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31366352_p18 | 31366352 | sec[2]/sec[2]/p[1] | Oxidative stress at rest and immediately after exercise | 4.105469 | biomedical | Study | [
0.9990234375,
0.00035262107849121094,
0.00041961669921875
] | [
0.99951171875,
0.00017631053924560547,
0.0002872943878173828,
0.00004762411117553711
] | A significant main (supplement) effect was observed on resting MDA concentration . For the resting (pre-exercise) MDA concentrations, there were significantly lower plasma MDA concentrations in both untrained and trained groups following CAJ supplementation, relative to PLA supplementation at the same point of the experiment . After PLA supplementation, and when compared with the pre- supplementation status, resting MDA concentrations were increased in both trained and untrained groups ( p < 0.05). | [
"Piyapong Prasertsri",
"Thapanee Roengrit",
"Yupaporn Kanpetta",
"Terdthai Tong-un",
"Supaporn Muchimapura",
"Jintanaporn Wattanathorn",
"Naruemon Leelayuwat"
] | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-019-0299-2 | OpenAccess | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ | en | 0.999997 |
31366352_p19 | 31366352 | sec[2]/sec[2]/p[2] | Oxidative stress at rest and immediately after exercise | 4.105469 | biomedical | Study | [
0.99951171875,
0.0003445148468017578,
0.0003218650817871094
] | [
0.99951171875,
0.00019478797912597656,
0.00026988983154296875,
0.00005346536636352539
] | Following an acute exercise bout, and after the four-week supplementation period, a significant supplement effect on plasma MDA concentrations was observed (F = 117.12, p = 0.00, effect size = 0.87). Immediately after exercise, plasma MDA concentrations in both untrained and trained groups were significantly increased but lower when those subjects had been taking the CAJ supplementation, relative to values observed following the PLA . | [
"Piyapong Prasertsri",
"Thapanee Roengrit",
"Yupaporn Kanpetta",
"Terdthai Tong-un",
"Supaporn Muchimapura",
"Jintanaporn Wattanathorn",
"Naruemon Leelayuwat"
] | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-019-0299-2 | OpenAccess | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ | en | 0.999994 |
31366352_p20 | 31366352 | sec[2]/sec[2]/p[3] | Oxidative stress at rest and immediately after exercise | 4.097656 | biomedical | Study | [
0.99951171875,
0.0002999305725097656,
0.0003211498260498047
] | [
0.99951171875,
0.00019180774688720703,
0.00027751922607421875,
0.00004839897155761719
] | A significant supplementation effect was observed on plasma 8-isoprostane concentration immediately after acute exercise (F = 18.18, p = 0.00, effect size = 0.50). Following that exercise, there were significantly lower plasma 8-isoprostane concentrations in both untrained and trained groups, when those subjects had been taking the CAJ supplementation, relative to the PLA observations from the same time point . However, immediately after the acute exercise bout, plasma 8-isoprostane concentrations were increased during PLA supplementation in untrained group ( p < 0.05). | [
"Piyapong Prasertsri",
"Thapanee Roengrit",
"Yupaporn Kanpetta",
"Terdthai Tong-un",
"Supaporn Muchimapura",
"Jintanaporn Wattanathorn",
"Naruemon Leelayuwat"
] | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-019-0299-2 | OpenAccess | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ | en | 0.999998 |
31366352_p21 | 31366352 | sec[2]/sec[3]/p[0] | Cortisol concentrations at rest and immediately after exercise | 4.117188 | biomedical | Study | [
0.99951171875,
0.00045108795166015625,
0.0002779960632324219
] | [
0.99951171875,
0.00021982192993164062,
0.00036525726318359375,
0.00006526708602905273
] | The concentrations of resting cortisol before exercise were not different between the CAJ and PLA supplementations in untrained and trained groups . There was also no interaction effect between either of these supplements and training status of the two population samples on cortisol concentration (F = 0.13, p = 0.73), either before and after supplementation. There was, however, a significant supplementation effect on serum cortisol concentrations immediately after acute exercise (F = 10.37, p = 0.01, effect size = 0.39). Immediately after exercise, plasma cortisol concentrations in both untrained and trained group were not significantly changed from before exercise ( p < 0.05). However, in this condition cortisol concentrations in untrained group were significantly lower when they had been taking the CAJ supplement, relative to PLA supplement , but there was no change observed in endurance-trained group ( p > 0.05). Fig. 5 Plasma cortisol concentrations before and immediately after exercise at 85% V̇O 2,peak or 85% V̇O 2,max after four-week placebo (PLA) and cashew apple juice (CAJ) supplementation. Values are mean ± SD, n = 10 in each group. # significantly different from PLA supplementation, p < 0.05 | [
"Piyapong Prasertsri",
"Thapanee Roengrit",
"Yupaporn Kanpetta",
"Terdthai Tong-un",
"Supaporn Muchimapura",
"Jintanaporn Wattanathorn",
"Naruemon Leelayuwat"
] | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-019-0299-2 | OpenAccess | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ | en | 0.999996 |
31366352_p22 | 31366352 | sec[3]/p[0] | Discussion | 4.082031 | biomedical | Study | [
0.99951171875,
0.0003237724304199219,
0.00020575523376464844
] | [
0.99951171875,
0.00018262863159179688,
0.0004363059997558594,
0.00006586313247680664
] | The novel findings of the current study were that CAJ supplementation for four weeks increased leukocyte counts, while simultaneously decreasing oxidative stress, following an acute bout of high-intensity exercise in trained men. Furthermore, the CAJ supplementation increased neutrophil counts while simultaneously reducing oxidative stress and stress hormone concentrations in untrained men. These antioxidant effects following exercise were observed in both endurance-trained and untrained men. Furthermore, CAJ supplementation even decreased oxidative stress at rest. Since there was no apparent influence of endurance training status, that is, both groups of subjects revealed similar results, then it is concluded that CAJ supplementation is beneficial to men, both in resting states and in response to an acute bout of high-intensity aerobic exercise. It remains uncertain whether these effects will also occur in women. | [
"Piyapong Prasertsri",
"Thapanee Roengrit",
"Yupaporn Kanpetta",
"Terdthai Tong-un",
"Supaporn Muchimapura",
"Jintanaporn Wattanathorn",
"Naruemon Leelayuwat"
] | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-019-0299-2 | OpenAccess | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ | en | 0.999995 |
31366352_p23 | 31366352 | sec[3]/p[1] | Discussion | 4.101563 | biomedical | Study | [
0.99951171875,
0.0003299713134765625,
0.00021016597747802734
] | [
0.99951171875,
0.0002579689025878906,
0.0003933906555175781,
0.00007092952728271484
] | These results partially supported our main hypotheses concerning the enhancement of leukocyte and neutrophil counts in response to high-intensity endurance exercise in trained men, although there were no changes in the other leukocyte classes, such as monocytes and lymphocytes. This seems to show that CAJ supplementation has a positive effect of immunosuppression. Our secondary hypotheses, in which mechanisms of immunosuppression were postulated, was also supported. That is, there was reduced oxidative stress, which was brought about by attenuating lipid peroxidation and stress hormone (cortisol) concentrations. The reduction in lipid peroxidation as indicated by decreasing concentrations of MDA and plasma 8-isoprostane, a high-specific biomarker. | [
"Piyapong Prasertsri",
"Thapanee Roengrit",
"Yupaporn Kanpetta",
"Terdthai Tong-un",
"Supaporn Muchimapura",
"Jintanaporn Wattanathorn",
"Naruemon Leelayuwat"
] | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-019-0299-2 | OpenAccess | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ | en | 0.999996 |
31366352_p24 | 31366352 | sec[3]/p[2] | Discussion | 4.089844 | biomedical | Study | [
0.99951171875,
0.00020694732666015625,
0.00023412704467773438
] | [
0.99951171875,
0.00031185150146484375,
0.0002579689025878906,
0.000057220458984375
] | The increased exercise-induced leukocyte counts after four-week CAJ supplementation seem to show the pro-inflammatory effect, which is essential to growing muscles strength. Exercise-induced micro-tears cause the inflammation in the muscles which must be repaired and rebuilt. Although leukocyte counts are in the normal range in the trained and untrained subjects in this study, which may be due to their moderate training, which may be not severe enough, the increased leukocyte counts after the high-intensity exercise may be applied for the highly trained individuals who suffered from the immunosuppression. We have a limitation for this point. Besides, a process of inflammation includes vasodilation induced by cytokines leading to increased blood flow and immune cell to the injured site. The vasodilation in this study is supported by the increased nitric oxide, which is vasodilator in trained subjects. | [
"Piyapong Prasertsri",
"Thapanee Roengrit",
"Yupaporn Kanpetta",
"Terdthai Tong-un",
"Supaporn Muchimapura",
"Jintanaporn Wattanathorn",
"Naruemon Leelayuwat"
] | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-019-0299-2 | OpenAccess | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ | en | 0.999998 |
31366352_p25 | 31366352 | sec[3]/p[3] | Discussion | 4.074219 | biomedical | Study | [
0.99951171875,
0.00015115737915039062,
0.00017130374908447266
] | [
0.998046875,
0.0002467632293701172,
0.0017185211181640625,
0.00007241964340209961
] | Antioxidants are essential for sustaining an efficient immune response [ 15 – 17 ], and vitamin C are likely to support the immune system in combatting oxidative stress . CAJ has been reported to improve immunological mechanisms by regulating the balance between reactive oxygen species and antioxidant concentrations in mice . Previous studies confirmed that four- and 12-week-consumption of CAJ elicited antioxidant effects in both untrained and trained subjects . The CAJ supplement contained a significant vitamin C content (3.36 mg/100 g), and although evidence of an efficacious influence from exogenous antioxidant vitamin C on immune function during exercise is limited, some groups have shown that vitamin C helps to strengthen and protect the immune system . | [
"Piyapong Prasertsri",
"Thapanee Roengrit",
"Yupaporn Kanpetta",
"Terdthai Tong-un",
"Supaporn Muchimapura",
"Jintanaporn Wattanathorn",
"Naruemon Leelayuwat"
] | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-019-0299-2 | OpenAccess | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ | en | 0.999997 |
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