"text": "For example, in a typical\nalkaline double-A battery,"
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 34.447,
"text": "zinc metal reacts with hydroxide ions,"
},
{
"duration": 4.713,
"start": 37.492,
"text": "changing into zinc oxide and releasing\nelectrons at the negative terminal."
},
{
"duration": 2.67,
"start": 42.371,
"text": "The electrons travel through, say,\na light bulb,"
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 45.041,
"text": "and then return to the battery\nat the positive terminal,"
},
{
"duration": 3.086,
"start": 47.877,
"text": "where they’re accepted\nby manganese dioxide."
},
{
"duration": 2.92,
"start": 51.297,
"text": "Different batteries use different\ncombinations of metals,"
},
{
"duration": 2.252,
"start": 54.217,
"text": "and sometimes non-metals like graphite,"
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 56.469,
"text": "but the basic idea is to use\na pair of chemical reactions"
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 59.931,
"text": "to generate a stream of electrons."
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 62.934,
"text": "Almost all batteries,\neven single-use batteries,"
},
{
"duration": 2.21,
"start": 66.104,
"text": "are theoretically rechargeable."
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 68.356,
"text": "That's because the metals and other\nchemicals are still right there."
},
{
"duration": 2.336,
"start": 71.901,
"text": "That’s very different than in,\nsay, gasoline,"
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 74.237,
"text": "where the liquid hydrocarbon molecules\nare converted to gases."
},
{
"duration": 3.169,
"start": 78.533,
"text": "You can't convert exhaust\nback into gasoline,"
},
{
"duration": 4.422,
"start": 81.702,
"text": "but, with some work you can convert,\nsay, zinc oxide back to zinc."
},
{
"duration": 3.9210000000000003,
"start": 86.916,
"text": "So then what's the difference\nbetween these and these?"
},
{
"duration": 3.7960000000000003,
"start": 91.045,
"text": "The short answer is that trying\nto recharge a single-use battery"
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 94.841,
"text": "doesn’t just force these reactions\nto run in reverse."
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 98.511,
"text": "It also results in a bunch of side\nreactions that produce"
},
{
"duration": 1.334,
"start": 101.681,
"text": "useless contaminants,"
},
{
"duration": 2.086,
"start": 103.015,
"text": "reducing a battery’s capacity;"
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 105.184,
"text": "and it could even damage\nthe internal structure of the battery,"
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 108.354,
"text": "leading to a loss of electrical contact\nand failure."
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 112.4,
"text": "Rechargeable batteries are engineered\nto avoid these issues."
},
{
"duration": 1.96,
"start": 116.362,
"text": "Look at this lithium-ion battery."
},
{
"duration": 4.839,
"start": 118.322,
"text": "Both sides have an atomic-level structure\nthat you can imagine as lots of docks."
},
{
"duration": 2.002,
"start": 123.161,
"text": "So when the battery is powering something,"
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 125.163,
"text": "the lithium “ships” give up their\nelectrons to power the circuit,"
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 128.541,
"text": "and then sail over to the other side\nof the battery,"
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 131.419,
"text": "dock in an orderly, organized way,"
},
{
"duration": 3.503,
"start": 133.963,
"text": "and meet up with their\nnow-lower-energy electrons."
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 138.134,
"text": "When the battery is being charged,\nthe opposite happens."
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 141.387,
"text": "Over the course of hundreds,\nsometimes thousands, of charge cycles,"
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 144.932,
"text": "some of the lithium ion ships\nsort of veer off course"
},
{
"duration": 2.044,
"start": 148.477,
"text": "and engage in side reactions,"
},
{
"duration": 3.7960000000000003,
"start": 150.521,
"text": "producing stuff that increases\nthe internal resistance of the battery,"
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 154.317,
"text": "which in turn makes it lose\nefficiency and power"
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 157.278,
"text": "until it inevitably dies."
},
{
"duration": 4.045,
"start": 160.323,
"text": "Even when that happens,\nyou can bring dead batteries back to life—"
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 164.368,
"text": "whether they’re rechargeable or not—\nby recycling them."
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 167.872,
"text": "The heart of most battery recycling\nis a process called smelting,"
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 171.876,
"text": "which is basically just melting\nthe metallic parts."
},
{
"duration": 1.71,
"start": 174.42,
"text": "This drives off impurities,"
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 176.13,
"text": "returning metals back to their\ninitial, orderly state."
},
{
"duration": 3.92,
"start": 179.884,
"text": "Unfortunately, in many countries you can’t\njust toss household batteries"
},
{
"duration": 1.8359999999999999,
"start": 183.804,
"text": "in with your regular recycling."
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 185.64,
"text": "You have to take them to a battery\ncollection point or recycling center."
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 189.185,
"text": "Same goes for more complicated\nrechargeable batteries:"
},
{
"duration": 2.085,
"start": 192.063,
"text": "you need to bring them\nto a collection point"
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 194.148,
"text": "or send them back to the company\nyou bought them from."
},
{
"duration": 3.087,
"start": 196.859,
"text": "It’s a pain, but absolutely\nworth the time and effort,"
},
{
"duration": 2.46,
"start": 199.946,
"text": "because recycling batteries is critical."
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 202.406,
"text": "Not only does it prevent\npotentially toxic battery metals"
},
{
"duration": 1.794,
"start": 205.117,
"text": "from leaking into the environment,"
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 206.911,
"text": "it conserves scarce— and vital— resources."
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 210.623,
"text": "Earth has about 22 million tons\nof lithium—"
},
{
"duration": 2.794,
"start": 213.751,
"text": "enough for about 2.5 billion EVs."
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 216.545,
"text": "That sounds like plenty, but it’s only\n25% higher than the number of EVs"
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 220.716,
"text": "experts believe it’ll take to reach\nnet zero emissions by 2050,"
},
{
"duration": 3.212,
"start": 224.887,
"text": "and that doesn’t even account for laptops,\nphones, and anything else"
},
{
"duration": 2.127,
"start": 228.099,
"text": "that uses a lithium-ion battery."
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 230.601,
"text": "Currently, though, most lithium-ion\nbatteries are not manufactured"
},
{
"duration": 1.752,
"start": 234.021,
"text": "with recycling in mind."
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 235.815,
"text": "The designs are intricate\nand non-standard,"
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 238.359,
"text": "and the components are held together\nby almost indestructible glues."
},
{
"duration": 4.546,
"start": 242.113,
"text": "So today, less than 5% of lithium-ion\nbatteries are recycled."
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 247.618,
"text": "Regulations that clearly define\nwho is responsible for a spent battery"
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 251.789,
"text": "and what should happen to it\ncan boost recycling dramatically."
},
{
"duration": 4.672,
"start": 255.751,
"text": "For example, lead-acid batteries are\ngenerally subject to stringent regulations"
},
{
"duration": 4.087,
"start": 260.423,
"text": "and are recycled at much higher rates\nthan lithium-ion batteries."
},
{
"duration": 4.588,
"start": 265.136,
"text": "Over the next century, we’ll need\nto recycle huge numbers of EV batteries,"
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 269.724,
"text": "so scientists are working on making\nthe battery recycling process cheaper"
},
{
"duration": 1.7930000000000001,
"start": 273.561,
"text": "and more environmentally friendly."
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 275.396,
"text": "Smelting uses a lot of energy and,\ndepending on the type of battery,"
},
{
"duration": 2.044,
"start": 278.816,
"text": "can release harmful by-products."
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 281.235,
"text": "In addition to regulations, industrial\nprocesses, and our own individual choices,"
},
{
"duration": 2.669,
"start": 285.531,
"text": "battery tech will also continue to evolve."
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 288.2,
"text": "There are proof-of-concept batteries\nbeing developed that can convert"
},
{
"duration": 5.089,
"start": 291.62,
"text": "physical force, ambient sound,\nand even pee into electricity."
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 297.001,
"text": "But if your top priority is to make your\nnumber one source of power, number one,"
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 301.297,
"text": "sorry to say, but urine for a long wait."
}
] |
Rnln3C-Las4
|
The Greek myth of Demeter's revenge - Iseult Gillespie
|
Dig into the Greek myth of Mestra and her father King Erysichthon, who angered the gods and was cursed with insatiable hunger.
--
Mestra, princess of Thessaly, was far from home. She had watched her father, King Erysichthon, plunge into a ruin of his own making. Now, to save himself, he’d sold his own daughter to the highest bidder. But Mestra refused to accept this fate and began to plan her escape. Iseult Gillespie shares the Greek myth of Mestra's bid for freedom.
Lesson by Iseult Gillespie, directed by Vitalii Nebelskyi, and action creative agency.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
----------------------------------------------
Support us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon
Check out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop
----------------------------------------------
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----------------------------------------------
Sign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter
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Find us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter
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----------------------------------------------
Keep Learning
----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-greek-myth-of-demeter-s-revenge-iseult-gillespie
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-greek-myth-of-demeter-s-revenge-iseult-gillespie/digdeeper
Animator's website: https://www.and-action.net
Music: https://soundcloud.com/aim-music
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Fernando A. Endo, Helen Lee, pam morgan, sarim haq, Gerardo Castro, Michel-Ange Hortegat, Enes Kirimi, Amaury BISIAUX, ND, Samyogita Hardikar, Vanessa Graulich, Vandana Gunwani, Abdulmohsin Almadi, AJ Lyon, Geoffrey Bultitude, Mi Mi, Thomas Rothert, Brian Elieson, Oge O, Weronika Falkowska, Nevin Spoljaric, Sid Chanpuriya, Anoop Varghese, David Yastremski, Noah Webb, Roberto Chena, Oliver Koo, Luke Pisano, Andrea Gordon, Aleksandar Donev, Nicole Klau Ibarra, Jesse Lira, Ezekiel Raui, Petr Vacek, Dennis, Olivia Fu, Kari Teffeau, Cindy Lai, Rajath Durgada Manjunath, Dan Nguyen, Chin Beng Tan, Tom Boman, Karen Warner, Iryna Panasiuk, Aaron Torres, Eric Braun, Sonja Worzewski, Michael Clement, Adam Berry and Ghaith Tarawneh.
|
2024-03-26T15:00:48Z
|
[
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 6.9190000000000005,
"text": "Since humanity's earliest days,"
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 9.213,
"text": "we’ve been plagued by countless\ndisease-causing pathogens."
},
{
"duration": 2.044,
"start": 13.634,
"text": "Invisible and persistent,"
},
{
"duration": 3.379,
"start": 15.678,
"text": "these microorganisms\nand the illnesses they incur"
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 19.057,
"text": "have killed more humans \nthan anything else in history."
},
{
"duration": 4.713,
"start": 22.894,
"text": "But which disease is deadliest\nvaries across time and place."
},
{
"duration": 2.794,
"start": 27.732,
"text": "Because while the march of progress\nhas made us safer"
},
{
"duration": 2.211,
"start": 30.526,
"text": "from some infectious threats,"
},
{
"duration": 4.713,
"start": 32.737,
"text": "human innovation often exposes\nus to surprising new maladies."
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 37.575,
"text": "Our tour of history’s\ndeadliest diseases begins"
},
{
"duration": 3.6710000000000003,
"start": 40.953,
"text": "when humans lived in small \nhunter-gatherer communities."
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 44.749,
"text": "The illnesses these pre-agricultural\nnomads encountered"
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 48.461,
"text": "most likely came from the various\nanimals they ate,"
},
{
"duration": 3.044,
"start": 51.631,
"text": "and the soil and water\nthey interacted with."
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 54.926,
"text": "There are no written records to help\nus identify these diseases,"
},
{
"duration": 4.963,
"start": 58.638,
"text": "however, some illnesses leave distinct\ngrowths or lesions on the skeleton,"
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 63.601,
"text": "allowing bioarchaeologists\nto diagnose ancient remains."
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 68.022,
"text": "And researchers have found\nthat bones from this era"
},
{
"duration": 4.671,
"start": 70.733,
"text": "suggest the presence of tuberculosis\nand treponemal infections."
},
{
"duration": 2.211,
"start": 75.571,
"text": "While these conditions\nare life-threatening,"
},
{
"duration": 4.838,
"start": 77.907,
"text": "the deadliest diseases are invariably\npart of widespread epidemics,"
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 82.745,
"text": "and there’s no evidence\nof any large-scale outbreaks"
},
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 85.915,
"text": "in this lengthy pre-agricultural period."
},
{
"duration": 5.255,
"start": 88.793,
"text": "However, when humans started developing\nagriculture around 12,000 years ago,"
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 94.048,
"text": "it brought a whole new crop of diseases."
},
{
"duration": 3.7960000000000003,
"start": 97.176,
"text": "Early farmers knew little about\nwaste and water management,"
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 100.972,
"text": "setting the stage for diarrheal\ndiseases like dysentery."
},
{
"duration": 4.629,
"start": 105.101,
"text": "Much worse, the proliferation\nof open fields and irrigation"
},
{
"duration": 5.631,
"start": 109.73,
"text": "created standing pools of water which\nbrought mosquitoes and in turn malaria—"
},
{
"duration": 3.212,
"start": 115.361,
"text": "one of history’s oldest\nand deadliest diseases."
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 118.823,
"text": "We don’t know exactly how many\nearly farmers malaria killed,"
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 122.869,
"text": "or how many it left vulnerable\nto other lethal infections."
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 126.664,
"text": "But we do know this mosquito-borne illness\ncontinued to spread"
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 131.085,
"text": "through humanity’s next major development:\nurbanization."
},
{
"duration": 1.251,
"start": 135.173,
"text": "In small communities,"
},
{
"duration": 4.921,
"start": 136.424,
"text": "infectious diseases like measles\nand smallpox can only circulate so long"
},
{
"duration": 1.627,
"start": 141.345,
"text": "before running out of hosts."
},
{
"duration": 3.628,
"start": 143.014,
"text": "But in densely populated regions\nwith high birth rates,"
},
{
"duration": 5.464,
"start": 146.642,
"text": "fast-evolving viruses like the flu can\ncontinually infect new individuals"
},
{
"duration": 2.169,
"start": 152.106,
"text": "and morph into various strains."
},
{
"duration": 2.336,
"start": 154.358,
"text": "When large settlements became common,"
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 156.694,
"text": "medical science hadn't advanced\nenough to effectively treat"
},
{
"duration": 2.252,
"start": 160.448,
"text": "or even distinguish these variants."
},
{
"duration": 4.713,
"start": 162.7,
"text": "Nor was it prepared to deal with one\nof the deadliest pandemics of all time:"
},
{
"duration": 1.335,
"start": 167.413,
"text": "the Black Death."
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 168.998,
"text": "From the 1330s to the 1350s,"
},
{
"duration": 3.795,
"start": 171.876,
"text": "the bubonic plague\nswept Asia, Africa and Europe,"
},
{
"duration": 6.924,
"start": 175.671,
"text": "reducing the global population\nfrom 475 million to roughly 350 million."
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 182.845,
"text": "Like most Afro-Eurasian diseases,"
},
{
"duration": 5.047,
"start": 185.431,
"text": "the plague didn’t cross the Atlantic\nuntil Europeans did in the late 1400s."
},
{
"duration": 3.504,
"start": 190.519,
"text": "But at the height of the plague\nin Europe, Asia, and North Africa,"
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 194.023,
"text": "infection was almost guaranteed,"
},
{
"duration": 4.755,
"start": 196.484,
"text": "and the plague’s fatality rate\nranged from 30 to 75%."
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 201.364,
"text": "However, the illness wasn't equally\ndistributed among the population."
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 205.576,
"text": "Many wealthy lords and landowners were\nable to stay safe"
},
{
"duration": 2.8369999999999997,
"start": 209.413,
"text": "by hiding away in their spacious homes."
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 212.333,
"text": "As medical knowledge became more robust,"
},
{
"duration": 5.422,
"start": 214.627,
"text": "this kind of class disparity began\nreflecting who had access to medical care."
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 220.132,
"text": "And that divide became particularly\napparent during the reign"
},
{
"duration": 2.086,
"start": 223.886,
"text": "of our next deadly disease."
},
{
"duration": 1.877,
"start": 226.18,
"text": "By the beginning of the 19th century,"
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 228.057,
"text": "tuberculosis was already one\nof the most common causes of death"
},
{
"duration": 1.835,
"start": 232.061,
"text": "in Europe and the Americas."
},
{
"duration": 4.546,
"start": 233.98,
"text": "But the Industrial Revolution led\nto working and living conditions"
},
{
"duration": 2.919,
"start": 238.526,
"text": "that were overcrowded\nand poorly ventilated,"
},
{
"duration": 5.881,
"start": 241.57,
"text": "turning TB into an epidemic that killed\na quarter of Europe’s adult population."
},
{
"duration": 4.796,
"start": 247.535,
"text": "The unhealthiest environments were largely\npopulated by impoverished individuals"
},
{
"duration": 1.502,
"start": 252.331,
"text": "who often went untreated,"
},
{
"duration": 4.713,
"start": 253.833,
"text": "while doctors provided wealthier victims\nwith the era’s most cutting-edge care."
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 258.879,
"text": "Throughout the 20th century, vaccines\nbecame common in many countries,"
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 263.175,
"text": "even eradicating the centuries-old\nviral threat of smallpox."
},
{
"duration": 1.627,
"start": 267.513,
"text": "The advent of vaccination,"
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 269.14,
"text": "alongside improvements\nin nutrition and hygiene,"
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 272.518,
"text": "have helped people live longer\nlives on average."
},
{
"duration": 4.629,
"start": 275.563,
"text": "And today, medical advances\nin rapid testing and mRNA vaccines"
},
{
"duration": 3.087,
"start": 280.192,
"text": "can help us tackle new outbreaks\nin record time."
},
{
"duration": 2.67,
"start": 283.487,
"text": "However, countless regions\naround the world"
},
{
"duration": 2.669,
"start": 286.157,
"text": "remain unable to access vaccines,"
},
{
"duration": 2.669,
"start": 288.826,
"text": "leaving them vulnerable to older threats."
},
{
"duration": 5.422,
"start": 291.495,
"text": "Malaria still takes the lives\nof over 600,000 people every year,"
},
{
"duration": 4.505,
"start": 296.917,
"text": "with 96% of deaths occurring\nin communities across Africa."
},
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 301.547,
"text": "Tuberculosis continues to infect millions,"
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 304.55,
"text": "almost half of whom live\nin Southeast Asia."
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 307.428,
"text": "Addressing these ailments\nand those yet to emerge"
},
{
"duration": 4.212,
"start": 310.598,
"text": "will require scientists to develop\nnew and more effective medicines."
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 314.852,
"text": "But something governments and health care\nsystems can do today"
},
{
"duration": 4.546,
"start": 318.314,
"text": "is working to make the treatments we have\nalready accessible to all."
}
] |
SzC11Ce-ID8
|
The underground cities of the Byzantine Empire - Veronica Kalas
|
Uncover the history of the ancient underground cities beneath Cappadocia, which were built during the Byzantine Empire.
--
The breathtaking geological formations of Cappadocia are one of the most astonishing landscapes on Earth. Also known as “fairy chimneys,” this impressive terrain hides an equally remarkable feat of pre-modern engineering: a network of extensive underground cities stretching deep below the surface. Who inhabited these cities, and why? Veronica Kalas uncovers the secrets of this buried history.
Lesson by Veronica Kalas, directed by Serin İnan, Tolga Yıldız, Kozmonot Animation Studio.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
----------------------------------------------
Support us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon
Check out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop
----------------------------------------------
Connect With Us
----------------------------------------------
Sign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter
Follow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook
Find us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter
Peep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram
----------------------------------------------
Keep Learning
----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-underground-cities-of-the-byzantine-empire-veronica-kalas
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-underground-cities-of-the-byzantine-empire-veronica-kalas/digdeeper
Animator's website: https://www.kozmonot.tv
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Vector-Dopamine math, Jasper Song, Giorgio Bugnatelli, Chardon, Eddy Trochez, OnlineBookClub.org, Eric Shear, Leith Salem, Omar Hicham, Adrian Rotaru, Brad Sullivan, Karen Ho, Niklas Frimberger, Hunter Manhart, Nathan Nguyen, Igor Stavchanskiy, James R DeVries, Grace Huo, Diana Huang, Chau Hong Diem, Orlellys Torre, Corheu, Thomas Mee, Maryann H McCrory, Blas Borde, John Hellmann, Poompak Meephian, Chuck Wofford, Adam Pagan, Wes Winn, Conder Shou, ntiger, Noname, Hansan Hu, David D, Mac Hyney, Keith Ellison, robin valero walters, Lynne Truesdale, Gatsby Dkdc, Matthew Neal, Denis Chon, Julian Oberhofer, Monte Carroll, Eddy, Jay M, Constantino Victor Delgado, Andrea Galvagni, Andrew Tweddle and Laurel-Ann Rice.
|
2024-03-21T15:01:30Z
|
[
{
"duration": 2.46,
"start": 3.38,
"text": "The gods granted Pandora many gifts,"
},
{
"duration": 2.818,
"start": 5.946,
"text": "and one abominable box."
},
{
"duration": 5.084,
"start": 9.117,
"text": "Curiosity got the better of her and\nchaos was unleashed upon the world."
},
{
"duration": 2.178,
"start": 14.461,
"text": "But that's only the beginning of the story..."
},
{
"duration": 2.7279999999999998,
"start": 16.807,
"text": "What if instead of accepting\nthe new world order,"
},
{
"duration": 2.115,
"start": 19.535,
"text": "Pandora tried to fix it?"
},
{
"duration": 4.018,
"start": 23.79,
"text": "Pandora’s Legacy is a jigsaw unlike \nany you’ve experienced before."
},
{
"duration": 4.051,
"start": 28,
"text": "You’ll start by assembling the pieces \nand find areas missing."
},
{
"duration": 3.072,
"start": 32.572,
"text": "To unlock the next section\nand advance the story,"
},
{
"duration": 4.015,
"start": 35.644,
"text": "you’ll need to solve puzzles \nembedded within the jigsaw."
},
{
"duration": 2.545,
"start": 39.946,
"text": "The puzzles, crafted by\nrenowned constructors,"
},
{
"duration": 1.74,
"start": 42.491,
"text": "are deep and challenging."
},
{
"duration": 2.241,
"start": 44.461,
"text": "Some will reward you \nwith physical artifacts,"
},
{
"duration": 1.694,
"start": 46.702,
"text": "that you'll then you’ll then figure \nout how to use"
},
{
"duration": 2.434,
"start": 48.396,
"text": "in ways that will surprise\nand delight you—"
},
{
"duration": 1.824,
"start": 51.045,
"text": " just like in an escape room."
},
{
"duration": 2.312,
"start": 68.96,
"text": "1,200 plus pieces to assemble."
},
{
"duration": 1.873,
"start": 71.272,
"text": "17 boxes to unlock."
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 73.321,
"text": "16 devious puzzles to solve."
},
{
"duration": 2.602,
"start": 75.878,
"text": "1 infernal box."
},
{
"duration": 2.516,
"start": 82.96,
"text": "Turn your living room \ninto an escape room;"
},
{
"duration": 2.02,
"start": 85.476,
"text": "let loose the curiosities inside."
},
{
"duration": 3.66,
"start": 87.634,
"text": "This epic experience is available\non Kickstarter now!"
},
{
"duration": 2.846,
"start": 91.356,
"text": "Do you dare open Pandora's Box?"
}
] |
z-t-l8vjQQI
|
What causes addiction, and why is it so hard to treat? - Judy Grisel
|
Take a look at the science of how addictive drugs affect your body and why substance addiction can be so difficult to treat.
--
As of 2021, more than 36 million people were estimated to be experiencing substance use disorder. This condition spans a spectrum of patterned drug use that causes issues in a person’s life, with substance addiction at the more severe end. Why are some people more susceptible to addiction, and why can it be so difficult to treat? Judy Grisel takes a look at how addictive drugs affect the body.
Lesson by Judy Grisel, directed by Gabriella Marsh.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
----------------------------------------------
Support us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon
Check out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop
----------------------------------------------
Connect With Us
----------------------------------------------
Sign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter
Follow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook
Find us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter
Peep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram
----------------------------------------------
Keep Learning
----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-causes-addiction-and-why-is-it-so-hard-to-treat-judy-grisel
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-causes-addiction-and-why-is-it-so-hard-to-treat-judy-grisel/digdeeper
Animator's website: https://gabriella-marsh.com
Music: https://soundcloud.com/aim-music
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Barbara Smalley, Megan Douglas, Tim Leistikow, Ka-Hei Law, Hiroshi Uchiyama, Mark Morris, Misaki Sato, EdoKun, SookKwan Loong, Bev Millar, Lex Azevedo, Michael Aquilina, Jason A Saslow, Yansong Li, Cristóbal Moenne, Dawn Jordan, Prasanth Mathialagan, Samuel Doerle, David Rosario, Dominik Kugelmann - they-them, Siamak Hajizadeh, Ryohky Araya, Mayank Kaul, Christophe Dessalles, Heather Slater, Sandra Tersluisen, Zhexi Shan, Bárbara Nazaré, Andrea Feliz, Victor E Karhel, Sydney Evans, Latora, Noel Situ, emily lam, Sid, Niccolò Frassetto, Mana, I'm here because of Knowledge Fight Facebook group., Linda Freedman, Edgardo Cuellar, Jaspar Carmichael-Jack, Michael Burton, VIVIANA A GARCIA BESNE, The Vernon's, Olha Bahatiuk, Jesús Bíquez Talayero, Chels Raknrl, Sai Pranavi Jonnalagadda, Stuart Rice and Jing Chen.
|
2024-03-19T15:01:46Z
|
[
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 7.211,
"text": "10th century jester Jing Xinmo"
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 9.797,
"text": "may have overstepped\nwhen he got chased by a dog,"
},
{
"duration": 2.669,
"start": 13.551,
"text": "then teasingly told the Chinese emperor"
},
{
"duration": 3.212,
"start": 16.22,
"text": "that he shouldn’t let his kids\ngo around biting people."
},
{
"duration": 3.92,
"start": 19.432,
"text": "The emperor took offense\nand trained an arrow on Jing."
},
{
"duration": 3.379,
"start": 23.352,
"text": "But instead of begging for his life,\nJing cracked another joke."
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 26.981,
"text": "Luckily, this pun landed—\nso the emperor’s arrow did not."
},
{
"duration": 1.627,
"start": 31.527,
"text": "Contrary to common belief,"
},
{
"duration": 3.211,
"start": 33.154,
"text": "jesters weren't just a medieval\nEuropean phenomenon,"
},
{
"duration": 2.67,
"start": 36.365,
"text": "but flourished \nin other times and cultures."
},
{
"duration": 4.088,
"start": 39.243,
"text": "The first reliably recorded jester\nis thought to be You Shi,"
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 43.331,
"text": "of 7th century BCE China."
},
{
"duration": 4.087,
"start": 46.584,
"text": "He declared that, as a jester,\nhis words could not give offense."
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 50.671,
"text": "This privilege was important\nto the jester’s position—"
},
{
"duration": 2.253,
"start": 53.549,
"text": "but was sometimes violated."
},
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 57.386,
"text": "Jesters had unique relationships to power:"
},
{
"duration": 2.545,
"start": 60.264,
"text": "they could be viewed as objects of mockery"
},
{
"duration": 4.462,
"start": 62.809,
"text": "and also as entertainers\nand trusted companions."
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 67.563,
"text": "People became jesters by various routes."
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 70.274,
"text": "They could be appointed due to physical\nor neurological differences,"
},
{
"duration": 4.088,
"start": 74.028,
"text": "plucked from a pool of entertainers,\nor recruited by a traveling courtier."
},
{
"duration": 2.252,
"start": 78.533,
"text": "Such was the case when a royal servant"
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 80.785,
"text": "wrote King Henry VIII’s chief minister\nin the 1530s."
},
{
"duration": 4.379,
"start": 85.081,
"text": "He recommended a young boy to replace\nthe king’s aging jester, Sexten,"
},
{
"duration": 4.797,
"start": 89.585,
"text": "with the assurance that he’d be much more\npleasant than Sexten ever was."
},
{
"duration": 3.838,
"start": 95.299,
"text": "Some jesters boasted unique talents,\nlike Roland the Farter,"
},
{
"duration": 2.168,
"start": 99.137,
"text": "of Henry II’s 12th Century court."
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 101.556,
"text": "Every Christmas,\nhe performed a special routine,"
},
{
"duration": 3.795,
"start": 104.1,
"text": "the finale of which was\na simultaneous jump, whistle, and fart."
},
{
"duration": 3.7960000000000003,
"start": 109.772,
"text": "Additionally, jesters could influence\nimportant decisions."
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 113.568,
"text": "For example,\nif the clowns of the Tübatulabal nation"
},
{
"duration": 1.6680000000000001,
"start": 116.821,
"text": "of the Sierra Nevada mountains"
},
{
"duration": 1.919,
"start": 118.489,
"text": "thought a chief was leading poorly,"
},
{
"duration": 3.044,
"start": 120.408,
"text": "they could apparently\nget the elders to appoint a new one."
},
{
"duration": 4.797,
"start": 123.619,
"text": "And, of course, Jing Xinmo knew\nhow to sway the Chinese emperor."
},
{
"duration": 4.88,
"start": 128.499,
"text": "A local magistrate once requested\nthat the emperor stop trampling farmland"
},
{
"duration": 1.5430000000000001,
"start": 133.379,
"text": "during his hunting sprees."
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 135.339,
"text": "Infuriated, the emperor\nhad the magistrate hauled before him."
},
{
"duration": 5.172,
"start": 139.677,
"text": "Jing facetiously suggested that\nthe magistrate be put to death immediately"
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 144.849,
"text": "and that the emperor\nlet the peasants starve"
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 147.435,
"text": "instead of harvesting the land\nand paying taxes,"
},
{
"duration": 2.669,
"start": 150.021,
"text": "all so he could gallop about freely."
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 153.524,
"text": "Presumably seeing the absurdity\nof his own behavior,"
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 156.527,
"text": "the emperor laughed \nand pardoned the magistrate."
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 159.697,
"text": "In 1596, a French man\nwas condemned to death."
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 163.534,
"text": "But Mathurine, one of the relatively few\nfemale jesters on record,"
},
{
"duration": 2.253,
"start": 167.955,
"text": "intervened in return for payment."
},
{
"duration": 4.087,
"start": 170.416,
"text": "With her help, the man’s wife\nsuccessfully pleaded with King Henry IV"
},
{
"duration": 1.252,
"start": 174.503,
"text": "for her husband’s life."
},
{
"duration": 4.755,
"start": 176.505,
"text": "Although rare, jesters were\nsometimes fired or even killed"
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 181.26,
"text": "for taking their mockery or criticism\ntoo far."
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 184.931,
"text": "In 1638, Scottish jester Archy Armstrong"
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 188.643,
"text": "worsened his already\ncontentious relationship"
},
{
"duration": 2.169,
"start": 191.479,
"text": "with the Archbishop of Canterbury."
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 193.94,
"text": "The Archbishop had recently revised\nthe Scottish Book of Common Prayer—"
},
{
"duration": 4.504,
"start": 197.777,
"text": "an act that garnered strong opposition\nand incited riots."
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 202.448,
"text": "Taking the opportunity\nto further humiliate him,"
},
{
"duration": 3.6710000000000003,
"start": 205.701,
"text": "Archy asked the Archbishop,\n“Who’s the fool now?”"
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 209.497,
"text": "For which he was banished from the court."
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 212.291,
"text": "Three years later,\nafter the Archbishop’s arrest,"
},
{
"duration": 3.087,
"start": 215.878,
"text": "a pamphlet began circulating\nthat ridiculed him,"
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 218.965,
"text": "which was said to be the work\nof none other than Archy."
},
{
"duration": 5.38,
"start": 222.677,
"text": "Meanwhile, some jesters openly mocked\ntheir royal bosses without consequence."
},
{
"duration": 5.13,
"start": 228.182,
"text": "11th century Persian jester Talhak\nsuggested the sultan was a cuckold,"
},
{
"duration": 2.503,
"start": 233.312,
"text": "implying his wife was unfaithful to him."
},
{
"duration": 3.461,
"start": 236.274,
"text": "One day, as the sultan rested\nhis head on Talhak’s knee,"
},
{
"duration": 4.213,
"start": 240.027,
"text": "he is said to have inquired,\n“What is your relation to cuckolds?”"
},
{
"duration": 3.212,
"start": 244.49,
"text": "To which Talhak replied,\n“I am their pillow.”"
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 248.536,
"text": "And when 19th century Persian shah asked\nwhether there was a food shortage,"
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 252.957,
"text": "jester Karim Shir’ei joked,"
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 255.376,
"text": "“Yes, I see Your Majesty is eating\nonly five times a day.”"
},
{
"duration": 3.504,
"start": 259.755,
"text": "Even when rulers were considered\ndivinely appointed,"
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 263.259,
"text": "some jesters managed to speak truth\ndirectly to power,"
},
{
"duration": 3.461,
"start": 267.013,
"text": "and reveal— in so many riddles,\njokes, or skits—"
},
{
"duration": 1.794,
"start": 270.474,
"text": "who the real fools were."
}
] |
ilQKTIu2V1E
|
Why was the Rosetta Stone so important? - Franziska Naether
|
Dig into how scholars decoded the writing on the Rosetta Stone, and how this helped them understand ancient hieroglyphs.
--
For centuries, scholars puzzled over the hieroglyphs they found carved onto ancient Egyptian ruins, tablets, and papyri. But in 1799, a unique discovery would finally help unlock their meaning. It was a stone inscribed with three different texts: Egyptian Hieroglyphs, Demotic Egyptian, and Ancient Greek. Franziska Naether shares how scholars decoded the ancient message of the Rosetta Stone.
Lesson by Franziska Naether, directed by Tim Rauch.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
----------------------------------------------
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Check out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop
----------------------------------------------
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----------------------------------------------
Sign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter
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----------------------------------------------
Keep Learning
----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/why-was-the-rosetta-stone-so-important-franziska-naether
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/why-was-the-rosetta-stone-so-important-franziska-naether/digdeeper
Animator's website: https://www.instagram.com/tim_rauch
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Hans Peng, Gaurav Mathur, Erik Biemans, Tony, Michelle, Katie and Josh Pedretti, Hoai Nam Tran, Kack-Kyun Kim, Michael Braun-Boghos, zjweele13, Anna-Pitschna Kunz, Edla Paniguel, Thomas Mungavan, Jaron Blackburn, Venkat Venkatakrishnan, ReuniteKorea, Aaron Henson, Rohan Gupta, Begum Tutuncu, Brian Richards, Jørgen Østerpart, Tyron Jung, Carsten Tobehn, Katie Dean, Ezgi Yersu, Gerald Onyango, alessandra tasso, Doreen Reynolds-Consolati, Manognya Chakrapani, Ayala Ron, Eunsun Kim, Phyllis Dubrow, Ophelia Gibson Best, Paul Schneider, Joichiro Yamada, Henrique Cassús, Karthik Cherala, Clarence E. Harper Jr., Vignan Velivela, Ana Maria, Exal Enrique Cisneros Tuch, Tejas Dc, Khalifa Alhulail, Martin Stephen, Jose Henrique Leopoldo e Silva, Mandeep Singh, Abhijit Kiran Valluri, Morgan Williams, Devin Harris, Pavel Zalevskiy, Karen Goepen-Wee and Filip Dabrowski.
|
2024-03-14T15:01:33Z
|
[
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 7.086,
"text": "“Do you remember my grudge\nfrom these past days?”"
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 10.089,
"text": "cried Asano Naganori,\nlord of Akō domain,"
},
{
"duration": 4.38,
"start": 12.925,
"text": "his gaze fixed on Kira Yoshinaka,\na senior master of ceremony."
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 17.43,
"text": "Asano extended his short sword,\ncharged through the castle corridor,"
},
{
"duration": 1.46,
"start": 21.726,
"text": "and struck Kira."
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 23.311,
"text": "While the wound wasn’t fatal,\nits consequences would be."
},
{
"duration": 5.714,
"start": 27.19,
"text": "The incident took place in April 1701\nin Edo, Japan— modern-day Tokyo."
},
{
"duration": 4.213,
"start": 32.987,
"text": "The Tokugawa military government had\ngained power about a century before."
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 37.241,
"text": "This ushered in a period\nof peace and stability"
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 40.286,
"text": "following the Warring States\nor Sengoku era,"
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 43.831,
"text": "which was marked by constant\nbloodshed and conflict"
},
{
"duration": 2.503,
"start": 46.959,
"text": "wrought by warlords and their samurai."
},
{
"duration": 1.251,
"start": 49.629,
"text": "To secure their rule,"
},
{
"duration": 3.795,
"start": 50.88,
"text": "the Tokugawa government aimed\nto tame the samurai class."
},
{
"duration": 5.255,
"start": 54.717,
"text": "Individual samurai carried two swords\nand served a single lord till death,"
},
{
"duration": 4.338,
"start": 60.139,
"text": "but their duties became primarily\nbureaucratic and administrative."
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 64.644,
"text": "Meanwhile, Tokugawa legal practice\nstipulated that both sides"
},
{
"duration": 2.92,
"start": 68.189,
"text": "would be disciplined\nin the event of a violent quarrel."
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 71.4,
"text": "However, when officials convened following\nAsano's attack on Kira,"
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 75.446,
"text": "they decided to punish only Asano,\nthe incident’s perpetrator."
},
{
"duration": 4.63,
"start": 80.159,
"text": "They ordered Asano to commit seppuku,\nor ritual suicide."
},
{
"duration": 1.585,
"start": 84.914,
"text": "But they didn’t stop there."
},
{
"duration": 3.254,
"start": 86.707,
"text": "They also commanded the seizure\nof Asano’s castle,"
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 89.961,
"text": "the disbandment of his house,\nand the arrest of his younger brother."
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 94.006,
"text": "The news traveled quickly\nback to Asano’s domain."
},
{
"duration": 4.379,
"start": 97.135,
"text": "Overnight, the roughly 300 samurai\nin Asano’s retainer band"
},
{
"duration": 3.503,
"start": 101.514,
"text": "found themselves dispossessed\nof their homes and stipends"
},
{
"duration": 3.5460000000000003,
"start": 105.017,
"text": "and turned into rōnin,\nor masterless samurai."
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 109.105,
"text": "They didn’t know why Asano attacked Kira—\nno one did."
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 112.525,
"text": "Some have speculated that Asano\nrefused to pay a bribe to Kira,"
},
{
"duration": 2.669,
"start": 116.154,
"text": "who was supposed to be guiding him\nin proper etiquette,"
},
{
"duration": 1.71,
"start": 118.823,
"text": "so Kira humiliated him;"
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 120.95,
"text": "others, that Asano had simply “gone mad.”"
},
{
"duration": 3.044,
"start": 124.412,
"text": "This left the samurai of Akō domain\nin crisis,"
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 127.456,
"text": "facing a tension that lay at the very\nheart of the Tokugawa period."
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 131.794,
"text": "They were a privileged class of warriors"
},
{
"duration": 5.714,
"start": 134.338,
"text": "inundated with epic legends of samurai\nloyalty, heroism, and martial glory."
},
{
"duration": 2.502,
"start": 140.178,
"text": "But they were forbidden\nfrom using violence—"
},
{
"duration": 3.504,
"start": 142.68,
"text": "their traditional role at once\ncelebrated and restricted."
},
{
"duration": 4.463,
"start": 146.684,
"text": "Some of Asano’s samurai said they should\npeacefully comply with government orders;"
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 151.147,
"text": "others, that they should immediately\nfollow their lord into death."
},
{
"duration": 3.086,
"start": 154.859,
"text": "One faction, led by Horibe Yasubei,"
},
{
"duration": 4.546,
"start": 158.112,
"text": "argued that they must see their lord’s\napparent wishes through by killing Kira,"
},
{
"duration": 3.129,
"start": 162.783,
"text": "claiming that so long as Asano’s enemy\nwas alive,"
},
{
"duration": 1.584,
"start": 165.912,
"text": "they were dishonored."
},
{
"duration": 4.713,
"start": 167.622,
"text": "However, the effective leader\nof Akō domain’s samurai, Ōishi Yoshio,"
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 172.418,
"text": "believed that if they complied\nwith official orders,"
},
{
"duration": 5.255,
"start": 175.254,
"text": "Tokugawa authorities might show mercy\nand permit Asano’s brother to succeed him."
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 180.76,
"text": "So, the samurai peacefully\nsurrendered the castle."
},
{
"duration": 4.463,
"start": 183.721,
"text": "But their hopes were dashed when Tokugawa\nofficials placed Asano’s brother"
},
{
"duration": 1.96,
"start": 188.184,
"text": "in another family’s custody,"
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 190.186,
"text": "leaving them without a path\nto restore their status."
},
{
"duration": 2.169,
"start": 193.773,
"text": "Most accepted the government’s terms."
},
{
"duration": 6.506,
"start": 195.942,
"text": "But in the end, 47 of Asano’s samurai,\nincluding Horibe and Ōishi, didn’t."
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 202.615,
"text": "And instead of formally asking permission\nto take revenge"
},
{
"duration": 2.043,
"start": 205.493,
"text": "via the government’s vendetta system,"
},
{
"duration": 3.212,
"start": 207.536,
"text": "they began plotting to kill Kira covertly."
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 211.499,
"text": "Almost two years after Asano’s death,"
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 214.043,
"text": "the rōnin, led by Ōishi,\nbroke into Kira’s residence"
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 217.588,
"text": "and killed 16 of his samurai\nand wounded 23 others"
},
{
"duration": 2.336,
"start": 221.717,
"text": "before beheading Kira himself."
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 224.262,
"text": "They presented Kira's head\nat Asano's grave,"
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 227.098,
"text": "then surrendered to the\nTokugawa officials,"
},
{
"duration": 4.546,
"start": 229.767,
"text": "justifying their violence by saying they\ncouldn't live under the same heaven"
},
{
"duration": 1.627,
"start": 234.313,
"text": "as their lord’s enemy."
},
{
"duration": 5.088,
"start": 236.274,
"text": "The rōnin’s actions created considerable\nproblems for the Tokugawa government."
},
{
"duration": 3.087,
"start": 241.612,
"text": "The rōnin had broken the peace\nand a range of laws."
},
{
"duration": 4.963,
"start": 244.699,
"text": "But authorities also knew the importance\nof honor and loyalty among samurai."
},
{
"duration": 4.546,
"start": 249.787,
"text": "After weeks of deliberations, officials\ndecided the rōnin could be praised—"
},
{
"duration": 1.71,
"start": 254.333,
"text": "but must be punished."
},
{
"duration": 2.127,
"start": 256.043,
"text": "They were permitted to commit seppuku,"
},
{
"duration": 4.63,
"start": 258.17,
"text": "which offered them honorable deaths,\nand they were laid to rest next to Asano."
},
{
"duration": 2.92,
"start": 263.384,
"text": "But their story soon morphed into legend."
},
{
"duration": 2.795,
"start": 266.345,
"text": "Within weeks, it was dramatized\nfor the stage."
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 269.14,
"text": "And soon after, scholars began\ndebating the rōnin’s actions,"
},
{
"duration": 3.586,
"start": 273.019,
"text": "some praising them\nas perfectly loyal and dutiful samurai;"
},
{
"duration": 2.795,
"start": 276.605,
"text": "others condemning them\nas delusional criminals."
},
{
"duration": 1.919,
"start": 279.525,
"text": "Over the next three centuries,"
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 281.444,
"text": "Japan continued examining\nand adapting the story—"
},
{
"duration": 2.8369999999999997,
"start": 285.197,
"text": "in theater, film, propaganda, and beyond—"
},
{
"duration": 4.838,
"start": 288.034,
"text": "grappling with the tensions\nbetween law and culture, past and present,"
},
{
"duration": 2.335,
"start": 292.872,
"text": "and repeatedly relitigating the incident"
},
{
"duration": 3.254,
"start": 295.207,
"text": "long after an official verdict\nwas rendered."
}
] |
eEWa7cpiyD8
|
One of the world’s oldest condiments - Dan Kwartler
|
Trace the history of ketchup, from the condiment’s origins in 3rd century China to becoming a staple of American cuisine.
--
In the mid-18th century, England was crazy for ketchup. The sauce was a staple, but this ketchup wasn’t the ubiquitous red goop you’re familiar with today. In fact, it was a sweet and savory brown sauce that didn’t even have tomatoes in it. So where did this early ketchup come from, and how did it become the dip we know and love? Dan Kwartler traces the condiment's history.
Lesson by Dan Kwartler, directed by Denys Spolitak.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
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Support us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon
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View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/one-of-the-world-s-oldest-condiments-dan-kwartler
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/one-of-the-world-s-oldest-condiments-dan-kwartler/digdeeper
Animator's website: https://vimeo.com/denysspolitak
Music: https://www.workplaywork.com
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Po Foon Kwong, Boffin, Jesse Jurman, Scott Markley, Elija Peterson, Ovidiu Mrd, paul g mohney, Steven Razey, Nathan Giusti, Helen Lee, Anthony Benedict, Karthik Balsubramanian, Annastasshia Ames, Amy Lopez, Vinh-Thuy Nguyen, Liz Candee, Ugur Doga Sezgin, Karmi Nguyen, John C. Vesey, Yelena Baykova, Nick Johnson, Carlos H. Costa, Jennifer Kurkoski, Ryan B Harvey, Akinola Emmanuel, Jose Arcadio Valdes Franco, Sebastiaan Vleugels, Karl Laius, JY Kang, Abhishek Goel, Heidi Stolt, Nicole Sund, Karlee Finch, Mario Mejia, Denise A Pitts, Doug Henry, Keven Webb, Mihai Sandu, Deepak Iyer, Javid Gozalov, Kyanta Yap, Rebecca Reineke, William Biersdorf, Patricia Alves Panagides, Yvette Mocete, Cyrus Garay, Samuel Barbas, LadyGeek, Marin Kovachev and Penelope Misquitta.
|
2024-03-12T15:01:41Z
|
[
{
"duration": 3.087,
"start": 6.961,
"text": "While most people avoid spending\nthe night in jail,"
},
{
"duration": 2.919,
"start": 10.048,
"text": "Jean Béliveau jumped at the opportunity."
},
{
"duration": 4.463,
"start": 13.217,
"text": "For the past three years, Béliveau had\nbeen walking from country to country,"
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 17.764,
"text": "with the goal of circumnavigating\nthe globe on foot."
},
{
"duration": 1.919,
"start": 21.684,
"text": "This required sleeping in tents,"
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 23.603,
"text": "strangers’ homes, and the\noccasional jail cell along the way."
},
{
"duration": 3.086,
"start": 27.565,
"text": "But this morning, as Béliveau\nwas ready to leave,"
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 30.735,
"text": "the police chief, who had agreed\nto his sleeping arrangement,"
},
{
"duration": 4.63,
"start": 34.113,
"text": "was nowhere to be found,\nand the guards weren’t buying his story."
},
{
"duration": 4.629,
"start": 39.494,
"text": "Few people have the time or desire\nto walk such extreme lengths."
},
{
"duration": 4.463,
"start": 44.248,
"text": "However, research shows that adding even\na modest amount of walking"
},
{
"duration": 3.7960000000000003,
"start": 48.711,
"text": "to your daily routine can\ndramatically improve your health."
},
{
"duration": 5.13,
"start": 52.84,
"text": "So, what exactly happens to your body\nwhen you increase your daily step count?"
},
{
"duration": 2.794,
"start": 58.346,
"text": "A single afternoon stroll\ncan improve your mood"
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 61.14,
"text": "and ease symptoms of anxiety\nand depression."
},
{
"duration": 2.7119999999999997,
"start": 64.393,
"text": "Walking, especially at a brisk pace,"
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 67.188,
"text": "is thought to trigger the release\nof pain-relieving endorphins"
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 70.733,
"text": "and curb the release of the stress\nhormone cortisol."
},
{
"duration": 4.838,
"start": 74.779,
"text": "Within weeks of adding more steps\nto your routine, your body adapts."
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 79.784,
"text": "While it may seem simple, walking\nrequires the coordination and effort"
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 84.08,
"text": "of many muscles in your legs,\ntorso, and back."
},
{
"duration": 2.627,
"start": 87.667,
"text": "To keep up with the increase\nin energy demand,"
},
{
"duration": 4.797,
"start": 90.294,
"text": "the vessels around these muscles are\nremodeled to deliver more oxygen."
},
{
"duration": 4.546,
"start": 95.133,
"text": "At the same time, your heart becomes\nmore efficient at pumping blood."
},
{
"duration": 3.254,
"start": 100.012,
"text": "In a few months, these changes\ncan lower your blood pressure"
},
{
"duration": 3.169,
"start": 103.266,
"text": "and reduce your risk\nof heart attack and stroke."
},
{
"duration": 4.755,
"start": 106.769,
"text": "Carrying the weight of your body\nas you walk places stress on the bones."
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 111.774,
"text": "But this stress actually makes\nthe bones stronger,"
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 115.361,
"text": "as it stimulates the absorption\nof calcium and minerals."
},
{
"duration": 4.588,
"start": 119.031,
"text": "That's why years of consistent walking\ncan help retain bone density,"
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 123.703,
"text": "which usually declines with age."
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 126.414,
"text": "Building a lifelong walking habit\ncomes with many other benefits,"
},
{
"duration": 4.839,
"start": 130.751,
"text": "from aiding in weight management\nto reducing your risk for type 2 diabetes,"
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 135.715,
"text": "numerous cancers, and dementia."
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 138.384,
"text": "Simply put, walking is exercise."
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 141.429,
"text": "And unlike other forms,\nit doesn’t require equipment,"
},
{
"duration": 4.838,
"start": 144.891,
"text": "and is often more accessible to people\nof varying ages and fitness levels."
},
{
"duration": 5.005,
"start": 149.979,
"text": "While activity trackers usually bill\n10,000 steps as the ideal benchmark,"
},
{
"duration": 5.881,
"start": 155.109,
"text": "studies show that any increase in steps\nper day can yield health benefits."
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 161.699,
"text": "And these steps don't need\nto be taken continuously."
},
{
"duration": 2.377,
"start": 164.994,
"text": "For those who live\nin walkable neighborhoods,"
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 167.371,
"text": "steps are easily accumulated\nthroughout the day;"
},
{
"duration": 3.7960000000000003,
"start": 170.666,
"text": "walking to work, to pick up groceries,\nor to meet with friends."
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 174.629,
"text": "And living where shops and amenities\nare easy to get to on foot"
},
{
"duration": 2.043,
"start": 178.633,
"text": "comes with its own set of perks."
},
{
"duration": 4.045,
"start": 180.76,
"text": "Residents in these communities are\noften less reliant on vehicles,"
},
{
"duration": 2.502,
"start": 184.931,
"text": "which translates to improved air quality"
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 187.433,
"text": "and reduced local greenhouse\ngas emissions."
},
{
"duration": 2.795,
"start": 190.686,
"text": "And it can even change the way\nyou see the world."
},
{
"duration": 2.252,
"start": 193.606,
"text": "One study of seniors in Hong Kong"
},
{
"duration": 2.92,
"start": 195.858,
"text": "found that those living in more\nwalkable neighborhoods"
},
{
"duration": 3.92,
"start": 198.778,
"text": "reported feeling less loneliness\nand more life satisfaction"
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 202.823,
"text": "than those living in less\nwalkable neighborhoods."
},
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 206.535,
"text": "So, why doesn’t everyone just walk more?"
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 209.58,
"text": "One big reason is that many people\ndon’t have access"
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 213.125,
"text": "to safe, well-maintained places to stroll."
},
{
"duration": 2.503,
"start": 216.17,
"text": "Despite the known benefits of walking,"
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 218.756,
"text": "many cities and towns have been designed\nwith only driving in mind."
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 223.261,
"text": "State and local governments across the\nglobe often prioritize"
},
{
"duration": 4.379,
"start": 227.265,
"text": "funding for highways and roads\nover sidewalks and public parks."
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 231.852,
"text": "And even when walkable spaces exist,"
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 234.313,
"text": "the routes to get to them aren’t\nalways pedestrian-friendly."
},
{
"duration": 4.546,
"start": 238.192,
"text": "In the US, residential and commercial\nareas are typically zoned separately"
},
{
"duration": 3.379,
"start": 242.738,
"text": "and often only connected by busy roadways."
},
{
"duration": 3.379,
"start": 246.742,
"text": "But there are ways to make places\nmore foot-friendly."
},
{
"duration": 5.339,
"start": 250.329,
"text": "In 2013, Vancouver city officials opened\nthe Comox-Helmcken Greenway,"
},
{
"duration": 1.71,
"start": 255.668,
"text": "taking a two-kilometer road"
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 257.378,
"text": "and converting it into a walkable\nand bikeable space."
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 260.923,
"text": "Studies found that after opening,"
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 263.384,
"text": "people living close to the greenway\ngot more exercise,"
},
{
"duration": 3.503,
"start": 266.679,
"text": "reduced their daily car trips by 23%,"
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 270.308,
"text": "and cut their personal greenhouse\ngas emissions by 21%."
},
{
"duration": 2.127,
"start": 274.854,
"text": "And even small measures can help."
},
{
"duration": 2.585,
"start": 277.023,
"text": "In places like Bethel, Vermont,\nfor example, "
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 279.608,
"text": "community members have improved\nthe walkability of their downtowns"
},
{
"duration": 4.838,
"start": 283.07,
"text": "by adding simple features like painted\ncrosswalks and curb extensions."
},
{
"duration": 3.963,
"start": 288.617,
"text": "As for Béliveau, the guards\neventually let him out."
},
{
"duration": 5.672,
"start": 292.747,
"text": "He’d walk over 75,000 kilometers in total\nto complete his journey."
},
{
"duration": 5.547,
"start": 298.753,
"text": "But it’s clear you don’t have to take\nquite this many steps to see an impact."
}
] |
5EsICTVo2dM
|
5 philosophers on anger - Delaney Thull
|
Explore different philosophers’ ideas about anger and dig into their theories on how we should handle this complicated emotion.
--
Anger is a complicated emotion. It can feel reasonable and righteous or impulsive and uncontrollable. Anger can be an important part of letting us know when something immoral is happening, but finding the right response to those psychological alarm bells can be tricky. So, is it ever right to be angry? And if so, when? Delaney Thull takes a philosophical look at this powerful emotion.
Lesson by Delaney Thull, directed by Cara Watson.
This video made possible in collaboration with the Parr Center for Ethics
Learn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartners
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
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----------------------------------------------
Keep Learning
----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/when-is-anger-justified-a-philosophical-inquiry-delaney-thull
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/when-is-anger-justified-a-philosophical-inquiry-delaney-thull/digdeeper
Animator's website: https://cara-watson.com
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Olivia Fu, Kari Teffeau, Cindy Lai, Rajath Durgada Manjunath, Dan Nguyen, Chin Beng Tan, Tom Boman, Karen Warner, Iryna Panasiuk, Aaron Torres, Eric Braun, Sonja Worzewski, Michael Clement, Adam Berry, Ghaith Tarawneh, Nathan Milford, Tomas Beckett, Alice Ice, Eric Berman, Kurt Paolo Sevillano, Jennifer Heald, Megulo Abebe, isolwi, Kate Sem, Ujjwal Dasu, Angel Alberici, Minh Quan Dinh, Sylvain, Terran Gimpel, Talia Sari, Katie McDowell, Allen, Mahina Knuckles, Charmaine Hanson, Thawsitt, Jezabel, Abdullah Abdulaziz, Xiao Yu, Melissa Suarez, Brian A. Dunn, Francisco Amaya, Daisuke Goto, Matt Switzler, Peng, Tzu-Hsiang, Bethany Connor, Jeremy Shimanek, Mark Byers, Avinash Amarnath, Xuebicoco and Rayo.
|
2024-03-07T16:00:41Z
|
[
{
"duration": 4.546,
"start": 7.754,
"text": "Soft percussion and a toasty scent mark\nthe violent transformation"
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 12.3,
"text": "of tough seeds into cloud-like puffs."
},
{
"duration": 3.7960000000000003,
"start": 15.928,
"text": "This is the almost magical process\nof popcorn-making."
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 20.391,
"text": "But how did we actually \nend up with this whimsical food?"
},
{
"duration": 5.631,
"start": 24.854,
"text": "All the corn eaten today is derived \nfrom a tall grass called teosinte,"
},
{
"duration": 3.211,
"start": 30.61,
"text": "which Indigenous people \nin what is now southern Mexico"
},
{
"duration": 3.7960000000000003,
"start": 33.821,
"text": "began selectively breeding\nabout 9,000 years ago."
},
{
"duration": 6.298,
"start": 38.242,
"text": "An ear of teosinte originally yielded \nsomewhere between 5 and 12 small kernels,"
},
{
"duration": 2.9619999999999997,
"start": 44.54,
"text": "each with a hard shell called a pericarp."
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 47.877,
"text": "And some varieties had\na fantastic feature:"
},
{
"duration": 4.212,
"start": 51.464,
"text": "if they reached a certain temperature,\ntheir kernels exploded."
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 56.385,
"text": "Popcorn kernels pop \nbecause water and starch"
},
{
"duration": 2.628,
"start": 59.68,
"text": "are sealed tightly within the pericarp."
},
{
"duration": 3.9210000000000003,
"start": 62.85,
"text": "When heated, \nthe moisture inside becomes steam."
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 66.771,
"text": "As it expands, it increases \nthe internal pressure"
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 70.525,
"text": "and the solid starch transforms\ninto a gel-like substance."
},
{
"duration": 4.629,
"start": 75.113,
"text": "The pressure finally overcomes\nthe pericarp’s resistance and it bursts—"
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 79.867,
"text": "the steam and starch expanding \nto form a foam"
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 83.204,
"text": "that quickly cools and dries in the air."
},
{
"duration": 4.463,
"start": 86.749,
"text": "From this small-scale explosion \nalso rush forth the compounds"
},
{
"duration": 2.92,
"start": 91.212,
"text": "that give popcorn its powerful aroma."
},
{
"duration": 4.338,
"start": 94.465,
"text": "Ancient Indigenous American people\ncultivated other maize varieties"
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 98.803,
"text": "with larger, more flavorful kernels\nand thinner pericarps."
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 102.807,
"text": "But the hard-shelled, poppable\nvariety also persisted"
},
{
"duration": 2.252,
"start": 107.061,
"text": "and spread through parts of the Americas."
},
{
"duration": 4.13,
"start": 110.022,
"text": "By the time European colonizers\narrived in the late 1400s,"
},
{
"duration": 5.171,
"start": 114.152,
"text": "Indigenous American people were preparing\nand eating corn in myriad manners."
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 119.657,
"text": "Popcorn wasn’t a major\npart of their diets."
},
{
"duration": 2.669,
"start": 122.535,
"text": "But it popped up in European accounts,"
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 125.204,
"text": "which described the preparation\nof “toasted” or “parched” corn"
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 129.375,
"text": "and its use in some Aztec\nfeasts and celebrations."
},
{
"duration": 1.877,
"start": 133.254,
"text": "Despite initial reluctance,"
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 135.131,
"text": "colonizers eventually began cultivating—\nand popping— corn."
},
{
"duration": 3.503,
"start": 140.011,
"text": "The methods they used at first\nwere inconsistent and messy."
},
{
"duration": 5.38,
"start": 143.681,
"text": "But with the invention of \n“wire over the fire” baskets around 1837,"
},
{
"duration": 1.585,
"start": 149.061,
"text": "the process got easier."
},
{
"duration": 2.252,
"start": 150.98,
"text": "Soon, popcorn picked up steam"
},
{
"duration": 4.088,
"start": 153.232,
"text": "and exploded with a reputation\nas a low-cost, entertaining snack."
},
{
"duration": 1.501,
"start": 157.737,
"text": "Over the following decades,"
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 159.238,
"text": "it became a mainstay at events and\nhundreds of recipes materialized,"
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 163.618,
"text": "mixing popcorn with sweet\nand savory ingredients."
},
{
"duration": 2.46,
"start": 167.205,
"text": "But popcorn hadn't yet reached its height."
},
{
"duration": 5.881,
"start": 169.999,
"text": "At the 1893 World’s Fair, an inventor\nshowcased the first popcorn machine:"
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 176.38,
"text": "a wagon that tossed popcorn\nin seasoning as it cooked."
},
{
"duration": 5.672,
"start": 180.76,
"text": "Soon enough, vendors could be seen roving\nUS city streets with similar machines."
},
{
"duration": 4.546,
"start": 186.974,
"text": "Interestingly, movie theaters\nwere some of the only American venues"
},
{
"duration": 2.795,
"start": 191.52,
"text": "where you wouldn’t find popcorn \nat the time."
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 194.69,
"text": "Many cinema operators saw \ntheir establishments"
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 197.568,
"text": "as part of a grand theater tradition\nat odds with popcorn—"
},
{
"duration": 3.211,
"start": 201.197,
"text": "what they considered a messy,\nlow-brow street food."
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 204.951,
"text": "However, when the Great Depression\nhit in 1929,"
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 208.663,
"text": "movies provided the public \nwith a welcome distraction."
},
{
"duration": 4.922,
"start": 212.041,
"text": "And they had recently gone from being\nsilent and subtitled to acquiring sound,"
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 217.088,
"text": "making them accessible \nto a wider audience,"
},
{
"duration": 2.043,
"start": 219.799,
"text": "including non-literate people."
},
{
"duration": 2.293,
"start": 222.26,
"text": "At about five or ten cents a bag,"
},
{
"duration": 3.713,
"start": 224.553,
"text": "popcorn proved an inexpensive luxury\nfor moviegoers,"
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 228.266,
"text": "so theater operators pounced \non the money-making opportunity."
},
{
"duration": 4.964,
"start": 232.311,
"text": "Today, a medium bag of popcorn might\ncost about 60 cents to make,"
},
{
"duration": 5.38,
"start": 237.275,
"text": "but retail for around $6—\na 1,000% markup."
},
{
"duration": 4.963,
"start": 243.489,
"text": "Popcorn sales generate nearly 40%\nof all movie theater profits,"
},
{
"duration": 4.338,
"start": 248.452,
"text": "helping to offset the high prices\nthat theaters pay film studios."
},
{
"duration": 4.462,
"start": 253.124,
"text": "Over the last century, people throughout\nthe Americas continued popping corn,"
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 257.586,
"text": "and different preparations took\nhold in markets worldwide."
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 262.3,
"text": "When microwavable popcorn was launched \nin the 1980s,"
},
{
"duration": 2.335,
"start": 266.262,
"text": "popcorn popped off yet again."
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 268.973,
"text": "Dozens of kinds of popcorn are\nnow grown in the US."
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 272.476,
"text": "Different strains assume distinctive\nshapes when their kernels explode,"
},
{
"duration": 4.087,
"start": 276.731,
"text": "most commonly taking so-called\n“mushroom” and “butterfly” forms."
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 281.11,
"text": "And they’ve been bred \nfor supreme poppability."
},
{
"duration": 4.546,
"start": 284.53,
"text": "Over the last century, the amount \nthat popcorn expands has doubled:"
},
{
"duration": 5.547,
"start": 289.285,
"text": "now, kernels can reach up to 50 times\ntheir original size upon popping."
},
{
"duration": 2.795,
"start": 295.082,
"text": "Not to be corny, \nbut popcorn’s come a long way."
},
{
"duration": 3.5460000000000003,
"start": 300.504,
"text": "This video was made possible with support\nfrom Marriott Hotels."
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 304.091,
"text": "With over 590 hotels and resorts \nacross the globe,"
},
{
"duration": 4.13,
"start": 307.928,
"text": "Marriott Hotels celebrates the curiosity\nthat propels us to travel."
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 312.266,
"text": "Check out some of the exciting ways \nTED-Ed and Marriott are working together"
},
{
"duration": 2.795,
"start": 316.27,
"text": "and book your next journey\nat Marriott Hotels."
}
] |
MzzOKh6gbGg
|
How humanity got hooked on coffee - Jonathan Morris
|
Trace the history of coffee, from its first known origins to its rise in popularity due to trade routes and cultivation.
--
One day around 850 CE, a goatherd observed that his goats started acting abnormally after nibbling on some berries. The herder tried them himself, and soon enough, he was just as hyper. As the story goes, this was humanity’s first run-in with coffee. So, how did coffee go from humble plant to one of the world's most consumed beverages? Jonathan Morris traces the history of this energizing elixir.
Lesson by Jonathan Morris, directed by Harry Tennant.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
----------------------------------------------
Support us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon
Check out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop
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Connect With Us
----------------------------------------------
Sign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter
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Keep Learning
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View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-humanity-got-hooked-on-coffee-jonathan-morris
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-humanity-got-hooked-on-coffee-jonathan-morris/digdeeper
Animator's website: https://harrytennant.co.uk
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Mac Hyney, Keith Ellison, robin valero walters, Lynne Truesdale, Gatsby Dkdc, Matthew Neal, Denis Chon, Julian Oberhofer, Monte Carroll, Eddy, Jay M, Constantino Victor Delgado, Andrea Galvagni, Andrew Tweddle, Laurel-Ann Rice, Fernando A. Endo, Helen Lee, pam morgan, sarim haq, Gerardo Castro, Michel-Ange Hortegat, Enes Kirimi, Amaury BISIAUX, ND, Samyogita Hardikar, Vanessa Graulich, Vandana Gunwani, Abdulmohsin Almadi, AJ Lyon, Geoffrey Bultitude, Mi Mi, Thomas Rothert, Brian Elieson, Oge O, Weronika Falkowska, Nevin Spoljaric, Sid Chanpuriya, Anoop Varghese, David Yastremski, Noah Webb, Roberto Chena, Oliver Koo, Luke Pisano, Andrea Gordon, Aleksandar Donev, Nicole Klau Ibarra, Jesse Lira, Ezekiel Raui, Petr Vacek and Dennis.
|
2024-03-05T16:01:19Z
|
[
{
"duration": 3.129,
"start": 7.628,
"text": "In the 5th century, \nGreek physician Hippocrates,"
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 10.757,
"text": "creator of the Hippocratic Oath,\nwas sailing with a very ill shipmaster."
},
{
"duration": 2.335,
"start": 15.178,
"text": "The captain was suffering\na nasty infection"
},
{
"duration": 3.9210000000000003,
"start": 17.513,
"text": "that caused his jaws to press together,\nhis teeth to lock up,"
},
{
"duration": 2.336,
"start": 21.434,
"text": "and the muscles in his neck and spine\nto spasm."
},
{
"duration": 2.503,
"start": 24.562,
"text": "Hippocrates dutifully recorded\nthese symptoms,"
},
{
"duration": 2.502,
"start": 27.065,
"text": "but he was unable to treat\nthe mysterious disease."
},
{
"duration": 3.504,
"start": 29.567,
"text": "And six days later,\nthe shipmaster succumbed to his illness."
},
{
"duration": 3.878,
"start": 34.072,
"text": "Today, we know this account to be one\nof the first recorded cases of tetanus,"
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 37.992,
"text": "and thankfully, modern physicians\nare much more prepared"
},
{
"duration": 2.002,
"start": 41.12,
"text": "to handle this peculiar infection. "
},
{
"duration": 4.629,
"start": 43.498,
"text": "Unlike other common bacterial infections\nlike tuberculosis and strep throat,"
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 48.169,
"text": "tetanus doesn’t pass\nfrom person to person."
},
{
"duration": 4.338,
"start": 51.005,
"text": "Instead, the offending bacterium,\nknown as Clostridium tetani,"
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 55.343,
"text": "infects the body\nthrough cuts and abrasions."
},
{
"duration": 3.6710000000000003,
"start": 58.137,
"text": "These infection sites are why tetanus\nis so strongly associated"
},
{
"duration": 3.795,
"start": 61.808,
"text": "with rusty nails and scrap metal,\nwhich can cause such wounds,"
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 66.187,
"text": "but the condition's connection to rust\nis actually much less direct."
},
{
"duration": 5.047,
"start": 70.983,
"text": "Clostridium tetani bacteria are often\nfound in soil, manure, and dead leaves,"
},
{
"duration": 2.795,
"start": 76.03,
"text": "where they can survive for years\nin the form of spores,"
},
{
"duration": 2.627,
"start": 78.825,
"text": "even amidst extreme heat and dryness."
},
{
"duration": 3.9210000000000003,
"start": 81.452,
"text": "These piles of organic material can\nsit undisturbed for long periods,"
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 85.373,
"text": "potentially concealing old metal,\nwhich rusts over time."
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 89.043,
"text": "So, if someone does blunder into this\nenvironment and cuts themselves,"
},
{
"duration": 2.46,
"start": 92.964,
"text": "it would likely increase\ntheir odds of infection."
},
{
"duration": 3.211,
"start": 95.55,
"text": "Especially since rusty metal can create\njagged wounds"
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 98.761,
"text": "with lots of deoxygenated dead tissue\nfor them to latch on to."
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 103.224,
"text": "Once in the body, the spores\nbegin to germinate."
},
{
"duration": 4.879,
"start": 105.852,
"text": "This process releases several toxins,\nincluding deadly tetanus toxin."
},
{
"duration": 2.085,
"start": 110.94,
"text": "Nerve endings soak up this toxin,"
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 113.025,
"text": "drawing it into the brain and spinal cord\nwhere it wreaks havoc on interneurons."
},
{
"duration": 4.337,
"start": 117.405,
"text": "Typically, these work alongside motor\nneurons to regulate our muscle actions,"
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 121.742,
"text": "from endeavors as complex as kicking\na ball to those as simple as breathing."
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 126.122,
"text": "But by blocking neurotransmitters\nreleased by interneurons,"
},
{
"duration": 4.338,
"start": 129.375,
"text": "tetanus toxin causes uncontrollable\nmuscle contractions and spasms."
},
{
"duration": 2.795,
"start": 134.088,
"text": "Typically within 7 to 10 days\nof infection,"
},
{
"duration": 4.713,
"start": 136.924,
"text": "patients begin experiencing general aches,\ntrouble swallowing, and lockjaw."
},
{
"duration": 2.336,
"start": 142.054,
"text": "The head and neck tend\nto show symptoms first."
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 144.557,
"text": "But as the toxin spreads,\nstronger muscle groups become more rigid,"
},
{
"duration": 2.335,
"start": 148.436,
"text": "leading to a frightening arching\nof the back."
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 151.606,
"text": "Left untreated, these spasms\nbecome more extreme,"
},
{
"duration": 3.211,
"start": 154.734,
"text": "eventually seizing the muscles\nin the windpipe and chest,"
},
{
"duration": 4.088,
"start": 158.07,
"text": "leading patients to suffocate\nwithin 72 hours of symptoms appearing."
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 162.825,
"text": "Without treatment, tetanus has\nan extremely low rate of survival."
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 167.163,
"text": "But fortunately, medical professionals\nhave developed a robust plan"
},
{
"duration": 2.043,
"start": 171.209,
"text": "to handle a tetanus diagnosis."
},
{
"duration": 4.337,
"start": 173.628,
"text": "First, doctors clean the infected wound\nand administer antibiotics,"
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 178.132,
"text": "killing the bacteria and preventing\nfurther toxin production."
},
{
"duration": 4.504,
"start": 181.886,
"text": "Then, they inject antitoxin to neutralize\nany tetanus toxin"
},
{
"duration": 3.379,
"start": 186.39,
"text": "still in the body that has yet to enter\nthe central nervous system."
},
{
"duration": 4.045,
"start": 190.228,
"text": "Finally, patients begin a several week\nperiod of supportive care,"
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 194.44,
"text": "which can include muscle relaxants\nto stop spasms"
},
{
"duration": 2.336,
"start": 197.526,
"text": "and ventilators to prevent suffocation."
},
{
"duration": 4.713,
"start": 200.321,
"text": "In the days of Hippocrates, the only\ncourse of treatment was to wait and hope."
},
{
"duration": 3.878,
"start": 205.66,
"text": "But now we know the best time to tackle\nClostridium tetani"
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 209.538,
"text": "is before an infection even takes place."
},
{
"duration": 3.336,
"start": 212.667,
"text": "Tetanus vaccines— originally developed\nin the early 1920s—"
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 216.045,
"text": "are crucial to preventing tetanus\nand stopping its spread."
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 219.465,
"text": "Experts recommend a series of shots and\nboosters beginning at two months old"
},
{
"duration": 2.085,
"start": 223.511,
"text": "and ending around age 12."
},
{
"duration": 4.087,
"start": 225.763,
"text": "Yet over 20,000 infants still die\nof tetanus every year,"
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 230.184,
"text": "mostly in low and middle income countries\nwhere vaccine access is limited,"
},
{
"duration": 2.92,
"start": 234.438,
"text": "including South Asia\nand sub-Saharan Africa."
},
{
"duration": 4.38,
"start": 237.858,
"text": "And newborn babies are especially at risk\nif their mothers are unvaccinated,"
},
{
"duration": 3.838,
"start": 242.446,
"text": "as Clostridium tetani can infect\na newborn's umbilical stump."
},
{
"duration": 3.628,
"start": 246.534,
"text": "Though vaccinating mothers during\npregnancy can help with this problem."
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 250.454,
"text": "The fact is tetanus remains a significant\nthreat to human health."
},
{
"duration": 1.5430000000000001,
"start": 254.542,
"text": "So people should get vaccinated"
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 256.085,
"text": "and take measures to prevent infection\nafter cutting themselves—"
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 259.255,
"text": "whether it’s on a rusty nail\nor a 2,400-year-old ship anchor."
}
] |
5wVJeq4mLL0
|
Will the real Fernando please stand up? - Ilan Stavans
|
Get to know the life of enigmatic poet and writer Fernando Pessoa, who wrote not as himself but as other people he invented.
--
On November 30th, 1935, dozens of writers passed away. They came from different backgrounds, espoused divergent beliefs, and wrote in a variety of styles. Yet almost 30,000 pages of their work was stashed in a trunk in an apartment in Lisbon, Portugal. So, what mysterious string tied all these writers together? Ilan Stavans explores the enigmatic life of Fernando Pessoa and his many identities.
Lesson by Ilan Stavans, directed by Héloïse Dorsan-Rachet.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
----------------------------------------------
Support us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon
Check out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop
----------------------------------------------
Connect With Us
----------------------------------------------
Sign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter
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----------------------------------------------
Keep Learning
----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/these-70-writers-are-actually-all-the-same-person-ilan-stavans
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/these-70-writers-are-actually-all-the-same-person-ilan-stavans/digdeeper
Animator's website: https://www.instagram.com/helo.dr/?hl=fr
Music: https://soundcloud.com/aim-music
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Niccolò Frassetto, Mana, I'm here because of Knowledge Fight Facebook group., Linda Freedman, Edgardo Cuellar, Jaspar Carmichael-Jack, Michael Burton, VIVIANA A GARCIA BESNE, The Vernon's, Olha Bahatiuk, Jesús Bíquez Talayero, Chels Raknrl, Sai Pranavi Jonnalagadda, Stuart Rice, Jing Chen, Vector-Dopamine math, Jasper Song, Giorgio Bugnatelli, Chardon, Eddy Trochez, OnlineBookClub.org, Eric Shear, Leith Salem, Omar Hicham, Adrian Rotaru, Brad Sullivan, Karen Ho, Niklas Frimberger, Hunter Manhart, Nathan Nguyen, Igor Stavchanskiy, James R DeVries, Grace Huo, Diana Huang, Chau Hong Diem, Orlellys Torre, Corheu, Thomas Mee, Maryann H McCrory, Blas Borde, John Hellmann, Poompak Meephian, Chuck Wofford, Adam Pagan, Wes Winn, Conder Shou, ntiger, Noname, Hansan Hu and David D.
|
2024-02-29T16:00:40Z
|
[
{
"duration": 3.92,
"start": 7.42,
"text": "In the 1980s, the world\nfaced a huge problem:"
},
{
"duration": 3.212,
"start": 11.34,
"text": "there was a rapidly expanding hole \nin the ozone layer."
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 14.719,
"text": "So, what happened? \nAnd is it still there?"
},
{
"duration": 1.501,
"start": 17.889,
"text": "Let’s go back to the beginning."
},
{
"duration": 2.211,
"start": 19.39,
"text": "The Sun makes life on Earth possible,"
},
{
"duration": 5.213,
"start": 21.601,
"text": "but too much exposure to its UV radiation\ndamages plant and animal DNA."
},
{
"duration": 5.589,
"start": 27.023,
"text": "Thankfully, about 98% of that radiation \nis absorbed by ozone molecules"
},
{
"duration": 1.6680000000000001,
"start": 32.612,
"text": "dispersed in the stratosphere,"
},
{
"duration": 3.6710000000000003,
"start": 34.405,
"text": "which are continuously broken apart \nand reformed in this process,"
},
{
"duration": 2.21,
"start": 38.076,
"text": "maintaining a delicate equilibrium."
},
{
"duration": 5.839,
"start": 40.578,
"text": "But in the early 1970s, two chemists—\nMario Molina and Sherwood Rowland—"
},
{
"duration": 5.756,
"start": 46.417,
"text": "demonstrated that widely used chemicals\ncalled chlorofluorocarbons, or CFCs,"
},
{
"duration": 1.418,
"start": 52.173,
"text": "could upset this balance."
},
{
"duration": 4.463,
"start": 54.3,
"text": "CFCs were developed in the 1920s \nby three US-based corporations"
},
{
"duration": 1.96,
"start": 58.763,
"text": "as coolants for refrigerators."
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 61.057,
"text": "Unlike existing alternatives— \nsuch as ammonia or methyl chloride—"
},
{
"duration": 2.9619999999999997,
"start": 65.144,
"text": "CFCs were non-flammable and non-toxic—"
},
{
"duration": 3.503,
"start": 68.106,
"text": "meaning they wouldn't burst into flames\nor cause deadly gas leaks."
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 72.11,
"text": "They also made great propellants, \nfoaming agents, and fire-retardants."
},
{
"duration": 4.045,
"start": 76.656,
"text": "CFCs soon found their way into a variety\nof everyday items"
},
{
"duration": 2.9619999999999997,
"start": 80.701,
"text": "and became a multi-billion dollar\nper year industry."
},
{
"duration": 5.047,
"start": 83.996,
"text": "In the lower atmosphere, CFCs don’t\nbreak down or react with other molecules."
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 89.21,
"text": "But Molina and Rowland showed\nthat in the stratosphere,"
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 92.38,
"text": "they're broken apart by UV light,\nreleasing chlorine atoms."
},
{
"duration": 1.752,
"start": 96.175,
"text": "These then react with ozone,"
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 97.927,
"text": "destroying it faster \nthan it can be replenished."
},
{
"duration": 4.13,
"start": 100.429,
"text": "A single chlorine atom can destroy\nthousands of ozone molecules"
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 104.559,
"text": "before finally reacting with something \nelse and forming a stable molecule."
},
{
"duration": 1.876,
"start": 108.855,
"text": "Seeing the threat to their bottom line,"
},
{
"duration": 3.6710000000000003,
"start": 110.731,
"text": "CFC producers pushed back \nto discredit the scientists,"
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 114.402,
"text": "even accusing them of working for the KGB."
},
{
"duration": 3.169,
"start": 117.864,
"text": "Initial estimates showed\nthat within 60 years,"
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 121.033,
"text": "CFCs could reduce ozone\nconcentrations by 7%."
},
{
"duration": 5.423,
"start": 124.745,
"text": "But by 1985, it became clear that ozone\ndepletion, especially over Antarctica,"
},
{
"duration": 1.7930000000000001,
"start": 130.168,
"text": "was happening much faster."
},
{
"duration": 4.629,
"start": 132.128,
"text": "Here, the extremely cold temperatures\nand unique structure of Antarctic clouds"
},
{
"duration": 1.544,
"start": 136.757,
"text": "accelerated ozone loss."
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 138.384,
"text": "Scientists stationed in Antarctica \nnoticed a massive drop"
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 141.721,
"text": "in overhead ozone occurring every spring."
},
{
"duration": 3.503,
"start": 144.432,
"text": "Satellite data revealed the vast\nextent of these losses"
},
{
"duration": 5.005,
"start": 147.935,
"text": "and chemical tests confirmed \nthat the cause was unquestionably CFCs."
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 153.608,
"text": "NASA soon released visualizations, \nwhich were broadcast around the world"
},
{
"duration": 1.585,
"start": 157.32,
"text": "and captured public attention."
},
{
"duration": 4.213,
"start": 159.405,
"text": "If ozone depletion continued, \nrates of skin cancer would skyrocket."
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 163.868,
"text": "Photosynthesis would be impaired,\nmaking plants—"
},
{
"duration": 1.835,
"start": 166.829,
"text": "including rice, wheat, and corn—"
},
{
"duration": 2.9619999999999997,
"start": 168.664,
"text": "less productive and more susceptible\nto disease."
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 172.084,
"text": "Global agricultural production\nwould plummet,"
},
{
"duration": 2.545,
"start": 174.795,
"text": "and entire ecosystems would collapse."
},
{
"duration": 5.046,
"start": 177.34,
"text": "But many politicians— weighing immediate\neconomic concerns over long-term ones—"
},
{
"duration": 1.71,
"start": 182.386,
"text": "disagreed about what to do."
},
{
"duration": 3.169,
"start": 184.222,
"text": "The fight to ban CFCs found\ntwo unlikely allies"
},
{
"duration": 4.255,
"start": 187.391,
"text": "in US President Ronald Reagan \nand UK Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher."
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 191.896,
"text": "Despite their general opposition\nto government regulation,"
},
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 194.857,
"text": "Reagan, who had undergone treatment\nfor skin cancer,"
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 197.61,
"text": "and Thatcher, \nwho was trained as a chemist,"
},
{
"duration": 2.378,
"start": 200.112,
"text": "recognized the need for immediate action."
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 203.157,
"text": "The US and UK, along with Canada, Norway,\nSweden, and Finland,"
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 207.453,
"text": "led calls for an international\nban on CFCs."
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 210.79,
"text": "In 1987, representatives signed\nthe Montreal Protocol,"
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 214.335,
"text": "requiring the rapid phasing out of CFCs"
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 216.796,
"text": "and creating a fund to assist \nGlobal South countries"
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 219.799,
"text": "in obtaining affordable, \nnon-ozone depleting alternatives."
},
{
"duration": 2.8369999999999997,
"start": 223.427,
"text": "It was later ratified by every country \non Earth—"
},
{
"duration": 2.502,
"start": 226.264,
"text": "the only treaty in history\nto achieve this."
},
{
"duration": 4.713,
"start": 229.392,
"text": "In 1995, Molina, Rowland, \nand their Dutch colleague Paul Crutzen,"
},
{
"duration": 2.752,
"start": 234.105,
"text": "were jointly awarded the Nobel Prize \nin Chemistry."
},
{
"duration": 2.002,
"start": 237.233,
"text": "As the use of CFCs declined,"
},
{
"duration": 1.7930000000000001,
"start": 239.235,
"text": "the ozone hole began shrinking,"
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 241.028,
"text": "and is predicted to disappear \nentirely by 2070."
},
{
"duration": 1.71,
"start": 244.824,
"text": "But we’re not out of the woods yet."
},
{
"duration": 4.463,
"start": 246.534,
"text": "While the ban was a win for the climate,\nas CFCs are potent greenhouse gases,"
},
{
"duration": 5.213,
"start": 250.997,
"text": "the alternatives that replaced them—\nhydrofluorocarbons, or HFCs— are too."
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 256.544,
"text": "While generally less potent than CFCs,"
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 258.838,
"text": "HFCs still trap more heat\nthan carbon dioxide"
},
{
"duration": 1.919,
"start": 262.091,
"text": "and are contributing to climate change."
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 264.26,
"text": "To address this, in 2016, \nthe Kigali Amendment"
},
{
"duration": 1.877,
"start": 267.555,
"text": "was added to the Montreal Protocol,"
},
{
"duration": 4.504,
"start": 269.432,
"text": "calling for an 85% cut \nin global HFCs by 2047."
},
{
"duration": 5.672,
"start": 273.936,
"text": "This alone could avoid up to 0.5°C of\nglobal warming by the end of the century."
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 279.984,
"text": "Today, as we face the existential threat\nof climate change,"
},
{
"duration": 3.92,
"start": 283.279,
"text": "the Montreal Protocol serves as a model\nfor the decisive global cooperation"
},
{
"duration": 1.293,
"start": 287.199,
"text": "we need to combat it."
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 288.826,
"text": "The question is, what will it take \nfor us to come together again?"
}
] |
TXldnrwrBws
|
Can you solve the magical maze riddle? - Alex Rosenthal
|
Practice more problem-solving at https://brilliant.org/TedEd
--
Today is the annual wizard tournament featuring competitors from three schools, and you’re in charge. The wizards have entered the maze and compete in your chosen events in utmost secrecy; only you and they see what happens. But a dark wizard appears and casts a forgetting curse— throwing the results into question. Can you figure out who won the tournament? Alex Rosenthal shows how.
Lesson by Alex Rosenthal, directed by Igor Coric, Artrake Studio.
This video made possible in collaboration with Brilliant
Learn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartner
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
----------------------------------------------
Support us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon
Check out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop
----------------------------------------------
Connect With Us
----------------------------------------------
Sign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter
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Find us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter
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----------------------------------------------
Keep Learning
----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/can-you-solve-the-wizard-tournament-riddle-alex-rosenthal
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/can-you-solve-the-wizard-tournament-riddle-alex-rosenthal/digdeeper
Animator's website: https://www.artrake.com
Music: https://www.workplaywork.com
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Clarence E. Harper Jr., Vignan Velivela, Ana Maria, Exal Enrique Cisneros Tuch, Tejas Dc, Khalifa Alhulail, Martin Stephen, Jose Henrique Leopoldo e Silva, Mandeep Singh, Abhijit Kiran Valluri, Morgan Williams, Devin Harris, Pavel Zalevskiy, Karen Goepen-Wee, Filip Dabrowski, Barbara Smalley, Megan Douglas, Tim Leistikow, Ka-Hei Law, Hiroshi Uchiyama, Mark Morris, Misaki Sato, EdoKun, SookKwan Loong, Bev Millar, Lex Azevedo, Michael Aquilina, Jason A Saslow, Yansong Li, Cristóbal Moenne, Dawn Jordan, Prasanth Mathialagan, Samuel Doerle, David Rosario, Dominik Kugelmann - they-them, Siamak Hajizadeh, Ryohky Araya, Mayank Kaul, Christophe Dessalles, Heather Slater, Sandra Tersluisen, Zhexi Shan, Bárbara Nazaré, Andrea Feliz, Victor E Karhel, Sydney Evans, Latora, Noel Situ, emily lam and Sid.
|
2024-02-27T16:00:40Z
|
[
{
"duration": 5.714,
"start": 7.128,
"text": "It was 1861, and Lone Bear was leading\nEagle Plume on his first-ever hunt."
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 12.967,
"text": "He paused and told Eagle Plume the rules:"
},
{
"duration": 4.838,
"start": 15.678,
"text": "once he saw the bison herd, he needed\nto wait until someone older signaled;"
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 20.6,
"text": "and when it came time,\nto kill only what his horse could carry."
},
{
"duration": 4.588,
"start": 25.271,
"text": "Lone Bear advanced, then beckoned,\nand suddenly they were off."
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 30.985,
"text": "Eagle Plume and Lone Bear were Kiowa,"
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 33.446,
"text": "which was one of several Indigenous groups\nthat lived on the Great Plains."
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 37.95,
"text": "By the mid-1700s, many Plains nations\nwere using horses"
},
{
"duration": 5.256,
"start": 42.246,
"text": "to hunt the area’s plentiful bison,\nNorth America’s largest land mammals."
},
{
"duration": 1.96,
"start": 47.877,
"text": "They survived on bison meat,"
},
{
"duration": 4.838,
"start": 49.837,
"text": "made the bison’s summer hides into lodges,\nand winter coats into blankets,"
},
{
"duration": 5.005,
"start": 54.675,
"text": "and used bison bones and horns for tools\nand sinew as thread."
},
{
"duration": 3.7960000000000003,
"start": 60.264,
"text": "But in the decades to come,\nmillions of bison will be slaughtered,"
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 64.06,
"text": "and the Plains societies’ survival\nand cultures fundamentally—"
},
{
"duration": 1.96,
"start": 68.231,
"text": "and deliberately— threatened."
},
{
"duration": 1.9180000000000001,
"start": 71.109,
"text": "After the American Civil War,"
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 73.027,
"text": "thousands of US settlers began\noccupying the Plains,"
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 76.489,
"text": "intent on exploiting\nits natural resources."
},
{
"duration": 4.838,
"start": 79.242,
"text": "During the 1860s, Plains nations pushed\nback against the US military."
},
{
"duration": 2.795,
"start": 84.705,
"text": "William Sherman resented\nthe army’s defeats."
},
{
"duration": 4.963,
"start": 87.625,
"text": "His ruthless military tactics had recently\nhelped end the American Civil War."
},
{
"duration": 4.504,
"start": 92.672,
"text": "And, in 1869, he was appointed\nthe US Army’s Commanding General."
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 97.593,
"text": "Now, his focus was on what he called\n“the Indian problem.”"
},
{
"duration": 3.92,
"start": 102.265,
"text": "US government officials were determined\nto force Native American people"
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 106.185,
"text": "into designated areas\nthey called reservations."
},
{
"duration": 2.503,
"start": 109.897,
"text": "This way, they could\ncontrol Indigenous people"
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 112.4,
"text": "while US settlers and companies\nprofited off their land."
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 116.237,
"text": "Sherman pledged to stay out west,\nin his words,"
},
{
"duration": 5.214,
"start": 119.615,
"text": "“till the Indians are all killed or taken\nto a country where they can be watched.”"
},
{
"duration": 2.168,
"start": 125.58,
"text": "Meanwhile, the demand for leather,"
},
{
"duration": 4.547,
"start": 127.748,
"text": "like the kind used for belting to connect\nindustrial machinery, boomed."
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 132.545,
"text": "To meet the demand, US hunters\narmed with rifles"
},
{
"duration": 2.669,
"start": 135.84,
"text": "killed bison all across the Plains."
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 138.801,
"text": "Sherman and other military officials"
},
{
"duration": 2.92,
"start": 141.095,
"text": "realized they could meet\ntheir goal passively,"
},
{
"duration": 4.212,
"start": 144.015,
"text": "by letting this lurching\nindustrial economy run unchecked."
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 148.436,
"text": "Their idea was that,\nif hunters depleted the bison,"
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 151.814,
"text": "Plains Indigenous peoples would be\nstarved into submission."
},
{
"duration": 3.211,
"start": 156.444,
"text": "One US colonel told\na visiting British lieutenant,"
},
{
"duration": 5.923,
"start": 159.655,
"text": "“Kill every buffalo you can!\nEvery buffalo dead is an Indian gone.”"
},
{
"duration": 4.38,
"start": 166.537,
"text": "The US military refused to enforce\ntreaties that barred civilian hunters"
},
{
"duration": 1.501,
"start": 170.917,
"text": "from tribal territory,"
},
{
"duration": 4.63,
"start": 172.418,
"text": "and it sometimes provided hunters\nwith protection and ammunition."
},
{
"duration": 3.212,
"start": 177.715,
"text": "Many hide hunters killed 50 bison a day."
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 180.968,
"text": "During a two-month span in 1876,"
},
{
"duration": 4.546,
"start": 184.013,
"text": "one hunter killed 5,855 bison,"
},
{
"duration": 4.505,
"start": 188.809,
"text": "the near-constant firing of his rifle\nleaving him deaf in one ear."
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 193.814,
"text": "Some of the bison the hunters shot\nwandered away and died."
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 196.901,
"text": "Commonly, the hunters would only retrieve\nthe bison's hides and tongues,"
},
{
"duration": 1.752,
"start": 201.155,
"text": "leaving the rest to rot."
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 203.241,
"text": "Inexperienced skinners destroyed hides\nas they flayed them."
},
{
"duration": 4.463,
"start": 207.036,
"text": "And bison carcasses that were left\nwere torn to pieces by other animals."
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 211.749,
"text": "So hunters began lacing bison meat\nwith poison"
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 215.127,
"text": "so they could also collect wolf pelts."
},
{
"duration": 1.919,
"start": 218.339,
"text": "Native American people protested,"
},
{
"duration": 3.628,
"start": 220.258,
"text": "and humanitarian and animal rights groups\ntried to intervene"
},
{
"duration": 2.169,
"start": 223.886,
"text": "as the bison population plummeted."
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 226.472,
"text": "Legislation that would make bison hunting\nillegal in federal territories"
},
{
"duration": 4.964,
"start": 230.434,
"text": "even passed Congress in 1874—\nbut the US President vetoed it."
},
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 235.648,
"text": "After all, the sordid strategy\nwas working:"
},
{
"duration": 5.213,
"start": 238.401,
"text": "many Plains nations faced starvation\nand were being forced onto reservations."
},
{
"duration": 4.38,
"start": 244.156,
"text": "Back in 1800, tens of millions of bison\nswept the Great Plains."
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 248.786,
"text": "By 1900, there were\nfewer than 1,000 in existence."
},
{
"duration": 5.13,
"start": 252.623,
"text": "Some wealthy US citizens created bison\npreserves which helped save the species."
},
{
"duration": 3.254,
"start": 257.878,
"text": "But the preserves functioned mainly\nas tourist attractions,"
},
{
"duration": 4.337,
"start": 261.132,
"text": "and some of them carved even more land\noff Native American reservations."
},
{
"duration": 5.505,
"start": 266.262,
"text": "As of 2021, the bison population\nhad grown to around 500,000."
},
{
"duration": 2.794,
"start": 271.976,
"text": "A vast majority live on private ranches."
},
{
"duration": 4.672,
"start": 274.77,
"text": "In recent years, Plains nations have\nreintroduced some 20,000 bison"
},
{
"duration": 1.334,
"start": 279.442,
"text": "to tribal lands."
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 280.943,
"text": "They aim to heal and restore\nthe relationship"
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 283.529,
"text": "that was so flagrantly attacked\nduring the bison slaughter."
}
] |
kOVdiDUlNsg
|
The warrior who defeated the mighty Mughals - Stephanie Honchell Smith
|
Trace Malik Ambar’s historic rise from enslaved youth to brilliant military tactician and kingmaker in the Indian sultanate.
--
In 1624, Mughal Emperor Jahangir received word of yet another defeat at the hands of his greatest enemy: Malik Ambar. Jahangir was so obsessed with defeating his rival, he commissioned a painting of himself shooting an arrow at Ambar’s skull. So, who was this brilliant tactician? And how did he come into power? Stephanie Honchell Smith shares Ambar's rise from enslaved youth to kingmaker.
Lesson by Stephanie Honchell Smith, directed by Layron DeJarnette, Gumboyo.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
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View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/from-enslaved-to-kingmaker-malik-ambar-s-legendary-rise-to-power-stephanie-honchell-smith
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/from-enslaved-to-kingmaker-malik-ambar-s-legendary-rise-to-power-stephanie-honchell-smith/digdeeper
Animator's website: https://www.gumboyo.com
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Doug Henry, Keven Webb, Mihai Sandu, Deepak Iyer, Javid Gozalov, Kyanta Yap, Rebecca Reineke, William Biersdorf, Patricia Alves Panagides, Yvette Mocete, Cyrus Garay, Samuel Barbas, LadyGeek, Marin Kovachev, Penelope Misquitta, Hans Peng, Gaurav Mathur, Erik Biemans, Tony, Michelle, Katie and Josh Pedretti, Hoai Nam Tran, Kack-Kyun Kim, Michael Braun-Boghos, zjweele13, Anna-Pitschna Kunz, Edla Paniguel, Thomas Mungavan, Jaron Blackburn, Venkat Venkatakrishnan, ReuniteKorea, Aaron Henson, Rohan Gupta, Begum Tutuncu, Brian Richards, Jørgen Østerpart, Tyron Jung, Carsten Tobehn, Katie Dean, Ezgi Yersu, Gerald Onyango, alessandra tasso, Doreen Reynolds-Consolati, Manognya Chakrapani, Ayala Ron, Eunsun Kim, Phyllis Dubrow, Ophelia Gibson Best, Paul Schneider, Joichiro Yamada, Henrique Cassús and Karthik Cherala.
|
2024-02-22T16:00:44Z
|
[
{
"duration": 1.502,
"start": 6.961,
"text": "In a 2008 study,"
},
{
"duration": 4.045,
"start": 8.463,
"text": "psychologists asked participants\nto rate the steepness of a hill."
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 12.967,
"text": "Those who were accompanied\nby a good friend"
},
{
"duration": 4.087,
"start": 15.428,
"text": "judged the hill to be less steep\nthan people who were alone."
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 20.308,
"text": "This is just one of many ways friendships\ncan change how we see and move"
},
{
"duration": 1.167,
"start": 24.479,
"text": "through the world."
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 25.98,
"text": "Friendships can boost\nour academic performance,"
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 28.524,
"text": "help us deal with setbacks,\nand even improve our health."
},
{
"duration": 3.795,
"start": 32.904,
"text": "And the relationships we form\nin our childhood and teenage years"
},
{
"duration": 3.7960000000000003,
"start": 36.699,
"text": "can shape our beliefs, values,\nand emotional growth."
},
{
"duration": 2.253,
"start": 40.828,
"text": "It's clear that friendships are important,"
},
{
"duration": 3.92,
"start": 43.081,
"text": "but making and maintaining friends\nisn't always easy."
},
{
"duration": 1.502,
"start": 47.251,
"text": "Let's start at the beginning."
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 48.753,
"text": "If you struggle with approaching new\npeople, you are far from alone."
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 52.84,
"text": "In a series of studies, participants had\nconversations of varying lengths "
},
{
"duration": 1.21,
"start": 56.969,
"text": "with strangers."
},
{
"duration": 3.086,
"start": 58.179,
"text": "Afterward, they were asked to estimate\nhow much they thought"
},
{
"duration": 1.585,
"start": 61.265,
"text": "each stranger liked them."
},
{
"duration": 3.7960000000000003,
"start": 63.267,
"text": "Across the board,\nparticipants rated their own likability"
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 67.063,
"text": "much lower than others\nhad actually rated them."
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 70.858,
"text": "Scientists dubbed this tendency\nto underestimate how much others"
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 74.57,
"text": "enjoy our company as the “liking gap.”"
},
{
"duration": 1.919,
"start": 77.74,
"text": "So, before meeting new people,"
},
{
"duration": 2.669,
"start": 79.659,
"text": "it may be helpful to psych yourself up"
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 82.328,
"text": "and remember that others like you\nmore than you think."
},
{
"duration": 3.336,
"start": 86.082,
"text": "You may even want to enter these\nconversations assuming"
},
{
"duration": 2.002,
"start": 89.418,
"text": "that the other person will like you."
},
{
"duration": 2.503,
"start": 91.754,
"text": "Known as the “acceptance prophecy,”"
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 94.257,
"text": "psychologists find that when people\nexpect to be well-liked,"
},
{
"duration": 4.505,
"start": 97.885,
"text": "they often unknowingly come\nacross as warmer and friendlier."
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 102.64,
"text": "And the more new people you meet,\nthe more confident you’ll likely feel."
},
{
"duration": 4.838,
"start": 107.353,
"text": "In one study, people who talked to just\none new person each day for a week"
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 112.275,
"text": "reported feeling less afraid of rejection,"
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 115.111,
"text": "more secure in their\nconversational skills,"
},
{
"duration": 3.211,
"start": 117.697,
"text": "and more excited to meet\nnew people overall."
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 121.45,
"text": "Next, what’s happening when relationships\ngrow from casual acquaintances"
},
{
"duration": 1.335,
"start": 125.621,
"text": "to confidants?"
},
{
"duration": 4.547,
"start": 127.331,
"text": "Psychologists have identified two key\nfeatures of more intimate friendships:"
},
{
"duration": 2.169,
"start": 132.086,
"text": "companionship and closeness."
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 134.547,
"text": "Companionship is defined as the rapport\nor understanding"
},
{
"duration": 4.212,
"start": 138.176,
"text": "that blooms between people with \nsimilar hobbies, interests, or values."
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 142.597,
"text": "Sometimes, just being in the same class\nor team is enough"
},
{
"duration": 1.501,
"start": 146.184,
"text": "to build this connection."
},
{
"duration": 2.8369999999999997,
"start": 147.768,
"text": "And companionship has many benefits—"
},
{
"duration": 5.38,
"start": 150.688,
"text": "it’s been shown to improve self-esteem\nand increase our resilience to stress."
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 156.235,
"text": "Closeness, on the other hand,\nlooks different for every relationship."
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 160.74,
"text": "It might mean supporting each other\nthrough difficult times"
},
{
"duration": 3.212,
"start": 164.243,
"text": "or feeling comfortable sharing\nyour thoughts and feelings."
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 167.705,
"text": "But not every friendship has to get deeply\npersonal, especially at first."
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 172.293,
"text": "Simply telling a friend about your day\nor sharing your interests"
},
{
"duration": 1.877,
"start": 175.796,
"text": "can help build closeness."
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 177.965,
"text": "While every friendship develops\non its own timeline,"
},
{
"duration": 1.752,
"start": 180.843,
"text": "consistency can help,"
},
{
"duration": 3.7960000000000003,
"start": 182.678,
"text": "which can include sticking to plans,\nchatting regularly,"
},
{
"duration": 2.8369999999999997,
"start": 186.515,
"text": "and remembering the things that\nare important to each other."
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 189.56,
"text": "This holds true even for\nlong-distance friendships."
},
{
"duration": 3.9210000000000003,
"start": 192.688,
"text": "Chatting and texting can keep these\nrelationships strong—"
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 196.609,
"text": "as long as they remain intimate,\ntrusting, and consistent."
},
{
"duration": 3.211,
"start": 201.072,
"text": "Yet even the closest friendships\nhit rough patches."
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 204.408,
"text": "This is especially true\nfor teenage friendships,"
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 207.119,
"text": "when people often navigate different types\nof challenges for the first time."
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 211.749,
"text": "For example, there might be a situation\nthat puts two friends in competition—"
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 216.045,
"text": "like applying to the same college."
},
{
"duration": 3.795,
"start": 218.756,
"text": "One might betray the other's confidence\nor make a hurtful comment."
},
{
"duration": 5.464,
"start": 223.01,
"text": "And these relationships can also falter\nwhen one person feels unable or unwilling"
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 228.474,
"text": "to support the other\nthrough challenging situations—"
},
{
"duration": 3.628,
"start": 231.519,
"text": "like breakups, illnesses,\nor personal tragedies."
},
{
"duration": 4.379,
"start": 235.648,
"text": "The most surefire way to deal\nwith rifts is to talk about them."
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 240.403,
"text": "These conversations can\nbe tough and awkward."
},
{
"duration": 2.043,
"start": 243.698,
"text": "But if they’re approached\nin the right way,"
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 245.825,
"text": "they can strengthen friendships\nin the long run."
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 249.245,
"text": "Before these difficult conversations,"
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 251.539,
"text": "try to remind yourselves\nto show up without judgment."
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 255.209,
"text": "Avoid getting too defensive\nor making accusations—"
},
{
"duration": 6.507,
"start": 258.629,
"text": "instead, share how the situation is making\nyou feel and invite them to do the same."
},
{
"duration": 2.919,
"start": 265.678,
"text": "Some friendships naturally come to an end."
},
{
"duration": 1.335,
"start": 268.764,
"text": "Others change."
},
{
"duration": 2.794,
"start": 270.266,
"text": "Whether new buddies or lifelong pals,"
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 273.227,
"text": "all friendships can benefit\nfrom building healthy habits."
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 276.939,
"text": "And it’s never too late\nto make a new friend."
}
] |
teJAmgiMVIo
|
When ancient wisdom beats modern industry - Rebecca Webster
|
Get to know the story of the Three Sisters, and what we can learn about sustainably growing food from Indigenous practices.
--
Suffering illness and despair, Chief Handsome Lake prepared for death. Then, he had a vision. He was walking through a planted field and heard a woman call out. She told him that the recent devastation had left her and her sisters with little hope for the future and asked if they could join him on his journey toward death. Who were these women? Rebecca Webster shares the tale of the Three Sisters.
Lesson by Rebecca Webster, directed by Luisa Holanda.
This video made possible in collaboration with Speed & Scale
Learn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartner
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
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Support us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon
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Keep Learning
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View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-mystery-of-the-lost-sisters-rebecca-webster
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-mystery-of-the-lost-sisters-rebecca-webster/digdeeper
Animator's website: https://www.luisaholanda.com
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Jezabel, Abdullah Abdulaziz, Xiao Yu, Melissa Suarez, Brian A. Dunn, Francisco Amaya, Daisuke Goto, Matt Switzler, Peng, Tzu-Hsiang, Bethany Connor, Jeremy Shimanek, Mark Byers, Avinash Amarnath, Xuebicoco, Rayo, Po Foon Kwong, Boffin, Jesse Jurman, Scott Markley, Elija Peterson, Ovidiu Mrd, paul g mohney, Steven Razey, Nathan Giusti, Helen Lee, Anthony Benedict, Karthik Balsubramanian, Annastasshia Ames, Amy Lopez, Vinh-Thuy Nguyen, Liz Candee, Ugur Doga Sezgin, Karmi Nguyen, John C. Vesey, Yelena Baykova, Nick Johnson, Carlos H. Costa, Jennifer Kurkoski, Ryan B Harvey, Akinola Emmanuel, Jose Arcadio Valdes Franco, Sebastiaan Vleugels, Karl Laius, JY Kang, Abhishek Goel, Heidi Stolt, Nicole Sund, Karlee Finch, Mario Mejia and Denise A Pitts.
|
2024-02-20T16:01:43Z
|
[
{
"duration": 3.212,
"start": 7.086,
"text": "An undulating sky melds\ninto the landscape,"
},
{
"duration": 3.212,
"start": 10.339,
"text": "two silhouettes move\nalong a balustraded walkway,"
},
{
"duration": 3.838,
"start": 13.634,
"text": "and a ghostly figure’s features\nextend in agony."
},
{
"duration": 5.13,
"start": 17.764,
"text": "Since Norwegian artist Edvard Munch\ncreated “The Scream” in 1893,"
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 22.894,
"text": "it’s become one of the world’s\nmost famous artworks."
},
{
"duration": 4.755,
"start": 26.147,
"text": "But why has its cry traveled so far\nand endured so long?"
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 31.277,
"text": "Munch was born in 1863,\none of five children."
},
{
"duration": 3.504,
"start": 34.947,
"text": "Tuberculosis devastated Europe\nthroughout the 1800s,"
},
{
"duration": 2.502,
"start": 38.451,
"text": "killing almost a quarter of all adults."
},
{
"duration": 2.794,
"start": 41.037,
"text": "It took Munch’s mother’s life,\nthen his elder sister’s."
},
{
"duration": 2.795,
"start": 43.831,
"text": "Soon after, Munch had his own bout\nof the disease."
},
{
"duration": 2.794,
"start": 46.751,
"text": "Another of his sisters experienced\nmental illness"
},
{
"duration": 2.795,
"start": 49.545,
"text": "and lived much of her life\nin an institution."
},
{
"duration": 3.504,
"start": 52.673,
"text": "Meanwhile, Munch flitted in and out\nof school due to illness,"
},
{
"duration": 2.127,
"start": 56.177,
"text": "often spending days at home,"
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 58.304,
"text": "drawing and listening to the ominous\nstories his father read aloud."
},
{
"duration": 5.088,
"start": 62.767,
"text": "A devout Lutheran, his father considered\nMunch’s artistic ambitions unholy."
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 68.022,
"text": "“I inherited the seeds of madness,”\nMunch wrote."
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 72.068,
"text": "“The angels of fear, sorrow, and death\nstood by my side"
},
{
"duration": 2.169,
"start": 76.489,
"text": "since the day I was born.”"
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 79.45,
"text": "Eventually, Munch moved to Berlin,\nwhere he frequented creative circles"
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 83.579,
"text": "committed to breaking\nwith academic tradition"
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 86.165,
"text": "and instead developing\ntheir crafts organically."
},
{
"duration": 2.211,
"start": 89.46,
"text": "While Munch had trained classically,"
},
{
"duration": 4.087,
"start": 91.671,
"text": "he began immersing himself\nin what he called “soul painting”—"
},
{
"duration": 5.547,
"start": 95.758,
"text": "compositions that prized raw, subjective\naffect over realistic rendering."
},
{
"duration": 2.9619999999999997,
"start": 102.014,
"text": "“It’s not the chair that should\nbe painted,” he wrote,"
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 105.059,
"text": "“but what a person has felt\nat the sight of it.”"
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 108.604,
"text": "Many of Munch’s works dealt\nwith personal suffering."
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 111.732,
"text": "This may have also led to what\ncertain critics observed"
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 114.318,
"text": "as unsympathetic portrayals of women"
},
{
"duration": 5.422,
"start": 116.904,
"text": "in works where Munch represented them as\ncruel predators victimizing hapless men."
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 122.493,
"text": "And death often haunted\nMunch’s compositions—"
},
{
"duration": 3.7960000000000003,
"start": 125.746,
"text": "from a skeleton helming a boat\nto a morbid self-portrait"
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 129.542,
"text": "and his sister's final moments\nto a mother on her deathbed,"
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 133.129,
"text": "her child assuming\na now-familiar expression."
},
{
"duration": 2.252,
"start": 137.008,
"text": "Munch’s art generated controversy—"
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 139.26,
"text": "some critics characterizing him\nas “absolutely demented”—"
},
{
"duration": 2.127,
"start": 142.805,
"text": "but it also drew acclaim."
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 145.016,
"text": "And what would become his most famous work\nwas just around the corner."
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 149.145,
"text": "“The Scream” was inspired by a moment\nthat overwhelmed Munch"
},
{
"duration": 2.211,
"start": 152.815,
"text": "with an acute sense of anguish."
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 155.151,
"text": "In a diary entry marked\nJanuary 22nd, 1892,"
},
{
"duration": 3.087,
"start": 159.113,
"text": "Munch described walking with\ntwo friends along a fjord"
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 162.2,
"text": "overlooking what’s now Oslo at sunset."
},
{
"duration": 5.088,
"start": 165.453,
"text": "He leaned against a fence, exhausted,\nas he saw the sky change suddenly."
},
{
"duration": 6.215,
"start": 170.666,
"text": "He described “blood and tongues of fire\nabove the blue-black fjord and the city.”"
},
{
"duration": 5.13,
"start": 177.048,
"text": "As his friends walked on, Munch wrote,\n“I stood there trembling with anxiety—"
},
{
"duration": 4.546,
"start": 182.303,
"text": "and I sensed an infinite scream\npassing through nature.”"
},
{
"duration": 5.005,
"start": 187.225,
"text": "As with other painful experiences,\nMunch revisited the scene repeatedly."
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 192.563,
"text": "First, he depicted it with a more\nrecognizably human subject."
},
{
"duration": 4.087,
"start": 196.442,
"text": "But the following year, he surrendered\nit to dramatic, abstracted symbolism,"
},
{
"duration": 3.087,
"start": 200.529,
"text": "the haunting expression\non the figure’s skull-like face"
},
{
"duration": 2.252,
"start": 203.616,
"text": "meeting the viewer’s gaze directly."
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 206.118,
"text": "On this first version,\nhe added a subtle, wry inscription:"
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 210.289,
"text": "“Could only have been painted\nby a madman!”"
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 213.668,
"text": "Based on Munch’s account, many think\nthe figure isn’t emitting the shriek"
},
{
"duration": 1.7930000000000001,
"start": 217.63,
"text": "but reacting to it."
},
{
"duration": 2.795,
"start": 219.465,
"text": "Munch eventually made four versions\nof “The Scream”—"
},
{
"duration": 3.461,
"start": 222.26,
"text": "all on cardboard, two with pastel,\ntwo with paint—"
},
{
"duration": 2.9619999999999997,
"start": 225.721,
"text": "and he created numerous prints\nand lithographs."
},
{
"duration": 3.7960000000000003,
"start": 228.849,
"text": "The year following the first “Scream,”\nhe depicted the same setting"
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 232.645,
"text": "but featured a collection\nof despairing faces."
},
{
"duration": 5.13,
"start": 235.94,
"text": "In late 1893, Munch premiered “The Scream”\nat a solo exhibit in Berlin."
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 241.153,
"text": "The artwork’s bold composition helped\nfuel the Expressionist movement,"
},
{
"duration": 3.504,
"start": 245.157,
"text": "which likewise emphasized\nstark psychological states,"
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 248.661,
"text": "mapping the emotional contours\nof World War I and beyond."
},
{
"duration": 2.211,
"start": 252.915,
"text": "“The Scream” continued its crescendo."
},
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 255.209,
"text": "When it entered the public domain\nin the mid-1900s,"
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 257.962,
"text": "new renditions and reproductions\nbolstered its fame."
},
{
"duration": 2.919,
"start": 261.424,
"text": "It featured in popular films\nduring the 1990s,"
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 264.343,
"text": "and both painted versions of “The Scream”\nwere stolen and recovered"
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 267.763,
"text": "in separate heists in 1994 and 2004."
},
{
"duration": 5.63,
"start": 272.268,
"text": "Soon enough, it was a widely accepted\narchetypal symbol for horror and angst."
},
{
"duration": 3.169,
"start": 278.024,
"text": "A “Scream”-inspired emoji was\neventually implemented."
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 281.235,
"text": "And, considering how to mark hazardous\nsites so far-off future generations"
},
{
"duration": 1.377,
"start": 285.197,
"text": "could know to avoid them,"
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 286.574,
"text": "the US government has considered\nusing “The Scream” expression."
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 290.661,
"text": "While its myriad cultural influences\nmay not always reflect"
},
{
"duration": 2.795,
"start": 294.248,
"text": "the personal agony\nMunch initially rendered,"
},
{
"duration": 4.713,
"start": 297.043,
"text": "“The Scream” has certainly found\na near universal echo."
}
] |
asbbhyHBSKU
|
Why can't you put metal in a microwave? - Aaron Slepkov
|
Dig into the science of how microwave ovens use electromagnetic waves to heat your food, and what you should avoid cooking in them.
--
In 1945, engineer Percy Spencer was standing near a RADAR device that produced high-intensity microwaves and noticed that his candy bar had melted. He then exposed popcorn kernels to the magnetron device, and sure enough, they popped. Soon after, the first microwave oven became available, using the very same technology. So, how does it work? Aaron Slepkov explores the science of microwave ovens.
Lesson by Aaron Slepkov, directed by Yuriy Polyashko, Darvideo Animation Studio.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
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----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/why-can-t-you-put-metal-in-a-microwave-aaron-slepkov
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Animator's website: https://darvideo.tv
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Nevin Spoljaric, Sid Chanpuriya, Anoop Varghese, David Yastremski, Noah Webb, Roberto Chena, Oliver Koo, Luke Pisano, Andrea Gordon, Aleksandar Donev, Nicole Klau Ibarra, Jesse Lira, Ezekiel Raui, Petr Vacek, Dennis, Olivia Fu, Kari Teffeau, Cindy Lai, Rajath Durgada Manjunath, Dan Nguyen, Chin Beng Tan, Tom Boman, Karen Warner, Iryna Panasiuk, Aaron Torres, Eric Braun, Sonja Worzewski, Michael Clement, Adam Berry, Ghaith Tarawneh, Nathan Milford, Tomas Beckett, Alice Ice, Eric Berman, Kurt Paolo Sevillano, Jennifer Heald, Megulo Abebe, isolwi, Kate Sem, Ujjwal Dasu, Angel Alberici, Minh Quan Dinh, Sylvain, Terran Gimpel, Talia Sari, Katie McDowell, Allen, Mahina Knuckles, Charmaine Hanson and Thawsitt.
|
2024-02-15T16:00:07Z
|
[
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 6.961,
"text": "Pandora was having a decisively bad day."
},
{
"duration": 2.628,
"start": 11.132,
"text": "She didn’t set out to open the box;"
},
{
"duration": 3.461,
"start": 13.76,
"text": "if anything, she’d resisted\nwith every ounce of her will."
},
{
"duration": 2.92,
"start": 17.346,
"text": "But her curiosity got the better of her,"
},
{
"duration": 3.6710000000000003,
"start": 20.391,
"text": "and a cavalcade of evils\nof every shape and size spilled out."
},
{
"duration": 3.795,
"start": 24.187,
"text": "By the time she'd slammed\nthe front door of her home shut,"
},
{
"duration": 6.631,
"start": 28.066,
"text": "only 10 minor imps— of wrath, greed,\ngluttony, and sloth varieties—"
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 34.864,
"text": "and three greater demons remained."
},
{
"duration": 4.17,
"start": 38.201,
"text": "Pandora tried desperately\nto get them under control,"
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 42.371,
"text": "but they resisted and pounded\nat the windows."
},
{
"duration": 2.127,
"start": 45.5,
"text": "“This is hopeless!” she cried."
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 48.086,
"text": "The first greater demon turned\nto Pandora and said,"
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 52.507,
"text": "“Hope? Hope is still here.\nI just made her look like an imp."
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 56.928,
"text": "Because that’s the kind of bad guy I am!”"
},
{
"duration": 4.921,
"start": 59.639,
"text": "He whispered in the ears of the two\nother demons and continued."
},
{
"duration": 1.6680000000000001,
"start": 64.936,
"text": "“To make things interesting,"
},
{
"duration": 5.464,
"start": 66.604,
"text": "I just told Abaddon which variety\nof imp Hope is,"
},
{
"duration": 5.255,
"start": 72.193,
"text": "and Beelzebub how many eyes\nshe has. Bye!”"
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 77.907,
"text": "Abaddon taunted Beelzebub by saying,"
},
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 81.077,
"text": "“I know you don’t know which one she is.”"
},
{
"duration": 4.755,
"start": 84.163,
"text": "Beelzebub responded, “Well, I didn’t\nbefore, but now I know.”"
},
{
"duration": 5.38,
"start": 89.085,
"text": "To which Abaddon replied in a huff,\n“Then I also know which one she is.”"
},
{
"duration": 4.713,
"start": 94.799,
"text": "And both left in a hurry,\nwithout so much as a farewell."
},
{
"duration": 5.672,
"start": 100.096,
"text": "Pandora knows her only chance\nto fix this mess is to capture Hope"
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 105.852,
"text": "before the imps all escape her home."
},
{
"duration": 1.7109999999999999,
"start": 109.438,
"text": "But which one is she?"
},
{
"duration": 2.502,
"start": 111.149,
"text": "Pause here to figure it out yourself.\nAnswer in 3"
},
{
"duration": 2.127,
"start": 113.651,
"text": "Answer in 2"
},
{
"duration": 2.21,
"start": 116.154,
"text": "Answer in 1"
},
{
"duration": 4.922,
"start": 118.656,
"text": "This problem originally took\nthe world by storm in 2015"
},
{
"duration": 4.963,
"start": 123.661,
"text": "when Dr. Joseph Yeo Boon Wooi\nposed it as Cheryl’s birthday problem,"
},
{
"duration": 1.293,
"start": 128.708,
"text": "and for good reason."
},
{
"duration": 5.422,
"start": 130.001,
"text": "The logic requires simultaneously\nmodeling three different perspectives—"
},
{
"duration": 6.507,
"start": 135.506,
"text": "ours, Abaddon’s and Beelzebub’s,\nwhom we’ll call A and B from now on."
},
{
"duration": 6.09,
"start": 142.763,
"text": "This puzzle is much more approachable if\nwe start by doing what Pandora could not:"
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 149.103,
"text": "cramming all of these imps into a box..."
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 152.44,
"text": "in this case, of the table variety."
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 155.151,
"text": "One key thing to note is that unlike\nmany logic problems,"
},
{
"duration": 2.377,
"start": 159.447,
"text": "the order of statements matters here,"
},
{
"duration": 4.797,
"start": 161.824,
"text": "because the two demons’ knowledge\nchanges over the course of the dialogue."
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 166.746,
"text": "So let's start with the first statement"
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 169.04,
"text": "and milk it for all it's worth\nbefore moving on."
},
{
"duration": 4.921,
"start": 172.752,
"text": "In it, A says to B, “I know you don’t know\nwhich one she is.”"
},
{
"duration": 3.212,
"start": 178.382,
"text": "At this point, A knows the imp type,"
},
{
"duration": 5.464,
"start": 181.594,
"text": "but since there are multiple imps\nof each type, A doesn’t know who Hope is."
},
{
"duration": 2.336,
"start": 187.683,
"text": "The eyes, however, work differently;"
},
{
"duration": 4.838,
"start": 190.228,
"text": "if Hope had 3 or 5 eyes,\nB would know who she is."
},
{
"duration": 4.422,
"start": 195.816,
"text": "This step is where a lot of people\nsuccumb to a common pitfall."
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 200.488,
"text": "Because the important takeaway\nhere isn’t to just eliminate"
},
{
"duration": 2.377,
"start": 204.2,
"text": "the three- and five-eyed imps."
},
{
"duration": 4.213,
"start": 206.744,
"text": "It’s to eliminate the entire rows\nof the table that they’re in."
},
{
"duration": 1.001,
"start": 211.29,
"text": "Why?"
},
{
"duration": 5.381,
"start": 212.291,
"text": "The trick is to think about B’s\nperspective from A’s perspective."
},
{
"duration": 6.173,
"start": 218.172,
"text": "Through A’s eyes, the entire table\nboils down to one of these four options,"
},
{
"duration": 3.044,
"start": 224.387,
"text": "because he knows which type the imp is."
},
{
"duration": 4.964,
"start": 227.723,
"text": "If he knew Hope was a greed imp,\nshe could have five eyes."
},
{
"duration": 5.297,
"start": 233.229,
"text": "There’s only one imp with five eyes,\nso B could know who Hope is."
},
{
"duration": 2.92,
"start": 238.734,
"text": "But A knows that B doesn’t know,"
},
{
"duration": 4.754,
"start": 241.696,
"text": "so greed isn’t possible,\nnor, by the same reasoning, is wrath."
},
{
"duration": 5.547,
"start": 247.243,
"text": "Now we’re down to just five possible imps,\nand we can move on to the next statement,"
},
{
"duration": 3.211,
"start": 252.832,
"text": "which we have to consider\nthrough B’s eyes."
},
{
"duration": 5.172,
"start": 256.377,
"text": "Critically, B is an expert logician,\nso anything we’ve figured out—"
},
{
"duration": 3.044,
"start": 261.549,
"text": "like that wrath and greed\nare off the table—"
},
{
"duration": 1.71,
"start": 264.76,
"text": "he’s also figured out."
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 266.929,
"text": "That, plus knowing how many eyes Hope has,"
},
{
"duration": 2.503,
"start": 270.808,
"text": "allows him to figure out who she is."
},
{
"duration": 4.588,
"start": 273.519,
"text": "So she must be in a column\nthat has only one imp left,"
},
{
"duration": 3.7960000000000003,
"start": 278.232,
"text": "meaning we can eliminate\nboth one-eyed imps."
},
{
"duration": 5.297,
"start": 282.278,
"text": "Finally, let’s examine the last statement\nand switch back to A’s perspective."
},
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 287.95,
"text": "For A to now know who Hope is,"
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 290.87,
"text": "there must be only one option\nleft in that row."
},
{
"duration": 4.964,
"start": 294.206,
"text": "Therefore, Hope must be\nthe six-eyed sloth imp."
},
{
"duration": 2.127,
"start": 299.795,
"text": "Before anyone else can escape,"
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 301.922,
"text": "Pandora leaps into action\nand wrestles Hope to the ground."
},
{
"duration": 2.043,
"start": 306.344,
"text": "The world may be a mess,"
},
{
"duration": 5.214,
"start": 308.387,
"text": "but at least she’s got a glimmer of...\nwell, you know."
}
] |
qWG2f9DwwpY
|
The Fijian myth of the greedy god - Raiana McKinney and Esther Wozniak
|
Dig into the Fijian myth of Dakuwaqa, the shape-shifting shark god who is determined to take over all of Fiji's islands.
--
Long ago, the ancestral gods of Fiji settled on the Pacific archipelago. They eventually metamorphosed into various forms, with the god Dakuwaqa transforming into a shark. But he was unsatisfied. He became proud and greedy and wanted to establish himself as the mightiest god, and dominate all of Fiji’s islands. Raiana McKinney and Esther Wozniak share the tale of Dakuwaqa’s quest for power.
Lesson by Raiana McKinney and Esther Wozniak, directed by KERO Animation.
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Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Orlellys Torre, Corheu, Thomas Mee, Maryann H McCrory, Blas Borde, John Hellmann, Poompak Meephian, Chuck Wofford, Adam Pagan, Wes Winn, Conder Shou, ntiger, Noname, Hansan Hu, David D, Mac Hyney, Keith Ellison, robin valero walters, Lynne Truesdale, Gatsby Dkdc, Matthew Neal, Denis Chon, Julian Oberhofer, Monte Carroll, Eddy, Jay M, Constantino Victor Delgado, Andrea Galvagni, Andrew Tweddle, Laurel-Ann Rice, Fernando A. Endo, Helen Lee, pam morgan, sarim haq, Gerardo Castro, Michel-Ange Hortegat, Enes Kirimi, Amaury BISIAUX, ND, Samyogita Hardikar, Vanessa Graulich, Vandana Gunwani, Abdulmohsin Almadi, AJ Lyon, Geoffrey Bultitude, Mi Mi, Thomas Rothert, Brian Elieson, Oge O and Weronika Falkowska.
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2024-02-13T16:00:38Z
|
[
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 7.086,
"text": "These humpback whales have already\ncovered thousands of kilometers"
},
{
"duration": 3.963,
"start": 10.631,
"text": "on their migration from tropical breeding\ngrounds to colder feeding grounds."
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 14.802,
"text": "But one of these whales is about\nto take a detour."
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 17.263,
"text": "From several kilometers away, it hears\na group of orcas harassing a seal,"
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 21.809,
"text": "and— as if answering a distress signal—\nit races off."
},
{
"duration": 2.627,
"start": 25.188,
"text": "The humpback charges\nthe 8-meter-long orcas,"
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 27.815,
"text": "driving them away with its\nmassive pectoral flukes."
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 30.61,
"text": "Then, when the threat is gone,\nit swiftly returns to its journey."
},
{
"duration": 3.503,
"start": 34.447,
"text": "Humpbacks are known to mount these kinds\nof impromptu rescue missions."
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 38.034,
"text": "But why would they expend time and energy\nrisking their lives for a stray seal?"
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 42.538,
"text": "Isn’t nature a cruel and vicious place,\nwithout room for generosity?"
},
{
"duration": 1.126,
"start": 46.793,
"text": "Well, sort of."
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 48.044,
"text": "The publication of Charles Darwin’s\n“On the Origin of Species”"
},
{
"duration": 2.46,
"start": 51.798,
"text": "introduced the notion\nof survival of the fittest,"
},
{
"duration": 3.087,
"start": 54.258,
"text": "creating a lasting vision of Earth’s\nstrongest animals dominating"
},
{
"duration": 1.209,
"start": 57.345,
"text": "the natural world. "
},
{
"duration": 2.628,
"start": 58.596,
"text": "But this isn’t what Darwin meant\nby fitness,"
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 61.224,
"text": "nor is it how modern biologists define it."
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 64.143,
"text": "Rather than describing an animal’s\nphysical strength,"
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 67.522,
"text": "fitness refers to how likely an organism\nis to pass on its genes"
},
{
"duration": 1.418,
"start": 71.109,
"text": "to the next generation."
},
{
"duration": 3.212,
"start": 72.568,
"text": "This means the fittest animals are those\nwho can survive long enough"
},
{
"duration": 1.626,
"start": 75.78,
"text": "to produce healthy offspring. "
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 77.74,
"text": "And while that might occasionally\ndescribe a powerful predator,"
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 80.952,
"text": "the fittest animal can also be the\nmost stealthy, resourceful,"
},
{
"duration": 1.751,
"start": 84.831,
"text": "or even the most cooperative."
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 87.416,
"text": "So what exactly does cooperation look like\nin the animal kingdom?"
},
{
"duration": 2.002,
"start": 91.671,
"text": "Sometimes it's fairly straightforward."
},
{
"duration": 2.795,
"start": 94.006,
"text": "In the sun-dappled waters\nof the Great Barrier Reef,"
},
{
"duration": 3.211,
"start": 96.801,
"text": "cleaner wrasse diligently inspect\nother fish for parasites,"
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 100.221,
"text": "eating up any blood suckers\nwith a precise nibble."
},
{
"duration": 4.921,
"start": 103.099,
"text": "This kind of arrangement, in which both\nsides benefit, is known as mutualism."
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 108.771,
"text": "But this particular relationship\ncan also be parasitic."
},
{
"duration": 2.169,
"start": 112.483,
"text": "If a wrasse thinks it can\nget away with it,"
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 114.819,
"text": "it will try to take a bite\nof the fish it’s cleaning."
},
{
"duration": 2.795,
"start": 117.446,
"text": "This parasitic turn is only temporary,\nof course,"
},
{
"duration": 3.086,
"start": 120.241,
"text": "and the wrasse will quickly return\nto its usual gourmet grooming."
},
{
"duration": 4.463,
"start": 123.786,
"text": "Meanwhile, in the Kalahari Desert,\nmeerkat mobs dig for buried prey."
},
{
"duration": 2.503,
"start": 128.624,
"text": "This technique leaves the\nforagers vulnerable,"
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 131.127,
"text": "but when an eagle swoops down for a snack,"
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 133.546,
"text": "the mob’s appointed sentry cries out."
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 135.84,
"text": "With lightning speed, the meerkats\nretreat to the safety of their burrows,"
},
{
"duration": 1.585,
"start": 139.677,
"text": "leaving the bird in their dust."
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 141.47,
"text": "While this arrangement is essential\nfor the foragers,"
},
{
"duration": 2.336,
"start": 144.348,
"text": "the sentries can't eat while on duty,"
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 146.684,
"text": "and sounding a warning puts them directly\nin the eagles’ line of fire."
},
{
"duration": 4.087,
"start": 149.979,
"text": "But despite this roll’s dangers,\nit might actually increase their fitness."
},
{
"duration": 3.212,
"start": 154.692,
"text": "Many evolutionary biologists believe\nanimals improve their odds"
},
{
"duration": 3.628,
"start": 157.904,
"text": "of passing their genes to the next\ngeneration in one of two ways."
},
{
"duration": 2.252,
"start": 161.699,
"text": "Either directly by having\ntheir own offspring,"
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 163.951,
"text": "or indirectly by helping genetic\nrelatives have offspring."
},
{
"duration": 3.129,
"start": 168.08,
"text": "Meerkat sentries may gain\nthis indirect fitness benefit"
},
{
"duration": 3.461,
"start": 171.209,
"text": "since groups tend to be comprised\nof closely related individuals."
},
{
"duration": 3.628,
"start": 174.921,
"text": "Of course, animals don't have to be\nfamily to protect each other."
},
{
"duration": 4.921,
"start": 178.925,
"text": "For Costa Rican vampire bats, just a few\nunsuccessful hunts can mean starvation."
},
{
"duration": 2.8369999999999997,
"start": 184.513,
"text": "So it's fortunate that when\na bat is dying of hunger,"
},
{
"duration": 3.461,
"start": 187.35,
"text": "another bat might regurgitate some\nof its own meal to help its roost mate"
},
{
"duration": 1.252,
"start": 190.811,
"text": "through this lean period."
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 192.48,
"text": "This is a considerable cost\nfor the gifting bat."
},
{
"duration": 2.628,
"start": 195.566,
"text": "But this practice develops\na “you scratch my back"
},
{
"duration": 1.9180000000000001,
"start": 198.194,
"text": "and I’ll scratch yours” arrangement,"
},
{
"duration": 2.8369999999999997,
"start": 200.112,
"text": "more formally known\nas reciprocal altruism."
},
{
"duration": 2.21,
"start": 203.324,
"text": "This isn’t altruism in its purest sense"
},
{
"duration": 2.795,
"start": 205.534,
"text": "because when the donor gives\naway its hard-won food,"
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 208.329,
"text": "it does so expecting to receive\nsimilar help in the future."
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 212.041,
"text": "But while it’s true that we usually see\nanimals help one another"
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 215.044,
"text": "in exchange for food, fitness, or favors,"
},
{
"duration": 3.503,
"start": 217.338,
"text": "that doesn’t mean the animal kingdom\nis devoid of truly selfless altruism."
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 220.925,
"text": "Researchers still don't know why humpbacks\nprotect unrelated whales"
},
{
"duration": 2.503,
"start": 224.47,
"text": "and the occasional seal\nfrom powerful predators."
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 227.181,
"text": "And while it might seem hard to believe\nthis heroic feat is an act of generosity,"
},
{
"duration": 2.252,
"start": 231.227,
"text": "who knows what kinds of kindness\nwe may discover"
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 233.479,
"text": "as we continue investigating Earth’s\ncountless cooperative creatures."
}
] |
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