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290-1 | A
A (named , plural "As", "A's", "a"s, "a's" or "aes") is the first letter and the first vowel of the modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet. It is similar to the Ancient Greek letter alpha, from which it derives. The uppercase version consists of the two slanting sides of a triangle, crossed in the m... | 290 | A | ISO basic Latin letters |
290-2 | A
Section::::History.
The earliest certain ancestor of "A" is aleph (also written 'aleph), the first letter of the Phoenician alphabet, which consisted entirely of consonants (for that reason, it is also called an abjad to distinguish it from a true alphabet). In turn, the ancestor of aleph may have been a pictogram of... | 290 | A | ISO basic Latin letters |
290-3 | A
Section::::History.:Typographic variants.
During Roman times, there were many variant forms of the letter "A". First was the monumental or lapidary style, which was used when inscribing on stone or other "permanent" media. There was also a cursive style used for everyday or utilitarian writing, which was done on more... | 290 | A | ISO basic Latin letters |
290-4 | A
Section::::Use in writing systems.
section:use :usewrite writesystem | 290 | A | ISO basic Latin letters |
290-5 | A
Section::::Use in writing systems.:English.
In modern English orthography, the letter represents at least seven different vowel sounds:
BULLET::::- the near-open front unrounded vowel as in "pad";
BULLET::::- the open back unrounded vowel as in "father", which is closer to its original Latin and Greek sound;
BULLET::... | 290 | A | ISO basic Latin letters |
290-6 | A
Section::::Use in writing systems.:Other languages.
In most languages that use the Latin alphabet, denotes an open unrounded vowel, such as , , or . An exception is Saanich, in which (and the glyph Á) stands for a close-mid front unrounded vowel .
section:use :usewrite writesystem systemlanguag languaglanguag langua... | 290 | A | ISO basic Latin letters |
290-7 | A
Section::::Use in writing systems.:Other systems.
In phonetic and phonemic notation:
BULLET::::- in the International Phonetic Alphabet, is used for the open front unrounded vowel, is used for the open central unrounded vowel, and is used for the open back unrounded vowel.
BULLET::::- in X-SAMPA, is used for the open... | 290 | A | ISO basic Latin letters |
290-8 | A
Section::::Other uses.
In algebra, the letter "a" along with other letters at the beginning of the alphabet is used to represent known quantities, whereas the letters at the end of the alphabet ("x", "y", "z") are used to denote unknown quantities.
In geometry, capital A, B, C etc. are used to denote segments, lines,... | 290 | A | ISO basic Latin letters |
290-9 | A
Section::::Related characters.
section:relat :relatcharact | 290 | A | ISO basic Latin letters |
290-10 | A
Section::::Related characters.:Descendants and related characters in the Latin alphabet.
BULLET::::- Æ æ : Latin "AE" ligature
BULLET::::- A with diacritics: Å å Ǻ ǻ Ḁ ḁ ẚ Ă ă Ặ ặ Ắ ắ Ằ ằ Ẳ ẳ Ẵ ẵ Ȃ ȃ Â â Ậ ậ Ấ ấ Ầ ầ Ẫ ẫ Ẩ ẩ Ả ả Ǎ ǎ Ⱥ ⱥ Ȧ ȧ Ǡ ǡ Ạ ạ Ä ä Ǟ ǟ À à Ȁ ȁ Á á Ā ā Ā̀ ā̀ Ã ã Ą ą Ą́ ą́ Ą̃ ą̃ A̲ a̲ ᶏ
BULLET::::- ... | 290 | A | ISO basic Latin letters |
290-11 | A
Section::::Related characters.:Derived signs, symbols and abbreviations.
BULLET::::- ª : an ordinal indicator
BULLET::::- Å : Ångström sign
BULLET::::- ∀ : a turned capital letter A, used in predicate logic to specify universal quantification ("for all")
BULLET::::- @ : At sign
BULLET::::- ₳ : Argentine austral
sect... | 290 | A | ISO basic Latin letters |
290-12 | A
Section::::Related characters.:Ancestors and siblings in other alphabets.
BULLET::::- 𐤀 : Semitic letter Aleph, from which the following symbols originally derive
BULLET::::- Α α : Greek letter Alpha, from which the following letters derive
BULLET::::- А а : Cyrillic letter A
BULLET::::- : Coptic letter Alpha
BULLET... | 290 | A | ISO basic Latin letters |
290-13 | A
Section::::External links.
BULLET::::- History of the Alphabet
section:extern :externlink linkbullet bullet:- :-histori historialphabet | 290 | A | ISO basic Latin letters |
39-1 | Albedo
Albedo () (, meaning 'whiteness') is the measure of the diffuse reflection of solar radiation out of the total solar radiation received by an astronomical body (e.g. a planet like Earth). It is dimensionless and measured on a scale from 0 (corresponding to a black body that absorbs all incident radiation) to 1 (... | 39 | Albedo | Electromagnetic radiation,Climate forcing,Radiometry,Land surface effects on climate,Scattering, absorption and radiative transfer (optics),Climatology |
39-2 | Albedo
Section::::Terrestrial albedo.
Any albedo in visible light falls within a range of about 0.9 for fresh snow to about 0.04 for charcoal, one of the darkest substances. Deeply shadowed cavities can achieve an effective albedo approaching the zero of a black body. When seen from a distance, the ocean surface has a ... | 39 | Albedo | Electromagnetic radiation,Climate forcing,Radiometry,Land surface effects on climate,Scattering, absorption and radiative transfer (optics),Climatology |
39-3 | Albedo
Section::::Terrestrial albedo.:White-sky, black-sky, and blue-sky albedo.
For land surfaces, it has been shown that the albedo at a particular solar zenith angle "θ" can be approximated by the proportionate sum of two terms:
BULLET::::- the directional-hemispherical reflectance at that solar zenith angle, formu... | 39 | Albedo | Electromagnetic radiation,Climate forcing,Radiometry,Land surface effects on climate,Scattering, absorption and radiative transfer (optics),Climatology |
39-4 | Albedo
Section::::Astronomical albedo.
The albedos of planets, satellites and minor planets such as asteroids can be used to infer much about their properties. The study of albedos, their dependence on wavelength, lighting angle ("phase angle"), and variation in time comprises a major part of the astronomical field of ... | 39 | Albedo | Electromagnetic radiation,Climate forcing,Radiometry,Land surface effects on climate,Scattering, absorption and radiative transfer (optics),Climatology |
39-5 | Albedo
Section::::Examples of terrestrial albedo effects.
section:exampl :examplterrestri terrestrialbedo albedoeffect | 39 | Albedo | Electromagnetic radiation,Climate forcing,Radiometry,Land surface effects on climate,Scattering, absorption and radiative transfer (optics),Climatology |
39-6 | Albedo
Section::::Examples of terrestrial albedo effects.:Illumination.
Albedo is not directly dependent on illumination because changing the amount of incoming light proportionally changes the amount of reflected light, except in circumstances where a change in illumination induces a change in the Earth's surface at t... | 39 | Albedo | Electromagnetic radiation,Climate forcing,Radiometry,Land surface effects on climate,Scattering, absorption and radiative transfer (optics),Climatology |
39-7 | Albedo
Section::::Examples of terrestrial albedo effects.:Insolation effects.
The intensity of albedo temperature effects depends on the amount of albedo and the level of local insolation (solar irradiance); high albedo areas in the arctic and antarctic regions are cold due to low insolation, where areas such as the Sa... | 39 | Albedo | Electromagnetic radiation,Climate forcing,Radiometry,Land surface effects on climate,Scattering, absorption and radiative transfer (optics),Climatology |
39-8 | Albedo
Section::::Examples of terrestrial albedo effects.:Climate and weather.
Albedo affects climate by determining how much radiation a planet absorbs. The uneven heating of Earth from albedo variations between land, ice, or ocean surfaces can drive weather.
section:exampl :examplterrestri terrestrialbedo albedoeffe... | 39 | Albedo | Electromagnetic radiation,Climate forcing,Radiometry,Land surface effects on climate,Scattering, absorption and radiative transfer (optics),Climatology |
39-9 | Albedo
Section::::Examples of terrestrial albedo effects.:Albedo–temperature feedback.
When an area's albedo changes due to snowfall, a snow–temperature feedback results. A layer of snowfall increases local albedo, reflecting away sunlight, leading to local cooling. In principle, if no outside temperature change affect... | 39 | Albedo | Electromagnetic radiation,Climate forcing,Radiometry,Land surface effects on climate,Scattering, absorption and radiative transfer (optics),Climatology |
39-10 | Albedo
Section::::Examples of terrestrial albedo effects.:Snow.
Snow albedo is highly variable, ranging from as high as 0.9 for freshly fallen snow, to about 0.4 for melting snow, and as low as 0.2 for dirty snow. Over Antarctica snow albedo averages a little more than 0.8. If a marginally snow-covered area warms, snow... | 39 | Albedo | Electromagnetic radiation,Climate forcing,Radiometry,Land surface effects on climate,Scattering, absorption and radiative transfer (optics),Climatology |
39-11 | Albedo
Section::::Examples of terrestrial albedo effects.:Small-scale effects.
Albedo works on a smaller scale, too. In sunlight, dark clothes absorb more heat and light-coloured clothes reflect it better, thus allowing some control over body temperature by exploiting the albedo effect of the colour of external clothin... | 39 | Albedo | Electromagnetic radiation,Climate forcing,Radiometry,Land surface effects on climate,Scattering, absorption and radiative transfer (optics),Climatology |
39-12 | Albedo
Section::::Examples of terrestrial albedo effects.:Solar photovoltaic effects.
Albedo can affect the electrical energy output of solar photovoltaic devices. For example, the effects of a spectrally responsive albedo are illustrated by the differences between the spectrally weighted albedo of solar photovoltaic t... | 39 | Albedo | Electromagnetic radiation,Climate forcing,Radiometry,Land surface effects on climate,Scattering, absorption and radiative transfer (optics),Climatology |
39-13 | Albedo
Section::::Examples of terrestrial albedo effects.:Trees.
Because forests generally have a low albedo, (the majority of the ultraviolet and visible spectrum is absorbed through photosynthesis), some scientists have suggested that greater heat absorption by trees could offset some of the carbon benefits of affore... | 39 | Albedo | Electromagnetic radiation,Climate forcing,Radiometry,Land surface effects on climate,Scattering, absorption and radiative transfer (optics),Climatology |
39-14 | Albedo
Section::::Examples of terrestrial albedo effects.:Water.
Water reflects light very differently from typical terrestrial materials. The reflectivity of a water surface is calculated using the Fresnel equations (see graph).
At the scale of the wavelength of light even wavy water is always smooth so the light is r... | 39 | Albedo | Electromagnetic radiation,Climate forcing,Radiometry,Land surface effects on climate,Scattering, absorption and radiative transfer (optics),Climatology |
39-15 | Albedo
Section::::Examples of terrestrial albedo effects.:Clouds.
Cloud albedo has substantial influence over atmospheric temperatures. Different types of clouds exhibit different reflectivity, theoretically ranging in albedo from a minimum of near 0 to a maximum approaching 0.8. "On any given day, about half of Earth ... | 39 | Albedo | Electromagnetic radiation,Climate forcing,Radiometry,Land surface effects on climate,Scattering, absorption and radiative transfer (optics),Climatology |
39-16 | Albedo
Section::::Examples of terrestrial albedo effects.:Aerosol effects.
Aerosols (very fine particles/droplets in the atmosphere) have both direct and indirect effects on Earth's radiative balance. The direct (albedo) effect is generally to cool the planet; the indirect effect (the particles act as cloud condensatio... | 39 | Albedo | Electromagnetic radiation,Climate forcing,Radiometry,Land surface effects on climate,Scattering, absorption and radiative transfer (optics),Climatology |
39-17 | Albedo
Section::::Examples of terrestrial albedo effects.:Black carbon.
Another albedo-related effect on the climate is from black carbon particles. The size of this effect is difficult to quantify: the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change estimates that the global mean radiative forcing for black carbon aerosols ... | 39 | Albedo | Electromagnetic radiation,Climate forcing,Radiometry,Land surface effects on climate,Scattering, absorption and radiative transfer (optics),Climatology |
39-18 | Albedo
Section::::Examples of terrestrial albedo effects.:Human activities.
Human activities (e.g., deforestation, farming, and urbanization) change the albedo of various areas around the globe. However, quantification of this effect on the global scale is difficult.
section:exampl :examplterrestri terrestrialbedo alb... | 39 | Albedo | Electromagnetic radiation,Climate forcing,Radiometry,Land surface effects on climate,Scattering, absorption and radiative transfer (optics),Climatology |
39-19 | Albedo
Section::::Other types of albedo.
Single-scattering albedo is used to define scattering of electromagnetic waves on small particles. It depends on properties of the material (refractive index); the size of the particle or particles; and the wavelength of the incoming radiation.
section:other :othertype typealbe... | 39 | Albedo | Electromagnetic radiation,Climate forcing,Radiometry,Land surface effects on climate,Scattering, absorption and radiative transfer (optics),Climatology |
39-20 | Albedo
Section::::Acquisition.
Albedo can be measured by an Albedometer.
section:acquisit :acquisitalbedo albedomeasur measuralbedomet | 39 | Albedo | Electromagnetic radiation,Climate forcing,Radiometry,Land surface effects on climate,Scattering, absorption and radiative transfer (optics),Climatology |
39-21 | Albedo
Section::::See also.
BULLET::::- Cool roof
BULLET::::- Daisyworld
BULLET::::- Emissivity
BULLET::::- Exitance
BULLET::::- Global dimming
BULLET::::- Irradiance
BULLET::::- Kirchhoff's law of thermal radiation
BULLET::::- Opposition surge
BULLET::::- Polar see-saw
BULLET::::- Solar radiation management
section:s... | 39 | Albedo | Electromagnetic radiation,Climate forcing,Radiometry,Land surface effects on climate,Scattering, absorption and radiative transfer (optics),Climatology |
39-22 | Albedo
Section::::External links.
BULLET::::- Albedo Project
BULLET::::- Albedo – Encyclopedia of Earth
BULLET::::- NASA MODIS BRDF/albedo product site
BULLET::::- Surface albedo derived from Meteosat observations
BULLET::::- A discussion of Lunar albedos
BULLET::::- reflectivity of metals (chart)
section:extern :exte... | 39 | Albedo | Electromagnetic radiation,Climate forcing,Radiometry,Land surface effects on climate,Scattering, absorption and radiative transfer (optics),Climatology |
316-1 | Academy Award for Best Production Design
The Academy Award for Best Production Design recognizes achievement for art direction in film. The category's original name was Best Art Direction, but was changed to its current name in 2012 for the 85th Academy Awards. This change resulted from the Art Director's branch of the... | 316 | Academy Award for Best Production Design | Academy Awards,Best Art Direction Academy Award winners |
316-2 | Academy Award for Best Production Design
Section::::See also.
BULLET::::- BAFTA Award for Best Production Design
BULLET::::- Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Art Direction
section:see :seealso alsobullet bullet:- :-bafta baftaaward awardbest bestproduct productdesign designbullet bullet:- :-critic criticchoic choi... | 316 | Academy Award for Best Production Design | Academy Awards,Best Art Direction Academy Award winners |
330-1 | Actrius
Actresses (Catalan: Actrius) is a 1997 Catalan language Spanish drama film produced and directed by Ventura Pons and based on the award-winning stage play "E.R." by Josep Maria Benet i Jornet. The film has no male actors, with all roles played by females. The film was produced in 1996.
actresscatalan catalanac... | 330 | Actrius | 1990s drama films,Catalan-language films,1997 films,Films set in Barcelona,Spanish films |
330-2 | Actrius
Section::::Synopsis.
In order to prepare herself to play a role commemorating the life of legendary actress Empar Ribera, young actress (Mercè Pons) interviews three established actresses who had been the Ribera's pupils: the international diva Glòria Marc (Núria Espert), the television star Assumpta Roca (Rosa... | 330 | Actrius | 1990s drama films,Catalan-language films,1997 films,Films set in Barcelona,Spanish films |
330-3 | Actrius
Section::::Cast.
BULLET::::- Núria Espert as Glòria Marc
BULLET::::- Rosa Maria Sardà as Assumpta Roca
BULLET::::- Anna Lizaran as Maria Caminal
BULLET::::- Mercè Pons as Estudiant
section:cast :castbullet bullet:- :-núria núriaespert espertglòria glòriamarc marcbullet bullet:- :-rosa rosamaria mariasardà sard... | 330 | Actrius | 1990s drama films,Catalan-language films,1997 films,Films set in Barcelona,Spanish films |
330-4 | Actrius
Section::::Recognition.
section:recognit | 330 | Actrius | 1990s drama films,Catalan-language films,1997 films,Films set in Barcelona,Spanish films |
330-5 | Actrius
Section::::Recognition.:Screenings.
"Actrius" screened in 2001 at the Grauman's Egyptian Theatre in an American Cinematheque retrospective of the works of its director. The film had first screened at the same location in 1998. It was also shown at the 1997 Stockholm International Film Festival.
section:recogni... | 330 | Actrius | 1990s drama films,Catalan-language films,1997 films,Films set in Barcelona,Spanish films |
330-6 | Actrius
Section::::Recognition.:Reception.
In "Movie - Film - Review", "Daily Mail" staffer Christopher Tookey wrote that though the actresses were "competent in roles that may have some reference to their own careers", the film "is visually unimaginative, never escapes its stage origins, and is almost totally lacking ... | 330 | Actrius | 1990s drama films,Catalan-language films,1997 films,Films set in Barcelona,Spanish films |
330-7 | Actrius
Section::::Recognition.:Awards and nominations.
BULLET::::- 1997, won 'Best Catalan Film' at Butaca Awards for Ventura Pons
BULLET::::- 1997, won 'Best Catalan Film Actress' at Butaca Awards, shared by Núria Espert, Rosa Maria Sardà, Anna Lizaran, and Mercè Pons
BULLET::::- 1998, nominated for 'Best Screenplay'... | 330 | Actrius | 1990s drama films,Catalan-language films,1997 films,Films set in Barcelona,Spanish films |
330-8 | Actrius
Section::::External links.
BULLET::::- as archived February 17, 2009 (Spanish)
section:extern :externlink linkbullet bullet:- :-archiv archivfebruari februari17 172009 2009spanish | 330 | Actrius | 1990s drama films,Catalan-language films,1997 films,Films set in Barcelona,Spanish films |
332-1 | Animalia (book)
Animalia is an illustrated children's book by Graeme Base. It was originally published in 1986, followed by a tenth anniversary edition in 1996, and a 25th anniversary edition in 2012. Over four million copies have been sold worldwide. A special numbered and signed anniversary edition was also published... | 332 | Animalia (book) | Alphabet books,Puzzle books,1986 children's books,Picture books by Graeme Base |
332-2 | Animalia (book)
Section::::Synopsis.
"Animalia" is an alliterative alphabet book and contains twenty-six illustrations, one for each letter of the alphabet. Each illustration features an animal from the animal kingdom (A is for alligator, B is for butterfly, etc.) along with a short poem utilizing the letter of the pag... | 332 | Animalia (book) | Alphabet books,Puzzle books,1986 children's books,Picture books by Graeme Base |
332-3 | Animalia (book)
Section::::Related products.
Julia MacRae Books published an "Animalia" colouring book in 2008. H. N. Abrams also published a wall calendar colouring book version for children the same year.
H. N. Abrams published "The Animalia Wall Frieze", a fold-out over 26 feet in length, in which the author created... | 332 | Animalia (book) | Alphabet books,Puzzle books,1986 children's books,Picture books by Graeme Base |
332-4 | Animalia (book)
Section::::Adaptations.
A television series was also created, based on the book, which airs in the United States, Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom, Norway and Venezuela. It also airs on Minimax for the Czech Republic and Slovakia. And recently in Greece on the channel ET1. The Australian Children's... | 332 | Animalia (book) | Alphabet books,Puzzle books,1986 children's books,Picture books by Graeme Base |
332-5 | Animalia (book)
Section::::Awards.
"Animalia" won the Young Australian's Best Book Award in 1987 for Best Picture Story Book.
The Children's Book Council of Australia designated "Animalia" a 1987 : Honour Book.
Kid's Own Australian Literature Awards named "Animalia" the 1988 Picture Book Winner.
section:award :award``... | 332 | Animalia (book) | Alphabet books,Puzzle books,1986 children's books,Picture books by Graeme Base |
332-6 | Animalia (book)
Section::::External links.
BULLET::::- Graeme Base's official website
BULLET::::- A Learning Time activity guide for "Animalia" created by The Little Big Book Club
section:extern :externlink linkbullet bullet:- :-graem graembase base's 'soffici officiwebsit websitbullet bullet:- :-learn learntime timea... | 332 | Animalia (book) | Alphabet books,Puzzle books,1986 children's books,Picture books by Graeme Base |
309-1 | An American in Paris
An American in Paris is a jazz-influenced orchestral piece by American composer George Gershwin first performed in 1928. It was inspired by the time that Gershwin had spent in Paris and evokes the sights and energy of the French capital in the 1920s.
Walter Damrosch had asked Gershwin to write a fu... | 309 | An American in Paris | Music commissioned by the New York Philharmonic,Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients,Compositions by George Gershwin,Music about Paris,1928 compositions |
309-2 | An American in Paris
Section::::Background.
Although the story is likely apocryphal, Gershwin is said to have been attracted by Maurice Ravel's unusual chords, and Gershwin went on his first trip to Paris in 1926 ready to study with Ravel. After his initial student audition with Ravel turned into a sharing of musical t... | 309 | An American in Paris | Music commissioned by the New York Philharmonic,Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients,Compositions by George Gershwin,Music about Paris,1928 compositions |
309-3 | An American in Paris
Section::::Composition.
Gershwin based "An American in Paris" on a melodic fragment called "Very Parisienne", written in 1926 on his first visit to Paris as a gift to his hosts, Robert and Mabel Schirmer. He described the piece as a "rhapsodic ballet" because it was written freely and is more moder... | 309 | An American in Paris | Music commissioned by the New York Philharmonic,Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients,Compositions by George Gershwin,Music about Paris,1928 compositions |
309-4 | An American in Paris
Section::::Instrumentation.
"An American in Paris" is scored for 3 flutes (3rd doubling on piccolo), 2 oboes, English horn, 2 clarinets in B-flat, bass clarinet in B-flat, 2 bassoons, 4 horns in F, 3 trumpets in B-flat, 3 trombones, tuba, timpani, snare drum, bass drum, triangle, wood block, ratche... | 309 | An American in Paris | Music commissioned by the New York Philharmonic,Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients,Compositions by George Gershwin,Music about Paris,1928 compositions |
309-5 | An American in Paris
Section::::Response.
Gershwin did not particularly like Walter Damrosch's interpretation at the world premiere of "An American in Paris". He stated that Damrosch's sluggish, dragging tempo caused him to walk out of the hall during a matinee performance of this work. The audience, according to Edwar... | 309 | An American in Paris | Music commissioned by the New York Philharmonic,Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients,Compositions by George Gershwin,Music about Paris,1928 compositions |
309-6 | An American in Paris
Section::::Preservation status.
On September 22, 2013, it was announced that a musicological critical edition of the full orchestral score will be eventually released. The Gershwin family, working in conjunction with the Library of Congress and the University of Michigan, are working to make scores... | 309 | An American in Paris | Music commissioned by the New York Philharmonic,Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients,Compositions by George Gershwin,Music about Paris,1928 compositions |
309-7 | An American in Paris
Section::::Recordings.
"An American in Paris" has been frequently recorded. The first recording was made for RCA Victor in 1929 with Nathaniel Shilkret conducting the RCA Victor Symphony Orchestra, drawn from members of the Philadelphia Orchestra. Gershwin was on hand to "supervise" the recording; ... | 309 | An American in Paris | Music commissioned by the New York Philharmonic,Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients,Compositions by George Gershwin,Music about Paris,1928 compositions |
309-8 | An American in Paris
Section::::Use in film.
In 1951, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer released the musical film "An American in Paris", featuring Gene Kelly and Leslie Caron. Winning the 1951 Best Picture Oscar and numerous other awards, the film was directed by Vincente Minnelli, featured many tunes of Gershwin, and concluded wit... | 309 | An American in Paris | Music commissioned by the New York Philharmonic,Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients,Compositions by George Gershwin,Music about Paris,1928 compositions |
309-9 | An American in Paris
Section::::Further reading.
BULLET::::- Rimler, Walter. "George Gershwin – An Intimate Portrait". Urbana, University of Illinois Press, 2009. 29–33.
BULLET::::- Pollack, Howard. "George Gershwin – His Life and Work". Berkeley, University of California Press, 2006. 431–42.
section:further :furtherr... | 309 | An American in Paris | Music commissioned by the New York Philharmonic,Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients,Compositions by George Gershwin,Music about Paris,1928 compositions |
309-10 | An American in Paris
Section::::External links.
BULLET::::- 1944 recording by the New York Philharmonic conducted by Artur Rodziński
BULLET::::- , New York Philharmonic, Leonard Bernstein, 1959.
section:extern :externlink linkbullet bullet:- :-1944 1944record recordnew newyork yorkphilharmon philharmonconduct conducta... | 309 | An American in Paris | Music commissioned by the New York Philharmonic,Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients,Compositions by George Gershwin,Music about Paris,1928 compositions |
334-1 | International Atomic Time
International Atomic Time (TAI, from the French name ) is a high-precision atomic coordinate time standard based on the notional passage of proper time on Earth's geoid. It is the principal realisation of Terrestrial Time (with a fixed offset of epoch). It is also the basis for Coordinated Uni... | 334 | International Atomic Time | |
334-2 | International Atomic Time
Section::::Operation.
TAI is a weighted average of the time kept by over 400 atomic clocks in over 50 national laboratories worldwide. The majority of the clocks involved are caesium clocks; the International System of Units (SI) definition of the second is based on caesium. The clocks are com... | 334 | International Atomic Time | |
334-3 | International Atomic Time
Section::::History.
Early atomic time scales consisted of quartz clocks with frequencies calibrated by a single atomic clock; the atomic clocks were not operated continuously. Atomic timekeeping services started experimentally in 1955, using the first caesium atomic clock at the National Physi... | 334 | International Atomic Time | |
334-4 | International Atomic Time
Section::::Relation to UTC.
UTC is a discontinuous time scale. It is regularly adjusted by leap seconds. Between these adjustments it is composed from segments that are linear transformations of atomic time. From its beginning in 1961 through December 1971 the adjustments were made regularly i... | 334 | International Atomic Time | |
334-5 | International Atomic Time
Section::::See also.
BULLET::::- Clock synchronization
BULLET::::- Network Time Protocol
BULLET::::- Precision Time Protocol
BULLET::::- Time and frequency transfer
section:see :seealso alsobullet bullet:- :-clock clocksynchron synchronbullet bullet:- :-network networktime timeprotocol protoc... | 334 | International Atomic Time | |
334-6 | International Atomic Time
Section::::External links.
BULLET::::- Bureau International des Poids et Mesures: TAI
BULLET::::- Time and Frequency Section - National Physical Laboratory, UK
BULLET::::- IERS website
BULLET::::- NIST Web Clock FAQs
BULLET::::- History of time scales
BULLET::::- NIST-F1 Cesium Fountain Atomic... | 334 | International Atomic Time | |
340-1 | Alain Connes
Alain Connes (; born 1 April 1947) is a French mathematician, currently Professor at the Collège de France, IHÉS, Ohio State University and Vanderbilt University. He was an Invited Professor at the Conservatoire national des arts et métiers (2000).
alainconn connborn born1 1april april1947 1947french fren... | 340 | Alain Connes | Vanderbilt University faculty,Mathematical analysts,Institute for Advanced Study visiting scholars,1947 births,Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences,Members of the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters,21st-century mathematicians,Members of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters,École Norm... |
340-2 | Alain Connes
Section::::Work.
Alain Connes studies operator algebras. In his early work on von Neumann algebras in the 1970s, he succeeded in obtaining the almost complete classification of injective factors. He also formulated the Connes embedding problem. Following this, he made contributions in operator K-theory and... | 340 | Alain Connes | Vanderbilt University faculty,Mathematical analysts,Institute for Advanced Study visiting scholars,1947 births,Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences,Members of the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters,21st-century mathematicians,Members of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters,École Norm... |
340-3 | Alain Connes
Section::::Awards and honours.
Connes was awarded the Fields Medal in 1982, the Crafoord Prize in 2001
section:award :awardhonour honourconn connaward awardfield fieldmedal medal1982 1982crafoord crafoordprize prize2001 | 340 | Alain Connes | Vanderbilt University faculty,Mathematical analysts,Institute for Advanced Study visiting scholars,1947 births,Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences,Members of the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters,21st-century mathematicians,Members of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters,École Norm... |
340-4 | Alain Connes
Section::::Books.
BULLET::::- Alain Connes and Matilde Marcolli, "Noncommutative Geometry, Quantum Fields and Motives", Colloquium Publications, American Mathematical Society, 2007,
BULLET::::- Alain Connes, Andre Lichnerowicz, and Marcel Paul Schutzenberger, "Triangle of Thought", translated by Jennifer ... | 340 | Alain Connes | Vanderbilt University faculty,Mathematical analysts,Institute for Advanced Study visiting scholars,1947 births,Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences,Members of the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters,21st-century mathematicians,Members of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters,École Norm... |
340-5 | Alain Connes
Section::::See also.
BULLET::::- Bost–Connes system
BULLET::::- Cyclic homology
BULLET::::- Factor (functional analysis)
BULLET::::- Higgs boson
BULLET::::- C*-algebra
BULLET::::- M-theory
BULLET::::- Groupoid
BULLET::::- Criticism of non-standard analysis
section:see :seealso alsobullet bullet:- :-bost–c... | 340 | Alain Connes | Vanderbilt University faculty,Mathematical analysts,Institute for Advanced Study visiting scholars,1947 births,Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences,Members of the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters,21st-century mathematicians,Members of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters,École Norm... |
340-6 | Alain Connes
Section::::External links.
BULLET::::- Alain Connes Official Web Site containing downloadable papers, and his book "Non-commutative geometry", .
BULLET::::- Alain Connes' Standard Model
BULLET::::- An interview with Alain Connes and a discussion about it
section:extern :externlink linkbullet bullet:- :-al... | 340 | Alain Connes | Vanderbilt University faculty,Mathematical analysts,Institute for Advanced Study visiting scholars,1947 births,Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences,Members of the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters,21st-century mathematicians,Members of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters,École Norm... |
344-1 | Allan Dwan
Allan Dwan (3 April 1885 – 28 December 1981) was a pioneering Canadian-born American motion picture director, producer, and screenwriter.
allandwan dwan3 3april april1885 1885– –28 28decemb decemb1981 1981pioneer pioneercanadian-born canadian-bornamerican americanmotion motionpictur picturdirector directorp... | 344 | Allan Dwan | 1885 births,American male screenwriters,Writers from Toronto,American film directors,1981 deaths,Disease-related deaths in California,Canadian emigrants to the United States,American film producers,Film directors from Toronto,Western (genre) film directors |
344-2 | Allan Dwan
Section::::Early life.
Born Joseph Aloysius Dwan in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Dwan, was the younger son of commercial traveler of woolen clothing Joseph Michael Dwan (1857–1917) and his wife Mary Jane Dwan, née Hunt. The family moved to the United States when he was seven years old on 4 December 1892 by ferr... | 344 | Allan Dwan | 1885 births,American male screenwriters,Writers from Toronto,American film directors,1981 deaths,Disease-related deaths in California,Canadian emigrants to the United States,American film producers,Film directors from Toronto,Western (genre) film directors |
344-3 | Allan Dwan
Section::::Career.
Dwan operated Flying A Studios in La Mesa, California from August 1911 to July 1912. Flying A was one of the first motion pictures studios in California history. On 12 August 2011, a plaque was unveiled on the Wolff building at Third Avenue and La Mesa Boulevard commemorating Dwan and the ... | 344 | Allan Dwan | 1885 births,American male screenwriters,Writers from Toronto,American film directors,1981 deaths,Disease-related deaths in California,Canadian emigrants to the United States,American film producers,Film directors from Toronto,Western (genre) film directors |
344-4 | Allan Dwan
Section::::Partial filmography as director.
BULLET::::- "The Gold Lust" (1911)
BULLET::::- "The Picket Guard" (1913)
BULLET::::- "The Restless Spirit" (1913)
BULLET::::- "Back to Life" (1913)
BULLET::::- "Bloodhounds of the North" (1913)
BULLET::::- "The Lie" (1914)
BULLET::::- "The Honor of the Mounted" (19... | 344 | Allan Dwan | 1885 births,American male screenwriters,Writers from Toronto,American film directors,1981 deaths,Disease-related deaths in California,Canadian emigrants to the United States,American film producers,Film directors from Toronto,Western (genre) film directors |
344-5 | Allan Dwan
Section::::See also.
BULLET::::- Canadian pioneers in early Hollywood
section:see :seealso alsobullet bullet:- :-canadian canadianpioneer pioneerearli earlihollywood | 344 | Allan Dwan | 1885 births,American male screenwriters,Writers from Toronto,American film directors,1981 deaths,Disease-related deaths in California,Canadian emigrants to the United States,American film producers,Film directors from Toronto,Western (genre) film directors |
344-6 | Allan Dwan
Section::::Further reading.
BULLET::::- Brownlow, Kevin, "The Parade's Gone By..." (1968)
BULLET::::- Bogdanovich, Peter, "Allan Dwan: The Last Pioneer" (1971)
BULLET::::- Foster, Charles, "Stardust and Shadows: Canadians in Early Hollywood" (2000)
BULLET::::- Lombardi, Frederic, "Allan Dwan and the Rise and... | 344 | Allan Dwan | 1885 births,American male screenwriters,Writers from Toronto,American film directors,1981 deaths,Disease-related deaths in California,Canadian emigrants to the United States,American film producers,Film directors from Toronto,Western (genre) film directors |
344-7 | Allan Dwan
Section::::External links.
BULLET::::- Allan Dwan profile, virtual-history.com; accessed 16 June 2014
section:extern :externlink linkbullet bullet:- :-allan allandwan dwanprofil profilvirtual-history.com virtual-history.comaccess access16 16june june2014 | 344 | Allan Dwan | 1885 births,American male screenwriters,Writers from Toronto,American film directors,1981 deaths,Disease-related deaths in California,Canadian emigrants to the United States,American film producers,Film directors from Toronto,Western (genre) film directors |
25-1 | Autism
Autism is a developmental disorder characterized by difficulties with social interaction and communication, and by restricted and repetitive behavior. Parents usually notice signs during the first three years of their child's life. These signs often develop gradually, though some children with autism reach their... | 25 | Autism | Neurological disorders in children,Autism,Articles containing video clips,Neurological disorders,Communication disorders,Pervasive developmental disorders,Psychiatric diagnosis,Mental and behavioural disorders |
25-2 | Autism
Section::::Characteristics.
Autism is a highly variable, neurodevelopmental disorder whose symptoms first appears during infancy or childhood, and generally follows a steady course without remission. People with autism may be severely impaired in some respects but normal, or even superior, in others. Overt sympt... | 25 | Autism | Neurological disorders in children,Autism,Articles containing video clips,Neurological disorders,Communication disorders,Pervasive developmental disorders,Psychiatric diagnosis,Mental and behavioural disorders |
25-3 | Autism
Section::::Characteristics.:Social development.
Social deficits distinguish autism and the related autism spectrum disorders (ASD; see Classification) from other developmental disorders. People with autism have social impairments and often lack the intuition about others that many people take for granted. Noted ... | 25 | Autism | Neurological disorders in children,Autism,Articles containing video clips,Neurological disorders,Communication disorders,Pervasive developmental disorders,Psychiatric diagnosis,Mental and behavioural disorders |
25-4 | Autism
Section::::Characteristics.:Communication.
About a third to a half of individuals with autism do not develop enough natural speech to meet their daily communication needs. Differences in communication may be present from the first year of life, and may include delayed onset of babbling, unusual gestures, diminis... | 25 | Autism | Neurological disorders in children,Autism,Articles containing video clips,Neurological disorders,Communication disorders,Pervasive developmental disorders,Psychiatric diagnosis,Mental and behavioural disorders |
25-5 | Autism
Section::::Characteristics.:Repetitive behavior.
Autistic individuals can display many forms of repetitive or restricted behavior, which the Repetitive Behavior Scale-Revised (RBS-R) categorizes as follows.
BULLET::::- Stereotyped behaviors: Repetitive movements, such as hand flapping, head rolling, or body rock... | 25 | Autism | Neurological disorders in children,Autism,Articles containing video clips,Neurological disorders,Communication disorders,Pervasive developmental disorders,Psychiatric diagnosis,Mental and behavioural disorders |
25-6 | Autism
Section::::Characteristics.:Other symptoms.
Autistic individuals may have symptoms that are independent of the diagnosis, but that can affect the individual or the family.
An estimated 0.5% to 10% of individuals with ASD show unusual abilities, ranging from splinter skills such as the memorization of trivia to t... | 25 | Autism | Neurological disorders in children,Autism,Articles containing video clips,Neurological disorders,Communication disorders,Pervasive developmental disorders,Psychiatric diagnosis,Mental and behavioural disorders |
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