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| Mazur, B J, Chui, C F, Smith, J K | authors |
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| Isozymes of beta-N-Acetylhexosaminidase from Pea Seeds (Pisum sativum L.). | name |
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| Four isozymes of beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase (beta-NAHA) from pea seeds (Pisum sativum L.) have been separated, with one, designated beta-NAHA-II, purified to apparent homogeneity by means of an affinity column constructed by ligating p-aminophenyl-N-acetyl-beta-d-thioglucosaminide to Affi-Gel 202. The other three isozymes have been separated and purified 500- to 1750-fold by chromatography on Concanavalin A-Sepharose, Zn(2+) charged immobilized metal affinity chromatography, hydrophobic chromatography, and ion exchange chromatography on CM-Sephadex. All four isozymes are located in the protein bodies of the cotyledons. The molecular weight of each isozyme is 210,000. beta-NAHA-II is composed of two heterogenous subunits. The subunits are not held together by disulfide bonds, but sulfhydryl groups are important for catalysis. All four isozymes release p-nitrophenol from both p-nitrophenyl-N-acetyl-beta-d-glucosaminide and p-nitrophenyl-N-acetyl-beta-d-galactosaminide. The ratio of activity for hydrolysis of the two substrates is pH dependent. The K(m) value for the two substrates and pH optima of the isozymes are comparable to beta-NAHAs from other plant sources. | description |
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| Harley, S M, Beevers, L | authors |
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| Biochemistry of Oleoresinosis : Monoterpene and Diterpene Biosynthesis in Lodgepole Pine Saplings Infected with Ceratocystis clavigera or Treated with Carbohydrate Elicitors. | name |
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| Elevated levels of monoterpenes and diterpene resin acids are produced in the stems of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var latifolia) saplings when wounded and inoculated with the blue-stain fungus Ceratocystis clavigera or when wounded and treated with a pectic fragment from tomato leaves (PIIF) or a fungal cell wall fragment (chitosan). This induced defensive response (hyperoleoresinosis) is the result of a transient rise in the ability to biosynthesize cyclic monoterpenes and diterpene resin acids as measured by the in vivo incorporation of label from [U-(14)C]sucrose relative to untreated controls, and is accompanied by a corresponding rise in the levels or activities of the relevant terpene cyclases as determined by in vitro assay using labeled acyclic precursors. The results indicate that juvenile P. contorta responds to infection and biotic elicitors much like the mature tree, and they suggest that the Pinaceae possess a mechanism for elicitor recognition and induced defense similar to that of other higher plants. | description |
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| Croteau, R, Gurkewitz, S, Johnson, M A, Fisk, H J | authors |
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| Structure, Function, and Evolution of Proton-ATPases. | name |
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| Proton-ATPases are among the most important primary ion pumps in nature. There are three classes of these enzymes which are distinguished by their structure, function, mechanism of action, and evolution. They function in ATP formation at the expense of a protonmotive force generated by oxidative and photosynthetic electron transports, maintaining a constant pH in the cytoplasm, and forming acidic spaces in special compartments inside and outside the cell. The three classes of proton-ATPases evolved in a way that prevents functional assembly in the wrong compartment. This was achieved by a triple genetic system located in the nucleus, mitochondria and chloroplast, as well as delicate control of the proton pumping activity of the enzymes. | description |
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| Nelson, N | authors |
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| Effects of Previous Pollination and Stylar Ethylene on Pollen Tube Growth in Petunia hybrida Styles. | name |
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| The effect of ethylene on the growth rate of pollen tubes in styles of Petunia hybrida was examined. Apart from its strong inhibition of pollination-induced ethylene synthesis, aminoethoxyvinylglycine, placed on the stigma, did not impede tube growth. The inhibitors of the action of ethylene, silver thiosulfate and 2,5-norbornadiene, were similarly ineffective. Application of the ethylene precursor, 1-amino-cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid, onto the stigma at different intervals prior to pollination evoked synthesis of ethylene, but was without effect on tube growth. However, prepollination (by 24 hours) with Nicotiana tabacum pollen, significantly enhanced tube growth of Petunia pollen. This enhancement was not counteracted by the pretreatment of stigmas with aminoethoxy-vinylglycine. It is concluded that the ethylene associated with pollination is without effect on pollen tube growth in the style, but that other pollination-induced factors may lead to an acceleration of growth. | description |
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| Hoekstra, F A, van Roekel, T | authors |
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| Transcription of Two Photosynthesis-Associated Nuclear Gene Families Correlates with the Presence of Chloroplasts in Leaves of the Variegated Tomato ghost Mutant. | name |
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| Leaves of the tomato ghost mutant show a variegated green/white phenotype due to a somatically unstable genetic block in carotenoid biosynthesis. Colored carotenoids are not synthesized in white leaves; consequently, chlorophyll is destroyed by photooxidation and the plastids formed show little development of internal membrane structures. Carotenoid biosynthesis proceeds to wild type levels in green tissue, thus chlorophyll accumulates and chloroplasts develop normally. The presence of green sectors allows for the production through tissue culture of variegated green/white plants, in which growth is supported by the photosynthetic green tissue. Thus, ghost is the first plant carotenoid mutant that can be grown to maturity. We determined the steady state mRNA levels for two nuclear gene families that code for chloroplast proteins: rbcS, which codes for the small subunit of ribulose-1-5-bisphosphate carboxylase; and cab, which codes for chlorophyll a/b binding protein. In ghost plants grown in light, the steady state mRNA levels for both gene families were low in white leaves but were similar to wild type in green leaves. Light regulation of the transcripts studied was observed in both ghost green and white leaves. Transcription experiments conducted on nuclei isolated from green and white leaves indicate that the low levels of cytoplasmic mRNAs observed in the absence of colored carotenoids and/or light are due to reduced rates of transcription. We conclude that maximum transcription of rbcS and cab genes in leaves of mature tomato plants requires both light and mature chloroplasts. | description |
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| Giuliano, G, Scolnik, P A | authors |
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| Inhibition of Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase Activity by Haloxyfop and Tralkoxydim. | name |
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| Acetyl-coenzyme A (CoA) carboxylase from maize (Zea mays L.) is inhibited by nanomolar concentrations of both haloxyfop, an aryloxyphenoxypropionate, and tralkoxydim, a cyclohexanedione herbicide. These results suggest that acetyl-CoA carboxylase, which catalyzes the first committed step in fatty acid biosynthesis, may be the target of these herbicides, contrary to an earlier report suggesting that aryloxyphenoxypropionate herbicides do not inhibit acetyl-CoA carboxylase. | description |
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| Secor, J, Cséke, C | authors |
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| Interference of phenolic compounds with the 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic Acid assay. | name |
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| The yields of ethylene from endogenous and exogenous 1-aminocyclo-propane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) in avocado (Persea Americana Mill.) fruit pedicel extracts were very low when assayed by the method of Lizada and Yang (1979 Anal Biochem 100: 140-145). Addition of phenolic compounds, which are present in avocado tissues, to the assay mixture significantly reduced the conversion efficiency of ACC to ethylene. A negative correlation was found between the amount of the plant material in the assay mixture and the conversion efficiency of ACC to ethylene. Removal of phenolic compounds from pedicel extracts by polyvinylpolypyrrolidone, Amberlite XAD-7, and Dowex-50 column chromatography or lead acetate precipitation greatly increased the yields of thylene from ACC in these extracts. The use of polyvinylpolypyrrolidone column chromatography also enabled us to obtain more accurate estimations of endogenous ACC levels in carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) petal extracts. The conversion efficiency of ACC to ethylene could be improved by increasing the concentrations of mercuric chloride and NaOCl in the assay mixture. | description |
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| Sitrit, Y, Riov, J, Blumenfeld, A | authors |
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| Growth and mitochondrial respiration of mungbeans (Phaseolus aureus Roxb.) germinated at low pressure. | name |
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| Mungbean (Phaseolus aureus Roxb.) seedlings were grown hypobarically to assess the effects of low pressure (21-24 kilopascals) on growth and mitochondrial respiration. Control seedlings grown at ambient pressure (101 kilopascals) were provided amounts of O2 equivalent to those provided experimental seedlings at reduced pressure to factor out responses to O2 concentration and to total pressure. Respiration was assayed using washed mitochondria, and was found to respond only to O2 concentration. Regardless of total pressure, seedlings grown at 2 millimoles O2 per liter had higher state 3 respiration rates and decreased percentages of alternative respiration compared to ambient (8.4 millimoles O2 per liter) controls. In contrast, seedling growth responded to total pressure but not to O2 concentration. Seedlings were significantly larger when grown under low pressure. While low O2 (2 millimoles O2 per liter) diminished growth at ambient pressure, growth at low pressure in the same oxygen concentration was enhanced. Respiratory development and growth of mungbean seedlings under low pressure is unimpaired whether oxygen or air is used as the chamber gas, and further, low pressure can improve growth under conditions of poor aeration. | description |
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| Musgrave, M E, Gerth, W A, Scheld, H W, Strain, B R, Musgrave, M E | authors |
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| Changes in Free and Conjugated Indole 3-Acetic Acid and Abscisic Acid in Young Cotton Fruits and Their Abscission Zones in Relation to Fruit Retention during and after Moisture Stress. | name |
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| Experiments were conducted with field-grown cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) in 1985 and 1986 to determine effects of water deficit on levels of conjugated indole 3-acetic acid (IAA) and abscisic acid (ABA) in young fruits (bolls) and their abscission zones in relation to boll retention. Tissues were harvested three times during an irrigation cycle in 1985. They were harvested twice during an irrigation cycle and once after irrigation in 1986 to determine extent of recoveries of measured parameters. As reported earlier, the free IAA content of abscission zones decreased with moisture stress. Irrigation caused a partial recovery in free IAA content of abscission zones and caused a partial recovery in rate of boll retention. In contrast to free IAA, conjugated IAA increased with water deficit, both in 3-day-old bolls and in their abscission zones. Bolls contained much more ester IAA than their abscission zones. Some, but not all, of the increase in ester IAA in bolls during moisture stress could have come from a conversion of amide-linked IAA. Amide IAA decreased slightly during stress and increased after irrigation, but the concentration was low relative to ester IAA. Free and conjugated ABA both increased during stress and decreased after irrigation. However, the concentration of conjugated ABA remained relatively high in abscission zones. Ester IAA, being more resistant than free IAA to enzymic destruction during stress, may hasten recovery of fruit retention after relief of stress by providing a source of free IAA in abscission zones to inhibit continued abscission. | description |
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| Guinn, G, Brummett, D L | authors |
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| Effects of soil strength on the relation of water-use efficiency and growth to carbon isotope discrimination in wheat seedlings. | name |
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| The ratio of carbon accumulation to transpiration, W, of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings increased with increasing soil strength, measured as soil penetrometer resistance, and this was already apparent at the two leaf stage. The ratio was negatively correlated with carbon isotope discrimination, in accord with theory. This means that decrease in intercellular partial pressure of CO(2) accounted for an important part of the increase in W with increasing soil strength. Despite a lower CO(2) concentration in the leaves at high soil strength, assimilation rate per unit leaf area was enhanced. Greater ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase activity confirmed that photosynthetic capacity was actually increased. This pattern of opposite variation of assimilation rate and of stomatal conductance is unusual. The ratio of plant carbon mass to leaf area increased markedly with increasing soil strength, mainly because of a greater investment of carbon into roots than into shoots. A strong negative correlation was found between this ratio and carbon isotope discrimination. For a given increase in discrimination, decrease in carbon mass per leaf area was proportionally larger than decrease in assimilation rate, so that relative growth rate was positively correlated to carbon isotope discrimination. | description |
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| Masle, J, Farquhar, G D | authors |
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| Interrelations between Carbon Dioxide and Ethylene on the Stimulation of Cocklebur Seed Germination. | name |
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| Interrelations between CO(2) and C(2)H(4) on promotion of seed germination were examined in more detail at 23 degrees C with presoaked upper seeds of Xanthium pennsylvanicum Wallr. The germination-promoting effect of C(2)H(4) decreased gradually as its application time was delayed during a soaking period, whereas CO(2) was most promotive in application at 5 days of soaking, then its effect declined. CO(2) and C(2)H(4) were additive in earlier soaking periods and synergistic in later periods. Such changes in germination behavior in response to CO(2) and/or C(2)H(4) during a soaking period were closely associated with growth responsiveness of the axial tissues, but not of the cotyledonary ones. Growth responsiveness of axial tissues to CO(2) or C(2)H(4) disappeared finally during a soaking period, but their extinct responsiveness to any one of these gases was almost fully restored in the simultaneous presence of the other. The extinct responsiveness to CO(2) was partially recovered by a preexposure to C(2)H(4). This suggests that in the later period of soaking, unlike the case in a very early period of soaking, the C(2)H(4)-sensitive phase for seed germination precedes the CO(2)-sensitive phase in which CO(2) potentiated axial growth. The restoration of CO(2) responsiveness in axial growth occurred not only after C(2)H(4) treatment but also after exposure to 8 or 33 degrees C or after KCN treatment. Thus, secondarily dormant Xanthium seeds could germinate in response to CO(2) alone, when they were previously exposed for shortterms not only to C(2)H(4) but also 8 degrees C, 33 degrees C, or KCN. | description |
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| Esashi, Y, Kawabe, K, Isuzugawa, K, Ishizawa, K | authors |
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| Separation of Chlorophylls c(1) and c(2) from Pigment Extracts of Pavlova gyrans by Reversed-Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography. | name |
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| Chlorophylls c(1) and c(2) have been separated from total pigment extracts of the alga Pavlova gyrans Butcher using a reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography system. Pigments were separated on a 5 micrometer C(18) column (25 centimeters x 4.6 millimeters) using a gradient of methanol-acetonitrile-water. Other photosynthetic pigments were also well resolved by the system used. The separation system described may replace current thin layer chromatography methods for qualitative and quantitative determination of chlorophyll c species. | description |
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| Fawley, M W | authors |
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| Translocation of radiolabeled indole-3-acetic acid and indole-3-acetyl-myo-inositol from kernel to shoot of Zea mays L. | name |
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| Either 5-[3H]indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) or 5-[3H]indole-3-acetyl-myo-inositol was applied to the endosperm of kernels of dark-grown Zea mays seedlings. The distribution of total radioactivity, radiolabeled indole-3-acetic acid, and radiolabeled ester conjugated indole-3-acetic acid, in the shoots was then determined. Differences were found in the distribution and chemical form of the radiolabeled indole-3-acetic acid in the shoot depending upon whether 5-[3H]indole-3-acetic acid or 5-[3H]indole-3-acetyl-myo-inositol was applied to the endosperm. We demonstrated that indole-3-acetyl-myo-inositol applied to the endosperm provides both free and ester conjugated indole-3-acetic acid to the mesocotyl and coleoptile. Free indole-3-acetic acid applied to the endosperm supplies some of the indole-3-acetic acid in the mesocotyl but essentially no indole-3-acetic acid to the coleoptile or primary leaves. It is concluded that free IAA from the endosperm is not a source of IAA for the coleoptile. Neither radioactive indole-3-acetyl-myo-inositol nor IAA accumulates in the tip of the coleoptile or the mesocotyl node and thus these studies do not explain how the coleoptile tip controls the amount of IAA in the shoot. | description |
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| Chisnell, J R, Bandurski, R S, Bandurski, R S | authors |
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| Physiological Site of Ethylene Effects on Carbon Dioxide Assimilation in Glycine max L. Merr. | name |
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| The physiological site of ethylene action on CO(2) assimilation was investigated in intact plants of Glycine max L., using a whole-plant, open exposure system equipped witha remotely operated single-leaf cuvette. The objective of the study was met by investigating in control and ethylene-treated plants the (a) synchrony in response of CO(2) assimilation, stomatal conductance to water vapor, and substomatal CO(2) partial pressure; (b) response of CO(2) assimilation as a function of a range of substomatal CO(2) partial pressures; and (c) response of CO(2) assimilation as a function of a range of photon flux densities. After exposure to 410 micromoles per cubic meter of ethylene for 2.0 hours, CO(2) assimilation and stomatal conductance declined in synchrony, while substomatal CO(2) partial pressure remained unchanged until exposure times equaled and exceeded 3.0 hours. Because incipient changes in CO(2) assimilation occurred without a change in the CO(2) partial pressure in the leaf interior, it is concluded that both stomatal physiology and the chloroplast's CO(2) assimilatory capacity were initial sites of ethylene action. After 3.5 hours the effect of ethylene on stomatal conductance and CO(2) assimilation exhibited saturation kinetics, and the effect was substantially more pronounced for stomatal conductance than for CO(2) assimilation. Based on the response of CO(2) assimilation to a range of substomatal CO(2) partial pressures, ethylene did not affect either the CO(2) compensation point or carboxylation efficiency at subsaturating CO(2) partial pressures. Above-ambient supplies of CO(2) did not alleviate the diminished rates of CO(2) assimilation. In partitioning the limitations imposed on CO(2) assimilation in control and ethylene-treated plants, the stomatal component accounted for only 16 and 4%, respectively. The response of CO(2) assimilation to a range of photon flux densities suggests that ethylene reduced apparent quantum yield by nearly 50%. Thus, the pronounced decline in net photosynthetic CO(2) assimilation in the presence of ethylene was due more to a loss in the mesophyll tissue's intrinsic capacity to assimilate CO(2) than to a reduction in stomatal conductance. | description |
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| Taylor, G E, Gunderson, C A | authors |
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| Dihydroxyacetone phosphate reductase in plants. | name |
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| Two forms of dihydroxyacetone phosphate reductase are present in spinach, soybean, pea, and mesophyll cells of corn leaves. An improved homogenizing medium was developed to measure this activity. The enzyme was detectable only after dialysis of the 35 to 70% saturated (NH(4))(2)SO(4) fraction and the two forms were separated by chromatography on either DEAE cellulose or Sephacryl S-200. About 80% of the reductase was one form in the chloroplast and the rest was a second form in the cytosol as determined by chromatography and by fractionation of subcellular organelles. The amount of activity detectable in the chloroplast fraction was 10.7 micromoles of dihydroxyacetone phosphate reductase per hour per milligram chlorophyll from spinach leaves and 4.9 from pea leaves. The chloroplast form eluted first from DEAE cellulose and, being smaller, it eluted second from Sephacryl S-200. Activity of the chloroplast form was stimulated 3- to 5-fold by the addition of 1 millimolar dithiothreitol or 50 microgram reduced Escherichia coli thioredoxin or 4 micrograms spinach thioredoxin to the assay mixture. This stimulation was not observed with monothiols. Activity of the cytosolic form was not affected by either reduced thioredoxin or dithiothreitol. | description |
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| Gee, R W, Byerrum, R U, Gerber, D W, Tolbert, N E | authors |
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| Do Stomata Respond to CO(2) Concentrations Other than Intercellular? | name |
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| Most studies on stomatal responses to CO(2) assume that guard cells respond only to intercellular CO(2) concentration and are insensitive to the CO(2) concentrations in the pore and outside the leaf. If stomata are sensitive to the CO(2) concentration at the surface of the leaf or in the stomatal pore, the stomatal response to intercellular CO(2) concentration will be incorrect for a ;normally' operating leaf (where ambient CO(2) concentration is a constant). In this study asymmetric CO(2) concentrations for the two surfaces of amphistomatous leaves were used to vary intercellular and leaf surface CO(2) concentrations independently in Xanthium strumarium L. and Helianthus annuus L. The response of stomata to intercellular CO(2) concentration when the concentration at the leaf surface was held constant was found to be the same as the response when the surface concentration was varied. In addition, stomata did not respond to changes in leaf surface CO(2) concentration when the intercellular concentration for that surface was held constant. It is concluded that stomata respond to intercellular CO(2) concentration and are insensitive to the CO(2) concentration at the surface of the leaf and in the stomatal pore. | description |
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| Mott, K A | authors |
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| Disruption of the Polar Auxin Transport System in Cotton Seedlings following Treatment with the Defoliant Thidiazuron. | name |
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| The effect of the defoliant thidiazuron (TDZ) on basipetal auxin transport in petiole segments isolated from cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L. cv LG102) seedlings was examined using the donor/receiver agar block technique. Treatment of intact seedlings with TDZ at concentrations of 1 micromolar or greater resulted in a dose-dependent inhibition of (14)C-IAA transport in petiole segments isolated 1 or 2 days after treatment. Using 100 micromolar TDZ, the inhibition was detectable 19 hours after treatment and was complete by 27 hours. Both leaves and petiole segments exhibited a marked increase in ethylene production following treatment with TDZ at concentrations of 0.1 micromolar or greater. The involvement of ethylene in this TDZ response was evaluated by examining the effects of two inhibitors of ethylene action: silver thiosulfate, 2,5-norbornadiene. One day after treatment, both inhibitors effectively antagonized the TDZ-induced inhibition of auxin transport. Two days after TDZ treatment both inhibitors were ineffective. The decrease in IAA transport in TDZ treated tissues was associated with increased metabolism of IAA. The transport of (14)C-2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid was also inhibited by TDZ treatment. This inhibition was not accompanied by increased metabolism. Incorporation of TDZ into the receiver blocks had no effect on auxin transport. The ability of the phytotropin N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid to stimulate IAA uptake from a bathing medium was reduced in TDZ-treated tissues. This reduction is thought to reflect a decline in the auxin efflux system following TDZ treatment. | description |
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| Suttle, J C | authors |
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| Light-Induced Proton Release by the Cyanobacterium Anabaena variabilis: Dependence on CO(2) and Na. | name |
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| Light-induced acidification by the cyanobacterium Anabaena variabilis is biphasic (a fast phase I and slow phase II) and shown to be sodium-dependent with an optimum concentration of 40 to 60 millimolar Na(+). Cells grown under low CO(2) concentrations at pH 9 (i.e. mainly HCO(3) (-) present in the medium) exhibited the slow phase II of proton efflux only, while cells grown under low CO(2) concentrations at pH 6.3 (i.e. CO(2) and HCO(3) (-) present) exhibited both phases. Light-induced proton release of phase I was dependent on inorganic carbon available in the bathing medium with an apparent K(m) for CO(2) of 20 to 70 micromolar. As was concluded from the CO(2) dependence of acidification measured at different pH of the bathing medium, bicarbonate inhibited phase-I acidification noncompetetively. Acidification was inhibited by acetazolamide, an inhibitor of carbonic anhydrase. Apparently, acidification of phase I is due to a light-dependent uptake of CO(2) being converted to HCO(3) (-) by a carbonic anhydrase-like function of the HCO(3) (-)-transport system (M Volokita, D Zenvirth, A Kaplan, L Reinhold 1984 Plant Physiol 76: 599-602) before or during entering the cell, thus releasing one proton per CO(2) converted to HCO(3) (-). | description |
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| Scherer, S, Riege, H, Böger, P | authors |
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| Translocation of Sulfate in Soybean (Glycine max L. Merr). | name |
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| Sulfate translocation in soybean (Glycine max L. Merr) was investigated. More than 90% of the sulfate entering the shoot system was recoverable in one or two developing trifoliate leaves. In young plants, the first trifoliate leaf contained between 10 to 20 times as much sulfate as the primary leaves, even though both types of leaf had similar rates of transpiration and photosynthesis. We conclude that most of the sulfate entering mature leaves is rapidly loaded into the phloem and translocated to sinks elsewhere in the plant. This loading was inhibited by carbonylcyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone and selenate. At sulfate concentrations below 0.1 millimolar, more than 95% of the sulfate entering primary leaves was exported. At higher concentrations the rate of export increased but so did the amount of sulfate remaining in the leaves. Removal of the first trifoliate leaf increased two-fold the transport of sulfate to the apex, indicating that these are competing sinks for sulfate translocated from the primary leaves. The small amount of sulfate transported into the mesophyll cells of primary leaves is a result of feedback regulation by the intracellular sulfate pool, not a consequence of their metabolic inactivity. For example, treatment of plants with 2 millimolar aminotriazole caused a 700 nanomoles per gram fresh weight increase in the glutathione content of primary leaves, but had no effect on sulfate aquisition. | description |
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| Smith, I K, Lang, A L | authors |